Document 6w5nVMor1OmrBY9n588421exd

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 39 Number 194 PART II DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety And Health Administration H EXPOSURE TO VINYL CHLORIDE Occupational Safety and Health Standards R&S160118 35S50 RULES AND REGULATIONS Title 29--labor ployees from a rare Uver cancer (angio and abroad, OSHA proposed to rovi-e CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DE PARTMENT OF LABOR sarcoma) may liavc been occupationally related. As a result of this notification and alter consultation with NiOSH. and a joint inspection of the B. F. Goodrich 1910.93q and published a comprehensive proposal <39 FR 1689G) on May 10, 1974. to protect employees from hazards of exposure to VC. The proposal called for PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY plant by OSHA, NIOSH and the Ken limitation of employee exposure to VC to AND HEALTH STANDARDS tucky Department of Labor, a fact-find "no detectable level." nsmeasured by a Standard for Exposure to Vinyl Chloride ing hearing was announced on. Janu sampling and analytical method sensitive Pursuant to sections 6(b). 6<c>, and 8(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 <84 Stat. 1593. 1596. 1599: 29 U.S.C, 655, 657) Secretary of Labors Order No. 12-71 <36 PR 8754) and 29 CFR Part 1911, 11910.93 of Part 1910 of Title 29. Code of Federal Regu lations is hereby amended in the manner set forth below, in order to provide an Occupational Safety and Health stand ard dealing with the exposure of em ployees to vinyl chloride. I. Background-*<1) Vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride (chloroethene). Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No. 75014. is a synthetic organic chemical made from ethylene or acetylene and chlorine by any of several processes. It is the parent compound of a series of thermoplastic resin polymers and copolymers which are widely used for containers, wrapping film, electrical insulation, pipe, conduit, and a variety of other industrial and consumer products. Vinyl chloride has been made commercially in this country since 1939, and present production is in excess of seven billion pounds per year. The vinyl chloride industry divides into three segments: monomer production, polymer production, and fabrication. Production cf the monomer is a large- cale continuous process, involving only a few firms. There are comparatively few employees m this segment of the indus try, because the processes lend them selves to automation. Vinyl chloride (VC) is used primarily In the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a resin which is produced through batch processing. The conversion of the VC monomer into a polymer or copolymer Is an incomplete process, i.e., not all of the monomer Is reacted. PVC Is fabricated by a variety of tech niques, including extrusion, injection molding and calendering, to form a fin ished product that needs no further chemical handling. The vast maiority of employees Involved in the VC industry are employed by fabrication firms. Such firms range in size from those with few employees and simple equipment to large plants Involving many employees and considerable capital Vinyl chloride (VC). a gas at ambient temperature and pressure, is a chlori nated hydrocarbon, which heretofore has been regarded as having moderate liver toxicity. The Initial standard, contained In Table G-l of 1910.93, established a celling value of 500 parts of VC per mil lion parts of air. (2) The emergency temporary standard. On January 22, 1974, the Occupa tional Safety and Health Administra tion (OSHA) was informed by the Na tional Institute for Occupational Safety -*.nd Health (NIOSH) that the B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company had re ported that deaths of several of its em ary 30. 1974 130 FR 3874) and held on February 15.1974. Information obtained from this hear ing. particularly the preliminary reports of experiments conducted by Professor Cesare Maltonl of the Institute dl Oncologla, Bologna, Italy, demonstrated that vinyl chloride induced angiosarcoma in rats at levels as low as 250 ppm, and in other species at higher levels. Experi ments performed at lower levels of ex posure were not completed at that time. Other testimony from medical witnesses and NIOSH, and the results of autopsies, led to the conclusion that the Goodrich workers had angiosarcoma of the liver and that VC probably was the, causal agent in the angiosarcomas observed. In post hearing comments, additional angiosarcoma 'deaths were reported among workers who had been exposed to VC in plants operated by Union Carbide Corporation. Firestone Plastics Corpora tion and Goodyear Tire & Runucr Com pany. On the basis of all Information avail able at that time, and the fact that em ployees were being exposed at levels around the experimentally observed ef fect level of 250 ppm,'an emergency temporary standard <ETS) was promul gated on April 5. 1974 (39 FR 12341) pursuant to section 6(0 of the Act, as 29 CFR 1910.93q. Tliis standard reduced the permissible exposure level from a ceiling of 500 ppm to a 50 ppm ceiling, and established other requirements, including, for example, monitoring and respiratory protection. It was expressly recognized that this standard limiting exposures to a 50 ppm ceiling was a tentative, interim standard, and that the whole question of exposure to VC would be considered more fully in the light of additional Information, especially the results of experiments which were known to be underway at that time. On April 15.1974, information and data were presented to representatives of OSHA, NIOSH. and the Environmental Protection Agency by the Industrial BioTest Laboratories. Northbrook, Illinois, concerning results of animal exposure studies with VC. These studies were sponsored by the Manufacturing Chem ists Association. Although only pre liminary in nature at that time, these results revealed that 2 out of 200 mice exposed to VC concentrations of 50 ppm for 7 hours a day, five days a week, for approximately 7 months, had developed angiosarcoma of the liver. (3) The proposed permanent stand ard. Based on the demonstrated evidence of VC's carcinogenicity in three animal species (rats, mice and hamsters), and the substantial probability that VC had been the causal agent m the cases of Uver angiosarcoma found Ln workers both here to l ppm. with an accuracy of l ppm *50 percent. The proposal also called for the establishment of regulated areas and limited acccss to such areas to au thorized persons. A. requirement for monitoring of employee exposures was proposed, along with engineering and work practice controls to be implemented when exposures over the detectable limit were measured. Respiratory protection would - have been required while engineering and work practice controls were beingimplemented or where exposures exceeded the per missible limit even after feasible en gineering controls were instituted. In addition, the proposed standard Included requirements for medical sur veillance. protective clothing, emergency procedures, training, specific protection during maintenance and decontamina tion operations, transportation loading and unloading operations and record keeping. (4) Hearing on the proposal. The pro posal, as published on May 10, 1974, allowed 30 days for interested parties to submit written comments and to request an informal rulemaking hearing. In formal contacts with OSHA staff and early responses indicated that the sub ject was of great interest and Importance to many persons. Because of the limited time available before expiration of the six month period provided -in .section 6<c)<3) of the Act for promulgation of a final standard, it was decided to hold a hearing as soon as possible. Accord ingly. on May 24,1974, a notice of a hear ing was published (39 FR 18303 >. setting a hearing date of June 25, 1974. The hearing was conducted from June 23 through June 28. and again from July 3, through July 11. before Administrative Law Judge Gordon J. Myatt. All partici pants were given the opportunity to pre sent testimony and to cross-examine other witnesses. Persons participating in the hearing were given until August 23, 1974. to file additional posthearing com ments, including various items of infor mation which were requested during the examination of witnesses. (5) Economic and -technical Impact study. During the hearing, OSHA deter mined that additional facts would b needed to determine the practicality of certain aspects of the proposed stand ard. Accordingly, OSHA contacted an in dependent consultant, Foster D. Snell Corporation, to conduct studies of the feasibility of compliance at various ex posure levels, including those proposed by OSHA and others advanced by in dustry spokesmen. Snell was also com missioned to collect information regard ing the economic costs of compliance. This action was announced at the close of the hearing, and Judge Myatt further announced that the record would be kept FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 35892 ku'LES and regulations (testimony and questioning by Tcnneco Chemicals, Inc.). It has also been em phasized that In only 3 of 8 polymeriza tion plants where employees have been exposed to VC for more than 20 years have any employees developed angiosar coma of the liver. This argument is very similar to that raised concerning vari ability of past employee exposure. Al though geographic and workpractice dif ferences may ultimately be demonstrated to be factors in distribution of angiosar coma. sufficient information is unavail able to exclude from consideration of risk thoSfc employees in workplaces for which cases of angiosarcoma have not been observed. It ha* also been suggested that the absence of cancer in a population of 335 Dow Chemical Company polymerisation employees monitored over a period of 7 years. Indicates that exposure to vinyl chloride at concentrations of less than 200 ppm is safe. <See study by Dr. Cook, submitted at the hearing by Dow Chem ical Company.) However, the group sur veyed did not include all workers who had been exposed, and the missing em ployees Included many who had the longer term (over 20 years) exposures. Moreover, the statistically Insignificant size of the sample population decreases the possibility that tumors would be observed. Dow also presented preliminary data in testimony at the hearing on the pos sible metabolic pathways of VC. The hypothesis presented was that VC may exert its carcinogenic effect by a metab olite, and that the metabolite is pro duced only when VC is metabolized bv a secondary metabolic pathway operating only when enzymes regulating the pri mary pathway are saturated, as would be the result at higher exposures. The preliminary data indicated the possi bility of an additional pathway for metabolism of VC in rats exposed to con centrations of VC in excess of 220 ppm. However, the occurrence .of angio sarcoma in both rats and mice at VC exposure concentrations of 50 ppm in dicates that if a metabolite of VC Is the Ultimate carcinogen, then it must be generated at lower exposure concentra tions in these species. Although this re search may be helpful to the thorough understanding of the carcinogenicity of VC. it appears that it does not yet oiler evidence which can assist m determina tion of safe exposure concentrations for employees, or even that such safe ex posures exist. A number of witnesses representing employers have stressed that there is no evidence of cancer, either in employees or experimental animals, at exposure concentrations of VC less than 50 ppm. (See e.g.. testimony of Firestone, Ten- neco Chemicals.) The conclusion of these witnesses was that no decision can be made concerning risk of exposure to VC at concentrations less than 50 ppm. On the other hand, the testimony of most expert witnesses. Including some in dustry biomedical experts, stated' that quantification of a safe exposure con centration is not possible with the pres ent state of scientific knowledge. (See e.g.. testimony of Selikoff, Firestone, NCI, confident that industry will continue to and NIOSH.) do so. In our view, the demonstration of can (4) Conclusions. The conclusions be cer Induction in humans at a particular low are based on a thorough review and level is not a prerequisite to a determina evaluation of all the evidence submitted. tion that a substance represents a can Where decisions can be based on record cer hazard for humans at that lcveL It evidence, this has been done. Where, would be imprudent to assume man to however, factual certainties are lacking be less sensitive to VC exposure than ex or where the facts alone do not provide perimental animals in the absence of an answer, policy judgments have been conclusive evidence. It would also be un made. founded to assume that animals will not There is little dispute that VC is car develop tum'ors when exposed at concen cinogenic to man and we so conclude. trations of VC of less than 50 ppm. However, the precise level of exposure Should a sufficiently large number of ex which poses a hazard and the question perimental animals be exposed to VC at of whether a "safe" exposure level exists, concentrations of less than 50 ppm, cannot be definitively answered on the Schnclderman said that it would be ex record. Nor is it clear to what extent pected that some would develop VC in exposures can be feasibly reduced. We duced tumors. cannot wait until indisputable answers (3) Feasibility. There is virtually no to these questions are available, because dispute that most, if not all. fabricators' lives of employees are at stake. There are currently capable of reaching ex fore. we have had to exercise our best posure levels of 1 ppm through engineer judgment on the basis of the best avail ing controls. These employers employ able evidence! These judgments have re well over 95 percent of all employees ex quired a balancing process, in which the posed to VC. Indeed, several fabricators overriding' consideration has been tile are already operating at this level (see protection of employees, even those who EPI testimony). However, industry may have regular exposures to VC spokesmen have universally claimed that throughout their working lives. it is infeasible for the VC and the FVC Based on the available evidence and in industries to remain below 1 ppm con view of the above considerations, includ sistently, using-engineering .controls. In ing feasibility, we believe that employee addition, the Snell study on technical exposures to VC must be reduced to a 1 feasibility concluded that a 1 ppm ceil ppm time-weighted average (TWA). We ing is not feasible for the VC and PVC also believe that PVC and VC establish industries with present technology, but ments will, in time, be able to attain that that the VC Industry could currently at level through engineering controls, and tain lower exposure levels than the PVC that fabricators can do so In the Im industry. Labor union spokesmen and the mediate future. Health Research Group, Inc., however, In addition to the TWA requirement, have suggested that such a level is at we have established a 5 ppm ceiling tainable. - (averaged over a 15-minute period) in Since there is no actual evidence that order to prevent exposure of employees any of the VC or PVC manufacturers to unacceptable high excursions. From have already attained a 1 ppm level or in an operation standpoint, this ceiling fact Instituted all "available engineering level is realistic because minor excur and work practice controls, any estimate sions up to the ceiling level are likely to as to the lowest feasible level attainable occur on a regular basis. must necessarily involve subjective judg HI. The final standard--(1) Scope and ment. Likewise, the projections of Indus application. Both the ETS and the pro try. labor, and others concerning feasi bility are essentially conjectural. Indeed, as Firestone has suggested, it is not pos sible to accurately predict the degree of improvement to be obtained from en gineering changes until such changes are actually Implemented. We agree that the PVC and VC estab lishments will not be able to attain a 1 ppm TWA level for all job classifications In the near future. We do believe, how ever, that they will, in time, be able to attain levels of 1 ppm TWA for most job classifications most of the time. It is ap parent that reaching such levels may re quire some new technology and work practices. It may also be necessary to utilize technology presently used in other industries. In any event, the VC and PVC industries have already made great posal would apply the standard to the entire VC industry. Including manufac turers of VC and PVC and fabricators, but excluding employers handling or using fabricated products made from VC. There is no dispute that a standard is required fpr the monomer and polymer industries. However, the Society of Plas tics Industry (SPI) and various fabrica tors (see testimony of Goodyear. Gen eral Cable, etc.) recommended ,that fabricators be excluded from the stand ard. or that a separate requirement be established for them because- many of them were already at or below the pro posed ccillnglevel. The record evidence establishes that at least some employees in the fabricat ing industry are exposed in excess of the strides In reducing exposure levels. (See permissible control limits (See NIOSH testimony of Dow Chemical Co.. TR 973). testimony, TR 106; Robintech TR 642). For example. B. F. Goodrich testified In these circumstances, we believe that it (TR 1120) that it has reduced average is imprudent to grant a blanket exemp exposure levels in several PVC plants tion for ail fabricators. Therefore, the from 35-40 ppm early this year to 12-13 final standard is applicable to the fabri ppm at the time of the hearing. We are cation Industry, as well os tire monomer R&S160120 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOt. 39, NO. 194--FRIOAV, OCTOBER 4, 1974 J RULES AND REGULATIONS 35891 open for a period of Ume beyond Ausust 23. to allow interested persons to com ment In UTltln" on tile study. On Aucust 2G, 1374, OSHA announced flint the pre:mlnar7 study was available and that comments were to be submitted no later than September 6. 1374 (33 FP 30044). On September 13, 1374, OSHA United comments on both the preliminary and the final study, which was to be received on or before September 25. 1374 <39 FR 33009). (6) Environmental Impact statements. A notice of Intent to file an environmen tal impact statement assessing the im pact of a proposed standard on occu pational exposure to VC was published In the Federal Register on April 24. 1974 (33 FR 14522). The notice invited any person having informs Mon or data on the environmental impact to submit it to OSHA by May 17.1974. On June 12. 1974, a draft environmental Impact statement was prepared and circulated to all Interested persons. Ten copies were forwarded to the Council of Environ mental Quality <CQ>. which published a notice of It* filing and availability in the Federal Register on June 25, 1974 (39 FR 22975). A 45 day period was al lowed for the submission of comments on the draft statement. On September 5, 1974, the final environmental impact statement was prepared and a copy of it and all substantive comments were sent to appropriate governmental agencies, private organizations, and other inter ested persons. CEQ published a notice of availability for the final statement on September 6. 1974 (39 FR 32350). The submission of comment was invited un til September 25, 1374. The final state ment and all significant comments have been carefully considered In arriving at (lie final standard on occupational expo sure to VC. (7) The record. The record In this proceed og Is one of the most exhaustive ever rt 4 upon by OSHA. It consists of pre ana post-hearing comments and testimony received at both factfinding and rulemaking hearings, the studies and inspections conducted by OSHA person nel, the environmental impact state ments, the economic and technical Impact studies, and all other relevant infonr Won. In all. over 600 written com ment' tve been received, with more than separate oral and written submissit made with regard to the two hearings. The record itself exceeds 4.000 pages. Employers, employees, labor unions, public health groups. Independ ent experts, physicians, research scien tists, and specialists in many fields have been ; ited to submit Information and have made their views, knowledge and experience available to OSHA. The en tire record encompassing these submis sions was thoroughly reviewed and evaluated in reaching the determina tions set forth below. ' H. Findings regarding carcinogenicity, exposure levels and feasibility--<D Car cinogenicity of vinyl chloride. The car cinogenicity of vinyl chloride for three animal species (rat, mouse, hamster) has been documented on the record by the studies of Maltonl and Bio-Test Labora tories Moreover. Maltoni's investigations have demonstrated a dose-dependent re lationship for induction of tumors <l.c,, more tumors occur at higher exposure levels), including angiosarcoma of the liver, in rats. The Investigations of In dustrial Bio-Test Laboratories have dem onstrated a similar relationship for both rats and mice. These investigators hare induced angiosarcoma of the liver in rats and mice at exposure concentra tions of 50 ppm. and in hamsters at high er concentrations of exposure. Additional tumors involving other organs, including the kidneys, lungs, and skin of exposed animals, were also observed in frequen cies much in excess of control animals. The incidence of tumors in mice in the Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories investi gations is particularly pertinent. Of 200 mice (100 males. 100 females) exposed to 50 ppm of vinyl chloride by inhalation for eleven months. 100 died. Sixty-four ani mals died without gross postmortem pathologic examination being performed. Of the 36 remaining animals for which a gross postmortem pathologic examina tion was performed, 12 (3u percent) were found with liver tumors (including angiosarcomas), 21 (58 percent) with lung tumors. 9 (25 percent) with skin tumors, and one- with a kidney tumor. According to the 1970 report by the Surgeon General's Ad-Hoc Committee on tne Evaluation of Low Levels of En vironmental Chemical Carcinogens, the finding of cancer in two or more animal species may be extrapolated to Indicate a carcinogenic hazard to humans. Here, such a finding was made in three species that were exposed to VC by inhalation-- a route comparable to employee ex posure. In addition, there were at least 13 confirmed cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among employees exposed to VC, a particularly significant number in view of the extreme rarity of this cancer In the UJ3. adult male population (testi mony of Dr. Marcus Key, Director of NIOSH. at the rulemaking hearing). The findings of angiosarcoma of the liver in both experimental animals and exposed employees Is compelling evi dence that exposure of humans to vinyl chloride induce: this tumor. Industry spokesmen, at :ie hearing, conceded that VC is carcinogenic lor humans (e.g. testimony of Dr. McBumey, Rulemaking hearing, 1041). Accordingly, It is con cluded that VC must be regarded as a human carcinogen, and the probable causal agent of angiosarcoma of the liver, and that exposure of employees to VC must be controlled. Additional evidence of tumor induction in a variety of other organs, including lung, kidney, brain and skin, as well as non-malignant alterations, such as fi brosis and connective tissue deteriora tion. Indicates additional oncogenic and toxicologic properties of vinyl chloride, which must be considered in establishing control regulations. (See testimony and results of studies by Bio-Test Labora tories. Tabershaw-Cooper, Maltoni. NIOSH, and selikoff.) (2) Exposure limits. Upon finding that exposure of employees to vinyl chloride may create a carcinogenic hazard, the amount of exposure which is hazardous must be determined. The Surgeon Gen eral's Ad Hoc Committee referred to above concluded that safe exposure levels for carcinogenic substances cannot be scientifically determined. This position is supported by the testimony of NIOSH at the hearing. Us recommendations for a standard of no detectable level, and by the testimony of expert witnesses from the National Cancer Institute. Several witnesses and persons who sub mitted comments have taken a contrary view and have suggested that man is less sensitive to biologic aberrations induced by vinyl chloride exposure than experi mental animals. Proponents of this posi tion have argued that if humans were as sensitive as rodems. an "epidemic" of cancer resulting from VC exposures should have already been discovered among employees. -They also argue thai the employees In whom tumors have been observed are those who have considerable employment experience as polymeriza tion reactor cleaners. Because it Is gen erally agreed that reactor cleaning in volved high exposures to vinyl chloride in years past. It Is argued that the lower levels currently found in the workplace hare not Induced cancer and are there fore safe. We reject this argument. The fact that approximately threequarters of those employees with the longest exposure to VC (greater than 29 years since initial exposure) have not yet been located, makes It impossible to determine the actual number of afiected employees. The cases of liver tumors ob served to date have an average latency period, since initial exposure, ot approxi mately 20 years. If It is assumed that in duction of angiosarcoma Is a dose-re- lated phenomenon, and if employees en gaged in cleaning reactors did. in fact, receive larger doses of vinyl chloride, it would be expected that such tumors would be observed earlier for this em ployee population. For this reason, the significance of presumed lower doses cannot be accurately assessed until a longer period of Ume has passed, as a longer Induction period would be expected. Initiation of exposure to chemical carcinogens and Induction of cancer are not necesasriiy synchronous events. Be cause of the physiologic complexities in volved with carcinogenesis. Induction of tumors does not occur In all employees with similar exposure histories. For ex ample. Dr. Schnelderman of the Na tional Cancer institute emphasized dur ing his testimony that only about a fifth of longer-term heavy smokers develop lung cancer. Accordingly, the industry contention that exposure levels have been dramatically reduced since the 1940's' is not reliable evidence that cur rent levels of exposure are safe. Some industry spokesmen also sug gested that the apparent nonrandom distribution of observed cancer in em ployees may indicate an exposure thres hold for tumor induction, based on varia tions in the workplace design or prac tice and resultant employee exposures FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 35894 RULES AND REGULATIONS ncering controls until lull compliance Is if the environmental level Is not con trations. In discussions of these findings achieved. trolled to the permissible exposure limit, with NIOSH. it has Indicated that it is We have not established any deadlines then employees must be aiforded respira willing to consider on an expedited basis for full compliance through engineering tory protection. the approval of air-purifying respirators controls because we are presently unable While exposures in excess of the per for use against VC. 'Consequently, we to determine when it will be feasible for missible level do constitute a hazard, we have included three types of air-purify most establishments to reduce exposure believe that it is necessary to mitigate ing respirators in the list of acceptable levels to the permissible level. some of the problems associated with units, subject to the approval of such We also believe that Ure requirement implementing a program of respiratory units by NIOSH. The maximum concen that each employer reduce airborne con protection while employees are being tration for which each respirator may centrations to the permissible level, or fitted and trained in respirator use. and be used is based upon our evaluation to the lowest level feasible as soon as while other adjustments which may be of the data submitted by NIOSH and practicable will provide for inter-indus required are implemented. Therefore, Goodrich. Because air-purifying respi try and Intra-industry technological dif until January l, 1976, where exposures rators do not indicate sorbent exhaustion ferences which do exist, and will avoid are not in excess of a 25 ppm ceiling, or breakthrough of VC. and because VC the setting of separate industry stand each employer must provide each em has no inherent warning properties at ards on the basis of the general situation ployee with an appropriate respirator. levels for which these devices are used, and conditions in each industry. However, employees whose exposures do strict administrative controls will be re (6) Regulated areas. The proposed not exceed a 25 ppm ceiling, may decline quired for their use. Such controls In standard would have required that regu to use the respirator, in which case the clude a program to assure timely re lated areas be established, that access be employer is not obligated to require its placement of canisters or cartridges and limited to authorized employees, and use. During this adjustment period, em an alarm system to alert employees when that daily rosters or summaries of those ployees will be trained in the uses, pur vinyl chloride concentrations exceed the entering be kept for at least 20 years. In objection to these requirements, it was asserted that such control of access was not necessary from a health standpoint. Secondly, it was claimed that these con poses and limitations of respirators, and the hazards of exposure to vinyl chloride. Moreover, each employee will be notified in writing if he has been exposed in ex cess of the permissible exposure limit. concentrations allowed for the particu lar type of respirator In use. (8) Hazardous operations. This Is a new' section within the final standard. It encompasses essentially the proposal's trols would Interfere with operations by preventing access of needed employees or non-employees, such as contractors, truck drivers, customers and consultants. The purpose of establishing regulated areas in the proposal was to limit the risk of exposure to as few employees as possible. This concern Is still paramount, and thus the limited access feature re Where exposures exceed a 25 ppm ceil requirements for maintenance and de ing, respiratory' protection is mandatory contamination but has restated them in in light of our judgment that much -terms of performance language to allow greater risks are associated with such greater flexibility for employers to deal exposures. with such operations. The intent of the The provisions In the final standard new section is to protect employees en regarding the selection and use of respi gaged in activities that present a risk of ratory protective devices differ from exposure to vinyl chloride in excess of the those in the proposal. The descriptions of permissible levels. An example would be mains. The final standard amends the atmosphere-supplying respirators have the cleaning of a filter where resin con proposal slightly to allow "authorized been revised to indicate more clearly the taining high residual monomer is persons" to enter regulated areas. Tills types of devices intended, and the maxi trapped. change, it is felt, will allow operations to mum permissible concentration level for The proposal's requirement for full-' continue without undue Interference. each device. Moreover, the number of body, impervious clothing has been re The final standard has also increased the types of atmosphere-supplying devices placed by the direction to use impervious length of time daily rosters must be has been increased. garments suited to the particular situa maintained from 20 to 30 years. This At the hearing Mr. Edwin C. Hyatt, an tion and prcbablc extent of exposure. change was based largely on epidemio OSHA consultant, made suggestions re Thus, full-body clothing is not always logical considerations. (See NIOSH testi garding the use of particular respiratory necessary, and Is therefore not required mony, tr. 119.) devices. We have concluded that his sug where less protection is adequate. Since (7) Respiratory protection. The final gestions are meritorious. Therefore, tile vessel entry- falls within the definition standard, like the proposal, requires the provisions for selection of atmosphere- of a hazardous operation, the vessel entry use of respirators where employee expo supplying devices follow closely the rec section of the proposal has been deleted sures exceed the permissible control level. ommendations contained in his testi from the final standard. Industry representatives made a number mony of SPI and B. F. Goodrich) (TR (9) Emergency situations. The defini of objections to proposed requirements with Hyatt's suggestions. (See e.g. testi tion of emergency has been recast, in for respiratory protection. They stated mony of SPI and B. F. Goodrich) (TR terms of an unexpected massive release. that the "no detectable level" would ef 85 II) We had originally omitted air- The main objection to the section on fectively require continuous wearing of purifying respirators because none had emergency situations in the proposal was respirators in PVC and VC plants, and been approved by NIOSH far use against that,. as the term was defined, many that this is not feasible because respira tors are cumbersome, present a safety hazard, and employees wou!'1 not use them. We would agree that respirators have many drawbacks: the proposal did not contemplate them as a final solution. The record shows that the PVC Industry par ticularly may need several years before plant environmental levels can be re VC, principally because they lacked in dicators to signal the expiration of the service- life of the sorbent. Hyatt and other witnesses discussed in detail the desirability of being able to use canisters or cartridge air-purifying respirators, provided a sorbent could be shown to effectively absorb vinyl chloride with an adequate service life. Recently, OSHA has received respiratory data from labo ordinary leaks or operations resulting In a small release of vinyl chloride would be considered emergencies. This was not the intent of the proposal. The final standard has been clarified to correct this ambiguity. It should be noted that the written operational plan required by the standard need not be developed for minor excursions above the permissible exposure limit, and that such excursions duced so that respirators are necessary ratories regarding the effectiveness of need not be reported. only occassionally. However, we cannot commercially available canisters and (10) Signs and labels. The thrust of the agree that respiratory protection should cartridges for vinyl chloride. These eval signs and labels section Is to apprise not be required simply because it is in convenient: may require additional per sonnel. Interferes with production, or may require extensive retraining of em ployees and restructuring of work prac- uations were conducted separately by NIOSH and by the B. F. Goodrich Com pany and submitted to OSHA in posthearing comments. The results indicate that certain presently available canis employees of the cancer and fire haz ards. No objections have been raised with respect to informing employees of the fire hazard. However, a number of ob jections were raised at the hearing and in written submissions to the require Jces, We have carefully considered all ters and cartridges effectively absorb ment that the word "cancer" appear on the objections, and have concluded that vinyl chloride at relatively low concen all signs and labels. The principal argu- R&S160122 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 RULES AND REGULATIONS 35893 and polymer industries. Employers who, temperature as PVC. for further pro below the action level, no further moni in fact, are substantially below the, ex cessing. Indicates that a potential for re toring is required unless the employer posure limit will be subjected to only lease of the residue still exists. It ap has reason to suspect that any employee minimal burdens by virtue of the "action pears that the exemption of fabricated Is exposed In excess of the action level, level" to be discussed below. - products should be limited to just, those or unless chances have been made in Where employers in the fabricating items which will not undergo such mass production, process, control, type of resin, industry have exposures approaching the heating. Further, the opportunity to etc. permissible limit, they will appropriately demonstrate that exposures are below Where the exposure level, without re be subject to the standard. Employers the action level, and thus, discontinue gard to respirators, exceeds the permis handling or using fabricated products many duties of the standard- provides a sible levels, monitoring must be conduc made of PVC were not included in the more positive control and an adequate ted at least monthly. Where exposures ETS or the proposal and are excluded relief. are less than the permissible levels, but from the final standard. This conclusion (2) Permissible exposure limit. The greater than the action level, monitoring is based on the absence of adequate evi standard sets an exposure limit of 1 ppm must occur at least quarterly. dence of exposure to VC in these opera averaged over any 8 hour period, and a (5) Methods of compliance. The stand tions. The final standard clarifies the ex ceiling of 5 ppm averaged over any per ard, like thc'proposal. requires that em emption by defining a fabricated prod iod not exceeding 15 minutes. ployers immediately, institute feasible uct as a product made wholly or partly As more fully discussed above, this engineering and work practice controls from PVC which does not require further limit is based on an evaluation of the best to reduce exposures to at or below the processing at temperatures, and for available evidence and on a judgment permissible exposure limit. times, sufficient to cause mass melting of that the health and safety of employees Where feasible engineering and work the PVC. SPI and others (cf. TR. 344) must be protected to the fullest extent practice controls will reduce exposures requested that PVC resins with less than feasible. In view of the fact that release below the permissible levels, they must 0.1 percent residual monomer be ex of VC In the VC and PVC manufacturing be instituted. Where such-controls will empted from the regulation now. and processes are-variable, the 1 ppm ceiling not reduce exposures below- the permis that the exemption level be reduced to level provided in the proposal would sible level, they must nonetheless be im 0.01 percent in three years. SPI suggested require maintenance of an average level plemented to reduce- exposures to U' that the exemption of materials with less than 0.1 percent of 14 carcinogens from 29 CFR 1910.93p (39 FR 3756) was an appropriate precedent. The cases are not significantly more difficult to attain through feasible engineering controls. Therefore, the exposure limit prescribed in the proposal has been rejected. lowest practicable level, and be supp< mented by the use of respirators to p vide the necessary protection. Tfc upon, a continuing program of engi comparable, because no attempt had been - (3) Action level. The final standard, lng and work practice controls mu made to set air concentration limits for unlike the ETS and the proposal, pro instituted to reduce exposures to the low the 14 carcinogens. The record did not vides for an "action level" of 0.5 ppm est practicable level. Whenexposures are include information that reliable moni TWA. one-half of the permissible ex at or below the permissible exposure toring and measuring techniques were posure limit. The purpose of the action limits, the program may be discontinued. available. Moreover, the exemption did level is to minimize the Impact of the In addition, a plan for.achieving con not exempt airborne traces of carcino standard on the employers who have trol by engineering and work-practice' gens. The administrative cutoff was pro attained exposure levels well below the methods must be drawn up and be made vided to avoid regulation of materials permissible limit. Thus, where the re available, upon request, to represent about which there was no health haz sults of monitoring under paragraphs atives of OSHA and NIOSH. ard information, and which would have (d)(1) or (d><2) demonstrate that no We recognize that many employers broadly extended the application of the employee is exposed in excess of 0.5 covered by the standard-can not cur regulation beyond the record. Herein, ppm TWA. employers may, in effect, be rently achieve compliance with the per no information was presented to show exempted from some provisions of the missible exposure limit solely by the use safe concentration results from the use standard. For example, fabricators who of feasible engineering and work practice of resins with specific levels. Indeed, the are below the action level are not re controls. The record also reflects broad proposal to change the level later, when quired to provide medical surveillance or generic distinctions between the compli improved technology would permit such to monitor again, unless the employer ance capabilities of the VC and PVC reduction, would seem to Indicate that has reason to suspect that any employee industries. Some industry spokesmen, SPI has doubts about the safety of 0.1 is exposed In excess of the action level. including SPI (TR. 358-362), recom percent residue level. Diamond Shamrock In our judgment, exposures below the mended that a schedule of different per- (Exhibit 142) testified that there is no action level do not present a sufficient missile exposure limits and compliance direct relation. They indicate that the hazard to warrant application of the en dates be established for the VC and FVC airborne concentration is more related tire standard to the many employers who segments of the industry. to the physical form of the resin and are or will be below that level. This view assumes-that the ability and the ventilation provided. Also, monitor (4) Monitoring. The final standard, the time required to feasibly reach in ing data from industry (cf. Exhibits 131, like the proposal, requires that individual creasingly lower control levels is similar. 166,170) and OSHA (Exhibit 151) Indi employee exposure levels be determined. within each industry, but differs mark cate that levels In excess of 1 ppm may This may be accomplished by personal edly between industries. While the record be found in fabrication operations. In or area monitoring. Some witnesses and docs suggest that such differences do view of these facts and of th-j opportunity persons who submitted comments did exist between industries, as noted above, for employers to discontinue many duties not understand the meaning of the term it is clear that intra-industry differences upon a showing of no exposures above the "95 percent confidence level" in the also exist Thus, the ability and time re r.ction level, it does not appear that any residue exemption Is either justified or necessary at this time. This course also agrees with a number of Industry pro proposal. Essentially it means that the employer is required to take a sufficient number of measurements so that the re sults obtained are statistically valid. We quired by each employer to attain lower control levels may depend upon such factors as the climate in which the plant is located, the age of equipment, the size posals (cf. TR 660). SPI (TR 345). among others, asked that compounded PVC pellets be ex empted from the standard on the grounds that the pellets had too low a residue to cause harmful or measurable emissions. While it appears that PVC pellets would have a lower residue level than virgin PVC. the fact that the pellets must be heated to a molten mass at the same have modified the proposal to establish accuracy range requirements for various measurement levels. These ranges are narrow enough to ensure that a deter mination of compliance can be made, and brood enough to allow the application of a variety of technologies All covered employers are required to conduct initial monitoring. Where moni toring and measuring results are at or of reactors, or the type of resin manu factured or used. (Snell study. Firestone testimony, etc.) Monitoring data also tends to support such Intra-industry variations. (See. e.g. Dow, Firestone, Tenneco.) As noted above, the standard requires all employers to institute feasible engi neering controls to the fullest extent and to continue to improve and apply engi- 20 S FEDERAL REGISTER. VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY. OCTOBER 4, 1974 t \ 35896 RULES AND REGULATIONS provisions and that employers affected of the operation or bceause of an acci opportunity to observe the monitor are given on opportunity to familiarize dent in the operation, wliich would result ing and measuring required by this themselves and their employees with the In an employee exposure in excess of the paragraph. existence of the new requirements, the permissible exposure limit. (e) Regulated area. (1) A regulated effective date of the amendment to (8) "OSHA Area Director" means the area shall be established where: S 1910.93a will be January 1.1975. To pro Director for the Occupational Safety (1) Vlnvl chloride or polyvinyl chloride vide continued protection for employees and Health Administration Area Office Is manufactured, reacted, repackaged, until that date, the provisions currently haviug jurisdiction over the geographic stored, handled or used; and contained in j 1910.93q are hereby area In which the employer's establish (ID Vinyl chloride concentrations are promulgated, pursuant to section 6(b), ment is located. In excess of the permissible exposure 6(c) and 8(c) of the Occupational Safety (9) "Polyvinyl chloride" means poly limit. and Health Act. as an occupational vinyl chloride homopolymer or copoly (2) Access to regulated areas shall be safety and health standard effective mer before such is converted to a fabri limited to authorized persons. A daily October 4, 1974. the amendment to cated product. roster shall be made of authorized per ! 1910.93q set out below will supersede (10) "Vinyl chloride" means vinyl sons who enter. these provisions as of January 1, 1975. chloride monomer. (f) Methods of compliance. Employee Accordingly, upon consideration of the (c) Permissible exposure limit. (1) No exposures to vinyl chloride shall be con whole record of this preceding. Part 1910 employee may be exposed to vinyl chlo- trolled to at or below the permissible ex of Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations -ride at concentrations greater than 1 ppm posure limit provided In paragraph (c) Is amended, effective January 1. 1975, by averaged over any 8-hour period, and of this section by engineering, work prac revision of ! 1910.93q to read as follows: (2) No employee may be exposed to tice, and personal protective controls as 1910.93q Vinyl chloride. vinyl chloride at concentrations greater follows: than 5 ppm averaged over any Period not (1) Feasible engineering and work (a) Scope- and application. (1) This exceeding 15 minutes. " ' - practice controls shall Immediately bo section Includes requirements for the '737-No employee may be exposed to used to reduce exposures to at or below control of employee exposure to vinyl vinyl chloride by direct contact with the permissible exposure limit. chloride (chloroethene). Chemical Ab liquid vinyl chloride. (2) Wherever feasible engineering and stracts Service Registry No. 75015. (d) Monitoring. (1) A program of work practice controls which can be in (2) This section applies to the manu Initial monitoring and measurement stituted immediately are nos sufficient to facture. reaction, packaging, repackag shall be undertaken In each establish reduce exposures to at or below the per ing, storage, handling or use -of vinyl ment to determine If there is any em missible exposure limit, they shall none chloride or polyvinyl chloride, but does ployee exposed, without regard to the use theless be used to reduce exposures to not apply to the handling or use of fabri of respirators, in excess of the action the lowest practicable level, and shall be cated products made of polyvinyl chlo level. . supplemented by respiratory protection ride. (3) This section applies to the trans (2) Where a determination conducted under paragraph (d) (1) of this section In accordance with paragraph <g) of this section. A program shall be established portation of vinyl chloride or polyvinyl shows any employee exposures, without and Implemented to reduce exposures to chloride except to the extent that the regard to the use of respirators. In ex at or below the permissible exposure Department of Transportation may cess of the action level, a program for de limit, or to the greatest extent feasible.- regulate the hazards covered by this sec tion, (b) Definitions. (1) "Action level" means a concentration of vinyl chloride termining exposures for each such em ployee shall be established. Such a pro gram: (I) Shall be repeated at least monthly solely by means of engineering and work practice controls, as soon as feasible. (3) Written plans for such a program shall be developed and furnished upon of 0.5 ppm averaged over an 8-hour work where any employee is exposed, without request for examination and copying *6 day. regard to the use of respirators, in ex authorized representatives of the Assis (2) "Assistant Secretary" means the cess of the permissible exposure limit. tant Secretary and the Director. Such Assistant Secretary of labor for Occupa (11) Shall be repeated not less than plans shall be updated at least every six tional Safety and Health, U.S. Depart quarterly where any employee Is exposed, months. ment of Labor, or his designee. without regard to the use of respirators. (g) Respiratory protection. Where (3) "Authorized person" means any In excess of the action leveL respiratory protection Is required under person specifically authorized by the em (Iii) May be discontinued for any em this section: ployer whose dudes require him to enter ployee only when at least two consecu (1> The employer shall provide a a regulated area or any person entering tive monitoring determinations, made not respirator which meets the requirements such an area as a designated representa less than 5 working days apart, show ex of this paragraph and shall assure that tive of employees for the purpose of ex posures for that employee at or below the employee uses such respirator, except ercising an opportunity to observe moni the action leveL that until December 31, 1975. wearing of toring and measuring procedures. (3) Whenever there has been a pro respirators shall be at the discretion of (4) "Director" means the Director, duction. process or control change which each employee for exposures not In cz- National Institute for Occupational may result in an increase in the release cess of 25 ppm. measured over any 15- Safety and Health, TJ.S. Department of of vinyl, chloride, or the employer has HUSugrrienodl Until i)ecember~3r, IlJ'iT. Health. Education, and Welfare, or his any other reason to suspect that any em each employee who chooses not to wear designee. ployee may he exposed In excess of the an appropriate respirator shall be In (5) "Emergency" means any occur action level, a determination of employee formed at least quarterly of the hazards rence such as. but not limited to. equip exposure under paragraph (d) (1) of this of vinyl chloride and the purpose, proper ment failure, or operation of a relief de section shall be performed. use. and limitations of respiratory vice which Is likely to, or does, result In (4) The method of monitoring and devices. massive release of vinyl chloride. measurement shall have an accuracy (2) Respirators shall be selected from (6) "Fabricated product" means a (with a confidence level of 95 percent) of among those jointly approved by the product made wholly or partly from not less than plus or minus 50 percent Mining Enforcement and Safety Admin polyvinyl chloride, and which docs not from 0.35 through 0.5 ppm, plus or minus istration. Department of the Interior, require further processing at tempera 35 pereent from over 0.5 ppm through and the National Institute for Occupa tures, and for times, sufficient to cause 1.0 ppm, and plus or minus 25 percent tional Safety and Health under the pro mass melting of the polyvinyl chloride over 1.0 ppm. (Methods meeting these visions of 30 CFR Part 11. resulting In the release of vinyl chloride. accuracy requirements are available in (3) A respiratory protection program (7) "Hazardous operation" means any the "NIOSH Manual of Analytical meeting the requirements of 5 1910.134 operation, procedure, or activity where a Methods"). shall be established and maintained. release of either vinyl chloride liquid or (5) Employees or their designated rep (4) Selection of respirators for vinyl gas might be expected ns a consequence resentatives shall be afforded reasonable chloride shall be as follows: R&S160124 / RULES AND REGULATIONS 35393 ment advanced against Its use was that Indicated that the medical tests proposed posal is the requirement for maintenance the term "cancer" or "cancer-suspect are currently the only ones available of monitoring records and daily roster agent" scares employees and that in which are useful for medical surveillance sheets of authorized persons for 30 years, stead, the message should contain in (TR 121. Exh. 95, TR 589-591). Conse instead of 20 years. Additionally, the em structions on how to deal with the sub quently, the specific blood tests proposed ployer is required to maintain medical, stance (TR. 347). We believe that a have been retained as a minimum re records for the duration of an employee's diluted form 0f warning will not suffice. quirement to assist the examining physi employment plus 20 years, or 30 years, We appreciate the concern of employers cian in determining fitness of potential whichever is longer. The original pro with the reaction of their employees. But employees for assignment to workplaces posal called for only 20 years. we consider It Imperative that a worker involving VC exposure. In addition, al This change has been implemented be be fully informed, and that he realize the ternative medical examinations may be cause the latency period for induction of possible risks involved in his occupation. used where the examining physician de angiosarcoma ranges up to 30 years from Coupled with the training requirement termines that they are at least as good initial exposure. Therefore, as a mini in the standard, we believe that the signs as those specified by the standard. mum. medical records must be main and labels required will adequately in The Tabershaw-Cooper study and the tained for at least that long. It should be form employees of the hazard. In addi various animal experiments suggest that noted that spokesmen for both labor and tion. such signs will warn unauthorized VC may produce a wide spectrum of ma industry recommended that this change personnel to keep out of regulated areas. lignant and non-malignant disorders. be made. Tile proper application of most protec The general scope of the required medical The reporting requirements are not tive measures requires an amount of examination has. therefore, been broad significantly different from those in the training and Indoctrination of employees ened to include kidneys, skin, connective original proposal. However, Instead of that cannot easily be conveyed on a sign tissue, spleen, and pulmonary system, as the requirement for reporting Incidents or label. Also, the variety of measures well as the liver. No additional specific which result in the release of VC into that could be prescribed would result In procedures or tests are required, but rec areas where employees may be exposed, an unwieldly or excessively detailed leg ommendations have been included in the the final standard clarifies our original end. Consequently, the required message Appendix to assist the examining physi intent by stating that only emergencies on signs and labels will not include in cian. Because of the nonspecific nature must be reported. Also the requirement formation on precautions, relevant of the required medical tests, it Is not for filing a detailed, written. report symptoms, etc. The addition of suitable appropriate to prescribe timing, or type within 15 days has been deleted. It has Information by the employer would be of followup tests, or to mandate with been concluded that submission, within permitted, providing it does not detract drawal from exposure based solely on re 24 hours, of an initial report that in In any way from the required statement. sults of the tests. Instead, the employer cludes facts immediately available, would The requirement in the proposal for is required to obtain a statement from ordinarily be sufficient. However, if the labeling containers of vinyl chloride has the examining physician of. the em OSHA Area Director requests further in been amended by deleting the reference ployee's suitability for continued expo formation relevant to the emergency, the to the possible hazard of violent polym sure. when the examining physician has employer will be required to furnish such erization. Very little information was completed such tests as he considers ap information. developed on this hazard during the propriate. The employer Is required to . (14) Deleted portions of the proposal. standard-setting procedure. It does ap withdraw an employee only when this The proposal contained provisions re pear that this hazard is essentially under statement indicates that the employee quiring that shower facilities and change controi and that the fire and carcino may be at added risk from continued VC rooms be provided, and that storage or genic hazards at present are the most exposure. consumption of food be prohibited in. significant. Since labeling or placarding As with monitoring,, there appears to regulated areas. We have deleted these that is in compliance with the U.S. De be no basis for complete exemption of the provisions because it is our. conclusion partment of Transportation regulations fabrication industry from the require they are no longer necessary. Showering <49 CFR Part 173. Subpart H) already ment for medical examination. The rec facilities are not required because pro warns of the fire hazard, only a state ord does show fabricating establishments tective clothing, where required by the ment concerning the carcinogenic haz with concentrations of VC monitored final standard, should protect employees ard need be added to the Department of considerably above the action level. In from skin absorption by direct contact Transportation labels. these instances, medical surveillance of with VC and because there is no reliable (11) Medical surveillarxe. The princi affected employees will provide baseline evidence that VC vapor Is absorbed pal questions that have been raised re data for future evaluation of their health, through the skin. In addition, since we garding medical surveillance are the even if both monitoring and medical sur anticipate that most employees will not necessity and efficacy of requiring cer veillance are discontinued because im be wearing protective clothing and that tain specific serum enzyme determina proved controls reduce concentrations employees who wear protective clothing tions (SMA-12 series) and the applica below the action level. Where exposures will change such clothing infrequently, tion of medical examination require are below the action level, the medical we are not requiring that change rooms ments to the fabrication segments of the surveillance requirements do not general be provided. industry where employees are exposed to ly apply. In addition, we feel that there is in lower levels of VC. The objection has also (12) Training, A separate provision for adequate evidence showing that hazar been raised that the specification of tests employee training has been added to the dous amounts of VC can be absorbed and procedures Interferes with the ap final standard rather than Including it through ingestion. For this reason, the plication of advances In medical knowl within the section on emergency situa requirement prohibiting the storage or edge. tions as in the proposal. The new para consumption of food in regulated areas A particular difficulty in considering graph provides for training of employees has been deleted. medlca' surveillance is that the most comm' discussed lesion, angiosar coma t,. the liver, currently cannot be diagnosed until the victim is terminal and. usually, within months of death. Precursor physiologic alterations, which might reversible, have not yet been directly associated with the lesion. Con sequently, there are no specific diagnos tic tests which can be prescribed which will determine presence or absence of concerning the carcinogenic hazard of VC. emergency procedures, the need for monitoring and an annual review of the standard. It also provides for training of employees concerning the purpose for. proper use of. and limitations connected with respiratory protection. (13) Records and reports. The provi sions for recordkeeping contained in the final standard require the preparation and maintenance of essentially the same The proposal also contained provisions on maintenance and decontamination, transportation loading and unloading, and polymer handling operations. These requirements are not mentioned in the final standard because attention to these items is implicit In the requirement that each employer reach the permissable ex posure limit or attain the lowest feasible leveL (15) Effective date. In order to ensure this tumor at an early stage of develop information required by the proposal. that affected employers and employees ment. I. -.vever, most mcoical witnesses The major change from the original pro will be informed of the existence of these fSOERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194-----FRIOAY. OCTOBER A, 1974 tton I \ 35898 RULES AND REGULATIONS drawn from possible contact with vinyl tion which contradicts or detracts from (il) The number of employees In each chloride. the effect of. any required warning, regulated area during normal operations, (6) Laboratory analyses for all bio- information or instruction. including maintenance. loeical specimens included in medical <m) Records, (l) All records main <2j Emergencies, and the facts ob examinations shall be performed in labo tained in accordance with this section tainable at that time, shall be reported ratories licensed under 42 CKR Part 74. shall include the name and social secu within 24 hours to the OSKA Area Di (7) If the examining physician deter rity number of each employee where rector. Upon request of the Area Direc mines that alternative medical examina relevant. tor. the employer shall submit additional tions to those required by paragraph (2) Records of required monitoring information in writing relevant to the (k)(l) of this section will provide at and measuring, medical records, and au nature and extent of employee exposures least equal assurance of detecting med thorized personnel rosters, shall be made and measures taken to prevent future ical conditions pertinent to tire exposure and shall be available upon request for emergencies of similar nature. to vinyl chloride, the employer may ac examination and copying to authorized (3) Within 10 working days following cept such alternative examinations as representatives of the Assistant Secre any monitoring and measuring which meeting the requirements of paragraph tary and the Director. discloses that any employee has been (k) (1) of this section.- if the employer obtains a statement from the examining physician setting forth the alternative examinations and the rationale for sub stitution. Tliis statement shall be avail (i) Monitoring and measuring records shall: (A) State the date of such monitor ing and measuring and the concentra tions determined and identify the instru exposed, without regard to the use of respirators in excess of the permissible exposure limit, each such employee shall be notified in writing of the results of able upon request for examination and ments and methods used: the exposure measurement and the steps copying to authorized representatives of (B) Include any additional informa being taken to' reduce the exposure to the Assistant Secretary and the Director.. (M Signs and labels. (1) Entrances to regulated areas shall be posted with leg ible signs bearing the legend: Cancer-Sustect Agent Area AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL Onlt tion necessary to determine individual employee exposures where such expo sures are determined by means other than individual monitoring of employees: and (C) Be maintained for not less than within the permissible exposure limit. (o) Effective dates. (1) Until Janu ary 1, 1975, the provisions currently set forth in 51910.93q of this Pait shall apply. (2) Areas containing hazardous oper ations or where an emergency currently exists shall be posted with legible signs bearing the legend: 30 years. (11) Authorized personnel rosters shall be maintained for not less than 30 years. (iii) Medical records shall be main tained for the duration of the employ Cancer-Suspect Agent in This Area Protec- ' ment of each employee plus 20 years, (2) Effective January 1,1075, the pro visions set forth in $ 1910-93q of this Part shall apply. Appendix A--Supplementary Medical Information nvx Equipment Required Authorized Personnel Onlt (3) Containers of polyvinyl chloride resin waste from reactors or other waste contaminated with vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled: Contaminated with Vinyl Chloride Cancer-Suspect Acent (4) Containers of polyvinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled: Poltvintl Chloride (or Trade Name) Contains Vintl Chloride Vjntl Chloride is a Cancer-Suspect agent or 30 years, whichever i3 longer. (3) In the event that the employer ceases to do business and there is no successor to receive and retain his rec ords for the prescribed renod. these rec ords shall be transmitted by registered mail to the Director, and each employee individually notified in writing of this transfer. (4) Employees or their designated representatives shall be provided access to examine and copy records of required monitoring and measuring. (5) Former employees shall be pro vided access to examine and copy re When required tests under paragraph (h)(1) of this section show Rbnoimalitles, the tests should be repeated as soon as prac ticable, preferably within 3 to 4 weeks. If tests remain abnormal, consideration should lie given to withdrawal Of the employee liem contact with vinyl chloride, well: a moie comprehensive examination la tuatie. Additional tests which may be v,*cful: A. For kidney dysfunction: urine examina tion lor albumin, red blood cells, .'.art r\foliativc abnormal ceus. E. Pulmonary system: Forced vital capac ity. Forced expiratory volume at l second, and chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior, 14 x 17 inches). C. Additional serum tests: Lactic acid de (5) Containers of vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled either: (l) Vinyl Chloride Errormelt Flammable Gas Under Pressure Canceb-Suspejct agent or (il) In accordance with 49 CFR Part 173, Subpart H. with the additional quired monitoring and measuring records reflecting their own exposures. (6) Upon written request of any em ployee. a copy of the medical record of that employee shall be furnished to any physician designated by the employee. (n) Reports. (1) Not later than 1 month after the establishment of a reg ulated area, the following information hydrogenase, lactic acid dehydrogenase isoenzyme, protein determination., and protein electrophoresis. D. For a more comprehensive examination on repeated abnormal serum tests: Hepatitis B antigen, and liver scanning. (Secs. 6 and 8. 84 Stat. 1588. 1599 (29 U.S.C. 655. 657); Secretary of Labors Order No. 12-71. 36 FR 8754) legends: shall be reported to the 05HA Area Di , Signed at Washington, D.C., this 1st Cancxk-Suspect Agent applied near the labor or placard. (6) No statement shall appear on or rector. Any changes to such information shall be reported within 15 days. (i) The address and location of each establishment which has one or more day of October, 1974. John Siender. Assistant Secretary of Labor. near .any required sign, label or instrue- regulated areas; and (FR Doc.74-23176 Filed 10-1-74:3:54 pm) R&S160126 35896 RULES AND REGULATIONS provisions and that employers affected of the operation or bceause of an acci opportunity to observe the monitor are given an opportunity to familiarize dent In the operation, which would result ing and measuring required by this themselves and their employees with the In an employee exposure in excess of the paragraph. ^ existence of the new requirements, the permissible exposure limit. (e) Regulated area. ) a regulated effective date of the amendment to - (8) "OSHA Area Director" means the area shall be established where: 1310.93q will be January 1,1075. To pro Director for the Occupational Safety (1) Vlnvl chloride or polyvinyl chloride vide continued protection for employees and Health Administration Area Office is manufactured; ^jwacted^epackaged. until that date, the provisions currently having jurisdiction over the geographic stored, handled or used! and contained in 1910.93q are hereby area in which the employer's establish (11) Vinyl'chloride concentrations are promulgated, pursuant to section 6(b), ment is located. In excess of the permissible exposure 6(c) and 8(c) of the Occupational Safety (9) "Polyvinyl chloride" means poly limit. ' and Health Act. as an occupational vinyl chloride homopolymer or copoly (2) Access to regulated areas shall be safety and health standard effective mer before such is converted to a fabri limited to authorized. persons. A daily October 4, 1074, the amendment to cated product. roster shall be made of authorized per i 1910J>3q set out below will supersede (10) "Vinyl chloride" means vinyl sons who enter..".-^^-^^''..... , - . these provisions os of January 1, 1975. chloride monomer. (f) Methods bf compliance. Employee Accordingly, upon consideration of the (c) Permissible exposure limit. (1) No exposures to vinyl ehlorlde^all be con whole record of this preceding. Part 1910 employee may be exposed to vinyl chlo trolled to at or below the permissible ex of Title 20. Code of Federal Regulations ride at concentrations greater than 1 ppm posure-limit provided In paragraph <o is amended, effective January 1,1975, by averaged over any 8-hour period, and of this section by engineering, work prac revision of $ lQl0.93q to read as follows: (2) No employee may be exposed to tice, and personal protective controls as 1910.93q Vinyl chloride. vinyl chloride at concentrations greater than 5 ppm averaged over any Period not follows: -fjoeq -;-- - (1) Feasible engineering and work fa) Scope, and application. (1) This exceeding 15 minutes. practice controls shall Immediately be section includes requirements for the Tjj Ro employee may be exposed to used to reduce exposures to at or below control of employee exposure to vinyl vinyl chloride by direct contact with the permissible exposure limit. chloride (chloreethene). Chemical Ab liquid vinyl chloride. (2) Wherever feasible engineering and stracts Service Registry No. 75015. <d) Monitoring. (1) A program of work practice controls which can be in (2) This section applies to the manu Initial monitoring and measurement stituted immediately are cot sufficient to facture. reaction, packaging, repackag shall be undertaken In each establish reduce exposures to at or below the per ing, storage, handling or use .of vinyl ment to determine if there Is any em missible exposure limit, they shall none chloride or polyvinyl chloride, but does ployee exposed, without regard to tire use theless be-used to reduce exposures to not apply to the handling or use of fabri of respirators, in excess of the action the lowest practicable level/and shall be cated products made of polyvinyl chlo level.. supplemented by respiratory1 protection ride. (2) Where a determination conducted in accordance with paragraph igl-cf this (3) This section applies to the trans under paragraph (d)(1) of this section section. A program, shall he-established portation of vinyl chloride or polyvinyl shows any employee exposures, without and implemented to reduce exposures to chloride except to the extent that the regard to the use of respirators. In ex at or below the permissible exposure Department of Transportation may cess of the action level, a program for de limit, or to the greatest extent feasible,, regulate the hazards covered by this sec termining exposures for each such em solely by means of engineering and work tion. ployee shall be established. Such a pro practice controls, as soon as feasible. .... <b) Definitions. (1) "Action level" gram: (3) Written plans for such a program means a concentration of vinyl chloride (1) Shall be repeated at least monthly shall be developed and furnished upon of 0.5 ppm averaged over an 8-hour work where any employee Is exposed, without request for examination and copying to ' day. regard to the use of respirators, in ex authorized representatives of .the Arsis- (2) "Assistant Secretary" means the cess of the permissible exposure limit. tant Secretary and the Director. Such Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupa <ii) Shall be repeated not less than plans shall be updated at least every six tional Safety and Health, U.S. Depart quarterly where any employee Is exposed, months. ment of Labor, or his designee. without regard to the use of respirators. (g) Respiratory protection. Where (3) "Authorized person" means any In excess of the action leveL respiratory protection Is required -under person specifically authorized by the em (ill) May be discontinued for any em this section: ployer whose duties require him to enter ployee only when at least two consecu (1) The employer shall provide a a regulated area or any person entering tive monitoring determinations, made not respirator which meets the requirements such an area as a designated representa less than 5 working days apart, show ex of this paragraph and shall assure that tive of employees for the purpose of ex posures for that employee at or below the employee uses such respirator, except ercising an opportunity to observe moni the action leveL that until December 31,1975. wearing of toring and measuring procedures. (3) Whenever there has been a pro respirators shall be at the discretion of (4) "Director" means the Director, duction, process or control change which each employee for exposure not in ex- National Institute for Occupational may result in an Increase in the release ccss of 25 ppm. measured over any 15- Safety and Health, U.S, Department of of vinyl chloride, or the employer has HffhujejJenod. Until December 3i, lino; Health, Education, and Welfare, or his any other reason to suspect that any em each employee who chooses not to wear designee. ployee may be exposed In excess of the an appropriate respirator shall be In (5) "Emergency" means any occur action level, a determination of employee formed at least quarterly of the hazards rence such as, but not limited to. equip exposure under paragraph (d) (1) of this of vinyl chloride and the purpose, proper ment failure, or operation of a relief de section shall be performed. use. and limitations of respiratory vice which Is likely to. or does, result in (4) The method of monitoring and devices. massive release of vinyl chloride. measurement shall have an accuracy (2) Respirators shall be selected from (6) "Fabricated product" means a (with a confidence level of 95 percent) of among those jointly approved by the product made wholly or partly from not less than plus or minus 50 percent Mining Enforcement and Safety Admin polyvinyl chloride, and which docs not from 0.25 through 0.5 ppm, plus or minus istration, Department of the Interior, require -further processing at tempera 35 pereent from over 0.5 ppm through and the National institute for Occupa tures. and for times, sufficient to cause 1.0 ppm. and plus or minus 25 percent tional Safety and Health under the pro mass melting of the polyvinyl chloride over 1.0 ppm, i Methods meeting these visions of 30 CFR Part 11. resulting In the release of vinyl chloride. accuracy requirements are available in (3) A respiratory protection program (7) "Hazardous operation" means any operation, procedure, or activity where a release of either vinyl chloride liquid or gas might be expected as a consequence the "NTOSH Manual of Analytical Methods"). (5) Employees or their designated rep resentatives shall be afforded reasonable meeting the requirements of 1910.134 shall be established and maintained. (4) Selection of respirators for vinyl chloride shall be as follows: 33 ro FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. <94--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 i ( 19t 0.1000 Tltl 29--Labor Subpart Z--Toxic and Hazardous Substances Bouxcx: so pa 23502, June 27,1074, unless otherwise noted. Redesignated at 40 FR 27073, May 28, 1075. 1910.1000 Air contaminant*. An employee's exposure to any mate rial listed in table 2-1. Z-2. or Z-3 of this section shall be limited In accord ance with the requirements of the follow ing paragraphs of this section. (a) Table 2-1: (1) Materials with names preceded by "C"--Ceiling Values. An employee's ex posure to any material in table 2-1, the name of which Is preceded by a "C" <e.g,, C Boron trifluoride), shall at no time exceed the ceiling value given for that material In the table. (2) Other materials--8-hour time weighted averages. An employee's expo sure to any material in table Z-l, the name of which Is not preceded by "C", In any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week, shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average given for that material In the table. <b) Table Z-2: (1) 8-hour time weighted averages. An employee's exposure to any material listed in table Z-2, in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week, shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average limit given for that material in the table. (2) Acceptable ceiling concentrations. An employee's exposure to a material listed in table Z-2 shall not exceed at any time during an 8-hour shift the ac ceptable celling concentration limit given for the material in the table, except for a time period, and up to a concentration not exceeding the maximum duration and concentration allowed in the column under "acceptable mftTimnm peak above the acceptable celling concentration for an 8-hour shift". (3) Example. During an 8-hour work shift, an employee may be exposed to a concentration of Benzene above 25 p.pzn, (but never above 50 p.pzn.) only for a maximum period of 10 minutes. Such ex posure must be compensated by expo sures to concentrations less than lo p.pzn. so that the cumulative exposure for the entire 8-hour work shift does not exceed a weighted average of 10 p.pjn. (c) Table Z-3: An employee's expo sure to any material listed in table Z-3, In any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour 504 R&S160128 Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Admin. $ 1910.1000 work week, shall not exceed the 6-hour time weighted average limit given lor that material In the table. (d) Computation formulae: (1) (1) The cumulative exposure for an 8-hour work shift shall be computed as follows: x=c.T+Cer+ ... c.r. Where: 8 X la the equivalent exposure for the work ing Shift, O la the concentration during any period of time T where the concentration remains constant. T la the duration In hours of the exposure at the concentration C. The value of E shall not exceed the 8hour time weighted average limit In table Z-l, Z-Z, or Z-3 for the material Involved. (11) To Illustrate the formula pre scribed in subdivision (1) of this subpara graph. note that isoamyl acetate has an 8-hour time weighted average limit of 100 p.p-m. (table Z-l). Assume that an employee Is subject to the following exposure: Two hours exposure at 160 p.pjn. Two hours exposure at 75 p.pjn. Four hours exposure at SO p.pua. Substituting this Information In the formula, we have 2X150+2 X75+4 X50 =81:25 p.pjs. 8 Since 81.25 p.pm. Is less than 100 p.p-HL, the 8-hour time weighted average limit, the exposure Is acceptable. (2) (1) In case of a mixture of air con taminants an employer shall compute the equivalent exposure as follows: c, c, C. k---- f I ... L, h, I- Where: E-. la tbs equivalent exposure for the mixture. a la the concentration of a particular con taminant. L la the exposure Umlt for that contami nant, from table Z-l, Z-2, or Z-3. The value of E. shall not exceed unity (I). til) To Illustrate the formula pre scribed In subdivision (1) of this sub- paragraph, consider the following exposures: Material Actual concentratlon ct S-hour exposure S-hour time weighted avenge exposure limit Acetone (Table Z-l)... BOO p.p-m... 1,000 p.p.m. 2-Butaoone (Table Z-l)... 45 p.pun.... 200 p.pm. Toluene (Table Z-2)......... eop.pjn.... 200 p.pm. Substituting In the formula, we have: 600 45 40 -=--+--+-- ~ 1,000 200 200 E-=0.600+0.225+0.200 E-=0.926 Since Em Is less than unity (1), the expo sure combination is within acceptable limits. (e> To achieve compliance with para graph (a) through (d) of this section, administrative or engineering controls must first be determined and Imple mented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or any other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits pre scribed In this section. Any equipment and/or technical measures used for this purpose must be approved for each par ticular use by a competent Industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with S 1910.134. Txsu z-i Substance P*P4&e* tng./M` e Acetaldehyde 200 Acetic acid..._______________ 10 Acetic anhydride.......... ............ S Acetone..................................... 1.000 Acetonitrile............................... 40 Acetylene dlchloride, see 1.2- Dlehlorocthylene......... ......... . Acetylene tetrabromlde,...___ 1 Acrolein....................... ...... ....... 0.1 Acrylamide--Skin..................... Acrylonitrile--Skin__________ 20 Aldrln--Skin............................... Allyl alcohol--Skin.................... 2 Allyl chloride............................ 1 C AUylclyctdyl ether (AOE). 10 Allyl propyl disulfide............. 2 2-Amlnoethanol. see Ethanol- 2-Amtnopyridlne...... Ammonia............................... Ammonium eulfamate (Am- 0.S 10 n-Amyl acetate....... ............. . aee-Amy) acetate.____ ______ Aniline--Skin............................ Anlstrilne (o. p-lsoraew)--Skin... Antimony end compounds (as Sb)..................................... 100 125 5 Be* footnotes t end of table. . 300 25 20 2.400 70 14 a2o as 45 a 25 5 3 45 12 2 35 13 525 050 ID as at 505 0 1910.1000 Title 29--Labor Table Z-l--Continued Table Z-l--Continued Enbsttnce p.pjn.* mp./M' > Substance p.pjn.* tn*JU< * K t i*/i *; ......y*- %fVc.. AVTU fnlphs naphthyl thiourea).................................. Arsenic ar.d compounds (ns As).. Ary.re..--,......... -- Aimphoe-methyl--Skin......... . Bir.um (soluble compounds)___ p-tenioqulnon*, see QulnOne... B*rJoyl peroxide....................-- Pentyl chloride___ *....... . Biphenyl, sec Diphenyl______ _ Bliph.tno! A. see Dl*lyddyl *ih*r..._____................. Boron oilde.......... ............. C Boron ttiOcoride___.....___ aas 1 Coel tar pitch volattlre (ben. as aenoeniubld fraction) anthra as cene. BnP. phenanthrene, as acridine, chrysene, pyrene-- as Cobalt, metal lume and dust.. as Copper fume--.................... -- Dusts and Mists______ ____ Cotton dust (raw).................... s Crap'S herbicide...................... Cresnl (all Isomers)--Skin------ s Crotonaldehyde......... .............. s Cumene^Skln--...................... so 15 Cyanide (a* CN)--Skin_______ 3 Cyclohexane___ ______ 300 as at ai 1 1 is 23 2ts0 6 1,050 Bromine............... ............. B-cnoiorm--Skin....... 0.1 as ay Cyclohexanol ....................... - SO s Cyclohexanone....................-- JO 300 300 Butadiene Cl. 3-tutsdlene).___ Butanethlol. Set Butyl mer captan.............................. .... 2-Eu:anone______ __________ 1,000 200 i,soo 580 Cyclohexene____ ____ *00 Cyclopentadlene_________ ___ IS 2, f-D..................................... DDT--Skin............................................... . 1,015 300 10 1 1-Potory ethanol (Butyl Celiosolee)--Skin......................... fiO DDVp, see Dlchlorroe........ ..................... 340 Decahorane--Skin--a 05 a* Butyl acetate (n-butyl soetate). ISO 710 Demeton- Skin.................. ................. ai sec-Butyl acetate....................... 300 950 Dlocetone alcohol (4-hydroxy- tert-Butyl acetate.............. 300 850 A-methyl-2-pentanone)______ SO 240 Butyl alcohol________________ IX 300 1,2-diamlnoethBne, oee ec-Butyl alcohol____________ tert-Butyl alcohol____________ C Butylarolne--Stln C tert-Butyl chromate (as CrOr'--Skin........................... . e-Butyl glycldyl ether (BQE).. ISO IX t so 450 300 IS ai 270 Ethylenedlamlne....... .......... ................ - Dlaaometbane........................ . a2 Dlhorane-------- ------------....-- ai Dlbutylphthslate C o-Dlehlorohenxene.., 50 p-Diehlarobentene................-- 75S at ai f 300 450 Butyl mercaptan.......... .......... 10 35 Dlchloredifluoromethane.......... 1,000 4.850 p-teruButyltoluene_______ _ CaJcium arsenate_____________ Calcium oxide..________ ....... 10 60 lJ-DlchloroSA-dlmeUiyl 1 hydantoln-- ....-- a2 2 100 400 Camphor________ ... 2 --------------- 1,2-Dlchloroethylene........... 200 780 Carnaryl (Serin )___________ ______ S C Dlchloroethyl ether--Skin... IS 80 Carbon black_____ __________ _____ 15 Dlchloromethane, see Carbon dioxide.....________ _ 5,000 0.000 Methylenechlorirta. Carbon monoxide......... Crbrdsne--Stfn...................-- Chlorinated camphene--Skin. . Chlorinated dipuenyl oxide----- SO __ 5 as as as Dlchloromonofluoromethone.. . 1.000 C l.l-DIchloro-l-nltroethane--.. 10 1.2-Dlchloropropane. see 4,200 0 Cnlorine_________________ _ Cr.hrlne dioxide.--.____ ...... C Chlorine trifluoride C Chloroacetaldehyde c-Chloroacetopnenono (phenacylchloride) Chlorobeniene (monochloro- bemene). oChlorobenxyliden xnalononltrile (OCBM).----- Chlorobroraom*thna____ -- 2-Ch 'oro-1,3-lmtadifne. *ae Chloroprene___ ___________ Cfclorortlphenyl (42 percent 1 ai ai l a os TS a os 300 3 as as 3 as 350 0.4 1.W0 Dlchiorotetraflunroethane 1.000 Dlchlorroe (DDVP)--Skin-- DWdrln--Skin................... . Dlethy lamtile......................... 25 Dlethylamlno ethanol--Skin. .. 10 Dlethylether, aee Ethyl ether.... DifluorodlDromomethane_____ 100 C Dlslycldy! ether (DOE) &6 Dlhydroxybeniene. tee Hydroqulnone. _____ --.-- . __ -- Dllsobutyl ketone__________ to Dlisopropy lamtne--Skin..-.-- f Dlmethoxymethane. ace Methylal....... .................... 7,000 G.2S 75 so too 21 280 20 Chlorine)--Skin--............ .... Dimethyl acetamide--Skin.-- 10 35 Cfclorodlphenyl (A* percent Dlmcthylamlne....................... . 10 U Chlorine)--Skin________ .... as Dlmethylamlnobeniene, see l-Chlnro.3,3-epnxypropane, sea Xylldene........................... -- Epichlorhydrtn............--___ DlmethylanlUne(N-dlmethyl- S-Chloroethanol tee Ethylene onlllne)--Skin_____________ chlorohydrln____________ ... Dlmethylbemene, see Xylene... Chloroethylene. see Vinyl Dimethyl l^-dlhromo-13-dl- chloride______ .............. chloroetnyl phosphate, C Chlorolorm (tricbloro- (Dlbrom). 3 methane)-----------------------... to 240 Dl'jethylformamlde--Skin-- 10 to l-Chloro-i-nltropropon*_____ -- 20 100 2^-Dlmetbylheptanona. see Cbioropiertn. _________ --. ai a7 Dllsobutyl ketone.--.--_____ Chlnroprene (2-chloro-lJ- 1,1-Dlmetbylhydmtne--Skin__ at botadlene)--Skin...... ... 25 90 Dlmethylphthalate___ --_____ Chromium, sol. chromic. Dimethybullste--Skin_______ chromous salts os Cr. __ , lieLai and insoL salts. as Dinltrobenxene (all Isomers)-- Skin. See footnotes at end of table. See footnotes at end of table. 506 6. R&S160130 g- r f Chapter XVII--Occupational jufjfy and Health Admin 1910.1000 Tiblc 2-1--Continued Table Z-1--Continued Substance p.p.m.* mg./M* * Substance p.p.m.* mg./M* * Dlr.itrtKccrrstil--Skin__._____ _ Dlnltrotoluene--Skin........ ....... Dloxane (Dlethylcne dioxide)-- Ska....................................... 100 Dirner.yl................................... as D'.phenylmtthane diisoeyenet* (ace Methylene bbohenyl isocyanate (Mill)...................... Dlpropylcne glycol methyl etter-Skln............................ 100 Dl-sec. octyl phthalate (DI-2- ethylhexvlphthalate)......__ _ Endrin--Skin..................... . Eptehlcrhydrta--Skin.......... .... 6 EFN--Skin................................. 1.2-Eporypropane, tee Propyleneoxlde..... ................... 2.3-Epoty.l-propanol. tee Glycldol............................... . EthmethloL lee Elhylmcr- eaptan...................................... , Etbanoiamlne............. .............. 3 S-E thoxyethano}--Bkln............. S00 S-Ethotyethylacetate (Cello- 80:ye acetate)--Skin___...... 100 Ethyl acetate.......................... 400 Ethyl acrylate--Skin... 25 Ethyl alcohol (ethanol). 1.000 Ethylamlne..____ __________ 10 Ethyl sec-amyl ketone (& methyl-3-heptanoi.e). ___ St Ethyl benxene...__________ _ IX Ethyl bromide.......................... 200 Ethyl bntyl ketone <3- Heptanone)______ ______ -- to Ethyl chloride... L000 Ethyl ether.... 400 Ethyl formate 100 C Ethyl mercaptanTM..--.-- 10 Ethyl allicate............................. 100 Ethylene chlorohydrln--Skin. I Ethylenedlamtne--. 10 Ethylene dibromide. ee 1.2- Dlbromoethane____________ _ Ethylene dlchlorlde. aee 1,2- Dlchloroethane________ _____ C Etnylene glycol dlnltrote and/or Nitroglycerin--Skin-- ea2 Ethylene glycol monomethyl tther acetate, aee Methyl oelloeolTe acetate_____ _____ _ Ethylene lmlne--Skin............... at Ethylene oxide_______ ... to Ethyltdtne chloride, aee 1,1- Dlchloroethane................ ..... K-Ethytmorphollne--Skin____ 30 Ferbam___________--. FnroTajiadlnm dost___ _-- -------- Fluoride (as F)-....................... . Fioorine..................................... ai Flnorotrlchlaromethane 1,000 Formic add...______________ 6 Fnrtnial--Skin.................. ....... 6 Furiaryl alcohol............. ........... to Glyddol (2,3-Epoiy-l- propanol).m..............-- to Glycol monoethyl ether, aee 2-Ethnryethanol___________ Gnthlon . see Axlnpboe- methyl___ .______________ Hafnium.__________________ Eeptachlor--Rktn_______ ____ Heptan* (n-heptane) 500 Hexarbloiwt hane--Skin..-..... 1 Hexaehloronaphthalene--6kln_ Hexane (n-hexane)............. 600 S-Hexanone..................... . 100 Boon. (Methyl bobutyl ketone)__ ................. 100 eo-Hexyl eoetate....................... 60 Bee footnote at end of table. as L5 300 i <oo 6 ai at e 740 540 J.400 IX 1,900 18 130 435 880 330 2. <00 1.2X ax St 850 16 St l l so 94 15 1 St 0.2 t,<00 9 so 200 150 at at 2.000 10 a2 1,800 410 410 too Hydmilne--Skin_______ _____ i Hydrogen bromide 3 C Hydrogen chloride......... 6 Hydrogen cyanide--Skin 10 Hydro?**! prroilde (90%),.***. 1 Hydrccen srknlde a 05 Hydroquinone____________ .... C iodine............ ......... ..... .. ai Iron oxide fame___ _____ _____ Isoamyl acetate ____ 100 Isoamyl elcohol_______ ______ 100 Isobutyl acetate________ _ , iso Isobutyl alcohol........... . 100 Isophorooe............... ...... ........... 25 Isopropyl acetate...____ __ 250 Isopropyl alcohoL, 400 Isopropylamine_____________ _ 6 Isopropy lather too Isopropyl glyddyl ether (IGE). 60 Eetene...... at Lead arsenate................. ........ Lindane--Skin. Lithium hydride............ .... L.P.G. (liquified petroleum KM)................................ 1,000 Magnesium oxide fame..... Maiathlon--Skin........... ...... Maleic anhydride_____ a2t C Manganasa............... Mesityl oxide.... ............... st Methanethloi, tee Methyl mercaptan.....________ __ Methoxychlor_________ _____ 3-Methoryethanol, see Methyl eelloeolTe..... .............. ......... Methyl acetate... ... 200 ... L000 L000 Methyl ecryh 10 Methyls) (tUn 1.. 1.000 Methyl elcohol (methanol), 200 Methylamlne................ .... 10 Methyl emyl alcohol, see Methyl tsobntyl carbinol...___ Methyl (n-amyl) ketone (2. Heptanone)_____ ____ ______ 100 C Methyl bromide--Skin___... SO Methyl butyl ketone, aee 3- Hexanone--................ Methyl cellosoiee--Skin...__ _ Methyl cellosoiee acetate--Bkln St St Methyl chloroform.--__ .... sto Mothylcyclohexane....... . 800 Methylcyclohexanol__________ 100 b-Methylcyclohexanone--Skin_ 100 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEE), aee 3-nntanone_________ ___ Methyl formate________ __ .... 100 Methyl iodide--Skin___.... Methyl Isobutyl carblnol--Skin. t St Methyl tsobntyl ketone, see Haxone_______ _____ Methyl Isocyanate--Skin____ _ a<a C Methyl mercaptan___ ...... 10 Methyl methacrylate___....... 100 Methyl propyl ketone, see 2Pentanone... .................... ...... C a Methyl styrene... -- 100 C Methylene^bhghenyl isocyanate (MDl)-.._______ a OS Molybdenum: Soluble compounds__... Insoluble compounds___........------ ... Monomethyl aniline--Skin____ 2 C Monomethyl bydnxlne-- Skin........ ............................... as Morpholine--Skin__________--. 30 Naphtha (coaltar)__________ - 100 Naphthalene__ __________ --. 10 See footnotee at end of table. LS 10 7 11 L4 a2 2 1 10 525 MO 700 too 140 950 980 12 2,100 240 a* a it at atst 1,800 15 It 1 t 100 It <10 LI50 L00 85 3,lia) 300 IS 403 80 80 ISO 1,000 7.000 470 400 350 28 100 a ot 30 410 480 as 8 18 8 ait 70 400 to 507  1910.1000 Title 29--Labor Tablx 2-1--Continued Taxli Z-l--Continued Substance p.p.m.* mg./M* * Substance p.p.m.* mg./VP Nickel carbonyl......................... Nickel, metal and soluble a ooi empds, ai Nl............................ Nicotine--Skin........ .............. . Nitric add................................. Nitric oxide.................... .......... p-NltroatdUne-- Skin................. Nltrobenxene--Skin.................. p-NUrocblorobeaieoe--Skin.--.. Nltroethane.................... ....... . Nitrogen dioxide_____ ...___ _ Nitrogen trtfluorlde- ______ Nitroglycerin--Skin....__ ..... Kltrometbane..--............. ....... 1-Nltropropeoe...... 2-Nltropropaw___________ __ Nltrotoloehe--Skin................... Nltrotrlchloromtthsae, see 2 35 1 1 ioo 3 10 as 100 35 35 3 Chloroptcrln........................... Octefbloronaphthalene--Skin.. Octane................. .......--.... too *0U mist, mineral______ ---- Osmium tetioilde___________ Oxalic edd............................... . Oxygen Olfluorlde...._______ a os Oiooe................................. .... 0.1 Paraquat--fitln--.------.... Parsthlon--6kio--___ ____ Penteborane--............... ........... 0.005 Peutachloronaphthslene--Skin.._______ Pentachloropbenol--Skin_____ ________ _ *pentne __________ 1.000 3-Pentanone.............................. 300 Perchtoromethyl mercaptan-- 0,1 Percbloryl fluoride.................... 3 Petroleum distill >us (naphtha). too Phenol--Skin........... ................ 5 p-Pbenylene diamine--Skin..--.....___ Phenyl ether (teDor)------------- 1 Pbenyl etber-btpbenyl mixture (vapor).................-- Phenylethylrne, see Stytene., Phenylglyeidylether (POE)... 1 10 Phenylhydmtne--Skin______ t Pbosdnu (Mevmpbos )-- Skin......................................... ............... Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride)__ a1 Phosphine--____ _____ --_____ 0.3 Phosphoric add... Phosphorus (yellow)___ Phosphorus pentachlorlde. Phosphorus pentasnlflde___ ...____ ______ PhosDhorus trichloride 0.3 Phtbalic anhydride.-.........--... 2 Picric add--Skin................. .... Plral (2-Plvalyl-l,3- Indandtone)....... .............. .... Platinum (Soluble salts) as Pt....-....,................................................ Propantyl alcohol--Skin------- ... 1 Propane_____ ________ --___ 1.000 o-Propyl aeetate.... 300 Propyl alcohol _________ ___ 300 n-Propyl nitrate-------- ------ - 25 Propylene dlchlortde----------- ... 71 Propylene imine--6kln-------- ... 2 Propylene oxide......................... 100 Pennyne, see Methylacetylene_________ ... Pyr`thrum................................... ... Pyridine.._____________ --. 3 Qulnone___ --_______ _____ 0.1 RDX-Skln............................ ............... .... Rhodium, Metal fume and dusts, as Rb_._.--- ------ ...___ _--. Soluble salt* --...------------------ Ronnel.,______ ________ ...__ _ Rotenone (commercial)... ....................... . Selenium compounds (as 8e)...................... Selenium hexafluoride............... a 05 See footnotes at end of table. a 007 i as 5 30 6 5 1 310 9 39 2 250 90 90 SO . 0.1 3,350 5 a 003 1an 0.3 0.5 au a oi as as 2.050 700 as 13.5 3,000 10 ai 7 so 33 ai at as l ai l l 3 12 ai ai a 002 "Csoo"" 840 500 110 350 5' 340 6 13 as 1.5 ai a ooi 150 as as Sneer, metal and soluble com* pounds........ ........................... __________ Sodium fluoroacetate (1060)-- Skin........................................ Sodium hydroxide--__________ Sllblne.................................... ai Stoddard solvent_____ ____ -- too Strychnine...--__________ .... __ ___ Sulfur dioxide.._____________ 5 Bnllur hexafluoride.. 1.000 Sulfuric acid___________ _____ _____ _ . Sulfur monochlorlde_____ ___ _ 1 Suitor penufluortde._________ ams Sultoryl fluoride--.......... ........... 5 8ytox.iee Demeroa $_______ 2.4.ST......................................... Tantalum ...._____ _______.... TEDP-SMn. "ellurlum............................ "rllurium hexafluoride..__ .... a 02 TEPP--Skin.............................. 2 Terphenyls............................ ,.U.2-T*trsciiloro-2>dlflaoro- ethene..... ................................ too i,lA2-Tetracbloro-l,2-dlfluoro- ethane..................................... 500 1.1A2-Tetrachloroethane--Skin 5 Tttraehloroethylene. aea Par- a oi a os 2 0.5 3.950 a is 13 0,000 1 6 ass 30 10 A 0.2 ai fl2 a os 9 4,170 4,170 35 chloroethylene--.....................-- Tetrachloromethane, aaa Carbon tetrachloride_____________ __ ______ ____ Tetrachloronaphthalene--Skin..........__ 2 Tetraethyl lead (a Pb)--Skin.-- ___ ----,, aoTt Tetrshydrototan-.......... ........... 300 590 Tetramethyl lead (aa Pb)-- Skin .............................................. --. aor Tetramethyl eucelnooltrll*Skin........................ ............ a* TetnnUiometh&ne..._______ 1 3 8 Tetryl (2,4.6-trlnitrophenylmethylnltram Ine)--Skin--------- ------------- Lt Thallium (soluble com pounds)--Skin as Tl------________ .... Thiram............................ -.......................... 0.1 6 Tin (inorganic empds. except oxides______ ____ _______________ 2 Tin (organic empds)_______ ai C Toluene-2,S-dllsocyanat*.___ a 02 a is o-Toluidlne--Skin___________ 5 32 Toxnphcne, ace Chlorinated campbene........................... ............ . Tributy) phosphate................................ . 1.1.1-Trlchkiroethane. see Methyl chloroform______ --............. ....... 1.1.2-Trlchloroethsne--Skin----. 10 43 Tltanlnmdloxlde........________________ 13 Tflchloromethane, see Cbloro- form..................................... --_______-- ... Trlchlaronaphthalene--Skin--.... ............ . 3 lAS-THehloropropane............... 50 300 1.1.2-Trtchloro 1,2.2-trUlnorO- ethane____ _____________ ... 1. 000 7,600 Trlethylamlue_______________ 25 100 Trlftnoromonohromomethane__1.000 6,100 2.4.6-Ttlnltrophenol, see Picric add...........--.......................... 2.4.6-Tdnltrophenylraikflyl- tiltramlne. sae Tetryl.____ ....__ ..... Trinitrotoluene--Skin__ ......____ __ .... L3 Triorthiwnsyl phosphate....__--.--.... Trlnetnyl phosphate................... ... V Turpentine............................... 100 850 Uranium (soluble compounds). a 05 _ Uranium (Insoluble compounds).----.... C Vanadium: ViOi dust......................______ -- ViOt fume........................ ....................... as* as ai Vinyl beniene, see Styrena____ --___ ....__ Vtnylcyanlde. see Acrylonitrile................... See footnotes at end of table. 508 Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Admin. 51910.1000 Table Z-l--Continued Table z-l--Continued Substance p.p.m.* mg./M* Substance p.pm.* mg./il* * Vinyl toluene______ ......___ Warfarin......................... .......... Xylene (xylol)_____ ...______ Xylidlne--Skin 100 100 4 4S0 at 433 S3 Yttrium _ ........................ ____ Zinc chloride fume ____ ... Zinc oxide fume........................ Zirconium compounds (as Zr). 1 TOO Addition. Parts 01 T*por or gas per million perti of conttmlOAted sir br volume et IS* C. end 700 mm. He pressure. * Approximate milligrams ol partlculau per cublo meter of air. (No footnote "c" Is used to avoid contusion with ealllct Taint notations.) *An atmospheric concentration of not more than OJO p.pjn, or personal protection may be necessary to avoid headache As sampled by method that does oot collect vapor, rpor control of central room air, biologic monitoring b essential for personnel control. Table Z-2 Material -boor ttma weighted average Acceptable celling concentration Acceptable maxtmnm peak abort the eccepiable celling concentretlon torso 8-hour shift. -- Concentration Maximum duration Bentme (ZI7.4-196t)_____ ,,__________ 10 ppm.... Beryllium and beryllium compounds 2*g-/M>._... ____ 60 ppm.._ ___ 3t*JUK.. <Z37.2MgH. Cadmium fume rzarj-tonn ... 0.1nn./M_ ___ JmgTM'-.. Cadmium dust (Z37.3-1OT)............... ......... (Umg./M>___ --. o.tmg7M>_ Carbon disulfide (Z3T.3196g) .._____ 20p.pm._ , 30 p.p.m. ____ -- 100 p.pm... Do. Carbon tetrachloride (Z37.17-1967)________10p.pm.-- . 23 p.pm...__ .. 200 ppm... , i minutes tn Ethylenedlbroratdef7J73i-i<rrm .. , .... 50ppm.._ 30p.pm.-,,__ , 80 p.pm. any thorns. . S minutes. Ethylene dlchloride (Z37.21-1968)________ so ppm.,,. looppm------- 200 p.pm______a minutes in any 3 hour*. Eorintldebyde (237.18-1087).......................8 ppm__________6 p.pm_______ 10 p.pm_______ 30 minutes. Hydrogen fluoride rzx7-5ft-iQMi-- ___ do---- ------- ............-- Pluoride as doit (Z37.2S-1989).. ..... 2.6 mg/Ml __ .....____________ _ Bead and Us lnorganleeompounds (Z37.ll- Qdt mr./M>._________ ......____ ________________ 1980). Methyl chloride CZ37.1S-19W)......................lOOppm......... 200 ppm..............200 p.pm.............3 minutes In any 3 hours. Methylene chloride (Z37J-1959).... 400 p.pm___________ 1,000 p.pm.. 2,000 p.pm____ 1 minutes In any 2 hours. Ontario (alkyl) mercury (Z37JO-I900)_____ 0.01 mgVM >__ 0.04 mgJU ___ ____________ Styrene (Z37.16-16M)..........__________ 100 p.pm......... 300 p.pm.............. 500 p.pm______ 2 minutes In any 3 boon. Trichloroethylene (237.13-1987).......... .... ...........do.............. ......do___ ______ 300 p.pm______4 minutes in any 2 boon. Tatrachloroethylene (737.23-1867)do_________________ __ ____ do__________ ____ dn4 minutes In any 3 hours. Toluene (Z37.12-19S7).................. ...__ 200 ppm_______ _ 300p.pm.....___ 600p.pm._____ 10minutes. Hydrogen fulflde (Z37J-1M5)_............ ...................20 p.pm........ ....... 40 ppm.............. 10 minutes once only If uo other measur able exposure occurs. Mercury (Z37.S-1V71).......................................................... . 1 mgJIOM *. Chrumio add and cbromalaa (Z37.7-1971).......................... .do *..... 509 51910.1001 Title 29---Labor Tabli z<3--MnrauL Derrs Substance Uppcf llg/M* Elite*: Crystalline: Quarts (respirable). BO i lOmg'M* SJSlOr+6 S-SIOri-2 Quart* (total dust)___ ...___________ 30mi,)!1 Cristohallte: Use M the value calculated from the count or mass formulae tor quart*. Tridyralie: Use H the value calculated host the for mulae (or quart!. Amorphous. Including natural diatomaceoua earth___ ____ %StOt+2 30 gOmg/M* frSIOr BDlcates (less than 1% cry* talllne ilUcu): Mica.................................. Soapstone...... Talc (non-*5be*to5-form) .. Talc (fibrous). Use asbestos limit ..................... . Tratnoltte (see talc, fibrous) Portland i-ement.._______ Graphite (natural).. Coal dust <respirable traction less than 11% SlOi) ....-- For more than t% fllOj______ Inert or Nuisance Dust: Respirable traction._ Total dust,...------- - 30 3D 30* to 16 ____ IK 60 2.4mg/M* or lOmg'M* %SIOi+! 8mt'M I6mg/M Non: Conversion factors-- mppctX35-3-mllllon particles per cubic meter particles per c.c. Millions of particles per cubic toot of air, based on Implnger samples counted by light-field technics. i The percentage of crystalline silica In the formula Is tbs amount determined from air-borne samples, eieept In those instances In which other methods have been ihowp to be applicable. I As determined by the membrane filter method at 430Xphaae contrast magnification. Both concentration and percent quarts for the appli cation of this limit are to be determined from the fraction passing a site-selector with the following characteristics: Containing < 1% quaru; II > 1% quart!, use quarts limit. Aerodynamic diameter (unit density sphere) 2 2.6 3.6 A0 10 Percent passing selector 00 76 to 25 0 The measurements under this note refer to the use o an AEC Instrument.!' the respirable fraction of coal dnst Is determined with aMRE the figure corresponding to that ol 3.4 Mg/M* in the table for coal dust Is 4A Mg/M*. (30 FR 23502, June 27. 1074. Redesignated and amended at 40 FR 23073, May 28. 1075] 510