Document 6w0R1qgRvX3E3Z4rbyw4qK6md

- Ref . Ares(2019)358754 - 4/06/2019 amec foster wheeler Plastics Europe - Fluoropolymer Group Socio-economic Analysis of the European Fluoropolymer Industry May 2017 Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited .. Amee fostar Wheeler Enwonment 2, Infrastructure UK limitecl Report for Fluoropolymers Group Plastics Europe Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 6 1160 Brussels Belgium Main contributors Approved by Amee Foster Wheeler Floor 4 60 London Wall London EC2M 5TQ United Kingdom Tel.._______. Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 Copyright and non-disclosure notice The contenls and layoul of this report are subject to copyright owned by AmeeFoster Wheeler( Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 2017). Save to the extent that copyright has been legally assigned by us to another party or Is used by Amee Foster Wheeler under licence. To the extent that we own the copyright in this report, it may not be copied or used without our prior written agreement for any purpose other than the purpose ind icated In this report. The methodo logy (if any) conta ined in this report is provided to you In confidence and must not be disclosed or copied to third parties without the pr ior written agreement of Amee Foster Wheeler. Disclosure of that information may constitute an actionable breach of confidence or may otherwise prejudice our commercia l interests. Any third party who obtains access to this report by any means will, in any event, be subject to the Third Party Disclaimer set out below. Third-party disclaimer Any disdosure of this report to a third party Is subject to this disclaimer. The report was prepared by Amee Foster Wheeler at the Instruction of, and for use by, our client named on the front of the report. It does not in any way constitute advice to any th ird party who Is able to access It by any means. Amee Foster Wheeler excludes to the fullest exlent lawfully permitted al1 llability whatsoever for any loss or damage howsoever arising from reliance on the contents of this report. We do not however exclude our liability (If any) for personal injury or death resulting from our negligence, for fraud or any other matter in relation to which we cannot legally exclude liability. Management systems This document has been produced by Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited in full compliance with the management systems, which have been certified to ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 16001 by LRQA. Document revisions No. Details Draft report 2 Revised draft following client comments 3 Revised report following client comments 17083i1 4 Revised final report following client comments17083i2 6 Revised final report following minor changes for clarification 1708313 6 Revised final report following minor addition 17083i4 Date 20/10/2016 2/12/2016 613/2017 29/3/2017 1815/2017 24/5/2017 May 2017 Doc Rer 37575M Mo1 i083i4 3 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Executive Summary Purpose of the report This independent report, commissioned by the Fluoropolymers Group (FPG) of Plastics Europe, identifies the contribution to European society and economy of a group of plastics known collectively as fluoropolymers. These include the well-known PTFE and many other polymers; they are not to be confused with fluorotelomers, which are out of the study scope. The study the first such study carried out by the Fluoropolymer industry in Europe evaluates the contribution made by the manufacture of fluoropolymers in terms of revenue, investment and employment. But much more significant benefits are generated along the value chain via the use of fluoropolymers in various critical applications which we use every day. In these, even though the fluoropolymer content may be tiny, they offer key attributes: non-wetting, high dielectric, non-stick, fire resistant, temperature resistant, weather resistant and with near universal resistance to chemicals. It is their specific combinations of properties that are not matched by any of the alternatives and which thus make them so valuable. This socio-economic analysis (SEA) draws on publicly available data, alongside a survey undertaken with members of the Fluoropolymers Group and interviews with a selection of downstream users. Key messages from the analysis are below also presented graphically. The fluoropolymer value chain sectors dependent on fluoropolymers Fluoropolymers provide vital performance characteristics to products or production processes. Collectively this creates socio-economic value far beyond the direct impact created by the industry itself. Whilst not all of these benefits can be quantified, the report analysed these in eight strategically important sectors: Transport: By providing durable and effective protection against heat, aggressive fluids and fuels, humidity, vibrations and compression, Fluoropolymers prolong the useful life of various components critical for performance, emission control and safety in both the automotive and aerospace industries. Looking specifically at cars, fluoropolymers contribute to safety, engine efficiency, weight reductions and emission control, thereby improving fuel efficiency and reducing leaks and fugitive emissions. Modern road transport emission standards could not have been achieved without these materials. Specifically, fluoropolymer use in fuel hoses alone enables fuel savings worth some 40m per year and lower emissions prevents health damage valued at a further 100m in Europe. Over the vehicle lifetime, this equates to fuel savings in Europe of some 200m. Chemical and power: Fluoropolymers enable a high level of efficiency and environmental safety in the chemical and power sectors, helping them remain internationally competitive. Uses include piping, vessels, fluid-handling components, filters, vents and cable coatings. Fluoropolymer coatings, linings and components prevent corrosion in demanding environments. Each percent reduction in corrosion is estimated to deliver savings of some 150m per year across Europe. Amongst other benefits, they support savings in maintenance through increased component lifetime. Consultation suggested their use effectively doubled the lifetime of equipment, potentially yielding savings in the order of 100m annually. Furthermore, they provide important contributions to applications that prevent or remove pollution; in Combined Heat and Power (CHP)1 installations alone, fluoropolymer heat exchanger technology contributes to energy savings worth up to 8bn and CO2 emission reductions worth around 0.5-3bn, across Europe, per year. Cookware: Fluoropolymer-coated cookware provides easy-clean, non-stick properties, saving time, water and energy. This facilitates cooking with less added fat contributing to a healthy diet. 1 A highly efficient process that captures and utilises the heat that is a by-product of the electricity generation process. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 4 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Electronics: Fluoropolymers are critical to the semiconductor manufacturing process. Here various fluoropolymer components can stand up to the aggressive etching chemicals and provide the necessary purity required in the production of microchips and other electronics, where even trace contaminants can severely affect production yield. Annual benefits of fluoropolymers in semiconductor manufacturing are substantial - estimated in a 2006 study at some 10bn, per year. Semiconductors, in turn, are found in millions of products which are becoming ever more powerful, but compact. More generally, fluoropolymers enable improved fire safety, reliability and performance of cables, notably data transmission cables enabling a wide range of ICT2, industrial, automotive, medical imaging and analysis and a huge range of other applications. A combination of high dielectric properties, high heat resistance and fire resistance is necessary to produce acceptable products. Food and pharmaceuticals: Fluoropolymers enable durable processing equipment, ensuring high purity of food and pharmaceuticals as well as a high level of efficiency by preventing corrosion and facilitating cleaning. In the European biopharmaceutical manufacturing sector alone, 270m was saved in 2012 compared to 2008 from reductions in contamination and material failure. Such improvements can be attributed to a range of factors, but fluoropolymers play an important role in these efficiency gains. Textiles and architecture: In clothing and footwear fluoropolymers increase performance and comfort through combining waterproofing and breathability, in low weight but durable materials. They provide durable, fire-safe, easy-to-clean, building materials which can both reduce building cooling costs and energy use, whilst enabling novel landmark architectural designs not feasible with other materials. These include the O2 Dome (London), the Sony Centre (Berlin), Wimbledon Centre Court, the Allianz Arena (Munich), San Mams stadium (Bilbao) and the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK, all of which use fluoropolymers in the designs, for example woven PTFE fabric, fluoropolymer-coated glass fabric or extruded ETFE film. Medical applications: Fluoropolymers enable excellent performance and long lifetimes in medical equipment such as surgically-implantable medical devices, catheters, guide wires, filters and pumps. This reduces the risks of failure, replacements, cross-infections and clogging of medical equipment, contributing to the reduction/avoidance of medical complications and the associated pain and public cost. Renewable energy: Fluoropolymers exhibit a unique combination of properties within various components in renewable energy installations. We estimate that production efficiency increases of certain fluoropolymer-grade modules relative to glass provides a potential yearly saving depending on uptake in the order of 40m for European PV3 module manufacturers, or approximately 90m for PV module customers in the EU. Installed capacity of both PV and wind energy is increasing quickly; a pre-requisite is unit cost reductions driven by efficiency gains. They are also used in energy storage systems such as PEM fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries. The fluoropolymer industry direct effects The starting point of the value chain sales of fluoropolymers in their basic form is relatively small in comparison to the wider socio-economic benefits created by downstream fluoropolymer applications, described above. However, even the production and sale of fluoropolymers themselves creates significant direct socioeconomic effects in the EU. In 2015, around 52,000 tonnes of fluoropolymers worth around 780m were sold. By tonnage, the EU is a net importer of fluoropolymers, but the sales values of exports (380m) are around 18% higher than the sales value of imports (310m). EU fluoropolymer manufacturing is a highly innovative sector, with an estimated 43m invested in research and development (R&D) in 2015. This equates to 5.5% of turnover; around triple the EU average. 2 Information Communication Technology 3 Photovoltaics May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 5 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited The location of the fluoropolymer industry in Europe plays an important role in allowing EU-based customers to meet lead times for the various end user sectors. This is necessary in maintaining innovation and R&D, as companies are continually customising products for their local customers. Alternatives? A high level analysis of alternatives has been carried out for all of the above sectors. Overall, whilst some alternatives might have a similar performance to fluoropolymers for a particular parameter or property, it is the combinations or ranges of properties required for the applications that sets fluoropolymers apart from the alternatives. In summary, whilst the implications of substituting fluoropolymers differ across specific applications, they include: Technical implications include lower performance, increased weight (with associated effects on fuel consumption and fuel efficiency), and reduced durability. This results in increased challenges (less compatibility and versatility) associated with component design/redesign and operating condition requirements. Economic implications include regression of advanced technologies and the reduced ability of Europe to compete and attract high and medium technology manufacturing investment (if it is not possible to prototype and produce competitive products), efficiency losses, higher initial (investment) costs and higher maintenance costs. The diversity of specific applications would pose major product qualification issues alongside design implications. Environmental / health implications include the potential for higher risk of exposure of staff to hazardous substances, higher safety risks (vehicle or aircraft failure) and increases in emissions arising from technical regression (in transport, for example this includes inferior car emission sensors, inferior internal seals, increased fugitive emissions or weight increases). This could put at risk Europes ability to meets its climate and energy goals. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 6 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Socio-economic benefit of fluoropolymer applications Fluoropolymer sales to key sectors in the EU (2015) Transport 18,500 Tonnes 300 m ijlJ Example application and benefit of fluoropolymers Fluoropolymer fuel hoses enable fuel savings and reduce damage from emissions, worth 140m per year in EU Statistics on sectors where fluoropolymers are used > 13 million employed Chemicals &power 16,500 Tonnes 220 m Cookware 3,500 60 Tonnes m Electronics 3,500 50 Tonnes m b.11 g Corrosion prevention saving hundreds of millions of each year in the EU Easy clean non-stick properties, allows cooking with less fat Critical in semiconductor manufacturing, enabling progress in IT that has generated trillions of globally in the last 20 years Nearly 3 miliion employed Production value in the order of2 billion EU semiconductor market worth circa25 billion Food& pharma 3,000 40 Tonnes m Safer and cheaper food and pharma by preventing contamination and material failure Nearly 5 million employed Textiles& 3,000 40 architecture Tonnes m Medical 1,500 20 applications Tonnes m Renewable 500 <5 energy Tonnes m Other Total 2,000 30 Tonnes m 52,000 780 Tonnes m .,.....T. .... = Enabling novel and unique 'landmark' architectural designs Reduces the risks of failure, cross-infections and clogging of medical equipment PV module production efficiency increases which save40m -90m each year in the EU > 2 million employed Europe accounts for 41% of global medical device patents Europe leading the global market in installed capacity The fluoropolymer industry - direct effects Produced in the EU Trade Employment Tonnes of fluoropolymers (2015) Annual sales /turnover 840m 380m Exports 310m Imports 2,200 Direct Research and development (R&D) investment by fluoropolymer manufacturers in the EU ;.@';- 43m = 5.5% ofrevenue 37575-Lon01d.1ndd sm1tv Note all sales values are rounded to the nearest 10 million: all tonnage data are rounded to the nearest 500 tonnes May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 7 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Contents 1. Introduction and Scope 9 1.1 Introduction and Purpose of this report 9 1.2 What are fluoropolymers? 9 1.3 Structure of this report 9 2. Fluoropolymers what do they do and how are they used? 11 3. The socio-economic contribution of the fluoropolymers industry 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Volume of use (Fluoropolymers in basic form) 29 3.3 Revenues (Fluoropolymers in basic form) 30 3.4 Research and development (R&D) and innovation 30 3.5 Direct employment (manufacturing of fluoropolymers in basic form) 31 3.6 Sales of fluoropolymers to downstream sectors 35 3.7 The fluoropolymer value chain 36 4. Downstream benefits of fluoropolymers 38 4.1 Introduction 38 4.2 Key Market 1: Transport 38 Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contr bution 38 Socio-economic value of the sector 40 4.3 Key market 2: Chemical and power 42 Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contr bution 42 Socio-economic value of the sector 44 4.4 Key Market 3: Cookware 45 Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contr bution 45 Socio-economic value of the sector 45 4.5 Key Market 4: Electronics 46 Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contr bution 46 Socio-economic value of the sector 47 4.6 Key Market 5: Food and pharmaceuticals 47 Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contr bution 47 Socio-economic value of the sector 49 4.7 Key Market 6: Textiles and architecture 49 Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contr bution 49 Socio-economic value of the sector 51 4.8 Key Market 7: Medical applications 52 Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contr bution 52 Socio-economic value of the sector 53 4.9 Key Market 8: Renewable energy 53 Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contr bution 53 Socio-economic value of the sector 54 5. Potential alternatives and implications of use 56 May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 8 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.1 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in the transportation sector 12 Table 2.2 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in the chemical and power sector 15 Table 2.3 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in cookware 17 Table 2.4 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in electronics 18 Table 2.5 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in food and pharmaceuticals 20 Table 2.6 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in textiles and architecture 22 Table 2.7 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in medical applications 25 Table 2.8 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in renewable energy 27 Table 3.1 Quantities of fluoropolymers sold in the EU per year (2015) 29 Table 3.2 Annual sales value of the EU fluoropolymer market (2015) 30 Table 3.3 Annual research and development expenditure related to fluoropolymers (2015) 31 Table 3.4 Total employment in surveyed companies and direct employment associated with EU fluoropolymer production (2015) 31 Table 3.5 Selected examples of fluoropolymer enabled innovations 32 Table 3.6 Downstream applications of fluoropolymers (tonnes and value, 2015) 35 Figure 3.1 Total quantity sold and total value per key market (2015) 36 Figure 3.2 Overview of the fluoropolymer value chain stages (key sectors) 37 Figure 4.1 Tightening of diesel and petrol vehicle emission limits for selected pollutants according to the Euro emissions standards (g/km) 39 Figure 4.2 Aerospace and defence sector turnover breakdown between 2009 and 2014 (bn) 41 Figure 4.3 Sales and employment in the space manufacturing industry (1992-2014) 41 Figure 4.4 Contribution to trade balance 45 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C References Original survey data Potential alternatives May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 9 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 1. Introduction and Scope 1.1 Introduction and Purpose of this report In 2016, Amec Foster Wheeler Environment and Infrastructure UK was commissioned, on behalf of the Fluoropolymers Group (FPG) of Plastics Europe, to identify the socio-economic value of the group of plastics known collectively as fluoropolymers, to European society and economy. The socio-economic assessment (SEA) focuses on the economic benefits of the industry, in terms of revenues, employment and sales to downstream sectors. It also focuses on the downstream sectors in which fluoropolymers are used. This includes a huge variety of applications across Europe; it is not practicable to examine them all. As such, this study considers the use of fluoropolymers in eight strategically important sectors: transportation; applications in the chemical and power generation sectors; cookware; electronics; food and pharmaceuticals; textiles and architecture; medical applications; and renewable energy. In each, the various benefits that fluoropolymers deliver to both consumers and industry in terms of functionality within specific products are analysed, alongside an assessment of the importance of the sector itself to the European economy. The SEA draws on publicly available data, alongside a survey undertaken with members of the FPG. Further consultation was carried out with a selection of downstream users. The terms EU and European are used interchangeably throughout the report but they mean the same thing: the EU28. When discussing monetary values, m, bn and tn, refer to million, billion and trillion, respectively. 1.2 What are fluoropolymers? For the purposes of this study fluoropolymers are defined as follows. Polymers that have a carbon backbone and contain fluorine atoms directly attached to the carbon. Fluoropolymers are made by polymerisation of olefinic monomers at least one of which contains fluorine bound to one or both of the olefinic carbon atoms. This includes fluoroplastics4, fluoroelastomers5 fluororubber6 products. Examples of fluoropolymers are polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) including expanded PTFE (ePTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene (ETFE) elastomers and ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (FEP), copolymer of tetrafluorothethylene and perfluoropropylvinylether (PFA). Fluorotelomers [CnF2n+1(CH2)mH] and fluorotelomer-based polymers are out of the SEA scope. Fluoropolymers form crucial parts of very many components, technologies, industrial processes and products with which we come into contact every day. They provide a wide variety of benefits both essential to high technology products and unobtainable in other materials, but are often invisible. They are plastics which are virtually chemically inert, non-wetting, non-stick, highly temperature and fire resistant, and highly weather resistant. It is this specific combination of properties that makes them so valuable. 1.3 Structure of this report Following section 1; this introduction: Section 2 provides a summary of how fluoropolymers are used in the eight key sectors and what benefits they confer which make them useful in so many applications. The remainder of the report focuses on these uses and sectors. Section 3 contains an analysis of the current socio-economic value of the fluoropolymer industry to Europe. This focuses on direct employment, revenues, research and development 4 A synonym of fluoropolymers 5 A special purpose fluorocarbon-based synthetic rubber 6 A synonym of fluoroelastomer May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 10 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited (R&D) investment, product innovation and the volume and value of sales to the eight downstream sectors. Section 4 considers two things: Firstly, the benefits to European society or economy that the use of fluoropolymers delivers in the various applications of relevance to the study are illustrated. These benefits may include characteristics in the final products, efficiency improvements in industrial processes, or their use may enable a product or process that would otherwise not be possible. Secondly, given their widespread use across the key sectors, the socio-economic contribution and strategic significance of the eight key sectors themselves is demonstrated, in terms of economic output, employment or international trade. Section 5 evaluates the potential alternatives to fluoropolymers. This covers the key criteria that EU authorities consider when they assess substances, namely: their technical functionality and performance characterisers; their economic feasibility; their health and environmental profile; and whether they are likely to be available in sufficient quantities. Appendix A contains references, Appendix B provides further information on the treatment of survey data and Appendix C sets out additional details on potential alternatives in several applications. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 11 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 2. Fluoropolymers what do they do and how are they used? Fluoropolymers bring a unique combination of properties and performance characteristics. They provide specific functionality in a wide range of processes, components and end products that is both essential to high technology products and unobtainable in other materials. So widespread is their use that it is a challenge to identify and evaluate the full extent of this and of the socio-economic benefits that they create. As such, this report has focussed on eight key sectors where the use of fluoropolymers is considered to be particularly important. Within each key sector, the specific uses (applications) of fluoropolymers and the benefits that they deliver are explained. In later sections of the report the most important applications are assessed further. These key sectors are: Transportation. Chemical and Power. Cookware. Electronics. Food and pharmaceuticals. Textiles and architecture. Medical applications. Renewable energy. In the tables below, for each key sector, we set out how fluoropolymers are used and evaluate the characteristics that make them so useful. In the text we refer to specific examples of fluoropolymer such as PTFE, PVDF. Please refer to the definition provided above in section 1.2. The order of the key sectors is consistent throughout the report and ordered based on the sales volume of fluoropolymers in basic form (i.e. the first stage in the value chain) from the largest to the smallest. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.1 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in transpol"taticm Why are fluoropolymers useful? How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? A unique combination of properties makes fluoropolymers the material of choice for crucial parts (and coatings of electronics and mechanical components) in various automotive and aircraft applications. Characteristics Fluoropolymers exhibit the following characteristics, which are particularly important in these applications: Low permeation, but also manufactured to allow for semipermeable structures. Chemical resistance (protecting components from corrosive fuels and engine oils and fluids). Low and high temperature resistance (from 200C to +260 C for PTFE and PFA, with other elastomers offer a range of -40 C to +230 C). N o n s- tick and consequently n o n -fouling alongside, sufficient bonding in certain multi layer applications. Low coefficient of friction. Long-term compression resistance of fluoroelastomers. Excellent dynamic properties. No flame propagation and low smoke generation. Excellent electrical insulator. Benefits (Continued overleaf) Taken together these characteristics enable functionality in cars and aircraft which is now taken for granted and which delivers wider societal benefit, including: These benefits are achieved via the use of various fluoropolymers in the following applications: Car manufacturing/automotive components: Fluoropolymers are used in various seal ing and fluid transmission and vent ing components, includ ing: ' Turbocharger hoses: [Benefits A, B, E, F]: These systems boost cars' performance increasing the air density entering the engine. They are made of multi-layered structures which indude fluoroe lastomers. Low permeabi l ity, low friction, res istance to heat/chemicals are key in these components helpi ng avoid leaks and breakdowns. [Source: 1, 2, 5, 6, 8]. Fuel lines, fuel hoses: [Benefits A, B, D, F, HJ. Mov ing fuel withi n the vehicle, these are normally made of multi-layered structures contain ing fluoroe lastomers fiberglass brai d a or fluoroplastics. More rece nd PTFE liner bonds which ntly, can some res is t ufupetloho80se0sCafreor made of an hour . As above these avoid leaks and breakdowns. [Source: 1, 2, 5, 6, 9]. Hoses in hydraulic systems: [Benefits D, E, F, H, J]. PTFE is used in inner layer hose constructions in hydraul ic systems. These are in contact with petroleum, synthetic or water-based hydraulic flu ids and need to res ist high pressure. Noil"stick propertie s prevent sedimentation, but bonding with other substances, such as silicone may a lso be poss ble . As above these avoid leaks and breakdowns. [Source: 1, 2, 5 , 6, 9]. ABS break lines: [Benefit I]. The inner hose of PTFE with loose steel over-brad ing al lows for better brake efficiency and less aggressive pumping when the ABS is activated thanks to the pressure absorption in the PTFE tube. [Source 7, 16]. O-rings: [Benefits D, E, J]. 0-rings are often made offluoroelastomers, which are used as seals in fuel contai nment systems and fuel injectors. [Source: 3]. Shaft seals, va lve stem seals: [Benefits E, JJ. Shaft seals are used to seal engine or transmission components, F luoropolymers such as fluoroelastomers or PTFE are used as a sealing element (lip). These seals are used to protect the transmissio n system from dust and aggressive lubricants [Source 4]. Valve stem seals - also made of fluoroel astomers need to enable adequate lubricati on of the valve whi le being durab le and preventing permeabi l ity (which prevents evaporative emi ss ions). [Source: 4, 10]. Air intake manifold gaskets: [Benefits A, B, D, E, G, J]. Ai r intake manifolds channel air into the engine. The gasket seals the system to ensure performance and m inim ise leaks. Fluoroelastomers are used as sealant beads for the gaskets. Here heat and stress resistance are essential as temperature and pressure are constantly chang ng n the ai r injectio n system; fai lure would le ad to higher emissions and lower fuel efficiency. Alternat ives are typically less res istant to sol vents, oi sl and chemical s in combinatio n with heat exposure. [Source: 8, 12]. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Why are fluoropolymers useful? A. Lower fuel emissions. B. Better fuel economy from weight saving. C. Lower exhaust emissions (both carbon and NOx gasses). D. Increased lifetime of components. E. Better engine performance. F. Improved reliability and lower maintenance costs. G. Increased comfort (and noise reduction). H. Permits use of alternative fuels (like bio diesel- see table note 21). I. Increased safety (e.g. through reliable performance of parts). J. Cleaner environment by avoiding leakage (e.g. oil or coolant leaks). How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? - - - Cylinder head gaskets: [Benefits A, B, D, E, JJ. An estimated 80% of new engi nes in Europe use multi al yers o f steel gaskets with a sealant coating made of fl uoroelastorner between the cyl inder heads and the engine block. These gaskets seal the cyl ni ders and prevent gas and liqui d leakages (e.g. eng ine oil, coolants). [Source: 11, 14]. Automotive venting products: [Benefits D, E, F]. Used for lighti ng, electronic control systems, sensors, motors, apondwecrotrnatai nmsi,ninatnetrsiowrhei leel cetfrofencitci vse, laysrewdeullcainsggcaosnpdoewnsearetido,nh, aybl lroidwiangndceolmecptorincevnetshitdoevse. nVtednutrsingblorcakpiwdatetemr,paeuratotumreo/tpi vreesflsuuidres differenti als. [S ource: 13]. Greenhouse emission controls: [Benefits B, C, D, E, F, J]. Fluoropolymers and fluoroelastorners play an important role in cutti ngcarbon emissions vi a Lambda or oxygen sensors which conta in mu ltip le flu orop olyrner applicatio ns: wires, form hose, grommet and filter which are all operati ng in hot engine exhaust gases to opti mise engine combustion. They also contr bute to nitrous oxide emission reductions with mult iple fluoropol ymer compo nents in the SCR/AdBlue (Urea) systems to convert toxic mono-nitrogen gases to alternatives that are safer for the en vironment [Source : 7, 8, 15, 17, 18]. MEAs (Membrane Electrode Assemblies): [Benefits B, D, E, F]. For PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane) type fuel cel sl powering fuel cell electric vehides (as well as be ing used in stationary and portable applications) wit hin the fue stack to facilitate the electro chemical conversion of hydrogen and oxygen into energy [Source: 13]. Lithium ion batteries (see Table 2.8). Electronic systems: Fl uoropolymers provide a host of importantcharacteristics in electro nic components, used extensively in automobi el s. Thi s applicat ion is covered separately below . Aerospace industry: The same characteristics as noted above make fl uoropolymers su itable for demanding aerospa ce appl ications. This includes but is not limited to aircraft and spacecraft manufacturi ng: Insulation for cables and wires in aircraft and spacecraft: [Benefits D, F, I]. Wires and cable s insulated with fluoropolymers show improved signal integri ty for critical data transm ssion. Because of thei r broad temperature and UV res istance, flexib i lity, durab ility and chemical resistance to solvents and hydraul ic fluids, as well as low smoke generation andflame resistance, which is particularly important in aircraft interiors, fluoropolymer insu lat ion s offer safe soluti ons and durability to cabl es and wires in the aerospace industry. [Source: 6, 7]. Leaky Feeder Antennas: [Benefits B, D, F, I]. Improve in-flight con nectivity to wirel ess netv.orks. Fluorop olymers (e. g. PTFE) are used to ensure low smoke generat ion, flame resistance and durabi l ity and allow more protocol s to run through one antenna, reducing the number of antennas required. [Source: 19]. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Why are fluoropolymers useful? How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? Aircraft interior coating: [Benefits D, F, I]. Coated with fluoropolymers due to the ir flame retardancy, non-foul ing and ease of cleani ng. [Source: 6]. Aerospace materials, tapes and gaskets: [Benefits D, F, I]. Fluo ropolymers (e.g. PTFE) provi de sealing and surface protection agai nst aviation liquids and UV radiation for access panels, engine oowl ings, external fuel tanks, fai ri ngs, light assembly sea ls, passenger floorboards and other oomponents. [Source: 20]. Rings and seals for hydraulic systems, hoses and tubing: [Benefits A, B, D, E, F, J]. Fluo ropolyrners provide sim ilar functions asdescr bed above (automoti ve)for fuel systems, heating cables, circu it boards, engine wire insulation and jacketi ng. [Source: 7]. Electronic systems: Fluoropolymers provide a host of important characteris tics in electronic components, used extensivel y in transportation (automobiles, a ircraft). This appl ication iscovered seperatl ey belo w . One example is for instance the cables for individual infl ight entertai nment [Source: 22]. It should be noted that several uses in this sector are oommon to other sectors and are noted elsewhere in this section of the report For instance, ri ngs, seals, hoses and tub ing (see automotive appl ications in this table above); c ircuit boards, semiconductors and wire insulation (see electronics in Tab le 2.4 below). t/densoheawdutvcom1oxyoen-af-sensors1oxvoen-sensors Table sources and notes: [1] http:l/solutions.3m.comlwps/portal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoropol ymers/Markets/Automotive/ [2] http:l/solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoro polymers/Applications/TubeHosePipe/F luidGasHandling/#box2 (31 http:l/solutions.3m.comlwps/oortal/3M/en EU/Oyneon EU/Oyneon Fluorpoolymers/Applications/SealantORinq/O-Rinq/#box2 [4] http:l/solutions.3m.comlwps/portal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoro polymers/Applications/SealantORing/BondedSeall [5] http:l/solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoropol ymers/Applications/SealantORing/#box4 [6] Ebnesajjad, S . , 2013. Introduct ion to fluoropolymers: Materials, technology and appl ci ations. POL Handbook serie s . Elsevier [7] DuPont F luoropolymers, An Introduction to Fluoropolymers, May 2009 Note DuPont Fluoropolymers were spun off into a separate stand-alone company "Chem ours" in July 2015. [8] https:/lwww.chemours.com/Viton/en US/appl ci ati ons/automotive uses.html [9] http:l/www.kongsbergautomotiv e . com/products-services/passenger-cars/fluid-transfer/fuel-lines/fluoro-comp/ ([11101] bhttttpps://1w1wwwww.mhlacsmtiontgosrfmacftqocrso.cmotS.uekr/vtricoeuJbilpestr1aycae1yres/Rseeainlzs-Chtommoosit-Heacl-Gasket.pelf [12] h ttp://www.enginebui dl ermag.com/2010/07/dosi ng-the-gap-on-i ntake-manifo ld-gaskets (13] https:l/www.gore. com/products/industri es/automotive (14] http://www.duponte lastorners.com/Appl ications/Automotive/head.asp [15] http://www.sgf.se/wp-content/uploads/Fluoroelastomers-in-Automotive-Appl ications.pdf [ 16] https:1/shop.touratech.n1/ptfe-steel-braided-brak e -lines-bmw-r-1150-gs-fron t w- ithout-abs .html (111 http [18] h ttp://www.bosch-aa.oom.cn/media/parts/engine systems auto parts/gasoline engine systems/Lambdasensor lmagefolderp. df ((1209]] hhttttppss::ll//wwwwww..gooorree. .ccoomm//pprropdduuccttss//ggoorree--ttmm--lsekaykflye-fxe-temd-eare-arpnstepnacnea-smateri als [21] Alternative" fuels contai ni ng addit ives such as such as FAME and RME are more corrosive than standard fuel. As a result, vehicle manufacturers need particularly chemical resistant materia ls for the transition to a higher use of biodiesel in vehides, as mandated by EU legislatio n (Fuel Qual ity Directive, Renewab le Energy D irective). [See source 2, 8, 1 2 above]. [22] http:1/us.vocuspr.com/Newsroom/MultiQuery.aspx? SiteName=DupontEMEA&Entity=PRAsset&SF_PRAsset_PRAssetlD_EQ=127481&XSL =NewsRelease&IncludeChi ldren=True&Lang=English) May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.2 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in chemical and poweJ Why are fluoropolymers useful? Characteristics A combination of performance characteristics mean fluoropolymers are ideal materials for the conditions required in various processes in the chemical and power generation industries. These include: Inertness with an almost universal resistance to chemicalsand oil. Low and high temperature resistance (e.g. from -200 C to +260 C for PTFE and PFA). Excellent insulation properties which enables downsizing and an overall reduction in weight. Low vapour and chemical permeability. Non-stick and low friction properties. High abrasion resistance. Formulations can be made conductive which helps to prevent static electricity build-up. Benefits Taken together these characteristics enable outstanding functionality, safetyand innovation in the chemical and power industries, which delivers wider societal benefit, including: A. Increased lifetime of components. B. Lower maintenance coststhrough corrosion prevention. C. Increased productivityfrom reduced failures, improved flow of process substances. D. Higher production yields and quality from improved purity of process substances. E. Material cost savings through downsizing and lesswaste during production and over life eyele ofthe product. F. Lower levels and risk of pollutant emission and exposure ofworkforce to pollutants and chemicals. G. Increased energyefficiency. Howare fluoropolymers used in this sector? These benefits are achieved via the use of various fluoropolymers in the following applications: Chemical: They supportappl ications for aggressivechemical fluids as they contri buteto corrosion and leachi ng prevention, lower mai ntenanoe and preventi on ofemissions. Typi cal appl ications indude: Lining of piping, flowmeters and fittings, fluid-handling components, process vessels, tanks, storage and transport containers and piping: [Benefits A, B, C, D, E, F]. Frequently made from steel or rei nforced pl astic lined with fluoropolymers (e.g. PFA, FEP or PTFE) to prevent oorrosion and leakage and to extend service life or for thei r non-sti ck and fri cti on properti es. Fl uoropol ymer lini ngs can be made conducti ve to prevent static el ectricity build-up by addi ng conductive compounds. [Source: 1 , 2, 6, 9]. Filters: [BenefitsA, B, D, F]. PTFE is someti mes used as a filter medium and/or casingto ensure high chemical resistance in filteri ng particulate from fluids [Souroe: 1, 6.]. Sensors: [Benefits A, B, C, F]. Capaciti ve sensorscould not be made without high-purity fluoropol ymers and thei r connecti ng cables are often shiel ded with fluoropol ymers. [Souroe: 1 , 6]. Sealants: [Benefits A, B, C, F]. Expanded sealants for flange seal ing appl ications are often made of PTFE witha microfibril lated internal structure [(Si.eo.uaroset:ru3c]tu. re characterised by very smal fibres) for enhanoed stabi l ity. PTFE packaging vents: [Benefits A, B, C, F]. Al owoontainers for industri al chemi cals and deaners, agricultural products and household chemicals and cl eaners to equalise pressure without leaking and rupturi ng, thereby preventi ng harm to both users and the environment. [Source: 14]. Power. Due to thei r heat, oil and chemical resistance, al ongside mechanical properties, fl uoropolymers are widely used in tahreer:mal and other power generators [Source: 5] and a range offurther applications in the powersector. The main appl icati ons May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @AmeeFosterWhee er Environment & Infrastructure UK Li mti ed Why are fluoropolymers useful? How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? Cables: [Benefits A, B, C]. The heat, oil, and chemical resistance as well as the mechanical pro pert ies of fl uoropolymers mean that they are often used for cable s and other equi pment - i ncludi ng at power generation plants. [Source: 5]. Filters: [Benefits A, B, F]. Because ofthe chemcal res istance of PTFE, fi tl ers for dedu sting of highly corrosiveflue gases (e.g. humid SO,, HCI, hydrofluori c acid)to abate po llution from fossi l fuel pcrwer p lants and waste incinerati on plants are often made from v.oven PTFE. [Source: 1OJ. Flue gas heat exchangers and desulphurisation plants: [Benefits A, B, F, G]. PTFE or PFA tubes are frequently used in fl ue gas heat exchangers for heat recovery and heat di sp lacement. These are also ofte n appl ied in desulphurisati on plants which heattheflue ga s belo w the acid dew point to increase the efficiency of pcrwer p lants and to scrub chemicals Ike H from the flue gasses. [Source: 8, 11]. Energy Storage: [Benefits A, B, C, F]. Fluoropolymers (VDF/TFE copolymer, PVDF) are frequently used as b inders in lithi um ion batteries for the ir chemical resistance and endurance. [Source: 4, 7]. .. - . Fluid handling, filtration and gas sampling in the nuclear industry: [Benefits A, B, C, E, FJ. Fluoropolymers such as PFA are widely used for tubes, vessels etc. to handle corrosive liqu ids and provid e a low metals background. Gas hand ling and filter mediums and casings in the nuclear industry are also often made from fl uoropolymers [Source: 12]. Note thatfluoropolyrners are also used in the renewable energy sector, for instance in wind power generators, solar cells and geothermal plants, This i sdiscussed in more detail be lcrw . [Source: 5 , 13]. Tab le sources and notes [1] https://www.chemours.com/Teflon Industri al/en US/uses apps/semiconductor/bu k.html Note this refers to filters and sensors as referred to in the text above. [2] http:!/soluti ons, 3m. com/wps/porta /3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoropolymers/Applicati ons/MetalCoatni g/1ndustrialCoatinq/#box1 [3] http:llsolutions.3m.comlwps/portal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoropolymers/A pplications/SealantORingl#box5 [4] http://w ww.daik inchem.de/energy storage.html [5] http://ww w .agc-chemicals.com/jp/en/fluorine/products/markeUuse.html?f id=5 [61 https:ttwww.chemours.com/Teflon Industri al/en US/uses apps/semicon ductor/purity. html [7] http:1/americas.kynar.com/en/markets-appl icati ons/energy-and-eledrical/battery/ [8] https://www.chemours.com/Teflon lndustri aVen US/uses apps/flue gas heat exchanger/flue gas heat exchanger . html [91 http:ttwww.agc-chemicasl .comtjp/enlfluorinetproductstdetailtusetindex.h tml?pCodesJP-EN-F007 [10] http:l/solutions.3m.comtwps/portal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoropoyl mers/Appl ications/Textile/FibreFilamentYarnFabricl#box4 [11] h ttp:llsolutions.3m.comlwps/portal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoropoyl mers/Markets/Chemical-and-Eledrical-Engineeri ng/Energy/ [12] h ttp://www.savill e x .com/Content. aspx?PaqeName=Nuclear [13] http://www.agc.com/english/portal/energy geothermal.html [14] h ttps:l/www.gore.com/produds/categori es/ventni g May 2017 Doc Re f. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.3 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in co_o_kware Why are fluoropolymers useful? How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? Characteristics Coating materials for cookware and bakeware benefit from the following characteristics of fluoropolymers: Pans, pots and baking trays: [Benefits A, B, provides noil"stck propertes to prevent foodst C, ck DJ. Fl uoropol ymers' ng/burn ng, faci tate low surface energy, easy clean ng, prov stabi l ity and dedurab ty chemical resistance and corros on preventon, areisuitable foi r use in di shwashersi, aind reduci es theul ise offat/oi l in coi oking. [Si ource: 1 i,l i2, 4, 5, 6]. i Non-stick. Contribution to corrosion prevention. Durability. Resistance to chemicals. Thermal stability (up to +260 C). Benefits Taken together these characteristics enable functionality in cookware and bakeware including: A. Increased lifetime of the product (hence consumer savings from less frequent replacement). B. Non-stick cooking, avoiding marks/burns. C. Easier cleaning, including use in dishwashers. D. Reduction of fat/oil use in cooking. PTFE-coated pans and pots have been incommercial use for some 50 years. Whi le some alternati ve coati ngs have been developed, studies have found that PTFE coati ngsystems typically last several times longer than these alternati ves. In a survey conducted amongst US consumers i n 2012, the majori ty (66%) stated that they use noll"stick cookware. Moreover, 65% of those surveyed stated that PTFE del ivers the highest qual ity. [Source: 2, 3]. They are desi gnedto be used safel yat high temperatures (up to +260 C) above the smoke point of most cooking oil sand fats. [Source: 1, 5]. Table sources [1] Ebnesajjad, S., 2013. Introduction to fl uoropolymers: Materials, technology and appl ications. POL Handbook seri es. Elsevier. [2] https:/lwww.chemours.com/Teflon/en US/products/nonstick cookware.html [3] https://www.chemours.com/Teflon/en US/assets/downl oads/pdf/Fi nal Omnibus Research Key Fi ndi ngs 061812.pdf [4] https:ttwww.chemours.com/Teflonten US/products/cookware myths.html [5] https:/lwww.chemours.com/Teflon/en US/products/safety/key questions.html [6] https://www.chemours.com/Teflon/en US/products/cookware myths.html#q1 May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @AmeeFosterWheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.4 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in electtoDie_s Why are fluoropolymers useful? Howare fluoropolymers used in this sector? The use of fluoropolymers in electronic applications is essential. They deliver a unique combination of properties making them the material of choice for several major applications in the electronics sector. Characteristics Fluoropolymers exhibit the following characteristics, which are particularly important in these applications: High purity. Chemical resistance. Low and high temperature resistance (e.g. from -200 C to +260 C for PTFE and PFA). High abrasion, stress-crack and cut through resistance. Electrical insulation. Low dielectric constant, low variations of conductivity. Non-stick properties. No flame propagation and low smoke generation. Benefits (continued overleaf) Taken together these characteristics enable outstanding functionality in electronic equipment on which we rely every day, and which delivers wider societal benefit, including: A. Ever-improving and affordable microchips and LEDs due to higher production yields in semiconductor manufacturing. B. Manufacturing costsavings (component lifetime increase, lower maintenance cost, lower material consumption). C. Reduced environmental risk (leak prevention, lower exposure of workforce to chemicals). D. Improved performance of high volume data transmission. E. Increased reliability and lifetime of electronics. F. Facilitation of cleaning of electronics. These benefits are achieved via the use of various fluoropolymers in the following applications: Semiconductorand other electronic manufacturing: [Benefits A, B, CJ. Fluoropolymers are of critical importance for the manufacturi ng ofsemiconductors and other el ectronics. They pl ay a major role in thei r production, by al lowi ng the use ofvarious pi ping, vessels, valves and pumps that can withstand the harshenvironment ofthe aggressive etch ng chemical s. They can hel p enable the high purity requi red to make semiconductors function. The fluoropol ymer components incl ude: Fluid handling components (e.g. tubing, piping, fittings, valves, pumps, vessels, instrumentation): F uoropol ymers suchas PTFE, PFA and PVDF are used as the main materi al , coati ng or lini ng for components handling crucial aggressively reacti ve and/or hi gh-purity processing fl ui ds. This enables greater integrati on, reduced/avoi ded contami nation (e.g. ioni ccontaminants) and very low extractable and leachable levels, providing greater rel iabi lity and endurance. These properti esare compati ble with aggressive chemical butcan al so del iverthe requi red puri ty. They make fluoropolymers crucial insemiconductorand electronics manufacturi ng. [Source: 1 , 2, 3, 4]. Filters: Fluoropolymers are also used as membranes and casings for filters such as ultra-l ow penetration air fi lters. [Source: 3, 4]. Semiconductorand printed circuit equipment parts and packaging: [Benefits A, B, EJ. Semiconductors, microchips, cabl es and other electronics components which are manufactured with or contai n fluoropol ymer components are used in a very wide range ofotherapplications and sectors. These, in turn, enable much ofthe functionality ina host of other products, suchas moderncars, lighting, the internet, medical devices, home appliances and televisions. [Source: 1 1]. Semiconductor equipment parts: Macie from PTFE, PFA and ETFE for thei r heat resistance, UV-resistance and chemical /contaminati on resistance. [Source: 5]. Printed circu t boards: Macie from m,'l1li:: . , .\ WPfi fluoropo ymersi such as PTFE for achieving a low dielectri cconstant, high heat and flame resistance aswel as low variati ons of conductivity due to low moisture absorbance. [Source: 4, 7]. Cushioning or release films in semiconductor moulding and rewiring as well as in printed circuit board laminating: May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Why are fluoropolymers useful? Howare fluoropolymers used in this sector? G. Improved reliability of electronic systems that control a majority of safety criticaI operations in industrial use. H. Improved fire safety. I. Facilitate/enables/improves wireless communication. Often made fromfluoropol ymers such as ETFE for their non-adhesiveness, heatresistance and el ectrical properties [Source: 4, 5, 7]. Appliances & other electronic equipment: [Benefits E, F]: Displayand touch screen panels and coatings to prevent finger pri nt marks and provide insulati on and chemical resistance (e.g. agai nst deani ng agents and detergents) and transparency. [Source: 4, 5). LED packaging/encapsulants: Fl uoropolymer fil ms are used to provide non-adhesiveness, transparency and durabi l ity for LED packagi ng and encapsulants. They are also used as rel ease fil ms in the parts manufacturi ng process for LEDs. [Source: 5]. Examplesoffluoropol ymer use in other el ectronic equipment indude fluoropolymer (e.g. PTFE) additives in computer cases andfluoropolymertubes (e.g. PFA) in copier rolls and paperfeeders for non- adhesiveness and heat resistance properti es. [Source: 1 , 4]. Wiring and cabling: [Benefits D, G, HJ. Fl uoropol ymer resins (e.g. FEP, PFA, PTFE, PVDF and ETFE) are used extensivel y for insulation, shielding and jacketing of wiring and cabling of all kinds of electronic equipment (as well as in buildings and in transport - discussed above) and communication networks in orderto achieve heatresistance and low flammabi lity, high signal qual ity with lowsignal losses, stress-crack and cut through resistance,as wel l as chemical resistance [Source: 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10]. Fl uoropol ymers are used in many datacommunicati oncables, such as: Mi cro and mini coaxial cabl es for Wi- Fi , 3G, 4G and Bl uetooth antennas [Source: 8, 9]. Ethernet shi elded twisted pai r cables [Source: 8, 9]. Fl atcables [Source: 4]. Plastic optical fibresand fibreoptic raceways [Source: 4, 8]. Table sources [1] Ebnesajjad, S., 2013. Introduction tofl uoropolymers: Materials, technology and appl ications. POL Handbook seri es, El sevier. h[2t1tphsJ:t/plw(lwswai.nctgheombaoinurpse.crtoomq/nTaenfcloenoIaInstdicussttrhiaolm/eansnUeSt-/nuasyesigaatoprpcs/osme1mciaotoenodourdy/foitrt/i bnugl sk.-thutbminl g/-phitptpinsg:/t/whwttpws.c-/h/wemwowucrsh.ecmomou/TrsefoloonmaIndefulosotriaIQl/deunstUriaSI/1uesnesUSa/pupsse/sseampioosotnsdeumdicoor/npduurcittyo.hrtomQldex.htmlt [3] http://americas,kynar.com/en/rnarkets-appl icati ons/industri al-appl ications/semioonductor/ [4] http://www.daikinchem.de/downloads/Daikin Fluorochemi cal Products.pelf [5] http://www.agc-chemicals.oom/ip/en/fluori ne/products/rnarket/use.html?f id=3 [6] https:/lwww.chemours.com/Cabl ing Solutions/en US/ [7] http://soluti ons.3m.com,wps/oortal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoroool ymers/Markets/Chemical -and-Electrical - Enqineerinq/El ectronicsElectrical [8] http://americas.kynar.oom/en/markets-applications/energy-and-electrical/wire-and-cabl e-for-ee-applicati onsJ [9] https:/lwww.chemours.com/Cabl ing Solutions/en US/uses apps/i ndex.html [10] https://www.qore.com/products/smt-emi -qaskets-for-mobile-electronics [11] http://www.microchi p. comftechnology May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.5 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in food and pharmaceuttcals Why are fluoropolymers useful? How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? Fluoropolymers are useful for crucial components in food and pharmaceuticals production and packaging to enable quick and flexible processing, safestorage and meetin g the highest purity and hygiene standards. Characteristics Fluoropolymers exhibit the following unique set of characteristics, which are particularly important in these applications: High purity. Almost universal resistance to chemicals and oil (relevant to hygienestandards, no flavour imparting). Low and high temperature resistance (e.g. from 200C to +260 C for PTFE and PFA). Non-stick and low friction properties (allows flow of materials and prevents residual or bio-film build-up). High corrosion and abrasion resistance. Low vapour permeability. Low leachables. (continued overleaf) These benefits are achieved via the use of various fluoropolymers in the following applications: Components offood, diary, beverage and pharmaceutical manufacturing and processing equipment [Benefits A, B, C, D, E, F]. These include: Lining of valves, piping, tubing, filters, seals, gaskets and other standard fluid handling cornponents: Made from or coated with fluoropolymers. Their heat and chemi cal resistance provide corrosion resistance against aggressive foods, beverages and cleani ng products and exhi bit a low propensity to impart flavours on other products. Noil"stick properties in processing equ pment to ensure efficient processing, preserve the puri ty ofthe products and faci litate cleani ng. [Source: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Vessels, tanks, and belts: Fl uoropolymercoatings are frequently used for vessels to protect the equi pmentfrom corrosion and the bui ld-upofbio-fi lmsand other residues, preventing product contaminati on. Fl uoropolymer coati ngs can be applied tovirtually any metal substrate and bel ts can be impregnated for anti -stick performance and easy cleani ng. Freeze-dryi ng trays use ePTFE membranes because they provi de a hi gh vapour transmission rate in combi nati onwith highl y-effective barrier protection. [Source: 1, 5, 6, 10]. Fluoropolymers are specifically approved for food and drug processing. [Source: 8]. Among others, fluoropolymer components or coatingsare often used in beer, wine and other alcoholic beverage production, to make fruitjuices, dairy products, meat and poultry processing, soft drink & coffee dispensers as well as in processing ofsauces and condiments. [Source: 3]. Labware products: [Benefits A, B, D, E, F]. Fl uoropolymers are used in sensitive analyti cal applications in food - and especially -pharmaceutical sectors because of their hi gh purity, temperature and chemical resistance and lowsurface energy. [Source: 1]. Medicine packaging: [Benefits E, G]. Fluoropolymers protect the contents from humi dity and preserve thei r effectiveness. [Source: 7]. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @AmeeFosterWhee er Environment & Infrastructure UK Li m ited Why are fluoropolymers useful ? How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? Benefits Taken together these characteristics enable outstanding functionality as well as the highest purity and hygiene standards in the food and pharmaceuticals sectors, which delivers widersocietal benefit, including: A. Increased l ifetime of components. B. Lower cleaning and maintenance costs. C. Increased productivity by enabling production of mu ltiple products with the same equipment, reducing fail ures and improving flow of process substances. D. Higher production yields and quality from improved purity of process substances. E. Health benefits from high purity and hygiene standards, lower health risks from cross contamination and avoiding overI under dosage of pharmaceuticals. F. Lower levels and risk of exposure of workforce and environment to chemicals, including avoiding leaks. G. Prolonged preservation of the product. Table sources: [1] http://solutions.3m. com/wps/portal /3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoropolymers/Markets/Chemical- and-Electrical- Enqi neering/ChemicalProcessing/ [2] http://www.agc-chemicals. com/jp/en/fluorine/products/market/use.html?f id=8 [3] http://amercas.kynar.com/en/markets-applicati ons/consumer-goods-and-healthcare/food-and-beverage/ [4] https://www.chemours.com/Teflon Industri al/en US/uses apps/food processing/index.html [5] https:/lwww.qore.com/products/cateqori estpharmaceutical - biopharmaceutical [61 [7] hhttttpps:/'/(lwwwwww.dcahi keimncohuermsc.doem/dno;weflnolonadrnsg/Duasitkrjianl{eFnl uoUrSo/cuhseemsi caapl pPsr(opdhuacrmtsa.pcelefutjcalQQdex html [8] [9] Ehtbtpn:e//swajwjawda., gSc.,-c2h0e1m3i.cInatlsro. cdoumct/ijopn/etno/ffluluoorrionpeo/pl yromdeurcst:sM/maaterkreaUlsre, tseuclth.nhtoml ol g?fy iadn=d8&apuplidic=at7i8ons. POL Handbook seri es. El sevier. [10] https:/lwww.chemours.com/Teflon Industrial /en US/uses apps/food processing/equip.html [1 1] https://www.gore.com/products/categori es/filtration May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @AmeeFosterWheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.6 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in textiles aod arcJljtecture Why are fluoropolymers useful? Howare fluoropolymers used in this sector? The unique combination of properties of fluoropolymers makes them particular1y useful for challenging applications in clothing, footwear and architecture. Characteristics Fluoropolymers exhibit the following characteristics, which are particularly important in these applications: Low permeation but allows for semipermeable structure. Chemical resistance. Helps prevent corrosion. Low surfaceenergy, lowfriction. Low and high temperature resistance (e.g. from -200 C to +260 C for PTFE and PFA). UV resistance and transmittance, articles can be made translucent. SFlteaxbiiblitilyitya.t lowweight. No flame propagation and low smoke generation. (continued overleaf) These benefits are achieved via the use of various fluoropolymers in the following applications: Raincoats, jackets, trousers and more: [Benefits A, BJ. Membranes createdfrom fl uoropolymers (for instance ePTFE) fhoarvpeearsmonicarloapnodropursofseesmsiiopnearml uesaebsl,einstcrluudctiunrgeitnopparortivci dulearwlyadteermpraonodf,i nbgreeantvhiarobni limtyeanntsd. oTthheinr, pligrohttewcetiivgehtp, rdoupraerbtielesbtroecaltohtaheblse moisture barriers protects agai nst exposure to blood, body flui ds, chemicals, electrical discharge and water. [Source: 1, 2, 3]. Footwear: [Benefits A, BJ. Fluoropolymer membranes can al so be applied tofootwear, to manufacture waterproofshoes forconsumers and professionals thatalso al lowfeet to transpi re and protectagai nst chemicals or other liquids. [Source: 1]. Aerospace suits: [Benefits A, B, FJ. Astronauts wear suits which oontain fluoropolymers membranes or PTFE coated glass fabric duetothei r resistance to low temperatures and to fire, alongside durabi l ity and electri cal insulation properties. [Source: 9, 13, 19]. Textiles used in other sectors include: Membranes for composting: [Benefit: HJ. Fabric with ePTFE membrane are used as key component for a oomposting solution for the treatment oforganic waste (green waste, food waste, source separated organics, biosol ids or Muni cipal Sol id Waste- MSW). [Source: 20]. ePTFE sewing thread, fibers and weaving yam: [Benefits A, BJ. Used for outdoor appl ications I ke awnings, umbre las, furni ture, boat covers andsai Is, industria lfiltration appl ications in demanding environments and high performance ropes, [Source: 21]. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Why are fluoropolymers useful? Benefits Taken together these characteristics enable outstanding functionality and innovation in textiles and architecture, which delivers wider societal benefit, including: A. Combination of waterproofing, breathability and comfort (thin and light). B. Increased lifetime of the product or building component, even in extreme environments. C. Reduced maintenance of building structures. D. Novel architectural designs requiring flexibility and thin materials. E. Weight reduction of building structures. F. Improved fire safety. G. Improving energy efficiency of buildings. H. Facilitates composting. I. Non fouling and easy clean. How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? Coating for architectural applications: [Benefits B, C, FJ. Includesfluoropol ymer-based paints, fluoropolymer coated glass fabric roofs, and laminated coati ngs, amongst others. They provide resistance to UV radiation, water, oil, dirt and corrosio n and impermeability to gases, which makes them excel el nt for outdoor appl ications, especially in roofs in large nfrastructure such as a rports, stadia, tents in Mecx:a and skyscrapers [Source: 5, 6, 7, 8]. When used in pa ints. they maintai n paint propert ies (notably colour and shine). They prevent mould and moss growth and are fire resistant, an essential property for the safety of the thousands of people who gather inside these bui ldi ngs. [Source: 9, 10, 14, 15]. There is also evidence that specific coati ng systems can reduce bui ld ing cooli ng costs (between around 4% up to 22%, depend ing on colour, geographical locat ion, climate conditions, and substrate type) [Source: 23]. "Signature" buildings: [Benefits B, C, DJ. Fluoropolymer basedcoating was chosen for prominent projects such as Tokyo Sky Tree (the second tal el st structure in the world), Tokyo Gate Bridge, Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, Singapore' s Marina Bay Sands and Mercedes Superdorne in New Orleans [Source: 6, 7, 12]. Fl uoropolymer-coated glass fabric roofs have been used in the 02 Dome in London, the Sony Centre in Berl in, and Rel ai nt Stadium in Houston (the first retractab le roof in the NFL) [Source: 9]. Novel design solutions: [Benefits D, E, GJ. PTFEcoated g ass fabric roofsare used in domes and stadia and the retractab le roof of the Wimbledon Centre Court is made using woven PTFE fabric. They permit natural light but keep the dampness off the ground by control el d a ir conditi oni ng. Fluoropolyrners' exce llent insulating properties a llow for less materi al to be used, reducing the weight of the structures, [Source: 9, 11, 22]. Bridge and off shore bearing pads: [Benefits B, C, EJ. Macie from PTFE as it has the lowest friction coefficient of all plastics. [Source: 4]. Architectural films: [Benefits A, B, DJ. Fi ml s from fluoropolymers such as ETFE are used as parts of the roofs in stadi a, domes and other structures. They can be made translucent; al ol wi ng some natural lgi ht through but keep ing out heat, improv ing energy efficiency for bu i ld ings and stadi a. They are usual yl shaped a s panels or cushi ons and may be accompanied by a LED-l gi ht system enabling external colour and colour changes- famous examples being the A lilanz Arena in Munich, San Mames stadium in Bilbao, Olymp ic stadi um in Baku and the lta ipava Arena in Recife (Braz il). [Source: 11, 15, 16, 17]. A steel structure is usually used to susta in the roof, but ETFE is lighter than materials such as glass [Source: 11, 18]. Table sources [11 [2] hhttttppss:://ttwwvvvvww ..gooorree..ccoommt/pprroodduuccttss//ccaatteeogoorriieessltfcaobnrsicusmer-products May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 24 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited [3] http://www.gooutdoors.co.uk/expert-advice/guide-to-waterproofing[4] http://www.polyfluor.nl/en/products/finished-products/ptfe-slide-bearing-sheets-skidway-systems/ [5] http://www.paint.org/article/fluoropolymer-coatings-for-architectural-applications/ [6] http://www.agc.com/english/csr/env/products/14.html [7] http://www.agcce.com/lumiflon/ [8] Ebnesajjad, S., 2013. Introduction to fluoropolymers: Materials, technology and applications. PDL Handbook series. Elsevier. [9] https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2009/ip 2.html [10] http://www.tensinet.com/database/viewProject/4127.html [11] http://www.agc.com/english/products/jirei arena.html [12] http://www.arkema.com/en/products/markets-overview/construction/ [13] DuPont Fluoropolymers, An Introduction to Fluoropolymers, May 2009 (Page 37) [14] http://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/90791-superdome-super-roof-iconic-mercedes-benz-superdome-in-new-orleans-sports-its-brightest-look-yet [15] http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en EU/Dyneon EU/Dyneon Fluoropolymers/NewsandEvents/News/?PC Z7 RJH9U52308GOF0IP00C05E2C31000000 [16] http://www.agc.com/english/news/2014/0127e 1.pdf [17] http://www.vector-foiltec.com/projects/baku-olympic-stadium-2015/ [18] http://dunn-lwa.com/portfolio/cuauhtemoc-stadium-etfe [19] https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/home/tech life birdair.html#.V45sl nhDcs [20] https://www.gore.com/products/gore-r-cover-for-organic-waste-treatment [21] https://www.gore.com/products/categories/fibers [22] http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wimbeldon-roof/ [23] http://www.paint.org/article/fluoropolymer-coatings-for-architectural-applications/ assetId=1361822532135 May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.7 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in medical applicati9J1s Why are fluoropolymers useful? How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? Characteristics Because of their unique combination of properties fluoropolymers are the material of choice exhibiting excellent performance - in a wide range of medical applications: Chemical inertness. Biocompatibility. Durability. Corrosion prevention (resistance to chemical attack and low permeation). Low coefficient of friction and low surface energy. Low and high temperature resistance (e.g. from -200 c to +260 c for PTFE and PFA). Flexibility. Benefits Taken together these characteristics enable outstanding functionalityand safety in health care, which delivers wider societal benefit, including: A. Reduced risk of cross-infections and thus medical complications. B. Increased lifetime of implants reducing risk of failure and risk of replacement. C. Allows tissue attachmentand cell adhesion without an adverse reaction, reducing risk of complications. D. Higher consistency of dosages, increasing effectiveness and safety of drugs. E. Less frequent clogging and thus less frequent re-application/replacement for the patient (e.g. catheters, tubes). F. Improved functionality of medical equipment (e.g. filtering and venting). G. Facilitates non-invasive surgical procedures with guidewires, reducing risk of complications. H. Facilitates miniaturisation for keyhole survey. These benefits are achieved via the use of various fluoropolymers in the following applications: Surgically implantable medical devices such as vascular grafts: [Benefits A, B, CJ. Often made with expanded PTFE, grafts are critical in current surgery technol ogy to replace damaged vessels in vari ous body parts. Mi ni mal ly invasive medical devices such as Stent GraftsorSeptal Occluderoften used for life-saving operationssuch as repair ofaortic aneuri sms or holes in the cardiac septum. Other implantable devices incl ude for instancesurgical meshesfor hernia repai r and suturesfor use in vascular, cardi ac, and general surgery procedures. [Source: 3, 4, 5, 6]. Heart patches: [Benefits A, B, CJ. For cardi ac reconstructions or repai r where it is importantthat compl icationsassociated with the formati on ofti ssue attachment to the materi al be minimi sed to faci litate reoperation. [Source: 4, 5]. Heart patches made with fluoropol ymers usual ly have three layers. External layers made of expanded PTFE and a middl e layer made of an elastomeric fluoropolymer. [Source: 9, 1 0]. Catheters: [BenefitsA, C, D, EJ. Catheters are tubes used fora variety offunctions. They use the inertness, low coefficient of friction and ti ssueattachment and cel adhesion without an adverse reacti on that fluoropolymers can provide. [Source: 1, 2, 4, 11]. Diaphragm pumps: [Benefits A, D, F]. These pumps are criti cal for medical appl ications (as wel asotherappl icati ons) and are used e.g. for filtration and pumpi ng in di alysisequi pment. They are often made of PTFE or PVDF to be durabl e, inert and resistantto a vari ety ofothersubstances, [Source: 2]. Membranes for filtering and venting purposes: [Benefits F]. PTFEand PVDF areextensively used as the main material of microporous membranes used to filter particles and bacteria in critical fluids. Theyare hydrophobic and ol eophobic but they can be modified so thei rsurfaces are hydrophilic for removing vi ral parti des. PVDF membranes are al so used in western bl ottests" (used to detect protei ns in bl ood or tissue). PTFE membrane venti ng products are designed for high levelsofgas permeabi l ity whi ch can allow for fast pressure equal isationand airflow. [Source: 2, 7, 8]. Furtherapplications: [Benefits A, C, D, E, F, GJ. lnducle sterilecontai nerfi lters, needle retrieval systems, Tracheosto, catheter gui de wire for laparoscopy, val ves, fittings, pumps, tubi ng and medici ne inhal er canister coatings. [Source: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Theyare used in a wide vari ati on of medical data processing, suchas cables for imagi ng techni ques. Table sources [1] http://cool conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpq/annual/v11/bp 1 1 -33.html [2] https:/fwv.rw.pol ymersol uti ons.oom/blogfthe-impact-of- fluoropol ymers-on-the-medical-<leyice-industry/ [3] Ebnesajjad, S, 2005. Fl uoropolymers appl ications in chemical processi ng industries. William Andrew Publishi ng. Elsevier May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 26 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited [4] Ebnesajjad, S., 2013. Introduction to fluoropolymers: Materials, technology and applications. PDL Handbook series. Elsevier [5] https://www.goremedical.com/na/products?locale=mpd_na [6] http://www.goremedical.com/products/vg?locale=mpd na [7] https://www.membrane-solutions.com/ptfe venting medical.htm [8] https://www.gore.com/products/gore-microfiltration-media-for-medical-devices [9] https://www.goremedical.com/products/acusealvg---featured-downloads?locale=mpd euro [10] http://www.goremedical.com/assets/AH1341-EN4/AH1341-EN4.pdf [11] http://www.adtech.co.uk/products/fluoroplastic-tubing-and-rod/ptfe-tubing.php [12] http://www.surgical-instruments-usa.info/images/content/en/doc132 rev d-sterilcontainer system.pdf [13] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396056/ [14] http://www.teleflex.com/en/usa/productAreas/surgical/documents/Teleflex%20Catalog%20Lo%20Res.pdf [15] https://www.bostonscientific.com/content/dam/bostonscientific/uro-wh/portfolio-group/stone-management/Products-for-Ureteroscopy-Brochure.pdf [16] Modjarrad K. & Ebnesajjad S., 2013. Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices. PDL Handbook series. Elsevier May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 2.8 Uses and benefits of fluoropolymers in renewable energy Why are fluoropolymers useful? Characteristics Fluoropolymers exhibit a unique combination of properties particularly useful to provide protection and functionality for crucial parts in various components of renewable energy installations: Excellent chemical resistance (helping to prevent corrosion) and abrasion resistance (providing e.g. weatherability). Low and high temperature resistance (e.g. from -200 C to +260 C for PTFE and PFA). Allow high optical transparency, whilst removing ultraviolet light (crucial for photovoltaics). Electrical insulation. Permeability and barrier properties. Benefits Taken together these characteristics enable outstanding functionality in renewable energy installation, supporting their development and delivering wider societal benefit, including: A. Increased lifetime of components. B. Lower maintenance costs. C. Increased efficiency from improved functionality and reduced failures. D. Increased efficiency in the manufacturing process. E. Indirectly: Enabling sustainable energy and facilitating remote location of installations. F. Design flexibility. Howare fluoropolymers used in this sector? These benefits are achieved via the use of various fluoropolymers in the following applications: Photovoltaics: Front sheets: [Benefits A, B, C, EJ. Frequentl y protected byfl uoropol ymers (e.g. ETFE, FEP and PVDF film), providingamong others weather resistance (heat, water, abrasi on, chemical), ultraviolet removal , optical transparency (stable and high light transmittance), low surface energy (non-adhesiveness), hgh barrer performance to oxygen, excelent fire resistancie, flexi bii lity and cost-effecti veness, [Source: 1, 2, 5, 11]. Backsheets: [Benefits 1A B, C, EJ. Fl uoropolymers (e.g. ETFE and PVDF) are widely usedto improve thei r pri mary function, such as electrical insulati on and protection from humi dity and sunlight. The fluoropol ymers used are resistant to sunl ight degradati on, bl ock ul traviol et light and are resistant to most chemi cal s (i ncl udi ng envi ronmental pollutants) and heat, whilst preventing the permeati on of gasesand liquids, They exhi bi t hi gh dielectri cstrength and volume resistivity as wel as law flammability. [Source: 1, 2]. Vents: [Benefits A, B, C, EJ. Fl uoropolymer- based vents are used in solar appl ications like junction boxes, concentrati ng photovoltaics (CPV) modul es, inverters and moni tors for rapid pressureequalisati on, contaminati on protection and condensation reduction. [Source: 10]. Wind turbines: Paints and coatings on the main towers and blades ofwind power generators: [Benefits A, B, C, EJ. Fl uoropol ymers (e.g. PTFE and PVDF) provide high weather resistance. The treatment contri butes to increased service life and reliabl eoperation in harsh environments; the extension of mai ntenancecycles; and a more attractive appearance. [Source: 3, 4]. Release film: [Benefit DJ. Fl uoropolymers-based (e.g. PVF and ETFE) release fil ms support the production of wind turbi ne blades. [Source: 12]. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Why are fluoropolymers useful? How are fluoropolymers used in this sector? Other renewable energy sources: [Benefits A, B, C, EJ. Fl uoropolymers are also used in solar thermal instal al tions and geothermal plants. [Source: 8, 9]. Cables: [Benefits A, B, C, EJ. The heat, oil and chemical resistance of fluoropolymers mean that they are used for cables in th is app licat ion - amongst many others - as discussed above. [Source: 4]. Energy storage systems: They are a crucial component of energy systems, which compri se an increasing share of renewable energy: Lithium ion batteries: [Benefits A, EJ. F luoropo lymers (e.g. VDF/TFE copolymer, PVDF) are used as bi nders for their chemical resistance and endurance. [Source: 4, 6, 7]. Polymer electrolyte membrane / proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells: [Benefits A, C, EJ. Can prov ide exce llent long term storage of renewable energy when using hydrogen produced with renewab le energy as a fuel. Various fluoropolymers are used in several components, including the gas diffusio n layer (PTFE, FEP), the separator (ETFE, coati ngs) and drainage pi ping (PFA). These benefit from various properties that fluoropolymers can provide, such as protonic and e lectrical conductivity (compounds that have been made conductive), permeability and barrier propert ies, as well a s resistance to oxidation, chemicals and heat. [Source: 5]. Table sources [[12]1 hhttttop:1/1/awmwewriacgaes.-kcyhneamr.iccaolms/ceon/mmfaip1rkeen(tsfI-uaoprpinleicfaptri oondsu/cetsnfemrgayrk-aentd1r-eesleuI1cthrticmall?/Pfhiodt=osv&olutaiidd=49 [3] [4] http://wwwa. gc-chemicals http://wwwa. gc-chemicals . .ccoomm//jipp//eenn//ffluluoorriinnee//pprroodduuccttss//mmaarrkkeett//ruesseu.hlt.thmtml?fl ?ifd=id5=5&u id=48 [5] http://www.daikinchem.de/downloads/Daikin Fluorochemic al Products.pelf [6] http://w ww.daik inchem.de/energy storage.html [71 http://americas.kynar.com/en/markets-appl ci ations/energy-and-electrical/batterv/ [[891] hhttttop1://1wwwwwwa.aggce.ccoomm1/eenngglIiisshhf/oooorrttaa1l/1eenneerrgayy gsoeIoatrhheeramtahlt.hmtml l [10] https://www.qore.oom/productstcategori estyentinq [11] https://www. chemours.oom/Teflon Industrial/en US/assets/downloads/k23269 T efl on films.pelf [12] http://www.dupont .corn/prod ucts-a nd-services/membranes-fi lms/pvf.fi lms/brands/ledlar-pvf-films/uses-and-app lications/tedlar-wind-energy-applications .html May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited 3 . The socio-economic contribution of the fluoropolymers industry 3.1 Introduction This section evaluates the socio-economic effects arisingfrom the manufacture and sale of fluoropolymers7 in the EU. This relates to fluoropolymers in basic form; this isjust the first stage of the value chain. The data draws from a survey with members of the Fluoropolymers Group (FPG) within PlasticsEurope undertaken between February and June 2016. This survey sought detailed information on the volume and value of fluoropolymers in basic form manufactured and sold in the EU as well as exports and imports. The members of this group do not represent the entire European fluoropolymer market. Therefore an estimation of the total European market size (tonnage and sales) has been made, based on publicly available data, alongside the original survey data and estimates of the total market provided by the FPG members themselves. Further detail on the process used and the original data are in Appendix B. All data in this section relates to 2015 unless otherwise stated; key data is provided in metric tonnes and Euro. To protect the commercially confidential information of individual companies, all data is aggregated and rounded. Where fewer than three companies have provided data for any given data point, the results are not shown. 3.2 Volume of use (Fluoropolymers in basic form) As can be observed in Table 3.1 below, around 52,000 tonnes of fluoropolymers are estimated to be sold in the EU as a whole, note this figure has been derived by extrapolating the original survey data8. A similar volume, 51 ,000 tonnes, are estimated to be produced annually in the EU, from which 40% is exported outside of the EU, with annual imports of around 21,500 tonnes. ECHA (2014) estimate that the European markets represents some 21 % of the global market and more recent market research expects strong growth in global demand in the order of 5-6% per year9. The data suggests competition from outside the EU in at least parts of the market. Table 3.1 Quantities Quantities of fl uoropolymers sold in the EU per year (2015) Total EU market (tonnes, 2015) Tonnes produced in the EU 51,000 Tonnes imported into the EU 21,500 Tonnes exported from the EU 20,500 Tonnes sold in the whole EU market 52,000 Source Amee Foster Wheeler Survey with Members of the FPG, 2016. Tonnages are rounded to the closest 500 hundred tonnes. 7 The term includes fl uoroplastics, fluoroel astomers and fluororubber products. Fluorotelomers [C0F201-(CH2)mH] and fluorotelomer based polymers are out ofthe SEA scope. 8 This represents an estimation ofthe European market developed with the methodologyset out in Appendix B. This approach uses or ginal survey results extrapolated to present the market as a whole. This estimation was made because the Fluoropolymers group members that participated in the survey do not cover the whole European market. 8 marketsandmarktes.com, 2013. Fluoropolymer Market By Type (PTFE, PVDF, FEP, Fluoroel astomers) & Application (Automotive, Electrical & Electronics, Chemical Processing, Industrial) - Global Trends & Forecastto 2018 http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reportslfluor-polymer-market-497.html , accessed on 14/05/2014 by ECHA for the purposes of drafti ng the annex XV report on PFOA and related substances. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited 3.3 Revenues (Fluoropolymers in basic form) Based on the volumes above and using the FPG survey data alongside Eurostat market data, the volumes above are estimated to generate revenue of around 780m per year in terms ofsales onto the EU market. As previously this is based on an extrapolation of original survey data10. Of this, some 840m relates to fluoropolymers actually produced in the EU, with the values of exports (380m) around 18% higher than the sales value of imports (310m). Therefore, on average, fluoropolymer products exported from the EU have a higher value pertonne than fluoropolymer products imported into the EU. It is important to note that this is the sales value ofsales of fl uoropolymers in basic form; this is just the first stage of the value chain. The value of the final products made using fluoropolymers will be substantially greater, in the order of several billion Euro (see section 4 which discusses the downstream uses and benefits of fluoropolymers). Table 3.2 Annual sales value of the EU fluoropolymer market (2015) Quantities Sales value (m, 2015) Sales value of product produced in the EU 840 Sales value ofimports into the EU 310 Sales value ofexportsfrom the EU 380 Total value sold on the EU market 780 Notes: : Rounded to the closest 10m. The process used to estimate thetotal market size refer to publicly availabl e data alongside expert estimates from the FPG members themselves. The numbers are therefore, subjectto a certain level ofuncertainty. 3.4 Research and development (R&D) and in novation Innovation takes many forms (e.g. direct R&D, informal processes of learning) enabling the development of new products and more efficient production processes. Innovation increases productivity (higher outputs for same level of capital and labour inputs) enabling firms to reduce costs as well as increasing their competitiveness, both across sectors and internationally. Research has shown that innovation has played a significant role in driving economic growth through increased productivity, earnings and the standard of living (Rosenberg, 2004, IMF 2004). 11 12 One relatively simple measure of the extent of innovation at company and sector level is by comparing investment in R&D; this also illustrates the extent of competition within markets as well as expectation of future demand growth. Extensive research has shown a correlation between R&D investment and company performance (e.g. sales growth, share price) (Oxford Economics, 201013). Beyond the companies themselves, R&D creates wi der societal benefit through "spill overs" as others learn from, adopt and benefit from a new product or process. Examples may include those to the consumer through better and/or lower cost products and accelerated imitation or learning amongst competitors. Research suggests that R&D spill-overs generate between 50%-100% societal return over and above the direct initial R&D investment (Oxford, Economics, 200814). Companies that participated in the survey for this project reinvested, on average, 5.5% of their revenue related to fl uoropolymers, in R&D activities. Based on extrapolating the survey data - and assuming others' 10 This represents an estimation ofthe European market developed withthe methodology set out in Appendix B. This approach uses or ginal survey results extrapolated to present the market as a whol e. This estimation was made because the Fluoropolymers group members that participated in the survey do not cover the whole European market. 1 1 https://www oecd.org/cfe/tourism/34267902.pdf 12 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2004/wp04185.pdf 1143 OOxxffoorrdd EEccoonnoommiiccss ((22000108)) TSthuedsyoocfioth-eeciomnpoamcticoifmthpeacInttoefrsmiliecdoianteesRineNseoartrhchAamnedriTceac, hFninoalol gRyepSoerctt.or on the UK economy May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited in the market invest at a similar level- then up to almost 43m would be reinvested by the sector as a whole, per year (Table 3.3). The average investment rate shows the industry is highly innovative; it is almost triple the average estimated proportion of GOP spent on R&D in the EU Member States15 (1.9% in 2014). It is likely this investment helps maintain the comparatively high value of fl uoropolymer products that are produced in the EU, noted in section 3.3. Table 3.3 Annual research and development expenditure related to fluoropolymers (2015) % of revenue related to fluoropolymers Upper bound estate - total market m Total 5.5% 43 Source: Amee FosterWheelermarket survey - February to June 2016. : Based on 5.5% of revenues (780m) Note numbers have been rounded to the nearest million. Table 3.5 overleaf provides examples where fluoropolymers have aided or enabled the development of innovative products. 3.5 Direct employment (manufacturing of fluoropolymers in basic form) In terms of employment, in total, 31 ,700 people are employed in the FPG companies in the EU. Note this is just the companies taking part in the survey. We have estimated the number of employees directly related to the production of fluoropolymers in their basic form, based on survey data - see Appendix B for details. This indicates that some 2,200 employees are involved across the EU, wi th a gross annual salary of around 100m. It is important to note that this is simply the first stage in the value chain, a great many more employees are sustained from downstream activ ties. This is discussed in section 4 of th is report. Table 3.4 Total employment in surveyed companies and direct employment associated with EU fluoropolymer production (2015) Total number of employees in the FPG Member Companies Number of employees 31,700 Employment directly associated with fluoropolymer manufacture (first stage in value chain only) 2,200 Downstream employment in sectors using fluoropolymers in Europe > 20 million (see section 4) Rounded to the closest hundred. Source: Amee Foster Wheeler market survey - Februaryto June 2016. The estimate of2,200 was based on an extrapolation form the ori ginal survey data, see Appendix B. Note not all of these will be in companies using fluoropolymers, but they play an important enabling role in thesesectors - this is discussed further in section 4 15 http://www=.oecd-ilibrary.org/industry-and-services/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d/indicator/engl ish d8b068b4en?isPartOf /content/i ndicatorgroup/09614029-en May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table 3.5 Selected examples offluoropolymer enabled innovations Key Sector Product Description Transportation I Renewable Energy Chemical and Power Electronics Solar Impu se PTFE membrane for fuel cells16 technology Ai r Fi ltration for Gas Turt:>ines17 Mercury Control coal-fired utilitie sS18ystem for 'Internet of th ings' 19 Solar Impu se is a pri vately funded project aiming to develop solar-powered aircraft technology. The first two experimental prototypes have been promising, with the second (Solar Impu lse 2) successfully completing a c ircumnavigation of the Earth between 2015 and 2016. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts hydrogen to electricity (and heat energy) by means of interaction with a cata lyst and oxygen. Water is the only by-product, making fuel ce lsl not only efficient, but environmenta lyl friendly as well. The Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell has emerged as the best technology for fuel cell vehicles. (= Zero-emission powertrai ns for cars and buses). It consists o f a polymer electrode membrane with electrodes on ei ther side. Hydrogen enters on one side (anode), where it reacts with a catalyst and separates into protons and electrons. The protons pass through the memb rane to the other e el ctrode (cathode). Here, they combi ne with oxygen, and with the help of a catalyst, produce water. The electrons, which cannot pass through the membrane,flow from the fuel cell to be used a selectrical energy. MEA or Membrane Electrode Assembly is the heart of a PEM fuel cell. It contai ns the materi als necessary to facilitate electrochemic al conversion of a fuel to electri cal energy Filters are susceptible to high pressuredrop sp kes as they reach the end of thei r service life time. Thi s is caused by swell ing of particles in wet o r humidconditi ons. HEPA filters are highly efficient and capture v irtual yl all particles in an ai rstream over thei r lifet ime. When the filters begi n to approach end of l ife, trend moni tori ng will begi n to show sensitivity to wet and humid conditions. The hydrophobic HEPA filters delays thi s effect, enabling long lifetime even in challenging condi tions. The Mercury Control System (GMCS) is a fixed sorbent system for capturi ng elemental and o xidised gas phase mercury from industrial fl ue gas. The system is based on discrete stackable modules that are installed downstream of a part iculate col el ction system. The modules are designed with an open channel structure which provides extremely low pressure drop, avoidi ng the need for an additional booster fan . The Sorbent Polymer Catalyst (SPC) composite materi al is the heart of the GMCS. I t is a Fluoropolymer based material, which efficiently captures both elemental and ox idi sed mercury from the flue gas stream. As such, it is insensitive to fuel or processchanges that affect mercury spedation. Mercury is securely bound within the SPC via chemisorption. Unlike many activated carbon sorbents, the presence of SO3does no cond iti oning. t inhi The bit mercury GMCS is a capture n innova by t tive he sol SPC, ution maki ng it a that e limina very effective tes many of th solution e undes for high s ulphur irable complicati coa ons ls or and for hig units h ope with ratin SO3 ga g costs s associated with traditi onal mercury control systems, Modern semiconductors are not conceivable without the use of fluoropolymers. Thei r chemical resi stance in the manufacturing of ever more complex and bigger semiconductors, (Micro-electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and ch ips, alongside excellent data cable insulation for higher processing speeds and lower data losses. 18 17 Source: Source: www.qore.com/products/fuel-cell-components?view=section77941 https ://www.gore.com/search?q=turt:> ne+fi ters 18 Source: https://wwwg. or e .com/resources/brocihure-lgore-mercury-control-system-fo r-roal-fired 1u9tihltttitepss?:/f/wrowmw=.%ch5eBm%o2u2rsp.rcoodmuc/tb%us3iAne6s7s5e1%s-a2n2d%-p2rCod%uc2t2sc/folunoterontprtoydpuec%ts3/A, 3h2tt1p%s:/2l2w%w2wC.c%he2m2Iaonuqrsu.acgorer%Jb3uAseinne%ss2e2s%-a5nDd-products/fluoroproducts/leflon-for-semiconductor-manufacturing/index.html May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @AmeeFosterWheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Key Sector Textile and Architecture Product In-fl ight connectivity22 cool roof technology23 aFgaabrinicstmheematbsratrneesss2y4stem Innovati ve designs for stadia25 Description There are 6.4 billion items connected to the internet20. Thi s includes smart lV, smartphones, smartwatches, smart kitchen app lai nces p(el a.gy.afrikdegyeps,akrteitntlethse), saon-dcamlleodre.eInnethrgeycoansdeeomfhaondm"ecaonppcleiapnt2c1e, sin, twhhisicish neoetcotnrilcyttyodeenmhaanndcesusshearsp'eedxbpyersi emnacret,dbeuvticisesalastoaenrevgisoangaeldorto national level to shape peaks and reduce energy supply costs, In thi ssector fluoropo lymers are used in many of the manufacturing pi pes, vessels, valves, pumps and other etching and cleani ng components/semiconductor components, in printed circ ui t boards, release films and coatings, wiri ng a nd cabling. They play a key role, as the ir resistance to chemical s, temperature, avoidance of fluid degradation and metal il c contaminati on enable the manufacturi ng of these smart devices. A relatively recent development enables improved communication and internet access in a ircraft with excellent telecommunications and positioning s ignals without increasing the size/weight of hardware required. This is achieved with cable b- ased antennas constructed with engineeredfluoropo lymers a nd light coaxial cable . Given the reduction in hardware capital costs, it is a cost-effective s oluti on for improving in-fl ight entertainment. Apart from providi ng a technol ogical solution, these antennas also comply with the demandi ng vi bration, temperature range, durability shock and fire specificatio n sof a ircraft. Alternatively the whole on demand in -flight entert ainment system data processi ng can be run with light weight fluoropo lymer insulated data cab les. A group of multidisciplinary scientists developed a new type of PVDF emulsion resin that did not requ ire the use of solvent and high bake temperatures. Thi s resin has been used a s the base of reflect ve whi te roof coati ngs, whi ch is known a scool roof' technology. This has proven successful in the US, through initiatives triggered by new energy efficiency regulations in US States such as Ca lifornia. This PVDF resin enables roofsto have a total sola r reflectance of above 65%, whi ch is required to obtai n an Energy Star rati ng. Moreover, these roofs are requ ired to maintai n at least 50% of this reflectance 3 years after receiving this rate. A typical white pai nt based on th is new resin has an initi al total solar reflectance of81%, and maintain s 78% up to five years later (3% reduction). As a result, these roofs provide excellent energy efficiency and have a lower life cycle cost than most traditional coati ngs. An intell igent material constru cti on using tv.o ePTFE membranes: A highl y breathable layer of thermal protectio n is positioned di rectly under the outer material of the garment The membrane attached to the outer side of t his layer prevents liquid pe netratio n from the oquuitcskidlye.wTichkiss tmheorismtuarleinaswualaytioanndlatyraernsispcoortms biti ntoedthewiothutasimdeo.i sIttuisreablaigrhritewretihgahtt,fabcreesatihnawbalerdasntdowwaartdesrpthroeobf osydsyt.eTmh tishastecdoenldivemrsehmigbhralneevels of thermal protection in firefighter gear whi le reducing the risk of burn injurie s and heat stress in wet and dry conditions. Since the construction ofAllianzArena in 2005 and Bei j ing Nati onal Aq uatics Centre in 2008, many other new-bu ild stadia have included fluoropolymer cushions and fi lms. As illustrated in secti on 2, they enable a much lighter and versatile design with possibiliti es of 20 21 M intel Group limited (2016) The h ttp://ie eexplore.ieee.org/xpl/logi connected home - UK n.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6102354&ur l=http%3A%2F%2F i eeexp lo r e .ie e e . org%2 F x pl s%2Fabs all.jsp%3Farnumber%3O6102354 22 http:/twww.semiconductorpackaqinqnews.com/press/37362.html 23 24 h ttp://pmse.sites.acs.org/acsteaminnovationaward.htm So urce: https://www.gore-tex.co.uk/professional/fire-ancl- rescueltechnologi es/gore-paral lon-sy stem-garments-wi th-qore-tex- moi st ure- bar r i e r 25 http:/twww. birdair. oom/press/ birdair-provide-unigue-etfe-film-new-atlanta-stadium , http:/twww. aqc. com/enqlish/product s/jirei arena.html , http://wwwd. esiqnboom.oom/architecture/new-camp-nou o.ircel n af-ootb.!Jl-stadiumo Jsn-sels -04-23-201 , http:!/dunn-lwa.com/portfolio/c uauhternoc-stadi um- etfe/ , http://www.designb uilcl-network.corn/projects/_v-lfilrc u May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Key Sector Medical applications Product Endoprosthesis for the functionality of damaged l iver26 Membrane for heart defects27 Description enhancing the pub lic experi ence with LED -lights and other effects. Modern stadia and sport centres bu i tl for major events such as the Olympics or renovated stadi a for sports teams such as FC Barcelona, FC Puebla and Atlanta Falcons use architectural films made of fluoropolymers, providing lightweight, durable and safe designs. The proprietary, reduced permeability ePTFE graft lin ing minimises transmural permeation of bi le and muci n (which are common causes of patency loss) and mi nim ises tiss ue ingrowth into the graft for ease of surgical dissection during liver transplantati on. Additi onally, it offers improved radial compressio n strength over the leading, commerci ally avai al ble stents, and ensures secure ancho ring with mini mal kink ing and ti ssue deformatio n . The unl ined "cha in link" segment ofthe device allows for nutri ent portal perfusion Physicians have been perform ing catheter-based procedures in the heart to make diagnose s and treatheart conditions for many years. Catheter-based dosure of a hol e in the cardiac septum involves the placement of a permanent implant, such as an ePTFE based medical implant, using a minimally invasive procedure. It is a permanent imp lant consisti ng of a wire frame covered with a th in ePTFE membrane. The wi re frame is made of a plati num-filled nickel-titan ium (Nitino l) alloy. The ePTFE material has been used in open-heart surgery for more than 35 years with a h istory of proven safety in medi cal implants. 26 27 Source: Source: https://www.goremedical.com/products/c ardi https://www.goremed cal.com/products/card oform?locale=mpd ofo rm ?oca e=mpd na na i i ll May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited 3 . 6 Sales of fluoropolymers to downstream sectors The manufacture of fluoropolymers is just the first stage in the value chain. This section provides further information on various fluoropolymer products t hat are sold into several downstream sectors which are b oth important to the wider European economy and where fluoropo lymers provide important enabling characteristics. The FPG survey obtained data on the volume and value of fluoropolymer sales disaggregated into the various sectors. As before these have been extrapolated from survey data (see Appendix 8). Overall approximately52,000 tonnes of fluoropolymers were sold in the EU in 2015, with sales revenue of around 780m. The largest sector in the original survey d ata was trans port, which accounts for 36% of the FPG European sales volume and some 300m for the EU market as a wh ole. Chemical and power is the second largest sector, with 16,500 tonnes and 220m, respectively. Other relevant secto rs in terms of annual volumes include cookware and electronics (with 3,500 to nnes, 7% o f EU market in each case), food and pharmaceutical and textiles and architecture (b oth with 3,000 tonnes, 6%). Other sectors (renewables, medical applications and 'others') comprise a further 7% (some 60m) (Table 3.6). The data is shown graphically in Figure 3.1 below. Table 3.6 Sector Downstream applications of fluoropolymers (tonnes and value, 2015) Typical applications Total quantity sold (tonnes) Total value (m) Transport Fuel lines, hoses, hydraulic systems, O-rings, gaskets, electronic 18,500 300 systems, coating for a variety of purposes (e.g. cables, wires), fuel cell material s . Chemical and Piping, tubing and fittings, fluid-handling components, vessels, 16,500 220 power storage tanks, sensors, sealants, binders in energy storage devices (e.g. batteries) Cookware Non-stick coating for cook and bakeware (e.g. pots, pans, baking 3,500 60 trays) Electronics Semiconductors, printed circuit equipment, wiring, cabling 3,500 50 Food & Valves, stainless steel piping, tubing, filters, seals, gaskets and 3,000 40 pharmaceuticals otherstandard fluid handling components, paper tabl eware, conveyor belts, labware products, packaging Textiles & Waterproof clothes and footwear, spacesuits, coati ng for 3,000 40 architecture architectural applicati ons, architectural films Medical Cardiovascular grafts, heart patches, ligament replacements, 1,500 20 applications catheters, filteri ng membranes Renewable energy Front and back sheets for PV, pant and coating for wind turbines, 500 <5 coatinq for wires and cab es. binders in lithium-ion batteries Others - 2,000 30 Total 52,000 780 Source: Amee Foster Wheeler market survey - February -June 2016 (% of sales volumes and values). Note all sal es values are rounded to the nearest 1 Orn all tonnage data are rounded to the nearest 500 tonnes. (') Differences between sectors and total and with values quoted in Table 3.1 / Table 3.2 due to rounding. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Figure 3.1 Total quantity sold and total value per key sector (2015) t 20,000 -Total quantity sold (t) 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 ".. ,o<:- 0q} 0 ,/i t::"-q 'b <, <Ye e, c.0 , -Total value ( million) e<' o-s' m 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Source: Amee FosterWheeler market survey - February -June 2016 (% of sales volumes and values). Note all sal es values are rounded to the nearest 1Orn all tonnage data are rounded to the nearest 500 tonnes. 3.7 The fluoropolymer value chain Figure 3.2 provides an overview ofthe key stages in the value chain for fluoropolymers within the eight key sectors. The value chain illustrates the various industrial/manufacturing users of fluoropolymers, based on the survey among downstream users and research on uses summarised in Section 2, as well as the diversity of commercial users and end products in which fluoropolymers are used. The value chain begins with the provision of raw materials and subsequently the production of fluoropolymers. Fluoropolymers are then supplied to the key sectors, via manufacturers of various multi use semi-finished goods28. Within each sector, the main value chain elements leading to the manufacturer of the end product or service prior to the point of sale tothe final consumer are shown. Note that the diagram is intended to map out the key stages - there will be a large number of individual companies within each stage. 28 Semi-finished goods include e.g. threads, foils, fibres, sealing material, tubes and membranes and other small parts. These are often generi c enough to be used as input to manufacturevarious products from multi ple sectors. However, often they are relatively complex goods. A strict distinction between semi-finished goods and components cannot always be made. Furthermore, in some cases fl uoropolymers are applied to specific products in forms other than as semi-finished good, for instance as a coating. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 37 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Figure 3.2 Overview of the fluoropolymer value chain stages (key sectors) Source: Based on downstream applications provided in Amec Foster Wheeler Survey 2016 and in Section 2. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 38 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 4. Downstream benefits of fluoropolymers 4.1 Introduction The previous section evaluated the direct economic and social impact of the industry to Europe today. But a much larger socio-economic value is created via the characteristics of the products made by the industry that are used by downstream users, their enabling characteristics. For each of the eight key sectors, this section evaluates three things: Firstly, the specific enabling characteristics that fluoropolymers deliver are illustrated. This benefit is quantified where possible, described qualitatively where not. The evidence in the section is drawn from industry questionnaires and downstream user feedback alongside desktop research. These enabling characteristics includes those with direct economic effects, such as contributions to efficiency, but also sustainability, including emission savings. Secondly, by evaluating the socio-economic importance of the wider sectors where fluoropolymers are widely used, we place these benefits in wider context. So not only do fluoropolymers deliver important benefits, the sectors themselves are strategically important to European economy and society. We do not claim this economic activity is reliant on or derived from fluoropolymers, but they serve important strategic functions with the sectors concerned, through the various benefits that they deliver. Later in the report, we discuss a hypothetical situation where fluoropolymers were unavailable; this serves to illustrate the scale of economic activity that might be affected under such a scenario. Thirdly, in several instances fluoropolymers make a contribution to wider sustainability, through for example supporting weight reductions, avoiding emissions and/or leaks and carbon emission reductions. These are also drawn out. 4.2 Key Market 1: Transport Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contribution Fluoropolymers enhance reliability, safety and communication in aircraft. They help, alongside other advanced materials, to deliver performance under challenging environmental conditions. This includes safety critical components such as in seals, hoses and tubing as well as various electronic data and communication equipment. In automotive applications fluoropolymers prolong the useful life of various components critical for performance, emission control and safety by providing durable and effective protection against heat, aggressive fuels, humidity, vibrations and compression. This contributes to increased reliability and durability of car parts, and hence to a reduction in both the cost and extent of maintenance and breakdowns. For instance, a 2006 study29 estimated the use of fluoropolymers in high temperature wire insulation and fuel hoses saves 180m (ca. 200m in 2015 prices30) over the full lifetime of cars in Europe. The same study31 estimated that fluoropolymer use in fuel hoses enables fuel savings worth 35.9m (ca. 40.7m in 2015 prices32) annually in Europe. The study also indicated 29 NERA Economic Consulting (2006): Societal Benefits of Fluoropolymers and Fluorotelomers. Quoted in: http://www2.dupont.com/PFOA2/en US/assets/downloads/societal benefits.pdf. Note that the source does not specify how exactly Fluoropolymers generate these benefits. 30 Conversion to 2015 prices based on seasonally and calendar adjusted GDP deflator for the EU-28 from Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/teina110. 31 NERA Economic Consulting (2006): Societal Benefits of Fluoropolymers and Fluorotelomers. Quoted in: http://www2.dupont.com/PFOA2/en US/assets/downloads/societal benefits.pdf. 32 Conversion to 2015 prices based on seasonally and calendar adjusted GDP deflator for the EU-28 from Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/teina110. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited that the associated reduction in air emissions add benefits in terms of avoided damage to human health valued at another86m (ea. 97m in 2015 prices33), in the order of 140m in total. In other components fluoropolymers and fluoroelastomers contribute to engine efficiency, weight reductions and emission control. Consultation with downstream users of fluoropolymers has indicated that modern legal requirements such as road transport emission standards, such as "Euro 6" and "Euro 7" could not have been achieved without these materials. 34 Progressive improvements in these standards over time are shown in Figure 4.1 below. The Euro emission standards aim to reduce the significant health impacts from road transport emissions, which have been estimated to cause economic costs of about $364 billion (bn) in the EU-24 in 201035 (equivalent of about 345bn in 2015 prices36) from all sources. Fluoropolymers facilitate advanced energy storage and conversion technologies, such as PEM fuel cells. Figure 4.1 Tightening of diesel and petrol vehicle emission limits for selected pollutants according to the Euro emissions standards (g/km) - Euro 1 {1992) Euro 2 {1996) Euro 3 {2000) Euro 4 {2005) . Euro Sa {2009) Euro Sb {2011) Euro 6 {2014) Diesel Petrol (Gasoline) Euro 1 {1992) Euro 2 {1996) Euro 3 {2000) Euro 4 {2005) Euro 5 {2009) Euro 6 {2014) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 PM NOx co 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 PM NOx co Source: Amee FosterWheeler 2016 based on the respective EU Regulations.37 Pollutants and health effects. PM = Particulate Matter - health effects include: respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, such as aggravati on of asthma, respiratory symptoms and an increase in hospital admissions; mortalityfrom cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and from lung cancer38. NOx = oxides of nitrogen - mainly impacts on respi ratory conditions causing infl ammation ofthe airways at high levels. Long tenn exposure can decrease lung function, increase the risk ofrespiratoryconditions and increases the response to allergens. NOx also contributes tothe formation of fine particles (PM) and ground level ozone, both ofwhich are associated with adverse health effects39. CO= carbon monoxide - short term heal th effects include headache, dizziness and nausea. Long tenn exposure has been associated with increased risks of heart disease40. 33 Conversion to 2015 prices based on seasonally and calendar adjusted GDP defl ater for the EU-28 from Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products- datasets/- /teina110. 34 Certain Fluoropolymer/Fluoroelastomer components such as seals are crucial in achieving the latest EU emission control standards Euro 6 & 7 See for instance: http://www.seals.saint-qobain.com/news detail.aspx?id=275938 35 OECD: The Cost of Air Pollution: Health Impacts of Road Transport. OECD Publishing (2014). http://www.keepeek.com/Oigital-Asset Manaqement/oecd/environment/the-cost-of-air-pol lution 9789264210448-en#.V- z Kfkr1<MB#page1 36 Infl ation based on U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis: = Table 1.1.9. Implicit Price Oeflators = for Gross Domestic Product (http://www. bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?regid=9&step 3&isuri=1&903=1 3#regid=9&step 3&isuri=1&903=1 3). Conversion to Euros based on 2015 yearly average exchange rate from the European Central Bank (https://www.ecb.europa .eu/s tats/exchange/eurofxref/html /i ndex.en.html). 37 For afull list, see http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transportlroad.htm. 38 Worl d Health Organisation (WHO, 2013): http://www. euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf_file/0006/189051/Health-effects-of-particulate matter-final-Eng.pdf 39 When nitrogen is released during fuel combustion it combines with oxygen atoms to create nitric oxide (NO). This further combines with oxygen to create nitrogen dioxi de (N02). Nitric oxide is not considered to be hazardousto health at typical ambient concentrations, but nitrogen dioxide can be. Nitrogen dioxide and nitri c oxi de are referred to together as oxi des of nitrogen. Source: http://www.icopal n0oSxioteu.recoe.:uCk/ennotxe-rpfroorbDl eisme/ansoex-pCoolnluttroiolna.ansdpPxrevent i on https://ephtracking.cdc. gov/showCoRisk May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 40 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Socio-economic value of the sector Car manufacturing / automotive components Beyond emission reductions, Fluoropolymers make important contribution to the performance and functionality of automotive vehicles. This includes various fuel line applications, use of on board computers, high temperature CO2 sensors. This in turn aids global competitiveness and supports the significant economic activity of the sector in Europe in terms of car design, innovation, manufacture and export. Moreover, the role of fluoropolymers is likely to gain in importance in the future. Electric vehicles are enabled by high performance insulators, fluoropolymers in lithium batteries and hydrogen fuel cells. Similarly developments in automatic piloting are reliant on high speed data processing and data communication. The automotive sector as a whole accounts for 6.5% of the EU GDP (some 955bn41). The industry as a whole directly employed some 12.2 million people across Europe (about 6% of the EU workforce). Of these, 2.3 million are high-skilled jobs. Indirectly, the global automotive trade association OICA estimate that for every 1 direct job some 5 further jobs are sustained indirectly along automotive value chains42. Similar results come from a 2012 study in the UK which identified some 3.5 additional jobs created from every one full time job at Nissan and Jaguar Land Rover manufacturing facilities43. According to ACEA44, there are currently about 296 automobile assembly and production plants in the EU28, located across 26 countries and manufacturing more than 18 million cars, vans, trucks and buses every year. Some 16 million passenger cars and a total of 18 million motor vehicles were manufactured in Europe in 2015 alone (20% and 22% of global production respectively), contributing to a trade surplus of more than 100bn every year. The automobile sector also contributes to a significant share of R&D activities in the EU28: R&D expenses for automobile sector amount to some 45bn, about 26% of total EU expenses. In 2015 about 6,000 patents were granted to firms in the EU automotive sector. Tax revenues from vehicles in 14 European countries only alone were some 400bn. Global production is expected to exceed 100 million vehicles of all types by 201745. Aircraft and aerospace industry Fluoropolymers are used in various components in aircraft. They enhance reliability, safety, communication and performance under challenging environmental conditions. This includes safety critical components such as in hydraulic seals, hoses and tubing as well as various electronic communication equipment. Aircraft manufacturing is a genuinely global and highly competitive - sector with a small, but increasing number of advanced manufacturers. Improvements, even small increments in the functionality of aircraft can result in major operational savings, alongside improved safety. The use of fluoropolymers aids global competitiveness and supports developments in aircraft design, innovation, manufacture and export. They also help to deliver operational savings, once the aircraft is in use. Europe is a major player in the aviation manufacturing market. 2013 Eurostat data46, report some 4,100 companies involved47. These companies registered a turnover of some 129bn and employed some 438,000 people. Highly skilled; GVA per employee is around 94,000 per year, substantially above the EU average (54,000 per year). More than 100,000 people are employed in each of the UK and France, with some 95,000 in Germany. Turnover in these three countries represents about 80% of the total EU turnover of this sector (around 104bn out of 129bn). 41 According to the European trade association ACEA Estimate based on the indicative share provided by ACEA (6.5%) and on 2015 GDP figure for the EU 28 reported by Eurostat of about 14,700bn(rounded figure) [Eurostat, GDP and main components (output, expenditure and income), Last update: 14-10-2016. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database] 42 http://www.oica.net/category/economic-contr butions/auto-jobs/ 43 http://www.economicmodelling.co.uk/2012/05/17/the-impact-of-car-manufacturing-employment/ 44 http://www.acea.be/automobile-industry/facts-about-the-industry 45 http://www.eulerhermes.com/mediacenter/Lists/mediacenter-documents/Economic-Outlook-The-global-Automotive-marketSept14.pdf 46 Annual detailed enterprise statistics for industry (NACE Rev. 2, B-E) [sbs_na_ind_r2] 47 The definition is activities relating to the manufacturing and maintenance of aircraft and spacecraft. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 41 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited The sector is a major source of global exports, some 118bn in 201448. Of this, some 46bn of sales value originated in France, where the headquarters of the largest European civil and military aircraft manufacturing firm EADS (Airbus) are located. Germany follows with 38bn and the UK is third with 14bn of sales49. There are several specialised and highly skilled civil and military aerospace activities in specific Member States. These include fuselage design and assembly/testing (France and Germany)50; wing design and manufacturing (United Kingdom and Spain51); engine manufacturing, landing gear, fuel systems and helicopters (United Kingdom)52; carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) components, internal data and power supply systems (Germany). Some key trends are below: Turnover in aerospace and defence (including space) overall amounted to just under 200bn in 2014, of which some 140bn related to aeronautics and around 12bn related to space. In terms of the specialist spacecraft manufacturing sector, over 40,000 people were directly employed in the sector as of 2014, which registered over 7bn of final sales. Both sales and employment have been steadily increasing over the preceding decade, from just over 4bn and 30,000 employees. Figure 4.2 Aerospace and defence sector turnover breakdown between 2009 and 2014 (bn) Figure 4.3 Sales and employment in the space manufacturing industry (1992-2014) Source: reproduced from ASD (2014) Aerospace and Defence Industries, Association of Europe (figures excludes land and naval revenues 53. 48 ECB exchange rate for 2014 $/ 0.80612, as used in previous sections (Aircraft and Spacecraft) 49 http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-aircraft-spacecraft-exporters-2013.html sourcing data from Trade Map, International Trade Centre, www.intracen.org/marketanalysis 50 http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ 51 http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-spain/ http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-france/ 52 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment data/file/31807/12-954-reach-skies-strategic-vision-ukaerospace.pdf 53 Available from: http://www.asd-europe.org/communication/publications/facts-figures/ May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 42 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 4.3 Key Market 2: Chemical and power Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contribution Fluoropolymers and their unique set of properties enable a high level of efficiency and environmental safety in the chemical and power sectors: Fluoropolymer coatings, linings and components prevent corrosion in chemical manufacturing and power installations. This increases the lifetime of components reduces maintenance costs, waste, consumption of materials to renew corroded components and hence total life cycle costs. Considering each in turn: Corrosion is a significant cost factor in this sector. A 2002 study54 estimated that the direct cost of metallic corrosion in the United States to the chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries as $1.7bn annually (0.5% of the gross value added of these sectors in the same year) and the direct cost of metallic corrosion to electricity generating plants as $6.9bn (3.8% of the gross value added (GVA) of the utilities sector in the same year)55. Applying this shares of to the GVA of the same sectors in the EU28 in 201356, this would imply total costs of corrosion of about 15bn for the chemical and power sectors. Simply making a highly conservative assumption in the absence of specific data - that fluoropolymer uses reduce this by just 1% - suggests savings of around 150m per year. Fluoropolymers also prolong the lifetime of plant and equipment. Maintenance costs in the chemicals industry are typically around 5% of fixed capital costs57. Yearly capital spending in the EU chemical industry has been around 20bn per year over the last 20 years58. Hence, current maintenance costs are estimated in the region of 1bn. A chemicals manufacturer consulted as part of the study stated that the use of fluoropolymers in their equipment has increased the lifetime by more than a factor of 2. This suggests that which the installation would have to undergo maintenance significantly less often, up to half as often, saving up to half the maintenance costs. In the absence of specific data, assuming conservatively that about 10% of the European chemical industry use this fluoropolymer application and have managed to achieve savings on this scale suggests total savings to the sector as a whole could be in the order of up to 100m annually59. Facing increasing competition, especially from companies in Asia with comparatively low energy and labour costs, it is especially important for the European chemicals industry to maintain efficiencies to remain competitive60. Fluoropolymers also provide health, safety and environmental benefits. Durable and reliable fluoropolymer components prevent leaks and facilitate cleaning (via non-stick properties), which 54 Gerhardus H. Koch, Michiel P.H. Brongers, Neil G. Thompson, Y. Paul Virmani, J.H. Payer: Corrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in the United States (2002). https://www.nace.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/ccsupp.pdf 55 USA gross value added 2002: Petroleum and coal products: $51,176m; Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products: $207,080m; Plastics and rubber products: $63,490m; Utilities: $180,137m. Source: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (http://www.bea.gov/industry/gdpbyind data.htm). 56 EU gross value added 2013: Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products: 24,322m; Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products: 126,236; Manufacture of rubber and plastic products: 88,611m; Utilities (sum of NACE Codes D and E): 360,456m. Source: Eurostat: National Accounts aggregates by industry (up to NACE A*64) [nama_10_a64]. 57 See for instance: Harry Silla: Chemical Process Engineering: Design And Economics. Page 38. CRC Press, 8 Aug 2003. KLM Technology Group: General Process Plant Cost Estimating (Engineering Design Guideline). Page 24. June 2014. http://kolmetz.com/pdf/EDG/ENGINEERING DESIGN GUILDLINE General Plant Cost Estimating Rev01web.pdf 58 CEFIC: http://fr.zone-secure.net/13451/186036/?startPage=3#page=44 59 Under the assumptions outlined above, maintenance cost of 10% of the European chemical industry are estimated as 100m (10% of 1bn). Without fluoropolymer use, these could be twice as high, so 200m. The savings are equal to the difference between the actual costs (100m) and the counterfactual cost without fluoropolymer use (200m). Alternatively, if it is assumed that all of the European chemical industry uses fluoropolymers but achieve savings of just 10% of maintenance costs (assumed in the absence of any specific data), this leads to the same approximate figure. Clearly each plant has differing requirements but this serves to illustrate in broad terms the tang ble benefits delivered. 60 CEFIC: http://www.cefic.org/Documents/About-Us/Short-Introduction-To-the-European-Chemical-Industry-2014.pdf May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited reduces the risk of accidents and exposure of the workforce to pollutants and dangerous chemicals. Exposure can cause a wide range of health effects and people place significant values on avoiding these effects. For instance, the wi llingness to payto avoid one acute episode of mild dermatitis lasting approximately two weeks, a relatively minor effect, has been estimated as 227.61 By helping to prevent exposure to chemicals that can cause these and other effects, fl uoropolymers contribute to avoiding such effects. They also enable reliable applications that prevent or remove pollution, such as filters, membranes, scrubbers and heat exchangers. For instance, fluoropolymers enable heat exchanger technology that improves energy efficiency and therefore reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Based on a case study of a Polish Combined Heat and Power (CHP)62 plant it is estimated that for CHP installations alone, heat exchanger technology enabled by fluoropolymers could contribute to energy savings worth around 8bn and CO2 emission reductions worth around 0.Sbn at market prices or 3bn considering the societal cost of CO2 (see box below). While heat exchanger technology is possible without fluoropolymers and thus the benefits are not incurred by fluoropolymers alone, heat exchangers are significantly less expensive and more durable with fluoropolymers when exposed to corrosive flue gases, according to evidence provided during downstream user consultation. Box 4.1 Case study: Socio-economic contribution of fluoropolymer enabled heat exchanger technology The installation of heat exchanger technology using fluoropolymer pressure tubes at Siekierki (Poland) combined heat and power generating station with a rated output of 620 MW, has led to energy savings of 46 MW, reducing CO2 emissions by 17,200 kg/h [Source 1]. 46 MW1620 MW= 0.074 (Capacity saved by fluoropolymer-enabled heatexchangers in SiekerkiI total capacity Siekerki) 17,200 kg/hI46 MW= 373,913 kg/h/MW (CO2 emission reduction Siekerki I Capacity saved by fluoropolymer-enabled heat exchangers in Siekerki). Total installed CHP capacity (both electricity and heat) in the EU28 was 392 GW in 2013 according to Eurostat [Source2]. If the same energysavings and CO2 mitigation per rated output as in Siekierki could be achieved through fluoropolymer heat exchanger technology for all CHP installations in the EU28, this would save about 30 GW of energy and 10 million kg/h of CO2. 0.074 392.4 GW = 29.1 GW (Capacity savedper total capacity in Siekerki total capacity EU28) 373,913 kg/h/MW 29.1 GW = 10,885 tlh (CO2 emission reduction per capacity saved in Siekerki capacity saved in EU28). The EU-28 average gas price for industrial consumers in 2015 was 0.032 /kWh [Source 3]. Assuming that if this energy was not saved, the 30 GW would have to be constantly generated using natural gas at EU28 average industrial consumer prices,this implies yearlysavings ofabout 8.2bn. 29.1 GW 24h 365 0.032 ti'kWh = 8.237bn (capacity saved inEU28 24h for365d a year gas price). In terms of CO2 emissions -the average Spot Primary Market Auction price for EU CO2 emission allowances of 2016 until the time of writing (last auction included 06/0912016) was 5.3 /t of CO2 [Source 4]. At this price and assuming constant operation ofthe installations, the EU-wide CO2 emission reduction calculated above implies savings of about 500m in EU emission allowances fortheoperators. 10,885 tlh 24h 365 5.3 It = 0.507bn (CO2 emission reduction in EU28 24h for365da year CO2 emission allowances price). However, the benefit of C02 emission reductions to society is greater than the savings in EU emission allowances to operators, as the current C02 emission allowance prices do not reflect the full societal cost of carbon. The European Environment Agency has recently applied a value of 33.6 /t for estimating the cost of pollution from European industrial facilities [Source 5]. At this cost and assuming constant operation of the installations, the EU-wide CO, emission reduction 61 At 2012 pri ces. ECHA (2016): Valuing sel ected health impacts of chemicals - Summaryofthe Results and a Critical Review ofthe ECHA study. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13630/echa review wtp en.pdf 62 A highly efficient process thatcaptures and utilises the heat that is a by-product ofthe electricity generation process. Source: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/combined-heat-and-power May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Box 4.1 Case study: Socio-economic contribution of fluoropolymer enabled heat exchanger technology calculated above implies societal benefits of about 3.2bn. Note that savings from EU emission allowances and societal benefits from CO2emission reduction are not additive. 10,885 tlh 24h 365 33.6 It = 3.204bn (C02 emission reduction in EU-28 24h for365da year socialcostof COz). In conclusion, if heat exchanger technology enabled by fluoropolymer pressure tubes was installed in all CHP installations in the EU, that would imply energy savings worth 8.2bn a year and additionally CO2 emission reductions worth either 0.5bn (if valued at market prices) or 3bn (if considering the societal cost of CO2). Note that these values reflect savings incurred by heat exchanger technology and not by fluoropolymers alone. Heat exchangers are possible without fluoropolymers, but the downstream consultation has indicated that heat exchangers with alternative materials would be significantly more expensive and less durable when exposed to corrosive flue gases. Thus, heat exchanger technology is economically feasible in fewer cases and the benefits described above would be significantly reduced without fluoropolymers . Sources: [1) Oupont/Wallstein: http://www.wallstein.de/fileadmin/Download_s/Presse_Notizen/Press_Release_OuPont_englisch.pdf; [2) Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/38154/4956229/CHP+data+2005-2013/62e87958-0b9a-4195-af70356493e12233; [3) Eurostat: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg pc 203&Iang=en; [4) European Energy Exchange: https://www.eex.com/en/market-data/emission-allowances/auction-market/european emission-allowances-auction/european-emission-allowances-auction-download [5) European Environment Agency: http:l/www.eea.europa.eu/publications/costs-of-air-pollution-2008-2012. Socio-economic value of the sector Chemical industry By enabling efficiency and supporting safety, fluoropolymers play an important role in supporting economic activity in the chemical industry in Europe and aiding its global competiveness. This is particularl y important given that the European chemicals sector is a major player worldwide. Of the 30 largest global companies, 12 are European. These registered more than 550bn sales value in 2014, which represented about 17% of global sales (CEFIC 2016). The EU chemical sector accounts for significant trade volumes with a trade surplus63 of43.Sbn in 2014 (Figure 4.4). The chemical industrywas the fifth largest industrial sector in 2012, contributing to about 7% of total added value from all manufacturing activity in Europe. Germany is the largest producing Member State with 147bn sales in 2014, followed by France, Italy and the Netherl ands. Those countries together account for about 60% of total EU chemicals sales. More than 1.2 million people are employed in the sector; typically high skilled (gross added value is around 96,000 higher than the 2012 EU average of 54,00064). The chemical sector is strategically important as it underpins various other sectors in the economy.65 63 A trade surplus or positive trade balance means exports exceed imports, in a given period (usually annual). 64 EU averageobtained dividing the estimated 1,620bn value added generated in 2012 by the number ofpeopleemployed in the same year, estimated at 30 mill ion. Available from Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics explained/i ndex.php/Manufacturin g _statisti cs_-_NACE_Rev._2 Employees in the Netherlands and Belgium show the highest gross added value peremployee, at167,000 and 159,000 respectively. 65 Some 14% of its output is sol d intothe rubber and plastic sector, 8% is sold to construction, 5% to pulp and paper, with 4% to each of the automotive sectorand basic metal sectors. Amongst the non-manufacturing sectors, the healthcare sector is the largest purchaser of chemical products (11%). All data in this section from CEFIC 2016. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 45 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Figure 4.4 Contribution to trade balance Extra-EU trade balance. Source: reproduced from CEFIC, 201666 Power sector This section covers extraction, production and distribution of energy (renewables are covered separately below). According to the JRC67, the energy sector currently employs about 1.6 million people in the EU. It generates on average some 250bn value added every year. As of 2013, there were some 101,000 companies in the EU operating in the energy sector with a turnover of about 2.6 trillion (tr)68; an economic activity supported by fluoropolymer-enabled efficiency gains. 4.4 Key Market 3: Cookware Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contribution Fluoropolymer-coated cookware provides non-stick properties. This is convenient for cooking and cleaning, saving time, water and energy in the process. This also facilities cooking with less fat added for lubrication, which can contribute to a healthy diet. For instance, it has been estimated that poor diet cost the UK public health system (National Health Service) 5.7bn in 2006-200769 (about 9.7bn in 2015 prices70). Socio-economic value of the sector Some 20 companies in the EU are involved in the manufacturing or distribution of PTFE coatings for use in the manufacturing of cookware, among others71. While there are no publicly available EU-wide statistics for 66 Available from: http://www.cefic.org/Facts-and-Figures/ 67 Joint Research Centre; the European Commission's science and knowledge service https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/research-topic/energysector-economic-analysis 68 (EUROSTAT 2015) 69 Scarborough, P., Bhatnagar, P., Wickramasinghe, K. K., Allender, S., Foster, C., & Rayner, M. (2011). The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to 200607 NHS costs. Journal of Public Health, 33(4), 527-535. http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/527.full.pdf+html. 70 Inflation based the Bank of England inflation calculator (http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Pages/resources/inflationtools/calculator/flash/default.aspx). Conversion to Euros based on 2015 yearly average exchange rate from the European Central Bank (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/index.en.html). 71 Source http://www.europages.co.uk/companies/ptfe%20coating.html May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 46 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited the sector, these are likely to represent only a small fraction of the total number of companies involved. These companies operate within a larger sector producing tableware and kitchenware from plastics, which had a production value above 2bn as of 2012, and a net export value of some 470m in the same year72. As above, fluoropolymers provide important functionality, valued by consumers, that helps ensure European products are globally competitive. 4.5 Key Market 4: Electronics Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contribution Fluoropolymers are critical to semiconductor manufacturing. Fluoropolymers play a major role by supplying various piping, vessels, valves, pumps that can withstand the aggressive etching chemicals, alongside the required high purity in the manufacturing process of semiconductors. Semiconductors are extremely intolerant of particulate and chemical contamination, which, even in trace amounts, can cause severe decrease in yields.73 Consultation has indicated that semiconductor manufacturing would be seriously affected without the use of fluoropolymers in their production. Semiconductors, in turn, form part of millions of larger components from electronic equipment, communication devices to cars and aircraft. A 2006 study74 funded by DuPont, estimated that fluoropolymer use in the semiconductor industry results in annual benefits to European semiconductor makers of 10bn (11bn in 2015 prices75). This does not include benefits of using semiconductors further downstream in the value chain. Indirectly, fluoropolymers have played an important role76 in achieving the doubling of computer power every two years at the same cost - the so called Moores law. This is driven by increases the number of transistors per square inch in a microchip. It is evident in increased processing speeds and greater computing power in physically smaller components77. Consultation with fluoropolymer producers and downstream users, indicate that Moores law and the resulting technological developments would not have been possible without fluoropolymers. Between 1995 and 2015, the innovation in microchips as described by Moores law has generated an estimated $3tr (about 2.7tr) of additional value to global GDP. Including the indirect economic effects of this innovation, the estimate increases to $11tr (about 9.9tr).78 There are a host of other sectors which indirectly rely on the functionality provided by these electronic components. Fluoropolymers enable improved fire safety, reliability and performance of cables, notably data transmission cables. These cables are used in crucial applications in a wide range of sectors, especially where reliability in aggressive environments is key. Examples include various automotive cables, controls for a majority of (often safety critical) operations and sensors in industrial installations as well as high volume data transmission in Information Communication Technology (ICT). Fluoropolymer cables maintain constant operation for at least 20,000h at temperature ranges from between -190 C and +260 C (depending on which fluoropolymer). Downstream consultation has indicated that known alternatives for most 72 Data on import and export of plastics kitchenware and tableware available from Prodcom: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/prodcom/data/database 73 Ebnesajjad, S. (2014). Fluoroplastics, Volume 1: Non-Melt Process ble Fluoropolymers-The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book. Elsevier. 74 NERA Economic Consulting (2006): Societal Benefits of Fluoropolymers and Fluorotelomers. Quoted in: http://www2.dupont.com/PFOA2/en_US/assets/downloads/societal_benefits.pdf. Note that the source does not specify how exactly Fluoropolymers generate these benefits. 75 Conversion to 2015 prices based on seasonally and calendar adjusted GDP deflator for the EU-28 from Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/teina110. 76 Ebnesajjad, S. (2015). Fluoroplastics, Volume 2: Melt Processible Fluoropolymers-The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book. William Andrew. 77 A useful overview of Moores law, along with supporting data illustrating the exponential increase in transistors per chip is provided in the economist: http://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2016-03-12/after-moores-law 78 Dale Ford, IHS Technology Thought Leadership: Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Moores Law. https://technology.ihs.com/api/binary/532884 Conversion to Euros based on 2015 yearly average exchange rate from the European Central Bank (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/index.en.html). May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 47 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited applications last less than a third of the time under these conditions and do not meet the requirements for all higher frequency applications. The enabling characteristics of fluoropolymers support the ever increasing wireless antenna requirements with high signal quality with low signal losses including for Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G and Bluetooth, this includes in cars and aircraft as well as consumer goods. Socio-economic value of the sector Semiconductors Semiconductors are used in millions of components in power devices, optical sensor and light emitters in industrial operations, consumer electronics and healthcare applications. These include PCs (personal computers, laptops, servers and tablets) and communications (broadband internet, mobile phones, smartphones, etc.) and other consumer electronics appliances (television sets, music players, gaming consoles, household appliances and fitness gadgets) as well as various medical devices (discussed separately). Europe accounted for 11% of global demand in 2013 in terms of manufacturing location of the semiconductor itself, but they are used in millions of other applications throughout Europe79. Other data from the same year suggests the EU accounts for 24.7bn, equivalent to 9% of the global sales revenue (274.3bn).80 The global semiconductor market has grown quickly, by an average of 7% between 1993 and 201381. It is predicted that it will continue to grow to approximately 344.7bn in 201882. Semiconductors contribute to improved energy efficiency and performance83 and are present in virtually all modern electronic devices84. Ranked as the most R&D intensive sector by the European Commission, the European semiconductor market supports some 200,000 jobs directly and up to 1,000,000 indirect jobs in related activities in Europe85. 4.6 Key Market 5: Food and pharmaceuticals Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contribution Fluoropolymers enable durable processing equipment to ensure high purity of food and pharmaceuticals, even when ultra-pure substances, extreme temperatures and/or aggressive substances are required. In pharmaceuticals, high purity is vital for the effectiveness and safety of (often lifesaving) drugs. In food, it ensures safety and avoids contamination. For both sectors, fluoropolymers play an important role in production efficiency. In the European biopharmaceutical industry alone, 270m was saved between 2008 and 2012 alone due to increased prevention of contamination and material failure in biopharmaceutical manufacturing (see Box 4.2 below). The biopharmaceutical industry accounted for just 5% of the food and pharmaceutical manufacturing in 201286, so savings across the sector could be much larger. Such improvements can be attributed to a range of factors, but fluoropolymers play an important role in the prevention of contamination and material failure and hence to these efficiency gains. 79 SIA (2014) The US Semiconductor industry, 2014 Factbook 80 SIA (2014) The US Semiconductor industry, 2014 Factbook. Sales in the EU semiconductor market amounted to 2.4bn per month (data for July 2016 - about 10% of the global sales in the same month valued at 23.5bn source: http://www.eusemiconductors.eu/images/static website/newsroom/PR/ESIA WSTS PR 1607.pdf). 81 SIA (2014) The US Semiconductor industry, 2014 Factbook (http://www.semiconductors.org/clientuploads/Industry%20Statistics/2014%20Factbook%202.0%20-%2002032015.pdf) 82 http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=246668 83 http://www.eusemiconductors.eu/esia/home 84 http://uk.rs-online.com/web/generalDisplay.html?file=eletronics/how-did-semiconductors-change-our-lives&id=infozone 85 http://www.eusemiconductors.eu/esia/about-esia 86 Based on Eurostat: National Accounts aggregates by industry (up to NACE A*64); and Eric Langer, BioPlan Associates, Inc (2013): Biomanufacturing Shows Signs of Maturity. In: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing Trends 2013. http://www.pharmamanufacturing.com/assets/wp downloads/pdf/PM 1307 Biopharm eBook final.pdf May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Fluoropolymer coatings and components enable a high level of efficiency by preventing corrosion and facilitating cleaning, thus reducing maintenance, material consumption, etc. Corrosion prevention has a large potential for cost savings in the food and pharmaceutical industries. For instance, a 2002 study87 estimated the direct cost of metallic corrosion to the food processing industry as $2.1bn (about 2.5bn88) in the United States, suggesting costs of a similar order of magnitude in Europe. Box 4.2 Case study: Socio-economic contribution of reducing batch failures in the biopharmaceutical industry Around 7% ofbatcheswere lostto failures in biopharmaceutical manufacturing in 2008. Approximately half ofthe failures were caused byeithercontamination or material failure [Source 1), both ofwhich can be reduced through the use of fluoropolymers. As shown in the figure below, failure rates have decreased by 49% between 2008 and 2012. [Source 2) Figure 4.5 Average amount of batch failures per year in biopharmaceutical manufacturing in 2008-2012 tQ. .:; tQ. 1/) ... ffl Q) : >, .J::. Q (.0a Q) 0) Q) 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Amee Foster Wheeler 2016 based on data from Langer 2013 [Source 2) Assuming batch failures from contamination or material failure have decreased at the same rate, 49% of batch failures from contamination or material failure have been saved in 2012 by this improvement. This corresponds to 1.715% of batches saved: (7%/2)*49%= 1.715%. The turnoverofthe European biotechnology sector (a term used interchangeably with biopharmaceutical in the source) was $20,385m in 2012 [Source2). Assuming turnover is created primarily from batch production, every percent of batches saved by the improvements in failure rates between 2008 and 2012 corresponds to approximately one percent of turnover saved. Converting tumover to Euros [Source 3) yields: $20,385m I 1.2848 $1 1.715% = 272m. Hence, subject to the assumptions outlined above, it is estimated that about 270m was saved in 2012 due to the increased prevention of contamination and material failure in biopharmaceutical manufacturing, compared to 2008. Fluoropolymer coatings are used for the prevention of contamination and material failure and whilst no information is available on what exact share of the above savings are attributable to fluoropolymers, they are part of an evolving process of improvement and efficiency. Sources: (1) Eric Langer (2008): Biotech Facilities Average a Batch Failure Every 40.6 Weeks; http://www.bioplanassociates.com/publications/articles/BioProcesslntlBatchFailuresOct08.pdf (2) Eric Langer, BioPlan Associates, Inc (2013): Biomanufacturing Shows Signs of Maturity. In: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing Trends 2013; http://www.pharmamanufacturing.com/assets/wp downloads/pdf/PM 1307 Biopharm eBook final.pdf (3) Ernst & Young (2013): Beyond borders: mattersof evidence - Biotechnology Report 2013; http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Beyond borders/$FILE/Beyond borders.pdf (4) Conversion to Euros based on 2014 yearly average exchange rate from the European Central Bank. (https://www.ecb. europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/index.en.htmll. 87 88 https://www.nace.org/upl oadedFiles/Publications/ccsupp.pdf In 2015 prices Infl ation based on U.S. Bureau of Economic = Anal ysi=s: Table 1.1.9. Implicit = Price Defl ators for Gross Domest c Product (http://www. bea.gov/iTabl e/iTable.cfm?regid=9&step 3&isuri=1&903 1 3#regid=9&step 3&isuri=1&903=13). Conversion to Euros based on 2015yearly average exchange rate from the European Central Bank (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/index.en.htm l). May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 49 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Socio-economic value of the sector Food and beverage Fluoropolymers play an important role in food safety and cost-efficiency of food and beverage manufacturing. This sector, in turn, plays an important role in the European economy. As with other sectors, efficiency is important in global competitiveness, keeping costs to consumers low. Avoiding contamination in production is essential. FoodDrinkEurope estimated that the sector accounted for 15% of turnover and some 13% added value of the manufacturing industry in 2012. Around 289,000 companies were involved, employing some 4.2 million people and generating turnover of 1.2tr as of 201389. By Member State, the largest turnover in the food production sectors were registered in Germany (173bn), France (155bn) and Italy (111bn) respectively90. A large number of companies in the sector are small and medium enterprises (SMEs) some 286,000 accounting for 99% of all companies, half of turnover and two thirds of employment. Annual R&D expenditure is around 2.8bn91. The EU is a major exporter of food: 21% of global food exports are from within the EU, with a sales value of almost 92bn in 2014. (Food Drink Europe, 2016). Pharmaceutical industry The EU pharmaceutical market is a key player globally accounting for almost 27% of the global market in 2011. The EU market for production of pharmaceuticals was valued at 213bn for 2012, generating a trade balance of some 87.6bn92. In 2012, R&D expenditure in the sector amounted to 30bn. More than 690,000 people were employed in the European pharmaceutical sector, of which some 115,000 were employed in R&D activities. Public expenditure on pharmaceuticals (for ambulatory care) amounted to some 193bn. (EFPIA 201493). According to EFPIA (2014 figures based on Eurostat data), the pharmaceutical industry has amongst the highest added-value per employee, with GVA per employee in 2012 at 140,00094 significantly higher the EU average (around 54,000) (WIFOR, 2015). In 2012 Germany was the largest employment location in Europe with some 110,000 people employed in the sector, followed by France (96,000) and the UK (73,000), whilst the highest sales values were in France (27bn) and Germany (26bn) followed by Italy (20bn). The market tends to be dominated by a few multinational enterprises, with the 20 largest pharmaceutical firms accounting for 66% of the global market by sales revenue in 2012 (Blanc, 2014). These large companies play a leading role - 50% of the new molecules introduced since 1950 were developed by the top 15 pharmaceutical firms (Munos, 2009, quoted by Blanc, 2014). Of the 20 largest pharmaceutical companies worldwide five are headquartered in Europe. These companies include Sanofi (France), GlaxoSmithKline (UK), Novo Nordisk (Denmark) and Bayer and Boehringer Ingelheim (Germany) (Source: Evaluate Pharma, 2013, quoted in Blanc, 2014). Fluoropolymers enable the European pharmaceutical manufacturers to produce high-purity products at competitive prices, supporting this economic activity in Europe. 4.7 Key Market 6: Textiles and architecture Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contribution Fluoropolymers provide a combination of waterproofing, breathability as well as low weight and thinness to clothing and footwear. This increases comfort and performance for professionals and consumers. Fluoropolymers provide durable, fire-safe, easy-to-clean building materials whose mechanical attributes enable progressive architectural designs that would not be 89 Of which 940bn for food only. Source Food Drink Europe (2015), based on Eurostat structural business statistics. 90 (Eurostat, 2013). 91 http://www.fooddrinkeurope.eu/publication/fooddrinkeurope-congress-2015-a-taste-of-tomorrow/ 92 Key figures by EFPIA (EU trade association of pharmaceutical producers). 93 Data relating to total import and exports include EU 28 intra-trade which in some cases includes double-counting. 94 Original figure of $179,900 converted using the average ECB exchange rate for 2012 available from: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited feasible with other materials. Specialised construction activities such as airports, stadia, domes and skyscrapers are widely enabled b y fl uoropolymer-based materials. EU examples include the 02 Dome in London, the Sony Centre in Berlin, the Allianz Area and Munich Airport. Innovative architectural designs and "flagship buildings" facilitate leisure activities such as sports, music and tourism, yielding significant economic impacts along the value chain, alongside raising the profile of an attraction or region. There is also evidence that specific coating systems can reduce building cooling costs and the associated energy use (by between 4% up to 22%, depending on colour, geographical location, climate conditions, and substrate type)95. To illustrate this, two examples - the Eden Project and Wimbledon Stadium, both in the UK are described below. Box4.3 Case study: Fluoropolymers and signature architecture - The Eden Project96 97 98 The realisation of the Eden project in Cornwall, UK, attracted 16m (24m) worth of EU investment funds from the Objective One Programme, and has generated a substantial economic impact to the region. While total project costs were around 130m (195m), over five years the project has created a net additional impactto the economy of some 0.7bn (some 1 bn). It is estimated that between 2007 and 2017 an additional 1bn value will be generated (1.5bn). Eden employs locally over 420 people injecting, via the wage bill 8m (12m) to the local area (which is in receipt of ERDF Objective One funding) every year. The project is also estimated to generate over 2,000 additional jobs at the UK at regional level and almost 100m in net additional GVA (150m). The Eden project consists oftwo biomes, using an innovative architecture based on hexagon and pentagon windows made from translucent, UV-transmitting, self-cleaning and durable fluoropolymer films (ETFE) - a unique design inspired by nature and mathematical patterns.99 Eden also incorporates recycled and plant-based material and includes environmental initiatives such as "Waste Neutral" and plans to address energy, water supply and climate change issues as part on ongoing improvements. It has also implemented training and education programmes, and has developed a sustainable transport plan to mitigate the environmental impact of additional journeys generated. (Source: Objective One, 2007100). 95 Based on a study conducted by the U.S. Departmentof Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, referenced in an arti cle by the Ameri can Coatings Association: http://www.paint.org/article/fluoropolymer-coatings-for-architectural-applications/ 96 http://www.amion.co.uk/case-studies/eden-project -evaluation/ 97 http //www.objectiveone.com/01 htm/O1 -legacy/06 EDEN.pdf 9989Ohtrtipg:i/n/awlwfigwu.eredesninprGojBePct.cohmav/eedbeene-sntocroyn/vbeerhtienddu-tshieng-scaenneasv/earracgheiteecxtcuhraen-agt-eerdaeten with between 2001 and 2007 of 0.66739. 100 Original figures in GBP have been converted using an average exchange rate with between 2001 and 2007 of 0.66739. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Box 4.4 Case study: Fluoropolymers and signature architecture - Wimbledon centre court101 Wimbledon Open is one of four tennis "Grand Slam" tournaments and has the largest turnover amongst them, with prize money amounting to some 27m (37m102) in 2015103. Fluoropolymers have been used for the centre court roof, allowing games to continue in adverse weather conditions. The roof was completed in 2009 and cost an estimated 80100m104105 It is a moving roof hydraulically operated but is translucent, weighing 1,000 tonnes and covering 5,200 square metres106 The roof can be deployed in wind conditions of up to 69kph and plays an important role in avoiding disruption of the game17. Socio-economic value of the sector Textiles and clothing Fluoropolymers are a unique material in the textiles market, enabling specific functionality in textiles products. Textiles and clothing are an important sector in Europe, some 174,000 companies were active in the textile and clothing sector in the EU in 2013 with a turnover of almost 1?0bn and sustaining 1,700,000 employees1 8. Added value per employee is above the EU average (84,000 compared to 54,000 EU average) the European market focuses on specialist product lines. Italy was the largest producer with a turnover of over 63bn and 347,000 employees, followed by Germany with around 23bn and France wi th some 15bn. Romania is the second largest employer where these sectors generate some 240,000 jobs. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of the European sector, over 90% of textile companies have fewer than 50 employees and producing almost 60% of the sector's value added19. The EU is also the second largest exporter of textiles globally with a share of 24% of global textile exports (only marginally less than China, wi th 26% share). Architectural applications The use of fluoropolymer enabled designs contribute to economic activity in both the construction sector as well as architectural design. Both play an important role in the European economy. Some 18 million people are directly employed in the European construction sector (c.5% of the EU workforce and about 9% of EU GDP)11. Arch tectural design plays an important role as part o f the European "creative industry''. Activities in this sector had a turnover of 36.2bn, with some 493,000 jobs (registered architects) in the EU as of 2012. Demand is driven largely by new buildings, which for instance i n France provided for some 73% of revenues 110021 CPiocntuvreerstaioknenusferodm2:0h1t5tpa:/v/wewrawge.deexzceheann.cgoemra/2te012//07o/f008./7is2-t5h8e4-centre-court-roof-the-real-star-of-wimbl edon-2012t- elegraph/ 103 http://theconversation.com/two-weeks-of-top-spin-and-net-returns- wimbledon-by-numbers-43932 104 http://www.dezeen.com/2012/07/08/is-the-centre-courtr- oof-the-real-star-of-wimbledon-2012-telegraph/ 106 http://www.telegraph .co.uk/sport/tennis/wi mbledon/9381145/ls-the-Centre-Court-roof-the-reaI-star-of-Wimbledon-2012.html 1 0 6 http://www.wimbledon.com/en GB/atoz/centre court roof.html 107 http://www.dezeen.com/2012/07/08/is-the-centre-courtr- oof-the-real-star-of-wimbledon-2012-telegraph/ 106 Figures provided by EU industry association EURATEX (2015) and based on Eurostat data. We note that many companies will not be using fl uoropolymers, this data is intended to demonstrate the importance of the wider sector, we draw out the specific role of fl uoropolymers in the section above. 109 https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectorslfashion/textiles-clothing/eu_en . This is consistent with similar figures from industry associations. 110According to data provided by the industry trade association (European Builders Confederation, EBC). May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 52 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited for architectural firms as of 2011111. The EU architectural sector is a highly innovative and EU firms are increasing their market share abroad and gaining stronger international reputation (e.g. the architectural Pritzker Prize112 was won 8 times by EU firms since 2000) (EY, 2014113). Specialised construction activities and signature architecture, which are of particular interest in the context of fluoropolymers, often create significant economic value in terms of output and jobs along the value chain. Additionally, they raise the profile of the particular site or region and can accelerate generate economic activity from tourism and other recreational activities and attract other ancillary investment. 4.8 Key Market 7: Medical applications Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contribution Fluoropolymers enable excellent performance and long lifetimes in a wide range of medical equipment. This reduces the risks of failures, replacements, cross-infections and clogging of medical equipment. They contribute to the reduction/ avoidance of medical complications and additional or repeated medical care, hence contributing to avoided pain and the public cost of medical care. Besides the inherent social benefits, this can be expressed in economic benefits as illustrated by the following examples: Guide wires lined with PTFE facilitate surgical procedures, helping to shorten their duration alongside reducing patient risk and facilitating complicated procedures. On average, every minute a surgery is reduced implies savings of about 15.114 Based on a sample of 36 types of surgical procedures, at least 20 million procedures take place per year in the EU-28115, so reductions in all surgeries by just one minute across the EU would save at least 300m, per year. The durability and bio-compatibility of implants made with fluoropolymers reduces the risk or frequency of the implant having to be replaced. Based on the same cost of surgery as above, each 5h surgery avoided altogether would save 4,500 in each case. 116. In 2000 it was estimated that adverse drug events, infections caught in the hospital and surgical complications, all of which can be reduced through the use of fluoropolymers (alongside other procedures and substances) affected approximately 2 million patients per year in the USA, resulting an estimated $4.55.7bn (about 5.4bn-6.9bn in 2015 prices117) per year in additional costs for patient care, as well as 90,000 deaths.118 European numbers of patients affected may be broadly comparable. Again, even marginal improvements generate substantial savings. Fluoropolymers play an essential role in enabling medical imaging and analysis (via electronic chips and semiconductors in X-ray, MRI, CT scan and echography) as well as medical analysis (blood, tissue, urine analysis). This is covered under key market 4 electronics more generally but the importance of this specific application is highlighted here. 111 http://www.thecreativeindustries.co.uk/industries/architecture/architecture-facts-and-figures 112 http://www.pritzkerprize.com/ 113 Ernst & Young Global Limited. Creating growth. Measuring cultural and creative markets in the EU. December 2014. Available from: http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Measuring cultural and creative markets in the EU/%24FILE/Creating-Growth.pdf 114 Estimate based on literature. Macario 2010 suggests a cost of surgery of USD15 or USD20 per minute as ballpark figure. Waeschle et al. 2016 calculated an average cost of surgery of 16.63/minute for a German hospital. Note that charges for surgery, which reflect other factors than the bare cost of the procedure itself can be much higher (compare Macario 2010). Macario, A. (2010). What does one minute of operating room time cost?.Journal of clinical anesthesia, 22(4), 233-236. Waeschle, R. M., Hinz, J., Bleeker, F., Sliwa, B., Popov, A., Schmidt, C. E., & Bauer, M. (2016). Mythos OP-Minute. Der Anaesthesist, 65(2), 137-147. 115 Eurostat: Surgical operations and procedures performed in hospitals by ICD-9-CM. 116 Calculated as: 5h * 15/min = 4,500. 117 Inflation based on U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis: Table 1.1.9. Implicit Price Deflators for Gross Domestic Product (http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=9&step=3&isuri=1&903=13#reqid=9&step=3&isuri=1&903=13). Conversion to Euros based on 2015 yearly average exchange rate from the European Central Bank (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/index.en.html). 118 Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, editors (2000). To err is human: building a safer health system A report of the Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 53 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Socio-economic value of the sector The global market for medical applications is worth around 215bn. While the US dominates the market, European countries account for significant shares. The top ten medical devices markets globally in 2012 included Germany (7% share), France (4%), the UK (3%) and Italy (2.6%)119. The European medical device sector is characterised by a high degree of innovation, accounting for 41% of patents in the medical sector globally, with over 11,000 patents filed in 2014, in this sector, alone120. As of 2015 some 575,000 people were employed in the sector in Europe, with total sales around 100bn and a positive trade balance of 15bn. Medical technologies continue to improve, supported by a host of technical advances. But efficiency of routine tasks is also essential, given that most European healthcare systems are funded via general taxation. The sector plays a key role in the provision of efficient, quick, cost effective yet safe healthcare of EU citizens121. 4.9 Key Market 8: Renewable energy Enabling characteristics and socio-economic contribution Fluoropolymers provide optical transparency and electrical insulation to photovoltaic (PV) panels and protect them from wind, humidity, UV, extreme temperatures and chemicals. This increases the efficiency and lifetime of PV installations and minimises failures and maintenance stoppages and associated costs. Failure rates (electrical current leaking to the frame which is a safety hazard and a potential ground fault, putting the panels at risk) are as low as 0.1% in recent designs which use fluoropolymer film-based backsheets, compared to 45% in early backsheet designs122. Fluoropolymers in PV frontsheets and backsheets are lightweight and allow for more efficient panel production. Therefore they reduce the cost of production of the panels, enable lower packaging and shipping costs and enable faster and easier installation123: Production efficiency increase of ETFE modules relative to glass modules implies savings in the order of 40m for European PV module manufacturers, or approximately 90m for PV module customers in the EU (see Box 4.5). Release films making use of fluoropolymers non-stick and low friction properties enable efficiency gains in wind turbine production. For instance, PTFE mould linings for wind turbine blades increases the amount of blade print cycles before replacement up to 10fold124. Fluoropolymers facilitate advanced energy storage and conversion technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries 119 Source: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/lsg-pdsv.nsf/eng/h_hn01736.html 120 Medtech (2015). The figure include EU28, Switzerland and Norway. 121 Source: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/medical-devices_enhttps://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/medical-devices en See also (MedTech 2015). 122 http://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/products-and-services/solar-photovoltaic-materials/solar-photovoltaic-materialslanding/documents/DPVS-Brochure.pdf 123 http://www.pv-magazine.com/opinion-analysis/blogdetails/beitrag/innovative-etfe-film-technologydiscussed 100001678/#ixzz4K272QzZQ 124 http://www.norton-films.com/detailimg.aspx?id=246406 No cost data has been identified. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Box 4.5 Case study: Potential savings for EU manufacturers and consumers from improved production efficiency by using ETFE instead ofglass. Production efficiency increase of around 2% can be achieved by ETFE modules relative to glass modules. [Source 1] The average PV module price was around $0.6 (around 0.54) per Watt of capacity in 2015. [Source 2] European production of PV modules was estimated as about 4GW in the same year. [Source 3] A comparison of the hypothetical situations in which all of these modules are made with ETFE and in which they are made with glass yields the potential savings for EU PV manufacturers: 2% 0.54 /W 4 GW = 43.2m (Efficiencyincrease PV module cost PV module production in EU2015). 8.1 GW of new PV modules were installed in the EU in 2015. (Source 4] Assuming that the savings from increased production efficiency are passed on to customers, comparing the situation in which all ofthese modules are made with ETFE and where they are made with glass yields potential savings for EU PV customers : 2% *0.54 /W * B.1 GW= 87.5m (Efficiency increase PVmodule cost PVmodule additional installedcapacity in EU 2015). Note that these savings are not additive due to overlap between the two, as it is likely that a significant share of the installed capacityin the EU has also been produced in the EU. Sources: [1] Saint-Gobain: http://www.pv.saint-gobain.com/lightswitch-frontsheet.aspx; [2] IRENA: http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/dashboard/?topic=3&subTopic=32. Conversion to Euros based on 2015 yearlyaverageexchange ratefrom the European Central Bank; (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/htmUindex.en.html). [3] Europe accounted for 6% ofthe 63-69GW global production according to REN21: http://www.ren21.net/wp content/uploads/2016/06/GSR 2016 Full Report REN21.pdf (p.65); (4] European Commission Strategic Energy Technologies Information System: https://setis.ec.europa.eu/newsroom/news/europe-sees-growth-solar-pv-2015. Socio-economic value of the sector Solar energy Europe is a leading global market for PV energy and installed capacity is increasing very quickly. In 2015 approximately 180 Gigawatt of solar PV capacity had been installed (IRENA, 2015a) compared to just 1.2 GW in 2000. In 2014 alone total installed capacity increased by 30% (EPIA, 2014; IRENA, 2015a). Of the ten countries with the greatest installed capacity, six are in Europe. These are led by Germany, and include Italy, the UK, Spain, France and Belgium. Demand is not only driven by rising energy prices and the need for alternative energy sources, but also by efficiency gains, particularly improved conversion efficiencies (Deutsche Bank, 2015). The increase in capacity has been facilitated by significant production cost reductions over the same period. Between 2000 and 2013 unit costs decreased by 89% (IRENA, 2014a). Activities related to solar PV technology account for around 2.5 million jobs globally. In Europe, the sector employed some 140,000 people in 2015 (IRENA, 2016a). Germany and France were the largest employers with 38,000 and 21,000 employees respectively. Wind energy Again Europe is leading the market globally, wi th around 38% of the global installed capacity of 318 GW. The EU accounts for the largest share of installed capacity (some 122 GW in 2013) and 6 among the top ten countries for installed wind capacity are European (Germany, Italy, France, UK, Spain and Denmark). A small number of wind turbine manufacturing companies account for a large volume of the installed capacity. Ten companies produce some 70% of existing supply, with two of the top three being European: Vestas (Denmark) and Enercon (Germany) (REN21, 2015). May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Geothermal energy Currently used in ground source heat pumps, direct use and geothermal power plants. These account respectively for about 14.9 GW, 3 GW and 0.95 GW of geothermal capacity installed in the EU (JRC, 2015). The enabling characteristic s of fl uoropolymers for for geothermal applications include high temparature resistance, good electrical insulating, steam and chemical resistanc e. They provide durability and functionality for various components of these installations such as tubes, linings and wire coatings. According to IRENA (2016), 160,000 people are currently employed in the geothermal energy sector. Of these more than 100,000 are employed in the EU, with almost 50,000 in France and Germany alone125. The wider importance of renewable energy: decarbonisation of the economy The EU is a leading player in international efforts to fight climate change met, in part, through a gradual shift away from fossil fuels toward a larger share of clean energies in the energy mix. Data from the EEA, 2015 examines the contribution of renewable energy use to gross avoided Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions as a percentage oftotal emissionsacross the EU (based on2013 data) (EEA, 2015). It has contributed to a reduction in GHG emissions of 388 million metric tonnes compared to 2005. This represented a 19% increase in avoided emissions due to renewable energy sources compared to 2012. Renewables also contribute to reducing Europe'senergydependence on imported fossil fuels. The same EEA studyshows additional use of renewables has allowed fossil fuel demand to be cut by 98 million tonnes of oil equivalent in 2012 and 116 million tonnes of oil equivalent in 2013, compared to 2005. 125 IRENA. Renewab e Energy and Jobs. Annua Review2016. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 56 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 5. Potential alternatives and implications of use This section considers a hypothetical scenario whereby fluoropolymers were not available. For each of the key sectors and applications in the previous chapters, we consider the possible alternatives to fluoropolymers, whether these were used historically, before the transition to fluoropolymers, or are used in other similar applications today. This is a high level assessment based on limited consultation with industry conducted in 2016, alongside desktop research. The consultation was conducted among five manufacturers of fluoropolymers and 17 downstream users which operate in all the sectors covered by this study (see Appendix C). It is recognised that R&D activities within the companies consulted and amongst the large number of downstream users are confidential and that they are ongoing. Alternatives are potentially viable in specific applications and contexts, not all of which can be detailed in this report. Conclusions are drawn at sector and/or application level. Further information is contained in Appendix C. In considering the implications of alternatives, the criteria considered126 are as follows: Technical feasibility: Could the alternative provide an equivalent technical function to fluoropolymers in the application concerned? Would the alternative provide the final products with the same/similar technical functionality? Economic feasibility: Would adoption of the alterative incur additional costs to manufacturers, downstream users or consumers? This may arise from higher unit costs, process or production changes requiring new or altered machinery or loss of functionality to the end user, which might impose additional costs. Availability: Is the alternative likely to be available? Are they likely to be available in the required quantities and without undue delay? Hazards and risks of the alternative: Would the overall risks to human health and the environment from the use of the alterative increase or decrease? The information on alternatives contained in Appendix C is based on general feedback on alternatives and on specific examples. As a result, it does not necessarily cover all applications and/or all products. The alternatives mentioned as part of the consultation include steel and other metals; high nickel alloys, polypropylene, PVC, glass, ceramics, mica, polyether sulfone, polyimide, ethylene propylene diene monomer (M-class) rubber (known as EPDM rubber), nitrile rubber (NBR), hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR), acrylic rubber (ACM), Ethylene-acrylic rubber (AEM rubber), fluorosilicone (FVMQ)127, graphite, aramid, slip agents. Each would only be a possible alternative for some of the applications of fluoropolymers. Fluoropolymers are widely used in various specific components, each serves a slightly different purpose and hence each requires different characteristics. Overall, whilst some alternatives might have a similar performance to fluoropolymers for a particular parameter or property, it is the combination or range of properties required for the applications where fluoropolymers are used that is the key characteristic. In sectors such as chemical & power, pharmaceuticals or transport, fluoropolymers provide resistance to a wide range of low and high temperatures and universal chemical resistance. This universal resistance to chemicals is a crucial characteristic of fluoropolymers that is not present in any of the alternatives, according to consultation feedback. There are alternatives that are more or less resistant to specific chemicals but there is not one that is universally suitable. In summary, whilst the implications differ across specific applications, they include: Technical implications: Various implications which include lower performance, increased weight (with associated effects on fuel consumption and fuel efficiency), and reduced durability 126 Our approach follows the criteria set out by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) in consideration of alternatives (ECHA (2014) Format for socio-economic analysis and analysis of alternatives. European Chemicals Agency. Available from: http://echa.europa.eu/applying-for-authorisation/preparing-applications-for-authorisation [accessed 25/09/2016] 127 This substance is covered in the analysis, given its hypothetical nature, but in practice it is l kely that if fluoropolymers were not available, then neither would fluorosilicones. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 57 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited less compatibility and versatility, hence increased challenges associated with component redesign and operating condition requirements. Economic implications: Various which would include efficiency losses, higher initial (investment) costs and higher maintenance costs. The diversity of specific applications would post major product qualification issues alongside design implications. Environmental / health implications: Potential for higher risk of exposure of staff to hazardous substances, higher safety risks (vehicle or aircraft failure), higher emissions arising from weight increases, e.g. in transport. May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UKLtd Appendix A References May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 A2 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited ASD (2014) Aerospace and defence industries. Facts & Figures. Available from: http://www.asdeurope.org/communication/publications/facts-figures/ ATAG (2014). Aviation benefits beyond borders. Air Transport Action Group, 2014. Available from: http://aviationbenefits.org/media/26786/ATAG AviationBenefits2014 FULL LowRes.pdf Blanc L. (2014). The European Pharmaceutical Industry in a Global Economy: What drives EU exports of pharmaceuticals overseas? College of Europe MSc Thesis, in collaboration with EFPIA. Available at: http://www.efpia.eu/documents/118/61/The-Pharmaceutical-Industry-in-a-Global-Economy-What-Drives-EUExports-of-Pharmaceuticals-Overseas CEFIC (2016). The European Chemical Industry. Facts and Figures 2016. The European Chemical Industry Council. 2016. Available from: http://www.cefic.org/Facts-and-Figures/ CFHS (2013). The impact of cooking courses on families: A summary of a research study comparing three different approaches. Available from: http://www.communityfoodandhealth.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/CFHS-impact-cooking-courses-families.pdf Colville, F. (2014) UK solar PV industry reaches 5GW installed capacity. Solar Power Portal. Available from: http://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/guest blog/uk solar pv industry reaches 5gw installed capacity 3467 Deloitte (2015). Chemical Industry Outlook. Available from: http://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/manufacturing/topics/chemicals-manufacturing.html Deutsche Bank (2015) Solar industry. Deutsche Bank Markets Research. Available from: https://www.db.com/cr/en/docs/solar report full length.pdf EEA (2015). Renewable energy in Europe. Approximated recent growth and knock-on effects. European Environment Agency, Technical Report. 2015. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/renewable-energy-ineurope-approximated/download EFPIA (2014). The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures. Key Data 2014. The European federation of pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. Available from: http://www.efpia.eu/uploads/Figures 2014 Final.pdf EPIA (2014) Global market outlook for photovoltaics. European Photovoltaics Industry Association. Available from: http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user upload/Publications/EPIA Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 20 14-2018 - Medium Res.pdf ESTIF (2009). Potential of Solar Thermal in Europe. European Solar Thermal Industry Federation. http://eeg.tuwien.ac.at/eeg.tuwien.ac.at pages/publications/pdf/WER1.pdf ESTIF (2015). Solar Thermal Markets in Europe. Trends and Market Statistics 2014. European Solar Thermal Industry Federation. http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/market data/downloads/2014 solar thermal markets LR.pdf EURATEX (2015), Euratex annual report 2015. Available from: http://euratex.eu/library/reports/annualreports/annual-reportdetails/?tx ttnews%5Btt news%5D=5334&cHash=3e12e8864647d4228ae2d28c29702b28 European Commission (2015). Annual Report on European SMEs 2014/ 2015. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics on small and mediumsized enterprises EUROSTAT (2015). EU Energy in Figures. Statistical pocketbook 2015. Eurostat, European Commission. EWEA, 2012. Green Growth. The impact of wind energy on jobs and the economy. European Wind Energy Association. 2012. Available at: www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Green Growth.pdf Food Drink Europe, 2015. Economic Bulletin Q1 of 2016. Available from: http://www.fooddrinkeurope.eu/publication/economic-bulletin-q1-of-2016/ May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 A3 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Gruber et al. (2011). Global Lithium Availability A Constraint for Electric Vehicles? Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2011. Available from: www.eenews.net/assets/2011/07/27/document gw 02.pdf GWEC (n.d.) Wind in numbers. Global Wind Energy Council. Available from: http://www.gwec.net/globalfigures/wind-in-numbers/ IRENA (2015a) Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review. International Renewable Energy Agency. Available from: http://www.irena.org/Publications/rejobs-annual-review-2015.pdf IRENA (2015b) Renewable power generation costs in 2014. International Renewable Energy Agency http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA RE Power Costs 2014 report.pdf IRENA (2016a) Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review. International Renewable Energy Agency. Available from: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA RE Jobs Annual Review 2016.pdf IRENA (2016b) Renewable Energy Statistics 2016. International Renewable Energy Agency. Available from: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA RE Statistics 2016.pdf JRC (2014, 1). Key Findings and Implications of the European ICT Poles of Excellence Project. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 2014. Available at: http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC85408/eipe summary final jrc85408.pdf JRC (2014, 2). The 2014 Predict Report. An Analysis of ICT R&D in the EU and Beyond. The Joint Research Centre. European Commission. 2013. Available from: http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/documents/PREDICT2014.pdf JRC (2015). 2014 JRC Geothermal Energy Status Report. Joint Research Centre. European Commission. 2015. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-report-analyses-geothermal-energy-sector JRC (2016). Measures of the Contribution made by ICT to Innovation Output. The Joint Research Centre. European Commission. 2015. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-report-analyses-geothermal-energysector MedTech (2015). The European Medical Technology Industry in figures. MedTech Europe, 2015. Available from http://www.medtecheurope.org/node/707 Minetur (2013) La energa en Espaa. Energy in Spain. Ministerio de industria, energa y turismo (Spanish Ministry for industry, energy and tourism). Annual report. Available from: http://www.minetur.gob.es/energia/balances/Balances/LibrosEnergia/Energia en espana 2013.pdf Munos B. (2009). Lessons from 60 years of pharmaceutical innovation. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8, 959-968, December 2009 Objective One (2007). The Eden Project. Corporate Memoirs. Conversation with Founding Manager Dan James. Available from: http://www.objectiveone.com/O1htm/O1-legacy/06 EDEN.pdf PE (2015). Plastics the Facts 2014/2015. Plastics Europe, European Association of Plastics Manufacturers. Available from: http://www.plasticseurope.org/documents/document/20150227150049final plastics the facts 2014 2015 260215.pdf REN21 (2015) Renewables 2014 global status report. Renewable energy policy network for the 21st century. Available from: http://ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014 full%20report low%20res.pdf SPE15 (2015) Solar Photovoltaics Jobs & Value Added in Europe. Solar Power Europe. November 2015. http://www.solarpowereurope.org/fileadmin/user upload/documents/Media/Jobs Growth.pdf The Brewers of Europe (2014). Beer Statistics, 2014 edition. Available from: www.brewersofeurope.org/uploads/.../2014/statistics 2014 web 2.pdf May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 A4 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited The Brewers of Europe (2015). Beer Statistics, 2015 edition. Available from: http://www.brewersofeurope.org/uploads/mycms-files/documents/publications/2015/statistics 2015 v3.pdf WIFOR (2015). The economic footprint of the pharmaceutical industry. International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations. Available from: http://www.ifpma.org/resource-centre/theeconomic-footprint-of-the-pharmaceutical-industry May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 B1 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Appendix B Original survey data May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited 8.1 I ntroduction The data in this report draws from a survey with members of the Fluoropolymers Group (FPG). The members ofthis group do not represent the entire European fluoropolymer market. Therefore an estimation of the total European market size (tonnage and sales) has been made, based on publicly available data, alongside the original survey data and estimates of the total market provided by the FPG members themselves. Further detail on the process used are contained below. For transparency both the original and extrapolated data are shown. 8.2 Volume of use Table 8.1 Quantities of fl uoropolymers sold in the EU per year (2015) Quantities Unit Total EU market Original surveyresults Methodology to extrapolate from survey results to total market Tonnes produced in the EU Tonnes (2015) 51,000 36,500 Value derived from the three numbers below Tonnes imported into the EU Tonnes (2015) 21,500 b 7,500 Final extrapolated figure based on EUROSTAT and estimations from the FPG group members Tonnes exported from the EU Tonnes (2015) 20,500 b 14,500 Final extrapolated figure based on EUROSTAT and estimations from the FPG group members Tonnes sold in the whole EU market Tonnes (2015) 52,000 29,000 Estimation based on various sources and FPG group members [see table notes for details) Notes: : Source Amee Foster WheelerSurvey with Members ofthe FPG, 2016. Tonnages are rounded to the cl osest 500 hundred tonnes. b. Note the original survey data relates to 2015, import and export data was extrapolated to the total EU market using EUOROSTAT figures from the lastfive years. This longer term data was used because the Eurostat datafluctuated year on year. The purpose of the extrapolati on was tojudge the total market size, so this averagewasjudged as more likely to be accurate. Note on the methodology for estimating the total size of the fluoropolymers market in the EU /volumes}: Estimates of the total EU market have been derived from three sources. First in the ECHA (2014) Annex XV report, the Qlobal demand for fluoropolymers was between 235,000 and 267,000 tonnes in 2011. The same source states that the EU accounted for 21% of the global demand in 2010 (that is, around 52,700 tonnes based on 21% of midpoint ofthe range above). This source provides an estimate ofthe total sold on the EU market not of imports and exports. Second, estimates provided by the Fluoropolymers Group - on the total size of the EU market (production}, imports and exports. Four estimates were provi ded (an average of 52,000 tonnes). Third, EUROSTAT provides data on the EU trade offluoropolymers (import to and exportfrom the EU). The average imported and exported tonnage in the last5 years was used for the reasons set out above. All sources were in reasonabl e agreement. Note the numbers have been rounded. Total EU production data was determined using the tonnes sold, imports and exports est mations (as total EU production = Total volume sold + exports - imports). Sources: Amee FosterWheeler market survey - Februaryto June 2016. Amee Foster Wheeler consultation on EU market size with FPG Group- JulytoAugust2016. EUROSTAT, 2016. EUtrade since 1988 by SITC [DS-018995], imports and exports of 'product 57394- Fluoropolymers' (kg) ECHA, 2014. ANNEXXV PROPOSAL FOR A RESTRICTION- Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFOA salts and PFOA-related substances, European Chemicals Agency; based on FluoroCouncil, 2013. FluoroCouncil, 2013. Personal communication with ECHA, Jin, 2012. Jin, J., 2012. Chemistry of Aryl Trifluorovinyl Ethers. Chemistry in NewZealand 76, 24-26.; Ebnesajj ad, S., 2013. Introduction toF/uoropo/ymers- Material, Technology, and Applications. pp32, Elsevi er. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited 8.3 Revenues (Fluoropolymers in basic form) Table 8.2 Annual sales value of the EU fluoropolymer market (2015) Quantities Unit Sales value (m)' Original survey results (m)' Methodology to extrapolate from survey results to total market Sales value of m 840 product (2015) produced in the EU Sales value of m 310 imports into the (2015) EU 600 Scaling factor of 36% based on the difference between production volume (tonnes) figures (survey results vs total EU market estimation) 1see note on methodology) 120 No scaling factor used, figure obtained from EUROSTAT Sales value of m 380 exports from the (2015) EU 230 No scaling factor used, figure obtained from EUROSTAT Total value sold m 780 on the EU (2015) market 500 Total value obtained using the three numbers above Notes: : Rounded to the closest 10m. Note on the methodology for estimating thetotal size ofthe fluoropolymers market in the EU Isales): Note the approach used is based on scaling up the results from thesurvey to estimate the size ofthe EU market as a whole. The approach assumes that the remainder of the market (in terms of quantities) are of similar value to that derived from the survey. This provides an estimate of the total value of the market. Sales valueofimports and ofexperts are taken from Eurostat. Imports and exports data has been obtained from EUROSTAT (average of the last 5 years). The total size of the EU market has been obtained from the estimated sales of product produced, imports and exports calculated with the method outlined above (given that EU market size (total sales] = Value of product produced + imports- exports). Sources: Amee FosterWheeler market survey - Februaryto June 2016. EUROSTAT, 2016. EUtrade since 1988 by SITC [DS-018995], imports and exports of 'product 57394- Fluoropolymers' [] 8.4 Research and development (R&D) and innovation Table 8.3 Research and development expenditure related to fl uoropolymers (201 5) % of revenue related to fluoropolymers Upper bound estate total market m Original survey results (m) ' Methodology to gross up the original data Total 5.5% 43 27 (5.5% ofthe total revenue stated by companies) 5.5% of the estimated total sales value of the market (ie. 780m) Source: Amee FosterWheelermarket survey - February to June 2016. Note numbers have been rounded. Based on an 83% response rate. It has been assumed that those producers that have not responded to the survey invest a similar proportion of their revenue in research and development. 8.5 Direct employment In terms of employment, in total, 31 ,700 people are employed in the FPG companies in the EU. Of these, the survey respondents estimate that some 1,600 are employed in activities relating directly to fluoropolymers (Table 3.4). This represents 5% of the total employment of these companies in Europe. The figure includes all relevant staff (manufacturing, commercial/sales, research and development). Collectively, the gross annual salaries of those employees directly related to fluoropolymers are estimated to account for around May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited 85m128, which supports indirect economic activity in the domestic economies from the expenditure of employees on housing, recreation, and goods and services, for example. It should be noted that since not all fluoropolymer manufacturers responded to the survey, the total EU employmentfigures related tofluoropolymers below are certainly underestimated. Providing an estimation of the remaining number of employees is more uncertain, as it is not exactly correlated with the volume produced, but reflecting a wide range of issues such as where there is spare production capacity. However, by using an average figure of 22.7 tonnes129 of fl uoropolymer produced per EU employee, this would equate to 2,200 employees at EU level, with a gross annual salary of 116m. Table 8.4 Total employment in surveyed companies and direct employment associated with EU fluoropolymer production (2015) Number of employees Total number of employees in the FPG Member Companies 31,700 Directly employed in activities related to fluoropolymers 1,600 Extrapolated to represent total market Rounded to the closest hundred. Source: Amee Foster Wheeler market survey - Februaryto June 2016. 2,200 8 . 6 Sales of fluoropolymers to downstream sectors Table 8.5 Downstream applications of fluoropolymers (tonnes and value, 2015) Sector Typical applications Total quantity sold (t) Total value (m) Original survey results (t) Original survey results (m) Transport Fuel lines, hoses, hydraulic systems, o - 18,500 300 rings, gaskets, electronic systems, coating fora variety of purposes (e.g. cables, wi res) Chemical and power Piping, tubing and fittings, fl uid-handling 16,500 220 components, vessels, storage tanks, sensors, sealants, binders in energy storage devi ces (e.g. batteries) Cookware Non-stick coating for cook and bakeware 3,500 60 (e.g. pots, pans, baking trays) Electronics Semiconductors, pri nted circuit equipment, wiri ng, cabling 3,500 50 Food & Valves, stainless steel piping, tubing, 3,000 40 pharmaceuticals filters, seals, gaskets and other standard fluid handling components, paper tableware, conveyor belts, lab ware products, packaging Textiles & architecture Waterproof clothes and footwear, space 3,000 40 suits, coating for architectural applications, architectural films Medical applications Cardiovascular grafts, heart patches, 1,500 20 mligeammbernatnreespl acements, catheters, filter ng 10,500 190 9,000 140 2,000 40 2,000 30 1,500 30 2,000 20 1,000 10 128 Hourly wages were obtained from EUROSTAT (Labour cost, wages and salaries (including apprentices) - NACE Rev. 2. Manufacture 4o0f chhoeumrsicpaelsr wanedekc,h5e0mwicaelepkrsopdeucrytse;aarv. erage for the EU28). For obtaining annual sal ari es, it was assumed that each employee worked 129 This has been obtained dividing the aggregated value oftonnage produced obtained from the survey (36,400 tonnes) by the number of employees directly related to fluoropolymers. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Sector Typical applications Total quantity sold (t) Total value (m) Original survey results (t) Original survey results (m) Renewable Energy Front and back sheets for PV, paint and 500 <5 coati ng for wind turbines, coating for wi res and cables, binders in lithium-ion batteries <500 <5 Others 2,000 30 1,000 20 Total 52,000 780 29,000* 500 Source: Amee FosterWheeler market survey - February -June 2016 (% of sales volumes and values). Note all sales values are rounded to the nearest 1Orn all tonnage data are rounded to the nearest 500 tonnes. The EU market size (volumes and sales) has been obtained from the calculations descrbed in sections 3.3 and 3.4. The proportion of tonnages and sales in each sector are taken from the survey results, therefore it is assumed that the proportion of sales/tonnage in each sector among market participants not part of the sur vey mirrors those who were part of the survey. (*) Differences with values quoted in Table 3.1 due to rounding. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 C1 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited Appendix C Potential alternatives May 2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Table C.1 N umber of interviews with downstream users and sectors covered Chemical and power Food & pharma Electronics Transport Renewables Cookware Medical Textiles & architecture Others Total 12 7 3 5 4 5 3 5 1 7* Note (*): The sum of downstream users across sector is larger than the overall numberas most users are active in more than one sector. Table C.2 Summary of alternatives and their technical, economic, health and environmental implications, where available Key market Sector Chemical & Power Chemical industry Alternative/s Stainless steel [Source 1], copper [Source 2) High-performance nickel alloys [Source 4) Polypropylene and PVC Glass and ceramics Example potential application Overview of likely technical economic and environmental implications Pipes, liners, tubing [Source 3) Possible for certain very specific components. However, metals likely to result in: - Inferior insulation properti es. - Increased weight and size/design of components. - Inferior resistance to corrosion and/or abrasion. - Inferior non-stick and non-friction properties. - Lack of flex bility. All ofthe above imply pipe damage would be more I kely , higher risk of leaks and failures. Lack of flex bility. Higher weight, fuel consumption and emission with associated costs. Costly redesigns, higher maintenance costs, higher design costs. Higher safety risks. Pipes, desulphurisation heat exchangers [Source 5) and filters [Source 6) Various grades [Source 7), are available for specific applications [Source 8). They are often quoted as highl y resistant to corrosion [Source 8). Consultati on with manufacturers suggests that fluoropol ymers are generally more resistant to chemical s and at higher temperatures [Source 9). Likely to be more costly, especially nickel chromium-molybdenum alloys [Source 10). This "universal " resistance to chemicals is a crucial characteristic of fluoropolymers that is not present in any of the alternatives, according to consultation feedback. There are alternatives that are more o r less resistant to speci fic chemicals but there is not one that is universally suitable. If there were no fluoropolymers. not only would the alternatives have inferior performance, a specific alternative would have to be developed and introduced for each manufacturing process, with potential differences across the industry. Only titanium and tantalum could have similar resistance, but their cost is very high and they do not have other of the required properties. Therefore, they are not considered as vi able poss ble alternatives, by those consu ted forthe study. Commonly used in pipes and liners Historically used in several applications [Source 1 1 , 1 2,13,14) Low resistance to chemical attack hence lower corrosion prevention [Source 4). Unsuitable for demanding appl icati ons, unless coated or reinforced (for instance with fluoropol ymers). Brittl e, considerably heavier and more difficult to transport. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Key market Sector Alternative/s Polyether sulfone [Source 15) and polyimide [Source 16) Rubbers and silicones such as NBR [Source 17), HNBR [Source 18), ACM [Source 19), AEM rubber [Source 20, 21) or FVMQ [Source 22) Graphite and aramid [Source 26) Power [Source 29) Mica[Source 30) EPDM rubber reinforced with lead Slip agents [Source 32) Food and pharmaceuticals Food industry Ceramics [Source 34) Animal or vegetable fats Steel Example potential application Overview of likely technical economic and environmental implications Seals [Source 1 1 , 12) Seals [Source 17-22], 0 rings[Source 25] and other applications Their thennal resistance is similar to that of some fluoropolymers. It is understood chemical resistance may be inferi or. They are also rigid, posing design difficulties. Suitable for other applications and resistantto specific chemicals. They have generally lower resistance to temperature changes, abrasion and chemicals than fluoropolymers [Source 23, 24, 25]. Gaskets Aramid is sensitive to acids (i.e. they cannot prevent corrosion) and ultravi olet light [Source 27]. Graphite, whilst chemically resistant [Source 28) is brittle. Insulati on material for sensors, probe and cabl es Underground cables and submersible pumps[Source 31) Rigid and brittle, lower chemical resistance than fluoropol ymers. Performance could be improved with additional insulation (additi onal weight, similar brittleness). Higher weight, lower chemical and temperature resistance compared to fluoropolymers [Source 19). Due to their inaccessibility, durability is essential, implying increased downtime and higher maintenance costs. Cable applications These are additives designed to reduce friction and provi de appropriate lubrication during polymers processing (e.g. adhering a film to a metallic surface) [Source 28]. Whilst these perform well for the elimination of melt fractures, die buildup and higher energy consumption may be problematic in some applications [Source 33). Coating applications Commercially available [Source 30), but the durability offl uoropolymers is understood to be superior (see "cookware"). Coating applications The use of animal fat based products would necessitate the use of harsh cleaning methods with powerful solvents, to which staff would be exposed. Higher risk of exposure to carcinogenic degradation products of overheated fats. Processing equipment such as pipes Steel is already in use. It tends to be coated (often with fluoropol ymers) to prevent iron contamination I corrosion. Phannaceutical industry [Source 35) Polymethyl pentene (PMP or TPX) [Source 36) Lab ware It can withstand temperatures of up to 150C and can be autoclaved. However, extremely brittl e and can break easi ly at room temperature or if it falls from the table/lab benchtop [Source 36). Also, fluoropolymers have a wider temperature range. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Key market Sector Electronics Electronics Electronics Transportation Automotive Transportation Transportation Alternative/s Polyolefin with flame retardant Non-conductive pl asti cs Stainless steel [Source 42), al uminium or copper [Source 43) XLPE [Source 49) ( cross-linked polyethyl ene), thermoplastic el astomers (TPE) [Source 50) Silicone rubbers (for irnedfeursetnryceasbosveee)chemical Example potential application Overview of likely technical economic and environmental implications Cable insulation [Source 37] It is understood these do not offer the same resistance to temperature range as fluoropolymers (maximum limits differ [Source 37), but minimum working temperature of polyolefins is higher than that offluoropolymers, reducing their performance in cases where cool ants are used to decrease the temperature of data processing systems, for example). Polyolefins al so have inferior fire resistance often requiring a flame retardant [Source 37]. There is some evidence that these in turn affect electrical properti es of polyolefins [Source 37]. The consultation with industry also highlighted the use of polyolefins would I kely result i n weaker data processinQ and slower siQnal return, reflecting inferior purity, fri ction properties and stability compared to fl uoropolymers. If an alternative is found at some point, the industry states it may require at least 10 years to replace equipment and adapt manufacturi ng methods and processes [Source 28). Historically used in semiconductor manufacture Fuel lines Protection for plastic fuel lines [Source 44, 45) Unvi able. The modern semiconductor industry has stringent requirements [Source 39) and fluoropolymers are the only material that can currently protect the processing equipment in which semiconductor are etched and cleaned from the chemicals used in the manufacturinQ process [Source 40, 41) while at the same time offeri ng the highest purity. Microprocessors and chips need to be increasingly small , yet powerful, preventing metallic contamination and corrosion in order to maxi mise chip yields [Source 41). Fuel lines made enti rely of copper or stainless steel are available in the market [Source 42, 46, 47). However at least some products are onl y suitablefor relatively ol d cars (1980s and earl ier) [Source46). Plastic fuel lines covered with braided metal thread are also commercially available; indeed some fuel hoses made of fluoropolymers are covered with braided metal [Source 48). However, in applicati ons where the use of metals may be technically feasible, they are heavier and have lower chemical resistance, with the associated maintenance and replacement costs this implies, in what are "hard to reach" parts, they would also lead to increased fuel use and reduced fuel efficiency. Hoses, cables and wire solutions [Source 49, 50) Successful for applicati ons in other sectors (and in some automotive applications e.g. in cold air intake systems [Source 51) or control elements in carinteri ors [Source 52). Although thermal resistance of XLPE and TPE is in the range of that for certain fluoropol ymers such as standard ETFE, their chemical resistance does not reach the standards provi ded by fluoropol ymers. [Source 52, 53). Gaskets, cables or hoses Silicone materials offer a range of properties that are suitable for other applications used in various applications in modern vehicles such as paint additives, air bag coati ngs, and radiator seals. Whilst they offer a range of properties suitable for these applications, however they do not have the specific combination of properties required in fluoropol ymer applications. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Key market Sector Transportation Transportation Transportation Aerospace Renewab e energy Cookware Medical applicati ons Alternative/s Example potential application Overview of likely technical economic and environmental implications Mica-insulation (as above) Mica- insulated sensor cables for oxygen and nitrogen sensors Polyetheretherketone [Source 54) (PEEK), pol yether sulfone [Source 55) Fuel hoses, lines, gaskets, seals, cables, wire insulati on Those proposed for the automotive industry As in the automotive industry This is a very specific application with specific requirements. It is I kely that sensors would have to be placed in less demanding locations, since thesecables are not able to resist the conditions at the optimum measurement point. This would result i n less accurate measurements, which would in turn lead to higher emission levels and less efficient fuel consumption, as an accurate control of the air-fuel ratio is essential for fuel efficiency. Also, mica-i nsulated cables are heavier and more rigid and brittl e. They have similar temperature resistance. For example, PEEK is able to resist up to 260 C [Source 56). They are rigid which may impact on design possibilities and chemical resistance is lower. Furthermore electrical and data transmission properties are inferior. Many of the applications in the automotive industry are the same in the aerospace industry, with at least asdemanding operati ng conditions, durability requirements, safety performance tests and approval systems. The sector has particularly stri ct quality testing and approval procedures, which would delay the appearance of alternatives in the market for the applications where fluoropolymers are used [Source 57). Glass (Top sheets) UV-resistant PET or polyimide (Backsheets) [Source 58) Top sheets / Backsheets in solar panels Glass has been historically used and UV-resistant PET and polyi mide are currently availabl e in the market. Glass is brittle and fragile. As for UV-resistant PET and polyimide, evidence suggests that Fluoropolymer-based backsheets perform betterin certain parameters such as adhesion between layers (especially those based on ECTFE) [Source 55). Moreover, fl uoropolymers are still the market leader [Source 59). Ceramics Coating for non stick cookware Ceramics is already in the market. Initial non-stick properti es are acceptable but not as good as those of PTFE-coated cookware [Source 60), Ceramic-coated cookware is eventually more expensive since it reportedly loses its non-stick properti es considerably faster [Source 61) and has to be replaced more often. PEEK [Source 62) Tubes, catheters and other hospital material This alternative is commercially availabl e. It is resistant to high temperatures and the products made ofthis alternative can be sterilised with autoclave [Source 62). They are suitable solutions for disposable hospital goods. It is biocompat ble but it is generall y not suitable for uses where longer term (30+ day) contact with tissue or blood is required [Source 63). As a result, they are inferior to fl uoropolymers for solutions such as heart patches. Some publicly available evidence suggests that PEEK may eventually be suitable for lonq-terrn solutions, but is currently comparatively expensive [Source 64). The sector has particularly strict quality testing and approval procedures, which would delay the appearance of al ternatives i n the market for the applications where fluoropolymers are used. May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 @Amee FosterWheeler Envi ronment & Infrastructure UK Limited Key market Sector Alternative/s Example potential application Overview of likely technical economic and environmental implications Polyurethane [Source 64] Tubes and catheters It is not suitable for steam sterilisation [Source 65]. Higher costs than current solutions [Source 64] Consultation has highlighted concerns with clogging. Texti les and architecture Architecture Steel Insulati on materials, pipes and tubes It is heavier and more inflexible than fluoropolymers. It is not resistant to corrosion. It is not able to meet the design possibilit es of fluoropol ymers. Higher maintenance costs due to corrosion. Polycarbonate sheets Membranes for architectural applications such as roofing They are resistant to temperature and UV light and can withstand force. PVC/PES membranes for architectural applications are common [Source 66] However, these are often coated with a protective layer (often made of PVDF, a fl uoropolymer) providing UV -resistance and weatherability. Without this coati ng, they offer lower performance due to not being resistant to denting [Source 67] nor certain chemicals. ERneenregwyabl e Pb (Lead acid) battery Batteries [69] Pb batteries are around one third heavi erthan Lithium-ion batteries. Table sources and notes: High temperature fuel cells Fuel Cells (stati onary applications) [70] The key disadvantage, compared to PEM fuel cells iasptphlaictatthioenysc.an only be used in stationary [1] https://www.nssmc.com/product/catalog download/pdf/P007en.pdf [2] https://www.copper.org/applicationslpl umbing/overview/ [3] https://www.nssmc.com/product/cataloq download/pdf/P007en pdf [4] http//www.titanmf.com/alloyslapplications-of-hastelloy/ [5] http//www.titanmf.com/alloyslapplications-of-hastelloy/ [6] http://asflow.com/bl og/portfolio-item/hastelloy-gas-filter/?ckattempt=1 [7J Here "grade" refers to the different components of the alloy and % of each in the final "mixture [8]http://metalspecialist.continentalsteel.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between- h astelloy-and-incoloy J9Jhttp://www2.emersonprocess. com/siteadmincenter/PM%20Rosemount%20Analytical%20Documentslliq Handbook 41-6018.pdf [1OJ http://www.engineeringtoo box.com/pipi ng-materials-cost-ratios-d 864.html [[1121]] hhtttptp:/: ///wwwwww.t.a3ivjig-tel. ccho.mco/nme/wepn/rbordauncdtsh/gtmlalsscoat [13] http://www.chemshun.com/Productslceramic-pipe-tube-liner.html [14] http://oubs.acs.org/doi/abs/1 0 1021/ie50286a005 [15] https://www.pall.com/pdfs/misdSeal ing Guide.pdf = [16] http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/cataloq/product/supelco/2381??lanq en&region=GB [17] http://www.timcorubber.corn/rubber-materi alslnitrile-rubber/applications.htm [18] This reference indicates the use of HNBR in general sealing applications in various sectors including automotive and others: http://iisrp.com/WebPol ymersJAboutRubber/03HNBR16Aug2012.pdf [19] http://www.unimatec-europe.com/index.php?id=17 [[2201]] hhttttpps:///w/wwwww.m.paadrkee-inr.-ccohmin/lait.ecroamtu/rseh/oSwercotioomn%/g2u0olgl.piadnfhang/product-detailwepxASmhXjWO/China-Aem-Mixi nq-Rubber-Adhesive.html [[2223]] hhttttpp::////mwywkwin.a.cpopmle/rruubbbbeer.rc-cohme/mseicaal-l-dreessiiqstna-qncueid-ceh/maratterial-sel ection-quide/fluorosilicone.cfm [[2254]] hhttttpp:/:///wwwwww.m.paarrcrionrsut.bcboemr./cwopm-c/folunoteronst/iulipcolonaed.shltdmownloads/2011/07/Parr DuPont-Kalrez-0-rinq-Materials-Corrosion-lnfo.pdf [26] Aramid is a f bre that is resistant to some solvents and to heat http://www.allstategasket.com/info gasket material style-1602.asp [27] http://www.aramid.eu/characteristics.html [28] http://www.carbonandgraphite.org/pdf/chemical_resistance.pdf [in2c9l]udNeo.te the conclusion ofthis sector are similar to above, given the similar requirements - specific alternatives not covered above [30)https//books.googl eco.uk/books?id=ZGUHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235&Ipg=PA235&dg=Mica+insulation+cars&source=bl &ots=uEoA8I dY99&siq=29MkK tYXgR0tMLG5QZQFAmcQ74&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiprZbG8ujPAhVLGsAKHSeVAgcQ6AEISzAH#v=onepag e&q=Mica%20insulation%20cars&f=false [31J http://www.pesicc.org/iccWebSite/subcommittees/A/A16/Presentations/2012/A16O-1- Spring.pdf ([h3t2t]pS://liwpwawg.eenutsroamraesatdedrsitpivae.csodme/s?ipganeged toid=re7d1u3c&eIafrniqct=ioenn)a/nhdttpprso:v//iwdewawp.gporoopgrliea.tceolmub/priactaetniotsnJWdu0ri2n0g1p4o1l7y2m1e0r5pAro1 c?ecls=seinng/ http://www.haupa.com/blaetterkatalog/katalog gb/files/assets/basic-htmVpage357.htmI [33] http://americas.kynar.com/en/markets-applicationslindustrial-applications/polymer-processing-aid/ May2017 Doc Ref. 37575i4 No17083i4 C7 Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited [34] http://www.roccera.com/applications/food-processing/ [35] The range of alternatives commented for the food sector are relevant for the pharmaceutical industry as well, except butter and animal fats. The same consequences of not being able to use fluoropolymers than in the food industry apply in this case, with alternatives not being able to meet the same standards and characteristics. [36] www.polyprocessing.com/images/uploads/Polyolefins.pdf [37] https://www.anixter.com/content/dam/Anixter/Guide/7H0011X0 W&C Tech Handbook Sec 03.pdf [38] Specific estimate for the semiconductor industry, available at: http://www.semi.org/en/fluorinated-compound-restrictions-maytrigger-costly-equipment-changes [39] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022113903001039 [40] http://www.fluoropolymer-facts.com/Benefits/index.cfm?navItemNumber=4033 [41] https://www.chemours.com/businesses-and-products/fluoroproducts/teflon-for-semiconductor-manufacturing/ [42] http://www.carbuildersolutions.com/uk/stainless-steel-braided-fuel-hose-12mm-id [43] http://www.carbuildersolutions.com/uk/6mm-copper-fuel-line-per-metre [44] http://www.parker.com/literature/Parflex/B-PAGE%20PDF%20and%20Images/CAT%205162F.pdf [45] http://www.hotrod.com/articles/hrdp-1101-performance-fuel-hoses/ [46] http://www.ebay.com/itm/304-Stainless-Steel-Brake-Fuel-Transmission-Line-Tubing-3-8-OD-Coil-Roll-/201487648996#vi-ilComp [47] http://agscompany.com/product-category/brake-fuel-transmission-lines/standard-steel/coiled-tubing/ [48] http://www.parker.com/literature/Parflex/B-PAGE%20PDF%20and%20Images/CAT%205162F.pdf [49] http://www.delphi.com/manufacturers/auto/ee/cables/xlpe [50] http://www.kra burg-tpe.com/en/products/thermolast/thermolast v-69 [51] https://www.amazon.com/Bully-Dog-53205-Intake-System/dp/compatibility-chart/B00BY64PI2 [52] http://www.kra burg-tpe.com/en/products/thermoplastic-elastomers#tpe [53] https://www.anixter.com/content/dam/Anixter/Guide/7H0011X0 W&C Tech Handbook Sec 03.pdf [54] http://www.hitechpolymersindia.com/peek%20auto.htm, http://info.craftechind.com/blog/why-the-aerospace-industry-loves-plasticmaterials. 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