Document 6w656GR1Ej9Dw1x8Z4RL8rzBo

t XTAL0AT1ON OF XXPOSUXX TO IIIICIOUS DUST D171X16 MIXINC AND SANDING OF JOINT CONFOUNDS OTFSUM ASSOCIATION Danvar, Colorado XRTtODUCTION Th Cypsua Association retained Ceorge D. Clayton and Associates ta conduct aa Induitrlal hygiene jurvay at a tact alto located In Daucar, Colorado. The purpose of the survey waa to (a) determine the concent rat ton* of total and reapirabla dutt containing free eryscalline silica to which vorieara were exposed during nixing and eanding of a aerlea of Joint cenent compounds and (b) to interpret the r e nlts In caret of potential health hazarda with particular reference to regulatlont promulgated under authority of Che Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Thli atudy vaa conducted during Che week of Septeeber l l -10,1973 by Mr. Robert 0. Soule of Clayton and Aatoclatce. tesulte of that atudy are reported herein. ACXC0UD The Cypaue Aaaoeiatton located at ISOS Orrlngton Avenue in Kvaustoa, llllnota la a trade aaaociatlon which repreaente ten to fifteen indoatrlal companies which are engaged in che lanufaeture of producta Incorporating gypium or gypeue-llke materials. Aa with moat indue* trial concern*, the activities of che Cvpsu* Aaaociatlon have become wore broad with the paaaage and iep1ouentatIon of federal regulation* euch a* the Metal and Son-Metallic Mtne Safety Act and cha Occupa tional Safety and Health Act. Tachnlcal committee* ccnooied of pereonnel fro* conpenle* comprising the Gypsum Aaeociatlon have been at* tabltehed with particular Interact In the occupational safety and health field Of oerticuler concern in thla raapact wae tha poten tial hazard ncnt*d with exposure of vorkers to altborna dual* containing free crystalline tlltce generated during nixing and tamdtag of compound* uced to seal cracks and jolnti formed during instal lation of wellboard eater: il Although the specific fornnlatloua used by the various companies supplying the Joint compound vary, meaentiailr all >f then :ntiin a few pereeet free silica in the pro duct whether it is a dry eoupound or a ready-mix product. In order to avatueta tha axpoaur* of workers te eiliceoua duet during handling and use of the toint eoupound producta, tha Cypeum Associ ation decided to undertake a teat program during which several Joint compound producta vivid b nixed end sanded. George D. Clayton and Aeeoclatee was retained to collect and analyst samples which would represent the exp fitu of w.-rxera engaged in tha study. The tests were coni'. ..<: *> t we en . Sep t e -is r 11 and 13. 1973 In e housing developent which wee under rinatnictin in Weitelntter, a suburban area north of Denver. Co 1 < t edo . aibeetos" (an trna maineilum ali:*aeel, crocldollte, or 'esto*'' ' sodium Iron silicate), tremoilte (a calcium wag .llcate>. and anthophy( l 11a unothar Iron magnesium fill' : these, cnrysotile accounts fo' over 90 pareant of tht ;*age of asbestos In th a country, with aaoalta and eroctdo* ' ng t ha only othar type* uaad to any significant extant . oi exist* naturally In bu.adlea of axtramely flaa fiber* which subdivided aaiily Into aany aaallar flbara. The potential harard associated with expoeur* to atbaatoa la that of inhala- f alrhorna flbara resulting In a typa of pnauaoconioala referred "aabastoiia." Small aabatcoa flbara can pas* readily through ar respiratory tract and be deposited in tha terminal bronchi* the lung. Thera, they produce a local irritation which tha tempts t > overcome by initiating a tissue response resulting encapsulation of the fiber* and consequent formation of "ji* bodies." If sufficient quantities of fibers are inhaled over nded period of time, a generaltred diffuse peribronchiolar s can Jevelop. This puimonary fibrosis can lapalr the trans oxygen across the avaolar membranes and result In respiratory ciencirs, or even eardtac failure. (t has been determined, toxicological and epidemiological studies, that long filers, i e.trosetsri In length, are most active In the production of rosis. Fibers shorter than about tvo micrometers in length, ctl.aily without an Irritating effect. There Is some eelieoc* her minerals having fibrous charscter lit ics can produce sint er Ions . cent studies have Indicated an association between exposure toe m both Industrial and urban atmospheres and an Increase lattvely rare type of lung cancer known as mesothelioma. Alit has not been possible to establish a connection with isbts- '. ! cases of this disease, there is a strong correlation a ;onure to cr'cldoltte and occurrence of m*othe 1i::is. 'ther asbestos have bean implicated to a much lesser extent. riovis "new harard" has received much public attention because ern suggested that vary minimal, no n-oc c up a t . o na '. exposure iflh ;tnt t" produce the disease in soma individuals. veers the American Conference >f o>vernmencl Industrial Hy- has rer-nrnended a thresh. 1J 1 i ~ i t value <T!.V1 of five ~ i 1 - t ; * ! < cube foor o: air 'mppet- for all types of ashes- - g lust* c-nta.Mng less than no percent crystalline silica. it vilne is defined a* the rnncentr.it ion an air . .i i -i i". t t i c h it Is `-.loved that near'v all v rr s can t . n . si an,! r e n o 11 e : w r .lavs v : t b on f x he r n The 7 ! v of five m- ;. I J.i< ".seed n t ' e l T n o r r ' r : . .' : c was s o 1 e c .! a . > h e e * n d a r J m e t h : : - t ` e - .1 r '. v f * * r c u r* * : r s r n ish*" ' ** r . ! r .1 -n t h r m v .1 1 >. .* !' ! .1 > ; r < witrr 4 . - s f h g r . 1 n av.! n ' ! : s I g . . g!: t f ; e '. a ' ve.irs ' r a n t e if the Increasing c n c r " s * ' t . I 1 t' r r I : .1 n ib n r ri * C lla *t Cyyasia A s a o s t a t to a ___________ dpoltd fo r a n a ly s ts O lO ftC K tR O BSTBIAL ' * i i - - - - -- - pm - -s* * mm MS mm mm n^ a# ft ft ft >3 ft ft ft ft N N M NJ IV N ft n J9 10 * 31 ft ft VI 1A VI VI (A VI VS VI OB *w * ft* sin) M mm OB VI VI IP 39 a ft * 33 M ft A 3 i ft 0 t 3ft mm. 13' w n c < ft 9 e 3 & T VI V 3 a mm 3 ft A 3 B * 0 3 zft a ft v. ft 3 & 3 ft ft 0 B V 0 c 9ft a ft VI ft 9 3. 3 n 9 B 0 c 3 & ft VI ft 3 & m- 9 M 9 e B * 9 C ft -"S ft n* 0 ft tm 9 ft A 0 * 0 e 9 ft ft VI ft 9 ft tm 9 A 0 B ft 3 3 9 ft ft sa* ~o* .-:; - *< - iT - a * _ o X ;; , -a ** r * w ' -1 * -- p* ft ft ft ft -- ft V* VI W M as o ft ft ft 00 ft ft ft sas MS mm mf mm ft ft ft ft ft ft VI ft < << * > ftft M ft* VI mrn <i fti ft ft ft ft ` eM M ft# * M M w ft OO 9o 999 0 *" a <* #w ft ft ft ft ft V ft mm N v Mf ft a * . YCLAt lY*TBOMB 4 A ABB0C1ATBS N T U BHNNARY H a ta vla t .iT-rfc- G ypu A o c l tlo i> TABU III i l l0 * 0 * 0 * . CLAYTON A A B 80C IA T1* 1 N D 0 IT K IA L RVOfKNK BAHTLINC KMART H < t lU l . Cl l t Cyp>uw A n t l l t l o ___________ TAL IV OROIOI D. CLAYTON A A M O C IA T H IN D U STR IAL H Y O IIH I SAMPLINU SUMMARY ** i * Ck ft ft 1 o-- " o <k 3 *9 ft 0-- ft ft * ft an - 'ft 9 ft ft ir 9 ft 0 ft 0 c m 0 * 9 ft 0 0 0 C ft -ft or wv * H 0* * 0 ft < 9 ft i3 a y ft 9 ft C 90 fl ft ft M 0 ft T ft ft CG v-3 ft y-e f - "1 we o a * > c x9 0 ft a ^ < t- f* ft ' t2 Tft 2 C ft "ST m. O' *1 ft. m 00w -- n O' * ~ OB Z HIT ** H m ift 2 * z2 - 1 2 90 JJ a -p * a o Zk < - z ~ <z . y o a- M C3 " -* 2 2*a* h. i * * 9 **+ iA z~ -L. X3 * *# " -S 92 ~9 1 - * * w* * <- 1 6 1 /1 1 6 1 /1 1 ft -* sO >9 *N* ft ft *v ft * > f* - r fi' ft ft 39 90 39 39 30 30 i 1i1i t < CO CO CO CO ft ft ft * t4 i t i a* ft T r* W K1 X* O 0 >o ft % a# 99 S0 CO 9 3 ft. 3 90 A 0 1 3 S c 3 a T * V) 9 3 & " 9 90 ft 9 a 3 3 c 3 -- *" y W M 9 9 ft. a 00 ft 9 3 -3 3 Z 9 ft. *", y CO M 99 33 & a. 93 0 90 ft ft 00 s 9 -9 93 CC 33 && tr y `W* ft 9 3 Or Mr 3 90 ft 9 3 9 5 z 9 a cr Nft ft m 9 a * 3 90 ft e 3 *9 9 a a> T OS 9 9 a. 9 90 ft 9 *9 9 3 ft y W> . V. 1 5 3 C o 2 1 O a a 0# W 30 * w SO yj Aft o- ft- ft ft * a ft s 9 Aft ft ift W Ol ft ft ~ ft ft -- w V* < C s ft Aft ft ft V* W ft " 9 A* ft 9 ft o M M PM v 00 ft ft m *m ft n t o 09 ft ft 00 t C ft 00 w ft M 0 o M A> sl m ft 9 9o9 9o , O 99OO9 ft o w Aft 00 ft s# ft w ft o * t* 9 e* < ! 0 ft ft e 0 0 ft V u r 3r ** ft ft ri M a te ria l 1 - J** lygleaiits i< proposed TLV at flv fiber* (greater than flwa micro meter* is per cubic centimeter at air. This standard 1* based o* the mirni ( . ltr technique with actual microscopic fiber count ing at 400 - 4 i} k nagn11:cat ion using phata eontrase Illumination. Tba Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has estab lished tb# above concentresion (five fibers, grsatar than five mlcroHtiti in length, per cubic centimeter of air) as as emergency stand ard and have announced that, affective July 1, 1974, the acceptable limit for an eight-hour, tim*-w*lgheed average exposure will be re duced to tvo ftbera/ce. tn addition, OSHA has established the con centration of ten fibers (greater than five micrometers In length) per cubic centimeter of sir as an aeeaptable celling concentration. Workers shall not be exposed to eoneentretIons of asbestos In exeats of this value, regardless of duration of sxposure. SAMPLING AMD ANALYTICAL METHODS The elr sampling conducted to evaluate exposures of workers to asbes tos was sll of the "breathing rone" type. These temples were col lected by drewtng air through 37-ms diameter membrane filter# (Mllllpora Type aa> at a rata of about two liters per minute using email, battery-operated pumps 'Mine Ssfatv Appliances Company, Model G) The sampling units were v>rn bv eh'* workers sngaged In either mixing or sanding the Joint compound; the pump was attached to the bait and the stapler head fastened on the outside of the worker's shirt at approximate breathing zone height. Thus, theee samples were repre sentative of the time-we 1ghted average conditions to which the men were exposed during the tangling period. The sampling head consisted of a three piece cassette Milltpore); during sampling the face cap was removed and the filter uas used In an "open face" mode with the filter positioned si.ghtly downward so as to slnlmlsa dust falling directly onto the filter. Sampling was conducted for the enttre duration of th# mixing opera tion* but ha-suse of th* higher anticipated concentrations associ ated with sanding of the )>mt compounds it was decided to change filters spnr -> r :: 1 v everv ten minute*. Sampling during th* sand ing o th* vert'u* 'Miu c npound* we* conducted over e total oerlod of elxtv at nut-. Therefor- six consecutive ten-mlnut* temples war* obtained for <*--. exuding to.-. In addition to the ten-minute tests, samples wrt : .lecti-i 'ter - *. . r t y - m i nu t e periods as well, i.*., two eons*-ut. . v* 1 -'.n'lte ->p'. - f r eech sending test After collec tion < f each ss-cle th- f. ; t - r cep was replaced end th* cassette, or sampler analytics'. was sealed io-iiuitsly end prepared for transfer to th* - rat rv The met-, i ' ' -mrlng #>',,* .< fibers vex -ssenttallv the tarn* a* that . 1 : - S "||!|: ...1 : t s,-r V . - 1 -r t u o sxuerriti n of *sh*st . i --it'fio- :*,,rs r h , Jesrriptl'n of this method first . o a" Tt . ' . . r tton rd war's and '.R. Lynch and X; I'. . ! O o.s_ _ __ ~ l -A i : - .............................. .... J'LLi' Volume J. pages * - 4 I* 7 tha nathad contlttad of tha following ttapa. A pta*ahapad taction of tteh tanpla vu nountad on standard lcroaeop* tllda uilng high vlacoalcy aolutioa of aanbrsaa filtar tn a 1:1 alxtura of dlathyl oxalata and dlaathyl pbchaInto to raadar tht filtar eranaparant. Tha aabaatea flbara kick vara on tha turfaca of tha filtar vara than couatad aitag a 101 ayaplaca and a 40Z objactlva with phaaa eoatraat lllmlaa> tloa. A muabar of flalda, aalaetad at raadoa aeroaa tha aaapla, *af- flelaat to ravaal a alnimun of 100 flbara vara axaaiaad aad flbara graatar than flva nieroaacara In langth vara couatad- Any partlcla haring an aapact ratio of ehraa or graatar vaa aldarad to ba a flbar. Although It vaa eoacalvabla that tbara vonld ba flbara of papar or othar aatarlala praaant on tha fll- tara which would hawa baan dlalodgad from tha vallboard daring tha aandlng oparatlon It did not appaar that thaaa vara of any advaraa eomaquanca during tha analyala of tha aanplaa. Altbongh It la raallzad that tha conntlng tachnlqua la not apaclfie in tarna of baln abla to idantlfy tha ehaalcal natura of tba flbara praaant In tha aanpla, all of tha flbara obaarrad In thaaa tia- plaa appaarad to hava pbyaleal faaturaa eharactarletie of aabaa- toa fIbar . ' For tboaa aanplaa collaatod ovar a thlrty-nlnata parlod, aad vhleh vara too haavlly loadad to araluata dlraatly ondar tba ateroacopa, tha collactad notarial on tha flleora vaa dlalodgad In a highly purlfiad dlattllad vatar bath ualng an nltraaonie unit (Dynaaonle Corporation, Nodal C4 ganarator and Nodal T4 tank) and dllutad to ona lltar. An aliquot of the raaalttng anapanalon vaa drawn, paaaad through a nanbrana filtar (Mllllpora Typo HA 1 and vaa than analytad according to tha pracadarn daacr Ibad above. rttSCNTATlON OF RESULTS A total of four Joint eonpound product* vara uaod during thia study. Thaaa product* ttwo dry nix and two "ready nix") vara auppllad by tvo nanulactur*ra vhou Idantltta* vara not known to tha lavattiga* tor Tba product* vara idantlfiod nv coda <20, 2R, 4D and Ah), a aunbar rafarrin* to tha tuppltcr and tha lattar indicating vhathar tha product vaa a "dry" or "raady-aix" eonpound. Tha rrxultt of tha aanpllng pro(r f'nduetad tha two drv t. * product* and xand.nd tnt* on poundx ara oretanta.l in Tabl* 1 thr nuh 17 data ih, ! il lowmjI. during tha nixing of all four Joint con* Exam! na t l on of thaaa I. During nixing of Joint Conp'und 2D tha vorkar vaa axpoaad to a concentrar.on of 1 ( . ( r x , greater than f : v v.o r o * aete'X in 1,-ngth. par cubic rr-u io< t,-i ot air. 2 Tha a ai u ,, f f f o t rm In* , I- a r 4 r i <, i r 11 . : ! ii t n j tha X .t l.l . x . < r , i' Chit analyaia of th* tan-alnut* aaaplaa vai not passible. Anal7*1* of th* th Irty-alaut* staples, which war* radapoaltad, ladicatad an tvirafa coneaneratlon of 39.4 flbara, greater thao flva alcroaatara In length,par cubic centimeter of air. ?ba ratulta of analyilng four of eha at* tan-alnut* aaapla* collaccad during landing on Joint Compound 21 ladicatad aa avarag* cone antraclon of 4.2 flbara par cubic eaatlaatar; two of eha aaaplaa vara too haavily loadad to analyse di rectly. baiulta of analysis of tha two thirty-alnut* aaaplaa collcctad during tha landing on Joint Coapouad 2* Indleatad an avarage coneaneratlon of 11.I flbara par cubic can* tlaatar, a factor of ovar 2.3 etna* aa high aa eha avarag* btaiaad froa analysis of th* taa-alnut* aaapla*. Tha aaapla obtalaad during tha airing of Joint Coapouad 4t> ladicatad a concentration of 7.6 flbara, greater than flu* alcroaatara in length, par cubic cantlaatar of air. laaulta of analysing four of eh* six ten-olnut* aaapla* col lected during eha landing on Joint Coapound 40 indicated an average coneaneratlon of 4.4 flbara par cubic cantlaatar. Analysis of th* two thtrty-nlnot a aaaplaa, which war a tubJactad to the radepoaltlng procedure. Indicated an avarag* concent rat Ion of 14.g flbara per cubic cantlaatar, a factor of 3-4 tlaea aa high a* reaulta obtained fron th* taa-alnut* aaaplaa. Tha raaulti of analysis of five of th* six aaapla* obtained during the tending on Joint Coapound 4g Indicated aa aver age concentration of 10.8 flbara par cubic cantlaatar. Keult* of analyaia of th* two tblrty-alnut* aaaplaa ladicatad an avarag* concentration of 9.7 fiber* par cubic centimeter, a value caaentially tha tea* at that obtained froa analyaia of th* ten-ainut* aaaplea. lx of the thirteen tan-alnuta aaaplea obtained during rend ing on th* four Joint compound* Indicated concentrations 1* are*** of five fiber* per cubic centimeter. loth wising operation* generated aabaatot concentration* In excess of flva fiber* per cubic cantlaater. Two of tha thirteen cen-alnut* aaaplea collected during th* sanding teata indicated concentration* In excaii of ten fiber* per cubic centlaeter, th* acceptable celling concen tration One of th* two nixing operattona generated an aab*ato* - ln-alr concentration m axcea* of ten fibers par cubic canelaeter. Of the fur product* tested, landing on 28 and ID resulted In concentre*. * '. e i r~n. *ut appr'achtnr. the current accept*' I i - i : ; -r - * r > u r r u <rl> it l, five fiber* : c < u . c cent.-c>.r .'r-tuct -K c tu Istcr.t lv pro duce'] v - r v hi,?1' '-i.cntrj:. -* > f t > t a l dust which obscured the asbrei * t:*r* n C'.e -?le*. 4 CONCLUSIONS Tk* Mijv i :3,icUi1obi are presented on tha beat* of obaervatlona d < u r * o a t > aade during the study reported hereto. 1. based so the raaulta of tha tan-alnute staples, it la apptraot chat the exposures of vorltari engaged In alxtng and land ing of tha varloua joint compound* uiad during thla tait would ba to cone antrat l on approaching or exceeding five fibers, graatar than five alcroaatara In length, par cubic cantlaatar of air. 5. It la claar that peraona engaged In tha aixlag and tending of Joint coapounda Hollar to chore uaad during thla teat would be axpoaad to concantrat Iona of alTborna aabaatoa In aseaaa of two flbara par cubic cantlaatar during tha entire eouraa of their vork. This value la tha proposed acceptable Halt for an alght-hour claa-welghced average exposure to asbestos which la scheduled to becoua affective July 1, 1976. 3. With the exception of tha Coats conducted during sanding on Joint eoopound 4R the results of analysis of che chlrty-alnuta aaaplea. using the redepotltion technique, vara consist ently higher than those obtained by direct analysis of cha tan-ainut e staples bv a factor of 2-1/2 to 3-1/2. Therefore, It appears that use of- the redaposition technique would re sult la the apparent concentrations of aabaatoa In air being higher than actually present and would therefore err oa. eha "conservative" side. 6. Discounting the results obtained by analysla of tha thlrtyalnute as-aples, for which tha red epos It 1 on technique wet uaad, three of the seaples collected (aiding of 20 and tend ing on <. R i indicated i.r.;entr at i ona In excess of tan flhere par cubit centimeter and are therefore < concern as peek exposures. - ith these exceptions, the problea is one of coa trolling the tls-weighted average expocuree of workers to aabeet s. In that respect, it suit be pointed out that tha aapllng results mpsrted herein are indicative of the expocures f worsen during the -icing or sanding -per at tons and aot their 11 *-vei gn t ed average upoiuri" "icr a r u 1 1 workday . g ECOMMgKDATIONS 1. The results f sampling reported herein should be analysed la conjunct; n v i * o i s t u : t the vo r k practice* and routine of . r i - < r o / a g .- l < . sanding r r --thnrvise being exo-fed to 1 in! c - -in * ir f n (hoi* used . n this study. n this wsy * t r ilu it i ' n t.o v-;< ted average nvposure > f * S S ,- s f IP h e "l! it it is triK th.it. as r e r r t < : r i -it. .r- p I 11 , ;t u : he unlikalv -.in' -. t *.- i i . p t c .'mo . -I Is : r -i r . f r i ' t ; c v . * r t *a v # r r (-.15 i: v w.mj ; I v 11 n ; t r . ! c'fitr i 1 i n inv  txpotmras to below too flbere pot cable coot 1mtot would ottll beve to bo contended with. 2- Fto tho standpoint of being oblo to eliminate or alalolto tbo problea of mcoiiUo coaeoatroeloao of ooboatoo being generated by handling and uao of tho joint coapoundi, consideration should be given to tho following aapoeta. Tho aoat effective aoaao of oltainotlag tho ooboatoo probloa obviously would bo to ellaloace ooboatoo froa tbo Joint eoapound formulation# If this la feasible. Although tho aye* clflc role that asboatos plays In the Joint eoapound foraulotions Is not clear It la understood that aanufacturor a of jolne eoapound* consider it necessary that asbestos bo in the fotaulations. b. Proa an engineering standpoint, It My bo necessary to lapis* aunt the following noaswres in conjunction with airing and sanding of the Joint coapounda containing asbestos. 1. Nixing of tho Joint eoaponnds could bo done In such a ' way that tho arterial is wore effectively vetted as It la reaoved froa the containers or could be done within an enclosure, with or without nechanlcal ventilation, so as to alnlalse the anount of asbestos fibers released Into the breathing sene of the workers. It. Although tha results of the air saapllng reported herein Indicate concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of acceptable Units, either those currently cofcrced or those proposed to be nade effective In July, 1976, it was obvious during the study that the sanding process la general has associated with tt exposure of the worker to treaendously high concentrations of total dust. There fore, If seans were iaplewented to welntaln the exposure of the workers to total particulate to within acceptable Units there would be an inherent control of the asbestos problea as well. Although nor* extensive in nature, en gineering control of the total dust generated by the sand ing operation* is feasible. Such control technique* would Include, but not be United, to, the use of e vet tending technique and/or use of s portable local axhaust ventila tion aystea incorporating, ae the air noving device, a unit eiallar to coaaon industrial vacuua cleaners and bag col lector s. 3. The next phase of the testing program to control workers* sxpo- sures to **>-stna during '** of the loint cement coaopounds logi cally wou'l '< lorn of the various potential engineering control crnirfii indicated or inferred above.- Thle report prepared by __ _ __ ________ R.-hr r t n . .; i: i . p r V I c r - i't e i . J . i. f n I. t r ; - ! Hvgien.* Service*