Document 6w54ogkNGa6VevjYorZ63VwE1

1362 V]CMgC 17 1SI-I0N - BERYLLIUM ASSOCIATED DISEASES p. 4 THEM 11AL 3CI7_3M Z-- .* 12--RS P. 73, 79 C0NS7RL.7I2N SECTION ""ICERS p. 52, 3 i. -T J J, O lung d:L 35.a : {Hoi 5 r;* 5 y "* 3 = Tj 1 r at i.---- . 1 -- - :n:-:jetrial J. w*-. ` Ties aT c IP I-- w hygiene 5 p. 5-3 LABOR i::onf crp MARINE SEC TI ON METALS SEC ON Jr r * L-cir p H 7-19 ARTICLI MI:ni) BRADEN r;QP PE np"> _H 3t Lid 1 es o t w win _ ON 'IDl'OSlE, DEVELOPMENTS IN 5i i" 1' CC-51iSs p. 17 INDUSTRIAL SAFI act i-ally al i-ni.-.afcad p. MINING SECTION OFFICERS p. 5C, 5l ARTICLE: PETROLEUM SECTION - SAFE HANDLING OF ADDITIVES p, S--10 dust respirator p. 9 " PETROLEUM SECTION OFFICERS ; IS, 19 PUBLIC UTILITIES OFFICERS p, ARTICLE: PULP AND PAPER SECTION - SAFE CHEMICAL RECOVERY BCILEF OPERATIONS p. 15-21 (Eabcock and Wilcox) RAILROAD SECTION OFFICERS p. 13, 19 ' WOOD PRODUCTS, TEXTILE SECTION OFFICERS p. 36, 37 ID G NEWARK PUBLIC LIBRARY (olume i National Safety Congress Transactions GENERAL ; SESSIONS S ANNUAL MEETING OF MEMBERS I CONGRESS BANQUET 1 LIST OF EXHIBITORS GENERAL INDEX OF ALL VOLUMES i. * 0004G4 i Beginning fhe Golden Anniversary Year of ihe NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO II, IUINOIS VOLUME 1 OF THE TRANSACTIONS of the 50th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS CONTENTS Officers of the National Safety Council 1962-63........ ........................................ Trustees of the National Safety Council.................................................................. Directors of the National Safety Council 1962-63................................................. 4 6 9 ANNUAL MEETING OF MEMBERS Invocation The Rt. Rev. Msgr. Thomas J. Fitzgerald 20............................................................................................... Minutes of the Annual Meeting................. Repotted by R. L Forney, Sec/cf-j'v *0 t The William H. Cameron Award............................Introduction by Howard Pyir: ?.?. Presentation of the William H. Cameron Award.................. R. H. Ferguson 17 Acceptance of Award for Chemical Section......................... Dr. E. G. Meiter 23 Address by the Chairman of the Board.................................... William H. Lowe 24 | Annual Address of the President....................................................... Howard Pyle 27 Safety -- Who Needs It.............................................................................Will Shetk 30 .\ '' THE CONGRESS BANQUET Invocation................... ................................................... Rabbi Irving J. Rosenbaum 32 Report of Congress Banquet Functions.1.................................................................... 33 Safety In the Space Age............... !............................................... Hugh L. Dryden 34 j EXHIBITORS -- 1962 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS & EXPOSITION.... 39 I INDEX TO ALL VOLUMES, 1962 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS............... 53 f Other Volumes in 1962 National Safety Congress Transactions.............Back Cover i National Safety Council | 5 National Safety Council (optm. <...< OFFICERS --1962-63 Chairman, Board of Directors--William H. Lowe, Treasurer, Inlan Steel Company, Chicago, Illinois President and Executive Vice President--Howard I'vi.e, Presided National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois Vice President for Farms--Harry L. Powell, Assistant to Via President, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohi? Vice President for Finance--Curtis Barkes, executive Vice Presij dent. Finance and Properly, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illinois v Vice President for Homes--J. P. Warner, Vice President and GcnJ: eral Manager, Manufacturing Division, Humble Oil <v Rcfinini' Company, Houston, Texas j Vice President for Industry--C. F. Sciii.uktkk, Vice President--Ac, cidcnt Prevention, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wis> cousin | f Vice President for Labor--Lijoyo D. Utter, Director, Industrial Health and Safety Division, United Automobile Workers, Detroit'- Michigan | t Vice President for Stole and Local Safety Organisations-- Louts II; Antoine, Resident Vice President, The American insurance Groit|- St. Louis, Missouri j: i Vice President for Membership--joHN L. Gii.lis, Vice President, Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri j Vice President for Motor Transport--Mark Koiieson, Vice Prcsi; dent, Yellow Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri j i Vice President for Production--Robert R. Burton, Executive Viet, President, Campbell-Mithun, Inc., Chicago, Illinois | Vice President for Public Information--Charles W. Fergusos; Senior Editor, The Reader's Digest, Pleasantville, New York 4 Vice President for Research--Norvin C. Kif.fer, M.D., Chief Medi cal Director, The Ei|uilahlc Life Assurance Society of the United Stales, New York, New York Vice President for Schools and Colleges--Dr. Lowell B. Fisher. Chairman, North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Vice President for Traffic--Rex M. Whitton, Federal Highway Administrator, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. Vice President for Women--Mrs. Raymond Sayre, Ackworth, Iowa t. Vice President for Youth Activities--Donald M. Higgins, Director. ' Health and Safety Service, National Council, Boy Scouts of Aimr- ica, New Brunswick, New Jersey t General Manager--W. G. Johnson, General Manager. .\'a!i-.-n:d Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago !!. IhY-d. Secretary and Treasurer--R. L. Fornf.y, Secretary and Treasurer, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago H, Illinois - ii f _ Assistant Treasurer--J. D. Fulforii, Director, Treasury Division. National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago II, Illinois - ' National Safety Council National Safety Council Vy ; it : 'A 0004G7 (Tru.ilcft^ii'iitinunl I - it jfZ TRUSTEES --1962-63 I Chairman of the Trustees--Howard Pyle, President, National Safety . Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Trustees--Wm. White, Chairman, Tlie Dela ware & Hudson Railroad Corporation, New York, New York Members Melvin H. Baker, Chairman, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, New York ; John E. Bierwirth, Chairman of the Board, National Distillers and ! Chemical Corporation, New York, New York \ James B. Black, Chairman, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San ' Francisco, California S. Bruce Black, Honorary Chairman, Liberty Mutual Insurance ' Company, Boston, Massachusetts j Elmer H. Boost, Chairman, Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Com- [' pany, Morris Plains, New Jersey j Walter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, t Michigan William G. Chandler, President, Scripps-IIoward Supply Company, [ New York, New York Lucius Clay, Chairman, Executive Committee,Continental Can . Company, Inc., New York, New York j Morgan J. Davis, Chairman, Humble Oil Sc Refining Company, 5 Houston, Texas j J. Doyle DeWitt, President, The Travelers, Hartford, Connecticut ? Morse G. Dial, Chairman, Union Carbide Corporation, New York, ? New York *| E. F. do Pont, Director, Employee Relations Department, E. I. I du Pont dc Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 5 Frederic W. Ecker, Chairman, Metropolitan Life Insurance Com- j pany, New York, New York i Calvin Fentress, Jr., Chairman, Allstate Insurance Company, Sko- j- kic, Illinois fit f. John F. Gordon, President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit,; Michigan i Bowman Gray, Chairman, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Jake L. Hamon, Dallas, Texas E, Roland Harriman, Brown Brothers Harriman and Company, New York, New York J. V. Herd, Giairmnn of the Boards, The Continental Insurance Companies, New York, New York William A. Hewitt, President, Deere St Company, Moline, Illinois Frederick R. Kappel, Chairman, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York, New York John R. Kimrerly, Chairman, Kimhcrly Clark Corporation, Nccnah, , Wisconsin Joseph L. Lanier, President, West Point Manufacturing Company, ` West Point, Georgia Sam Laud, Chairman, Executive Committee, General Atneitrm 'Transportation Corporation, Chicago, Illinois George E. Leighty, President, The Order of Railroad Telegraphers, St. Louis, Missouri William H. Lowe, Treasurer, Inland Stcci Company, Chicago, '^Illinois (Ex-Olficio) Neil McElroy, Chairman, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cin cinnati, Ohio Uohekt S. Oelman, Chairman and President, The National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio Robert G. Page, President, Phelps Dodge Corporation, New York, New York >. G. T. Townall, Secretary, United Slates Rubber Company, New York, New York Sherburne Prescott, Belle Haven, Greenwich, Connecticut Gwilym A. Price, Chairman, Wcsiinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Howard Pyle, President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois (Ex-Olficio) Walter P. Reutiier, .Vice President, American Federation of Later and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Detroit, Michigan W. S. S. Rodgers, Former Chairman, Texaco, Inc., New York, New York 7 National Safety Council 2 i | (Trustees, contimirdi i [ Edward L. Shea, Former Chairman, Ethyl Corporation, New York! New York Arthur E. Stoddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company Omaha, Nebraska Dr. John F. Thompson, Honorary Chairman, The Internationa! Nickel Company, Inc., New York, New York Juan T. Trippe, President, Pan American World Airways System New York, New York Wm. White, Chairman, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corpora tion, New York, New York Robert W. Woodruff, Chairman, Finance Committee, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia Leslie B. Worthington, President, United States Steel Corporation New York, New York S 000408 tt h Nationa! Safety Council BOARD OF DIRECTORS --1962-63 Chairman of the Board of Directors--William H. Lowe, Treasurer, Inland Steel Company, Chicago, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors--Dr. Lowell B. Fisher, Chairman, North Central Association oE Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Members Edward S. Adams, Director of Safety, Iowa Farm Bureau, Dcs Moines, Iowa Frank R. Ahlcren, Editor, .The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tennessee Robert H. Albisser, Safety Manager, Merck Chemical Division. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey Finlay G Allan, Assistant to the President, United Brotherhood of 'Carpenters and Joiners of America, Washington, D. C. Homer Allen, Associate Professor, Physical Education, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana I W. Allison, Senior Safety Director, British Columbia Lumber Manufacturers Association, Vancouver, B. C., Canada Louts II. Antoine; Resident Vice President, The American Insur ance Group, St Louis, Missouri Dr. Dewey F. Barich, President, Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Michigan Curtis Barkes, Executive Vice President, Finance and Properly, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illincjs F. R. Barnako, Manager of Compensation and Safety, Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania R. R. Bartelsmeyer, Chief Highway Engineer, Illinois Division of Highways, Springfield, Illinois Richard O. Bennett, Secretary-Treasurer, The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, D. G Mrs. P. D. Bevil, Sacramento, California M. F. Biancardi, Manager, Safety Services, Allis-Chalmcrs Manu facturing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin William E Billings, Executive Vice President and Secretary, Greater Cleveland Safety Council, Cleveland, Ohio ! , National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued). ! I National Safety Council 00(MG!) IS, (Board continued) J. T. Blalock, Vice President, Pacific Indemnity Group, Los An]' geles, California Clark D. Bridges, Managing Director, Industrial Medical Associa-l tion, Chicago, Illinois *| George T. Brown, Deputy Director, Bureau of Labor Stiwlardsi U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C ' s Robert U. Brown, Editor, Editor & Publisher. New York, New Yorll Russell I. Brown, President, Insurance Institute forHighway! Safety, Washington, D. C. jj E. J. Buhner, Chairman of the Board, The Silver Fleet Motor? Express, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky Edward W. Bullard, President, E. D. Ilullard Company, Sausalitoj: California i Roiiert R. Burton, Executive Vice President, Cainpbcil-Mitlnrfl, Inc.j Chicago, Illinois ' Bernard R. Caldwei.i., Director, The Traffic Institute, Northwesters ' Universitj', Evanston, Illinois . Earl F. Cami'Iikli., Managing Director, California Traffic Safely; Foundation, San Francisco, California j. Alfred W. Cantwell, National Director Safety Services, Tht* American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. f Walter F. Carey, President, Automobile CarriersInc., Flint! Michigan -, I Allen L. Conn, Director of Industrial Safety, Kodak Park Works,^ Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York ' fc .. i- I John D. Connors, Assistant to the President, American FeSacralio^ . of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington,'; D. C. T` . *s John M. Convery, Industrial Relations Consultant, National Associ; ation of Manufacturers, New York, New York j' f . ... . 5 Owen Cooper, Executive Vice President, Mississippi Chemical Corny pany, Yazoo City, Mississippi , Sanford B. Cousins, Vice President, American Telephone and Tele] graph Company, New York, New York Ernest G. Cox, Chief, Section of Motor Carrier Safety, Bureau oR Motor Carriers, Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington; D. C. | i 10 Stanley W. Cox, Vice President, St. Joseph Light and Power Com pany, St. Joseph, Missouri Brevard Crihfield, Executive Director, The Council of State Governments, Chicago, Illinois Neil J. Curry, President, California Cartage Company, Inc., Los Angeles, California E. M. Cush,ing, Vice President, Industrial Relations, United Stales Rubber Company, New York, New York M. R. Darlington, Jr., Managing Director, Auto Industries High way Safety Committee, Inc., Washington, D. C. j John Denson, Editor, Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, Los Angeles, California ' Claude de St. Paf.r, Assistant Director, Program I t<'n-tj* I >i vision, American Farm Bureau Federation, Clw-.i>. !!! i- J. Dewey Dormcit, General Managri, A Surely Companies New Ymk, Nr- A ' Miss Dorothy Downs, Assistant to Direct-i < f ! -m- .i men's Mutual Insurance Company, Providence, Rhode i i T. A. Drescher, Milk Industry Foundation, c/o Borden's Farm Prodi ucts, Division o The Borden Company, New York, New York i E. F. du Pont, Director, Employee Relations Department, E. I. dti ; Pont dc Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Howard Ennes, Director, Office of Community Services and Health -Education, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York, New York 1 . Henry W. Fales, Vice President--Manufacturing, St. Croix Paper Company, Woodland, Maine Charles Ferguson, Director, Safety Division, United Mine Workers of America, Washington, D. C. Charles W. Ferguson, Senior Editor, The Reader's Digest, I'lcasantville, New York R. H. Ferguson, Assistant Director of Industrial Relations, Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio A. C. Field, Jr., Manager, Public Affairs, WGN Inc., Chicago, Illi nois Dr. Lowell B. Fisher, Chairman, North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois, LIrbana, Illinois ............................. ......... ......... .... ........ . i National Safety Council (Buttl'd of Directors, continued) National Safety Council Parker C. Foi.se, Safety Advisor, Socony Mobil Oil Company, New |> York, New York B Benson Ford, Vice President, Ford Motor Company, The American 1 Road, Dearborn, Michigan I Edward G. Fox, President, Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, R Washington, D. C. t* Weedy M. Frantz, President, Eastern Express, Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana Robert G. Frazier, M.D., Secretary, American Acadcmy|S>f Pedi atrics, Evanston, Illinois i Mrs. Gertrude H. Frese, General Personnel Director, New York I' Telephone Company, New York, New York li'! A. H. Galloway, President, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina ? John L. Gillis, Vice President, Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri | Robert E. Gocke, Vice President, Transportation and Sa^Hy, The Greyhound Corporation, Chicago, Illinois ? h George L. Gorbell, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection, Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri sJ J. Wilson Gowdy, Vice President, Northwestern Mutual Insurance | Company, Seattle, Washington | Wm. Paui. Gray, National Executive Secretary, Future Farmers | of America, Office of Education, Department of Health, Educa- k tion, and Welfare, Washington, D. C. | G Hunter Green, Vice President and General Manager, jSouthcrn Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company,Louisville, Kentucky [< Gerard O. Griffin, Manager, Hazard Control, Dravo Corporation, v Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | J. V. Grimaldi, Consultant, Health, Safety & Plant Protection, jj General Electric Company, New York, New York | John T. Gurash, President, Pacific Employers Insurance Company, | Los Angeles, California | R. P. Hamilton, Superintendent of Safety, St. Louis-San Francisco f Railway Company, St. Louis, Missouri | Dr. Earle S. Hannaford, Safety Engineer, Long Lines Department, <. American Telephone & Telegraph Company, New York, New York i' 12 i 1 | D. F. IIayes, Chief, Safety & Fire l'roteclion Branch, United Slates | Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. | William Randolph Hearst, Jr., New York Journal and American, | New York, New York | Robert C. Hendon, Vice President Operations, REA Express, New | York, New York . | Russell E. Heston, Director of Engineering, Farmers Mutual Rc| insurance Company, Grinnell, Iowa | Donald M. Higgins, Director, Health and Safety Service, National | Council, Boy Scouts of America, New Brunswick, New Jersey \ Rt. Rev. Msgr. George G. Higgins, Director, Department of Social | I Action, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D. f.\ | Paul J. Hoover, Vice President, The Halle Bros. Co., Ch vi land, Ohio | , W. G. Hotchkiss, Director--Corporate Personnel Scrvi-tt, '. hr;.-!cr l . Corporation, Detroit, Michigan 'W. L. Huffman, Vice President and General Mannt;'i, X.n:.-. | | ern Bell Telephone Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota | Fred Huleen, Corporation Director of Personnel, The Boeing Com| | pany, Seattle, Washington ; ' (William S. Hults, Commissioner, Department of Motor- Vehicles, I j State of New York, Albany, New York | . Dr. Harold K. Jack, Director, Department of Health, Physical Edu| 1 cation and Recreation, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pcnnsyl| | vania | George A. Jacoby, Director of Personnel Relations, General Motors | (Corporation, Detroit, Michigan | D. B. Jenks, President, Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, St. | Louis, Missouri > - | Claude A. Jessup, President, Virginia Trailways, Charlottesville, | Virginia I Newell R. Johnson, General Manager, American Mutual Insurance | Alliance, Chicago, Illinois | Rudard A. Jones, Director, Small Homes Council, University of II1 linois, Urbana, Illinois | Charles II. Kei.i.stadt, Former Chairman of the Board, Scars, Roc| buck and Company, Chicago, Illinois 13 National Safety Council | (Board of Diretlort, continued) | .................................................... ........ ........... Norvin C. Kif.fer, M.D., Chief Medical Director, The Equitable Life I Assurance Society of the United States, New York, New York Irving B. Kune, President, Kline Chevrolet Sales Corp., Norfolk, Virginia Otto Z. Klopsch, Works Manager, Inca Manufacturing Division, Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation, Fort Wayne, Indiana Walter K. Koch, President, Mountain States Telephone and Tele graph Company, Denver, Colorado David Kohn, Vice President, Yellow Cab Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania T. A. Kraklow, Director of Safety, Deere & Company, Moline, IIlinois Mrs. John E. Krueger, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Frank E. Laderer, Director of Safety, Nationwide Insurance Com pany, Columbus, Ohio j F. S. Lake, Director of Safety, Interstate System, Grand Rapids, j Michigan R. J. Lamoureux, Director,Safety and HealthDivision(Canada), ^ United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, Toronto, Ontario, S' Canada | Edward B. Landry, Director of Safety anil Health, Bureau of Per- | sonnet,' United States Post Office Department, Washington, D. C. jjj Arthur B. Langi.ie, Chairman of the Board, McCall Corporation, t New York, New York P Stanley Learned, President,PhillipsPetroleum Company, Parties- j villc, Oklahoma | Ivan F. LeGore, Safety Director, Portland Cement Association, Chi- | cago, Illinois [ Eugene L. Lehr, Chief, Program Planning & Consultation Branch, 1 Division of Accident Prevention, Public Health Service, Washing- ! ton, D. C. : G. M. Leilich, Vice President--Operations. Western Maryland Rail- ' way Company, Baltimore, Maryland Bruce Lourie, Vice President, Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois William H. Lowe. Treasurer, Inland Steel Company, Chicago, Il linois 14 National Safety Council xZ S 000471 r - , filth *" / ) Forst E, LoWerv, Manager, Greater Minneapolis Safety Council, Minneapolis, Minnesota W. G. Macintosh, Manager, Engineering Department, Hartford Ac cident and Indemnity Company, New York, New York Alf.x A. Mai.eski, Program Service, Associate Director, Boys Chibs of America, New York, New York H. G. Mangelsdorf, Standard Oil Company (N. J.), New York, New York Miss Marion E Martin, Commissioner of Labor and Industry, . State of Maine, Augusta, Maine i Stanley A. Mate, Director, Training Activities, National I'illc A- ' sociation of America, Washington, I). C. , Harry O. Mathews, Vice President, Transportation and Disirilmj tion Division, Armour and Company, Chicago, Illinois tj. II. Tyler McConnei.i., So-clary and Member of l-inan. e millcc, Hercules Powder Com|iany, Wilmington. Kl.nvnv G. E. McCorison, Chairman of the Board, Tliihnany Pulp and 1 apvr ; j Company, Kaukauna, Wisconsin ^Brooks McCormick, Executive Vice President, International Har' | vester Company, Chicago, Illinois E C. McFadden, Vice President, Texas Employers' Insurance As ; sociation, Dallas, Texas . H. S. McFarland, Director of Personnel Services, General Motors '.Corporation, Detroit, Michigan Dr.'Ross A. McFarland, Professor of F.nvironmcnlnl Health and Safely, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard ScIim.I of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts William II. McGaughey, Vice President, American Motors Cor poration, Detroit, Michigan F. C. Mkknkr, Vice President--General Manager, Mmne llii-in*- Forms, Inc., Oakland, California I. W. Millard, Pompano Beach, Florida Norman C. Mindrum, Director, National >I-H Service Commit1!.'', Inc., Chicago, Illinois Walter E. Montgomery, Safely Director, Quebec Asbestos Mining Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada la I National Safety Council t (Board of Directors, continued) National B Safety Council 'HiWKK 000472 Thomas C. Morrill, Vice President, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Bloomington, Illinois A. W. Motley, Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. De partment of Labor, Washington, D. C. : Edward C. Myers, Vice President and Assistant to President, United 7 States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Arthur J. Naquin, Safety Counselor, New Orleans Public Service, . Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana _ Amos E. Neyhart, Director, Institute of Public Safety, The Penn- ` sylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania } ' J. E. Niciiols, Director of Safety, Reynolds Metals Company, Rich mond, Virginia j Robert A. Olen, Executive Vice President, Gar Wood Industries, Inc, Wayne, Michigan Geo. P. O'Rourke, Sr., Chairman of the Board, O'Rourke Con struction Company, Dallas, Texas R. N. Papich, Safety Consultant, American Gas Association, New York, New York Mrs. Louis L. Perlman, Wilmette, Illinois . Richard D. Peters, Editor, New York World-Tclcgrain & Sun, New York, New York M. J. Pitre, Vice President, America Fore Loyalty Group, New York, New York | Fletcher N. Platt, Manager, Traffic Safely and Highway Im provement Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan M. C. M. Pollard, Director of Safety, National Gypsum Company, Buftalo, New York ' Harry L. Powell, Assistant to Vice President, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio Howard Pyle, President, National Safety Council, 425 North Michi gan Avenue, Ciiicago 11, Illinois J. S. Queener, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection Division, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Rev. Sheldon Rahn, Executive Director, Department of Social Welfare, National Council of Churches, New York, New York : Miss Mildred Reel, Assistant National Adviser, Future Homemakers of America, Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C. 16 i W. Thomas Rice, President, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Com pany, Jacksonville, Florida Mrs. Jean Rindlaub, Vice President, Batten, Barton, Durstiuc Sc Osborn, Inc., New York, New York ' Mark Robeson, Vice President, Yellow Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri ' Dr. O. Preston Robinson, Editor & General Manager, Deseret News Publishing Company, Salt I-a'kc City, Utah H. I. Romnes, President, Western Electric Company, New York, New York Jack J. Rosebrough, General Manager, Farm Bureau Mutual In surance Company of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana Robert T. Ross, Manager, Employe Programs Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan James A. Ryder, Chairman, Board of Directors, Ryder Sy-lmi, Inc., Miami, Florida Mrs. Raymond Sayre, Ackworth, Iowa C. F. Schlueter, Vice President--Accident Prevention, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wisconsin E. Weldon Schumacher, President, American Optical Company, Soijthbridge, Massachusetts A. J. '.Schwantes, Head of Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota S. M.\ Sharp, Vice President, Southwestern Electric Power Com pany; Shreveport, Louisiana s Gordon',II. Sheehe, Head, Traffic Center Program, Continuing Edu cation Service, Highway Traffic Safety Center, Michigan State University, East Lansjng, Michigan ' P. L. StEMiLLER, General Vice President, International Association of Machinists, Chicago, Illinois J. R. Sim plot, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, Idaho Reuben D. Siverson, Manager, Department of Manufacture, Cham ber of Commerce of the United Stales, Washington, D. C. V, J. Skutt, President, Mutual of Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska Donald Si.utz, Managing Director, Traffic Safety Association of Detroit, Detroit, Michigan 17 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, fpnfitmed) National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) Robert R. Snodgrass, President, Allas Finance Company, Inc., At lanta, Georgia V S. F. Spence, Director, Safely and Loss-Prevention, American Cy- ;; annmid Company, Wayne, New Jersey . Herman J. Spoerer, Vice President, Industrial Relations, The '* Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, Youngstown, Ohio K. E. Stai.ey, Vice President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, i Michigan Y .. George H. Steel, Safety Director, Ralston Purina Company, ,St Louis, Missouri *f: >' G. C. Stewart, Asheville, North Carolina Arthur E. Stoddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company, ' Omaha, Nebraska Hugh B. Sweeny, Jr., Program Director, Junior Achievement In corporated, New York, New York Rabbi Marc H. Tanenbaum, Director, Department of Interreligious ; Affairs, American Jewish Committee, New York, New York Edward W. Tanquary, Staff Engineer, Farm Equipment Research ; and Engineering Center, International Harvester Company, Hitts- ' dale, Illinois . Colonel W. L. Tubbs, Laguna Beach, California , Huntington M. Turner, Vice President, Chemical Bank New Yorl 1 Trust Company, New York, New York Mrs. E. Arthur Underwood, Vancouver, Washington | Lloyd D. Utter, Director, Industrial Health and Safety Division! United Automobile Workers, Detroit, Michigan f Mrs. Bernice T. Van der Vries, Member, Chicago Transit Board? Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, Illinois I Donald G. Vaughan, Assistant Vice President, Engineering Def partment, The Aetna Casualty and Surely Company, Hartford* Connecticut * Dr. Preston A. Wade, Professor of Clinical Surgery, Cornell Unif versity Medical School, New York, New York . ' J. P. Warner, Vice President and General Manager, Manufacturin Division, Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas Mess Mary M. Weeks, Program Specialist, Health and Safety Edu cation, Girl Scouts of the United States of America, New York, New York mAKK. u. wentz, jr., batety Director, Cit-Con Oil Corporation, Lake Charles, Louisiana Hunter P. Wharton, General Sccretafy-Treasurer, International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington, D. C. George M. Wheatley, M.D., Third Vice President and Medical Di rector, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, New York Rex M. Whitton, Federal Highway Administrator, U. S. Depart ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. t T. H. Wilkenson, Director of Safely, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. Allan M. Wilson, Vice President, The Advertising Council, Inc., Washington, D. C. ...... , ---------..6.ivunuiai 4^Aicusigii ocrvice, me Uiiio State University, Columbus, Ohio i. E. OfARK Woodward, Corporate Director of Safety, A. 0. Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dr. J.j C Wrioht, Secretary, Committee for Advancement of Sdtool Administration, American Association of School Administrators, Washington, D. C. ; ' t' Dr. D; Willard Zahn, Dean, School of Education, Temple Uni versity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania v-m, .ii. . Z..AUN.. supervisor, safety and Driver Instruction Section, Los Angeles City Board of Education, Los Angeles. California 000473 v'- | 19 1962 National Safety Congress of getting an unexpected mouthful of cor rosive or toxic chemical, some chemicals like benezenc have a cumulative toxicity from the vapors alone. Q. What are some of the important pre cautions in handling glassware? A. Dispose of cracked or damaged glass ware, protect the hands when assembling or fabricating glassware. Q. What helps prevent electrical shock? A. Insure equipment is in good repair and always grounded. Q. What is danger of storing solvents in an ordinary refrigerator? A. If solvent vapors escape and till the refrigerator, the spark from its operation may cause it to explode. Such refrigerators can be explosion-proofed by removing the sources of ignition, such as the light butt, and controls. Q. What is an important way to learn oi the hazardous individual characteristics of( chemicals and tlicir reactions? A. Checking available literature beta beginning to work. Q. Why is a shield placed in front' at the reaction? ' A. To prevent injury in case of II splash, or explosion. '! The film may be purchased front Manufacturing Chemists' Association,; 1825 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Wash'9, D. C., for $100. It may be previewed f $10, which will apply against the pu~ ` of the film if the order is received .10 days. NATURE AND INCIDENCE OF BERYLLIUM ASSOCIATED DISEASES By JOHN F. ZIELINSKI, M.D. Medical Director, The Brush Beryllium Co., Cleveland, Ohio Certain physical and chemical character istics of beryllium ` arc presented as they, under current evidences, arc apparently sig nificant in the potential toxicity expression and incidence of beryllium associated diseases. Beryllium is classified as an amphoteric element but is principally a metal in its characteristics. Like aluminum, it demon strates a spurious nobility because of its pre ferential strong affinity to chemically combine with oxygen, almost instantaneously forming a protective film of hcryllinm oxide. This hard film of oxide reaches maximum thickness of 10 * centimeters (KMIA^or 0.01 micron) in two hours and is very resistant to further corrosion under standard kinetic energies. The excellent corrosion resistance is attributed to the fact that the volume of oxide formed is greater than the volume of the metal consumed in the formation of the oxide. Above 8l5*C (1500F) this film is disrupted by the effect of elevated tempera ture causing intra-crystalline separation in the mclnl, Icp" ' to further oxidation of the element. Intra-crystalline separation ig pure beryllium is said to licgin at TOO1 (1290F) and lcronic rapid at 1009* (I8J0*F). It is the only light metal with a melting point I285*C !0C (2345*F I8F). Its (Killing point has an extrapolate^ value of 2507C (454(>*F). It is interej' to note that the melting point for the ,, of beryllium has reported values of 2510* to 2500" C (4550* F to 4040* F) and a f " point of 4260C (7700F). Chemically, beryllium is quite closely luted to aluminum and its complete ser lion from this clement is difficult. Beryllium metals reacts readily with plturic acid and hydrochloric acids. Di nitric attacks the metal slowly, but com; trated nitric has but little effect. Boi water and alkalies react with the evolutit*' of hydrogen. The hydroxide, Bc(OH)*jl amphoteric. The bcryllates, unlike the ataaii nates, arc fairly easily hydrotized at boilnj temperatures, ' 000f?4 Chemical Industries Solutions of water solffi^beryllium/ nor- 'J nig valuable in titfl proper evaluation of the ninal salts, such as MfiaQium sulphate, specific problems.! chloride, and the nitrat^wb;>ttn'':lft1di6'`itr reaction and are characterized by their ibility to dissolve large amount! of bcryl-lium hydroxide. However, these water sol uble salts are not hydrolized to the same extent as other corresponding salts, such as 'Aluminum and iron. The exact reason for this unexpected behavior of the beryllium ion " i not been defined. Oh (Tie 0the>-4iaud, there are articles wherein the use of simplifying assumptions, possibly in an nllcmpt to rapidly finalize the problem, has led to conclusions that arc not compatible with the current epidemiological, experimental, and medical evidence. Within all the background of confusion there docs exist a definite orderly pattern of facts. Fluorine gas reacts with beryllium at room temperature. Chlorine, bromine, iodine, hydro'gen sulphate and nitrogen peroxide gases react with beryllium metal at elevated tem peratures. The author of this report on the current status of the beryllium associated diseases docs not intend to imply that this report will finalize the specific problem. It is his intent to apply knowledge gained during 20 years of experience in the beryllium industry `edical Aspects Recognition of the acute type of medical problems, encountered in the chemical and against the evidences and thereby reach some tenable conclusion, valid within the evi dences currently at hand. thermal refining of beryllium and bcryllia Beryllium Associated Diseases: Acute Types .from ore has existed in literature since 19.U. tThe opinions of sundry observers that the 'acute reactions, involving cither the skin :and/or the respiratory tract, were due en' tirely to acid mists and acidic anions, were The eventual conclusions drawn by tlm author arc based on Ihc evidences of both Ihc dermal and the respiratory adverse re actions manifested among .mr ten Ilium workers. It is, then forr. n'i.1 lb.it at bolstered by an official report in 19-1.1, emn- least brief dcsiripio'iis of .ill ilnr iruit.*,* - Bating from the United Stales Public Health Service, to the effect that beryllium, |>cr sc, `.is not toxic. The basic error in this simplify- be presented in order tiltimale conclusions. -ub.| minte the mg assumption arose out of the fact that the Contact Dermatitis hly insoluble compounds did not evoke Causation is undue and/or prolonged con rerse acute rcs|>onscs in various experi- tact with the soluble salts of beryllium. "tal animals. Unfortunately, this asscr- Causal frequency and severity arc definitely rclardrd the eventual full recognition a function of the ly|ic of salt. The most the role of the beryllium ion in the reactive salt as to frequency and severity, in chronic phase of the beryllium associated the author's experiences, is licryllimn fluoride. Jjfatases. Ammonium beryllium fluoride reacts less in Recognition that the beryllium ion can ex 's toxicity in the human being, predotnily in the form of the chronic respiratory "bility, did not attain acceptance until ft. This recognition came 'out of an frequency and severity. Beryllium sulphate and beryllium chloride salts show a much lower frequency ami severity rate. The gross pathological expressions arc influenced by the radical. tyidemic-like onset of respiratory abnormali Contact dermatitis has not been seen in ties among employees of a fluorescent lamp mN.anufacturer. ' -This larter recognition of a new ocrupa- txxul disease entity, of major medical and Jegal importance, stimulated a great deal of arch into the epidemiological, medical. I experimental aspects of beryllium asso rted diseases. Literature on these aspects W steadily. The lists include observations workers handling pure beryllium hydroxide, pure beryllium oxide, and the present-day vacuum cast beryllium metal, l'rior to 1950, the so-called "high purity" metal contained tinywhere from 0.5 to 2 per cent of un reduced soluble beryllium fluoride salt with in the structure of Ihc metal mass, and as high as 5 per cent in the "technical" grade of metal. i human and ex|>criincnta! evidences. In A dermatitis iitdcntica! to that caused by ^ categories, there arc data that arc prov- beryllium fluoride was seen among ent- 49 Wi? National Safety Congress 000475 " ...d Rr f^jCfiemini/ Industries Inyccs citKK`<l in reworking tltis parent nclal. Tliis fact offers a logical explanation or the very early reports of aculc <tcrm.il md/or respiratory adverse reactions in are raised, firm, relatively dense, with lit , or no inflammation. The bulk of the lesroit extends rather deeply, is well defined, wilij a fibrous resistance. Studies of excised speck ift Cases documented before ill p in 1950, of current industrial . . filtration, followed b^f*discrete aml/or eon' flifenf iibdules'. ItSr'qh'e^mscs of recovery the troll, were dominantly of the insidious type. resolution of these ahnormal shadows to the TA typical ease of the insidious type can be individual's normal would lie rather slow, >c<i|ilc working with this metal outside of mens have shown file lesion to he dominantly 1 generally dcscrilicd in the following manner. from four to six weeks in the severe eases, lie basic refineries. a foreign Ixxly type of reaction but vtilkt ^Usually a relatively new employee would hut would lie complete prior to the subsi considerable central destruction of cells. IzJ fitcomplain of a progressive non-productive dence of the subjective symptoms. Complete 'Allergic" Dermatosis All the eases in the experience of (lie author have occurred within six to fifteen days after initial exposure to the fumes, mists, and/or dusts of beryllium fluoride. The frequency of attack is approximately 1 per cent of the population so exposed. This syndrome expresses itself in the rather sudden onset of intense inllammation of the skin with varying degrees of puffincss, several specimens a few isolated small gran-fl Tcough, croupy iu character, and aggravated ultimata had been discerned in the zonal! jwhen the afflicted was in the supine position. section lictwccn the area of cellular destruc-j }Thts subjective symptom was invariably as- lion and the fibrous capsule. i? Slodated with a symmetrically progressive Ubuming type of pain under the breast bone, Respiratory Aspects: Immediate or "Acutes (wore or less constant, plus shortness of Occupational Disease Potential ',59 " `th that was markedly aggravated on The aculc respiratory occupational disease! Real exertion. potential ranges in expression from rhintts| Diie to the intensity and persistence of the to a pneumonitis, i.c., inflammation of tbcj Meferibed symptoms the individual was nn- recovery periods ranged from four to twelve weeks. The fulminating type was basically simi lar except that (lie latency period between the known massive exposure incident and the onset of subjective and objective symp toms would be very brief, as little as six hours. The clvcst x-ray in such eases would invariably show (lie advanced stages, as de scribed for tlic insidious ly|ic, in a |icriod ns usually only on the normally exposed areas of (lie face and neck, with superimposed discrete and confluent lesions, flat, elevated, membrances ranging from the nose down 111 to obtain regularly proper physical rest to the lung tissues, depending on the degtaj twtd developed the associated symptoms of duration, and compound type of exposure iu f neral lassitude, physical weakness and loss short as 72 hours after the exposure. The complete recovery period in the fulminating eases, though more dramatic iu character, and/or blistered in type. the form of mists, fumes, and/or dusts lit tippetitc, plus some weight loss. Objer- was uncxjicctcdly short by comparison, Ililateral pulTmcss of the eyelids in varying the soluble compounds of beryllium. Tkl Kfafly, the resting afflicted individual was fluoride compounds arc dominantly causal! 1gjjttd to have a definitely increased respira- usually being complete iu nliout four weeks. degrees is a constant feature. Inllammation although all the soluble compounds utilise!;! Mr rate with diminished chest expansion. In the series of 9.1 eases of acute Itcrvl- of the conjunctiva, if present, is minimal on in the liasic industry have been incriminate!^ ^Relatively mild exertion would readily in- lium chemical imcumonopnthy documented in contrast. Itching is an intense subjective symptom. Attempts to re-enter the employee into the fluoric phase of chemical production, after total remission of the described syn at one time or another. t shortness of breatli and a reflex spns- The rhino-pharyngitis, i.c., the nose-throat j riniic cough. Some degree of blueness of phase usually resolves itself rapidly aid naif licds and/or mucous membranes KWould be apparent. The nose and throat the prc-1950 experiences of two basic re fineries in Ohio, there were ten fatalities, six coming to autopsy. The pathological re ports were essentially negative, except for drome invariably resulted in recurrence. This necessitated a permanent transfer to [ another chemical or miscellaneous o|icration, siKinlanconsly after temporary complete re moval from the exogenous faefors. ' The Iraclico-bronchilis phase necessitates' giMKOsa would be inflamed. jf. Sethoscopic examination of the chest the lung disease and for acute cor pulmonale, i.c., acute dilation of the right or pulmonary side of llir heart. The dmninaiil abnormal without further ill effect, if an opportunity longer period of temporary complete remonl fj.WORld reveal fine to medium abnormal rales, cellular feature of the lungs was pronounced existed. from the exogenous factors. Tliis indusUM! respiratory complication was usually the rC\j TjRttit noticeable in the lower lung fields. ^Occasionally the abnormal sounds were prac- intraalvcol.-r interstitial edema, i.c., involve ment of th framework of the air sacs, witli Chemical Ulcer j This lesion is usually the result of neg lected superficial ruts or scratches contami nated with the fluoric compounds of beryl lium. The sulphate cniniiound can also be causal but incidence and severity arc of lesser degree. It is an open lesion of the skin presenting a sloughing, irregular sur face and scanty thin serous discharge. The edges arc well defined and slightly elevated, allowing inflammation with peripheral exten sion of varying degree. Pain is prominent when the lesion is present over ixiints of flexion, extension, or bony structure. Ulcerating Granuloma suit of relatively high levels of exposin' uicaMy identical to those beard during an ^Jjttack of asthma, 'flic heart l>cal rate wotdtl over a prolonged period of time. Modem ditsfriul hygiene practices in the lierylliwfl industry during the past It) to 12 years hwej markedly accelerated. The tem|ieraturc JwiS normal or very slightly elevated except prartirally wiped out the incidence of naw.t |i|tfic presence of a secondary infection. The phyaryugilis and Irachco-brimchkis. 3dinic.il laboratory findings, in the uticompli- TQted eases, were essentially within normal Of major concern to all involved is fc its. acute respiratory disease potential of atukj S* Temporary increase of gamma globulin iu beryllium chemical pneumouopathy. Histotfy rally, such eases have been documented *ti being either of a fiilmiiialiiig or an insidio*^ type. I'.asically, they arc one and the saa^ disease, liciug influenced by lime-dosage gjie blood had liccn noted in most eases. The Etkst x-rays usually did not show any ap- jffrfciatile changes until from seven to Itnnty-ciglit days after (lie initial onset of Tit subjective symptoms. These changes tors. The fulminating type was usually ( to relatively brief exposures to overwlithij Mused with *' -3Se. the stage and severity of the varying degrees of organization. The liatliolugisl remarked on the nouspccificily of tlic reaction ami its similarity to the reaction discerned in fatal rases due to phosgene or the oxides of nitrogen, lie further indicated a similarity to the reaction seen with vims pneumonitis or with the pneumonitis associated with severe kidney function block. It is his documented opinion that the acute piiciuiiouopnthy is that of a chemical pneumonitis or peri-hronrliiolaralveolitis. The epidemiological, cx|icriiiicntal and rlinical evidences indicated 1) the doseresponse curve in the acute ty|ie of occupa This lesion is usually the result of an implant of lien Ilium sulphate salt under the skin surface. The lesion grossly re sembles a soft "corn." It is well defined with a imooth l,"',linR surface flint occasion ally presents tplwl ccnlcr. The edges ing levels of adverse exposure, with a td^ lively short latent period before expresam' of the lung tissue involvement. The insidKWj type was (lie result of continual exposure# relatively high levels over a relatively lirriml rtf limp, ^A typical ease would first show a diffuse, "imclrical bilateral haziness. The very I cases did not show progression hcvotid A* aspect. The progressive case would then " I irregular patches of soft-appearing in- tional disease potentials associated with the soluble compounds of licrylliuui is the usual sigmoid seen with other toxic materials, and 2) the dosc-rcsiKinsc base line is different, both in frequency and severity, for different rninpnnnds of beryllium. This diflrmilinl is 51 '! I'ttj 1962 National Safety Congress 0001 --i r\ 'o Chemical Industries associated with the known and predictable differences in the physico-chemical character istics of the involved compound. From all these evidences it is reasonable to postulate that the acute types of disease are basically the result of the chemical activity of the involved compound, modified in its action by its bond with beryllium, and not due to the beryllium ion alone. experimental "acute poisoning" in animals. With the subsequent recognitidn of the "chronic or delayed" form of reaction in humans, the term was simply expanded to identify the two classes of pulmonary dis ease as either "acute berylliosis" or "chronic berylliosis." This simplification unfortunately engen dered confusion because it did not indicate the different abnormal tissue response in the Chronic Types Dermal Aspects: Latent or "Chronic" Occupational Disease Potentials Dermal Gramdoma This type of disease potential was highly two entities and, furthermore, fostered an erroneous interpretation that a time element is the sole point of difference. VanOrdstrand and I arc in agreement that the term "acute beryllium chemical pneumonopathy" is probably the most basi publicized through fluorescent lamp breakage cally descriptive, from an epidemiological and imptant incidents. All the evidences in dicate that only the very slowly soluble com pounds of beryllium, principally certain forms of the oxide, evoke the granular unit and clinical viewpoint, when discussing the acute type of pulmonary reaction. The term "berylliosis" has gradually become accepted, in literature and law, to describe, the syn lesion ascribed to the beryllium ion. drome associated with somewhat more speci shortness of breath BB^tetiwy^tanKhiutlK severe cases, at productive, occurs it^^Bfflijillg'lfvlVaiPl'IV of cases. A vnryingdcgrcc of weight loss has been determined in more (linn half of the cases. Subjective symptoms occurring in the minority include fatigue, chest pains, toss of appetite and weakness in descending order of frequency. Any or all of these sub jective symptoms may he present, ranging in intensity from a very minor order to a very profound state. Objective findings arc relatively sparse, with less than half of the cases demonstrat_ iug abnormal breath sounds on stellioscopic. ' examination. Blueness of naii iicds and/or mucous membranes is noted in about 40 per cent of the cases, with clubbing of the fingers and/or toes in about 30 per cent. Liver enlargement has been detected in 5 per cent and spleen enlargement in 3 per cent. sayntatMmjJMjl increased physiologVsl dead space, c) rancased maximal breathing t- suggesting obstructive cniphyscmamttW) polycythemia. The results indicated that the chronic pulmonary lesions associated with beryllium caused an "alvcolar-capiliary block" syn drome of rather profound degree. Radiological Patterns The x-ray changes seen in berylliosis cases were initially considered to fall into three distinctive stages. The first stage is described as a diffuse, fine, uniform, distinctly particulate granula rity. The second stage was characterized as diffuse, reticular pattern superimposed cm the initial granularity. The third stage was characterized by the presence of uniformly distributed Modula The gross skin lesion, limited to the area fic, chronic abnormal tissue changes in the of implant, resembles a keloid or soft "corn." lung parenchyma along with variable second It usually reaches maximum expression ary systemic alterations. ' within 4 months after an implant incident. The abnormal tissue expression isfthat of a Berylliosis localized foreign body reaction with a dif A satisfactory definition for this disease fuse, somewhat loosely arranged distribution entity is currently virtually impossible. There of the granular unit lesions. Rather simple are observers who prefer lo, classify tlie surgical excision effects a cure. The incidence of the skin gramdoma in the basic industry has been much lower than one would expect. In fact, it is the excep tion instead of the rule. This may be ex plained, at least in part, by the fact that the industrial imnlant injuries receive medi cal attention. There arc, however, relatively large numbers of permanent skin implant cases where the granulomatous reaction has not occurred. entity as a systemic disease or1 intoxication, the lung manifestations being only a part of the entire syndrome. They postulate their opinion on the existence in .an appreciable number of cases of associated specific type of abnormal tissue reaction in oilier organs 1 lowcver, there has been ini documented case showing clinical evidence of "systemic beryl liosis" without the lungs liciug the critical organ involved. From the evidence in litera ture it can reasonably lie asserted that beryl liosis may be considered a systemic reaction, Atopic Dermatosis There are two cases diagnosed as recur rent eczema-like dermatosis at sites of pre viously prolonged irritation by the soluble salts of beryllium. A polysensitization factor is ascribed. induced by the beryllium ion, hut consistently having its primary and major expression el disease in the lungs. , All current epidemiological evidences in dicate that the major causation in the exist ing cases was lieryllium oxide having certai* physico-chemical characteristics. A refined Respiratory Aspect experimental study, now in progress, sup Clinical laboratory Routine blood studies are usually within accepted normal limits. The red corpuscle sedimentation rate is commonly increased. A relative increase in red cell count, without increase in the white count nor appreciable alteration in the differential, has been noted in the more severe cases. A relative increase in the gamma globulin fraction of the blood scrum lias frequently been reported. Standard urinalysis is non-informalive. Increased excretion of calcium in the urine has been rc|>ortcd to have liecn noted in an appreciable nmnlicr of cases. Extensive studies on active and inactive beryllium workers, liotli with and without evidences of the disease, have shown the constant elimination of lieryllium Ixnly burden via the urinary tract, without any correlation lo the degree of cx|iosurc nor to the presence or absence of the specific disease. Respiratory functional Abnormalities Only about 6 per cent of the total docu mented cases of berylliosis have had any significant studies on the associated respira tory physiological changes. The only con tions. At a later date, a fourth stage, that of consolidation, was described. This co' ccpt (hat there arc stages of the disease has been questioned by some observ ers. They believe that although a progres sion pattern may exist, there are other evidences that these various x-ray changes represent types of disease rather than stages. With the possible exception of the finely granular pattern, there is nothing in the other varieties that can lie considered pa'liognomonic, i.c., peculiar to the specific problem. Complications Except for the development of cor |mlmonalc, complications of lierylliosis have liccn few. The occurrence of local or sec tional lung tissue collapse in almiit 15 |icr cent of cases and of kidney stones in about 10 per cent is considered a primary mani festation of the disease. The clinical evi dences in two geographical areas do not fully support the relationship of kidney stones as a directly associated problem, as postulated by one group of observers. Probably no other disease entity having ports this philosophy. stant findings, in all the cases studied, were The complication of cor |tultuonntc is prob an exogenous inorganic factor has provoked as much controvery as that associated with the beryllium ion. The term "berylliosis" was coined by Fubronl, ' '9.15, lo describe llic reaction in those of a) decreased vital capacity, b) Subject Symptoms and Objective Findings The subjective symptoms in chronic betjk l decreased A-a 0> gradient, and c) decreased diffusive capacity for oxygen. These were lium-associalcd pulmonary disease arc ro*- followed, in order of decreasing frequency, specific. The most prominent is that flf by findings of a) decreased resting oxygen ably of greater clinical significance than the primary disease entity itself. The evidences indicate that this complication is probably tlic prime cause of fatality in the cases. Unlike silicosis, the *xTtirroT of ri!t> 53 IV62 National Safely Congress 00(K7 ( 1 Chewieal Industries .v-- ^ culosis in beryllium cases has been corres pondingly rare, particularly since many of inch cases had been institutionalized in sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis as a result of misdiagnosis. There are six documented cases, reported as having this complication. Lung cancer has been similarly rare. The current case registry report indicates one case among the chronic disease group and two cases in the acute disease group. There are no recorded cases of bone tumors in lung x-ray pattern, accompanied by a vary response had occurred due to cxpctiHfts at ing degree of evidences of capillary-alveolar levels above 100 micrograms of Ujndlium block, i.e., interference with diffusion of| content in one cubic meter of ^Hhcy oxygen through the air sac membranes. It it-, assumed' the 100 microgram dosage as pos a reasonably probable one when the x-ray sibly being the minimal toxic dose for the abnormality is that of a diffuse, bilateral' most reactive comjiounds in use. fine granularity. It becomes a rattier firmly The first recommendation was intended documented one only when the other entities.] for the prevention of any acute type of causing capillary-alveolar block are ruled, out. G- e- nerally, the ma-jority- of these entiti.es.,',K. occupational respiratory compruehmenissuivce surivcey orn disease. The first occupational ojiera- offer little, if any, problem. In some H;|. (kmal levels of bcryllmm exposure were stances, it isnccessary torcsort to abnornIr|tomillc(ed by (|,e AEC gt ,,|e Lor;li were .potentially exposed <Ji a continual basis, the consultants decided to apply a safety factor of 10. Thc.jSSaO'incnilcd target of 0.01 micrograms was csiatlishcd. At first sight this seems to represent a I : 200 ratio tut comparison with the rccummcmlcd in plant target of 2.0 micrograms. The lime factor of 40 hours/wcck in-plant ex|iosurc versus 164 hours/wcck outdoor cx|iosurcs reduces this ratio to approximately I : 50. This ratio is actually not ns morbid in its connotation as it may ap|icar at first sight. the case registry. tissue identification by biopsy. ,;Ohio, beryllium refinery in 1947 and 1948. Such ratios in outdoor to workroom recom Extreme anxiety and reactive depressive Positive chemical or spectrographic assay;*-.During this environmental survey, it was mended maximum allowable concentrations stales were rather common in the earliest and most severely afflicted cases. These were associated with the very gloomy prognosis that existed in those days. Complications associated wiffif the use of steroid drugs, as a beneficiating therapeutic agent, have been rare, occurring as stomach irritation, transient elevation of urinary sugar excretion level and psychological dis turbances. Therapy and Prognosis Prior to the advent of ACTH and the ad renal steroids, the treatment of Iterylliosis was limited to the use of oxygen plus various supportive drugs. Sulfonamides, pen icillin and cytochrome-C were tried without success. Experimental systematic use of var ious beryllium chelating agents was similarly ineffective. Except for the very mild and for beryllium in body fluid or tissue pro--noted that there were no recorded rases of vidcs incontestable evidence of significant a"y type among employees in a sjicrific area posure to the element. However, the mere of the refinery. All the air |to!lution data presence of the element in body fluids ar*1! showed results below 25 micrograms/M9. Itissues does not, in itself, indicate the exisb*| This observation fostered the initially re cnce of a specific disease process. commended target of 25 micrograms/9 |icak *!Fvalue, without a time factor. Differential Diagnosis . Having absolutely no data that could lie Any chronic diffuse pulmonary disease jyfised as the target for the prevention of the must be considered in the differential diag chronic type of occupational respiratory re nosis of berylliosis. The granular type of. .! sponse, they resorted to an "educated" guess. reaction, on x-ray, must be differentiated, 'They made the assumption that beryllium from rheumatic pneumonitis, erythema,; ; was probably as toxic as the heavy metals, nodosa, lupus and virus pneumonitis. The .lead and mercury. They then reasoned that nodular type, from other pncunioconii Mn aiom-for-atoni cxlra|>ola(inn was logical, sarcoidosis, miliary tuberculosis, myco! talcing the atomic weights of 200 for mer miliary carcinomatosis, malignant lymphoma,' cury and 207 for lead, they divided them bv pulmonary adenomatosis, alveolar proteinosis,., 9, the atomic weight of beryllium. They chronic interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis rounded out the results to the "whole" num- (Hamiiian-Rich), etc. ' Icr 25. I his constituted the comparative exist for other potentially toxic elements or romjKiuiids. A ratio of 1 : 100 exists for inorganic arsenic, fluorides and III-', I : 70 for lead, 1 : 67 for hydrogen sulfide, I : .1.1 for manganese, and 1 : .10 for mercury. These recommendations governing licrylliuni refinery o|icra(ious became effective in 1949. Ilascd on data and experiences gathered during the passage of time, modifications have been made in these original recommen dations, involving both the concentration and the time -factors. The following brief cninpeud dcs ribes the current A. EC. recom mendations, issued in 1957. In-Plant--I f'eighted Averages 1. The daily weighted average in-plan at mospheric liciylliiiiii concentration should not exceed 2.0 micrograms/M9. 2. This daily weighted average is com apparently stabilized cases, the prognosis The major diagnostic problem has beet, atomic weight factor. They then divided this puted on a quarterly experience basis. was, at the very best, very guarded. In that associated with sarcoidosis. factor of 25 into the previously assumed .1. A daily weighted average exceeding 2.(1 cipient death from pulmonary or cardiac insufficiency, or at best, permanent major physical disability was the usual course. The current medical evidences indicate that the routine therapeutic use of adrenal steroid drugs arc of definite henfit. In some cases the clinical improvement has been very The x-ray changes and the histopatholopcal pattern in the fairly recently described "farmer's lung" arc currently considered asnot distinguishable from berylliosis. Industrial Hygiene Aspects r The prevention of undue exposure of res-, minimal toxic dose of 100 micrograms, yicld- mg a figure of 4 micrograms. After more debate, they decided to apply an additional lactor of safety and came up with the rec ommended target level, on a daily weighted average; basis, of 2 niicrograiiis of licrylliuin wilent per cubic meter of air. ' micrograms/M* Iml not in excess of 5.0 micrograms/M* will not Ik- |icrinitlcd to exist for a period exceeding 60 days without A.E.C. s|iccific approval. 4. A daily weighted average exceeding 5.0. micrograms/M9 calls for immediate correc tive action on the o|ieralion in question. dramatic. Some clinicians indicate cases showing both "complete" clinical and roent genological reversions to normal. Whether this effect is permanent or merely a transient phenomenon is currently an equivocal ques tion. A symmetrically improved prognostic attitude is currently the general rule. Diagnosis The diagnosis is originally a reasonably presumptive one when an individual, having known of reasonably possible exposure to beryllium, presells a diffuse alteration in the pirahlc beryllium to both workers and the i1 The third recommendation is intended to general public is the pridic function of the Jjlftvent the occurrence of the chronic ly|ie industrial hygiene engineer. -Jjaf beryllium-associated respiratory disease in What constitutes an undue level of ex-J die general public living within the air polluposure has never been unequivocally deter ,ian influence of the beryllium producing or mined. In 1949, two consultants for tht' plant. Extensive air sampling was con- United States Atomic Energy Commission led in 1948 and 1949 m such an area of were requested to make specific rccommea-j :e where lion-occupational exposure dations for adequate industrial hygiem^Kues of the chronic disease had previously controls of beryllium air pollution. .^Htemrred. The weighted average of the re Having some evidences that both aafc.jBMts was 0.1 microgram beryllium per cubic and chronic types of respiratory occupati ler of air. Reasoning that the residents Single Exposures I. Any single air sample in excess of 25 micrograms/hl9, within an operating area, hut less Ilian 100 niicrograiiis/M9, must lie reconfirmed within 10 days of the incident. If the condition is static, corrective action must be taken to reduce the level to below 25 nircrogranis/.M*. 2. Concentrations above 25 micros: rams/M1, but less than 109 micrograms/M1. will net be permitted to exist for a period exceeding W) days without A.E.C. specific approval. 55 f"W J962 National Safety Congress 000478 Chemical Industries '-.^a 3. If the single sample concentration ex ceeds 100 micrograms/M*, the finding must be reconfirmed in 10 days. If the condition is sialic, the operation in question is halted and corrective measures taken to reduce the level below 25 micrograms/M*. Out-Plant ' The monograph data further indicates an exposure time extrapolated to 3, "acute disease" attack rate in the Lotabi 1 hours. Ohio, beryllium refinery from 1940 to 19J#j . T||e casc - data indiiccaa, lcfi^lirbiiic the early results in ai_ctij|ent experimental probe suggest that thif-fljjBirc could well be ,*!,c function of varyhrajphysico-chemiral It iWroSitfrfl''"~^tr"r^ril!*'*i "f the berjjjnim compound in- volvcd in the cxiKisilMf^fhis factor ctntld - ;" 9"" also give a reasonable explanation for the varying degrees of morbidity. (.In the neighborhood of the plant han dling beryllium compounds, the average at (lie breathing zone level should not exceed 0.01 micrograms/M\ calculated on a monthly basis. 2. A monthly average concentration in excess of 0.01 micrograms/M' but not ex the acute type of disease. However, tliejj| "acute" in industries other than beryllium I' refining had lapsed into llic chronic type. attack rate for the chronic type, in theja same group shows an incidence of 18 cases,| |;r This would represent a 57 per cent incidence. with a 0.6 per cent incidence in the males;* 2.9 tier cent in the females, with a gcneralt'j incidence of 0.9 per cent. '"Jr is in sharp contrast to the 4 |icr cent .incidence in the Lorain refinery experience, jj lout of 169 acute cases. Stimulation 1. The acute types of beryllium-associated diseases are apparently not sirecific. 2. Berylliosis, as experienced in the human, expresses itself primarily as a diffuse dis ease of the lungs. ceeding 0.05 micrograms/M' calls for cor rective procedures. Such concent rations will not be permitted to exist for more than 60 The ratio of 1 : 5 prevalence in the female]*; is symmetrically paralleled by the case in-, cidcnce of 15 females and 3 males in die, There are possibly two reasonable expla nations for such a marked discrepancy. First, fjhe medical diagnosis could have been wrong 3. Other vital organs may show varying degrees of primary type of involvement. days without A.E.C. specific approval. non-occupational group associated with tire, H!$n any given number of cases. The second 4. The clinical syndrome is non-specific, 3. Monthly average concentration in excess of 0.05 micrograms/M' calls for cessation of operations until corrective measures arc taken to reduce the level to at least 0.01 micrograms/M'. specific refinery. It is readily apparent thal a dose-response curve will not apply. Dr.. Lichen, currently doing an epidemiological study in the area of the major beryllium^ producer, has indicated an occupational in-: cidence of 0.5 |icr cent and also has noted? npoisibility is rather provocative. It embraces the philosophy that if the diagnosis of bcryl- jwnm associated respiratory disease was v theoretically correct, the medical observer ,|Was actually seeing, not the acute type as described in this treatise, but rather an ami is that associated with "capillary alveo lar block." 5. The chest rociitgeiiogram is non specific for the purpose of establishing a firm diagnosis. Incidence: Statistical Reports a predilection for incidence in the female.*. aprupt onset of the chronic type of 6. The histopatholngical expression of A beryllium-associated disease case registry is sponsored by the United States Atomic Energy Commission in order to coordinate and evaluate the statistical data generated The medical director for a fluorescent phos-'j beryllium-associated respiratory disease. This, plior producer, whose experience has pro-]'; v ^ would be analogous to the insidious and duccd the largest single group of chronic' 8? Culminating classification applied to the acute cases, indicates an over-all incidence of" beryllium chemical pnciimonopathy. granulomatosis offers a more reliable diag nosis criterion, but is not uniquely s|iccilic. 7. The detection of beryllium in body fluids or tissue is irrefutable evidence of throughout the United States. The registry approximately 1 per cent. The predilection', . 'The case distribution by sex is 200 male exposure but, in itself, not diagnostic. lias been managed by Dr. Harriet L. Hardy, currently associated with the Medical De partment, Occupational Medical Service, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam bridge, Massachusetts. The first published reports on the data came out in 1961 in a monograph entitled "Toxicity of Beryllium Compounds," authored by Drs. Tcppcr and Hardy and Mr. Chamberlin. Some altera tions in these data have been presented by for female attack in the latter group would; not be apparent because the labor force was predominantly female. The monograph data indicates an 83 per cent incidence in tbe^ female among the 46 noil-occupational cases.* The author of this report has observed* another rather unexpected feature in the 22J definite, probable or |iossihlc chronic casaft on The Brush Beryllium Company rosler.|j| Puzzled by tile absence of any evidence of ;*d 195 female. The casc distribution by ' type of industry is listed as 236 or 56.2 per ..pent in the fluorescent phosphor production use, 74 or 17.6 per cent in metallurgy and ^Melal working, 46 or 11 per cent in the non' occupational group, 36 or 8.6 per cent in \\ beryllium refining, 25 or 6 jrer cent in ccra- ';n*csl and 3 or 0.7 per cent in toxicological Lltsearcli. 1 lie total of 420 is not in agree- 8. Epidemiological evidence indicate that licrylliosis presents certain features that are indicative or suggestive of host-sensitivity. These evidences include: a) a relatively low incidence, approxi mately I per cent, in three geographi cal areas where the exposure numbers were adequate for coui|iarativc studies. l)r. Harriet Hardy in her article entitled, "Beryllium Case Registry Progress Report: 1962," in the "Archives of Environmental Health" issue of September, 1962. The data in the monograph on the inci chronic casc disease incidence in loiig-tenM' employees, a complete study of the exposure time factor was made on all employed This study indicated, in the cases of chronic disease, a minimum of 56 hours exposure ,<itent with the total of 395 listed in the Ixisic gJtoUl incidence table. There is a footnote in ~',t*ferencc to the indicated total of 420 to the /elect that "25 exposed in more than one fmdustry". h) a remarkable absence of a doseresponse curve that would have to lie present if the problem were simply that of an element nr compound in- ' toxical ion or poisoning. dence of the "acute" type of respiratory beryllium associated disease indicates a total of 249 cases.- Case incidence distribution by the type of industry is documented as 214, or 89.9 per cent in beryllium refining, 18, or 8.4 per cent in metallurgy or metal work a maximum of 1054 hours exposure, . prior to the adoption of modern industrial^ hygiene technology. ' Two cases occurred in personnel wli job assignments were in non-product**: areas, but who had need or occasion to enter; 'The case registry data on the age-onset lector is neither informative nor provocasivt The data on ethnic and racial incidence |v not informative nor provocative. There is considerable comment in lilcra- c) a preferential incidence in the female sex. d) a time-exposure factor as detected in (he study of cases generated in a refinery, and ing, 13, or 5.2 per cent in fluorescent phos in or travel through high-level exposure] rtwe regarding the rather unusual labile c) the reports of spontaneous reversions. phor use or production, 3, or 1.2 per cent in ceramics, and 1, or 0.4 per cent in toxico logical research. areas. Although both were long-term fluency or "incubation" period between last ployccs, the study on their occupational " own exposure and the overt clinical niani- mlivities elicited the fact that their lugh-li Illation of thp chronic disease. Analyses of Only the latter evidence could be equivocal on the basis that such instances were erroneous diagnoses. 56 57 OFFICERS OF THE l Membership Committee--V. C. Gaugukii (Chairman), Dir. of Safety, Sherwin-Williams I Co., Chicago, III.; G. G. Fleming, Dir. of Safety, Celancsc Corp. of America, Char* CHEMICAL SECTION lotle, N. C. tS(/uttVr Analysis and Safety Awards Committee--T. J. Lanigan (Chairman), Safely NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 tv Specialist, Safely & Security Defense Systems Dept., General Electric Co., Syracuse, |i N. Y.; F. E. Macaui.ey, Safety Supvr., Wyandotte Chemical Corp., Wyandotte, Mich.; K C M. Oi.son, Supvr. Health & Snfely, Eastern Chemical Div., Hooker Chemical Corp., P. Niagara Falls, N. Y.; M. A. Snell, Supvr. of Technical Services, Hartford Accident & itntral Chairman--E. R. Wallace, Senior Safety Engr., Industrial Safety Dept., AccM k;/ Indemnity Co., Hartford, Conn. Prevention Sec., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. K I "ice Chairman in Charge of Program--G. R. Cummings, Head, Safety and Industrial Hygienl Dept., Eli Liiiy & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. > 41 Of-the-Job-Committee--M. Krikorian (Chairman), safety Engr., Reynolds Metals Co., $ Richmond, Va.; J. B. Black, Safety Officer, National Institutes of Health, Plant Safely ^ Branch, Bcthesda, Ma.; W. L. Tisdale, Mgr., l'ro|>crty Conservation, Midland Div., SvThe Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. Secretary--). J. Pkabulos, Suprvg. Safety Dir., National Distillers and Chemical New York, N. Y. I1 t ttion Committee--*F.. G. Mkitf.k, PIlD. (Chairman), Dir., Industrial Hygiene Services, K",. Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, Wis.; *11. H. Fawcett, Consulting Engr., Lalioralnry and Pilot Plant Sub-Section--W. S. Wood (Chairman), Safety Engr., Re and Development Div., Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa.; EL L. Stout (Chairman-Elet Safety Engr., Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. M.; L. C Wb (Secretary), Safely Dir., General Offices Research Center, Monsanto Chemical ( St. Louis, Mo. $ ^Research Laboratory, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.; *C. A. 11chert, Safety Supvr., Ethyl Corp., Baton Rouge, La. Kmitwling Committee--*H. II. Fawcett (Chairman), Consulting Engr., Research Lab oratory, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.; *K. O. Mkitkr, Dir., Industrial Jj:Hygicnt Services, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, Wis.; *A. B. Ritter, newsletter neering Committee--H. & Loss Control W. Rappi*, Div., The Jr. (Chairman), Suprvg. Chemical Engr., Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.; Enp>'j A. R] Bt; Safety W; Engr., Hercules Research Center, Wilmington, Del. Christian, Corporate Safety Engr., American Viscose Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; J. H.' flMraVi/i and Planning Committee--*S. F. Spence (Chairman). Dir.. Safely ami Iai Rominf., Safety Dir., Research & Development Dept., Phillips Petroleum Co., Barlkt-j Freieiilion, American Cyanamid Co.. Wayne, N". J.; *G. L tiemnm, Mgr. Safrtr A ville, Okla. ' > Fire Protection, Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. . -}iEngineering Committee--H. A. Voi.tz (Cha.irman), Safely Di.r., Callery Chemi.cal (a! fj/rilory Committee--*K. H. Alhissek, Safety Mgr., Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J.; Muskogee, Okla.; *A. L. Conn, Dir. of Industrial Safety, Kodak Park Works, EasWil p. *J. E. Nichols, Dir. of Safely, Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Va. Kodak Co., Richester, N. Y.; A. L. Hf.f.seman, Chief Safety Engr., Lockheed PtY-* pulsion, Redlands, Calif.; E. Levens, Mgr., Safely, American Potash and Client* I^Mn/achirm# Chemists' Assn., Inc. Representative--F. G. Stephenson, Secretary, Safely Corp., Los Angeles, Calif. til faml Fire Protection Committee, Manufacturing Chemists' Assn., Inc., Washington, D. C. Mdic Relations Committee-^ P. Osti (Chairman), Safely Engr., Charles Pfizer Representative-). T. S.edlkcki, National Safety Ccmnril Chicago 111 Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y.; P. C. Lamh, Safety Adm., Lever Bros. Co., New York, N. YJ;. * c,y Um;,K0- 111 Technical Publications Committee--R. M. Nearv (Chairman), Safely Codes Dept., lM*il EM General Chairmen Carbide Corp., New York, N. Y.; P. J. McDonough, Mgr. of Loss Prevention, ChesM cals Div., Olin Malhieson Chemical Corp., New York, N. Y.; D. T. Smith, StpU Protection Div., Employee Relations Dept., Chambers Works, E. I. du Pont de Ner~& Co., Penns Grove, N. J. //rti/ffi Coiiiniiffee--J. A. Houghton (Chairman), Supvr., Industrial Chemical Senna; Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston. Mass.; E. L. Alpal'gh. Industrial Hygiexjbj International Harvester Co.. Clricago, III.; R. E. Hawkissox. Industrial Hygiene Err, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, Wis.; D. J. Killsn', M.D., Aleefical Texas Div., Tbc Dow Chemical Co., Freeport, Texas. ' Training Aids Committee--G. L. Feazkll (Chairman), Dir. for Safety, U. S. Army TtM and Evaluation Command. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.; *J. R. Boi.lman, Safety DK* The Proctor St Gamble Co., Ivorydale Technical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Meyers, Asst. Mgr., Safety & Fire Protection Div., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & f* Jne,, Wilminp'''", Del, is; 00047') v; s OFFICERS OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 | General Chairman--'Robert A. Wendeix, Chief, Safety Branch, U. S. Army _ Division, South Atlantic, Atlanta, Georgia ' "4 Vice-General Chairman--*tFrederick II. Deki;, Mgr., Accident & Irirc Prevention National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies, Chicago 6, Illinois General Secretary--`Robert .1. Massman, Safely Engineer, Massman Construct1 Kansas City, Mo. Assistant General Secretary--Fred A. Hornsby, Jr., Product Line Manager, Min^' Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Divisions--Building--Ciiari.es W. Borden, Jr. (Chairman), Director of Safety! ing, Minneapolis, Minn.; Patrick Voi.pe (Engineering Vice-Chairman), Safety! John A. Volpe Constr. Co., Inc., Malden, Mass.; JJohn D. Bonham (En First Vice-Chairman), Supervising Engineer, Joyce & Co., Chicago, III.; Wc Bryson, Safety Director, Tidewater Construction Co., Norfolk, Va.; Harold F." II, Director, Education, Welfare & Safely, International Hod Carriers & C Laborers Union, Washington, D. C.; W. R. Fitz, Insurance & Safety Manage^ Rust Engineering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Robert Hagopian, Assistant Manager,' dent Prevention Department, New York, N. Y.; Warren C. Hargreaves, Pa & Safety Director, Fruin-Colnon Contracting Co., St. Louis, Mo.; Robert J. Engineering Superintendent, Continental Casualty Co., Chicago, III.; Atnr Muixendore, Assistant Superintendent, Engineering Division, The American Group, Newark, N. J.; J. George Roiiinson, Executive Secretary, Missouri'. Mixed Concrete Association, JcITcrson City, Mo.; Richard E. Schroeder, Insurance Co., Wakefield, Mass.; Donald B. Wii.cox, Professor of Industrial' necring, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Heavy--*Earl W. Wheeler (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Department of Navy," of Yards & Docks, Yards & Docks Annex, Washington, D. C.; George E Am, veering Vice-Chairman), Safety Engineer, United Engineers and Construct, Philadelphia, I'a.; tjosmi F. IIuntman (Engineering First Vice-Chairman, Construction Specialist, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, River Forest, III.; Sam ". Safety Supervisor, Contracting Division, Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburg Carlyle F. Bunn, Chief, Safety Branch, U. S. Army Engineer District, Kanstf Kansas City, Mo.; C. M. Cahiix, Safety Engineer, Massman Construction Co, City, Mo.; R. J. Dougherty, Director of Safely, Slcarns-Rogcr Manufactu' Denver, Colo.; Neil K. Garber, Division Safety Engineer, U. S. Army Division, North Central. Chicago, III.; Eugene C. Gunn, Chief, Safety Brandy Army Engineer Division, Missouri River, Omaha, Nebraska; James D. Holt Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Kenneth A. Hyde, Safety Director, C F;., & Co., Alhambra, Calif.; Clayton C. Kilpatrick, Safety Engineer, MacL Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.; T. J. Laskowski, Project Safety Engineer, 0t Constructors, Orovillc, Calif.; Howard S. Latham, Bureau Safety Engineer,1" of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.; Eric L. Pedley, Pedlcy-Knowles & Co., San Fr Calif.; William T. Rogers, Safety Director, Hbasco Services Inc., New York, Arthur * Sciimuiil, Mgr. Safely and Training Dept., The Associated G .tractors of America, Inc.. Washington, D. C. U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, k| Safety, Morrison-Knudscn Co., Inc., Boise, Idaj 000480 i'lC i Wakefield, Chief, Safely llrafarj, Jerome I. Williams, Directed otf F. , ' ( .fact ' rr:^i Mt(ktm.v--Ei.i.iott R. Martin (Chairman), Safety Director, Hendrickson Bros., Inc., '.Valley Stream, N. Y.; Roy D. Woodworth (Engineering Vice-Chairman), Supervisor, Const ruction Service, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass.; fFREii J. Boles "(Engineering First Vice-Chairman), Mgr., Safety ICngr. Dept., Marsh & McLennan, 'ne., Chicago, Illinois; W. D. Brunig, Safety Director, D. W. Wiukclmnn Co., Inc., Syracuse, New York; Homer F. Clark, Safety Officer, Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. C.; Wm. S. Derrick, Engineer, Georgia Slate Highway Dept., Atlanta, Ga.; Frank R. Dwyf.r, Supervisor, Standard Accident insurance Co., Detroit, Midi.; J. D. Hodges, Assistant Secretary, Associated General ntractors of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa; Arthur C. Long, Safety Engineer, Brown 4 Root, Inc., Houston, Texas; Dean O. Lundaiil, Mgr., Engineering Department, Standard Accident Insurance Co., Detroit, Michigan; Dale R. Medsker, Dale Mcdskcr 4 Associates, Atlanta, Ga.; Robert O. Nimmo, Safety Coordinator, Peter Kicwit Sons' itpany, Omaha, Nebraska; Roy II. Olson, Safely Engineering Consultant, Michigan utual Liability Co., Lansing, Mich.; Ammon Sciireur, Partner, Pickett & Scltrcur, legan, Michigan building--Joltn J. Riley (Chairman), Lalmr Director, National Assoc. nf Home Builders, Washington, D. C.; IRobert I.. Moore (Engineering Vice-Chairman), Snpl. Engineers, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago, III.; Louts J. Sitcii, Safety rector, Date Bcllamah Homes, Albtmiticrquc, N. M.; Heruert R. Westi.unii, Chief Safety Engineer, Argonaut Underwriters Inc., Menlo Park, Calif. # ~~lty--T. S. McKosky (Chairman), Supervisor of Erection Safety, Bethlehem Steel Ctx, Bethlehem, Pa.; Sam Fife, Jr. (Engineering Vice-Chairman), Safely Engineer, Jumpers Co., Inc., i'.ngr. & Conslr. Division, Pittsburgh, Pa.; IMartin F. Mulhai.l Engineering First Vice-Chairman), Manager, Safety Engineering Dept., Fred S. imes & Company, Chicago, III.; J. Roland Carr, Editor, lviiginecring News-Record, kago, III.; II. Earl F'ui.lilove, Chairman, Board of Governors, Building Trades ployers' Assil; New York, N. Y.; Charles J. Hart, Research Engineer, National `triad Contractors Assil, Iiic., Washington, J). C.: Frank T. House, Sales Pro"ion Manager, Ihieyrus-Krir Co., South Milwatike , Wis.; E. F'. Jones, Manager, Erection Labor Sr Safety, Combustion Engineering Inc., Windsor, Conn.; I. J. Kelley, Safety Sniiervisnr, M. W. Kcllog (,'n., New York, N. Y.; Warime W. King, (Thief, sfety Branch, U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific, Portland, Oregon; Alt. C. Lavkrv, Safely Engineer, Houston Contracting Co., Houston, Texas; Henry IT. Perez, Editor, Construction Methods & ITipiipmctit, New York, N. Y.; Dean W. 'Ward, John F. Beasley Construction Co., Dallas, Texas; Victor FT. Wiiiteiiouse, Director of Safety, folcntalional Brotltcrluiod of Electrical Workers, Washington, J). C.; Everett Witzkl, Eastern District Mgr., IT. D. Itnttard Co., \Vcst|Hirl, Conttccli- ets Coordinator--Kt'iiot.i'ii J. Heiilky, Supervising Construction Engineer, Travelers ""ranee Co., Hartford, Conn. ^ -- (ommiltci Daniki. W. Len.mian (Chairman), Project Engineer, Liberty IftKual Insurance Company, Atlanta, Ga.; Charles W. Boriien, Jr.; Earl W. Wheeler; Fxi.iot R. Martin; T. S. McKosky; John J. Riley 4 --Crship Committer--Gene Wasserman (Chairman), Manager, Cost. Dept., Wcxlcr `RBlntction Co., Inc., Newton Highlands. Mass,; Charles W. Borden, Jr.: Earl 1 Wheeler; Elliot K. Martin; John I. Riley; T. S. McKosky flCEHS OF THE INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 Piesident for Industry and Chairman--Ci.viie: F. Sciilukter, Vice President, ent Prevention, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wis. rmon Sections--J. S. Queeneh (Chairman-Elect), Manager, Safety & Fire P on Div, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. '< irfitim Committees--G. L. Gorbei.i, Manager, Safety & Fire Protection, M: Inimical Co., St. Louis, Mo. clary--Roy G. Besson, Manager, industrial Dept., National Safety Couna!,; ago, III. ' MMITTEE CHAIRMEN ncialions--John Convery, Employee Relations Division, National Association of' facturers. New York, N. Y. ? Ho Visual /fids--W. E. Stuffing, Director of Safety, Carrier Corp., Syracuse^ I. igress Program--R. H. Albisser, Safety Manager, Merck & Co., Inc,, Rahway,- deits and Awards--R Hartman, Assistant Manager, Safely Department, jjSteel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. endive--Clyde F. Schleuter dth--Annf. Kloirkk, R.N., Pahst Brewing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. | Uuhial Safety Training--F.. S. Hannaior, Safely I-'.ngr., I.ong Lines Dept, Telephone &; Telegraph Co, New York, N. Y. iihimical Safeguarding--T. II. Rui.i.ako, Safety Consultant, Willow Grove, ,F j '. - ' sf imitating--Roy P. Hamii.ton, Superintendent of Safety, St. I.otiis-San Fran ! way Co, St. Louis, Mo. iclrnr Energy--D. F. Hayes, Chief. Safety and Fire Protection Branch, U..S. Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. l-The-Job Safety--John E. Smith, Safety Director, Spencer Chemical C linrgh, Kan. search Projects--S. F. Spence, Director, Safety and Loss Prevention, Amerk mid Co, New York, N. Y. < mtlards--A. L. Cohr, Director, Safety &. Fire Protection, Eastman Kodak, ester, N. Y. rrhnienl Publications--R. L. Moorf, Assistant Secretary, Lumbermens Mb Co. & American Motorists Insurance Co, Chicago, III. H rrlCERS OF THE ASSOCIATIONS COMMITTEE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 sum--John M. Convery, Industrial Relations Consultant, National Association of Manufacturers, New York, N. Y. 1 ^Chcii/rmw--Robert II v.opian, Assistant Manager, Aeridenl Prevention Dept, Assotion of Casually ami Surety Com|iaiiics, New 'l ink, N. Y. sl-Wcst Region--Dan Auaik, Coord, of Safely Aetivilies, Pacific Coast Assn, of p & Paper Mfrs, Portland, Ore.; W. M. Au.isom, Senior Safety Director, British umbia Lumber Manufacturers Association, Vancouver, I!. C, Canada; Kari. A. tton, Dir. of Public Relations, Steel Plate Fabricators Assii, Chicago, III.; It. L. "manan, Director, t'laiins Div, Pittsburgh .Steamship Div, U. S. Steel Corp, Clcvc, Ohio; Wii.mam M. C.m.iiwku, Asst. Secy, Gray Iron Founders' Society, lor, eland, Ohio; Jefferson I), Keith, Managing Dir, American Metal Stamping i, Cleveland, Ohio; Frank I.vi'ehkr, Dir. of Safety, Nationwide Insurance Co, snbus, Ohio; J. Nkii. Moore, Seev, Greater Chicago Hotel Assn, Chicago, III.; . ,\V. L. Tutms (ret.). Laguna Beach, Calif. if _ I Region--Victor S. Coi.es, Dir. of Safely, Iahc7. Burns and Sons fur. New *k,, N. Y.; Marion F, Martin, Commissioner of Labor & Industry, Stale of Maine, isla, Maine; K. II. Reeves, General Mgr, Lumbermen's Safely \ssii.. Tmonio, Canada; John II. Sexton, Secy, Pennsylvania Mfrs. Assn, Philadelphia, I'a.; Moore E. Vei.tfort, Managing Dir, Copper & Brass Research Assn., New York, N. Y. [.Atlantic Region--Santo J Barca, Asst. Director. Can Manufacturers Institute, "'Washington, D. C.; Josefil II. Col.yuirr, Secy, National Assn, of Refrigerated houses, Washington, I). C. ; P. W, Losan, Dir. of Assn. Activities, Liberty Mu Insuraurr Co, Atlanta, f ni.; James P. Low, Manager, Assn. Service Dept, d_;r of Commerce of the U. S, Washington, D. C.; John Moiiay. Asst. Ksrc. , National ludependeot M rat Pac kers Association, Washington, I >. C.; Aliu.Hr ` stachkr, Asst. Gen. Mgr , National Assn, of Bedding Mfg, Washington, D. C.; Ua Smith, Safely Ihr, K'.astern Gas & Furl Associates, Mount Hope, W. Va.; Wknbki.i, Chief, Safely liraiirh, U. S. Army Engineer Division, South AlAtlanta, Ga. Oresciitalivc-- Paiu. K. Shkffarp. Director, Associations Divisioi PLAN NOW TO ATTEND THE 1963 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Culminating the Golden Anniversary . Year of Safety and Beginning the Second Half-Century of Safety OCTOBER 28-31, 1963 CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, CHICAGO You will want to attend the 1963 Congress which starts the second fif years of the organized safety ment. The Congress is always a ' week, a worthwhile week for sal people. But this 1963 Congress- especially important to you and other 10,000 safety people who att*. Because many of the programs, mee& ings and discussions will focus on I next fifty years of safety, its probl? its challenges. ' At the '63 Congress you will meet other safety people, with the am< problems and responsibilities as yoor| self. You will exchange views aoi] ideas on accident prevention, health hygiene, and fire prevention . . . OR safety in industry, traffic, scltool, tL home and on the farm. You will sei the largest of all safety cquipmat exhibits at the Congress, an oppetf lunity for you to make wcll-infonntdj buying decisions for your comp This four-day educational prog planned and presented by the Nati Safety Council, can be your I thought-provoking, most worlht safely experience in 1963 ... an spiration for the exciting, challenger years ahead for everyone in safety, Make plans early to attend the .IS Congress and bring all the other pel pic in your organization who hni safely responsibilities. 00048/ INDUSTRIAL HYGIE By HENRY F. SMYTH, JR. SEwi-*-*''"' Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. Spo you often sec an industrial hygienist p your work place? They arc not very ` "datit. In the United Stales there is one about 40,000 employed persons, and there even fewer in the rest of the world. Wc e more corporation presidents than we e industrial hygienists. An industrial hy"rast need not be conspicuous when lie is work. Tltcre might iiavc been one doing !t job in your shop last week without vtmr g him. Hut wlictlicr you've seen him trot, it is likely that you will live-longer ` be more useful if an industrial hygienist ' looked over your shot), made reenmnblions to management about your work- conditions, convinced them, and seen t.liis recommendations were carried out. cussed the effects of lead poisoning among milters and metallurgical workers. An early example of tltc preventive efforts nc call industrial hygiene can lie found in Pliny's description of industrial operations during the first century after Christ, lie relates that workers refining mercury pill bladders over Ihc fare to avoid breathing the dust. Agrieola, describing Ihc mining industry of the fifteen hundreds, related that some women in the Carpathian mountains had as many as seven husbands during their lifetime, the men living of lung diseases from the dust they breathed in the mines.1" lie described machines which were some times used for forcing fresh air down into the mines to control temperature ami humid icrc is some disagreement ahonl the ity, and li reduce the breathing of dust. : "industrial hygiene" and the profesial title "industrial hygienist." On this turning's program Floyd Van Alla's re ' ks arc tilled occupational health, al The firs' comprehensive treatise on occu pational discasrs was written in 1700 by lleriiardim Kamazziui, a physician of Mo ii his own title is industrial hygienist. M, remarks arc titled industrial hygiene, t the department in which I work is idcii:J as cltriuical hygiene. Don howler is ' f to talk ahonl industrial health. Inn own title is industrial hygienist. Ail '. wider variety of names might have dem, in Italy, lie paints a rather dark picture of the health of workers, as follows: Vat-inns unit manifold Is the harvest of diseases reaped liy certain workers from tin- crafts amt trades flint they pursue; all the luofll that they gel Is fatal injury to their health. That crop germinates mostly, t think, from two emtses. The first mid most potent Is llie haritiftO character of Iho umteiiiils ::rrd- environmental hygiene, or cnvirimUl sanitation would he considered apprn" `e by some people. AH o( these names mean the same thing, promotion of ellieient. useful work with ly harmful malciials, without injury Ting. There is some precedent for the Hint tlioy handle, for lliese emit iiokImin vnpors amt very ftioi pnrtleles In Indent to Immnn lu-lngs amt Indore imrlleutar diseases; llie se<-on<t eatisc ascribe to rerlnln violent and Irregu lar motions and minaturnt postures of the body, by reason of which the nnlurnl slencttire of the vital nmelitun ts so Impaired Hint serious diseases gradunify develop tlieeefeom.m ` ' "an S|ieaking of his activities as tli- After discussing earlier treatises which men loward health, while the ciigiiil'br tion troubles of miner-, he writes : thcniist works at hygiene. ' seems to me that disability or di-ease ! have been caused by occupation ever We should not assume that millers in Hie mines nowadays are really belter I rented, for though they are well protected with clothes amt nour ished hy suitable food, they come up /mankind became sufficiently social for division of labor, for specialization. Pus * the paleolithic makers of Hint arrow sutlercd from silicosis half a million i ago. We know that some industrial into the untainted open sir looking ns ghastly as the retinue of the god of the millet win Id because of their stay In those font dark places. Whatever metal they tulue. they invite dveadfut diseases which ton often mock at every remedy, even supposing, that some suitable remi'ily Is iltily (jle.-'rfibril; :;s were recognized a long time ago. g in the fourth century before Christ, rales, the father of medicine, dis though It would Seem to he a uuestloii wind tier It can be considered a pious duly to administer uieillciit alii--amt ti-hlullls.'o'pl iotmig their lives to the bitter t 1962 National Softly Cmiytrss Although Ramazzilii's bonk is primarily alioiit llic recognition and treatment of dis eases caused by the occupations, scattered through it tire descriptions of actions taken to prevent disease, such as: turning the face away from a source of dust or vapor, wear ing a mask of bladder or glass to reduce inhalation of dust, working only short! shifts in hot or particularly dusty locations, pro vision of fans to blow cool clean air over the workers, and provision of clean clothing to reduce the lead exposure of painters. It is not clear whether these precautions, which are among those now recommended by in dustrial hygienists, were devised by workers trying to increase their own comfort and safely, or by supervisors trying to obtain greater production. In any event, it is only recently that industrial hygiene has been the full-time concern of specifically desig nated and trained people. Today the requirements of industry bring an adult worker for one-fourth of his life into a substantially constant environment, where hour after hour and day after day lie performs the same task, often with the possibility of contacting and absorbing the chemicals with which he works. He handles not only the traditional dangerous materials of the medieval artisan, but also many newly created materials. Some, Ire uses in quanti ties which would have been incredible a few centuries ago; the total number of indus trial workers today would have been in credible then, loo. It might be thought that the industrializa tion of trades would have increased the frequency of injuries from chemicals but such is not the ease, largely because of the Irocly of principles and experience known as industrial hygiene. The assembly of workers into factories where large groups handle the same materials for long periods can actually lie beneficial to health, compared to condi tions in the shops of the artisans. Problems arc created but others arc solved. Workers using potentially dangerous chemicals are now accessible to careful medical observation for the detection of adverse rcs|xm<e at stages where the effects are still reversible. Supervision is available for instruction in safe working methods. Installations arc planned for safe operation and, when no other means will serve, protective equip ment is provided and maintained by experts. Today the i"',uslriid porker is much less ': e . &y** likely to be injured than was bis utdot fore-runner in similar occupations. Bat if situation of today does not justify ccucy. Much remains to Ik done, lit); ticular, agricultural workers, mainte and repair men have not benefitted in j portion to those ill factories. Methods'' communicating what is known have not ` devised to reach these workers. Iinpti incuts in the health of workers are proportional to the size of the grou" which they labor. The thing which was not chair in Rai: ziui's time, or until very recently, :*' identify and measure each |>ossib!y injo contaminant and stress in the working ' vironinenl. With measurement it liossihlc to compare cx|iosiircs in diffa shops doing similar work, and to useful records of experience. By comp of present measurements with recorded pericucc, or with the conclusions of r^ on new substances and situations, (lie fc trial hygienist tries to anticipate andt prevent harmful conditions, lie applies; treds to imlcutially injurious situations, order to prevent the occurrence of " or of discomfort sufficient to reduce wo; efficiency. The accumulation of experience (re of. measurements of substances and sti in work places, related to the present*" absence of effects oil health) has our conviction, that any substance or p ran he safely utilized in industry, ifJ use is sufficiently important to lie worth cost of protecting (lie workers. This's, basic vicw|mint of industrial hygiene# , anything can lie safely used. The cotf vnlved may he that of equipment, for ventilation, or it may be that of creased productivity, perhaps localise of inefficiency of oiK-ration through remote,^ trols, or when burdened with prJ ' clothing, masks, or respirators. The demand for persons trained t^!,, industrial hygienists arose because of(' isissage of workmen's compensation? ' These laws could never have been ." or enforced if people bail not begun.fc' the self-centered altitudes of (lie jungly, men of good will bad not become in all walks of life. It bad In I cvptcd dial the employer lias a respi to see that the work lie pays for done in reasonable, romforl, without/ f, i. 000483' % si'. vffV iwrtr-V' : l-nhor Ctmftrtntu `to (lie worker. The new laws implemented the already agreed upon responsibilities. The :ttnployer needed a specialist to help lum 'discharge his responsibilities; gnvnunieiit.il agencies needed specialists to. guide some loyers and to monitor all. Tims arose need which the industrial hygienist fills, te name "industrial hygiene" was sulli(Senlly well-known early in this century for American Public Health Association to -blisli an Industrial Hygiene Section ill _M, for the U.S. Public Health Service 'use it as part of the name of a division 1915, and for the Journal of Industrial jgiene to be founded in 1919. Industrial ienists bad a sufficient sense of common est and unique purpose to establish the "rican Conference of riovcrnmcntnl In rial Hygienists in 19.18, and (lie AntcriIndustrial Hygiene Association in 19J9. The JCviticmM is one mrndter of: the giotrjr iiriosc joint efforts arc required' for the maintenance of occupational health Others of the group are the physician, the muse and the worker himself. Each has his unique responsibilities, and one cannot perform Hie functions of another. The in dustrial hygienist studies the work opera tions and processes; lie knows all of llic materials and equipment used, the products and byproducts, and their possibilities for injury to health. He measures the magnitude of the cx|iosure of workers, or of the public, to possibly harmful substances or inllticnces, or to nuisances, lie is particularly attentive to: 1. Vapors, gases, mists or dusts in llic atmosphere--both those which may lie in jurious and those which arc only unpleasant. The members of these organizations now 2. Temperature, humidity and air move ,rd themselves as constituting a profes- ment. 1 Like the older professions, they arc 3. Noise--both audible and supersonic- ' g various steps to assert their profes- ami vibration. al status. Through technical committees *nr are collecting, organizing and publish- *" lor themselves the facts which they ile in their activities. Through a ccrli- : board they arc conferring recognition colleagues of demonstrated competence, ,'-ig thereby to discourage the activities incompetent pretenders. They arc taking P to set the standards for (lie education 'their successors. One distinction between a craft or trade 4. Radiations surli as short radio waves, beat, light, ultra violet, x-rays, and tln>-c from nuclear decay. The industrial hygienist likewise considers the less measurable conditions of the work itself, such as: 1. Physiological stresses from physical exertion and abnormal |Kislurcs. 2. Psychological stresses from monotony or tension. ` a profession is that the practitioners of oftssion feel that their work is devoted fart to some high purpose in (he public "--est. The lawyer feels that his profes- works for justice, the journalist for the physician for individual health. The industrial hygienist may analyze blood, urine, expired air, fingernails, hair, and like biological materials, when this will assist ill determining the amounts of substances which the worker meets ill the working environ ment as an index of the need for rnulrol, :>lrial hygiene is one of several nun- or of the success of controls already insti leal professions which work together for tuted. Similar tests which may lie done to 'lie health; it concentrales on the not determine the slate of health of the individ r>ificaiil area of occupational health, on ual worker are the responsibility of the '^control of the industrial environment to physician. ; efficient and healthful work. Industrial The hygienist interprets the results of his has recently Ivccn defined as the : and art devoted to the recognition, lation, and control of those cnvironincn\ factors or stresses, arising in or from work place, which may cause sickness, `red health and well-being, or significant fort and inefficiency among workers among the citizens of the community..... examinations in terms of the ability of the working environment, or of the working methods, to reduce efficiency, to impair health nr to create nuisances. The data with which he coni|iarcs his results to judge whether tolerable or undesirable conditions exist are die accumulated and recorded experiences of industrial hygienists, occupational physi cian. and research woikcrs in the 'cdical 7 IQ62 National Safely Co>iyi't'.<< sciences. Figures relating to the concentra tions of substances tliat may lie inlialctl at work without effect arc known as threshold limits. I am not certain that industrial hygienists modifications in layout which will allow eOtt- \ trol of possible hazards to health more eco- j! 'nomirally than would he possible in a i;- already constructed shop. In regard to toxic substances required in the operation, the recommendation will con-..',i| have sufficient agreement concerning their objectives to offer a sound guide to those who decide upon threshold limit values. I sist of .suggesting some way in which the TJ amount of substance reaching the worker Jj can be reduced, without reducing the output, dj quoted an official definition of industrial hy of the shop. This might Ire as simple >s '`a] giene to the effect that it is devoted to the furnishing a cover for a vat of volatile SH control of factors that may cause impaired solvent, to reduce vajrors in the air, or pro- fll health among workers. I wonder if this viding a bland hand cleaner so that the..11 implies the full WHO definition of health as worker can wash without using a harmfuliS the stale of complete physical, mental and and expensive solvent. It might be as conHjB social well-being, not merely the absence pie-x ns installation of locai exhaust veiitili-lH of disease or infirmity? Furthermore, docs industrial hygiene aim to protect every single working person, no matter how susceptible lion to remove vapors or dusts at theirnfl source, Iteforc they can he breathed. As a|H last resort, efficiency of work may have 109] he may be? Or does it aim to prevent injury he threatened by recommending rcspiratun.'fi to 95 per cent of the working imputation, relying upon pre-employment examination by the occupational physician to keep the 5 per cent of most susceptible persons out of the working area? Until we have agree ment on this point, wc will have uncertainty among those trying to decide on safe ex- tmstirc value. ami protective clothing. I have been speaking as if industrial hjd|S] gienc is practiced by a single man *h*,Jm knows all the answers himself. In son*Jjffj organizations this is the case. A singk^l liersnn is engaged in the cotnprehcnsitt'Sl practice of industrial hygiene. 1 Ic may hzwTl lieen originally trained as a chemist, a pltj>;jl I myself think (hat industrial hygiene aims to control exposure to the extent that Almost cist, an engineer or even as a biologist; he is sufficiently exiiericnccd in other artatsj no workman can snlft'r discomfort or ad to handle all the parts of most any situatiMsf] verse effect, and that effects in the most himself--he identifies suspicious substaxtsjH susceptible develop so slowly that they will or stresses; lie measures environmental a*,|0 he delected by the alert occupational physi ditious; lie plans and recommends contrtfjfl cian before they are irreversible. The degree measures; he monitors their continued wmB of control the rest of the world expects is eessful operation. At times he cnromrtofaj illustrated by a possibly true story one bears from various sources. The foreign produc tion engineer was being shown through an American storage battery plant. It was root, scrupulously clean, without a trace' of visible dust, windows sparkled, and work men were dressed in absolutely clean while coveralls, caps and gloves. The visitor looked alwul in amazement. He said he had seen nothing like it at home, for after-all, ''mak ing lead batteries is not a tea parly." The industrial hygienist should report his conclusions directly to management. At limes, his recommendations for new installa conditions which lie realizes could he lumWtSj heller by others, and then lie secures sped*) ized consultation. In other organizations, industrial is hnndlcil by a group. One man, who spftjH ciali/es in the acoustical aspects of iwlitsriafB hygiene, will he measuring noise level^ ml distribution in octave bauds, and may kK recommending control measures. Anotfcfjfl man may practice the air |u>llutiou aspettfl primarily enm-erned with monitoring Jjigfl controlling the air borne wastes of the Ma that reach (lie surrounding areas. AnoMH may concentrate on the chemical -atfCltfl tions or changes in working procedures to recognizing and measuring gases, vapor*Wj reduce unhealthy stresses will he feasible dusts in the environment. Alt enginuiijfl without undue expense or reduction in pro specialist may he primarily concerned ductivity. In the most desirable situation, illumination, with heat and with ventUwl his assignment has been the study of blue tu control exposure to substance*. A ml prints, for the construction of a new work in the radiological area may be coxahdM place. In f instance, lie may suggest 00048-1 _ [.aborCoiifcrcnrc with the invisible, hut harmful, forces in indiisfry, ,'huf the former. Irak a more x-ray and the newer nuclear both m_o_n_i_to__ri_n,,g .a..m...i contruoil.. ik.SJ-gitmiclliic.ariintnlmi| wi"'T`daentgafieleJdbf'piaercsloonrhal. knowledge o^Jj ' - 1 * c . i'll narrower hygienist may practice the toxicological as- ( |invc (rjci| |0 give yon sonic idea of P:ts, the effects of foreign substances on the body--ordinarily divided into toxicology, physiology, pathology, biochemistry anil the lilk^e*-. wjmt industrial hygiene is, anil wltal the industrial hygienist docs to control the haz- ards and stresses of industrial operations, i.i>kc everyone else t-it mod-ern c-ivilization, the Different organizations may find it ncrcs- industrial hygienist is one of a team, ami *ary or practical to utilize different combinations of these specialists within a s|ieciality_ , dempen_d_inpg volnl it,h,we ipno/jsosiitb/ilte; nhialAztallrUdhs Uolf ItIh1Ce industrial operations being carried out. The this team's success is related to the degree to which its members work together, Reference .profession regards a man whose experience ha* been almost entirely confilrcil to one (aspect of industrial hygiene as being every Tdt as qualified, ns distinguished, as the man 'whose experience has been in the rompre- y.liensive practice of industrial hygiene. The biter may he (icrsoually familiar with a j^wider variety of possibly injurious factors t. Agrlcula. G. De Re Metallic*. Translated b19y50H. . C. and I* H. Hoover, Dover, N. Y., 2. Rnmnxzlnt, B. Diseases of Workers. Trans lated by W. C. Wrlglit, Unlv. of Chlcsgo Press, Chicago, lit., 1910, p. 5. 3. Ibid p. 19. 1. AtltA. Dcnnittim. Scope and Functions of Imliislrinl Hygiene. AMirr. /nd. Uyu. Axxnc. J. at: 12R (Del. P.tWI. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH ASPECTS OF LEAD COMPOUNDS By DON G. FOWLER Director of Health and Safety, Lead Industries Association, Inc., New York, N. Y. i ,, Many years ago and up until the early twenties in this country, flic use of lead was <xlra hazardous in industry and poisonings Were the rule. They were expected. Such no longer the case. I am proud to lie ft member of (he profession which had a great deal to ilo with the reversal of this " atkm. lint wc industrial hygienists were alone in our elfoils at reversing the lead siing trend, for this job was a good tple of cooperation by industrial physimj, toxicologists and hygienists. I'crhaps key effort was that of toxicology, anil we proceed further we will understand Ur live reason for saying so. Poe to time limits, it will not be possible proceed to a philosophy of control for hu man exposure in industry which should apply generally. 7'n.viVo/iii;.v Itecansc lead exists everywhere and in all hiolngieal organisms of which wc have knowledge, its control in Ihr human systrm consists first in the recognition in quantita tive maimer of what is normal or usual ami, following this, the measurement qitanlilalivcly of the additional lardy burden int|iosril by the particular exposure. Generally, toxi cologists work with small experimental ani mals such as rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. This is necessary ltecau.se they must over- `rover in a complete manner all of the c.\|xrsc in order to determine toxic ranges "* lead-using industries and the various I methods required to prevent undue : exposure. Therefore, wc will discuss of our knowledge of the effect of on the human system with special c to industrial cx|Ki.surc, and then from harmless to harmful. Ideally, of course, toxicologists should be able to work with human Iteittgs since the effect of the material under investigation always must be related to a human and it is well known that no expi-riim-ntal animal approximates sufficiently the himtaii reaction. n FICERS OF THE LABOR CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 . t'rcsidcnl for Labor--Lloyd D. Utter, Director, Industrial Health & Safety Division,'. United Automobile, Airoraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFLr! CIO, Detroit, Mich. or Conference Chairman--Hunter P. Wiiarton, President, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C. or Conference Vice Chairmtm--Victor Wiiitkiiousk, Safety Director, International brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C. ''or Cimference Secretary--Rom.rt M. Wii.kins, Manager, f.alior Department, Nation?.Safety Council, Chicago, 111. t'or Conference Representatives to N.S.C. Board of Directors--Geori.e T. Brow Deputy Director, Bureau of I^dior Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washing) D. C.; Chari.es Ferguson, Safety Director, United Mine Workers of America, W ington, D. C.; Finlay C. Au.en, 2nd General Vice President, United Brotherhood l Carpenters and Joiners of America, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C.; Hunt II Wharton, President, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, W* " ington, D. C.; John D. Connors, Assistant to President, American Federation of Lab and Congress of Industrial Organizations,-Washington, D. C.; R. J. Lamoureux, Dh rector, Safety and Health Division, National Office, Canada, United Steelworkers i i America, AFL-CIO, CLC, Toronto, Out., Canada. apresenting Slate Labor Departments on Labor Conference Executive Committee--ClAIemit. R. THORNnROUC.il, Cominr., Arkansas Department of Gabor, Little Rock, Ark* hnirmrn of Labor Conference Standing Committees: . I nurds-- Thomas A. Dillon, I' tcrnalional Association of Machinists, Lodge No. 55, Joliet, III.; Congress Program* Dan Sain, Chairman, Health and Safely Committee, United Automobile, Aircraft ; Agricultural Implement Workers of America, Local 599, AFL-CIO, Flint, M I'.recutive--Hunter P. Wharton, President, International Union of Operating itccrs, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C.; Tire Safely--Kihvaku II. Haggerty, Safely R rcsenlalive. International Association of Fire Fighters, AFL-CIO, Cincinnati, Membership--Co-Chairmen: John D. Connors, Assistant to the President, AmerieX Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington, J). C It. J. Lamouneux, Director, Safety and Health Division, National Office, United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, CLC, Toronto, Out., Canada; NormTM --Open; Occupational Health--F. A. Van Atta, Industrial Hygienist, United^ mobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL-CIO, ^ Midi.; Off-lhe-Job--J. George Eiciihorn, Grand Lodge Representative. Interna'' \sm'ialion of Machinists, AFL-CIO, Chicago, III.; I'lanning--Hunter I*. Wha~ President, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. Publications--Gordon Coi.e, Editor, "The Machinist," Washington, D. Radio' Co-Chairmen: Brooks Payne, InlcriialiLnal representative on atomic energy, In _ lional Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, Washington, IX C.; L Swisher, Vice President, Oil, Chemical ami Atomic Workers International U ^ AFL-CIO, Denver, Colo.; Safely Training--Stani.ev J. Butcher, Director, TrC' and Stale Safely Standards, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of ' Washington, lX C.; Stale f.atmr Departments--John R. Kumhi., Special Rep live. Safely and Compensation. United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Wodjetl^ America, AFL-C Akron, Ohio. ." 000485 FFICERS OF THE MARINE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 \ ntral Chairman--Capt. K. E. Mackf.y, Asst. Mgr., Operations, Marine Dept., Texacq Iitc., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Liaison Committee for Cargo Ship anti H. Smith, Mgr, Safely Dept, United Slates P. 0C04S(> . . . V< er, llisrnssioit Groups Capt. R." "Xjjcncy, Inc, New .York. N.Yt (Vice General Chairman (Gulf Area)--Robert Rai ' . New Orleans, La. WNVes'vLjkcx Itrrv. S S cmf it 'Vice General Chairmen (Pacific Area)--Lawrence C. Forii (Chairman), Pres., Califorf nia Shipping Co, San Francisco, Calif.; Stanley Powei.i, Jr, I'rcs, Matson Navi- gallon Co, San Francisco, Calif.; Capt. T. C. Conwei.i, Vice Pres, Ship Opcrai lions, American President Lines, San Francisco, Calif. cemtive General Chairman--D. L. Buchanan, Dir., Claims Div., Pittsburgh S. S. Dit, l). S. Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio crelary--C. Bradford Mitchei.l, Dir., Public Relations,. American Merchant Marine Institute, Inc., New York, N. Y. (jl'iYe General Chairman (Great Lakes .Iren) John L. Horton, Asst. Mgr, Marine Hc|rf,, ! Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co, Cleveland, Ohio !*' *'i * * Vice General Chairmen (Inland H'o/ertvays)-- F. A. Meciii.ing, Vice Pros, A. L. Mcch- '* ling Barge Lines, Joliet, III.; Wm. C. McNkai, Oil Trans|iort Co, New Orleans, La. blur, Marine Newsletter--VV. D. I.iniisay, Dir. of Safety, United States Lines, New York, N. Y. ' hniriinin, Nominating Committee--W. L. Bum., fixer. Vice I'rcs., American Export Lilt Hew York, N. Y. ' Injury Committee (Past General Chairmen)--R. W. Berry (Chairman), Asst. Vkt J'res, United Fruit Co., Boston, Mass.; W. L. Bull, Exec. Vice Pres., American Ex port Lines, New York, N. Y.; R. E. O'Brien, Vice Pres., Moore-McCormack Lino,_ New York, N. Y.; L. If. Quackenbush, Vice Pres., States Marine Lines, New York, N. Y.; Capt. Jones F. Devlin, Jr., Vice Pres., United States Lines, New York, N. Y.{ John D. Rogers, Gen. Mgr., Marine Dept., Humble Oil St Refining Co., Houston, Tex.; IIarry X. Kelly, Delta Steamship Lines, Inc., New Orleans, La.; John G. Pew, J Vice Pres., Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Chester, Pa.; Rear Adm. George Wad chock, Exec. Vice Pres., Farrell Lines, New York, N. Y.; Leigh R. Sanford, Shipv builders Council of America, Pelham Manor, N. Y.; Louis B. Pate, Consultant, Natl! Cargo Bureau, San Francisco, Calif.; Rear Aiim. Robert C. Lf.e, Chairman, Moore*; McCormack Lines, New York, N. Y.; Vice Adm. Imiwarii C. Holden, Jr., IJSNH, Ket, Vice-Pres., International Cargo Gear Bureau, Inc., New York, N. Y. i* ilininislrative Consultant--II a hold M. Wick, Port Washington, Long Island, N. Y. irr General Chairman (Safety of Life at Sea)--Adm. E. J. Rot.anii, U.S.C.G., Cora-' niamlant, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C. 'ssislant to Pice General Chairman--("apt. A. H. McComii, Jr., U.S.C.G., Chief, !aIcrnalinnnl Maritime Safely Coordinating Staff, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C in- General Chairmen (Atlantic Area)--John II. Baker, Asst, to Pres., Todd Ship yards Corp., New York, N. Y.; If. G. Hopwood, Vice Pres, and Operating Mp, Grace Line, New York, N. Y.; C. L. Boyi.e, Vice Pres., Transportation, Sun Oil O Philadelphia, Pa.; W. N. Da monte, Vice Pres, and Mgr., Marine Dept., Sinclair R` fining Co., New York, N. Y.; C. J. Meli.endeck, Marine Mgr., Eastern Div, water Oil Co, New York, N. Y.; J. V. C. Malcolmson, Vice Pres, and Gen. Mp. Marine Dept, Texaco Inc, New York, N. Y.; Douglas Mansell, Gen. Mgr, Net York Yards, Bethlehem Steel Co, Shipbuilding Div, Hoboken, N. J.; R. J. Tat Exec. Vice Pres, Luckenbacli S. S. Co, New Y'ork, N. Y.; Charles Scott, Mgr, Marine Transp. Dept, Socony Mobil Oil Co, New York, N. Y.; J. And Asst. Gen, Mgr, Marine Div, Humble Oil & Refining Co, Houston, Tex. (Passenger and Cargo Vessels--Vice General Chairman--Sviiney Bi.acki.kiige, Virc Pres, ,V- American Export Lines, New York, N. Y. if' . ... i^lkmlic Area Cargo Ship Dixrussimi Group--Robert Sniiw (Chairman), Marine Drpt, Isthmian Lines, Inc, New York, N. Y.; Robert Coe (l.'iee Chairman), Safely Dir, t American Export Lines, New York, N. Y. '.Assistant Chairmen--Gulf--Capt. J. B. Rucker, Mgr, Accident Prcv. I)iv, Lykcs Bros. f-.- S. S. Co, New Orleans, La.; Earle Smith, Safely Dir, Waterman S. S. Corp, jt Mobile, Ala.; E. R. Seaman, Safety Dir, Della Steamship Lines, Inc, New Or,jL leans, La. T. ,,Pacific--L O. Coffman, Safety Engr, Matson Navigation Co, San Francisco, Calif. '.Creel Lakes--Wm. EctcKKr. Safety Dept, Inlcrlakc S. S. Co, Cleveland, Ohio; John Manning, Supt. of Operations, Steamship Div, M. A. Hanna Co. Agents, Clevc- * land, Ohio; Capt. J. McIntosh, Marine Inspection Ollircr, 9(li Coast Guard Dist, .,V Cleveland, Ohio -f', ^Gml Lakes Safety Discussion Group--Robt. K. Kratzf.rt (Chairman), Mgr, Vessel PcrC; sound & Services, Columbia Transp. Div, Oglcliay Norton Co, Clcvclaiul, Ohio *y ' Tmhhips--Vice General Chairman--C. A. Culver, Marine Safety Engr, The Atlantic ` *.. Refining Co, Philadelphia, Pa.. .'Assistant Chairmen--Atlantic--Capt. Wm. G. Anderson, Mgr. of Operations, Marino ;:;;Div, The Atlantic Refining Co, Philadelphia, Pa.; A. E. Fischer, Mgr, Cmlf-Iyist Coast Operations, Socony Mobil Oil Co, Beaumont, Tex.; H. S. Brewster, Mgr, y.> Operations, Marine Dept, Gtdf Oil Corp, New York, N. Y. f'................................................ pfltonlic Area--'l anker Safely Discussion Croup--Rihiert B. Davidson (Chainntnt), Sun & Oil Co, Refinery, Marcus Hook, Pa.; E. Diktehi.e (Vice Chairman), Keystone Shipsi firtg Co, Philadelphia, Pa. 'JhryM and Towing Vessels--Vice General C/iinVmim-- Braxton B. Caiir, Pres, The American Waterways Operators, Inc, Washington, I). C. idmshmt Chairmen--Robert I, Gray, Mgr, River Operations, Ashland Oil & Refining jg;Ca, Ashland, Ky.; G. A. Peterkin, Jr, Pres, Dixie Carriers, Harvey, La. hiphuitding--Vice General Chairmen--Henry Z. Carter, Pres., Avondale Shipyards, Inc., New Orleans, La.; E. M. Hood, Pres., Sliiplmildcrs Council of America, Wash ington, D. C. (Mi.vriinirti/ CeimiiiffiV.'-'C/iuiniii'ii, Safety I'oliries Jar Rcgnhilions. Shir Inspections- Rear Adm. Oscar ('. Kohnkk, Chief, (.Mice of Merefiant Marine Safely. M. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C.; Rear Adm. IIai.kkt C. Siiepkeard, ILS.C.G, (Ret.), Washington, D. C. tssistanl Chairmen--Atlantic--Wainwriuht Dawson, Safely Engr, Bethlehem Steel Co., j Rethleheni, Pa.; R. B. Chappeu, Jr., Imlust. Relations Mgr., Electric Boat Div., ' General Dynamics Corp., Groton, Conn.; R. D. Dauterich, Imlust Relations Mgr., -if Chaiirrman. Gov't Discussion Group--Capt. J. II. Omen, M.S.C.G, Asst. Chief, Ollicc of Iingrg. and Safely Dir, U. S. Coasl Guard, Washinglon, I). C. Maryland S. B. & D. D. Co., Baltimore, Md.; John M. Techton, Safely Dir., Sun ' S. B. tc D. D. Co., Chester, Pa.; Herman J. Nordstrom, Asst. Plant Protection Engr., Chuirinan, Committee far Safely--National Defense Transport--Vice Aiim. Roy A. Gano, Newport News S. B. & D. D. Co., Newport News, Va.; John S. Smith, Jr., Chief U.S.N, Commander, Military Sea Transit. Service, Washington, O. 0. Safety Engr., Todd Shipyards Corp., New York, N. Y. i Transportation Committee, MSTS--Atlantic Area-- Rear Adm. Marry Hum, MSN SA. M. PEi.HAM, Palely Uepl, Ingalls Miipbiuunng Corp, Pascagoula, miss.; i. s*-...J| ' 'ffttific Area-- Rear Adm. Joseph W. Wii.liams, MSN " Yates, Dir. of Safety, Alabama Drydock & Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. >/.! *Empe--Capt. Jack M. Seymour, MSN Stevedoring--Vice General Chairman--Andrew I). Warwick, Pres, T. Hogan & Sons, Inc, New York, N. Y. j'. . /--o''flil Fir Hast Area--Cait. John K. Knaitkw, MSN Assistant Chairmen--Atlantic--R. W. Nf.ttkrstrom, (hief. Maritime Safety llurean of Labor Standards, U. S. Dept, df Labor, Washington, 1). C. Services, ,4 ; OV/ !;" Sith > Areit--Capt. I.en 11. Stoiic.h, Ik. ` Cnlf--O. P. Vim-arrubia, Claim Agent St Safety Mgr, T. Smith & Son, New Orleans, La.; ' Chairman, National Defense Transportation !. Admin., Washington, D. C. Readiness Cart. M. I. Gimidman, Maiitimc, Pacific--J. Robert Snyder, Dir, Accident Prevention Burean, Pacific Maritime Assn, San Francisco, Calif.; Robert P. Ai.iien, Safely tc Wage Adm, Castle & Cooke, Int, ,f; Honolulu, Hawaii ' tL t'fwirmun, U. .S'. Naval Shipyards Safely Committee--t',iT. J. T. K'iordan, Dir. of Safety, t ' Office of Imlust. Relations, U. S. Navy Dept, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Program Committee--John S. Smith, Jr, Chief Safety Engr, Todd Shipyards' K Stiff Representative--L. W. Dutton, National Safety Council, Chicago, HI. Corp, New York, N. Y. .;Jj1 Chairman, Membership Committee--}. A. Cekina, Vice Pres, National Cargo Burea,-J New York, N. Y. .. ... . . *A Chairman, Statistics ami Conlesl Committee--R. Coe, Safctv Dir, American Export Lines, New York, N. Y. '^ . "n Chairman, Ship Safely Achievement Awards Committee--Cait. Jones E IIkvi.in, JhJ* Vice Pres, United States Lines, New York, N. Y. .vfti . .Chairman, Awards Committee' (Rest Papers)--Bkhno J. Aurenti, Pres, Marine Indt*| Bureau, New York, N. Y. i'Jjj Chairman, engineering and Minimum Standards Committee--Cavt. C. P. Muriu$? U.S.C.G, Asst. Chief, Office of Merchant Marine Safety, M. S. Const Guard, Watfe ington, D. C. Chairman, Poster Committee--Capt. R. N. Le Pare, Safety Dir, Farrell Lines, In York, N. Y. ' Chairman, Public Relations Committee--Frank Braynakd, Dir, Public Relations, Matt Towing & Transp. Co, New York, N. Y. w Maritime Associations Committee--Uai.pii ]. Casey (Chairman), Pres, American chant Marine Institute, New York, N. Y.; Care E. McDoweii. (Vice Cfmwl Exec. Vice T , Am. Inst, of Marine Underwriters, New York, N. Y. " w``*h /' *6? i ;<jf 00(M`>7 I ii 71 i 1962 National Safety Congress OFFICERS OF THE the men. The word also implies, "turn up tire hearing aid," because men are unsure of themselves and need the therapeutic treat ment of a supervisor who will listen. , The business world is a pretty grim place,, and lurking in every shop and factory is the prospect of an accident, an injury, a catas- trophy and death. These are the times that try men's souls, both on and off the jot j Hut if you will help develop quality people: it follows that you will help develop a <|tial* ity product. The quality product we lit stressing today is safety attitudes, so dal the world will be a better place to work, and live. Safety is not a fad--safety is not-, a fancy; but . . . safety is an attitude, e METALS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 .!General Chairman--James G. Cullen, Supvr., Safety Section Employee Services Dept., 1 Ford Motor Co. iN . . First Vice Chairman--J. W. Tysse, Mgr. of Safely, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio | Sond Vice Chairman--C. E. Wilson, Safety Engr., Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. bjTWrrf Vice Chairman--G. Lunme, Asst. Dir., Safety Sc Plant Prot., Inland Steel Co., East II', Chicago, Ind. |Srrilory--W. T. McLean, Gen. Supvr. of Safety & Sanitation, United States Steel Corp., * - Gary Steel Works, Gary, Ind. r Newsletter Editor--D. L. Johnson, Supvr., Safety Engr., Pennsylvania Manufacturers k Assn., Casualty Insurance Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. $' j Co-Editor--Lee D. Tracy, Safety Engr., Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. I iCongress Program Committee--W. D. Williams (Chairman), Asst. Supvr. of Safely, | Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind.; H. D. Hickey, Supvr. of Safety, I Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna Plant, Buffalo, N. Y.; J. D. Lareaw, Supvr., Ind. ft- Safety Section, Steel Division, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich.; Eow. Maniihy, Supt., P' Ind. Relations, Cleveland District, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; R. A. Mc Rae, Safety Engr., The Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp., Pueblo, Colo.; W. R. Rohlin, Supvr., Corporate Safety, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.; G. F. Grace, Sales Mgr., Industrial Chain Dir.; Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonnawanda, N. Y. r<thnicnf Publications Committee--G. L. Hugives (Chairman), Safely Director, Pltoenix fa: Steel Corp., Phocuixvillc, Pa.; D. N. Babb, Div. Safety Coordinator, Union Carbide B..* Metals Co., Div. of Union Carbide Corp,, Niagara Falls, N. Y.; D. W. Brown, Safety If1..Eng., United Stales Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.; J. S. Chapman, Mgr. of Safety, S,, Armco Steel Corp., Middletown, Ohio; M. W. Gray, Safely Director, Wcirton Steel l.V Co, Weirton, W. Va.; T. W. Wilson, Asst. Supt., Safety Republic Steel Corp., But s'. falo District, Buffalo, N. Y.; J. B. Anderson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; | ^ E. J. Langland, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. ' Membership Cdmmittcc--R. I. Reiciile (Chairman), Supvr., of Safety, The Youngstown t. Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio; M. C. Cunningham, District Safety Supvr., Southern District, Republic Steel Corp., Gadsden, Ala. 000488 Ii-lbe-Job Committee--R. F. Schroeder (Chairman) (Steel Service Center Committee); .J. D. Holtzapple (Past General Chairman); W. R. Gilliland (Past General Cltair- RwnJ; W. R. Rohlin (Congress Program Committee) Teaming and Education Committee--L. C. Parker (Chairman), Safety Director, Granite |?:"Gly Steel Co., Granite City, 111.; H. W. Gilberg, Works Safety Admin., Jones St 17 s. Laughlin Steel Corp, Aliquippa Works, Aliquippa, Pa.; W. A. Garre*, Supvr. of Safety & Security, The Babcock & Wilcox Co,, Boiler Div,, Barberton, Ohio; P. N. LundquiSt, Safety Director, Acme Steel Co,, Chicago, III.; W. P. Saunders, Safety Di rector, Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp., Bridgevilfe, Pa. j Northwest Area--R. V. Milligan (Chairman), Hydro-Aluminum Chemical Corn, Mc.nl Works, Spokane, Wash.; K. S. Jamak, licthlehvm Steel Co, Pacific Coast Div, Seattle, Wash. Foundry Industry Committee--J. Patlyek (Chairman), Personnel Supvr., East Chicago Works, Blaw-Knox Co., East Chicago, Ind.; J. Mason, Staff Representative, Grede Foundry, Milwaukee, Wis.; K. S. Hedges, Safety Director, General Motors Corp, Detroit, Mich.; J. M. Eakin, Dir. of Safety & Insurance, The Coopcr-Besscmer Corp, Grove City, Pa.; H. J. Weber, Director of Safety, Hygiene and Air Poll, Control, American Foundrymen's Society, Dcs Plaines, III.; G. W. Davis, Employment Mgr, Sharon Works, National Malleable Steel Castings Co., Sharon, Pa.; W. R. Ethridge, Mgr., Industrial Rcl, Aetna Standard Div, Blaw-Knox Co, Elwood City, Pa.; Johh Sprowls, Safety Supvr, Caterpillar Tractor Co, Peoria, 111. * Steel Industry Committee--C. P. Vorhes (Chairman), Coordination of Safety, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Ray Wii.lett, Safety Director, Jessup Steel Co, Washington, Pa.; Berl Elus, Supvr. of Safety, Sheffield Div. Armco Steel Corp, Kansas City, Mo.; Andrew T. Pochiiier, Safely Director, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Leecliburg, Pa.; Fred Troudaucii, Safety Supervisor, Keystone Steel & Wire Co, Peoria, III.; John Janous, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.;Georci H. Reilly, Mgr, Safety, National Tube Div, United States Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; E G. Troutman, Works Supvr, Safety Crucible Steel Company of America, Midland, Pa. Non-Ferrous Industry Committee--B. D. Kent (Chairman), Safely Manager, Aluminum Company of America, Davenport Works, Davenport, Iowa; A. D. Aishton, Dir. of || Safety & Occup. Health, Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., North Chicago, III.; R. C Beckstead, Dir, Dept, of Safety & Tech. Empl, American Smelting & Refining Co, Sait Lake City, Utah; Howard Hood, Supt, Safety & Security, Ormet Corp, Hannibal, j Ohio; T. T. Pinder, Kennecott Copper Corp, Utah Copper Div, Utah Smciter, Magna, ,j Utah; Harry M. Donaldson, Mgr, Ind. Hygiene & Safety, The Brush Beryllium Co., ^ Elmore Div, Elmore, Ohio. :'if I.as Angeles .-Iren--Emvi.v S. Wynkooi' (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co, Parific Coast Div, Los Angeles, Calif.; A. C. Gates, Harvey Aluminum Cn, Torrence, Calif. Salt I.ake City Area--Theron 'J'. Pinher, Kcnnccott Copper Corp, Utah Copper Die, Utah Smeller, Magna, Utah. Ilcsrurrh and Advisory Committee--*1). D. Mailer (Chairman), Works Safely Admin. Safety & Welfare Dept, Jones R Laiighlm Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.; *\V. II. Gilli land. Mgr," Safety & Security. Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa.; *A. G, WtnsMan, ilctircd; *R. I. Pislk, Supt. of Ind. Kr), Cliicago District. Republic Steel Corp, Chicago, Ilk; *J. D. IIiii.tz.mtlr, .Mgr. of Safety & Training, Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; *G. J. Kuii.niwop. Supt, Iml. lick Staff, The Colorado Fuel fi Iron Corp, Buffalo, N. Y.; *K. II. IIoiick, Retired; *G. O. <IrieitMgr., Ila/.ard Control, Dravo Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; *J. j. i\'oi.an. Safety Kugimvr, Bcllihhem Steel t'o, llrthlrhcni, I'a.; *1 i. S. Si meson. Mgr, Safely, Caterpillar Traelor Co, Peoria, III.; *11. Holland, Super, of Safely. The Youngstown Sheet H Tula' Co.. l-'aM Chieago, Iml.; *J. L. Riiiingeh, Dir, Safety & Plant I'rot, Inland Steel Co, l\as| Chicago, Iml.; *P. K. Gruniiman, Safety Kng, Hiisttess Div, Armeo Steel Corp, Baltimore, Md.: *<'. XI. Ai.i.kn, Retired; *J. b. Coi.i.ins. Retired; *R. II. l;i;in;rMi\. Asst. I fir. of Iml. Rcl, Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland. Ohio; Ml A. Fakmcli.. Dir. of Safely. I *. S. Sin f l my, Pittsburgh. Pa.; *l;. W. Kki.sia. Retired; *`11. I,. Hl.vsit.. \readia. C.dil. Staff Nefresentatw ' *' *l';ist General Cbairm.u l',K " Yaliooal S.tt. Is ..lim it, 1,1.||| Fabricating Industry Committee--E. W. Engerer (Chairman), Management Representative ' Pittsburgh District, Bethlehem Steel Co, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Earl Bratton, Public Rel- _ tions Dir, Steel Plate Assn, Chicago, 111.; J. F. Chocole, General Erection Manager/, Chicago Bridge & Iron Co, Chicago, III. * .. Steel Service Center Committee--R. F. Schroeder (Chairman), Manager, Safety Div,.r] Joseph T. Ryerson & Sons, Inc, Chicago, Ilk; Arthur J. Matten, Manager of Pei-U sonnel, U. S. Steel Corp, Chicago, III.; G. J. Mitchell, Supt. of Ind. Relations, Reyj! public Steel Corp, Warehouse Div, Youngstown, Ohio. .jyj Contest and Awards Committee--Steven Collins (Chairman), Safety Dir, Midwest Sled'jjf Div, National Steel Corp, Portage, Ind.; J. C. Dakes, Management's Representative^ Bcthleham Steel Co, Chicago, III. ' West Coast Cantmittee--P. P. Pelton, Jr. (Coordinator), Bethlehem Steel Co, Pattd| Coast Div, San Francisco, Calif. ' Members at Large--Homer K. Lambie (Chairman), Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Gm$j! Oakland, Calif.; George Nuernberger, Dir. of Safety, Kaiser Steel Corp, Fonl Calif.; Harry Schwartz, Prpsidcnt, Washington Pipe & Steel Co, Seattle, Wash. ooo*i8:i San Francisco Area--Roy E. Mattison, Federated Metals Div, American Smelting & 1 fininf San Francisco, Calif. 19 1962 National Safety Congress 00C4G0 ' Mitling Industry 'lie application of sprinkling wafer applied u> road surfaces lo eliminate erosion and 'coining of the surface by excessive amounts >f water applied on grades is most impor tant as is elimination of. holes in level road surfaces caused by ponding of excessive water. Failure to clean up spill on main haulage roads is of course inexcusable, and in this connection it is suggested that inas much as this material is usually small, that a jeep equipped with a dozer blade would ever, physical weaknesses in the ore and waste arc not always apparent at the start , of the operation and dangerous falls of'( ground and slides may require reductions in both bench height and bank slopes to pro-. vide safe working conditions. Haulage road grades are likewise an im-' portant consideration to safe operations. Exccssiye grades, above 8 per cent, result not only in higher truck maintenance costs but arc a definite accident hazard. Berms placed plants produce an average of 55,000 :Vjj invcptqd. with the necessary aufMrity to pro watts. Total payroll averages approxin 7,000 employees. f iiiotc and carry out the many '^nses of an ::! ambitious and far-reaching program, which Accidents which injure workers, dcL..., ^tallic following objcctivesri-l machinery, burn plants to masses of twisted steel, constitute a formidable impediment to the prosperity ol any enterprise. Our comj | pany considers that the prevention of indus trial accidents is a vital objective of modernday management. 1. Consolidate and improve upon the scat tered efforts in accident prevention and in dustrial hygiene. 2. Preparation of comprehensive accident rates and analyses, based on internationally accepted standards, to serve as tools toward lie a very effective unit to eliminate this on the crest side of ranips are helpful in The majority of accidents can be pre the planning and execution of the campaign. hazard. Safety is one of the first considerations in planning an open pit mining operation and begin; with the original design of the pit. The choice of safe bench heights and lunk slopes is one of the most important considerations in the early planning stages to adapt them to the physical conditions of the ground encountered. Naturally the higher the bench which can be used safely, the lower the pit development cost will be. How minimizing accidents as is the use of left hand traffic on all pit roads so that down grade traffic is on the bank side of the : road and in case of brake failure the con-, vcyancc can be run into the bank. Bermsj are likewise maintained to warn the driver , and check the truck in backing into the , dump position. Good supervision with strict' attention paid to preventive maintenance go ; a long way in eliminating accidents in open;1 pit operations. ' vented by proper supervision, adequate train ing, and--principally--by the sincere desire on the part of management to instigate methods for accident prevention. Braden has always had a safety program. The need for preventing industrial accidents was recognized and accepted together with the first ton of ore produced more than 57 years ago. Prior lo 1916, however, the safety effort was relegated to a service department,' amt the iicrsonncl entrusted with these activities lacked a most important tool: delegated au thority to instigate measures necessary for 3. Preparation and consolidation of safety rules with authority to control their com pliance. 4. Training and orientation of supervisors and workers in safe practices, with special emphasis on new men. 5. Furnish and control personal protective equipment to workers ex|>oscd, and instigate a program of machinery safeguarding. 6. Ficbl control of personnel and of work ing conditions, in order to eliminate accidents or industrial hygiene hazards, witli recom mendations am! follow-up procedures. DEVELOPMENTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HYGIENE the success of the program. When support was afforded, the safety personnel larked the technical training to recommend proper 7. Elimination of occupational disease haz ards, and engineering and medical coni ml of all personnel involved. AT BRADEN COPPER COMPANY control measures. To this original plan we later incorporated Tlie application of safely rules was fre the fire control organization and the loss By STANLEY M. JARRETT Director of Safety and Industrial Hygiene Department Braden Copper Co., Rancagua, Chile quently resisted hy the operators with the claim that production had priority over safely. Supervisors were not conditioned to accept their rcsiHmsihility in the prevention prevention engineering sections, with the pnr|wise of further consolidating all related activities. To co ivinrc the personnel of their sin I'radcn Copiicr Company is a subsidiary of the Kcnnecott Copper Corporation, and it is located in Chile. The property is situ ated on the western slope of the Andes mountains approximately 90 miles S.E, of Santiago, the capital of Chile, and it is composed of several outlying camps which extend from Sewell--at an elevation of 7,200 (cct, the highest camp--to Rancagua, a town in the central valley. Sewell is the site olf the mnuinec andil concentrator; the smelter is located in Calcto_n__e_s; .thle- hyd_ro__-erle.cwtoric plants arc in Coya and Pangal; the mill tailings are transported by a 36-mile flume line to Parron. In Rancagua are located the general offices, foun dries, shops and storage yards. Sewell, Calctones, Coya and Rancagua are linked by a 45-mile narrow gauge Diescl-cicctric rail road. The climate m central Chile is generally' mild without excessive variations in tem perature; however, snowfalls in Sewell dur-. ing the winter months range from 20 to fi fed, while the other camps--at a town elevation--are seldom affected. i, The property is located in an area where.', its topography and climatic conditions pre-'. sent operational hazards as difficult as those. K' found anywhere in the world. -xm< The mine ipro"ducesJ app--r-o--x-i-m- ately 37,0(1, w? tons of ore per day. It is rated the l*r8 iiunnddeercrgrorouunndd ccoonpnpcer-rn-proroddtiuccmingg mmininee inin tlt*h;tij|-ij'E. j world. All ore is won through a system of progressive block-caving. The ore is droppefi.flc to the haulage level through numerous oitd^ passes from the caving areas, a verticals distance ranging from 600 to 1,500 fnt`. From here it is transported by electric train*:, to the concentrator. The two hydro-electric !i m of accidents, and only sporadic efforts were made to act uputi safety directives. Sucli lukewarm support to the safety cam paign, and ineffective safety assistance to the operating departments, prevailed for many years. During this time the plant's opera tions experienced an average of 350 lostlime accidents per year, with approximately IS fatalities, ami frequency rates well above the national averages. In the latter part of 19-15, the General Manager of ltrndcn issued a statement of policy, expressing that "the prevention of industrial accidents must be an essential part of the job, and it must be the responsibility of all levels of supervision throughout the flanI.1' The safety department was reorganized *nd placed in an autonomous position under management, and in an advisory capacity to all departments of the company, ft was cerity, management look the initiative to put their shop in order. To ncromplisti this, several measures were taken tending lo pro vide the men with safer and more hygienic working environments. After this ground work was completed, we placed ourselves in a more favorable position to solicit the co operation of everyone to onr campaign. The following is the safety setup at Braden, both in regards to its position within the overall organization, as well as , its internal structure. Some important as|iccts of our program arc: Accident Statistics. A proper accident re porting system requires that each industrial injury lie thoroughly investigated by the man's supervisor. In this manner we arc assured of two things: (a) the supervisor will instigate corrective measures to prevent a repetition, (b) no "off-thc-joh" injuries 15 1962 National Safely Congress 00C401 will !se accepted as industrial accidents through improper control. Tlicre is a tendency for accident statisti cs! systems to pinpoint "unsafe acts" and "unsafe conditions," however our method tends to analyze accident trends to be used , as gtiideposts for improving performance of men, machines and equipment. Our accident analyses are simple: they indicate why, inhere, when, how and lo whom the bulk of the accidents are occurring. In this manner they provide a quick and up to date guide will Ire conditioned to accept llicir respon sibility in accident prevention. We utilize means of steel fire doors and concn heads, etc. safety meetings, on-the-job talks, posters and. ' bulletin services, pamphlets, handouts, hints,, Our fire control organization eoAsrspr of radio broadcasts, etc. The interest of (lie workers is motivated by incentive systems, such as inter-sectional safety contests, awards two principal phases: fire control and fire fighting. Through fire control we strive to minimize or eliminate fire hazards through for good safety performance, public com constant inspection anti recommendation of petitions, etc. . remedial measures; proper storage, trans portation and utilization of flammable mate- The entire promotional program is cen- ; pitered around the genuine interest of protect-..! king workers against accidents and occupa- 4:t rials; constant training of workers arid the Ij- gsceinoenrsanlcspsu, belitcc. toOiunsr tigfiraete-figfirheti-ncgontfraoclilictoiens- `Mining hulnslry < - and reemployment cost. ` . ^ A mechanically controlled-fplit system of ventilation was iiitroditcCtf--1 h'rcsti ;iir is drawn tfirough the various levels to the production areas, and distributed to the working places by a series of fans ranging ill capacity from 175,000 to 50,000 c.f.ni. All production areas have independent fresh air supply, and re-circulation of contaminated air is not permitted. Other refinements are auxiliary blowers for dead-end drifts, steel for directing our safety campaign with a tional diseases, and to make a sincere en- ,;ij V consist of appropriate alarm systems at all ventilation doors and air regulators, and tlie minimum of time, effort and expense. dcavor to maintain the best possible working f- company camps; industrial fire brigades pro- driving of numerous ventilation adits anil To attain the highest degree of adequate conditions. To secure cooperation we en fc? vhled with all necessary equipment; auto- chimneys. joh placement, close control of every pros courage active participation of both super- ;1 malic and portable extinguishing systems, Due to these improvements an average of pective employee is of paramount-, import visors and workers. . i & and live accurate control of water sources SOI) c.f.ni. of fresh air (ter man per minute ance. Each man is placed on the joh where his mental and physical attributes will assure his best performance, l'rc-omployinriit rec ords contain complete information concern ing the person's physical and mental condi tion ns well as his occupational history, including the companies he has worked for, the kind of work he fias done, his sticciallics, etc. This is necessary for a final appraisal of the man's fitness and proper joh place ment. Our statistics indicate that inexperience is the greatest source of industrial accidents. Therefore every effort is made toward the early indoctrination of all new men by means of safely orientation courses, counselling, on-thc-job training ami constant control of their safety performance. Safety rules arc designed for the protec tion of tlic workers, and their compliance is followed through by the man's supervisor The fire control organization at Braden is jp- anil piping layouts. placed under the loss prevention engineering '3 Tlie program outlined has given excellent section of the safety, department on account ^results, and the measures described have of the close inter-relation which exists be & brought about considerable savings amt im- tween the prevention of accidents and the v jS' provements, such as those derived from the prevention of fires. An industrial concern ft ].reduction of fire insurance premiums, guar- should operate with the assurance of effec- ^ kztitce of continued operations, better prolective safeguarding of lives, materials and Ip lion of employees and their families, and inslnllalions. Our property is spread over a wide area,' improved safety attitudes on the part of the k. workers. wi-itt!h!) 2?0ft,f0lO0!n) npemotptillne lhiromucsendtl iinn ivmarriionuitqs BrJUlftl ! J With its many diversified processes, which communities. Diversified o|eralions involve , v include mining, milling, smelting and foun- a variety of hazards, ami our main concern ; dries, Braden has problems of industrial is now provided, which greatly exceeds the legal requirements. Dust counts well Mom the maximum allowable concentrations arc maintained throughout the mine. Ventilation maps are kepi up to date. They indicate velocities and direction of air cur rents, dust ami ventilation control stations, location of tans, lire and ventilation doors, refuge chambers, emergency routes of exit, and lirc-lighlliig equipment, fly utilizing conventional color codes, these maps are a valuable asset in perfecting the ventilation system, and determining ulial improvements will he necessary as new workings tire ad is the adequate protection of industrial and i hygiene which arc typical to such operations, vanced. . non-industrial installations. it? The safety department, as already inen- The underground workings, where an *4--l. tinn.ed, has a..n.....a..d..e..q..u..a.ntielyiECsUtalled industrial controlled sequences, fire have rlaicncil, have catastrophic ssuuiittaamblyy pprrootieccctiecdii.. con-iOfi..h' j!g8iecn,icc E1-1f*-'/W^;rmVJctr--ve-ic-c-ss- sseeccttiioonn,, ffuullllyy eeqquuiippppeedd fo* ,tiIirr|p>a;irr!,monl.*c |1.....` * tloo ,,re,n,,di er ufetciliivvcc aiiiliairrm syvsmtcemmiks ^((ssutter'unlictn'hlil.,. lliiiigghhhiti-itf--liafmlsashhsinili*.gin*:m'*;'.lWalIl,i,i'iKfj munidecr t(his sMIpierrciiraifllt3yv-. ' In addition to euttlrolled mechanical venti lation, the following measures were insti gated to minimize (tic production of dust in industrial environments; 1. S00 t>cr cent wet drilling was enforced and telephones) permiitt 1Hie1oprr,ommup,tt wwaarnrninieng**;. u"r mine is comparatively dry. With ill alt underground operations. with the assistance of the safely inspector. Other controls which guard against acci dents and loss of production have been *ttllnM<! ovVpridM.eVVirltlJyif ewvvaiUc-iuiuantii,o,untrow.,f .tinmiMdCc-r'-K--r-o--ii-mJ sonncl in the event of an emergency. 'Mine 1-ire I'rorciinrcs ' Have neen oevo-yj fw* l"**cm4i,n00i,ngmiolefs .o17f,0u00iid--t-u-o--rntM^smlloku*fiuol rwe oirkcr JR Hie mining of .17,0(10 tons of ore per WV llV itlf* * * - 2. All blasting oi development headings and undercutting operations is regulated to the end of tlie shift. This method aliuws established. Pcrsonnci assigned to transpor tation arc subjected to special safety train ing and required to pass annual physical checkups. This regulation comprises all loco motive engineers, cranemen, crane hitchers, hoistmen, drivers of motorized equipment, etc. Critical installations and equipment, such as pressure vessels, generators, boilers, cranes, shaft installations, cables, etc. are maintained tinder close control through peri odic inspections and recommendations by our oped, and yearly, in practice order lo fidreetedrrmillisneartcheheelfdfectwtiviec-t.^ywjS-;' d.-aJ.i.Jly', ,,1pro_d__uce,,,.d,-u,isiitigprooibleamlusm!wh3i,ctkhKIarscimatss 1ness of alarm systems, familiarity of pel-;?I diIf'fTic"u"lt to combat ns those found in any somicl with escape routes, isolation of ( Mining operation in the world. area, siqicrvisor leadership in cmergcncki P- PI'rriimor to 10-15, our mine workers slmwcil etc. Under lest conditions nearly 700 rnt| titying stages of lung fibrosis after rela- scattered tlirougliout <1(10 miles of workings' ,truly short periods of cx(Kisurv. Studies are evacuated in less tlian 30 minutes. ' jWxliKted by the mcilical department imli- Fire control measures introduced in oatf mine comprise numerous features, such it* fire|iroofmg of offices and storages, insutb-l BtUtd that the average exposure for an i.wtifergrotiml worker lo show definite x-ray .evidence of silicosis was approximately 7 sufficient time for (lie ventilation to clear the atmosphere of dust and gases before {he oncoming shift. 3. IVtiler joggers tire placed in all devel opment headings and undercutting opera tions. Water is turned on prior lo blasting. Ill addition lo reducing dust concentrations, these loggers also dilute harmful gases from explosives, allowing men fo return to the working surface with a safer environment and a minimum of delay. Loss Prevention Engineering Section. Our principal goal is to create a safely rontciousnes' ' the personnel, so that they tion of concrete and steel sets in main atBJ carrying power lines, construction of undtf-f ground shelters, seelionalizing the mine If3 Jtzrs. At that time there were approxiwitty 1,400 men working underground. A j Wor turnover of 200 men per year was ^visioned, with a wry high compensation I. In all mucking operations the muck- piles arc thoroughly we! down to avoid this! dispersion. 5. Strenuous underground work in high 17 >2 Halionut Safely Congress (tales <loos not generally (icrmit (he cx- technical assistance to all departments lor siic use of dust respirators. However, in the elimination of health hazards. Surveys kited rases where dust concentrations war arc continually conducted to assure that all M llieir use, approved-lvjie respirators arc control measures provided for the elimina >vhlcd and their use enforced, tion of health hazards are adequately main linden ore contains approximately .13 jicr tained. Exhaust systems have been installed it free silica. Early in 1946 we collected on all dust or fume-producing processes, mpositc samples of the airborne dust from such as arc welding, grinding, cleaning of tli underground mining operations and the castings, spray painting, sand blasting, re ashing plant. Samples were forwarded to agent mixing, etc. This section assists in c Industrial Hygiene Foundation of Amcr- the design and control of proper maintenance i, and the United States l'ubiic Health of air conditioning systems, temperature nice. These institutions were rcr|ucslcd control, illumination, and general ventilation separate the samples into two-size frac- of industrial and non-industrial installations , analyzing the minus 5-micron portion throughout the property. >r free silica by the x-ray iliffraetiim method. Modern techniques are being constantly Since 1946 dust samples arc taken at 2- introduced for the elimination of occupa linutc intervals per hour at established tional diseases. With the aid of our medical nntrol points through all active production staff and the cooperation of all departments, reus. Dust counts are reported in "particles silicosis and other health hazards have been I tree silica under 5 microns per cubic foot practically eradicated from our operations. if air," on an 8-lionr basis. In addition, a otsl of 86 control stations were established hrnugliont the mine, where dust samples Since year 1947 we have won the InterAmerican Safety Council's "Safety Plaque" for IS consecutive years, for attaining the mil airflow readings are taken periodically lowest frequency of accidents among all ior control purposes. Results are reported large-scale participating mining companies <o the mine department with rccommcnda ions for maintaining dust concentrations ivilhin permissible limits. Regular surveys jrre conducted by technicians who are prop erly trained in modern sampling tcclmiiiues, micro-projection and dust counting. throughout Latin America. Since May 28, 1958, to December 11, 1961, all departments of the company completed three years and four months, with over 56 million man-hours of exposure and a froduction of nearly 40 million tons of ore Due to water shortage, it is necessary to mined and processed without a fatality. crush dry our total tonnages. To control the dust hazard at the crushing plant, four ivct-lypc Utah dust collectors of 35,000 c.f.m. rapacity each, and one 25,000 c.f.m. airtumbler type dust collector, have been in stalled. These units require approximately 360 gallons of water per minute. In ordfer to minimize water consumption, the sludge from these collectors is run into a settling tank, which permits clarified water to he re circulated through the system. The quantity of dust collected carries sufficient copper to jay for their power consumption. Monthly surveys comprise the checking of air veloci ties, pressures and temperatures of all branch lines at established control points, and in this manner we determine the efficiency of these dust collecting systems. All crushers, conveyors, elevators and During the past five years the total plant has operated with a frequency rate of approximatcly 5.00 per million man-hours of exposure. The cost of compensations has decreased by about 80 per cent in the 10-year period 1951-1961. . When an enterprise attains /mo accident " and fatality frequencies, accompanied by con- ' sistent reductions in the cost and the severity of industrial accidents, it is indicative of ; good safety performance, and that no "jug- \ gling of statistics" is either utilized or neces- sarv. . :**3 Such records, which rank among the best ;',j in the metal mining world, indicate that Fjlj accidents can be prevented if there existsy-'j the right climate for their elimination. To V | bring about this climate- certain favorable^ other dust-producing processes arc enclosed, factors were necessary, ami dust counts are maintained below the The most important and effective of theseja maximum allowable limits. factors has been the acceptance by our MW-wi The industrial icne section extends agentent of their responsibility in accident^ 000402:. .. Mining Industry prevention, and their sustained suppf,'/4ffi)y?;-1nvcdigatioit of accidents, fire-control, in- ittnhaeiitniastiatvefeerm,tysa--npdrtohmgroraaudmgeh.oituTtklnicaoywll nh--aravinenkstnaok>:ittSL`w--h^f6e-.-j'i.^'|`swsteorucrktmieorcnsn, tlceaoctnhmdniiuqi,cuteisosan,fevoleyfnmtiinleaedtitooinncg,str,tiirunesapt otciroot nnwtrrooill-f, organization. They have applied the same executive ability to the prevention of acci iug, etc. When these men return to (heir dents which they exercise iti securing effi original departments, they naturally exert a cient production, and the elimination of strong iiilluciicc in behalf of safety and waste and obsolescence. industrial hygiene, and become the necessary In the safety program, management has taken the lead and set the pace for everyone multipliers of the safety effort among their fellow su|icrvisors and workers. in the plant. They rely upon department We avail ourselves of all possible modern beads, and these in turn rely upon section technical information that can lie utilized in supervisors (by assigning responsibility and the improvement of working environments. authority) to carry out the policy set forth We arc members of the National and Inlcr- by top management. They arc generous in Anicrican Safety councils, the Industrial Hy their praise for good performance; however giene Foundation of America, the National every man in the organization is made to Fire Protection Association; we sutiscrihc to feel that safely is a policy, not a convenience. numerous periodicals and have formed a This is not the final solution. Safety's large safety and technical library. In this worst enemy is complacency, and we exer cise a helpful and (icrscvcraiif drive to keep supervisors ami workers continually on their manlier we arc constantly striving to intro duce new techniques, equipment or (raining aids to our safely program. toes. Communications play an important We realize that no defense ever built was part in our safety program--each and every impregnable against a well-planned offensive, man must lie reached by personal contact. and < nr entire resources arc geared to this We discuss their problems and their jobs; . end. Our industrial workers require more we resort to every possible opportunity to guidance and move technical know-how than motivate their thinking in creating a safety the unskilled worker of leu years ago. The consciousness and a desire to work safely. Communications cannot lie achieved with out a third requirement: adequately selected and trained supervisors. Our supervisors arc trained in the basic fundamentals of organiz ing, directing, coordinating, planning, con trolling, counseling, etc., so as to prqiarc them to become capable of properly utilizing (lie basic resources of management. We firmly believe that the front-line supervisor is the key-mau for getting things done. He rapid"technological advances in industry re quire men of higher mentality ami l*cttcrconditioucd attitudes. To develop safer in dustrial supervisors and workers we have instituted a constant training program ca pable of satisfying the cvcr-inercasing de mands of industry. Our training facilities arc also extended to include fiscal and semi fiscal insliliiliiiiis, managers and technicians from private companies, universities, techni cal and public schools, etc. stands before his work group as a represent As a result of this policy, oor safety pro ative of management, and transmits direc gram has had favorable res|Hinse in the field tives to cadi one of his men by word ami of industrial and puhlir relations. Further deed. It is not only a matter ot what a more, by pioneering in the field of safely, supervisor knows, hilt c hat lie is able to we--in some rcsivcls--have liecomc a Jaw impart to his men that really counts in unto ourselves. The very organizations and safety as well as in production. Hr is ulti officials assigned to control the compliance mately responsible for the attitude and uf safely and industrial hygiene codes and Performance of the workers. No one is con regulations, often request our assistance ami sidered for promotion unless lie has demon look to us for counsel and guidance. strated a good safely performance. At Itvaden, accidents and occupational dis- Our company has adopted a policy of se cases have been greatly reduced through lecting supervisors from the major depart proper application of a few basic principles ments for advanced safety training, for periods ranging from four to six moutlis. These men nre (aught accident statistics. of human engineering, (lie cooperation of the employees, and the honest desire of the management to make imluslrv a safer place to work ami to lice. 19 :ficers of the MINING SECTION , NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 nfral Chairman--Edward C. Leonard, Inland Steel Co., Islipcming, Mich. nirman-Elect & Secretary--J. A. Cooke, Falconbridge Nickel Mines Lid., Falconbridge, Out., Canada. cmd Vice-Chairman--Herbert A. Wendf.l, The Anaconda Co., Bureau of Safety, Butte, Wont. hint Vice-Chairman--A. D. Annand, Tennessee Coiijicr Co., Copper Hill, Tcnn. cwsietler Editor--Alien D. Look, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Duluth, Minn. rsiilanl Newsletter Editors--Northeastern District, F. D. Woleben, Oliver Iron Mining Div., U. S. Steel Corp., Hibbing, Minn.; Southeastern District, H. F. Thompson, Ameri can Zinc Co., Mascot, Tenn.; Western District, W. Lynn Hart, American Smelting and Refining Co., Wallace, Idaho; Southwestern District, R. L. Johnston, Chino Mines Div, Kennccolt Copper Corp, Hurley, N. M.; Eastern Canada District, M. R. Fraser, Acci dent Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, Out, Canada; tVeSlern Canada District, R. B. King, Mining Association of B. C, Vancouver, B. C, Canada. )ff-lhe-Job Safety Committee--J. A. Cooke (Chairman), Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd, Falconbridge, Ont, Canada; Herbert A. Wf.niiel, The Anaconda Co, Bureau of Safety, Butte, Mont.; A. D. Annand, Tennessee Copper Co, Copper Hill, Tenn. intertainment Committee--Everett White (Chairman), Mine Safety Appliances Co, Pitts burgh, Pa.; Joe T. Williams, The Bunker. I fill Co, Kellogg, Idaho. fiiiffinpcriiig Committee--W. If. Bonneville (Chairman), Canadian Jolms-Manville, Asbes tos, Quebec, Canada; George A, Borgeson, M. A. Hanna Co, Hibbing, Minn.; Cham.es. C. Hilton, U. S. Smelting, Refining & Mining Co, Salt Lake City, Utah. Membership Committee--Harold L. Bare (Chairman), Bethlehem Cornwall Corp, Mor-' ganlown, Pa.; Walter E. Montgomery, Quebec Asbestos Mining Assn, Montreal, Que,: Canada; H. BijOY, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man,! Canada; Harold F. Thompson, American Zinc Co, Mascot, Tenn.; Walter O, Gum-" EI.son, Hanna Mining Co, Hibbing, Minn. Program Committee--Roy G. Stott (Chairman), Bureau of Mines, Washington, I). C;, A. W. Ness, American Smelting & Refining Co, Salt Lake City, Utah; M. R. FuAStvj Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, Ont, Canada; Joseph Hall, Reserve Mining Co, Silver Bay, Minn. f Visual Education Committee--Morgan Wadsworth (Chairman), American Metal ClitW Inc, Climax, Colo.; Glenn M. Hostetter, Erie Mining Co, Hoyt Lakes, Minn.; A. W; Ness, American Smelting & Refining Co, Salt Lake City, Utah; Fred Pearson, NoranAy Mines Ltd, Noranda, Que, Canada; William L. Smith, The Anaconda Co, Butt^ Mont.; Melvin Taylor, Cananea Consolidated Mining Co, S. A, Cananea, Sonoiv Mexico. ' Statistics Committee--John C. Maciiisak (Chairman), Chief, Accident Analysis Branch U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.; R. F. Wilson, Oliver Iron Mining Dhtf. U. S, Steel Cor- Duluth, Minn. Associalians-Puhlicity Comuii/hY--Robert M. Neil (Chairman), The llantia Mining Co, Iron River, Mich.; George Sale, Mining Congress Journal, Washington, D. C; Alvin W. Knoerr, Engineering & Mining Journal, New York, N. Y.; George O. Argall, Jr, Mining World, San Francisco, Calif.; Chris Mamen, Canadian Mining Journal, Gardim- valc, Que, Canada; Richard N. Paull, Hanna Mining Co, Hibbing, Minn ; David N. Skillings, Skillings Mining Review, Duluth, Minn. Hygiene and Ventilation Committee--R. J. Searle (Chairman), Kcnnecott Copper Corp, Magna, Utah; John W. Warren, The Anaconda Co, Butte, Mont.; G. D. Winans, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Lakewood, Colo.; G. R. Yourt, Rio Tinto Management Services Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Joseph T. Mortimer, Ray Mines Div, Kennecott Cop per Corp, Hayden, Ariz.; W. A. Bardswich, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, Out, Canada. Training Committee--Joe T. Williams (Chairman), The Bunker Hill Co, Kellogg, Idaho; H. Bi.ov, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man, Canada; N. H. George, Quebec Metal Mines Accident Prevention Assn.', Uourlamaijuc, Que, Canada; M. R. Fraser, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, Ont, Canada; Harold L. Bake, Bethlehem Cornwall Corp, Morgantown, Pa. Membcrs-nt-Large--*A. Kolu, Pickands Mather & Co, Duluth, Minn.; *C. U. Neil, Beth lehem Cornwall Corp, Cornwall, Pa.; *S. K Sharp, Tennessee Copper Co, Copperhill, Tenn.; *R. F. Wilson, Oliver fron Mining Div, U. S. Steel Corp, Diilulh, Minn.; 'Joe T. Williams, The Bunker Hill Co, Kellogg, Idaho; *J. M. Smith, Asbestos Corp, Ltd, Thctford Mines, Que, Canada. . nominating Committee--At. Kolu (Chairman); *C. R. Neil; *S. K. Sharp (Secretary). Staff Representative--Clinton H. flooi, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois. 'Past General Chairman 000403 f ) 1 bfi 1962 National Safety Congress Petroleum Section of its meaning. Now there are a number of things on which we can all agree. 1. In an enlightened work group there is little need for enforcement. 2. If we knew all there was to know about human behavior and could accurately predict human actions, we could eliminate unsafe acts by education rather than en forcement. 3. It is far better to stress the positive aspects of safety rather than the negative connotation conveyed by the word "enforce ment." j 4. When people are convinced that safety is in their own interest, then enforcement becomes less of a necessity. While all of this is true, it represents an ideal state of affairs. It seems that so much emphasis has been placed on approaches which minimize one of the most disagreeable duties management has to perform--that of disoiplining--that the responsibility of the in dividual workers for safety seems to get lost. After all, enforcement presupposes that the individual worker is held account able. What I am trying to say is that we in management have not been tough enough in enforcing our own safety standards. Per.haps we have been so busy trying to explain them, that we don't notice how often they are not followed. Maybe we spend so mud time trying to understand our people, that we don't have enough time left to correct them. This is pure speculation on my pari, but I am struck by the fact that one firnhj so few written reprimands on unsafe acb and clear violations of long standing and! well-publicized safety rules in most person nel files. I am well aware that reprimands of the! nature can be run into the ground rather} easily, but wouldn't more of them have i beneficial affect on the safety program! Wouldn't they bring home to everyone tint management is seriously concerned about th problem of unsafe acts? Until sociologist! and psychologists have discovered mon about why humans behave the way they It and, more important, until all of us in ire* agement become competent sociologists ad psychologists, we must continue to rely a the older forms of enforcement--one which is the reprimand, written or other-1 wise. Traffic authorities obviously believe Iht stricter enforcement cuts down accidmH and they have a mass of evidence to pro* this. We in industry have specialized pni lems, and the rules aren't as clear, in mol cases, as traffic rules. However, wc are deal ing with the same causative agent--peojk Lubricant Additives Anti-oxidants Detergents Dispersants Pour point depressants VI improvers Anti-foam agents Anti-wear agents Anti-chatter agents Anti-rust agents Antiseptics Tackiness agents Thickeners Odorants Coloring agents Emulsifiers Motor Fuel Additives Anti-knock agents Anti-oxidants Deposit modifier Metal dcactivator Anti-icing agents Anti-rust agent Lubricants Coloring agents . let Fuel Additives Anti-oxidants Metal dcactivators Corrosion inhibitors Diesel Fuel Additives Cetane number improvers Stabilizers Corrosion inhibitors Odor masking agents 7 million pounds per year 7.inc dithiopbosphatc Barium sulfonate Similar Reaction product of naphthalene & wax Polymethacrylatcs Silicones . Tricrcsyl phosphate Tallow Complex amines Cresylic & phenolic comimunds Polyisolmtylcnc Poiyisobiilylcne Essential oils . Organic dyes Sulfonates 5 million pounds per ycar Tetraethyl lead Phcnylcne diamine Tricrcsyl phosphate I fisalicvlul rthylcncdinmino Isopropyl alcohol Light lube oil Organic dr vs SAFE HANDLING OF ADDITIVES IN THE PETROLEUM BUSINESS ' By WILLIAM S. WOOD Safety Engineer, Research & Development Div., Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pi.! Additives are being used increasingly in many everyday commodities such as bread, toothpaste, steel and plastics. Usually they are intended to improve the product in some useful way, but sometimes they serve to modify or overcome the deficiencies of other additives. This discussion will be limited to additives used in products in the petroleum industry, where their growth has also been 6 very rapid. Some heavy duty Iubric contain 20 per cent additive, and a estimate of annual consumption was 12 J lion pounds for the industry. The following three lists show the many jobs that additives are exp to accomplish. Some typical exampkij commonly used additives arc also gir Heating Oil Additives Combustion improvers Dispersants Stabilizers Corrosion inhibitors ; Metal dcactivators . Ash modifiers - Our problem as safety engineers is to ffboose for each of these materials, used or llmposed, the operating procedure and prollRtire measures that will prevent injury to ^(ntmncl and yet interfere as little as pos- witli production. A logical sequence I.accomplishing (his objective would be as " : Determine the hazardous properties of t material. 2. Provide the necessary ciivironiuciiT.tt-- conditions. .1. Provide the necessary protective equip ment. I. Train (lie operators in the proper pro cedures and use of equipment. 'flic llaminabilily hazard of an additive is inferred from Hash jioint, vapor pressure llanimable limits, ignition temperature, water 'solubility, etc. The familiar precautions used 7 96t National Safety Congress I 000-1 5[} I'cteMrnm Seclwi ill) petroleum products of similar physical haractcristics are to be used where nplicnblc. Uonding, submerged discharge, and low pumping prevent buildup of static Icrlricity charges. Class 1 Group L). wiring iay be necessary. Good ventilation may be ceded to prevent explosive concentrations f vapor. Industrial Medicine & Surgery and other Journals Data Sheets of Manufacturing Chemists Ass'n. National Safety Council American Petroleum Institute American Industrial Hygiene Ass'n. ' .1. Unclose the man -- respirators; masks, etc. r<inliuti<iu$ hh-uding devices, applical j, ^lulled on the Hour. liiiu'Z, icy showers ^hi_d he locat.e..d....i.n....t.h..e...h..o..m...ewJc area. I lot )%Av.ors, |ivo|r solvents ;.in change of large scale ihc of an additive, cuah.t me rntftmg-Ylfe' needed dose liy ili -fase of acci (iterators to avoid physical contact, from the dental contact. A medical check-up should lime a tank ear or truck is nnkiadcd until follow a spill involving au appreciable skin the finished, diluted product is sampled for area. Many of the materials in this category testing. Obvious examples are TUI, han do not irritate the skin or cause auv surface Adequate fire extinguishers should be pro- Information on the hazards and recom dling and motor nil additive blending. reaction. ided. The extinguishing agent must be cffcc- mendations for handling can usually lie ob ivc and not react with the burning additive tained from the vendor. Often the descrip r lorm toxic gases. Highly reactive niate- tive brochure or the label on the package ials such as peroxides and nitrates must be will serve adequately. An inquiry directed toted and handled carefully to protect from to the vendor may or may not elicit the eating, fire exposure or shock. The cor- desired data. A standard questionnaire has nsive action of an additive may dictate a fair chance of obtaining the maximum reipicnt inspections and careful maintenance of useful information. Such a questionnaire d lines, pumps, valves, etc. Preparation could l>c submitted to the vendor's technical mist be made to clean up effectively any representative when a product is first dis pills of corrosive or otherwise hazardous cussed with R & 1) or purchasing depart nalerial. " ment people. The toxic hazard of additives may he conidered in relation to their modes of entry nto the body. Ingestion--Swallowing Some of the larger manufacturers main tain toxicological laboratories to study new.: products before marketing; others have such studies done for them by consultants. Occa sionally one receives only a brief letter Smaller scale blends arc made hatch-wise awl drums or smaller containers are fre quently involved. Ilvre the additive is iqien to the atmosphere and, if toxic, the vapor must he kept at a sale level, usually by venti lation. Mechanical agitation produces much less vapor and mist (ban air agitation, and low temperatures reduce vaporization Meth ods for determining the concentration of a toxic substance in the atmosphere may he simple and straight forward or (hey may ' be difficult and unreliable. Here the services of a competent industrial hygienist could he invaluable. Where it is inqto.ssihlc to keep 'the cou- centralion of a toxic vapor Itvlmv a known safe level, adequatr respiratory protection These protective measures must include not only men doing the blending or handling opera (ions, hut also maintenance men o(>cning np or otherwise working on the lines or equipment. They will lie particularly vulner able and may not he sufficiently informed of the hazards. The problem of skin irrita tion is by far the most predominant and is for seecral reasons the most difficult to handle. The experienced dermatologist is often unable to distinguish between an in dustrial coutSK-l and au cx(iosure outside the working environment. Some people are ex tremely sensitive to materials that will have no elicet ott others. Sensitivity to jietrohann products alone is not uncommon. Inhalation--Vapors, mists, dusts stating that the product has been nianufac-' Skin absorption--Systemic poisoning, di tured by them for 20 years without any must he worn by the exposed men. These may lie any of the following dc|ieudiug upon Primary irritants arc those which coiiimonly cause a dermatitis alter a single con rect or through clothing difficulty. This may lie more reassuring than the nature of the contaminant : tact. Acids, alkalis, amines, etc. require only Skin irritation-- is justified. It may be necessary for the user Dust respirator Primary irritation Sensitizing action of an additive to make tests or have tests made by a consulting laboratory in order to . Chemical cartridge respirator (>as mask sources of information . on the hazardous properties of specific additives may be read ly available, or not, depending upon how be certain of the characteristics of a pro posed material. Occasionally an additive will 4; have been previously approved by a reliable ijj agency such as the U. S. Dept, of Agricul Hose mask Air line respirator Self contained breathing npimrnfus short contact while less active materials re quire prolonged contact to have a harmful elfc-l. Some sensitizing agents ace innocuous to most skin hut callable of producing derma titis in a lew susceptible individuals follow ing re|ica|c.l coularls over a long period of lime. Sensitization call show up after years jew or well-known the product is, whether ture. Increasing use of industrial hygienists . A few materials, used as additives in of eonlaet. K\c irritants, such as alkalis and die identity or composition is disclosed, and shows the best approach to collection and i petroleum, ran lie absorbed through the skill amines, can cause permanent damage very what the vendor has done to determine interpretation of such data. * in siillieieul quantiiic's to cause systemic dam rapidly and require particular attention. loxicity and other properties. When the composition is known to he a fairly common material, the existing litera ture will usually yield most of the needed information. Sometimes, characteristics can he assumed on the basis of similarity to more familiar compounds. Sources of in formation on materials in this category in clude : Sax, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Ingestion of additives is perhaps the most |K easily controlled in a plant situation. I low-IS ' age. The outstanding example is TKI,, bill Olliers which might he used are nitrobenzene and its homologs, amines, phenols, v.n Iwmyls, ever, failure to wash au additive from the jB bauds before eating, chewing gum or using tobacco can result in a sizable oral intakes ` over a period of time. Insistence on ordinary? cleanliness should Ire effective in most cases.# . organic and inorganic salts of lead and other metals, and tri-orlhoeresvl phosphate. Pro tectum from this hazard ronsisls in pre venting eonlaet with the skin and providing for immediate removal in ease of avcidvnlal Provision of an eating place separate from the working location .would be very helpful in preventing ingestion. '*, contact. Rubber gloves ami adequatr eye I prolrrlion are minimum in any ease. The . hazard of romaminaled clothing is most Inhalation of toxic materials can be pi*j 'effectively controlled if it is furnished and Harrier creams are of some lienelit in prnlcrliug the skin against most irritants, ('oiilrol of ex|Kismc, pood housekeeping, per sonal cleanliness, frequent washing, daily showers, and frequent changes of clothing are most effective in rednring dermatitis. Rohlier gloves and goggles are of course required when strong chemicals are involved. Housekeeping in the work area, proper stor age, good equipment maintenance, good lighting, and good ventilation arc all im NFPA Handbook of Fire Protection & Codes Patty, Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology and other Texts vented by one of three basic alternatives , hindered hv the employer. 1. Knclosc the material--hv terns, ventilated covers, . etc. closed . sjJx1 .`i.:nrnmmB i' Harrier creams can retard skin .but should not he substituted for absorption protective 2. Remove the toxicant--by venldatiot (tailing. Rubber or neoprene footwear is portant factors in preventing dermatitis. Provision of good sanitary facilities is a must. Training of supervisors, iqicralnrs, mainte Industrial Hygiene Digest condensation, absorption. deeded if these materials arc likely to lie nance men. lalmrcrs, laboratory personnel, anil others having possible contact with liaz- R 0 1962 National Safely Congress Petroleum Sect arJous additives is a necessary part of the preventive and industrial hygiene activities. I believe we should find out all wc can about each material, ami then pass along all of the information that will be useful to the employees in recognizing hazards and protecting themselves. The industrial physician should have prior knowledge regarding materials used in the plant, to assist him in recognizing and treating victims of accidental exposure. The on the safety as|>ccts of handling toxic mate rials and can help to sell the management on some of the needed facilities. Periodic medical examinations arc of great assistance in recognizing changes caused by toxic sub stances. Knowledge of pre-existing condi tions is often critical in the interpretation of observed symptoms. Individual health con siderations may make it inadvisable for some employees to risk any possible toxic ex posure. supervisor should lie alert to send to the The safety engineer, the industrial hygien physician employees having rash, reddening ist and the plant physician should work with or itching of the skin, vomiting, headache, the purchasing people and others in obtain or any other symptoms that could be asso ing information on the possible hazards of ciated with the work. Contact of a sizable additives. They should work with the engi area of the body should be followed by neering and maintenance departments to ef medical checkup even if no symptoms are fect needed changes. Finally they must work observed. with the supervisors and the men themselves In turn the plant physician can be of great to make sore that the protective measures assistance to the safely engineer in decidingI arc used effectively. SAFETY--A WAY OF LIFE By DR. S. L. RANKIN Medical Advisor, Petroleum Chemicals Div., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. I have no intention of dealing with safety fast year, industry reaped a harvest of equipment or specific hazards; rather I 15,000 (lead. Thirty thousand died on oaf would like to emphasize a philosophy, a way of thinking 1 feel is fundamental if highways anil anniher 30,000 were killed in our homes. Faulty equipment, mechanical we ever hope to reach onr goal in safely. failures, acts of (lod? No! Those were not Safety is one of those tilings wc think about, the causes. Carelessness, thoughtlessness, or rather should think about nil the time. Until we train or discipline ourselves to do that we can't jiossihly achieve the fullest lack of safely consciousness were the main causes. I've seen some of the mangled bodies, heard the cries of agony and pain, measure of success. Currcnl regulations, and tried to comfort the broken hearts of rules, traffic codes arc important; hut an individual trained, lhinkiii.tr properly, cogni wives and children. And you say, being a physician, that's my job. You're right. But zant of his responsibilities and willing to I say it's your job to work harder than accept them, can work wonders. ever to prevent the tragedies, this needless waste of life. What are you going to do Safety as a way of life makes for better living at work, at home and on the high about it? |j. ways. It makes one thoughtful instead of At a recent meeting f heard tins nitnof. thoughtless, careful instead of careless, polite instead of rude, ft distinguishes be "Oh yes, safely is important but it's unat tractive." Safely is important and it is ah } tween bravery and foolhardiness. It makes one a better worker, neighbor and citizen. tractive. To the man who is just for safety,. it may seem unattractive; but to tlte man in It makes for a fuller and happier life. Life safety, it is most attractive. To the man and safety arc inseparable. on the sidelines, watching, the game may. I stem unattractive; but to t _irin_on thp of us arc still "Iqi^-warm" in this In playing field, the gaum is ^.attractive. ' ness of safety. Get off the sidelines; put oi ? tmilo^tn,r ^jany times wc aiMroacIi safely from and get in the game. Wlia---cutt* buvif,'Huvidutfte" nf|Cr the fact nngWj-Wtcr the accident, af attractive than directing your interests and energies in safcgmtrdiug and protecting human life--be it at work, at home or on the highway? the ninn has bent Injured. We didn't la time before, but let tragedy strike. III we have time, then we're compelled to ta Safety is an intangible quality that wc can all have to the same degree. It's like patriotism. A man's job classification or social status has no bearing on the degree of patriotism lie can enjoy. Safely is also a quality we can all enjoy equally. When you publicize flic fact that you work in a safe plant, just what arc you inferring? That you have a safety program, that you time. We investigate; write lengthy r ports and make recommendations. This important and often beneficial. But ho about the near accidents, the close shave the loose operating practices, the scares, tl chances you take every day and so far hat gotten away with. It's the attention tit; you pay to those items in prevention that i the true yardstick by which to measure you attitude in safety. Silence is anything 1i post safety rules, that you hold safety meetings, that you give first-aid to the in jured? No. When you publicize that fact, you infer a great deaf more. You mean, golden when it comes to covering up unsafi practices. That is the lime to shout, am keep on shouting, until the unsafe rmidilioi or habit is corrected. that your men arc safe, they arc in sound custody, they are protected from this ever present "pionstcr," personal injury and ac cidental death. But how can you hope to fulfill this ob ligation and keep the monster under con trol at all times? No safely director, no safety committee, and no single group is big enough' or strong enough to do it. Rut through the combined daily jabs and punches of every man in the plant you can do it. Are jo# doing your share of the punching? Recently 1 reviewed a scries of 31 auto mobile accident reports. There wore no fatalities, not even a so-rallcd serious in jury. But at least wc can say that each of the 11 had the potential for a fatality or a serious injury. 1 was interested in review ing the reasons as listed on the accident rc|vorts. They ran something like this: car ahead had no tail light; car ahead stopped too suddenly; skidded on small patch of ire; shoulder of highway too narrow, and so on. Wait a minute--do you consider To be sure, if I asked this group how these as the real causes? How about the ; they felt about safety. I'd get a show of safety attitude of the driver? Docs that hands that, on the surface at least, would count for anything? I consider these, not the indicate that everyone was all nut for safely. causes lint the alibis. The real cause was a But f'm not loo concerned alxmt group re lack of adequate safety consciousness on the sponse in a safety meeting like this, Iwansc part of the driver. men don't gel killed in safety inertings. I'm much more concerned alnml your personal attitude tmvaril safely when you're alone, out on the job where no one can watch von, or when you're out oil the highway driving your ear. That's the place to raise your hand high for safely, because that's the (laces where men get killed. Unfortunately too many men look upon safety from the "necessary evil" iiinl of view. Oh, they're for safety; think it's a good idea, provided it doesn't take loo lunch time, providrd it doesn't rosl loo inlirli money, and provided it doesn't interfere with yhat they like to refer to as their per ioral lilicrlics. In other words, |oo many Wc are truly our hrnllier's l:rc|ier and whether wc operate a truck, a department or an entile plant, wo as individuals are con stantly affecting the habits and lives of our fellow men. The rasiial word, spoken un wisely; the unsafe practice, that we secretly condone; our failure to give complete in structions; may prow some day to lie our contribution to a fvrious injury involving our or more of our ( Ihm men. To he sure, wc don't hurt people de liberately. Wc don't hit turn with ham mer?. or trip them with rope, or send them into "gassy" tanks; hut, through incomplete instructions, failure to set the proper ex ample, or insincerity of we caw c- OFFICERS OF THE PETROLEUM SECTION blembcrs-at-Lanjc--J. U. Parker, llumlilo Oil & Refining Co., Zimmerman, Marathon Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio; Homf.k K. Houston, Texas; Kenvon Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Wheatley, D-X Sunray NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 .... .........I iwmiMficn--n. u. hiikri.y, American Oil Co., Chicago, III.; G. It. Flack, Sun Oil Co.. Philadelphia, Pa.; Fred Ci.aiiwirne, Pan American Petroleum Corp., Houston, Texas; Parker C. Folse, Socony Mobil Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.; C. D. Atta- way, Chief Safety Engr., Tluokol Chemical Corp., Marshall, Texas; D. M. Farrell, General Chairman--Quincy V. Tuma, Texaco Inc., Houston, Texas. Butte Pipe Line Co.; D. A. Ki.emme, Pan American Petroleum Corp.; W. I. Kent b: (Retired); J. H. Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co.; J. L. Risinger (Retired); Walter Boon, Run Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa.; C. A. Miller (Retired); J. H, Brown, Tide Vice General Chairman--S. Ross Carr, Gulf Oil Corp., Houston, Texas. Water Associated Oil Co.; H. W. Doggess, Sinclair Oil and Gas Co.; A. W. Breelanii, 'J Lone Star Gas Co.; R. B. Roader (Retired) ; Gerald O. Lockwood, Continental Casually Secretary--E. W. Miles, The Marathon Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio. Staff Representative--J. D. Epferson, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. f'll Co.; t iforge F. Prussing, Consultant. *^ast Ccncral Chairman f Special Representative--J. F. McKenna, American Petroleum institute, New York, N. Y. Production, Drilling and Exploration--Kenneth V. Brooks, Cities Service Petroleum Gy Bartlesville, Okla. Marketing--J. J. Jarvis, Atlantic Refilling Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Pipe Lines--H. P. Bradley, Service Pipe Line Co., Tulsa, Okla. 'ii ., Manufacturing--Carl Adams, Continental Oil Co., Houston, Texas. : Off-the-Job--Roland Prvor, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Newsletter--J. E. Engle, American Oil Co., Whiling Refinery, Whiting, Ind. Health--Dr. G. II. Collings, Jr., American Oil Co., Chicago, III. . Education and Training--O. C. IIaier, The Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. . Program--G. F. Stednitz, Universal Polychcm Manufacturing Div. of Universal Products Co., McCook, III. Publicity and Public Relations--A. P. Granack, Mobil Oil Co., East Chicago, Ind. Regional Division Chairmen: Atlantic--D. R. KtNC, Ethyl Corp., New York, N. Great Lakes--Earl Rousseau, Clark Oil & Refining Corp., Blue Island, III.; Gulf Cot --Warren W. Myers, Tidewater Oil Co., Houston, Texas; Mid-Continent--Joh* I Rollins, Ethyl Corp., Tulsa, Okla.; Pacific Coast--M. T. Hamilton, Mobil Oil f Torrance Refinery, Torrance, Calif. Advisory and Study Committee Chairman--*Will!am F. Burris, Phillips Petroleum 1 Bartlesville, Okla.; Alternate--*11. T. Markee, Phillips Petroleum Co,, Bartlett Okla. Members--*]. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; *J. B.1 Laune, Cities Service Refining Corp., Lake Charles, La.; *F. R. McLean, Detroit I? Mobil Oil Co., Detroit, Mich.; *]. II. McKenzie, Mobil Oil Co., New York, N. Y.Jjjj IR 0004; * l f . '! :i \ |0 1942 National Safety Conoress ' '"f ' unite llieir working place safe. Tlic first mportaut tool is the committee set up. We ive a general safety committee, consisting 'f top managcinent people, which develops policies anti devises ways to carry these to successful conclusion. All iiolicics must be cleared through this committee. There arc live sub-committees in the field to support the general safety committee. Policies are in eiMiimiltve aml in the division that has * a special interest in it. A hoard of direc-. ior's award is given to any sizable tmilj,; which achieves one year without a lost time//} accident. These awards are presented at thefe general safety committee meeting by a ment-jJt her of the lioard of directors. The awardja is Sthmeanlledrisuplnaiytse'dacinhiethveemseencttsioanrcrerceeciovginngizeitd.'1\ united through each of these, and they are by use of the National Safely Council's..,? expected to find ways to implement them. Storm Hag. Whenever 1,000 days without'.? The same policies become directives to the a lost time accident are achieved, the tinil| line organization. receives a Hag with their section name and;' Investigation is one of' the most important 1,000 days stamped on it. Each time tools any utility has to reduce injuries. At additional 1,000 days is achieved, they the district we investigate every accident that ccivc another flag. Extensive use is made involved an injury requiring medical allcn- the National Safety Council's Award . linn. We also investigate every automobile Honor. Whenever we receive one of the accident, regardless of extent of damage. In the entire district is notified, the newspa luilli ly|ies of investigation, the jierson who arc notified, and the award is physics had the accident meets with his foreman or displayed in every section at the District immediate supervisor; two or three other a scheduled basis. Eilially, wc have rnipbnees arc also called in. These people American Water Works Association's t innslitutc a study group, whose purpose is system, which wc use in the same mann to determine the cause of the accident and recommend a way to prevent similar acci dents in the future. All the Jiersons present stun tire rc|>orl, which is transmitted through the division channels and then to the safety unit. Action is taken as required, by the various supervisors. Education is accomplished through reg discussions nlmul safe practices on the . between the foremen with his men. Pipe! conferences supply material for the fore ' to use. Classes arc held for foremen supervisors. New employees are conla hy the safely unit, which cheeks their ` Inspection is made liv a field inspector for ing habits, discusses safe driving, and p the safely unit, by safety coiiiinittec nicni- out hazards particular to their own licrs and by the foremen and siqicrvisors. of operation. The latter are constantly licing stimulated i for safely through staff meetings, written At the District, safely is considered j inf nr million from the safety unit, and com integral part of every job and is (nif mitters. The entire responsibility for safety the ptamiing for work operations ami dc. is a (unction of the line organization. The Accidents can lie prevented; responsi safely unit only assists them, hy furnishing must lie arcrplcd hy management, but ilic mechanics of investigation, statistics, by supervisors, foremen, and the men. P training classes, and forms of recognition. are the only way to control injuries, Uerogiiilion is accomplished in several ways. Whenever an individual invents a sal el y device, it is displayed and discussed do nut want injuries, anil they must be . to learn the causes of accidents and methods of preventing them. 00CKU8 OFFICERS OF THE PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 Central Chairman--Hrkoi.i. Duniiar, Safety Engineer, Potomac Electric Power Co., Wash* . ington, D. C. '/ jfc'iFirst Vice-Chairman--Paui. Windsor, Safctv Director, Bureau of Safety, Chicago, III. jlSffond Vice-Chairman--T. E. WiCKroRP, Safety Supervisor, Commonwealth Edison Co., Maywood, III. ^Secretary--R. K. Pmt.uiw, Safctv Engineer, Dttquesitc, Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Sj rojjrain Committee--Samuf.i. McKay, Jr. (Chairman), Safely Director, The Hell Tclc ` phone Co. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. W. WTu.iman (Virc Chairman - Comg municatious). Plant Supervisor-Safety, The Chesapeake Potomac Telephone Co., S - Washington, D. C.; II. J. Lorknz (Vice Chairman-Electric), Manager of Safely, Nortli , em Indiana Public Service Co.. Hammond, ltul.; J. Wf.si.f.y Sam mis (Vice Chairmany Gas), Safety Engineer, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, l'a.; II. I). Harmon otv (Vice Chairman-Water), Vice Pres. & (fen. Mgr., (inry-l Inhart Water Cnrp., iary, I ml.; MC F. Stani.ky, Safety Coordinator, (Icucral Telephone Co. of l-Toi-ida, Tampa. Ela. jSTjrrbm'oi/ I'nhlicalions Committee--E. M. Chase (Chairman), Safely Director, Central If-kVermont Public Service Co., Rutland, Vt.; S. T. Komksdn (Vice Chairman-CommtmicaI trams). Safety Supervisor, Carolina Telephone & Telegraph Co., Tarlmro, N. C.; E. B. Em Hurst (Vice Chairman-Electric), Safety Director, Virginia Electric & Power Co., IBSRiclimnud. Va.; W. J. IIyron (Vice Chairmau-(!as), Safety Engineer, Michigan-Wis^censin Pipe Line Co., Detroit, Midi ; David II. Preston (Vice Chairman-Water), Asst. HRSecretary- Engineering, American Water Works Association, Inc., New York, N. Y.; rl W. I'. Due,an, tieneral Plant Supervisor-Personnel, Northwestern Hell Telephone Co., |8 Omaha, Nclir.; (I. L, E. Linn, Manager, Dnliernal Water System, I'arlin, N. J.; M. M. Iw Hciuiini;. Safely Supervisor, Consumers Public Power District, Colutulms, Nchr.; IffIra W. w_ DDiriiencnto,r,SCafeenlytraDl iMrcaritnner, PCoiwtyeroCf oS.,pArinuggfiiteslldn,, SMparinineg.field, Mo.; M. II. Incraiiam, Swm'itj Committer--VVaiuikn C.i.iitiin (Chairman), Safely,& -Eire Engineer, The llydrolefeBectric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Cuari.es Sciiweickart l|a)(Vice Chairman), Vice President, lloosicr Engineering Co., Columbus, Oltio; M. C. BhMcChesnf.v. Senior Safety Kcprcscnlative, The Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich.; HreM. H. Maxwei.f., Safety Supervisor, The L. 1C. Myers Co,, Lombard, III.: Robert agWAro, Safely Dim-tor, Omaha Public Power District, Omaha, Nchr.; A. E. Pikrowav, OT&ftty Director, New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, Ercdericlon, N. 11., fjff.Cuiada; L. Mevkr, Electric System Specialist, Employers Mutuals of Wansatt, `Wausau, Wis.; Ai.ex Pierson, Safely Engineer, Philadelphia (las Works. Philadelphia, m,; Harry Im.ack, Manager, Elcclrir Utilities Safely Association of Onl.irin, Toronto, Canada. A-Visml Aids Committer--If. C. Poitli v-;r (Chairman). Safety Olliccr, Rural Ek'-tri- BOlion Administration. L'. S. Dcparteri-' m Agrr'dvsre. .V-- -r-r"e. V. : H >" jlAu, Manager c: Tbf -I-1 F"-* '--s ' : '` ' '" * -. Safety Manager, American Ga* Association, New York, N. Y.; James Skaly, Safely Consultant, Ebasco Services, Inc., New York, N. Y.; W. J. Hanes, Supervisor of Safety, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Texas; M. B. Travis, Director of Safety, Northern Natural Gas. Co., Omaha, Ncbr.; T. L. Powers, Safety Engineer, Gas De partment, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Membership Committee--Warren D. Collins (Chairman), Executive Safety Director, Orange & Rockland Utilities, Inc., Boston, Mass.; George C. Sopp, Assistant to General Manager, Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif.; Robert M. Clark, Safety Director, Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J.; W. R. La Due, Superintendent & Chief Engineer, Bureau of Water Supply, Akron, Ohio. Newsletter Committee--Don Bucki.ey (Chairman), Safety Director, East Ohio Gas Co, Cleveland, Ohio; J. O. Parker, Safety Supervisor, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y.; R. E. McEldowney, Jr, Safety Director, United Fuel Gas Co, | t Charleston, W. Va. | Og-the-Job Safely Committee--R. F. Mills (Chairman), General Plant Safely Supervisor, t Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co, Denver, Colo.; W. J. Easton, Director of Accident Prevention, The Cincinati Gas & Electric Co, Cincinnati, Ohio; O. R. Bowers, Safety Engineer, Central Illinois Light Co, Peoria, III.; Ralph P. Talbott, Safety Supervisor, City of Phoenix, Phoenix, Ariz. . :4 'y Publicity Committee--C. H. Gum (Chairman), Safety Supervisor, Department of Electric & Water Utilities, Jacksonville, Fla.; C. A. Fischback, Safety Supervisor, Southern ; California Edison Co, Los Angeles, Calif.; A. B. Shehee, Safely Engineer, Rural Electrification Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. V; ! Contests & Awards Committee--K. C. Cregar (Chairman), Safely Director, Metropolitan i Edison Co, Reading, Pa.; J. E. Appel, Safety Engineer, Commonwealth Edison Co, jChicago, III.; V. L. Womeldorff, Safety Advisor, Illinois Power Co, Decatur, III. A Nominating Committee -- V. L. Womeldorff (Chairman); R. E. McEldowney, Jr;ft E. M. Chase. . f Special Representatives--American Gas Association--W. J. Easton, Director of Accident I Prevention, The Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co,Cincinnati, Ohio; American IPater IPorliW Association--R. J. Faust, Executive Secretary, New York, N. Y. if Past General Chairmen--'*1916-17, J. B. Douglas; *1919-20, Wills MacLaciilas; 1925-26, B. B. McCulloch ; *1926-27, George Opp; 1927-28, C. J. Ruti.anh; 1928-29, II. F. Webb; *1930-31, E. S. Beaumont; 1931-32, G. A. Doeller; 1932-33, C. B. IIoulet; 1934-35, E. J. Krf.ii ; 1935-36, R. M. Godwin; 1936-37, J. J. Baraba; 1937-3L! W. P. Elstun; 1938-39, R. S. Mf.tzger; *1939-40, H. A. Ptolemy; 1940-41, Chaws S. Bowden; *1941-42, P. L. G. Hasskarl; 1942-43, D. C. Duncan; 1943-44, E S-1 Miner; *1944-46, J. T. O'Brien; 1946-47, J. O. Leslie; 1947-48, J. B. Porcher; 194W E. L. Fitzgerald; 1949-50, John MacLei.lan; 1950-51, E. S. Hannaford; 1951-52, W.H. Adams; 1952-53, W. T. Rogers; 1953-54, P. M. Gentzel; 1954-55, W. S. Kitches;' 1955-56, H. T. Jayne; 1956-57, F. C. Harriman; 1957-58, J. E. Appel; 1958-59, E. Chase; 1959-60, R. S. Lowf.; 1960-61, R. E. McEldowney, Jr.; 1961-62, V. . Womeldorff. `Deceased 70 1962 National Safety Congreis 000or0 ''I I'lilp aml I'afer Strlimi does matter, an attitude that will reflect back and do investigate and form our own opimbroximatcly 55 jobs involving Blj^ul which . v . . sires very well. To kccjl a high level ill our on our own crews. If we let these jobs lag of urgency--an opinion which may, or in wc had never heard of until *7$$id1' up by safety attitude, we must surround our (icoplc indefinitely, perhaps forgetting them, we arc not, he correct. The problem is much wot 'he committee. -with-lhc knowledge that we arc interested destroying file desired attitude, creating in when there is a hazard of which we to Passing a job to the safety committee is in safely. We wanmUmglits of safety to its place a futile "what's the use?" mood. not even been made aware. but one way to side-step it. There arc other pervade, to spread throughout all their Now we conic to my real pitch. If we Once an operator becomes aware of a h) ways to avoid responsibility, but however it are to help on these problems, we must ard, he should feel free to talk to his i is done, it damages the safety effort of the know first that a problem exists, and second mediate supervisor with a certainty that I mill- It is damaging to my selfish interests, we must know the degree of importance at problem will be considered and correct! the safety of the maintenance crews, tached to the problem. The operating de action taken where possible. This is a nr Safety is considered so important that we partments arc the only ones able to furnish ' if workers arc to feel that safety is wmi have safely supervisors, safely committees, thoughts and habits. If wc can create this atmosphere of safety, we will have a safe plant. By lack of pro|ier attention to the ten per cent of safety represented hy the physical features, we can destroy this at mosphere ami the oilier 'Rl |icr cent of safety. this information with any real degree of while, that it docs mean something. Oth departmental meetings, and what-have-you. Now, if I have created the impression that accuracy. I wotdd like to interpose here wise, a real "what's the use?" attitude 1 A lot of people get involved, and properly so. I think maintenance departments are good, the fact that in talking of departments, I velops. But it does make it so easy to pass the above the average departments, it was lie- am really talking of the supervisors in that But, it is so easy for a supervisor to ti buck, to slide out from under, to let John cause I wanted to create that impression. department. Jobs arc done by workmen, hut it aside, to tell the man to take it up vr do it, unless a great deal of care is taken, If you check thoroughly, you will probably it is the foremen, the tour liosses, the super the safety supervisor, or have it reported The men on the job, the immediate siqicr- find that it is true in your own mill. Nor intendents, that get things done. At least, the safety committee. In other words, g visor and his superintendent are the ones mally, ours is the job having the greatest that is the way it should be. the man the old run-around, pass the bti most familiar with the area and its prob- exposure to hazard. Yet, in our mill, in Say and do what we will about safely, production is the final goal. Even safety must be weighed with this in mind. Obvi ously, if the actions of the oiicrating depart ments indicate a problem, whether production or safety, to be of minor importance, that Aftcr all, it is so much easier to let some lems. Theirs is the responsibility for origi- clsc do it. rating action and follow-up mi matters af- Thcrc is a direct channel for getting ofl feeling production. Anil theirs must lie the types of work done. Use it for safety vn responsibility for originating action on the also, instead of letting ideas be bat normal safety items. And, usually they around, passed back and forth, lost, dropi should go through the same direct pro- terms of frequency rale, the maintenance department ranks with the liesl. Wc have accumulated as much as 1,51X1,000 manhours between disabling injuries. As far as I know, no other single department within our mill has approached that. job will be low on our priority list. or avoided by ail the roundabout evas cedures and actions that they would to ob- That our mill is not unique in this matter . We all have a pretty direct channel for lactics that sheer laziness and unwillitign lain routine repairs. is witnessed hy the comments I have heard originating work, getting it done, or follow to assume responsibility can bring up. The 90 per cent of safely I mentioned as more than one safety director make to the ing up on it. But, how often is it used We have a safety committee compo being represented by attitude is fostered only effect that maintenance must lead the way properly for items of safety? of representatives pf the hourly men ft by creating an atmosphere of safety. At al- to any effective safety program. Time after time we have been handed two work requests by one supervisor. One for an item of safety and one for an item cach major department and a salaried 1 most any mill with a good safety record, resentative of each department. The ci safety can be almost felt by a stranger com mittee meets once a mouth to discuss difBt WB into the mill. It seems to lie part of the Wc of maintenance are not only willing to help, hut selfishly eager to do so. But to do so efficiently, we must know first that of convenience. We might get great lip problems, and problems on which If atmosphere. so'iicouc has a problem, ami second we must service on how im|>ortnnt the safety item seem to lie no action. It's a good conn One definition Webster gives for almos- know how important that problem is con was, because he knows that Crossctt stresses tcc, and docs quite a bit for morale. I pliere is, ``A surrounding or |iervading in- sidered to he, so that it can lie given its safety, and it was the pro|>cr thing to do. ccntly looked over the notes of last ye fluence." This definition describes our de- rightful place in our work schedules. But lie would ask then and several times a mcctings--78 items had been brought up 1 day thereafter, when we would get to the ing the year--72 had been corrected, 1 convenience item, but no further mention were being worked on, and the other I ........ ............... would be made of the safety item. Which were too recent to have been started. job has he indicated to be the most im portant? Which job gels the highest pri SAFE CHEMICAL RECOVERY BOILER OPERATIONS ority? Obviously, the one he keeps pushing picture appeared. On at least two occaw --the one he shows the most interest in--the when a committee member had been askrj By J. R. CHASSELL and L. H. COYKENDALL convenience item. he'd discussed it with his supervisor, Maintenance is a service, and we try to shrugged his shoulders and muttered Development Design Engineer and Engineering Coordinator, The Babcock & Wilcox Co., Boiler Div., Barberton, Ohio keep our customers happy. The squeaking hadn't thought it would do any good. wheel will get greased first. No matter what lip service he has rendered, his actions have proven to us which job is most important to him. Although perhaps misled as to importance, several instances, the supervisor had The chemical recovery boiler has become him to bring the job up at the next MJin indispensable part of modern Kraft pulp committee meeting. In one way or anmills. The recovery unit reclaims over 90 about 60 of the 78 items represented stffer cent of the chemicals used for cooking visory failures. Jvood chips so that tfie reprocessed chemicals pressure steam from burning the waste black liquor can he used to generate approximately 50 per cent of the power requirements of the mill. The low pressure steam discharged from the back pressure turbines will supply we have in this instance at least been in Unfortunately, maintenance had its <*n be returned to the d:?e;?rs ar.d ised a; , r.- ximately 59 fer cent of the frve1'- form"1 that a problem exists, and we can of failures, too. Even so, there wet again The he.!! ' 14 I5 1. 1962 National Safety Congress OOCCOl Puli' anti t'afer Section Tltc incineration of these waste black lii|imrs makes its tinnccessary to discharge them and pollute the streams. Modern preripilalors and sernbhers clean most con taminating material from the fine gases before they arc discharged to the atmos phere, thereby minimizing air pollution. Be cause chemical recovery reduces the net cost of pulp, paper, and other related products, it is attractive economically. The aim of today's modern recovery units is to operate as economically and as safely as possible. We cannot expect an installation to have all these rewards without encountering prob lems 3nd hazards. The history of the de velopment of modern day chemical recovery Itoilers, front the first refractory smelters fed with char formed in a rotary kiln, docu ing the liquor. The disc or cascade evapo rator was developed and installed after the waste-heat Imiler and utilized tltc heat in the gases leaving the waste-heat Itoiler to fur ther concentrate the black liquor before in troduction to the rotary kiln. The Murray Wacrn unit, introduced about 1930, substituted a water-cooled smelter in the place of the refractory smelter previously used in order' to overcome the refractory;.maintenance difficulties. Kliiniuatioii of the t rotary drier or kiln in the Ross-Wagner i. unit, at about the same time, was the first : 5 step leading to the development of Ihe mod- \ ern recovery unit with its stationary furnace. ;s The principal component of the Ross-Wagner,;? unit was a vertical, cylindrical, stationary,-^ refractory furnace. The liquor, at about, the operator cKjJjf'use more or less wall area for dryinr-^fc liquor, dc|iemling upon its water contMtliThis' spraying method .stabilized combustion conditions on the hearth, reducing the frequency of black-outs, and increased the efficiency of chemical re covery. By thus providing a separate adjustable means of evaporation within the furnace it self, it was possible to use the cooler watercooled furnace, eliminating the high mainte nance of refractory, and to establish stable furnace conditions with the relatively weak liquor available from the multiple effect evaporators of that day. The introduction of this type unit led to rapid developments Lt.'r. in the efficiency of chemical and heal re'-.V oovery from the furnace. particles j before penetrating the liquid sur face in-the smelt dissolving tank and if the grecq.Jjguor in the dissolving lank is kept thoroughly agitated. On present day re covery units, steam shatter jets ami green liquor recirculating sprays break up the smelt stream before it is submerged in the liquid and a propeller type agitator keeps the fluid in the dissolving tank moving. The tank is vented to atmosphere to eliminate any explosive gases. As a safety feature in this area, the smelt shattering equipment is designed with con siderable excess capacity over that normally required. Steam jets and liquor sprays lo cover a wide flow area arc backed up with auxiliary nozzles and reserve steam pres ments the hazardous problems which have liceu encountered and overcome. I Recovery of chemicals in the early use of the Kraft process consisted of drying and roasting the waste liquor in a rotary 55 per cent solids content, atomized with;,? compressed air, was introduced through the;'" There have been many additional rcfinct:j>- ments to improve Kraft recovery units, roof of the furnace and directed downwar^ Inward the furnace floor or hearth. ;i- j ,Economized, steam coil air heaters, gas air ?' heaters, electrostatic precipitators, venturi This unit was significant since it demon-';1* evaporator-scrubbers, cyclone evaporators. sure. This reserve shattering capacity is re quired when upset operating conditions of the recovery Imiler cause the smelt flow lo he irregular, for smelt flow rates several times the normal quantity can lie experi enced. kiln until a char was obtained. This char, strated the principle that all the steps ofv'Jj Mow level heat savers, demisters for vent or so-called black ash, contained the non volatile portion of the constituents dissolved from the wood in addition to the inorganic chemicals of the original cooking liquor, and when discharged from the rotary kiln, was used as the fuel in a refractory smelter. The hot gases from the smelter were directed hark through the rotary kiln where they dried and roasted the-incoming waste liquor, making the process self-sustaining. A reducing condition was maintained in the fuel or char bed of the smelter, and as the organic constituents horned away, the inorganic ash was chemically smelled, re the recovery incineration process could be' jj' T stacks on smelt dissolving tanks, and various accomplished in a single stationary furnace.; ^ " other pieces of equipment have been added However, refractory maintenance was high/'J. ; to do the required job in a better manner. and combustion conditions on the hearth i were unstable and subject to frequent black-;f outs requiring excessive amounts of auxifw iary fuel to maintain Ihe process which ie?i| suited in low chemical recovery efficiency,.- One particular type of hazard that is y found only in recovery boiler operation, the is; reaction between molten smelt and walcr 1' or char and walcr, can create an explosion ; hazard in the dissolving lank and in the In the Babcock & Wilcox-Toinlinsou umt,'^ furnace, in (he dissolving tank the reaction introduced in 1936, the advantages of if ili between smell and water must lie controlled Uoss-Wagncr unit were retained, but the.v,, /{by dissipating the energies in a harmless were several iuqiortanl changes designed to|2 ^tanner. At other points in the system eliminate the difficulties noted. Refractoryfig Improper, design and o|>crntion must tic estab maintenance was eliminated by the use of lished to prevent smell and walcr or char While the shattering equipment is de signed for .-.Imormal conditions, the most cllcclive way to provide safety is in proper operation by eliminating smelt spout pluggage and the heavy rushes of smelt which follow. Recovery lioilcr burning techniques, black liquor fuel preparation system, unit controls and instruments have been improved so that operating conditions can be expected to lie quite steady and the smelt discharge to flow at an even rate. These improvements have practically eliminated the incidence of dissolving lank explosions which wcic formerly quite numerous. duced, and tapped from the smeller in a. water-cooled stationary furnace and a waterr* il'kand water from coming in contact witli each In spite of these improvements in equip molten state. The only heat utilized by this equipment was that which was needed to cooled due connection from the furnace toy. the waste-heat boiler. To overcome the other. i;| The smelt dissolving lank area is one ment and operation, there may lie times when, as a result of poor operating pro evaporate the moisture from the weak black liquor fed to the kiln and convert it into char. stable furnace condition, the liquor sprayed onto the walls of the furnace, whtfe^ it was essentially dehydrated and remained^ fo where controlled smelt water reaction must /jbe attained to prevent injuries to personnel U and damage to equipment. Thermal and cedures, the smell spout will begin to close off. Preventative action to he taken is as follows: Several pieces of equipment have been added to perform additional functions and contribute to the economy, efficiency, or safety of the process. A waste-heat boiler was added to the smelter furnace-rotary kiln combination, permitting recovery of a part of the heat from the gases discharged from the kiln. The development and use of until its thickness and weight were sulfide*? ?" chemical energies arc released suddenly when to cause it to break off and fall to the chaff bed below. The spray nozzle directed at the furaart. the molten smelt com__e__s .i.n. c,,owntact.w*itli( mthee c'Wtak green liquor. In the early development f/Stages, lack of shatter jets, inadequate vent- walls was oscillated, continuously deposit**, :}*, and insufficient agitation resulted in a relatively thin layer of liquor on a fi*Wii| f$ittny violent smelt dissolving tank expto- area of the walls which dried before ife jSytlions which resulted not only in serious spray was redirected to the same area `'"y-dzmjge (o the equipment hut, in many I. Allow sufficient time lo burn the bed down properly during routine shutdown (icriods. The bed near Ihe smelt spouts should be burned down below the smelt spout openings and accumulations of smelt and ash that fall from th. tipper screen lubes or furnace should tie melted also. If this condition cannot be achieved during an multiple effect evaporators to deliver the deposit additional liquor. Furthermore,; "ues, injury to operating iicrsoimcl. emergency shutdown, (lie accumulation of waste liquor at higher solids content to the of considerable importance, the angle 7 rotary kiln reduced the heat loss in evaporat oscillation of the spray was adjustable; Explosions of this kind can lie prevented ^ff the smelt stream is broken up into small ash in the vicinity of the smelt spouts in the furnace should be raked or shoveled away from the spends before restarting the unit. 16 17 1962 National Safely Cimt/ress 2. Operating a recovery boiler will) black smelt at a lube can cause extremely- liquor concern rations which arc too iow can beat input rates which can clevat*. reduce bed temperature and cause the smelt temperatures so that wastage of mtttl s|Mnt to freeze over. The pro|icr per cent occur. This blowtorch action if solids in the hlack litpior to the furnace can for some time at a givtn point myr lie maintained by correct o|icrntion of the evaporators and other auxiliary equipment. .1. The amount of combustible material remaining in the char when it falls to the lied can be controlled by proper hlack liipior spray adjustments and primary and second ary air and tertiary air distribution. Proper tube wastage to the point of failure. ^ fore, if the rule, "Never fix the position; always hold it by hand and it moving," is observed, there should', danger of tube damage when air 1 used to clear ports which have been out. adjustment of primary air flow in the Pltiggnge of the smell s|>ouls or vicinity of the smelt spouts will promote mation of smelt ledges on' furnace steady smell flow. sometimes require manual probing wi`L' 4. Periodic cleaning of chilled smelt from to open the smelt spout or knock the smelt spout is required to maintain ledge. When this procedure is requi steady smelt flow. treme care should be used so that Proper design and operation of the water- nace wall tubes are not damaged. cooled smelt spout must be established to Molten smelt is formed in the f prevent smelt water reaction, prequent re during the process of incinerating placements may be required if the cooling ganic substances in the black liquor., water supply is contaminated or scale form smelt consists of approximately 25 i ing. This is one cause of smelt spout fail sodium sulfide and 75 per cent sodiuaq ures, corrosion, and cracking. A leak in the honalc. We have discussed the lia smelt spout allows the cooling water to mix water spraying on smelt in the fo with stream of smelt ami the splattering however, keeping (be accumulation of caused by the reaction can injure nearby smelt in the furnace to a mininiumhr people. The chilling effect can also cause a safety feature of design. pluggagc of the S|>out, resulting in abnormal flows from the other spout. This problem can be entirely eliminated by installing a re circulating condensate system as the cooling water supply. Excellent results have been achieved in this manner. The failure of a furnace lube of a Kiafl chemical recovery unit must he avoided as it may become a serious Itn/atd. If the water from (he leaking tube comes in eontael in timatcly with the smell, an explosion jinn occur. It if comes in eontael with the hot char lied, explosive gas can he generated. All furnace wall tube failures do no! result in explosions, but nevertheless, it is of major concern when a tube leak is noted in this area. The common cause of furnace tube fail ures is scale formation on the inside of the tube. The importance of maintaining good boiler water conditions cannot be stressed too much. This importance increases as the chemical recovery unils arc designed for higher temperatures and pressures. Another cause of tube failure is indiscreet use of air lances in air ports. An air lance directed across burning char and molten A recovery furnace designed with * ing floor so that the smelt is disclia the dissolving tank from the recovery! as sixni as it is formed minimizes (hit aril. Eluid hot smelt leaks from the f fm in a hazard to equipment and pe l(rd hot flowing smell can cut picssmc parts and ciiclosuics. I lie f . Iioltom and lower side wall most be T sealed in order to prevent smelt from ing out between the tubes. Early model water-cooled furnacev ing iqion a very thick layer of ref ^ lining inside tlie furnace to form tht* against smell flow, used the tubes na: reinforcement and as a form. Pin welded to the pressure parts of the f_ were added to bold the refractory more securely in place and to extet ^ life of the refractory by lowering kt" pcraliirc. Chill plates were later built o* outside tangent of tubes in an all: freeze molten smelt which might, through the refractory. Tlie trend has been steadily toward metal usage as a positive seal against. V IK oco rU, un.v I'ulf ami I'aper Seelinn The furnace wall tufi . must he arranged witli .due respect to gas were moved to closer temperatures, gas velocities, and tube spac- and chrome ore refraij___ . iug jn order to achieve a rlcanahlc recovery on the furnace side to protect the unit. -* "ifrom wastage in the sulfur reducing ' re of the lower furnace. Flat studs ded at the centerline of the lutm and of studs welded together. In addi cted plate membrane is welded bc,tubes, making a solid tight welded all the way to the primary air I. Construction is a positive metal seal ,, the flow of smelt. The joints of the the floor are also welded tight and (ruction has eliminated leakage floor. The transition to a comysealed metal bottom lias now been and the only path for (lie smelt is out the spoilt. Smelt leakage. Was once a common occurrence iu recovery units, lias now been made nonexistent on the modern rc,units. In addition, when extensive re*re made to units 10 to 15 years old, .of these more modern features mav Wed to the hearth zone so that the of smelt leaks can lie greatly The combination of proper arrangement of heal absorbing surfaces and the applica tion of improved tjqic soot blowers have virtually eliminated lancing on modern re covery units, thus increasing safety during operation. Auxiliary oil and gas burners are used when starting up to bring the boiler up to pressure, put it oil the line, to ignite the black liquor, and sustain furnace tempera ture until the black liquor burner lias been stabilized. These burners arc also used to melt down the char when the unit is to lie shut down and to stabilize Ihc furnace dur ing upset operational conditions or black liquor filet interruptions. The recovery unit fired with a high mois ture black liquor fuel may lose ignition if the air flow or fuel moisture content changes. Smelling over of air ports will affect the air flow distribution and erratic operation of multiple effort evaporators will affert the fuel solids ronlrnl musing a black-out or loss of ignition in one area of " to 1940, soot blowers were generally ve in recovery units. Multiple jet ; did not dislodge bard deposits anil furnaces were often operated under i as a result of plugging of the gas Steam cutting due to tuisalign7was prevalent. Consequently, band was a neeessary pail f reenvery Operation. Hand lancing was not an ex- r hazardous part of the operation but ,~-wii always a eliaiice of |iersoual in- (be furnace, which wiii become nrcuutulalive unless corrcrlcd. Auxiliary oil or gas burners are plared in service to rnmpciisalr for the loss of heat release due to Ihc black out. The operator must also rod the air ports to re-establish proper romlmstion con ditions. Operation of auxiliary burners is a manual function Itrcausc of the problems inciilionrd almve. However, safely devices are being installed to help tin* operator with the auxiliary bin net s. "ifCither by being burned by the lint bnces, or by having lint gases and Mown from the lame |x>rls and furnace t which were used for lancing. The problem of burning oil or gas iu a recovery furnaec is nuicli the same as in normal power lioilers. However, the primary purpose of the recovery Iwiilcr is to burn (Airthe recovery units became larger, they blark liquor and rerover the chemical effici t!;:inore difficult to lanrc by band. This, ently, and as a result, the arrangement of 'increasing labor costs, forced the dc- air |>orls and air distribution is designed to of automatic retractable lance accomplish this purpose. A typical oil or gas devices to cope witli the lenaceous burner cannot lie used in the hearth because 1 that form in (he hot gas regions of of smell conditions. The auxiliary burners '.Keovery unit. The design of the re are mutinied around the unit on all sides to units lias been changed to arrange distribute the beat and are not ns easily I so that the ash which was cleaned observed by the operators. Several Kraft :lhe lubes fails into the furnace or into recovery unit furnace explosions have been toiler hoppers. Even witli the most cflcc- caused by improper use or improper func bnwn cleaning equipment, the surfaces tioning of auxiliary burners. Improved steam 1962 National Safety Congress 000C03 ' I'nip atid I'af'er Section atomizing type oil burner": and gas burners in the prevention of accidents or improve; M that give better stability are now used. incuts of nitration. > ' f| The greatest contribution to the safety of 3. Training Replacements -- The turnover auxiliary burners in recovery units has been in operating personnel is greater than om ^ the recent application of monitoring equip would normally realize. Some operators l(< ment to oil and gas burners. Monitored oil advanced to more responsible positions and 9 and gas burners are offered on new units trim over their duties to less experienced Va and are recommended for all existing Kraft recovery units. Automatic monitoring sys men. Men move on to other pulp and paper mills or into other industries. These change) 4 tems will include: (I) flame failure de reduce the number of experienced operators " tectors, (2) air flow permissives, (3) maxi available to operate the chemical recovery';] mum air windbox pressure cut-out, (4) boiler. Retraining of operators and super maximum and minimum gas pressure cut visors is required to keep operation up to ) outs, (5) minimum oil temperature cut-outs, high standards of economy and safety. ;t'- and (6) fan failure interlocks. A Ihorough and aggressive maintenance Controls and instrumentation can contrib program can make valuable contributions to,; ute greatly to safe recovery unit operation. safe recovery unit operation. Many haz- Temperature recorders, flow recorders, level unions conditions arc caused by mechanical f indicators, density indicators, draft loss or electrical failures. The chances of having _ gauges, and other present day instruments accidents arc much greater when abnormal ij can show the operator what is happening in conditions arise. Motor trip-out on an auxil the recovery unit without his having to iary pump, fan, or agitator, or other types''] leave his operating station. These very valu of equipment failures can lake the operator ` able guides can be used to detect the devel away from his primary responsibilities, opment of unsafe conditions long before it thereby making the total recovery boiler j could be determined from other sources. operation less safe. A good maintenance and Automatic controls can perform many func inspection program can do a great deal I tions of the operator so that he may be free toward elimination of hazards caused by | to attend to other duties necessary to effici these failures. 1 ency and safety of operation. Of course, all instruments and controls must be properly calibrated and checked to make sure that readings are true and. they must be carefully maintained so that the operator can have confidence in them. Maintenance crews are always overworked i during mill outages, but in the long run, J complete maintenance during a scheduled ' outage pays off. Continued maintenance of spare equipment can be accomplished during normal operating periods to allow the men A good training program for operating to do a licttcr job during scheduled outages. personnel and supervisors is necessary for During the scheduled outage, particular safe operation. attention should be paid to the inspection ol 1. Knowledge of Equipment -- When a new recovery unit is started up, time and elTort spent to explain the features and ob jectives of the new equipment can prevent future accidents or operating mistakes. 2. Experience -- Operating problems en countered during the initial starting up period may be a good school of hard knocks for the crews on duty at the time; but al though straightening out upset operating conditions is good training, it is poor for production records. Shutdown and change over drills should be incorporated in a smooth running mill to give operators proper training in handling emergencies. These drills may well point out weakness in the the furnace hearth area for any signs of , pressure part deterioration. Blisters, wasted f tube metal, excessive stud burning, and tube) f bowed out of position will indicate, gener- -ij ally, water treatment problems. The water .1 side of the unit should be ins|>ectcd for in- ' dications of scale and, if found, the unit should be acid cleaned to insure safety dur ing the next operating period. A chemical recovery room in which im portance is placed upon neatness, freedom from debris, and dirt accumulations provides more safety for the operator. It is muclt . easier for him to recognize developing troubles or hazards. Recognizing the exist ence of a dangerous condition is the first. established operating procedures and result step toward 'eliminating it. 20 The old type chemical recovery (fi'iits were difficult to keep clean. The pluggigc condiTtoni of the boiler passes eausdtUav-back pressure operation, resulting in fumes and sparklers being belched into tlie recovery boiler room. Ash hoppers which collected ash and smell were dumped to the Imilcr room floors and then shoveled back into the 'furnace through the access door. The mod ! em unit is designed to keep the boiler passes open and all heating surfaces that arc sub ject to hard smelt' deposits arc located above .the furnace so that these deposits fall to i.lhe smelt bed. The ash from the boiler hop pers is returned to the fuel system through ;lhe black liquor sluice system. Tljis is a .dosed system and keeps the ash inside of '|he recovery unit. '-' Combined efforts in the fields of operai lion, maintenance, and design have done iiuch to reduce hazards of the Kraft rcrovtry process. Safety features that arc built into the new umlijCcxn lie adapted to existing unit*. Ample rdjferve shattering ra pacity has improved smell banrtlmg. Auxil iary burners are more stable and monitoring equipment is now provhlcd. Automatic retrarlable soot blowers have improved boiler cleaning, thus improving boiler availability ami minimizing band lancing. Uniformly concentrated black liquor fuel and improved burning techniques maintain steady furnace conditions. Operators have better training and more instrumentation is provided to help them keep aware of operating conditions at all times. The complex fuel, smelling, and cleaning problems of chemical recovery units make remote automated controls more complicated to apply than on power boilers. The |iaper industry and equipment suppliers, however, will continue to improve the safety of chemical recovery Imilrrs. DEVELOPING AND GAINING ACCEPTANCE OF SAFE PRACTICES By ROBERT H. CARRUTHERS ., . District Safety Director, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Summit, N. J. We arc all aware that industrial accident prevention is a complex and many sided problem for which there is no sliort cut solution, no automatic panacea. We know that success in preventing personnel injuries and protecting plant facilities depends on a balanced program which recognizes and then stabilizes the problem of the policy of management and the philosophy of labor. Please note I did not include the word rationalize between recognize and stabilize, as I am convinced there is no room for rationalizing or compromising, if you and ! are to continue as important integral parts of private enterprise. Somewhere along the line we must strike a happy medium, or perhaps 1 should say create an atmosphere in which we can fuse management (the manager) and labor (the worker) into an effective accident prevention team. Proliably the most important aspect in developing and gaining acceptance of safe practices is a safety atmosphere in wliirli you warm tlie cool spots and cool the Imt spots, keeping in mind that llic person who is against accidents is not necessarily for safety. In a given situation, regardless of management policy or of lalior philosophy, you must let the manager know what is expected from him and you must inform thr worker what is expected of him. Sometimes this area of cooperation, which you attempt In establish, becomes an arena of conflict-- hence, the term, "creating an atmosphere." For a moment let us think of a vacuum atmospheric vessel into which you draw everyone's ideas, thoughts and experiences --pro and con. Next, to develop and gain acceptance of safe practices, you warm up, cool down, add, subtract, smooth out, and round off the ingredients. As the solution begins to jell in this favorable atmosphere, you reverse the flow and expand outwards the resulting safe practices. 21 i