Document 6w8Md194aN90kBYqVRVLD9xdm

Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS * MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL.. decisions and tzandi ji SEPTEMBER, 1950 (VoL 14, No. 9) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13, PA. FACTSr?:*r;;. DUFO*nUtNiADLA.THIrOaNjCMft FoundatlonFaet* I a'monthly nr*ra>lrttartaiua<f . to" Induatrial toiwmi holding momboi^hlp hi* Imjuatrlal Myglana Foundation; ThaFotmdatlon , la a non-profit association of Induatrlaa for tha advancamant of haaltliful working conditions. ' I, :' Vol. 12 September, 1950 tev Wi.i, -.. JOHN FRANCIS McMAHON, 1905-1950 rf*, ' *a' - . *. ;*r .V . ' * - .-.**. .' . -.t"- Sr^ajJw. . ` ' At nocn on September 15* while at his desk* John F. McMahan was stricken ' "' with a coronary occlusion that caused Immediate death. . . ./ , ,* .* ' r ; ^ V*/*' *' **. *- .-. ` .He Joined the staff of Industrial Hygiene Foundation .In 1936 shortly ' after Its formation and his ambitions And carfeer hecams' one with- the Foundation. ' > In .19^2 he was made' Mqnaglng Director .of tte.-Foundation and. Administrative Fellow, .^'v of; Mellon' Institute.' H1b unbounded energy and outstanding leaderehipvfere, rewaited by the growth-and prominence of the Foundation in the field of occupational diseases* -- and Industrial hygiene and hy a place of eminence for himself. His many forceful, articles on Industrial health have Induced the serious attention of Industrialists, ^' scientists* publishers* educators, underwriters, and personnel specialists..-/.. : * Dr. E.R. We IdleIn* Director of Mellon Institute* paid the following r * . - tribute to him: "Far the past decade he was a front leader In demonstrating the -ff'VVwyv*S- **;*^; essentiality of conserving and developing human resources In the industries. In ' strengthening occupational humanlcs. In inducing the building of better places to t /V=V-, work.. He was Indeed a foremost and most successful exponent of the promotion ppv- ' loss' Is Irreparable If . McMahan's adviser.for fourteen years. In the institute: "His great concentratlve and synthesizing'power* his dynamic personal ;. farce* his keen Judgment and foresight* his high sensitiveness to human values put the life Into the Foundation's structure. I was his close friend and will'never/^jg forget his fairness, sincerity, perseverance* Inspiring executive strength,'-'opai-.'^K^ mlndedness and sense of humor* all of which are unparalleled In my experience." .. -`a Born In South Waverly, Pa., In 1905* John Mdfahon attended schools Sayre* Pa.,' and then graduated with a B..A, .from,the JOfal^rsity^of^Etotre Daffis 19^8 . From 1929 to 1931*. he served as a reporter on the New York Sun. . For the next.two years he was assistant to James T. Grady* public .relations director for / Columbia Dniverslty* the American Chemical .Society, and other technical organization, In 1932, Mr. McMahon came to Pittsburgh - as. . night ... . editor of . the Associated Press . After a four-year 'stint with the AP, ha Joined the 'Industrial Hygiene group at . Mellon Institute to attend to public relations. ' - He was a member of the American Management Association; American Industrial - " Hygiene Association; A.TjiJB.; Pittsburgh Personnel Association; General Health Council. Webtern Pennsylvania Safety Council (Board member); Pittsburgh Playhouse (Board \ Member); University Club (Pittsburgh); Western Pennsylvania Historical Society; Pennsylvania Governor* Notre. Dame Foundation; Serra International; and the Chemists Club (N.Y.) During World War II he served as Chairman* Public Relations * War Finance Conmlttee (Bond Drive), Western Pennsylvania, 1 - Mr. McMahon Is survived by his widow* Mrs. Ruth B. McMahan, and by * '- . two sons* John F., 14 and Michael B., 11. . iNourmiM. MreieNE foundation AAOO FIFTH AVCNUC HTT.0U.OM (ts), industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1950 ... table or comrcs .. Hews Items.................................................................. .. 1 .Occupational Disease Statistics,.../........,... - `4 'J>egal Developments,.............................. .. 5. Books, Pamphlets and Notices..................... 6 industrial Medical Practice8 Chemical Hazards............ ........................ 10 Industrial Dusts.............. ................................................ 13 Physical Aspects of the Environment.......................... 16 Badloactlv'Ity`and Mediation....,........... 17 . Environmental Measurements................ ......................... 18 Preventive Engineering................................................. 19 Community Air Hygiene...................................................... 20 Management Aspects............ 21 vAccidents -and .Preventloa..................... 23 Miscellaneous........................... ,, * Index........................................... .......... ....................... .. 26 27 ?toi.to.-.;-;;.'..:. Wo. 9 "-* -''r ' ^uBtrbii^ .4400 FifthTAvenue''' ^ ^Pittsburgh'.13, Pa>-. ' : i*` ' INDUS(TOIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and News ** * .1 . t NSVS B3EMS 1013 . Symposium qq Orthopedic Appliances. . * / ; . r *i " ' ' ! ' . - ' ',, ' '' , ( *' '+ , ,, ' m * ** ,, , . '' #- .' . *.'*/. ' -ihe"(Third AimualSynposium on.Qrthppedic Appliances, sponsored:by the Sarah Mellon Seaife Foundation * s Multiple Fellowship on Orthopedic - Appliances at Mellcn Institute, together with the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, net at Halloa Institute during the week of September 18.* Over 120 brace'makers, orthopedic surgeons, phya io-therapista, and related specialists attended formal lectures and visited a series of clinics and . demonstrations. The theme of the Symposium Itself was "Ifehabilitatich." It was evident in the surgical clinics in which total treatment of the patients was presented, from surgery through brace-fitting and rehabill- tat ion procedures. It was re-emphasized by Dr. Edward Ve idle in. Director of Mellon Institute, in pointing out that the goal of the Institute has . been "research for human welfare," and. it was finally stated by Dr. .Thomas. ' - ; Farr-an,-who pointed out how. the extremes of the "medical spectrum":.- *1- ' Prevention and Eehabilitation, are impinging' increasingly upon the es- - . tablished center of idle "spectrum": . Diagnosis and. Treatment.- .... ' 1014 Deferment Policy far College Students. TiQftfli Selective Service Boards have received instructions from ..V . Washington that they may consider the following conditions when all three . exist in the case of any registrant as warranting ccoaideration for . occupaticnal-'defeMtent: - (I) The. registrant has completed at.least one . academic year of a full-time course of instruction at a. college, university _ or similar- institution of. learning'* (a)' Hie college or university at which the registrant last completed an academic year of a full-time course . . Of instruction certifies that the. registrant fs`scholastic standing placed him among.the uppef half of his class. (3) The local board is satisfied by the record of the registrant fs actions in making normally required arrangeatents that be had fully intended prior to August 1, 1950* enroIl in a full-time course of instruction at a college, university or similar institution of learning for the academic year ending in the Spring of 1951- A full-time graduate student may be considered as having met conditions - (1) and* (2) above if it is certified by the college that .in his last under graduate year of a full-time course of instruction the registrant *e standing placed him among the upper half of his class. When an assistantship iu teaching or research is a requirement in the course being taken, the gradua student qualifies as a full-time student^^ formation Service ; Industrial Hygiene Digest, - 3 - ' September^ 106 1019 Dr. Shaffer Succeeds Dr, Shoudy at Bethlehem, Floyd E. Shaffer, M.D., has been appointed medical director of Bethlehem Steel Company, succeeding the late Dr. loyal A. Shoudy. Ur. Shaffer, who holds an M.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University, 1914, has been vith Bethlehem since 1917- After spending two years at the Company's plants at Bethlehem and Lebanon, Fa., he vas transferred to Sparrows point as plant surgeon for both steel plant and shipyard operations. When the Baltimore Dry Bocks was acquired in 1921 and the Bethlehem- Fairfield yard was organized in 1941, he was also placed in charge of "the , medical department for those operations. In 1948 he was transferred to Bethlehem as assistant medical director. . 1020 HX> Session Planned on Bust Diseases. . . . - . . . .. "* *- Geneva....;The; Governing Body- of the' International Labour'`Organisation , has'approved invprinciple the convening-of an, international; conference to ; consider ways and means of preventing pneumoconiosis, or lung'diseases caused by the absorption of dust. Uhls meeting was recommended by the Third Inter national Pneumoconiosis Conference held at Sydney, Australia, in March. The forthcoming meeting will, in particular, consider measures, for the prevention of pneumoconiosis from the viewpoint of the physicist, chemist and engineer. The data and agenda of the session will be fired by the Governing Body at a forthcoming meeting. -- 1X0 News Service Editor's Note; Iheodare F. Batch of the Foundation's staff and the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, was an official American delegate to the Australian meeting. Protection Against Atomic Bomb. ' . ~ An atomic bomb shelter, to be built into the sub-basement of a projected 21 story office building in New York (260 Madison Ave.) . is believed the first Ixecognition by .aie-tropolitan "builders "that such ' protection -is needed in that area. 'Supports of the shelter will be so 'designed that' they will withstand a.complete collapse of the building above It. To be about 24,000 square feet in size, the shelter Is planned for 4,.000 people.,* estimated as the maximum* number of tenants . and visitors -that may be in the. building at any one time. Blowers will be provided to exhaust from the shelter any initially deposited contamination, in the event of an atomic bombing, while special emer gency exits to permit free movement, should regular exits be blocked, are part of the disaster planning. -- Atomic Energy Newsletter -- (Aug. 29, 195) 7 industrial Hygiene Digest -5 September, 1950". : , . . IBGAL IEVEIXSPMEHTS 1022 Connection Between Employment Trauma and Fatal Diabetes. . - Although the employee had been severely bruised and had sustained a ^ fractured leg vhen a rock fell upon him from the roof of a coal mine ' thirteen days before his death from diabetes, medical testimony Indicated * that death resulted from a condition not attributable to the accident, and the Board's denial of compensation vas affirmed, Akemon v. Harlan-Wallins Corp. Kentucky Court of .Appeals, May 19, '1950. .... -- CCS . 1023 Injury V, BiseaBe--Disabi.Hty. as Besult .of Mumps Bather than Accident / Shortly after the claimed accident (negatived hy the testimony of a co-worker i the plaintiff vas hospitalized vith a serious case of mumps; his failure to mention this fact to-other doctors subsequently consulted * tended to impair his credibility, and in fact these doctors admitted that the condition found by them could be due to mumps vith complications, The judgment based on the conclusion that plaintiff had failed to discharge the burden of proof vas affirmed, Vercher v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. Louisiana Court of Appeal, Second Circuit, No. 7^9- May 31> 1950. .. . -- CCH . - .. . , . 3.0241 Silicosis--Miner--Incapacitation for Any Remunerative Employment-- ; Injurious- Exposure. - . ' The Industrial Accident Board erred as a matter of lav in not finding that the claimant, a miner and screening plant operator, had been injuriously exposed to silica dust and that he vas not incapacitated because of silicosis from performing any work in any remunerative employment. There is no essential difference in meaning between the term "total disability" used ' In the compensation statutes and the. phrase "incapacitated from performing any vork in any remunerative .apLQymeat"-sed in tbe^illcosls statute. - "Carlson v. Small Leasing Co. Idaho Supreme Court. No. 7617, - June 26, 195 -- * * : .' -- CCH . .* * * ' 1025 Silicosis--Holder--Personal Injury Caused by Gradual Accumulation of Foreign Matter--Intention to Continue Working Not Indicative of Capacity. A molder who contacted silicosis during forty-three years time as an employee of the defendant is entitled to partial disability under the Workmen's Compensation Act. A gradual accumulation of foreign matter vithin the body vhich renders a person incapacitated for work becomes a compensable . Injury. McKeon's Case. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. July 3>1950. ' -- CCH Industrial Hygiene Digest - 7 September / 1950'' . - have been previously published. Besides general principles, the subjects ' ..include: radiation safety in production operations, safe handling of radioisotopes, control of radiation in research and development, control - of hazards at weapons tests, the AEC program for radiation control, detec* ` tiau instruments far radiation protection, and costs of radiation protection. Another chapter brings the major developments in the field up to June, 1950. Ten appendices deal with a number of related reports and information. . ' . -- F. F. Rupert 1029 The Effects of Atomic Weapons. Prepared for and in cooperation with,the U. S. Dept, of Defense and the U. S,' Atomic Energy Commission, under the ' direction of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. J.O. Hirechfelder. Chairman, Board of Editors. h5^pp. For sale by Supt. of Documents, U.S, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. $1.25;. (1950). / . . '- . . . . ` V; , *' ' This voiume ' is 'the ,first to g.iVe a connected account of atomic bomb explosions-and their effects, and of-what can b^.done in case; of;explosion. - About thirty authors have.'contributed-to the book, but the whole hae been - . edited and coordinated so that it gives the impression of a single vark.' It begins with the principles of nuclear fission and of the bomb, and shows how the enormous amount of energy is derived. 'Dae calculations based on * .* a "nominal" atomic bomb such as used in Japan show that far practical pur poses it is equivalent to 20,000 tons of TOT. The following cases ere . considered: (l) An A-bomb bursting about 2000 feet in the air; (2) an " A-bomb bursting several feet under water; (5) a penetration A-bonib bursting AO to 50 feet underground; (A) radiological warfare in which highly radio active materials from atomic piles are dusted or sprayed over a .city to make it uninhabitable; (5) combinations of two or mare of the methods* - . ' .The damage following an A-bomb attack occurs from the following causes, in . * . V-` the order of their-extent: (1) physical damage from air blast, ground,'and * underwater shock; (2) thermal radiation and incendiary effects; (5) initial nuclear radiations; (A) residual nuclear radiations and contamination. Each of these forms of damage Is considered fully, beginning with fundamental and mathematical principles, and then reporting actual damage in the Japanese explosions, with an estimate of what would be expected in the - United States. A chapter deals with measurementof nuclear radiations, and Is followed by'one on decontamination. Finally, effects on personnel and protection of personnel are considered. Practicality is the book's -keynote; itsugge8ts"eai2y'measures that can"be carried out with "reasonable". ' amounts of time, money and effort. Extreme'.undertakings such sub dispersion ` -of cities and construction of .vast underground facilities, are beyond Its scope. The estimate of damage to property and personnel is based on the "nominal" A-bomb, but a table gives figures based.cn various larger sizes. ` 3be book will be followed by a country-wide blueprint which was handed . to the Council of State Governments in Chicago, September 8, and a report on protection for the individual citizen is due later. The present volume will also be printed by two commercial publishers soon. -- F. F. Rupert The future belongs to the thing that can grow, whether it be a tree or a democracy. -- Kenneth D. Johnson xaduatrial HygienePlgest - 9 September , 1950-. / . however, in eases of severe silicosis and the incidence stay reach 60 ar-ayen / 70 per cent in retired miners an compensation*' The asthmatic type of ' 'bronchitis ia uncommon end its Incidence/does not increase in the advanced stages of silicosis* It can he shown that the development of silicosis ; follows its usual course^ In asthmatic patients.. This refutes the idea that bronchial asthma has a limiting Influence on the development of .silicosis. ' `" -- Condensed from Bull. Hyg, 1034 gelation between the Medical Profess ion and the Warfanen's Compensation ^ Board 1 V.M, Weeden.. (ianpens. Ked, 3, 25-29 (June 1930). .* ' * ** "` ~. . - The author describes the operation of the New York State conpensaticn act, vith'dlsousslon of eome of the unsolved problems pertaining to com pensation. Differences in interpretation of the lav arise in many, cases from lack of knowledge on the part of physicians; and the .Conmissions ` should educate the profession In: the field of- compensation medicins', tothe- . point where they vlll. recognize that the . MLrrier .desires the best medical advice'and not necessarily favorable'-opiniohs . Then there would no longer * . be-^carriers physicians" or ^claimants' physicians." The nev Disability ' Benefit Lav is discussed briefly* .. 1035 Selling Industrial Medicine to the Medical Profession, E. Buyniski. Arch. Ind. Hyg. & Occ. Med. 2, l44-l47 (August, 1950). . ' Industrial medicine is faoed with several problems. The number of young physicians entering the profession Is low because other fields seem to offer greater inducement. Industrial medicine is also struggling to . gain recognition from the private doctors. A plan is,presented which can . .- be adopted by. industrial'1 medical' departments to attract nev`blood into . the'. ` . profession and at the-same time promote a.better understanding between industrial and private medicine. * ' -- Author's Summary 1036 Arthritis and Compensation MedicineWJ3. Bawls. ,, Cmpens. Med. 5945 {June 19507* . . , . 1` . Arthritis is one of the diseases that cause difficulty in adjustment -of cGE^eas'atian.^'ClKims. "In the author's opinion'injury.does not cause arthritis, but may aggravate' a pre-existing" arthritis, and on'the other hand, healing may be delayed by the-presence of arthritis,; Compensation has to be judged in such cases according to the. nature, and severity of the . injury = ' and the time before the onset of the arthritis. Similar questions arise in patients with osteoarthritis % burBitis, myositis and fasciitis ere diseases on which there is no general agreement as to cause or nature, end compensa tion problems may be involved with them also. Neuritis -and chest wall pain are also considered. The author has used x-ray therapy for various forms of arthritis successfully, except in case of knee, wrist, or finger joints .. The effects of ACTS Cortisone are as yet doubtful. maugtrial Hygiene -Digest - 11 .September, .1950- 1041 Beryllosis. F. Borbely. Schweiz, med. Wocbschr. . - 80, 325-526 (April 1, 1950) (In German.) . ' . This Is a general review of the subject of beryllium poisoning, . especially as It occurs in industrial work Involving beryllium. After a . historical introduction, the clinical symptoms of beryllos is are described and the case material consisting of'several hundred cases observed in Germany, the United States, and Russia Is summarized. Over 40 literature ' references. . . -- Unclear Scl, Absts. - . , ' . - * tt 1042 Inhibition of Phosphatases by Beryllium and Antagonism of the Inhibitlcm . - by Manganese. K.P. DuBois, K.W. Cochran, and Marcella Mazur. . Science 420-422 (Oct. 21, 1949). . . *-Hie ^Inhibitory action-of`beryll-lumch .the phosphatases .activated-by . . magnesium end calcium was studied in several tissues. The results showed ' pronounced, inhibitory;actioa by beryllium cn the magnesium-activated. ; ` tissues, the serum phosphatases being the most sensitive of those studied. * Manganese sulfate in various concentrations decreased the inhibitory action of beryllium. A similar action was found with cobalt and nickel. The results of the experiments support the hypothesis that beryllium interferes' . in biological reactions In which magnesium aTM* calcium participate. The ability of manganese to counteract the inhibitory effect of beryllium on .. phosphatases "in vitro" suggest a possible line of treatment for beryllium poisoning. Experiments in this .connection are in progress. . -- Condensed from Bull. Hyg. 1045 Cholinesterase Test Aid in Diagnosis of. Parathion Poisoning. . ../ .. ' :WAL; Garlick. .-2nd; Hyg'; Newsletter (U.S.-Public ^alth.Service) 10, 11 f ` . (Septeriber 1950). ` A number of deaths have resulted from the failure to recognize and protect plant and field workers from the toxic effects of organic phosphate materials (TEPP, DFP, and parathion) used as insecticides, The clinical manifestations produced by the absorption of these chemicals are easily ; ; recognized. Cholinesterase determination, then properly performed and -.;4 interpreted, corroborates diagnosis. Treatment is specific with atropine, -and otherwise symptomatic. -. .' 1044 The Mechanism of Action of Phosgene and Dlphosgene. A.M. Potts,.' ; P.P. Simon and.R.tf. Gerard. . Arch. Blochem*. 24, . 529-337 (1949). . ' ` * * - A colorimetric method for the direct determination of phosgene showed instantaneous reaction of phosgene Then homogenized with lung tissue. A mlcromanometrlc method for determining the amount of hydrolysis of diphosgene demonstrated the ability of compounds with free amide, hydroxyl, and sulf- . hydryl groups to compete with water for dlphosgene. Seventy-seven compounds were -measured, and some protect yeast fermentation against destruction by dlphosgene. Animals exposed to ketene die In pulmonary edema indietinguish- able grossly and microscopically from that caused by phosgene. Because of these facts and others cited from the literature the authors believe that the lethal action of phosgene and dlphosgene is due to.acylation of Xnauatrlai gyglene Blgest - 13 September. 10*50 . phthalic anhydride. The temperature limits obtained vith 74 naphthalene vere 76* and 120* C, (barometric pressure, 757 to 7^5 mm. Hg.)., The . Ignition temperatures of pure phthalic anhydride, crude pbthalic anhydride, _ and 71*-* naphthalene In air were found to be 580, 588, and 515* C., , . respectively.' The ignition temperatures of the same materials In oxygen were found to be 55^, 478, and 492* C,,, respectively. . .. " Authors' Conclusions 1049 Surface Active Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as Disinfectants. % 0. Kylin. Svensk BryggeritIdakr 64, 257~S59 (1949) Swedish. ` . ' ' The tonicities of same quaternary ammonium salts were Investigated. The LD50 of oral alkyHenzyldimethy1-ammonium chloride (benzalkonium chloride) for Wistar.rats is about 0.35 g./kg. Bats were given up to . v 0;25 per cent- ofhenzalkonlum chloride in.the food .for ten weeks without 4 . . effect4cm body wei^it. - However, In the group given.the'highest".concentration, *' . ' the frequency of diarrhea was very high. * She- chronic` oral toxicity appears.. ' ` 4 to'4 be very low eo that there is little danger as long as the material Is ` ' employed with some caution by the food Industry, Complete hemolysis of a 10 per cent suspension of red corpuscles id caused by quaternary ammonium compounds even at concentrations of 10"^ to 10" 5. The substances are also - . toxic to the skin when applied in concentrations of 0.1 per cent. The mechanism of the bactericidal effect appears to be due to their surface . activity.and toxicity. The precipitation of bacteria appears to be dependent- upon a certain relation between .the quantity of bacteria and detergent. 4 -. -- Biol. Abste. ' ' \iHB0STRlAZ, POSTS' 1050 Sffects of So-Called Inert Dusts, A.J. Vorvald. Arch. Ind. Hyg. & Occ. Med. 2, 140-143 (Aug. 1950). ` .. Although a substance may be Inherently inert, certain factors may operate to cause pulmonary change or Interfere with function. Among these are change in character from heating, presence of an excessive amount in -the lung, long exposure, and state Of the respiratory tract. Also, the inert material may carry harmful organisms. Mixed with harmful dusts, its * effect'may be beneficial, in that it may coat or neutralize the effect of . the injurious dust. Die lung appearance after inhaling inert dust and its - removal by-phagocytes are4 described; *. * . 1051 The Pathology of Pneumoconiosis. J. Gough. Postgraduate Med. J. 25, 611-618 (Dec. 1949). In this review various authorities are quoted concerning types of pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to coal dust, silica, graphite, beryllium, ~ aluminum, carborundum, cotton dust and sugar cane dust; The lesions of classical silicosis, of silicosis combined with tuberculosis and of coal workers' pneumoconiosis are described. -- Condensed from Bull. Hyg. _i95o .j.Q*'? other lung Diseases Due to Dust, A,T. Doig, Postgraduate MedJ ,~~25, 039-6^9 (Dec. 19^9). A review is given of the effects on the lungs of various dusts, mair-*-.-nixed dusts. These often contain a proportion of silica and it is questic--, whether their effect can he attributed to it. Among these dusts are those" derived from carborundum, aluminum, graphite, iron, tin, manganese oxide beryllium. The mode of action of vegetable dusts is obscure, although a * *" variety of pneumoconioses have been attributed to them. ` -- Condensed from Bull, Hys. 1033 Asbestos is. H. Wyers, Postgraduate Med. J. . 25, " 031-533 (Dec. 191*9). Asbestos and talc are the only two silicates which have been shown tc produce pneumoconiosis, Gardner, in 1938, suggested, on the basis of ani-ig experiments that the effect produced by asbestos was mechanical, since it produced only by long fibers, A later authority made the observation that workers exposed to very short-fiber asbestos were not affected by it. As bestos is was officially recognized as an industrial disease in 1930, The condition is thought to be due to blocking of the finer bronchioles by lory fibers which seem to irritate the bronchial wall and cause fibrosis. Tuberr losis and carcinoma of the lungs may follows, as complications. Recogniticr. of the disease, and precautions which have been taken have lessened its severity and incidence. -- Condensed from Bull. Hyg. 105^ A Review of Dust-Allaying Practices at Working Faces in Some Bituminous Coal~and Lignite Mines J. J. Forbes, R.K. Franklin and S,T. Reese. U.S, Bur. Mines Inf. Circ, 7566 29pp (May 1950). Data on dust-allaying practices were compiled from the reports of Federal inspectors on 1,637 bituminous coal and lignite mines in 23 states, employing nearly 300,000 men. Most of the information is presented in tabular form. It is shown that approximately one-third of the mines employ ing 25 or more men provide no protection, or inadequate protection, agains: dus^ from the working face. In a still greater number of mines, the dust produced during loading and transportation is not being allayed effectively. Rock-dusting will reduce the dust explosion hazard in such mines, but dust allaying will reduce the explosion and .pneumoconiosis hazard ana provide better visibility. 'Generally dust allaying was practiced to a greater exter.* in mechanical-loading mines than in hand-loading mines with fewer workmen. Mines employing less than 25 men were not included in the study, but probatl dust allaying is not practiced In many of them. -- Condensed from Authors' Summary and Conclusicr. 1055 Shuttle-Car Tire and Roadbed Study. R.H. Nicholas, J.S. Whittaker, BD. Borneriburg; J,P, Hannon and W. Bank. Bur. Mines Eept. of Invest. k62~> 22pp. (December 19^9). The investigation revealed that "hard rock lug" tires had a kneading action that mixed calcium chloride more rapidly and effectively with the floor material, thus tending to diminish one potential source of dust. Shuttle cars equipped with "smooth tread" tires steered harder, tended to remain in depressed tire tracks, or remained bogged in "chuck holes," Industrial Hygiene Digest - 19 September, 1950 whereas cars equipped with, "hard rock lug" tires steered easier In loose floor material and climbed out of deep tire tracks or chuck holes vith relative ease. The smooth tires tended, to slip or skid where the grades ' ' were heavy or the floor was wet, whereas the rough tires maintained a hette grip on the road. The amounts of dust stirred Into the air by the two types of treads on roadways treated with calcium chloride appeared to be of the same order of magnitude. This dust was only a minor factor In the air-borne dust content of the air; Ho differences were observed In the life of each type of tire, but it -must be noted that the tests were of too short duration to .draw sweeping conclusions. -- Authors' Summary 1056 The Physiological Response to Dust from Mine Locomotive Traction Material. L.T. Fairhall, B. Higbman, and V.B. Perane. Pub. Health . BeptsT 6g, 1003-1020 fAug. 11, 1950). ' ' .... * . ; ** . * .. . - ` ' . . .. ' The use of sand as. traction material for mine locomotives has - ` ' been considered a potential health hazard* The purpose of* this study ' was' to determine the relative safety of possible 'substitute materials. `* Guinea pigs were Injected in.traper itoneally with suspensions of the various powdered materials or dusts. It. has been noted. In some. Instances, that there Is a correlation between the severity of the peritoneal reaction in guinea pigs and the pulmonary response in man. Among the materials tested which produced a moderate cellular reaction were Lyon Mountain ore tailings, slag Ho. ^ and traprock Ho, 3088. These materials also appear to have the requisite hardness,- -commercial availability, and other properties suitable for use as traction material. . -- Condensed from Authors* Summary and Conclusions 1037- Electron Microscopy in Silicosis, E. Beintker and E.-.Meldau*. ' ' Beitrage z, Sllikose-Fors chung Ho. 5# 27pp. (19^9) German. . . The authors describe the results of examination with the electron microscope of the mineral residues from portions of the lungs of two Kuhr coal miners, and from a case In which talc dust was found ,ln Idle lungs. The blood- from a case of silicosis was also examined. The method . * is described of preparation of the lung sections, by treatment with - hydrogen peroxide, centrifugation,, washing/dJLelysis, aaid -ti^atment with -various reagents. The preparation of the sample of blood was by.a modified - . method,; The appearances of the mineral' residues under the electron micrd- - * scope are described and, with the aid of 31 electron photomicrographs at magnifications from-11,600 to 50,000 diameters, processes of disintegration In the nan^coal particles are shown, whereas, in contrast, the coal . : particles are seen to retain an unbroken outline. Further, minute droplets were seen to be heaped up, apparently from destruction of silicates and - not shown by the coal particles. These appearances, established here for the first time, by electron microscopy, have not been observed In mineral particles which have not passed through the human body. From the appearances observed it follows, at least in the lungs of Ruhr coal miners, that quartz has 'disappeared, as well as other minerals, through a special kind of attack which shows itself in the form of minute droplets, and that new particles of silicic acid,as a mile In colloidal form, are found which appear to be derived from a solution. Thus It Is proved that solution of Industrial Hygiene Digest - 17 / . September,. 1950 RADIOACTIVITY ABD X-RADIATIOH 106l Ionizing Radiation Materlain as Air Pollutants. A. Wolman. .. Arch. Ind. Hyg. and Occ. Med.. 2, 134-136 (Aug. 1950). . = A revlev 1b given of some of the corrective measures -which have been * supervised by the Atomic Energy Commission for the treatment of harmful . waste materialswhich result from the laboratory and production operations of the United States atomic energy program. Problems -which require further study are listed. A "Monograph on Aerosols" is to be published by the Commission. A table glyes the beat estimate known at the present -time : . of maximum 'permissible .atmospheric cohcen.trations of certain ionizing radiation materials.. . * '- 10^2 . Radiation Hazards of Radioactive Isotopes in Fire Emergencies. An Intro ductory- Report. Published and distributed by International Association of Fire Chiefs, Midstan House, 22 East 38th- St*, Rev York 16, H.Y, -. 10pp. (June 1950). This pamphlet deals with situations In which firemen may be called . to put out a fire -there radioactive materials are used or stared. The radioactive materials neither contribute to the cause of a fire nor Intensify ccmbusticm. However, a certain amount of radiation is cantinu- - ously emanating from them and may present a hazard to fir fighting personnel, .The principles of .radioactivity are discussed briefly and , ' the'most ;connnan radioactive elements are listed with*`seme of their properties. The purpose of protective measures to minimize radiation- hazards are: (l) to prevent -Ingestion, inhalation, or entrance by other means Into the body of radioactive materials; and (2) to prevent firemen from receiving excessive amounts of external radiation. The first calls far'suitable breathing equipment and care of scratches other injuries. The second - can be achieved by_limiting time of exposure and proximity to the materials . as much as possible. Interim safety rules ore recommended, Including . .. : supplying information about the presence and guantlty of radioactive `. jnaterlals'-'aiid various -details pertaining to monitoring m-vfl care of protective equipment. ". ' .- Smoke Screen. . In the boiler room of one of its generating stations Consoli dated Edison of H. Y. recently installed a TV screen--but strictly in line of duty. The screen shows the flow of smoke from the giant smoke stacks on which the video camera la focused. The boiler foreman orders whatever adjustments have to be made to curtail excess smoke. -- The Foreman's Letter, (Aug. 23,1950) Industrial Hygiene Digest - 19' gepternber 1950 ! v v monoxide from Ifte blood am the analysis takes aboirt I5 mifcmtes and can / be applied to the.' exactestimatian of hemoglobin nnr{ methemoglobIn in . . blood and also to tissue fluids. -- Condensed from Bull. Hyg. 1067 Sampling of liquid Aerosols by Wires, Cylinders, and Slides, and the . Efficiency of Impact ion of the Droplets. hId. TaHhIiI and r,g. . , J. Colloid Sci. 4, *105-236 (April .1949}. * * A method of sampling aerosols Is presented, which relies on the measurement by chemical analysis of the amount deposited by a cloud an selected surfaces.- With such a method a source of power is not needed; . mereover, it is not necessary to prepare samples for microscopic examination." Wires, cylinders or slides may be used as collecting surfaces. The theory and the factors influencing accuracy are discussed at length, and numerous results are given. . -. . 1068 - A Fey Methods for- Bust 'Measurements* B. Jfeldau. ` . . ` -Tcnind.-ZtgV 74, .66-71 "{1950).' German'. ; ` -. The author shows tentative standards of the German Engineers Institute for size determinations., chemical analysis, and color adsorption of dusts and gives graphical" symbols far their identification. -- Chem. Absts. SNGISEERIKG 1069 Experiments an-the Bruck-Vigl.ianl Method for, the Aspiration .of Drilling . ` Dust in Mines. - 0 . Hontesano. ' tfed. d. Lavoro. 40, 251-253 ` " ` * foot. -1949). Italian. " ' The Bruck-Vigliani attachment for a pneumatic drill consists of a special wool filter, through which air is aspirated by means of a venturi ejector operated by compressed air from the mine supply. Air is drawn : from the bottom of the hole being drilled, through the axial channel in .. the drill steel which is otherwise used for feeding water. A comparison .. was made, by taking thermal precipitator samples of air-borne dust,, be tween dry 'drilling, with the aspiration attachment in operation, and wet . . drilling with water injection through the hollow steel. In both cases ' - very much less dust was recorded than Is usual when drilling in the * . . absence of suppress ive measures. The Bruck-Vigliani appliance was at . ' - least as effective as wet drilling In decreasing-.the production of dust. - ` - Hip indication is" given of the lifetime of the filter. -- Bull. Hyg. 1070 Boutine Ventilation Surveying in South WaleB Anthracite Mines. E.M. Smith. U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ* 7550, llpp (Oct. 1959). . . ,This report describes the practice of a large British anthracite mining company in carrying out a routine program of ventilation surveying. Very few companies make complete surveys. The data collected include pressure and velocity measurement, from which are calculated pressure drops, zonal resistances, and other derived data, and methane content. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 21 September, 1950 1075 Effects of Air Pollution on Oral Structures. J.M. Dunning. ` Arch. Ind. Hyg. & Occ. Med. 2, 337-159 (Aug 1950). After considering a number of air pollutants that affect teeth, , especially in Industrial air, the author presents this summary: "Detailed knowledge of Industrial hazards to the oral structures la at present so . scanty and the chance so great that the dentist can he a valuable scout for the medical team that X feel no hesitation In urging that dentists he Included in all the public health teams doing epidemiologic work such as that at Danora. An additional'reason, for having a dentist on the team , Is that he can appraise the level of nonoccupatloml dental disease in the area." . . ~ ` MANAGEMENT .ASPECTS 1076 Labor-Management Cooperation far Safety, Beport of Ccamnlttee, Presidents Conference on Industrial Safety, H.C. Zulauf, Chairman, Bull. Ho, 121, * Bur. of Labor Standards, U.S. Dept. Labor. ^pp. (1950). Generally existing patterns of labor-management cooperation are: (1) joint safety committee or council with company and union representatives; (2) a safety program conducted In a unionized plant by management with worker cooperation but without a committee; and (3) worker cooperation and . participation In a nonunion plant; She Industrial accident can be solved = only.by full cooperation between employer and employee at all. levels. . * Based-oh these'premises the-following fundamental principles' are presented; (1) safety primarily is the legal and moral obligation of the employer, - who must have a sincere and continuing Interest In the safety of employees; (2) cooperation In the sdfety program is the moral obligation of the employee; and (3) the labor union Is also under moral obligation to cooperate In accident prevention. Under each heading several forms of cooperation are listed. 1077 A Management'..Approach -to -Problems -of Indi^Mual Adjustment. A.B. Gates. Arch. Ind. Byg. and Occ. Med"I 2, 202-226 (Aug. 1950). The author traces the development of employee-company relations since the beginning of-the century, with numerous false starts and conflicts, but all the while leading to better progress and understanding. Empahsls is now placed on better understanding of the employee as a human being and especially of his tensions and their source. He gives an account of a series of talks to supervisors, illustrated with slides, giving the funda mentals of leading and understanding workers. A number of the slides deal with worry, its causes and how to deal with it. These lectures were given at the Eastman Kodak plant at Oak Bidge where the large number of new - employees intensified the problem. ' Industrial Hygiene Digest - 25 September, 1950 1081 Behab 11Itat Ion of the Tuberculous In Philadelphia. A Study of the i Program of Behab11jtatIon In Philadelphia for a Ten-Year Period ' . July It 1959 to July 1, 19^9. Gertrude E. Langtcn, B J>. Wagner and P. Meier. Am, Bev. Tiiberc. 62,' 190-208; (August 1950). ... An analysis of the background and disposition of 505 tuberculous patients, listed as "closed rehabilitated" cases, vas made to evaluate . . the rehab11itati.cn program. Initiated as a joint project of an official . and a voluntary agency. The criteria for referral to the Bureau of Rehabllitation vas arrested disease, vith satisfactory prognosis, educa- ^ tlonal "background, and Intelligence showing promise of successful employ ' ment. The direct cost for each patient averaged $408. Cost of administra- ` - tlcn 1b difficult to determine. Despite certain limitations, the program of rehabilitation Is considered a vise Investment and there Is evidence that it is belpg. expanded. -- Condensed from Authors * Summary 1082 Legislation and Pneumoconiosis. C.L. Sutherland. Postgraduate Med. J. 25, 5^0-657 (3>ec. 19^9)* :. . A brief history of the Workmen's Compensation Act as applied to pneumoconiosis Is given, traclng.lt from its Inception.In 1906 to Its . replacement by the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 19^6. There follows a short account of the evolution and present position of legislation affecting the various conditions described In the previous papers. . . -- Bull. Byg. ACCIDENTS AKD PREVeNTIOK (PIBE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS, ETC.) 1085 The South Amboy Fort Explosion. Eeport by National Board of Eire Underwriters and Fire Insurance Bating Organization of New Jersey. 25PP. (1950). ". This report is directed principally to the prevention of. recurrence of similar disasters, and thereby, to the preservation of Ilfe and property The possible causes of the disaster are discussed and a number "of safety measures suggested. Attention Is directed to the Importance of providing proper,security at waterfront facilities handling explosives and securing adoption of an' adequate explosives ordinance for cities. Other suggestions Include the necessity for preventing excessive explosive concentrations during handling, rigid control over the types of explosives which are manufactured and transported by common carriers, prevention of careless handling and mixing of certain types of explosives, checking of working conditions, enforcing security regulations, and providing adequately segregated parts far explosives handling. . The establishment of a Port Warden, along with the enactment of municipal ordinances by local govern ments will promote the needed protection from fire and explosion. Pre planning for emergency action In disasters under the current civil defense program is re commended. -- Condensed from "Summary". Industrial Hygiene Digest -25 ,September, 1950 1086 Beport of the Health and Safety Division, Fiscal Year 19^9. J.J. Forbes and W.J. Fene. U"S. Bur. Mines, Inf. Cire. 7562 51pp (April 1950). j * ' . Hie activities of this Division during the year vere directed toward the study, evaluation, and control of harmful or hazardous exposures in the mineral industries. About 16,000 gas and dust samples were analyzed during the year. A large number of -studies of various kinds were carried an -- dust concentration and compos ition, rock structure and roof control, investi gation of carbon monoxide explosions, spontaneous heating of carbonaceous ' shales, testing of respiratory protective devices, mine ventilation, safety - organization, flood prevention, etc. Many hazards were brought to light that were overlooked or Ignored by management, labor, and State mine ' inspectors. The conditions thus found resulted in greater effort on the part of all concerned to. avoid unfavorable publicity, and stimulated the activities of safety committees, unions> and management. - : . " -- Condensed from Authors1 Summary and Conclusions IO87 Conditions and Practices at Coal Mines in the Buhr District of Western Germany.' J.B. Benson, H.E. Sanford and E.W. Stahl. 0J3. Bur. Mines,-" mf. Circ. 75^9, Wpp. (Feb. 1950). *. This is a general study of mining conditions and practice in the Buhr district based on extensive surveys. Much of the material bears more or less directly on safety and health. The picture regarding both safety and health shows much less accomplished than In this country. There is little rock dusting, little effort at prevention of silicosis, and con sequently much silicosis. There 1s much lacking in safety measures, no safety organizations .of employees and officials have bean established, and no safety meetings are held. Nearly' all miners are trained in first " aid, but the supply of equipment is inadequate. Training courses for prospective miners are now common, and the graduates of these courses have better safety records than those without the training. IO88 Safety Practices in Churn Drilling at Morencl Branch, Phelps Dodge Corp. Marenci, Ariz. A.A. Sharp ana AJ). Look. Bur, Mines Inf. Circ. 7548, ` 23pp. (January 1950). " - . Although mechanical failures occur an rare occasions, the majority of accidents around churn drills are caused by human errors. The code of safe practice described" herein points out the obvious hazards of operation and serves as a guide for safe procedure, which, if followed, will eliminate many of the unsafe"acts that result in accidents. Familiarity with the code is obtained by frequent review, and safety consciousness, so necessary for accident prevention, is encouraged by a continuing safety program in which each Individual has an active part. -- Authors' Conclusion Industrial Hygiene Digest - 27 September, 1950 INDEX Aerosols Hydrogen sulfide Handbook (5k. Rev.) sampling 1027 Industrial health education 1067 Industrial hygiene surveys . Air Pollution Industrial medicine and foundries 1075 selling to profession effects an teeth ' 1075 Labor Legislation Aging ' state and federal (5k. Rev.) 'industrial aspects 1080 Medical service and human Alkali, Etc., Works - factors Minimi report . --2091 Mines - ANTEJ, tocclcity 10^5 health and safety in Arsine poisoning and BA1 1059 Mire dust Arthritis reducing .. .. ! and compensation , . ; 1056 Mine locomotives . . Marie Stumpel's . 1057. effect on environment ` Asbestosis . - ' . 1055 Mine ventilation in South Wales Atomic defense " ' ' Odor control `` role of doctor 1065 Oxygen poisoning Atomic Energy program Parathion poisoning . control of hazards (5k. Rev.) 1027 Phosgene and diphosgene Atomic Weapons . mechanism of action effects (Bk. Rev.) 1028 Fhthalic anhydride ' Atmospheric pollution 1072 flammability Beryllium . Plutonium effect on phosphatases 1042 removal from foundry vastes Saranac symposium (5k. Rev,.) 1025 Pneumoconiosis . Beryllos is ,. 1041 in coal miners Cadmium - - ' and legislation - - distribution in body . - 1058 fr<Sm various dusts ' Carbon monoxide . pathology determinatlan In blood 1066 Quaternary ammonium compounds Compensation board toxicity and physician 1054 Radiation DeafnesB due to atmospheric fog occupational 1060 Radiation hazards Dusts -' ' In fire emergencies from .mine cars . Baddatien materials inert 1050 air pollutants In mines . 1056. Rehabilitation Dust explosions * . tuberculous , venting devices . . ' 1084 Safety Dust Measurements ' . . 1068 labor-management cooperation Dust removal by vet drilling 1069 in chum drilling Dust respirators Safety in coal mines in coal mines 1071 in Ruhr Electric arcs in mining. Silicosis prevention 1085 bronchitis and asthma Employee problems crystallography and - management approach 1077 electron microscopy in Explosion Solvents South Amboy 1083 "tToxic effects Gallium Work-life expectancy toxic action , 1040 1074 1089 1051 1035 1030 1079 1086 . 1054 . .` '. : 1059 1070 1090 1047 1043 4* 1044 1048 1064 1032 1082 1052 1051 1049 1063 1062 1061 108l 1076 1088 1087 1033 1058 1057 1046 1078