Document 6w4y34jjQBVL3KQRd9GV7a2vg

When openings require covers, the design should specify metal covers with hand nngs folding flush with the top Covers should fit snugly and be provided with lugs Open pits may be safeguarded with fences or rails Stairs or fixed ladders provide safe access to pits Drams reduce the hazard of fells on muddy, wet, or icy pit floors Outside lighting Outside lighting must serve not only as a production tool and as a safety factor but should also function as part of the plant se curity system Luminaires using many differ ent types of light sources are available for all types of specialized applications Consider ations should be given to lamp life and ease of maintenance of luminaires selected Light ing should be provided for Wharves, docks, and loading platforms Roadways, walkways, and railroad crossings Entrances and exits Production areas Stairways and landings Ramps Active storage areas Lighting equipment used m outdoor locations must withstand exposure to the elements without deterioration American National Standard All 1, Practice for Industrial Light ing, and a later section m this chapter, "Light ing" Docks and wharves The characteristic of the bottom of the sea, lake, or river is an important factor in design and construction of docks and wharves A soft, deep bottom limits the use of concrete and of heavy fire-resisbve materials Wood piles must be protected if marine borers are present Flexibility and elasticity are essen tial where waves force vessels against piers and in tidal waters Safety requirements include good illumi nation for night work, a floor that will with stand heavy trucking, and traffic control equipment Fatigue and numerous injuries to stevedores can be greatly reduced by the use of mechanical handling equipment, such as forklift trucks Design of piers should take into account the speed and size of vehicles to be operated on them Provision for lemovmg snow and heating icy surfaces should be provided Plant Layout Size, shape, location, construction, and lay out of buildings and other facilities should permit the most efficient utilization of ma terials, processes, and methods Materials and processes may favor gravity flow and the construction of a multistory building, for example, in the case of mills for ore treatment Other uses, such as automobile assembly plants, may favor a one-story building because floor loads will be heavy and because excessive handling of materials by vertical and inclined conveyors would be required in a multistory building Location of buildings and structures The segregation of raw materials storage, processing buildings, and storage for finished products warrants thorough study m laying out a plant to minimize fire and explosion hazards Storage of volatile flammable liquids in an area apart from processing buildings re duces the fire hazard In the event of fire, control is more easily achieved Moreover, the cost of separate storage eventually may be less than the investment for storage in a processing building Ample space should be provided between segregated units, from such flame sources as boilers, and from shops, streets, and adjoin ing property Fig 16-3 shows a well planned layout of the structures in a lacquer manu facturing plant The codes of local and state authorities and of the National Fire Protection Association should be followed in planning the location of the units of a plant Where no legal restrictions govern the storage of explosives, magazines should be located and constructed in accordance with the recommendations of the Institute of Makers of Explosives Table 16-A specifies the quantities of explosives that may be stored safely at various distances from inhabited buildings, passenger railways, and public high ways The type of retardant required m relation 373