Document 6bpoXjxwKGdepDQ9eZyXOz8Oo

Metals Section Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 7haipnan--H. J, Spoesek, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., East Chicago, Ini. R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Got?., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Jows P. O'Roukk, Bethlehem Sted-Gp!, Sparrows Kb9DtMd. . f/. Contest Committee--EL A. Ellis (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp, Wheeling, W. Va. . J. M. Brooks, MichlePrinting Press & Manufacturing Go., Chicago, I1L Homes L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp, Kansas City, Mo. Engineering Committee--J. E. Culliney (Chairman), Bethlehem Sted Cb.f Bethlehem, Pa. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Sted' Corp,Ecorse, Midi. F. R. HiBNDE8Ex,.CaniegfcHlib(ifrEted'Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. G S.-PHimrs, Revere CbppdcJfc.Brass, Inc, Rome,N. Y. .Foundry Committee--J. H. Holzbog (Chairman), Chain Bdt Co., Milwaukee, WIs. H. S. Simpson, Caterpillar Tractor Co, Peoria, HL Health Committee--Da. T. Lyle Hazurt (Chairman), Westinghouse Electric & Manufac turing Cn, East Pittsburgh, Pa. Da. J. H. Camas, Crane Co, Chicago, III . Da. A. G. Kammer, Inland Sted Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. Membership Committee--Frank W. Kelsey (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., ' Alkprippa, Pi ` T. O. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric ^Manufacturing Co,Springfidd, Mass. ^ Reese B. Republic Sted Cbrp, Birmingham, Ala. Poster Committee--N. B. MacHose (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Go, Lackawanna, N. Y. F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide Coi,. Niagara Falls, N; Y. : G D. Doaworth, Alan Wood Steel Cb., Conshohodan, Pa. W. J. Hoove, Chase Brass & Copper Co, Gevdand; Ohio. Program Committee--Jacob L. Riwnger (Chairman), Inland Sted Co, East Chicago, Bid. B. T. Dye, Republic Sted CoipQBnffilo, N. Y. H. H. Henry, Otis Sted Cou Cfordand, Ohio. John P. Leonard^ Blaw-Knox Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. Publicity Committee--W. A. Jarvis (Chairman), Chase Brass & Copper Co, Waterbary, Conn. G A. Bianchi, H. ELRobertson, Ambridge, Pa. J. F. Collins, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, Youngstown, Ohio. Railway Car Builders. Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car .Manu facturing Go, Pullman, Chicago, HL Statistics Committee--Ej&l Flyer (Chairman), Caraegie-DIinois Sted Corpt, Gary, Bid. E. E. Greene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co, Canton, Ohio. D. V. Mtoamb, Interiake Iron Cbrp, Chicago, DL H. L. Rebrassier, Wheeling Sted Cbrp, Wheeling, W. Va. Members at Largo-- ^:. *G M.Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown, Ohio. *F. CL Bennett, The Buckeye Sted Castings Co, Columbus, Ohio. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Sted Corpf,Pittsburgh, Pa. . *R. A. Chapter, Continental Sted Corp, Kokomo, Ind. J. A. Coltrin, The National Radiator Go, Johnstown, Pa. Past General Oiiimian' 435 A ;% J m ? yt i 1 * t j' M1 elf\i m- ;V|s., i* a; ii 436 30th National Safety Congress f H. M. Croghan, Inland Sted Co, East Chicago Ind.. *H. W. Dark, Bethlehem Sted Ox, Johnstown, Pa. ' M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron WorkBeloit, Wis. , John P.Eib, American Sted & Wue^C,* Chicago^ I1L \ ' George T. Fonda, Wdrtoo Steel Cb, Wierton, W. Va. \ . H. J. Griffith, Jones' & LaughJin Sted Cbrp, Pittsburgh, Pa. ,, S. E. Hawses,MacwhyteCo, Kenosha, Wis,: "*H, G. Hensel, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Ox, Chicago, III F. A. Lauerman, Rept&Iic Steel Cbrp., Chicago, I1L P. M. McMahon, Superior Sted Gup, Carnegie, Pa. J. A. Northwooo, Bethlehem Sted Go, Sparrows Point, M<L J. A. Oartel, Carnegies-Illinois Sted Cbrp, Pittsburgh^ Pb- Robest L. Schmitt, Lotrisville Car Whed & Railway Supply Co, Louisville, Ky. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Cbrp, Clevdand, Ohio. Feed EL Ware, Caraegie-Illinois Sted Cbrp, Homestead Sted Works, MunhaJI, Pa. Pul Officers 1941-1942f ,' General Chairman--H. J. Sfoerer, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, East Chicago, Ind. Vice-Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Sted Corp, Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-Chairman--Johx P. O'Rouek, Bethlehem Sted Go, Maryland Plant, Sparrows Point; Md. Secretary and Neon Letter Editor--Earl Fvua, Carnegie-HIinois Sted Cbrp, Gary; Lid. Contest Committee--W. A. Jarvis (Chairman), Chase Brass A^Copper Co, Waterhury, Conn. >D. V. Medaub, Interlake Iron Corp, Chicago, BL P. R. McMahon, Superior Sted Corp, Carhegie, Pa. H.L. Rebrassier, Wheeling Steel Cbrp, Wheding, W. Va. Engineering Committee--Jacob L. Ruhnger (Chairman), Intend Sted Co, East dnragn. Ind. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Sted Corp, Ecorse, Midi. F. R. Hensoos, Carnegie-HIinois Sted Corp,.Pittsburgh, Pa. G 5. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Ibc, Rome, N. Y. Foundry Committee---J. H. Hoczbog (Chairman), Chain Bdt Cb, Milwaukee, Wis. Health Committee--D*. J. H. Chivzrs (Chatman), Crane Co, Chicago, DL Da. T. Lyi* Hazlett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co, East Pittsburgh, Pa. . Da. A: G. Kammer, Inland Steel Co, Indiana Harbor, Ind. Membership Committee--N. B. MacHose (Chairman), Bethlehem Sted Co, Lackawanna, N.Y. T. O. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co, Springfidd, tfaw. J. N. Mahan, Continental Sted Corp, Kokomo, Ind.. Poster Committee--Frank W. Rose? (Chairman), Jones & Langhlm Sted Corp, Aliqtrippa,' Pa. C A. Bianchi, H. H. Robertson Cb, Ambridge, Pa. - F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide & Carixm Corp, Niagara Falls; N. Y. Reese B. Lloyd, Republic Sted Corp, .Birmingham,. Ala. Program Committee--,John P. Leonard (Chairman), Blaw-Knox Co, -Pittsburgh, Pa. J. F. Collins, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, Youngstown, Ohio. G D. Dobwobth, Alan Wood Sted Cb, Gonshohocken, Pa. E. E. Greene; The Timken Roller Bearing Cb, Ghhton; Ohio. tAs elected by delegates in Congress Session. . .n i'im 'm . -/crx. > * wmm Metals Section' 437 Publicity Committee--E. A. Ellis (Chatrmm), Wheeling Steel Corp, Wheeling, W. Va. M.' W. Ddndobe, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. W. J. Hoora, Chase Bran & Copper Co, Cleveland, Ohio. . Horn* L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp, Kansas Gty, Mo. Railway Car guilders Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manu facturing Co* Pullman, Chicago, UL Statistics Committee--H. H. Henry (Chairman), Otis Steel Co, Qeveland, Ohio. J. M. .Brooks, MidUe .Printing Press & Manufacturing Co, Chicago, IU. J. A- GotTsiw, The NationalRadiator Co, Johnstown, Pa. Members at Large-- C M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown, Ohio. R.A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp, Kokomo, Bid. . F. G. Bennett, ThcBockeyc Steel Castings Co,. Cbhnnbus, Ohio. E. F. Blank,Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. Irvin A. Brinkman, Maddntosh-Hemphill Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. . J. E. CotUNEY, Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem,. Pa. *EL W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co, Johnstown, Pa. John P. Eds, American Steel & Wire Co, Chicago, UL Geokgs T. Fonda, Weirton Steel Co, Weirton, W. Va. ; *HL J. Giubhh, Jones & Laqghltn Sted Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. & E. Hawses, Macwhyte.Co,Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hensel, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, Chicago, BL *F. A. Laue&man, Republic Sted Corp, Youngstown, Ohio. J. A. Norxhwood, Betbldiem Sted Ox, Sparrows Point, Md.. *J. A. Oartel, Carnegie-Illmois Sted Gorp,Piltsburgh,Pa. *R0SERTl~ScHMTrrfLoni5ville Car Wheel &Ra!lway Supply Co, LotusviO^ Ky. *J. A. Voss, BqdGc Steel Corp, Cleveland, Ohio. *Past General Ooimun . Monday Afternoon session October 6,1941 PrendingGenexal Chairman Irvin A. Brinkman, Personnel Director, Mackintosb- Hemphill Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. . A Good Housekeeping Program aria How to Keep It Effective By If. W.DUNDORE Production Manager, Beloit Iron Worio, Beloit, Wis. Goodl honsdceeping in the plants as in the rooms, working places, aid the like. Tech bome^ las often been summarised by die nically, therefore, management has. the first phn^l:"^ place for everything and everything'-iaJts place." H management foils to provide the "pUcc," the employee finds adr responsibility in-the good housekeeping pro gram, die employee plays a' continuously important role. berence to this principle impossible. Pro-, The purpose of an industrial good house viding die placer should be .carried out in keeping program is to promote order mid its . broadesteyense. The start of a good ' cleanliness throughout die otgantzatfon. Such program is analysis of physical plant fa a program should accomplish three objec cilities, to determine the adequacy of exist tives; first--the elimination of accident and ing equipment, such as shelves, bias, storage fire hazards; second--the conservation of f Sri A! > ! t.. ' 438 SOift National Safety .Congress space, time, material;and effort; and third--' consideration' to. housekeeping in .his job the improvement of employee morale. . ' cyd&: .' A good management most: Believe in good honsdceeping. Employees should be familiar wiih good housekeeping procedure. Recognize their personal responsibility. Employees must be taught to keep benches, Be active. shelving, racks and otherpenmnent equip -Be a leader. } ment dear from colleciionsof junk/wood, waste, rags and broken materiaL If material Have intimate knowledge of good house-., cannot be used,get rid of it. ; keeping. Systematic meansshcraldbeprovwkd esteh While the company starting from scratch day-'for theremovalof nfobish-dirtvbaxes, can solve many safety problems at die outset dup^andoilywaste.- . .. by plant design, the plight of foemanagement which is rapidly expanding proddcdon in limited plant facilities is not always as des pairing as it appears. The job is largely one . A high standard of deanliness in offices and factories, means more sanitary working conditions.' of housekeeping. Prodoction lines can be To keep plant dean, there nrakfoe} an/1 straightened, cluttered aisles cleared, power organization for that purpose.. GtieTiutve 1 lines removed from reach,moving machinery highly devclopedstrcef dealing departments. properly guarded. Why should notfoe same typeof oigamza- tionbe adapted .toindmtrialuse.. In a newly designed plant, the general, lay out of physical properties or any other place ' A program of improvcdligfating begins by is a very important factor in good, house taking foe fullest advantage of available day- keeping; Machinery should be so located that ligbt Tins woidd indude a.regular; schedule tfaete is an even flow of .materials from the of window wasffiqgirHmntier imd summer. raw to the finished state, and buildings should .'Most' factory omstrfictioa devotes a. large be arranged to provide both efficiency and . portion oi wall- area to glass, and mites windows are wafoed regularly, much natural Poor housekeeping is a forerunner to haz h'gbt is wasted. ardous arrangement---plant congestion, oyer- The advent of fluorescent lighting and dif croWding, too-rapid and unplanned installa fused lighting hast been a- boon to good tion of<new machinery, improper storage of honsdceeping, for through hs economy of raw mdtcri&s and finished stock. operation, the proems of deaning up has ! been stimulated in many industries. ' The coordinating agency between manage ment and'foe employee, in foe good house Stairways; foodd be kept tikar tf all ma keeping program, is foeforeman. His pri terials, and- should be property dhnninated. mary doty is the delegation of responsibility Accidents frorntrippingaMfollingare more *to individual workers in his department and tikeTyintoetefodationsfoanon kvd sur- regular follow-through on instruction. Fore faces. To . comply with -tire regulations; as men should set an example by . keeping their . well' as good iafety procedure, handrails of own offices and work places in good order. suitable height, should be provided. ; Stairs An ill-kept departmental office will generally foodd be equipped with treads of non-slip be reflected in conditions in the shop, there - substances where slips might result in serious should be a specific place for-^llmaterials falls.. Construction of -stairways should be and tools, and foremen .jiwuld-insist these /mj^hcwrdance. 'wifo standard. ; engineering be kept in foe \ spedfiattions. : \ Time and motion study/engineers have demonstrated that good housekeeping results in greater and more efficient prodoction. Plants using this system, basing their pay rates on .prodoction levels, make, allowances to men for clean-up. This system requires foe individual employee to give definite. Maiqr .companies, report difficult *n handling their employees' padding problem. Where plants mifottam parking spaces for employees, specific traffic regulations should be set up and enforced. One company ap points certain employees to police the plant parking areas and to direst/traffic in foe - r\ ' to mo 1 tw ah be .v : c.-*.*J&.Mi. {'iA.V aggaagR fra* ma sted, more sur< as Is of tairs dip rioos 4 be ring hanflea, i for nold applant : the Metals Section 439 morning -and evening when . the movement of yeb!d is partictdarly heavy. . Why .not a: uniformed director of process traffic. in individual plants? Improper pHing and storage of materials is a major cause of poor, 'bottsdceepmg. Materialvto be..stored in workrooms shoold be kept as .low as possiblcvand jet not inter fere with production requirements. Raw materials jhOuM be brom^ht^irr from the store* room as iieeds arise <(nl ihlu|0 greater-quan tity than is necessarji,--A rpininram of ma terial in the worirrbom~ptoirnotes both effi.tiency and safety m . the even flow of protfUCIIOIU . ' Metal, cabinets shotdd be'provided in each department' far die storage of grease containers nscdin that department. This avoids the unsightly appearance of oil and waste: . materials, strewn" at random about work rooms. . In thestorage of bulky objects, such as rods, hnnber, and the like, many ootnpanies provide spedally designed guards ;to prevent, the. shiftingand rolling of this material into. aisleways prplaces where roenmay be work ing:' Small-sized material, may be shelved in .bins~ahd cribs. Finished products should be removed from . the department and/'stored in specifically designated plates. AO material shonld be piled so as to'iniiniimze die danger of stock felling and injuring employees. Stock shoold also be located in a manner not to present tripping hazards to passing workers. ' Most plants specifically designate a. room for the storage <jf tools, equipmait and snpplies./5ikb a room, if wdl-designed and. wcM-mamtomcd, can contribute materially to the hpmekeeping^progriun, by eliminating helter-skdter.'storage of feeds andequipment; around fee plant Racks, bins, -and lingers/shodd be provided, and..one or more employees placed specificallyin charge cf; ifeis departn^nt ' Good should prevail m the roams.. - Tool, dribs and tool racks will do modi to encourage good housekeeping apd pro mote efficiency. Proper, clearance shoold be allowed `be tween theceilings and, tops of fee stacks, and in no instance Should height of materials be beyond safe levels. Lockers and locker rooms are provided in many , organizations, where street dptfc tag may be kept while at work, and work dofeing'stored daring .off; hbars. . Therusie of locker robins will improve the appearance of- working places,; emj^loyees will not be force&jo hang'dotouig pa walls oa or arotmd machinery in vtorkrooms. - . . . - Providing mechanical ventifetion by means- of air dads and fens is qtute necessary in all wash rooms. . .Remove locker; odors mid. keep clothes fresh, by drddatiiig air through rooms and . lockers. Lodcersshoold have perforations in bottom and fe doors, Jhe tops 'should slope to avoidthearomnulatioh of old clothes on lodcer. tofo. An abundance of wash bowls, plenty of lockers,.and a gensrt&appearahce.of cleanli ness, addmnch totbeplant's desirability as a place, to work: : Employees appreciate lodcer rooms, to' a greater degree than most plant managers realize: Each employee shoold dean but Ins lodcer at least once a week Our foremen are provided wife "Lodcer Inspection To day" signs which they place in lodcer rooms - at frequent intervals so feat, lockers remain open for inspection .by them. t . Cleanliness of machines and other equip ment is an important housekeeping reqtrirement, both, from tfae .standpomt^af safety and efficiency. &fachine operafers diQcld not, use an excessive amount of dd injgie deal ing qftheir machines. This pra&kenot only tends to increasecost, butcreates fire hazard. Oil and grease, shotdd not :be allowed to accunmlate on the floor about- machinery, where it win create a slipping hazard for operators and to other employees. Waste cans with self-dosing covers should be provided. fer. eadt. dqurtment .Two shoold be at each location, one: can for dean and, tite other for soiled waste: These cans shotild be pamted. and fee contents stencilled or painted on the cans. .. '- * Painting is important to good honsekeep- ing. Painted walls and equipment entourage the employee to be dean and orderly m ibis:/ ' personal habits..'Many companies white in toilets and washrooms, places in fee workrooms, and on stairways" and - aisles. This adds to fee general approrance and discourages such >**<& 4i <yn- * v; ^ ' -- 440 30th NationalSafety Congress . unsanitary practices as spitting. The paint Factory refuse dumps are breeding places ing of handrails, machine guards and other for rats and mice and usually breed dis equipment not only prevents rust, but adds orderliness. to general appearances and safety. The use of standard colon in painting various utility lines and emergency equipment is considered good practice in many industrial plants since it tends to identify similar equipment throughout the plant. One of the main reasons for repainting is the fact that there is usually a good job Fumes and dust, whether toxic or nui sance, should' be removed from the work place by systems designed for this purpose. Removal systems are recommended most often in the interest of industrial hygiene, but are also valuable .from the standpoint of employee efficiency and in' the removal of fire arid explosion hazards. done in dusting and.dirt removal. Structure should be inspected at regular intervals and. painting done before the rav ages of the elements have proceeded too far. -For removing heavy vapors or dust, the downward systems of ventilation is most. practical and humanitarian, especially when such removal is done through a curtain of Painting of interior walls and ceiling is water. needed to provide proper lighting conditions, not to mention neat, clean appearances. Remind employees of the necessary clear ances by. bright yellow paint to mark the . clearance lines in buildings wherever the floor surface permits. The piling and storage of materials in plant yards require special consideration. Such piling and storage should be in ac cordance with established procedures, par ticularly to keep materials from falls or The removal of condensation is still a problem with many industries and warrants further consideration in engineering design for proper air-conditioning, Safety meetings should be utilized to main tain interest in the housekeeping program. Many companies provide for the discussion . of good housekeeping in each meeting. Clean-up campaigns in the form of "safety stunts" are utilized by many companies protruding into open walkways and passage ways. Some companies make definite time allow ances for job dean-up; men are encouraged A systematic method should be formulated to dean their work places a short time before for the storage of materials in the yard. The the dose of day, allowing them to leave the appearance of a plant yard reflects in the job when the whistle blows, with everything quality of the product and its relationship in good order. . ' with customers. Each bulk material should, be assigned a specified area. . Warning signs and notices should be used wherever necessary throughout departments, Such materials as. oils, explosives, adds, and kept in legible condition at all tunes. combustible gases, and toxic substances Signs should be of standard design' and be should be handled and stored only under suitably ' located. Unsightly obsolete established safe procedures. Reference should equipment of this type shoidd' be iraplaced. be made to local, states and federal regula Wide varieties of safety signs for all.house tions concerning the handling and use of keeping and safety activities are available these materials. from manufacturers. Where vending machines for milk and other bottled drinks are located, in the plant, employees should be instructed to place empty containers in cases or on pegs, pro vided for the purpose, adjacent to the ma chine, and in no instance be permitted to leave empty bottles around work places or on the floor. - Any company desiring to maintain any kind of a safety record will find it necessary to' declare war on "poor housekeeping." Organize your - Safety Committee into a "Panzer Division" and execute a pincer movement on all such forms of .potential accident hazards influenced tty such house keeping. Vi ,? s a .5 rp i-_ .''-f^-^prv^^.'^y-:.~ - - laces ')\ Metals Section TUESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 7,1941 ..... 441 , the most when in of ill a rams esign naiit* [fain. ssion llow- osed lints. id be jolete laced, ouseilable . any ssaiy ling;'* ito a (incer ential touse- Simplifying and Streamlining Safety Fundamentals By E.E. MOORE Vice President, Industrial Relatiofuf,Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. Thosein positions of supervisory^jrespon- cessive noise; We have instituted programs sibility for safety, endeavoring to adjust their of sound control. We no longer contemplate thoughts to the tempo of the times, have been programs of confrokdesigned to eliminate seardiing for a new technique, or a new occupational Industrial hygienic hazards. We method of safety promctiontbatwould pro now actively employ methods to combat vide a panacea for thp yariediafetyills con such conditions. Thus, through engineering, fronting industry. Thlifattitade of constantly we. continue. to wage aggressive offense searching, for a remedy has been commend against accidents and foe possibilities of in able. But perhaps in our search we lave juries tomorrow. wandered too for afield at times, and have overlooked certain,fundamentals. Perhaps all these fundamentals need is a re-interpmta? tion. ' Education, we believe, offers the greatest opportunity for safety improvement. Educa tion,' often tiie most backward of the three "E's", was never folly exploited became it lit an exploration of such time-wom. fun was never fully understood. damentals .as Engineering, Education and Enforcement, one may not flunk he could find anything new. Yet;' it is possible to de termine the objective before us, not m terms of something new, btti rather in foe reapplication of foe "old reliables" to the' problems at hand. Today, it is streamlined. It is taking its place appropriately alongside engineering and sane enforcement rules; Education, actually, is the big "E" of the safety movement. It should not; however, be confused with pro motional methods dealing largely with the psychosis of fear, still employed fay some Today cadi contemplated productive unit managements; It should not be confused with is planned witbthe intent of providing maxi posters and organizational campaigns. On mum protection for Industrial workers.- the contrary, it should be visualized in its . Safeguards are not added in this day of en true perspective; namely, "Job Training" or lightenment after equipment is installed, or, "On the Job Instruction," and.we are not as happened, too often in foe past, .following referring to "on foe job safety instruction," some serious accident Rather, they are an but instruction and training in how to do the integral part of the design, if not from the' job properly, since it follows that when .done inception of foe idea in foe inventor's mind, properly, it will be done safely. they are included in the design by foe en gineer. Plant layouts eliminate the possibil ities of many injuries heretofore occasioned fay mtmeroos interdepartmental transfers of .material in foe process of manufacture. Passageways are planned meticulously for the facility and adequacy of employee move ment, while materia] is now conveyed by conveyor systems, tramways, or over routes designed.far such purposes. Supervisors, imbued with safety-conscious ness, are realizing that through "on foe job" instriKtioh, accident frequencies need not suffer became of productive improvements. This has been observed fay us on numerous occasions, and bears out foe contention that, .the better a man knows his particular job; foe better and more safely for himself and bis co-workers will he be able to' perform bis function. In other words, if a man who We talk no longer about ventilation. We previpuriy was able to perform only five or ventilate. We no longer deplore the loss of six operations in a semi-skilled fashion on a visual acuity in onr employees' ores. We are machine capable of ten operations and then is providing adequate industrial lighting. We instructed adequately "on foe job" tmtil he no. longer lament foe injuries caused fay ex masters all the techniques, he immediately 442 30th National Safety Congress graduates from a fifty per cent workman, home as well. It must be extended beyond to a hundred per cent workman, not only the plant if it is to become a functional de- from a productive but from a safety stand ment in the hand of .management. Employees point as well. with gastronomical ailments resulting from 1 Many managements are approaching their educational tasks in. this respect through "preparation of the foreman or job. instructor in the proper comprehension and exercise of his responsibility. We believe that the best improper diet are not receptive to education. Employees fearing.the conditions trader which they work are unable to exercise intelligent ly .their functional skills regardless of the training given them. `method of accomplishing this purpose through Furthermore, it is not inccmceivablethat .adequate training^of the foreman or job in the time is here for us to determine through structor in the importance of and method of job training,, environment, and1 other ex '. job analysts. In the Carnegie-Illinois Steel traneous influences where and under what i Corporation major attention is given by the conditions an employee should work. In this supervisors in the development of three types ' general connection, an important visual edu of training analyses, namely: cational medium developed in our company 1. Analysis of repetitive individual pro ductive jobs. during the past year dealt with the subject of diet as it affects the possibilities of 'beat sickness; During the next, few years, and 2. Analysis of industrial jobs where the just as rapidly as .^e can Correlate the vari operation is not repetitive or on a productive line basis. 3. Analysis of crew jobs where production. is obtained as a result of co-ordinated efforts of more than one individual working on a productive unit where the process is usually repetitive in nature. > Through the development of these analyses, .the supervisor is equipped with sufficient in: formation to seek out hazardous conditions ; and will be fortified with the necessarydata : to devdop the proper method and, inddental; ly, the safe method of doing a specific job. ; Karh analysis contains as a part of the items . of functional performance, the following: ous factors, we visualize a marked expansiop^ of this educational film medium in other .. fidds. t- . We brieve it is a correct assumption that"^ the next few years will reveal less emphasis on .statistical data and greater stress oh the application of statistical data to the cause of accidents, hi this connection, may I plead guilty for industry generally to the indict ment that we have possibly over-emphasized the importance of plaih or departmental " standings as to accident frequency or severity rate with the result that supervisors have built their training efforts around "Look at tile Record" rather titan "Look at the Method of Doing the Job." 1. Items of safety performance to'; be stressed in the instruction. 2. Safety equipment which must be used . or worn in performing the function. 3. Hazards of a ^tedai .information such ' as--equipment or unit capacity, cable strength, corrosive dements, presence .of toxic gases or hazards relating to the mate rial being processed. Education, of course, neverbecomes effec tive until effectively applied. Our goal. in safety supervision, therefore, should be less walking around the department and more supervising. Less watching and more train ing. Less faith in the discovery of unsafe practices as a panacea and more education to prevent the occurrence of unsafe practices. . Education, we are finding, extends to the' Perhaps we should also enter a plea of guilty to over-emphasis on hospital facilities and staff with inadequate consideration of the real responsibility of. plant medial offi cers. We do not believe it is a faladoos prophecy to state that medieal officers in the future will hold as one of their duel func tions tiie assistance of operating supervision in safety education.. Significant progress has been made in physical examination proced ures. Today, plant physicians are utiliznig. tests for depth perception before employees are assigned to such positions as craneman, truck driver, or tractor operator. Auditory acuity is investigated for use as additional placement criteria. Employees are informed of precautionary measures to be followed in preventing lost time , due to "The Common Cold." These and many similar practices are , makjng safety education effective. beyond ' al de- . nation, which lligentof the letiiat hurough cr ex- * r what la this >1 edit* rmpany subject. yf'heat s, and . e variansion-- oth t-' m that" qtbasis on the cause [plead indictlasized mental everity s) oo^.Jt Meth- ilea of idlities don of al offiladoas . in the f ftsucrvisioa ess has iroced- ritrang plqyees adxtocy litional formed wed in otnmoa ces are. Metals Section Enforcement of safety, while it has been rather with guidance. -We are not inferring given closer attention and has been applied that all disciplinary action should be dis in varying degrees for many years, in fact as pensed with, but we should adopt the attitude long as die safety movement has existed, is that violation of instruction is usually the perhaps die most difficolt COTicept to convey. result of faulty management or inadequate In all levels .of supervision thefe has been instruction. evidence of misunderstanding regarding-the purpose of safety'enforcement The adoption of tills philosophy will go much farther toward imbuing supervision Employees accept willingly the responsibil with the concept thatsafety is their respon ity established by management in maintain- sibility than any comparison of "standing" ing quality standards. They are folly cog between foremen as regards the number of nizant of die importance of meeting produc accidents -occurring in their respective areas. tion bogeys or quotas. Thor do not question, To those who may question die advisability to aqy appreciable extent, plant conduct rules. of such an approach, we should refresh oar But, in the field of safety, for some reason . memories regarding our own supervisory ex that defies explanation, they resent generally. periences when safety instructions were/is-"? not only disciplinary action but even criticism. norecL If we do so with fairness and critical . It may be that die-difficulty arises from die appraisal, little doabt will remain as to die fact, as I have'just stated, that when criticism logic of such concepts; . is. administered in some instances it may have . been given in a sarcastic maimer, whereas it should be applied constructively, and only in that manner, if the proper ^results are to be obtained. This actually falls within the field of educational psychology. Frankly, this is a case where those who are responsible for training, need training the most Several years ago it was popular to discus "accident prones " and many felt that at last we bad the. solution to. the problem. It was 'a- simple mailer. All we had to do was to conduct an adequate investigation, reassign the "accident prone , individuals" to some position where the hazards were- minimized. Lock them up in a room by. themselves--or The employee who places his hands be separate them from the payroll. But, alas, tween a set of shear knives in violation of in we always found a . new flock of "prones." structions cannot be forced to wear a "dunce May we suggest that in 1941 we consider cap and stand in the corner." If the dis as our most important responsibility the' ciplinary action results in loss of working elimination of "poor instructor prones" and time or privileges affecting either the pay accomplish this elimination by taking time envelope or his status, he usually harbors off to reconsider the cause of the violation resentment toward Us supervisor or the and its effect on the employee by ceasing to company, unless impressed with the necessity discuss safety records and starting to analyze for die discipline by proper education- The jobs; by terminating oar quest for a magic' - task, then, of enforcement is one that, in our formula and starting to use effectively the opinion, is not connected with discipline; but tools already available at our command. Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in the Metals Section Safety Contest By COL. JOHN" STILWELL President, National Safety Council, Inc. CoL Stilwell summarized briefly the out standing facts of the contest. Participation by member units exceeded the enrollment in the previous contest, 328 plants, employ ing 678,655 employees, working a total of 1,357,373,690 man-hours. . Average frequency rate,' was 6.94, -'steel nulls having the lowest average^ of 479. In Group A, consisting of the largest plants in each division, rates were sharply lower than in the smaller plants. ;s *1 'm - V- 444 30th National Safety Congress Twenty out of the 328 participating plants went through the contest' period 'without a reportable injury. Trophies, consisting of handsome Bronze Plaques, suitably engraved, iteerer presented winners of first place in the contest-; and Certificates of Merit were awarded to win ners of second .and thirdplace. Awards were made as follows: Trophy Winners DIVISION I (STEEL MILLS) Group A. -Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethlehem Plant 39,683,231 man-hours with 79 reportable injuries. 804,457 man-hours with no. reportable in juries. James B. Clow & Sans, National Division, Birmingham, Alabama. 613,153 manhours with no reportable injuries. !' j Group B. Republic Steel Corporation, South Chicago Works. 4,358,405 man-hours with 6 reportable injuries. Group C. Carnegie-IUinois Steel Corporation, Joliet Works. 979,866 man-hours with no reportable injuries. DIVISION. II (ROLLING, FINISHING AND FABRICATING) Swayne Robinson & Co., Richmond,jntiiana, 576,657 man-hours with no reportable in juries. Carnegie-IUinois Steel Corp., Roll and Ma chine Works, Canton, Ohio. 510,769 man hours with no reportable injuries. . Group B.* American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp.; Ypsilanti, Michigan.: 224,407 man hours with no reportable injuries. Group A. DIVISION IV (HEAVY MACHINE The J. G. Brill Company, Philadelphia, Pa. SHOPS) 3,472,014 man-hours with 4 reportable in Group A. juries. ^ United States Rubber Company, Shoe Hard Group B. ware Div., Watertnny, Conn. 1,284,263 man Bethlehem Steel Company, Fabricated Steel hours with, no- reportable injuries. Constr., Chicago Works. 822,121 man-hours Group B. with no reportable injuries. Link-Belt Company, Caldwell Moore Plant, Elyria Works, Steel and Tube Division, Chicago, HUn8&Jv 553,047 nan-hours with 2 Republic Steel Corporation. 754,080 man reportablefinjurie^. - . hours with no reportable injuries.' Beaver Falls Plant, Union Drawn Steel Div., Republic Steel Corporation. 486,526 man-, hours with no reportable injuries., DIVISION-F (LIGHT MACHINE SHOPS) Group A. Los Angeles Works, Truscon Steel Co., Re . Boston Gear Works, Inc, North Quincy, Mass. 1,623,909 man-hours with no report- public Steel Corporation. 255,240 man-hours . with no reportable injuries. able injuries. Genera] Cable Corporation, Los. Angeles, California. 229,241 man-hours with no re portable injuries. The Perfect Circle Company, Hagerstown, Ind. 1,609,107 man-hours with no reportable injuries. Hamilton Plant, Union Drawn Steel Division, Republic Steel Corporation. 158,945 man hours with no reportable .injuries. DIVISION III (FOUNDRIES) Group B. Campbell Metal Window Div^ Truscon Steel Co., Republic. Steel Corp. 448,699 man-hours with no reportable injuries. ' The Perfect Circle Company, Tipton, Indiana. Group A. 328,280 man-hours with no reportable in Haynes Stellite Company,. Kokomo, Indiana. juries. Metals Section 445 J. Cr Rhodes & Company, New Bedford, 223,042 man-hours with no .reportable in- Mass. 306,498 man-hours with no reportable~~iur*es- injuries. ' O Hygrade Sylvania Corp, Mechanical De- ' partment, Emporium, Pa. 158,352 man-hours Kester Solder Company, Chicago, Illinois, with no reportable injuries. Certificate of Merit DIVISION I (STEEL MILLS) DIVISION III (FOUNDRIES) Group A. Group B. (2.) Carnegie-Hlinois Steel Corp, Edgar (2.) The American Rolling Mill Co., Gen- Thomson Works. 10,314/174 man-hours with ' tral Works Foundry, Middletown, Ohio. j: 21 disabling injuries. . 199,954 man-hours with 1 disabling injury. (3.) Republic Steel Corp, Warren Plant ' (3.) The American Rolling Mill Co., 6th , 11,400/155 man-hours with 27 disabling in- Street Foundry, Ashland, Ky. 131,730 man juries. . hours with 1 disabling injury. . ' Group B. (2.) Republic Steel Corp, Gulfsteel District 8^93^04 man-hours with 22disabling injuries. DIVISION IV (HEAVY MACHINE SHOPS) Group A. (3.) Republic Steel Corp, Corrigan-McKin- . ney Division. 8,182, 336 man-hours with 30 disabling injcries. (2.) United Shoe Machinery Corp., Beverly, Mass. 6,082397 man-hours with 3 disabling injuries. ^ Group C. (2.) Republic Steel Corp., Thomas Works. 1,379,849 man-hours with 3 disabling injuries, (3.) Whiting Corporation, Harvey, Illinois. 1,876,504 man-hours with 1 disabling injury.. Group. B. (3.) The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Comrpany. South Chicago Works. 1,339,107 man hours with 3' disabling injuries. (2.) Jaredd Manufacturing, Go, Erie, Pa. 791,540 man-hours,with 6 reportable injuries. (3.) The. Challenge, Machinery Company, DIVISION // (ROLLING,.FINISHING Grand Haven, Michigan. 326,503 man-hours AND FABRICATING) with 3 reportable injuries. Group A ' (2.) Pullman-Standard Car Mfg. Company, Hammond, Ind. 1,906,793man-hours with 3 disabling injuries. DIVISION V (LIGHT MACHINE SHOPS) Group A. yd.) Chase Brass & Copper Co,, Inc., Cleve- (3.) Westdox Div. of General Time Instru . land, Ohio. 3/>ll,695 man-hours with 6 dis ments Corp., La Salle, Illinois. 6,326,063 abling injuries. man-hours, with 1 reportable injury. S-r-.vrrv**1.'* 446 _ x ... ,._- 30thNaHoiui Safety Congress, rcT%v TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October?, 1941 Presiding: H. S. Simpson, Safety & Sanitation Engineer* Caterpillar Tractor Compatnr, Peoria, 111. .. , - ' - .-v CHAIRMAN SIMPSON: I shall first v So induirtry, I^bdieve, stands guilty today introduce the ^speakerson this panel, as fol In not doing avJbetter jcb ;of trainmg fian lows: - . :` it is doings -pw^^ fco quote ypo a concrete C. A. Sholly, Safety Director, Sibley Ma chine & Foundry Corporation, South Bead, LmL` case. .Our body elstfsi^Jm-jnntyed'fwiiw^-:^iB^cw, .- sn^^rbfo^^isffi^''li^;:9Qmefidhgifflte 30lafies;';dar^Gp-d6oth|^^r^ M. W. DnndOre, ProdnctitmManager, Be promote men from-fire labor vgang^tb. file loit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. undrine.; A year ago. we used toput: these X-P-Boaderi, Safety' Director, the Union buys in ahdthen kt jfiKJinhnedate'^rihan Malleable Iron Company, East. Moliney BL . do fiie trammg:?This year, boweTer.throogh toe rcnoooa Association ot x'lttsourgiv i W. H. White,' General Superintendent, learned someffnng about that. They adyo- Pittsburgh Rolls Division, Blaw-Knox Com cate pattir^ obe man, who is relieved of all pany, Pittsburgh, Penh. production responsibilities, id take over fids J. William Fehnel, Chemist of the Indus trainingrospoqribility.'- -- - ' trial Hygiene Laboratory,- Metropolitan life It wofked likea <harm.liitwo weeks, by lhsurahce Company. New York City. ' assigning & man who-way truly adapted to; C J. Brinkworth, Foundry Superintendent, thework andrdievinjg him ofbis own work Link Belt Company, Indianapolis, Ind. and. responsibility' to-pr?>ductioibte turned A^ you will note on the program, we have some six questions which are more or less tentative, questions. In the case of several of these questions,- we shall probably talk around them rather than talk directly on out 15 'men^fiM''xus.who\vtere'.abfc^to opradbie. these machines efficiently. The fpraran wetit ' along with his usual: duties' kqpt his mbrd " roportsup--supervised fiie sbdp--andl could .see tfae vast difference. them. The first question is: -. Now, afbuudijman can be interested in "How can you interest a foundryman in safety?** .. . - We have assigned this part of the program to Mr. White. ' safety. At breakfastthis; morning I asked, Mr. Simpson whether he meant .tfae supttvjpor or the emphtyee whoi asking fids qoesfiam-'-(N.''M^:-.lm':-$d^rfW'-::gnhfed;. the 'fact that the riipcmsor is interestedin Fotmdiynum Safety Interest. safety, as he .shimto'bfc'rS^^ fiie employee! -Tb;are/raai^ - W. H. WHITE: Bring an operating man, my time and efforts have been spent moirtty in fiie technical end of mdostry. But having had training in the United States Navy years ago, and having gone through the pe riod of the last war, my first lesion was brought home to me when one of the -,ad mirals called me into his office one day and said, "White we need more thinking i ics.** In analysing that sta&ment, we'.' that what the admiral .reaUy meant was that no matter how humble a man's Job may be, he'oust think and perform that task to the best of hii thoughts. We are not ail created WHICH JfOQ 8Q Qlt jO lineRIt I1IIQ* 1 wOOQCT if it is realty too tnnrii txpidde for tbegen- -oral superintendent ofa plant-even dfooe that employs as. manyas 3/100 men--to take about thirtyseconds* time, to finite hands with a new enqdityte and say to^ ^ hope yon wiQ bebappy with us,and please be safe foryour own bewtfit aswdl astfcat of your family*? I dothat I thiakl would;: do that even ifvre had. 5/KK) employees. We OftVC . ttMfl mo wtljr ,CO0trftCv ^nitt fiie CIO; atleasttwo members-ofthe CIO/ are on the Safety Committee,our Idea tbere bring to make them safety' conscious. ' cars ;that it to baidj; man bath defio ahra tong M refle tIfj equal in so far as afrility is concerned. . I don't know of aiqr other way to interest -- -- vV - t n : . . i i i - m u . t e . ) . . , : f t f i ^ i r -iin . w an Ae J?: " r. Ite he SC ; an gb ;.f ' kball lib' *9 to; ale;' ed ito; ait' *d ild ?.=:- It. d. e.\ fab' ted . -in: #lor to- . me doe to Ve Me: bmt old' We ith 10 toe tot the :.mgtordie.. fbundryinanT-'m^ssCrty; other MR; WHITE: I didn't mean that There ' tluurto Ire thennnWghertup in die com- Is tio' reflection on him--not at. all--but I paito'tbec^wlto mpccted,togtther: thinkthat he is theman who fedis die brant with ,the safety engineer, whoii supposed to Of the thing moretfafan die management dothatasadtxty.wlsh him.wdtand tell himthat beisexpected to becareful in obey- ingsafety reguUdons. :'/ E. LEAVITT (Cincinnati Milling Machlne Cd.) : We hate inaugurated a sy*tem'of meeting all new,employees and giving ' , Thii:tti^B^d!;X aid -|ry|ng|td'.bring oolt is diem a safetotalkfora mafto*; of pottos dul.s^i/iii^Jjd^ fojra halfanhourbeforethtoane^Ptotnitted Utte^j3da^paiaa^^^^b^:^io^^I' Imnev*pome; to :. in bairshbps; Wehare;Miid.diat extremely - di;'ciidtoofifdi^ four-;; .. yahiaMe, not bely; in ah^d^T a hew,' contact square tbtbe;wirid rai^ytkahei^ and go ' ; wiithihe men.butin gettingthem sttoied off . tifficer. ioa.'act./q^al` foot- hyi!^'{^;iB^;b.'^^Sll .aBywhete-v Yon W. R. TOTHELL (Grand Rapids, ^Ifichi- sro'?wof^;'wiaMe-`'today'land' becmmngmore and*nore;arfe " teteach die higher-npsthatthejr must take alitde.''tine to:2xsten^ep.: the -safer engineer; gan): Onr &nndry iB one of sereral depart` mrats. We fed that while h is very neces- saiy to inhrbdocn a inan properly; our accir dent tx>rddiomdiatiiK|stof tbeacddents to-fet themknowthat they are: not- only . dealingwithdollars bat that they are dealing with hmnanllvto. happen to die older emtfcqree^ I beHeve it is tone pf fbtmdtoana^^to'of odier wwlnirs, diat die hest work in safety is done when a: Thiewarto interestafbundiymaiiin: safe- . man can be taken away tempoiarily frOni his; tT b to live: it--dunk it-HMid talk it your-, acdfe dnties--ddier daring woridng lanrs, am; and to have die pfwletrt: ofthecom- if diat is best <nrafter,.die wode duft-cluiiges andsajr,?Iwdcmne:^ - and Ihbpe yoawiQ be a aafe and sadsfied .emptoiree?: 'y-?.-'.'; ' ' .-':GHAroy^W ' SjMpisOMrt-Mt.White CHAIRMAN SIMPSON; ^ I don't; think diere b any argmng dt^ ^ Lodk at it dns way: we hire enginitera to study wfaich machines' we sfabdM porcbascj and then some has. come pretty, dose to-the.cttnc.of.thc. st* times jastratdi in,silinbst udiba^iit W*** nation! IfJron do whatMr.Wlutehas sugr; a kind af grab-bag affair, With onr oto sbut, gested even once^' dungs, ate going to be and pot ahaa bia dipte' madtmtoVana iaqpect |i^;^:h;70W:&iR:: toyed go aiding;':'. ffie two to hatance-. A lbfof m have leahied 1 ; CPne^-ii> die hand way... K we steered men.corircctly linba^Sti&'C^ ! stateddito^be'/fl Mn-White inspectoror' akmg the vKqr, vvhy it wpbld save all of m a. lot of tomdilei if not fingers. .. ; engineer woold led fee responsibfliticsraorc We wall ;^ss on.: to tfe';neat' question. krenlylttan evcu the geoeial iinmagentoit of "When Is a 'Pooitid^:-&dle;.jhiom a Healdi tbeplant.'l wotddlike to have him explain Standpoint? What is Safe Atmco^iere?" that' '' I wifl adc ^. Fdiiid toahswer diat. V . MR. WHITE: Iknowthatif yoa are a manager ofVplant andafatalacddent occursin your phujt,yoa don't like It; I know J, W.^FEHNEt: fto*^ In th^ sto# that you fe&btid about it ; but yop get over andcorrecdoaofindtistiMhealdihaxar^ it in time.' ;The safetyengineer feds just as is most didktdt bedutfe die processes are badabotohrbtrtwhenbe ismakingia sum-. mosdy changing; and new. substances are maty ofpUint experience, the.thingflares bdng used, producing more problems to bade at him,-toft &t him intbeface more SnNJi . definitdy dtaorit does die manager. lt is always befbre him. lt remains with; him - tbngerdianit.'dpto ^wittatbe' tnanSgenamt . I csnnothelplmt refledt.back to.1931.wben 1 made fm etoenshre fomidry study in tite Milwankedlstoict At that dme. when it was UR. iiHpSEY: Yon say that it ^rould' prpposed to pcit in, foHnstance a program of reflect mow: apontbe safety ehgtoeeir than bmuedeanhig,. die. idea'.;.vraa; considered ri upcmthe management? diculous. Castings bad to be lonad erery- .Ja -V?*' *l ' . ' m 1 "Wi \ ii 4$ 1* piWPPi|PPPl!ipibs 448 30thWationalSafety Congress where in a dirty shop. When you told them Now in. this method of tin addition of lead aboutputting in a permanent type of floor shot to the ladled at least 90 per'cent; of.'the ing, It jtist^oonldn't be done because the hot lead was yaporized imtnediatdy, polluting metal would splash around and would do not only~the immediate Urea arotmdjfoe damage to anything bota dirt floor. When . cubicle butapparently throughout-foe whole you suggested cleaning off the accumulated foundry area; and we fotmd a lead concen- dust on the rafters and pipelines, they simply tration during tins pouring operatim wludi. laughed at you and that's about as faras you was far too great for. a continuous exposure. got Of course; foe use of various metals added All foundries faced the silicosis scare-- to the ladle tod&y is a contnon practice;. I and it was a scare^we got panicky. After . would also like to warn you against the use completing a comprehensive study, sponsored of saline, which produces . extensive kidney by the Manufacturer^ Association. of Mil damage and is to be avoided. At least, any waukee,' which included not only the study of of -these substances that produce incapacita tiie pollution but also physical examinations tion or illness should be Used in 'such a way and x-rays on the older employees, what that the fume or vapor does not get into the were the findings? Ten per cent of the older general foundry' atmosphere. 'Some people employees showed that they had fibrosis, but might think that itis impossible to-add lad not to any serious degree. That made us. feel to the ladle without dispersion of vapor .mto a little better;. But in the meantime some of the air; bnt it can be done under a hoo<L os took the attitude that, "Well, it's better to let a sleeping dog lie. We are not going to x-ray the younger men.** . ****. *. The legal aspect of silicosis was far great er than the true health hazard,-and it still is today. First of all, in a hand-operated foun dry itis less prone to be an extensive hazard than in a mechanically operated foundry. However, in the program that is speeding up In. foe steel industry, for instance, one process; producing tremendous gas bubbles,is to add carbontetrachloride to the mold at the time . of pooring. Carbon tetriuhldride under those conditioas breaks down and. It erates or generates a type of chlorine; I' saw one' installation where therewas : faaust right under foe platform, very-effective in removing foose: increased production, we have veryfew small . We come.now to foe question, "Whatls a hand-operated foundries. Today, if you will safe atmosphere in a foundry?" Well; -1 hake a study of your foundry, you can do would like to tdl you/yc^twhat is safe; but; a lot as a first step; which is the adoption I reafly don't know. I have seen foundries and practice of a good housecleaning pro with dust- concentrations extremely high, gram. Use a broom , and use it diligently which had no silica content .When I-say and often. Get rid of that pile of acxumn- high, I'tneaa tirat.it was somewhere between -lated old glass and old core sand- andwhat 80 to 100 per cent Theoretically, that is a not tbat so often seems to be found in the., safe atmosphere,;although free silica content middle of a foundry. is-way. below 2$ per cent But I would say Then pick ont your dnst-prodndng opera tins: I would attempt to riitmnate the fos- tions, one at a time, and eliminate therqf That can be done by proper study add proper application of methods. It is not alwaysa case of pnttihg in an elaborate exhaust sys- perricm of any St&stance or any dUst oir fumes or gas, into, foe general atmosphere tiiat is harmful to-the men, m order font they may not devrirq> mdustrial mcapaata- tern- which is expensive to install. Often tion or ilhes. the application of good common sense wSl CHAIRMAN SIMPSON: Ary ques - cure the offending dnst-prodndng operation. tions? . . ', However, there are a lot ofotfaer hazards associated with foundry operation which are far more serious than the sflferxsis hazard. Recently I had occasion to stody a foundry that had been operating under a process of adding lead shot to the ladfebefore casting. After about 14 months, they bad two definite cases of hospitalized lead poisoning. : QUESTION: I would like to ask foe gentleman-what he-Unfold suggest as a pre-cautfon against asphyxiaticia in the case .of molders who use salamanders during 'foe winter nKmtiu--opeusalanandersPMycompany has experienced.seyeral cases wfaere artificial respiration bas had "to be .employed. Yet these salamanders are necessary in a big fon by don but 1 of -due: fob if 3 the tics I typ gw If: me fun 1 fon m is! it 1 air : rod pre xi to pot I tide pla an isU M is rev car ci a. : aw too tha 1 ga op< isi on 1 era is n thr I --. . 4- i? .,. ` Metals Section 449 ) [tiesma . big popring room. We have bad one lost* mg toe winter months. In the summer months. . tone accident dne to a manbeing overcome it is not so bad. The crane operator is toe one * by. carbon: monoadde or some othergas. I who gets toe least consideration. For in don't believe that a salamander will do that, stance, you will find that toe crane operptot^~\ bat tbe man ins. carried oat unconscious. will be exposed-to fames far more than toe / . MR. FEHNEL: If you have a deep bed of coal on top of'that fire, yon are getting carbon, monoxide, so. don't kid yourself into thhriting'you are not On the btherhand, if yoa lave.a dear bed of coal there, then ' the amount of carbon monoxide gas is prac tically negligible.. I would my that you need a more modem type of beating apparatus, mid I would sug gest some type of forced beat-steam beat U you have to tise salamanders, then by all naans pot in astackpipe whkh will cany the fellow who is engaged in- toe;galvaniring. ' operation. In .a number of industries they have gone so far as to airrcondhioh tbecrane cabs, not with toe idea of cooling them,'but in order to furnish a supply of dean, filtered air. T ' MR. McKesson (Great Lakes Foundry, Detroit, Michigan): ' Talking about sala manders, toe law in Michigan states, that the stack must he fovr(to five feet high and tbat it most be covered; which we are doing and which we find very satisfactory. \ fames to toe outside atmosphere. . MR. FEHNEL: I .have unde a Jd* of It b common to find, carbon monoxide in foundries and :-sted mills where they use gasoline propelled tractors, but toe exposure is slight to tbejmeit working in toe plant, as it practically runs through; toe runways or airways. However, toe exposure in the dry room when toe tractor is used is generally pretty severe. The' real trouble arises when a man las to lve toe tractor for. a while to do something ebe; backs it. up at some pointy leaves, toe engine running. . In such instances I would suggest substitu tion of electric trades wherever posable in place of toe gasoline prbpdled motors.'They are hot as economical and I know that it isn't always, possible to do this. But lie care- fid when you do operate swh a ,tractor. It is easier, to ..crank a tractor toan it is to revive a man after he is once overcome by carbon .moooadde gas. ~ . QUESTION : In oor Gary works we .put around toe salamander three feet away from it to prevent the men ban getting too dose to it If he will try. something like that, he will obtain satisfactoryresults. MR. FEHNEL: I would like to ask the gentleman1' what he does about Ids crane operation? ' ' tests in steel mills wfcre they use sallman- ders, and I believe that the day is costing when we will discontinue todr use. Ex^en- . dice has sbowu that there is a large amount of carbon monoxide genefat^ under co-tain conditions. That gas can travel along and will contaminate the air inside toe surround- ' ing areas; so that a distance of..toree feet reaRy wouldn't,make modi difference. Where heat is necessary, then some other form of heat; if it can possibly be.used. It may be all right to use a' salamander prodded there; is some; land of proper ventilation. If ybui can't give it the propfer ventilation, then don't - use it. ^ QUESTION : i would like .to ask about ventilation for one of these complete molding, units where the entire process is carried on by means of a conveyor system. On the units in our plant, Allis-Chalmers pf Milwaukee, it Is almost .impossible to put any kind of ventilation exceptan open fan; and in many places along the conveyor lines we can't even use those. (^ We have the men wearing-respirators, but that is one of those problen&wito which we are faced today. This is a large unit, approxi mately 70 feet long and 40 feet wide; with a continuous conveyor-all the way around--is SAME QUESTIONER: The salamander there any type of ventilation that . can be is not under toe ctane,so that has no effect. used on that sort of unit? oh. our crane operation whatsoever. CHAIRMAN SIMPSON: We;have a . MR. FEHNEL,; I have taken the test on. service return type of conveyor, butnotuh- ' cranes m toe steel mills and found that there der toe floor. CHE course,, molds are set on is a high concentration of carbon mciinoxide .one part and poured on the end, and weturn' through continuous exposure, especially dor- it through a sheet iron ttmnel, which .-is kept.. o -# . ;s : i >4ir*r I# m: 450 30th National Safety Congress at a minus pressure, which dissipates the across effectivdy.airisoyou.bi^ heat; and the fames are exhaustedoot of.the tiw othrir side.had^'M^\tirdii^;;to^toeiot- . braiding. That tanned runs the length of the hausted.side. We haye done'toriway-rifre- conveyor from the pouringstation to-the tiv^.in.some;, shakeout; and at the shakeout some of oar. units havethe automatic. tripoff; the shaker, out and everything else is cotnplefcdy hoased. Some of the shakeouts have the cross-flow . type of ventilation ; that is, up high to one side from the point where the yoricis hiringcarried on; there is a heavy draft of fresh aiftactoss die breathing zone and it is evacu- . MF.MTckk5 ? Tn the Southwestvireusejtsteelframe building, usuaHyvrith avidKri. inm-'ridfflq^jE^4ny,ifor it is ratori-open>t;timek`C^ whether, tbereis ja haiardtocic:ascompand . with toe brick budding that yon nse m tois sectionoftiiecotintry?. ated on theoppositeside. "' MR. FEHNEL: Fm glad yon brought SAME QUESTIONER: (Wwbrks on die same system, but -you are bdnnd'toget a lot ofdnst in that shakeout and also from your mixers. Our mixers are right in die center of the unit and not above it. Also, on that type of unit It is necessary to use a metal mold. After all, you are going tospray your mold with something; and you have the vapors that .arise from whatever spray you are using. What do you do about your spray men there and the men working on the molds around them? that up. I have, had some experience ingas wito toe Republic Steel. Incidentally, tost steri mfil in general is free of Matto bazardsO| -from dust and'ftmtes-due to.tob^oodstraction of tiie building and toe mimal.atmpqbuic conditions.. I made a few notes oil some of my work. Here isooeona foundry'in Los Angeles. Tins was made in 1936. It is too good to believe, The general air in toe foundry averaged BstiBipn; andtoesqueexer molding, whichwas the'highest count, was &8 million; bat in toe machine shop we had 40 m3fi(m.at:toe tnHItngbperation. CHAIRMAN SIMPSON: The overall The construction of a budding wito open atmosphere is being churned-around quite a good deal fry a central system. We have sides would be it typetoat wpnldhavegood, natural charnber-effcctTentilatioc. However; extremely high roofs in the building, and we.do use a lot of coal to heat that build a machine shop is a typical \frclory 'brWe budding, totaHycncloscd and witosterf-sash ing, and we use a lot of energy to ventilate windows.. Sowe.baveafrrnxmhazaidons it But, by George, we are ventilating it * condition, so farastoe concentration of dnst Bill, really likes to visit it- Will yon finish .' that story, Bill? in a machine shop, is concerned, titan we do ina foundry.. MR. FEHNEL:: Writ, line casting is a- RICHARD : M. BAKER (Baltimore, common practice-m.a lot of large foundries. Md.): We have been trying to useindner- One of the first that I ever saw controlled, ators. We have about 350 trudesworiangm was that of the Buick foundry in *31 and Baltimore which cany all sorts of trash and '32; and it Was being effectively controlled rubbish, mduding powders and paintsand fry means, of tunnels and citoaust shakeout undertakers' powikrofsomesort; butun- drafts. Several methods have been experi fortunatdy we haven't been able"to dpyery mented with and used at different' tunes. If luudi with the of our-mcmeratots.- all these things fail, however, you know the We have^one large ;pit where acranegoes solution: die thing to do is to apply good down into toe pivpicksnpaload of tins general ventilation. In other words, when staff, amTlifts it oato tihe conveyor aftertoe an atmosphere has a harmful effect, yon trndcs.droptiietrasfaintotfaepihClfcoins^ can make it safe by an increased dilation; we 'get a .lot of dost . I wonder, if yon codld you dun bring it down to a safe concentra tril nj^ about some diemkal whidTwemigfrt tion. That may be necessary in many cases usetfrat wouldbehelpful in tins regard? .where an excessive supply of fresh airisin- troduced at toe floor-level and creates an np- MR. FEHNEL: I do nbt know of aiy- . draft It also may be necessary In some in-' .thing that yon could apply to top stallations to have a combination of'exhaust you have described, except possibly tousc and forced drafts; that is, the area at whkh water. If it isan interinedial opcratioo^.torii. you are exhausting may be too wide to poll maybe you can give these men acertaintype-. s38 ag-rs sf ^ sr.a-Mffs*?s.a.8 &&. . ,.q. .& pen oodt wri ** 0*h ion fa i'du ore, xr- r.fa uid ad jm- Ot*.; joes' fins the fa* cdd (tot W 300 we. ion. rpcv Metals Section 451 of respuator. If it is a <^tant operation,. parts kept at all times, ~so thatwhenares- then-yob- may itave to apply some sort;of piratorbeeame otdfof: order, it could he cxianstmethod.7 1 properlyputback inshape agafa. - v. . ; Respirator 'PwiMeBMi:' : . . Ini rome places they use'a' systern whertoy each ,-respiratorisl^ paperbagand :'c^t^^^Sikp$ON: >;,Our.next spencer,:<Mri;; Brnfaw^.o; going! torank s^':^qtiestkM i-r^owi.can"yott>get'-;a' Workmanto WearaRespiratorAIl Dayin whenamanreports can spedfy which regulator is his. : ..'' - C J. BRINKWORTH (LankBeltGx, Indianapoliylnd.) : Do your employeeswear HbtWeather when. he is Perspiring and respirators allthe time? has Difficnlty Breadjiog?" " SAME MEMBER: We have soar cases d fs BRINKWORTH: Of all the pro where they do, bot we are hot proud of toe tective equipment available for foundry pric fact thatthey have to do so. The day is com ers, ;jtoerespirator, largely because of dis ing, when those conditions will be eliminated comfort to . the wearer, particularly in hot . and wfaen mea wQl be woridngm mote comweather,- is probably toe., most- difficult to fortable and safer conditions. ' sdD to n^qreaf.l.The thief Rama* other JAMES NEWKIRK (Allis-Chalmers ton . toe factor, of discomfort, is that we ; Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin): .We have havedooe:very little in a tangible way- to covered this questmn of: keeping toe res dcmonstratcto toe worker toe need, for soch pirators clean quite wdL Every respirator protection. Is returned to toe department from which it in nuui/ cisci we mvc nag experience 11} Was originally issued. Every eight hours it toe ttseof protective masks by. our employees. -is. sterilized, washed in hot water and placed Burin the use offals particular type of in an oven warm enough to dry it thoroughly mask it shoold fa ronaemberod that whSe ir without hurting any of..toe rubber parts. ritation -of toe respiratory passages ..is re But we still have a lot of difficulty, es duced, it is only partially efficient, so that as pecially in hot weather, in gettiUg the men it Is! only partially efficient, so that as far as to wear'them. However,hy toe use of tome sHRa'dust is couceriied, H totes not serve as . cotton facelets which the various respirator a;100 per cent type of protection. - companies put outfit-is a gnat relief to toe Whhithe scarcity of labor today;, all of men when wearing their respirators over it wbichmakesfbra nxweindepeodentattittjde Whereas toe dost as- a ruhv especially in on . toe part .of ouremployees,dur problem - foundries, .will stick to a man's face and"the of idjag ose of an; approved type of res rabber win irritate it, these.cotton facelets pirator isgoingto be far more seriota than or pads will absorb a certain amount of toe it was .five years or so ago. Until something sweat and dirt.'. aseffective butfar more contfortabie than a ruifator.ii desfae^ ;ov cfatt trill' fane to be devoted moretbanever before: to toe task of selling thfatypeofprotectioo to cm-. pkyees and to ihejob dfseHing oorsuper- MR. BRINKWORTH: Do you mean toe band arotind tiieiortoead? MR. NEWKIRK: No, you are thinking of tiie sweat pad. visesy staffs oa the needof.farbetter honse- . MR. DUNDORE: In Beloit we have kccping,Trcntilation and exhausting of dan-; quite a. few'employees who have boy fever and they wear respuators &om five o'clock MEMBER: We fane found tfat where, in.toe moritotg until'the evening ill summer toeie.are enough respirators in nse^ toe care long without any complaints at alL andserriring is animportant factor. Aman MR. BRINKWORTH: That is a very tno't.'inar- a.i'itqi^^tadqr if it is al- good thingto hear. Ale they forced to wear kmedtobecon^ in a messy condi- those in anyway? tiomWhere there are a large number of respirators being used, acentrally located servicestatkmis a valoableasset. At this MR. DUNMORE: No, they just do it for their own comfort. .. station'the respirators conkl be cleaned and MR: WHEELER (Niagara Falls Metal- serviced, if neewary, storilized, and spare lurgical Company): We have -a Jot of men i. j JJfc.... . .w*..; r.  t-.vgJa?5 'f:c;?.u5 452 30th National Safety Congress. wearing respirators at our plant They are sonal respirator ., wfakh has been serviced quite fussy about'having their, own respir during thenightHelikewise recrivesanew ators. We bought some large cans--some . fiber pad, deanand sterilized/ahd the whole : what larger in size than, a one-pound coffee thingishandedtohimmaclosed container. - can--nicely enameled, and printed the names He uses , tins during! thexnoming shift At of the employees on them. By placing their lunch time he turns that.in and after lunch respirator in this can, it becomes a perscmal receives another dean one. In otherwords, affair and that goes a long, way with them. be uses faro respirators , which have been These Cains are picked up every night and serviced-at night/wearing each one four taken to the service , department where they. hours. Therein lies animportant considera are serviced. The men realize that because tion: die proper sendee on these things and .of the work they do, it is really essential the' proper maintenance. Another big factor, that they wear these respirators; and we do although somewhat expensive and perhaps, have men who wear diem right hours a day. inconvenient at times, is that of having, sev- MR. feRINKWORTH : Do they wear them full time^ summer and winter? MR. WHEELER: Yes. eral types of. respirators on hand and letting the map select die type which he likes best CHAIRMAN SIMPSON: In summing up this respirator problem,. first of all, a. MR. CRANE (Erie, Pennsylvania): For a number of years we have been having trouble getting our men to wear respirators.' We jfound that by trying different lrinds of. respirators to fit die job instead of trying to use one. particular kind for 'the whole plant we could get die men to wear them. We use a type that is not very heavy and yet approved by the Bureau of Mines, and we also use the sweat pads with them The sweat pad over die head collects die moisture and dirt which streams down die worker's very careful survey shotddbe made of die foxmdry. First find out what the problem is;, not jnst one grab sample; but study it: for a week or so and-get some defixute .idea as to what it is; then deride what yon are going to. do: Are you goingto ventilate the place, or Will yon have die men use'respira tors?. If yon have the men wear respirator*, then you must keep on selling them with die idea of die importance of wearing them .by keeping diem in individual containers and washing them and so fmrdt face ; Well, we will next bear from Mr. Sholly, MR. DUNDORE: We'try. to fit die res who. is going to tell us something about the pirator so that it will enhance the physique types of goggles that he has used. of die man who has to use it Years ago I had a lesson taught me fay. a negro workman, Types of Gogglee to whom we gave a. respirator to wear. He complained that it made a Ubangi negro out of him, for which reason he wouldn't wear it. in spite of anything we could do. So we shopped around, got something that en hanced his physique, and he was then proud to wear it - : C A. SHOLLY: I shall, of course, only give yon a statement of our own experience in the Sibley foundries. Oar foundry is a small one. The men in our shop do not wear goggles ft> the extent of 100 per cent It is not necessary in all of oar operations. How ever, wherever goggles are wed, one dung is MR. BRINKWORTH: In other words,. use psychology. MR. FEHNEL: A respirator should not be applied'as a cure-all! In a lot of indus tries the first solution to a dost problem'* is to put a respirator on a man; they dunk that after-they have purchased a respirator, their concern ends. certain: they have hard lenses.JWe use mfiy orie type of lens--the very best obtainable-- and the reasons for that are obvious. Getting our men toj wear goggles, came pretty easy after we had a sad experience m . our plant .One of oorinen lost both of his eyes. After that happened,-fhe management decided to change,jts tactics. Instead of saying, "We trill' tty to get themen to wear Mention has been .made here about per goggles;" they said, "We wiU try. to.educate. sonal respirators. One of the huger manu timm so that they will see the necessity, of facturers has a system like tins. A man comes wearing goggles." Although at one time we - to work in die morning and receives a per had difficulty in getting the men to wear tfcttsri-iar <s a*a.a .ara.y B, .a as:e> 8 b s . o . ,s<s Metals Section 453 goggles in many instances, today our goggle In our shakeouts, this same screen disk problem is'-practically whipped. - was the happy, solution tow great problem. Oar experiehro has shorn .as that you can't use last one typeof goggle throughout dte: entire shopStaring . withthe cubetipped goggle; which is wellvehtilated, we. used a medium colored green lens. .This same lens is used elsewhere and we found that i^was quite satisfactory: However, we !depirted>a little from that: recently in <me of. qur^ot places where we have three cupolas, so that a man is troubled by. per spiration; we permit him to use aface shield We have some floors.which contain a large number of' mfrlds, rmd: the- molds are' quite large* .and'there .is an excesshw-aniotnit of heat and steam rising from those molds; and the perspiration fallingonfiiele^was a constant hazard. Onr! solution wasjn^fihPng these monelscreehs,whkhwe'putihtocup-. type goggles. However, allvtbe men do. not have to use this type of goggle, as long as they wear, some sort of goggles while they are working. ' with a mooel screen, and lie is getting along Last summer during file heat. we were ' nicely. ' .> faced with-a problem.-Some of our men Oar ladle men" are'supplied with spectacle vh> were not- wearing goggles', continuously type goggles,with insulated hose piece and were, approached by. their foremen fa's soft sight shield. Thor also use a medium green of rough way and he insisted that thy; wpar lens. We find fiat that is the safest, because goggles. Consequently, theywent to a cer- when a man tools over the ladle and then tain committee, and thalt committee came looks about him, he doesn't have that glare bade and said .tbit onr tnendidn't have to of die ladle and he can get along- modi wear goggles. As a substitute for file gog better. gles, therefore, we thought we would try In die case ,of oar molders, we have several. problems. We gave then* just anopehspectaefatype of goggle, and we Had onrold- fact shields, using a monel screen, and the men who objected to wearing the goggles sue now using thorn. thherproblem there alsa Bat. following an In the case of the drippers, we have never eye injury -to a molder, It became necessary bad any trouble with- goggles. We. thought for all -of them.-to wear goggles. We gave vtehad fiat problem whipped by a deep-cut all of them a pair, of goggles to weaijr, and. ' type goggle, bat then we introduced the high then we issoed instractioas to file effect that grinders, srnd we found we bad to fit the if lay* molder didn't wear hisgoggleswhile thing over again. ' working be should not be given any iron. We also are confronted with fins persira- We started obt with the spectacle type of goggle until we found that sometimes mold ers would get splashbacks. Burning particles would strike the bade side of the lens and rebound in the eye. Such a man was in line, of course^ for another type of goggles almost invariably. So we are encouraging whereever we ean the wearing of a ventilated cup- tion problem. We have found fiat we can secure an extension ring which sets the lenses a litfie farther from the eye. Whta we do, this, we have leu' trouble, of. coarse. It cate! down the, range of vision a little bit, but - nevertheless I think*the additional safety there because they do notbave a steamings i goggle. C"\ . - type goggle or the goggle-wifit the screen. Onr cover-type-goggles, ofcpurse;are Toe spectacle goggles are tnmed iryhaving worn in all cases far men who hav&had cor- become obsolete and they are replaced with rective tenses made. I -reafar daPt see, jnst :these, side-screea. goggles, -and we find that considering this matter from our past ex these are giving excellentresults. ; perience during .the last few years, how the With''regard to fire .lens, the older men claim that they cannoj judge file, heat if they havecolored lenses. Therefore we; give them a dear lens. Among our men we find, that goggte-situationi-if-attacked properly, should % torn out to be a verybard problem. .--'f B. S. CORNWALL' - (Insurers Serri^?V OnpL, St Lons, Missouri): Our^almr" r' 1 many of them prefer medium-shaped lenses. workers work in .front of a sn^lt We ace permitting some of our molders who They take. their ladle of aluminum, wear the spectacle type of tens to nse a cover ' aroundwhile in front of the oven, lean ov lens, although others prefer to use the monel and poor it into a die;: They arerigfatdver screen* ' that heat all the'. time. Onrexperience has A. J * vM.<. "r-  -y 454 30th NaHonal Safety Congress B*-JS*t i f f . . B fe a* e. si* a. pr ` B .v .e 'v .s . re. "been that when they wear their have 19 .different departments, and we have face around theeye becomes tedder, and. one mailboy. aroufe - eycty sixty they are rebelling against weumg. minutes. <nkM;:loaids/4$ ,en- especially of fee-dosed .type." ! wonder if auybody las hadahy experience-wife dose ';:^;lert^;.iId:;wh^^!^,^;'; ^fiee'jqi work of that sort? - jjitftbeforwhanV ::iri";teanMt MR DUNDORE: On aU bo^mebd work. ' ^ .. _........ ^wtioiw.;rope^; in our plant .provide we insist that th1e^yrw^thiaTr, and envdopesisfimconfrontedwith tins 8*083%"Safety/,* goggles;, which does away. wifi .fie trains- -'.|T thmV rio iMmgwnwif .*. aj1y>`: fajw-' tO S ferring of fie beat, and these have a bake* great extehtin not fitting goggles individual-. life molded baaie. I believe yon; will find " fy. Ifiiirtknowo^ that these are on fee market commercially, f*s:::aiii&ya'. etaii^^ and yon will get. a lot ofsatisfaction from , -1^:'fiifiin.:;iiiifibjbeddne.-^ i- that type of a goggle in' prefereriee^to any ' we are.gettnigour.jnEKingrpeh.ypting'.ennttgfr other IHnd of a-frame--a metal frame partic as ularly. * alongfie.ltoe dfiattb eqicdindeprob- CHAIRMAN SIMPSON: While Mr. Dnndofre'is on his feet, I wocddlike toadc hint fids question: "When doesKsafety edu cation stop orstart?" lent ofsafetyt^jt^^ I hawT been trying.to institute a, indi^:^ra|^|miin;. fee admfi;C^-sfirtiBd.^.vinfi;it:l^]^^^'' high school, 'pnd,il;.aiit'yg^d;; to/say tiat at' thepresent time no jounpto matriculates , Safety Education from fie Rdoit .'Hlifi`"Sdim''ndeHi:'i^;.i^f taken up and leccrvcdcrodit ior a codhe m MR. DUNDORE: When .does; safely first aid.* I- ' l- 'v*'.' education stop? 1 can sum it up in ope Alsoy tito mamal training 4>ipT**>t,|*T in word: when fee operatin' i^de&l .. ,,<&c high sebod are bdnrfurhified '.wifi I think it would be well if you reported to all employees fiat fie couitiy todayIs lasrfr cpncmrf with this ahtet rf sight; fiat once you have an eye injury or lose an eye, nothing can be done to replace "* bgt^ytoyomacompany,freegfctoff..Og mlh, wtofe starting .W* I- Mine*, times firakrt is a litffe bit too late toLegiu. it; and fiat is one lesson yon cm get over ' One of .fie. previous speakers stud 'some*, to your employees. thing about talkingtoaneniployixaboat Safety education, so far as I am concerned, safety afterhe ds':1nr^/We'fan/' starts wifi' fee management ' and probably: applicantbeforehe is hired.. Hecanthink fids wifi; fee enpkgfee. I don't think it .fie muter 'overVfiafifidtH he'dbesi^t':13ce''' should ever end. what we.pcexrfie.to:prevent accnoib after: n. rIf.believe t^havt .s,afen.ty te.h.duec_at_ti_^o_na._cp_anp,bbeaca,hrr- he starts to work, bedoes iwtbaTetoshcnr; .ugp*fee nextday. We wouldrather not have me utiUzanonuox safety slogans printed' on vbnt.'it cn^usagirert/M fie back of fie fine cards,, so fiat, as the . >'we havehifid aman,he has workedwito us employees punch their, fine in and oot four < - for. a' fine, and.-'vro/ti^/find/^^ fines a day, fiegr will be. confronted by tins, slogan as a safety rfinnder. The cards.and doe..s.n't..l..ik;e'fie arrangement''uie^hdve-tiade; fee slogans could be .(as fiey are Tn .our I also bdieve fiat ja lot;pf ien^iloijrers plant) changed every wfedc. At fie same >' ferougbont )fie: Uid^ Statn initer.^^ fine fiat the name is printed on .fie dodc bet by not stmfi^ irod keQnt^ card, this safety slogan could also be put ''.paper.:I'find fiat '^^c^is^'-npre^H^y..; on it . in a shop paptfi fiu yan ^ Every inter-office envelope bean a slogan on the top of it saying, "Safety is everybody's a. thomand..^..e..t..e..t.f..c..q..f.e...n..onceayca.L...r.. gt'ab' finnial';md^v,c;<^,rs^^;';^ business." Those, .envelopes are coatmnaDy ' .1 find'^^'.d^^tenimi.of ,fO-Vaccidini|: passing around throughout our plant." We which occur,rnr r.' Is.-- V ' J.. . . . ^ a-.ai a* ' MetalsSection " ''T4S5- m havingit drawn tothe attention of the.fore*, of the tilings. Bat above a^&m'Mniss the man, wfH>in tiirn hands itfWKiryto- the .en>-' dance' of 'takihg tiie';ta^ffi^ yptir coii- plp^^iir?ci^\is: a ipodVwf^y^measured hdence.'; 7b^'ai';'di!itiM^^aiiw,'. \; - Li^tc)9r^vsd^^4'ti^.aqBUe^v-&M^^aif^p9aed^susd - cmno^ latc^ .anti I aliSWiw tte it/jspoor polkyto al " discussions /tpgeti^ low mraGfelTO ''eye-'. to dtscussrfjnstwtoparti^ lie. slg^ ^&ip^a^ibei^>eiiia^'iolr;^xicked'>;a^e- tfainkswemigtoto^ Iteard ' in one.of fie ^ren^otar'asilcera(:^agrV.'TlSe.Unxied. dentoitee:d^ States Govmttnenffotntitiat theycan make - xns''^n&n:1^K::^^9es /^ei^cuSt- tbearo.bpajg^tU'nn: a: - mldim te abbM:;i0 weeks bat tiat it! took dxnifer:iil^^^^A7^i^.va^B^ . a tiaurit sjgjtijt: mbrethanayear tp shake an *'w^nri-': officer.I think thatis true. The-remit jb::tf^BaaiiBrqw';addaitiitej- occur; ' MR..BOADEN: /Jl l lave to say is tins, fellowszthatas far asweare ronceirned, yiiteBi^. in oobcentratingon certainthings, <^:.cm^;jEroitt.'f!ie. - '.and'mur is what we found fnraotir top <ki!&l;:Itt^ :enre:; tte&^tpaysto.^ aognrate a uldjf |U4^(iin.':A]7 fuiihor.ed* and glasses andleggingsand; safety shoes'- eacaOSoa.: and respu^tors,'as'^ It is op to ybq to bringtbese things to a tins; and-' wfe'.sdsof like togetsoggiestioas m ten .lv pointing ont to managejnent soiiK . from oareaiplqyees..' 1/W^NE^ SESSION* i - -.vpotobtf 8,-i9#r;. me-'. -R S- FBatcntok^ Managef of Saety; RepaMic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, O. m ;* Enviixmmcnt-"Managcment's Rspodsibi^y : Sapcztetendent;SafeQrbd Welfare;Department Jooe Jk Laugfalin Steel Corporation Alfwitt'agree ti^ environment pbrirs an That which is otderfy and. wdl-kept: has a important part inVodrifim^-W definite appeal toall oftteln tte'sateteQri wteidjlorjioiir; frame of^ itotei.-id oar aar- ".we':-note- the andean, mtiidy. sliinhbd bosi- rooodingvlfa jersofr is>inlfear of man- riess,and s^c to awrid it Itisrepdlsive agement,hisbealtiv or^ ;;and'; '*' te'-to^'ral. hindrance to oar senses and aroosesoor suspicion as to ' its' management ' ri' brtdi'lp>iyitojiit a^^toStgmeiit''; Sdjrijy.:enr g^iiwS^iS^^;lmiSeafe\^iMy^a^\a^^ tihdnga;'- tiat Bynatore, some badnesses are-;:don and safety. others are dirty. Thisweknow andaccept, btrt there is no excuse forpborbotisckceping, improve en- whether maititcfaen .**''&$. jiau&'-'^itkipd' ..... _ .... .-io-inie^r?'-'. 'men. .ate .attracted' ^-jBg^^!ai^:yl&jh;'dean 'irt^idyiwnmMfe^ gobd :ajpr and panrt np, ^Ipetep^'their. ' ^liiiig. a-'hohsewifei-is 'judged, fay plant tiiatway.The safety depaitoient can play an importmi part ni hclpingmanage- ' cdtfceplaiit. ment maintainhigbstancfclrds. kWii 456 30th National Safety(Congress S;g.8S B ff8 fr O B ,& ]r8S . B'STS' S S a a SrS8 8 B 8 8 'g.8. 3.& 2 0 5 g B , f f 8` EM Inorder for us to see someof these things - the men on the barges are.wearing life vest*. which create environment and influence peo Other safety equipment, such'as row. boat, ple, let us take an imaginary trig around a: ' rings and hooks, is in easy, access ,in .case'of steel plant and form oar own conrit^ions. . need. ' * '. J . . ' As we enter die paved driveway, we see directly iir front of us a Jumbo Foster Board telling its safety.message to eyery-person who passes and our first thought ;U of safety. Ample, provision has been made for foot travel and the dean plainly-narked direc Throughout our trip we observe tint die buildings are well maintained{ there are no loose sheets and apparentty nolealdng roofs. We are informed tbit maintenance crews are constantly at work. Painters work on scaf folds which are supported fay the .twill Mode tional signs leave ho doubt as#) die best., and falls, and in addition,* have steel cables route to die different parts oTthe plant ' - ' , i fastened secarriy to dte.buOding aiid scaffofd! This is to bold the scaffold; from falling Our first stop is at the emergency dressing in case a defectin .the rope might not be.de station. It is conveniently located and die tected. Theysbow us arope.tejiting machine appearance indicates pride and cleanliness; which Is used to test all scaffold rope each We*are greeted by a cheerful nurse who ex tune it is used. Each man on the scaffold plains the system employed for keeping rec wears a safety line and belt attached to his ords and shows us die various rooms used waist, and fastened to a cable independent of for gfaysical examinations and emergency the scaffold support Same^repslnnen are treatments. We note die modern facilities working on a plirnk scaffold nearby. We.no- and have a feeling dot should one be in tice a band of paint on die ends of each piece jured, here is. a place where he would receive of lumber and are told titis is done to.iden- the best of aid mid treatment tify scaffold planks which have been prop On onr way to visit the firstmill we no erly selected and reserved fib such use, tice` men chipping and'scarira^stecL The hi many places portable ladders are in use; ..drippers are wauxug.gfov^'migg^es, leg equipped with safety rimes, most suitable for gings, and safety shoes, and thej scatfers, in the floor surface.. Many are hfriied atrtbe addition, are wearing fire n&htpt g- "clothing. top to prevent slipping. A man is stationed on dw ground1 to prevent die ladder, from Nearby are men working in railroad cars. being bumped by pairing men pr vdrides. They are cautions and do not stand near any Signs .indicating men worldngoverhead. or lift being placed in or removed horn die-, . below ground levri aro jraorineotty <tis-. cars. Instead, they climb out of the cars . played. Excahotum arc weti barricaded and after chains are property placed. These men warning lights displayed. Shormg of exca are protected by-a derail and blue flag on die vations is strong enobgh to prevent a ,cave~m trade, and we are. told that this is a standard of surrounding soL .- practice on all shipping tracks- .and that no move is made until flag and derail are re Hand tools are examined and are found to ' moved by die foreman of the shipping crew. ' be freeofmmhroomedandspalledheads, or split handles. Qnting edges show freqoent Inside die building we see a light indicat . andproperdressing.'-.. ing that .tihe door is raised to its maximum bright to clear a ttain and bdls are ringing so that workmen will know that .cars are bring moved. Wanting signs on columns are1! In die wood shop we are careftti to note diat all machines have proper guards and dejst is removed by an e^mst itystem. J displayed where close clearances might'mean There is available at every point fire eqttipr injury to a member of-the bain crew.- ment of a varied and sufalde; nature forthe We are shown an acid car being unloaded. The men performing the job are wearing arid,goggle^ rubber tods, coats, boots and gloves. It .is interesting to note that die. arid is pumped and not moved by compressed air. ,, . type of fire likety to occur, hi dot vicinity. Fire zones arc established in certain area* where smoking is pntitiMted, non-sparItihg tools are used. aU li^ite aro in vapa-. proof bulbs and- flariiltyhte are a non-eq^xtive type; Fire brigades areparfoftheoperating or mechanical otgattizationin eachdepart- We watch sane barges being loaded with ment.and hold montiity drifls.Fireequip- steel and coal barges bring.unloaded. All ment is checked' daity and recharged when 3 ) opthe fying oof *;: mg urtiPben Metals Section 45T used, or according to a fixedschedtile. All another, we see goggles wpm by varioas fire hosiistested annually. .-Each department groups of workman. Some wear Chippera or has is. own fire alarmsystem as well as being . cup type; others -wear those, best . Suited, to included in file general plant systenu; Cold, their work. We remark about the great blast' mainsat the blast fornacesare pro amount of fireproof! and woolCn clothing tected by bdth steam! and water spray pipes. being worn by mat on many jobs ahd are Ofl cellars are protcctcdbysteam and foam informed that' workmen arerequired to wear systems. Paint andPother flammable mate (uch equipment where in dinger of spirits rials un safely stored in fireproof'buildings. or molten metal We inquire about the use Flywheel pits are protected against .fire with of safety, shoes and are told , that practically a steam smother system. all workmen and foremen wear safety shoes Wearetoldthatallcmployeesare in-: stracted-m^Brat-aidL Stretcher boxes, fitted with stretcher, blanket i-Und' tourniquet, are of ntflkkh^^mnnber andlocated in such phees as to be readily accessible in .case of accident Gas rescue equipment is stored at convenient points, and'cbjnsists of all service masks,\ fresh air masks, one-boor rescue except in a few occupations. where they are not required. Onr guide mentions the fact that almost every day an accident to toes is prevented by their, osa.. In addition, hard hats ate part of regular equipment on many occupations and save many head injuries. We find men wearing .respirators wheredosty material makes their nse advisable.^ masks and inhalators. Carbon monoxide and combustible gas indicators are also on hand and are employed to detect gaseous ueas before certain jobs are performed. We are anxious to find out what precautions are taken when menire repairing ma chines and are shown a typical example. An opim hearth furnace is under repair. Each Drinking fountains are numerous.and ao-. gang working on the job has its own lock on cessible.Salt tablet disprnsera. areattacbed operating mechanism. This prevents opera to:, or-'near drinking fountain." ' Dis pensers of- othertypes bf. merchandise are scattered throhgfkmt' fife various buildings tion until all crcws.lave completed their part of die repairs. In a fike manner cranes are locked ont and signallights on crane cabs for the convenieace of the workmen. Sam- indicate, when cranes are not to be operated taryboDdingsare modem, with sufficient or movbd. facilities-for all employees. Throughout our trip oxygen and acetylene Everywhere we go we.find fiat safety has preceded us. -Steam engines and air compres sors have signs, warning men against stand-' ing in front of cylinder. beads. - High tension electrical equipment is protected and well marked withtheproperMgns. Craoe booms cany signs iqq both sides to warnmen about equipment is much hi evidence, and on check ing, we find'all regnlatont' are marked for identification and are inspected and repaired at-Stated intervals. Tanks are.well stored in separate compartments. Fire exfingtdsbers are part.of regular equipment used by.gangs on cutting operations. . tbedinger of staading' tmder.ttie boom. Every precaution has been taken to pro 'Safety! cables and wedges are hiing at promi vide file employees with a safe place to work. nent points in departments where piled ma Ladders, and stairs, axe uumcious and pnmde terial might fall and pin a workman. easy access to craneisand:vahe platforms. Inspection of chains^ cablesjand. slings shows M any wbeels are cqnippcd with a sign ' no evidence'of defects. Dailyinspection by cantioomg men to adjnst rest, wear their the crews using this type-of cqtiipmcnl has goggles, grind ocrthefaceof the stone and reduced this' haaard to a tninimum. . not. to . wear. gloves while grinding.' As= an added safctymeasure, they- are..also eqtfipped All material or equipment found to be. de with safety washers. Each machine is in- fective is tagged wHh.a redtag onwhich is spected every three months and the . speed -. printed "DEFECTIVE-Db NO* USE." andphysical condition of tfce machine and No workman will use eqnipment so marked. wbeelare noted on a written report. If de As soon as it is repaired, fiie tag is removed. fective^ it is'taken out ofservice until corrected. " !;: . 7-- ' ' . Hand hodo are used hy c^^ followers woridng with: craties and.by narrow,gauge As we pass from one pari of fire-plant to brakemen whoi coupling cars Using link and 'J. 5* 3 * 8 8 S*S 3 *a 8*3 n tra l tLtt *9 a.o &.> aL&BH B s*. 458 30th National;Safety Congress pin couplings. Guards and safety switches ennirvimirosnimmaehnit - tfoAr--, ,, f,| , - ar ~ > ~*jiiiiircltnajtlinens on machines are adeqthte and of proper money, methods, machines,' matemlvand design. ' * .men.'/-' /- c". Safety' bulletins, ' posters and display To havea w^developed safety program; boards are conspicuous throughout die. plant imift beintdligentlyspratfOTphysi- cal imptYnMoaits,:safety appliancesand a' Housdceepisg is excellent, lighting Is ade corps of safety engineers and assistants to quate and repairs are well maintained. Pas systematically cover allscctions of rite,plant, sageways are clean and open. Material is dci coomimxrt mt umj xxtxnmgt inspecupn piled in an orderly fashion. Supplies are and investigation phases; of,rite saf^rf'piro- kept lit convenientplaces and are wet! pro graminto awholc.Manageroent shotdden- Itected. . Machinery is dean and in good me 1 courage every, effort of tbesafetydepart- chanical condition. Hearing and ventilating med: to improve the pbysk^i dndWjcn have been given thdr proper consideration. . plant properties toward safer workingcoodi- Most notable is die interest and pride tioas.and not besitate to expend money for material or equipment that mightbdptore- shown by both workmen and.their super visors. Their safety record indicates a splen did achievement as a result of cairefal atten tion to housdceepiug,. correction of unsafe practices and conditions.and the support of., management in obtaining a good working duce aeddents. Without money, manyphases of the safety program could not be conducted. This is probably rite best meansmanagement has to show its sfacetfty fa. safety to its employees. environment One mightsay all men are part of maa^e- We leave this plant with rite feeling--here is a company that can be proud tohave its name advertised to the world, for it is more than just a phtce to work, Its management, is maintaining a good environment for their ment, for does not the: most kndy^lriwrer manage,a part of the company's mooey,cm- ploysomepart oftim'metfioduaal bmake a. profit fmr his employersand a. Jrringfor himself. Somemachineis used bjrbhnprfar him. He . may cut. lumber, rollsted,or di udoyees. shovdsand.. What is management? Management is rite sldlftd or prudent use ofmeans to accom plish a purpose--in this case, to create proper Top management has the rapswU^yef seeing that all these means sire combined into a smooth working whole. JobAnalysis--Its RdationtoSafety ' By HJAXlUUt m jOTMSbH; w '. Superintendent of Blast Furnaces, Inland Steel Company, East Cbkago^Thd. .................... Any operation or job can be perfotrised ' If a psuticnlar job can beana^red andthe safely. It is no major task for an experi safe proccduredCT^ 'so.'quy enced,- mfelligent.rnan to survey sodte wock ' to reviewraa'accUaitii^:sfe,rife:cnre^uky and set up a safe way of doing it In fact, don't vrecm<Kd:riieacddents?Frequep^r we have found byexperience tbafthemoire thereasori&th^M'bavenotrda^ diffiadt the task, the more carefully analyze the job, vrith theresidt thatonsuch rived front rbnrJi^"amd^;;:to;;'odr;-uiicie tasks we ta*r1*dy mee. t wityh` any accident * The serious,injuries more ficquciitly residt from minor routine operatiens--taskswe have accepted, and about which we.do not safdybograhfcffi tool--tobe -uscd^:.petft!iRhi^1^.^jdb ' rritiirkit'm'tcnl,. nor ft thctoolofvatemperfotm^^ worry. It is never aproblem to analyze ac- cidfiUs after they have occurred and-find the cause or causes. Thde.'ftnodriqgmgnrtaious tbeenddoewofadrop^e^ about ifc--yet- we'have accidents,: and'.'feat car.prejxuatorytoloading ft withpigiroti, quentiy they ate repetitions. whentiie partlyraiseddoorslmpeda^dfell ii k `*1' * ^<- <* ---.7" vj.-?f des md r~ ini, rdIa to iuot, San iro-' Bh ut anf idifor reuet tod. not its fe tor :tor iior riel' hid ) ttte *U weiy te- w? 'ti* fed,. ijbb d^o"-`b-t r HOP* Hell Metals Section 459 bn toe toot of oneman, breaking several 4. The' policing of toe organization had boon to rlds -toiA^^^tiie tBtzriinvestigation toiled. Itisfair.to as^toe the naisi had was heJdaadtfie mttal canses of tin accident . toiled to follow instrnctionsmanytimes pre found--men not working together, nimndtr* viously without being observed and repri standnjjrof tffffels,1itodtslfeped, iofedto be manded. ; moire .carefcdQ et- ITUs', operation seemed so - From this experience, faig^pjor coocltt- simple. it as. shame feat .men'would re ceive serkras Injnry dpirig itVWe dffegitrd one, mantorttidy the operation and develop don canbedfawn, namtiy that job' analyses in themselves do hot stopaccidents. The job, to be efferfiy^^SS^be used as the first step a mfe/;wfer;-o.; doing'toe portedas fcdfows: work and be . re- ' of toe saf&y 'are:- ' progrpm. The necessary steps "A.wooden block 8 x 8 xlO inches with a loop haodlennde of steel and ftsfenedin.boe end siHfli be fetwided^ Onenddooei upto30 intobs in height, .three men vriHraisethe ' ,1. Analyzing toe job. 2 Referding results of analyses in proper form. ^ door, sufficiently to slip toe Mode under toe 3. Using recorded data in instructing em- door. This should be done so toil if toe door ' ployees. . - falls it.win. opme dovroon toe Mock. After block is in place door is.to be lowered on to. block, altowfag men to feta near hold. Then, - 4. Observing that instructions are carried out ................... "tofflir together, toe'door will; be 5. Control of program by Management ' position: If the door is over 30 ^height, four men are to be. wed * than .tone. . ' The first step, jobanalysivis one that requires much time and effort if it is lobe done tight Fu^ eveqr job dbhe,,by afer man in "Wife tawmolly feg^i and heavy end doom, femr men may not be sufficient, and such cirs ' most beminred aider aerate."|V FoBbWing tois procgdure woidd not insure [noted. Considerable hefe cm'be had in thisfrom toe following sources: 1. Tltejnen who ate dbbg these jobs. msarejafainst men, dropping acar dooron .. Z Safety roles and safe procedures for cer their feet,and thisvras theoolylikely source tain jobs.. .. <d seribos toddent m tins operation. . 3. Reports of previousaccidents. - ..These and aeopyfenttoeatofocan^ this we:ifedanotheir^ Pig Machine a^ a>tov lirolcm to(^^ <m"T*^T f InA I,3i^vwi#*ttw^r^Trrg^t.gatinri After .nil: of toe haxaids hive ..been, rocorded, ft is then nefessary todedde the best .means for eliminating Ani!pr mwniuang the possibffity of mjury fnxn tbem. In .toe reyakd thatthemoa ifei nof fo procedure which we had developed after prdcessof airnmnlating this jobanalysis: dbta and deriding whatpiactkrsshcwld be adopted toprevmtinjuries.wehad a number able to prevent this accident fromoccurring V of cfepdrienoes. vtirito'ar*--: worth mentioning. --botsometbing was missing. What was it? . Atone, time we purtfetsed a motor-driven i.^e; feed::intii toie tost accideathad . bandsaw for <mir.carpenter*: This was a haz- we werenotsmart enough to recognise, flic hag^\jfefoindiand>;i} :-0-... never tad ar^ experienpEL lt was very heipfnlto, referto abuUefei:ptttout;:bytoe Na 2 Tbe material whm is v^ acctmnlated- tions on hpw to handle tout, eqfepfnent safefy. wfeneXpropcriyreotfeded.^ V: At feis same tiine we[indbUed a lot of belt.. b^bea^^toe;senbusiubci- : dcto tiiat hadocujried witli bnt again ^ not-'iifedi'-j|iro 'pyv bad had Tclaliydy:littie expenenc&\ On:Sucli ..... sotoefewe a standard: pecgof eqmpiment: wbfdt toere dknld be ebneiseisa^y roles available, bat i-ii 460 30th National Safety Congress in diis case oar limited seardb>failed to dis text-book; .so theprogramof safetymust cen cover any. This suggested' that, because many ter aroundthe safety boolcltnmst he 'or ' jobs are standard, proper rules should' be ganized softoe material can be found quiddy available from a central source ... and used. We frequently found, in comparing rules or - The Bfast Furnace Department consists bf instructions on a job or machine, that there 12 subdivisions. Many rtdes or procedures was some difference of opinion,'as for in which apply to one group' to* not apply to stance in.the handling of oxygen and acety anotfaer; in fact, ndes whidi appty to one lenes In this field we had lad a reasonable occupation ra a groop do not apply to an amount of experience; but we were not -ex other. The informadon was drrided up into: perts, and so hesitated in-deciding which in structions.were' correct 1. Roles which apply to everyone fa toe Department. . . Another fact became, apparent, that job analysis frequently showed that die only safe -way of performing .certaitt tasks interfered jwith operation. Because we were patting 'these job studies and rules in writing, we 2. Rdes wfato appty to everyone in a stibdhrisum. 3. Rules which apply to particular occupa tions. were forced to make decisions as to just how The obvious advantage of the divirion is, far operation should be held up for toe sake - that a man only karns the ndes.wlnch apply of safety. For exangdev we had formerly to him. A'dodc.fajmrer is tdd to learn die delegated a man to watch other men who Dock Labor Rdes, toe General Doric Rides were cleaning trades while the ore cars shot-' and die General Department Rdes. Hc can tied bade and forth. This'method was only as concentrate his effort and will work harder good as the watchman. because hejmows that toiese do apply to Mm. The really safe way was to put skates on He is not bring confused by trying to learn the trade and stop the car from operating in about many strange irrelevant things,like, the area. The fact that no accident had Oc welding, handling chemicals,etc. ; curred in .deaning the trades fay the former Having accumulated the required informa method did not mean that one might not hap tion from job analysts and reoorded .it; die pen, and .if it-did, the accident would be a next step was to apply it most effectively to serious one.. But'if the trade, cleaners were. , it ded into toe whole safety program.' Since protected by skates they could not.possibly fae die contact with die individual men is hit by a car. This method, however, would through toe foremen, die whole program delay the filling of the terrace, and it would must be developed through thrnv They art be necessary to orgamze'earefdly in.order to the ones who must teach die men and they minimize the dday. must recognize dot that Is their responsi Another, fact that was. revealed, by this bility. It is not enough to go through the dosed study was that we were frequently try formality of a, safety meeting. They must ing to make a hazardous condition safe by recognize that there is a job to do, dud the writing rules or procedures father than time allotted is short and they must teach changing die situation or design so .as to wfldl. This quraot be.dooe in a poor quarters, eliminate the hazard and the need for rules.' where half die men are standing-or leaning While preparing this paper I noted such a against toe wall, where telephones ring, procedure that had slipped into our Safety . where others are possing through and boiler Bode. A rule states, "Do not-bump con makers or : switch engines.' are wmrking troller of scale car while bin gates are open." outside. . The obvious correction is, "Locate .the con troller so it cannot be bumped and install one that is self-centering." However, die educating of. the. foremen and the direcdqg.of toeir acdyity.is toe prob lem of those above The Safety Book which Having accumulated this material, we were is the ,text-book is divided into sections and. no further than when we had prepared a job every group safety.meeting inthedepart- - analysis of raising the end door of a car.We meat daring one wtedc discusses Section I, needed to organize die material and. record it the next week Section -etc. At- die end of in a form convenient enough to use. Just as a die series four, or five weeks arederbtedto course in algebra centers around the algdwa diteussioa of their particular group. -The t,.. ft * B ' 8 S*S*fr.S-S> =5B"H8 JS'S'S Si'S a Ere 0 'S.a a.S.'S era tf.a a -a SJOt the mbfca- Metais Section 461 . function ed the foremeq'smecting i?topre- it correctly and economically The fact that ' p^ them foc tiiar groupmeeting. This.coo-. . a nrillwright can change apiniotionahoist sistsof prorithiigaddition^ material.soch as motorona craneis not enough, fierinxstalso descriptions ofacridents that haveoccurred, khow that he most Iowerthe load to the in^CT^toillustnite theparposeoftberales `ground, block the drtnn,thenpoll and lode orprpctdures under discussion. Changes and, titemaih'switodi.. : adfiwns t^nle^h|A.bne misq^ited . Finally, the whole most be tied together are disenssed and dcdtiqos made. It isneces- tmder one peRson. Prpg^record .keeping saiyto.reriizetbat the ta%^ngi3fflb' not mtirt be set up to tiiatllm oae man can con static, it dranges with ever-changing condi- . stantly check whether orhot the individual : tioai. ; ; men ate: getting their instruction,' whether the foreman, is holding his safety - meetings,' . If jobanalysis information is to bc xnti- that new material is proyidM and being used,' matelyassociated with- the safety program it; tiiat rules are foUowed, disdpline ineted out is necessary to do .more thanteach-Wemast when .'proper, accident reports intelligently police,so that oar instructions are carried written and correct conclnsionsmade. This out Tim information' nmstbeused to be man should also get ngalar reports of spe effective: There tan; be .no "mab<?*--eveiy- cial instruction.on fitst-aid and gas helmet onemust follow therules.When the em training, maintenance of . sticky - equipment ployees recognize that .we have made ,a sin and Btmchd' station^ aiid the status of safety cere effort and see tiiat. it is to our.nmtiBl jobs. ' advantage: for tl*m to followthe precepts we have laid defend mo6t of them cooperate very- And so I believe J4> analyses axe extreme willingly. Those wht* because bf laziness, ly important as the first step of a safety sys-. forgetfulness or qtiier reasons fail to obey teni. BE.the.analyses are carefully made, and roles most be disdpiitied/. It is thejob of so-. if tins material is recorded pcoperty,distrib- perrism to observe these infractions .and uted widely and used systematically, and if discipline'as needed. ' the; workers are supmnsed $y foremen who have been trained to protect their workers -Men will only 1m safe worionea.when they, from injury, mid if the operation of tfaeen- are convinced tiiat safety is a part of their tire system is properly controlled and super job. It is just as much their duty and re vised, job analyses will be definitely and inti sponsibility to do a job safely as it is to do mately related to safety. Safety. Meetings---Group Meetings--Personal Contacts / .By H. W. DABB . Safety Supervisor, Kansas State Board of Health, Tokeka Kan*. This subject is divided into three 'major of the month is- or sbonld be the one con parts. Thefirst, andwhat oncewas the most ducted by the safety engineer with his lieu important^, is the safety meeting. I now be tenants^ who normally are scatteredthrough lieve the regular safety meeting ranks abbot out the plant, one for about each 250 men. third in importance. In a weU-organired in Ofcoorse, these men have regular producing dustrial phot we should have about three jobs but of such, a nature that they can be distinctive types of safety meetings:.one con relieved at any time for special duties per* ducted hy the plant manager, one conducted taining to..safety^ These mengenerally fill by die department superintendent, and .one . supervisory positions. Atleast; men of influ under the direction of the plant safety engi ence should be selected. . ' neer. At this meethig, . the accidents of the pre ' We have found it advisable' to schedule vious month, are discussed,'-various types of these, meetings a yearinadvance^ and then , statistical, information is dispensed, sugges stick to'the. schedule. If this is hot.adhered tions for the betterment of thefafety ^nH. to, ppstponements soon becotne a habit, and gram during the current month are received,V /any alibi becomes rammon. The firstmeeting and in general, it takes denature of a jpep" .i u B*8 S 8 'S f r * 8 5*8 o'S ..S 8 ?*S * 8 8 III-; 462 30(h National Safety Congress meeting and organization for the month .The-proceedings of the safety engineer's ahead. Each succeeding month thus becomes meeting; with suitable statistics, the mimttes a distinctive unit in the- safety program and `and proceedings ' of the general manager's. with one object in mind, L e, to make this meeting, and other matters of-a general na month better than the preceding.one. If this ture are discussed, so that die. entire1 plant is accomplished, accidents will have been re may in part, at least; be thinking about and duced. I must emphasize the fact, however, working along die samelme. Tim remainder that this meeting, with all others, requires of the time of this department safety imeet- careful preparation in order to became, bene** ing should be devoted tolocalproblems of fidal to the safety program. such a nature that ''require the. attention The second type of meeting also should be held very early in the month. This muring is scheduled on a specific day *arli month and is conducted by the plant manager, with all his superintendents and their assistants. We should expect to find die safety engineer, die of the department superintendent and tor die enlightenment of all menm the department These'meetings, also; can be made beneficial with the proper typct of^r^oratioa; but if conducted in a hh^^ foiss)psnmer, it would be better.if they neirer cwnteied atalL plant engineer, the purchasing agent, the Now we pass on to the second .phase of. chief accountant, and other, Mmihr non this topic, the group meeting: ..-I, prefer .to, operating headsi. Their presence, to give and call this a "job-planning'' meeting, for that take advice and make suggestions, is just as is altogether what it is,or should be. Unlike vital as that of the superintendent out in die the meetings already mentioned, it is impos operating field. No safety program can. or sible to schedule such meetings very for in will - be effective h1*c every man in the advance, if at all. The nature of sndi meet organization feds Ins importahee and is will ings demands. qukk thinking and acting on ing to become a part of the.organization. the part-of the supervisor, who . is die seder grade in thesdectionofthe time; place and This meeting also takes on the nature of a character of the meeting, hi some mstances^ "pep'V meeting, and planning generally for where the work is of a variable nature, it the month ahead. 'Statistics of a broader na becomes necessary to conduct sodi meetings ture are discussed here. Plans of a more daily or even oftener, vdrile in other cases-- general nature are promulgated. The plant. where operations are. of a routine nature--a manager has die opportunity to express his' meeting weekly, or even monthly, may interest in safety work',and to tnnmlaf* his suffice. ' 4" supervisory force with die same "bug." After all, if the plant manager shows little or no interest in the safety of his men, organized safety in any industrial organization is a dead issue. One fact remains, however, that every workman in. any industrial plant should be contacted in agroap;.orpers6naIIy,at least once every month en the subject of' safety* just as. a rounder of fait obligations l and This meeting also must be car^t^r duties anf tolfefcpTus interest at die highest planned, and when concluded, the manage^ pitch. W Vy'V ,T ment, the supervisory force, and the safety lieutenants should be ready to tadchTthe safety problem in a real live manner daring the remaindafof the mouth. __ ft The third type of regularly scheduled safety meeting is that one to be planned and conducted by the various division superin tendents. If wise, the superintendent will call together his foremen, die safety lieuten ants in his division, and other key men who are able to leave their jobs for about an Much hai_been written during the pari few years on the subject of planning, both for efficiency and safety, and In the final analysis, considering any type of Work to be done; h is the only sensible filing to do. Bonding a house without any previous plan ning and calculating would be just as sen sible as to operate a safety program without any previous planting. To make these planned meetings effective; tbere. are a few factors that must be considered. hour. In fact, this meeting should be impor First, there must be time and a time for tant enough that, at the appointed time, all holding the;meeting. From modi experience participants will assemble without notifica we have found that the only logical time in tion. at the beginning of the working tarn or at . *8*8*8 fr&S-fcfeKfr.B *.*$T 9. . . . \r .. Metals Section n y ut oth nal be da IB" enoat ese ;ew for nee. iU at the start of a new job, and on company time. safe workman.. It might be well also to give The nature of* the work must necnsarifr this group a smattering of plain statistics govern the time and times for such con and show diem how they stand in comparison ferences. . ' * ' '' .\ . to other similar^units, possibly..disaas a few . Second, the place.; This,too, must be gov erned by the nature of the work to be done. If practical, die meetingsboold be conducted at the site .of:the job so* that the different features nay be pointed out and not the accidents tiiat tookpiace soniCTwhere elsevor a few general safety suggestions; but ex perience lias taught us that it is more profitable to plan our own jobs than to utilize this time in discusring what others have dime.1 orized ordy. lt has been said that eye im up the grot^ meeting policy pressions .are twenty times more effective fromactual experiences and where this pol- than em- impresskws. If tills be true, take . icy has been strictly adhered to, it has been your men to the job, have as much quiet and proved that ten to fifteen per cent more work comfort as posauU^land.make it worth while has been done in a given period pf time by and not only a quickget-together tofolfill a. previous carefol planning .than where no compulsory duration where your -superior plamungwas done. Furthermore, .fewer acci has told yon dot you must conduct group dents were; invariably noted. . meetings.. Such meetings must be short, ''snappy and foil of "pep." . The third and last point in tins subject Is. .tiiat of personal contacts. In my experience Third, whoshal! be inchided inthe grpup? as a safety director, over a period of twenty- To this, there is but one answer:.every, man eight years, I have seen some remarkable to be affected by the job at hand; or, in freformations by -die personal contact prac- other words, every main who is scheduled to On the other band, some of i ~ have a part in .tfae work to be dona It is Experiences of my lifehave ootnd thrfagh necessary. in the safe conduct, of any opera- irieffective persrmal contacts. I mean tiiat tion, that every man; fo the crew be familiar the contacts were made in die name ofsafety at ain times with die whereabouts of-every but they faded to register. otfaCrman in the crew or on that job. Too many-accidents are embed by someone not There is no better time or place to make knowing', tint "so-andso" was at a certain an impression on your fellow man than just -pfaca where you and beware together, providing he believes in yon airid'believes what yon say. . Fourth; the leader. This, again, is obvious. There.is.no-more satisfaction to be attained Every job has or should have a leader'.or-a in tins world than to have someone toll your foreman. and I have often heard it mid that- friends that you gave "so and so" some good if a foreman cannot lead his men in safety - advice and he believes you and believes in discusskm^ ynu job pfauming, and carefully you. How maiv people in tins world among guard tfcearajjdrifo/sn tiie coodnctoftbeir your acquaintances believe hi you and are dnties, he ij scaredy fit fo fad the men in ready to take your advice? If you speak to die condoctof their physical efforts hi doing . deaf fan or hollow lieads, yon had better did job. It il my candidopinion that there not speak at all. are too.main foremen in industry who are foremen htjiune only and woefully lacking Then, another phase of personal contact in qnalificawitis. Yes, a foreman today must work is this. Are we not all prone to be be a 'wholejforeman or no foreman at aH. fearful of offending the one whom we are advjring or correcting? Are we, not all Fifth* what Shall we talk about for ten to / guilty of holding oar punches? Is it not true fifteen minutes? First: and most important that we would rather dose our eyes to an are die different features of the immediate, apparent infraction of safety rules than to job. This l^equiieS the farefal direction of correct the offender at the font instance? die fader .*M the suggrUkms of SH men present Thetriyial suggestion must receive I recently heard a manager of a large steel thesame CDurteods considcration as the moist plant make die statement that the best safety important pne. A llow andigborantwork-. entinitiast is die meanest man in the world man on fa. made. to. fee! Ms .importance in when he sees an offense being committed any organisation or group, and when this is against safety, proddifa be has sense enough aceompjUShed you will have made a loyal and to apply his meanness in such a manner as jr .i'iiZstii&iL wKWsrwriOTnvBiriat 464 \ 30th National Safety Congress Jf^' not to create offense of a lasting nature. tainly is possible and practical, but I; am Let me illustrate: A machine shop fore sorry to say that it is not common practice. man passing through his shop saw Bill chip However, it must become common practice ping a casting, with his goggles around his if we expect to advance much further tit foe neck. He looked and remained silent for fear prevention of unnecessary accidents. Was of offending a good friend and a good .work this foreman a real friend of his machinist, man. A few minutes later' he noted the same or was foe conductor a real friend of Ids man under die same conditions. Aker foe brakeman? From foe -only common, sense foreman passed by foe third'time. Bill re viewpoint, not .A real friend will make .yon ceived a chip in his eye and was sent to foe suffer, if necessary, providing the act eventa? hospital, where foe eye was removed. Two ally works to your own good. days later foe foreman visited Bill and heard him say: "Boss, why in the name of God didn't you send me home for a weekwbpn you saw me foe first time? Fd have1lost a. little money but I would still have my two eyes." The foreman sat down mid cried. So, in summarizing this entire discourse I am compelled te state that personal contacts, with -tire proper approach and in the right. spirit, are tire most effective weapons in foe safely field today, but tire hardest tohandle. We must approach this method of stamping Just recently a brakeman lost an arm by out accidents;, even if Severe discipline must hooking it over a coupler of a car to pyoptr erly adjust it when a coupling was ,tp be\ made. His conductor admitted after foe) be resorted to after friendly advice has failed, hut don't wait too long to'bring tire offender tohis senses--itmay be toolate. accident that he' had seen Jhiin do foexsamp Since 90 per cent of all accidents, are. Use thing before but did not .want to hurt his result of human futures rather foan medon- feelings by bailing him' out But was a ical failures, safety meetings, group meet bawling^odfnecessary? Is it possible to cor ings, and personal contacts should reedve the rect a faultvin i courteous manner and have same ratio of attention, wifo special emphasis the.offender^kke you better for it? It cer- on personal contacts. Enforcement--Control Measures, Safety Instructions and R^gtdaticHis By RUSSELL t PISLE .j Superintendent, Indnstrial Relations, Republic Steel Corporation, Chicago It is well known that foe foreman and su foreman is tiie doseti member of manage- pervisors are the real backbone of a snccess- ment to the worker, and .it is on his jndg- . "ful safety -program. When safety is con merit we; depend for tiie .'enforcement of sidered as an operating problem, then foe foreman who is responsible for production is also hdd responsible for the safety of toe men under him. There is only one occasion when higher, management steps m over tiie foreman to enforce safety and that is when;tiie foreman Thus we find that it is not the safety de partment, as such, which enforces the safety rules and regulations. It is the foreman who, within his own working forces must see to it that tiie men worirfsaftiy; and if they will not work safely, thenithai they are disci plined. The safety department takes nothing has failed to do his part in enforcement among bis men and foe Aaadem Investiga tion Committee^ upon proper sbdr,: rill de^ termine foat discipline will he .assigned be*, cause of lost time or near lostfone accidents. And tben Vety often, it is the foreman who is disciplined and shown bow to enforce safety., from foe old authority of the foreman or su . This brings ns to tire'second part! of my pervisor to discipline a man for poor work-. subject, that of control measures. Our Acci manship, not even when that man is a poor dent Investigation Committee is, as it were* worker because he will not work safety. The a final measure^ or one of tiie last control n t' n t X 1 .a o ii 0 t> s o d n s si ti SI p d ti a P s ti fr o ai a ti ti b* it n fr b. ti V :... .... ..**r**2&ir. . .0 ... ...... Metals Section 465 measures used, and does not come into ac Each wedc at the plant operating'meeting, tion'tmtil there has been an accident or a the safety department furnishes the district near acddent Long before this step was manager for discussion with the other de talcenj we endeavor, through' the ose of die partment heads, a report showjing die,num Unsafe Practice Report and Report of Safety ber of Unsafe Practice Reports turned inby Meefibgs, Held, toexerdse definite control - each department during the past wedc and. ami; supervision over the safety performance showing the number of foreman, who turned of thej foreman. - .' in reports that .week.. An effort is made to V.,' In Republic Steel Corporation wejall vio- . have each foreman tom-in at least one Un- iatkmof anysafety order or the commission safe Practice Report each wedc. It is our ex of any tmsafe act; an "Unsafe Practice," and perience that when Cur total .number of Un to cachet unsafe Radices, we use an Un safe Practice Reports turned in starts-to de safe Practice. Report fbrm, which is printed crease; we are coming to the point where on distinctively adored paper. This report is there will be one or more lost time accidents. directed to the superintendent of die depart Thus our weekly and monthly report iff un ment In which die man committing the un safe practice is employed, and it is signed by safe practices acts as a barometer of our safety performance. die individual who obrerves the.tmsafe prac Considerable emphasis is also placed on the tice. importance of.the foreman, 'supervisor, or This report reads as follows: . group leader holding frequent short safety : "In compliance v^ faffetfo Istoed requir- .rnoctfngs with his men to anabesurethat they h that reports be made to you of all: all understand bow to perform die Work they . are to do safely. Every man Is in at least one "Failures to keep safety appliances in good safety meeting a montii and most of them in condition.; ;- one evety week. A record is kept by the "Failures to use the safety protection pro . safety department of die number of safety vided; . meetings held by each foreman odi month "Failures to obey the safety rules; and ' "Indulgence in unsafe practices.: and dot check; combined with the one on unsafe practices, gives a good indication of how a particular foreman is doingin the way "I hive the following to report:" of carrying out the safety , program in Ins Spacei* then provided! for. & detailedde- work: A foreman whohblds few safety, scriptiotroftiie act.. FoUowing tins is addi- meetings and turns in few Unsafe Practice tional space-for recommendations by die ob- ' Reportewitt find ft donbty-difficult toexplain server,and finally there is a {dace for the sttr perintendent to note the.,artidiftakn became hbw a man got hurt in his group when a lost time acddent takes. , place. A foreman who of the reporting of die imide^factic^ and has die safety of his. mien at heart also finds 8iff* cf this disposition is addrisse^JpMhd,attention of die district numager and signed bythe de partment. superintendent. Copies of tins .Un safe Practice Report are made and sent to that by malting frequent b^ediins. of- his deportment and reporth^ hisfindingvheis able to correct many littleitems thatmay lad to. trouble; causing problems hard to the following: Oneto die safety deportment overcome if not corrected when they occur dr her.' for record purpose; one returned to the man are discovered. BBlan originating the report, so he can see that .Of-course; the:best control measure of add action bas bedi tabm onhis report one kept is that which'is exerted by the districtman- ent on. file in the departipent, and one posted on ager on behalf of-top management, on the de- S*- die bulletin brand in the department.m which partment hods who in torn cany die Mes de- die unsafe practice was comiuitted, the idea sage of safety to tfaeir departmental super be>. being that besides correcting. the mdmdnal visors who are held responsWefor the safety its. involved, .others in' die department diroogb of the men working undertheir direction. hi is readfog 'these unsafe practice reports, to-, the proportion diat management , is sold on *y. gedier with die suggestions and recom safety and its benefits and savings and insists my mendations, becomefamiliar with wfaat might on cooperation and efforts to prevent acci r'N xi Wtermedunsrfea^ learn dents, to that degree will die entire operat *e. dm Safe way m wfakb certain acts can be ing force be filled with enthusiasm, add direct rol perfocmed. their energies toward keeping men from being gffiS8E^SasSSE3?ffle3m!S8asaSBSSS^^ ak B` B S *g 3 S 8T2.BB $ 8 9 5 - 3 frB 3.srs, s.-&B B' S' S 468 30th National Safety Congress .ties of that department It is my opinion that medical profession to work out an effective there is nothing that will breed dissatisfaction program' of cooperation and coordination of or disdain in an employee quite so quickly, as effort haphazard, rushed, ill-attended medical care. Every side employee -every injured man During the- past. few' years the medical comes to the doctor with an individual prob fratemity^tlmxghoof this cotmtiy-has recog lem more important to him at that time than nized the importance of `industrial hygiene ' is any company problem, and it is within the and has giVeri special consideration to meas power of tiie attending doctor: to send that ures for the promotion of the health of our ii 3 man bade on the job confident that the needs - working population. Today the private prac of'his well-being have been properly con titioner in tiie neighborhood of your plant is sidered. /-- looking for an opportunity to render service to yon and to your.employees for the preven You cannot expect a doctor to make 40 to tion of occupational diseases and the promo 50 physical examinations' day after day and. tion, of healtit. yet give proper consideration to each exami nation on its own merits. And yon should not May I suggest that die management ofany expect a doctor or nurse to have patients for small manufacturing plant take .the initiative surgical redressings standing In line to be and arrange an informal meeting with the taka, care of from 8 :00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. your neighborhood who is on call< --five days a week. Personal service caimot service. Quite possibly a rep- be rendered on a mass production basis. The of your insurance carrier would medical service in every industry should be )participate in that meeting. Have studied periodically as regards all routine and -discussion of lost time accidents and individual procedure. In view erf the presat . illness among your employees; the cause; the pressure of production demands/ appoint effect; and the remedy. If you don't have the ments and redressings hi your medical de figures, it is my opinion the insurance com partment should be scheduled as modi as pos pany can supply soffitimt data for such dis sible to prevent the clogging up of the.wait cussion. I fed certain tint all concerned, in ing room. Employees do not choose to waste cluding the employees, would benefit by. an their time waiting for the doctor. Twenty exchange of opinions andfacts. men'waiting twenty minutes is 400 minutes of lost production, most of which might easily be avoided by a little careful planning. If your medical contact is entirety outside of the plant, but there is need of a tint-aid room in your factory, I can assure you that For a moment let tu consider the small there, are now. available many competently plant where there are from 75 to 300 em trained graduate nurses who can take over ployees and the compensation liability is car . the responsibilities of a first-aid room in a ried by an .insurance company. In'a typical factory and can prove, themselves most instance we find that a designated doctor in worthwhile in their particular field of the neighborhood is placed on a call basis for An experienced industrial nurse is able emergency service only. He nrikes his report recognize a . case that is a potential direct to the insurance company -and he has to. her company and rite can advise the maiP~ very little contact with the industry or the agemeht accordingly. ' She recognizes, when management The fact that medical service to an employee shotfid not be at work, and when 85 per cent of our workers ^predominantly tiie advice.and care of a physician is indi in the hands of private physicians presents an cated. -She knows what not to do asweilas important problem to management and to the what she should do. An Educational Safety Program for Foremen by V. E. PERRY Director of Training, The American R&fing Idl Co? Middletown, O.. We can't hope to cover here alt the baric Before he can rightfully lay claim to the principles which a man must comprehend tide of foreman. But, we. can emphasize a 8 SMJ S 8 S.&. `S'8 B` . iKi *v~.V Metals Section r>- -. 469 t; fundamental fact of human relationship that awake; there are lots of filings to watch out any manmust have if he is going tosiic- . for. ceedfo handlingpeople. Foreman: Yousure do.ahdthat'swhat This fundamental hct is: A complete reali I've been fiihdai^ abont - K there is some * sation that the method.then mill Kelp him way we can figure outihgw - to dimihate most to discharge his obligations ts to al- some of toeAoomfr of yottr job and be more ; ways be sure, that he is keeping the other store of your being on the job all the time, feUovfs viewpoint in mndi.. wi would have made a', big step'' forward. His men are interestedin themselves and- That sounds reasonable; doesn't it? their own problems. The hfeas which the Lew: Fm for that; all right . . - foreman presents to thema^iigse their selfish interest only to toe degree that they har. momrevritothedesires, wishes ahd cravings that/Aey have. They are interested-only, in what/apll get fhm more out oflife. And tins is as it should be; .intelligent selfishness is. being absolutely unselfish' in our-.dealings with other people. In otberwords, the foremanwill get more from his people if, in his Foreman: WdVhere'sthe ideto^.We can eliminate some of the hazards and keep that old toy check regular besides having you here all toe time ifyou would getyonrsclf . a pair of safety shoes. Most people find that they are comfortable and last a long tone and after a while they wouldn't do without toon. How come yon don't wear safety shoes? ` dealing with them, he gives thenTwhat they Lea: WeH, Tve had a half dozeh pairs at want from life. ; different tones and -I just can't wear them. Let's see bow we can use practically that They tort my feet and anyone who does as idea in developing.an educational safety pro-. much walking as I do just can't stand to gram for foremen. have Ids feet hurt Some of. foe fidngs.a man vrants from life : are: the desire for .good wages'; the craving for recognition as ah individual; security and comfort. Lei's take one of them and illustrate whatis meant by talking from the other faUotxfs viewpoint. We will stow first - how one hum endeavors fo do thfoaod runs . up against a stone wall since the man doesn't want to wear safety shoes because they are uncomfortable. In the next, place, we will show yon how this might have been success fully handled-, by keeping in mind that no matter what, comes up, the man's viewpoint ' is going to be adhered to. . Foreman:. Hffirf your fret? Well, I don't see bow manyVtopledan^wear them if you can't Maybe we will tone .to find you an other job; but Fm going to have to fosistthat all sny crane leaders wear safety; shoes. I don'fwant to seem tmreasonable in fins, but we have a fine safety record and .1 want to be sure we do evetythlhg we can to keep our record dear. Lew: Wdl, I don't want another job, so I'll get me a pair today and try them again. Foreman: Thanjks* Lew; I knew you would go alonge with, me on this thing and I hope' they don't hurt your.feet . DottoMtiatioa So toe foreman, satisfied .that he done'his Situation: A foreman wfaois anxious to have all his. men wear safety shoeshas called one of bis crane leaders, who is an old and loyal enmioyeev into the office tod the fol lowing conversation fakes.place. Foreman: Lew, I bave been thinking about . file kind of a job'you have; Besides befog one of file key jobs in the department; it is also ooe where you are continually liable to the unexpected. A paddifter.maynotdoas yon expect; you have, to be sure your., feet are. in the dear and that you sue' always alert and' oh your toes. That'sright Isn't it?. Lew: Yes, you always, have to be wide part and had been reasonable about the thing, - dismissed it firom his tmnd.Lew wore the safety shoes for a conple-of wecks and they hurt his feet so badly he put his'other shoes bade on. A few days after fiiat he was plac ing an angle iron for a load hewanted to sit down and to let it; slip. Theangle iron fell, strode him on his toeand broke it The man had a painful foot;, his fondly''had do breadwinner-for a few weeks, it cost toe Company money for toe accident and; toe rec ord^was broken.' The foreman tbohgfat Lew. had Jd ton. down aid: there were ^strained' relations between them when Lew'came back to woiki " 470 30th National Safety Congress Thafs putting the emphasts on the system Lew: .Well,.the end of the reinforced toe ratherthan die individual. That is' not talk of the shoe digs right into my toes, wears ing from die man's viewpoint Now there . out iny socks and makes my feetsore and I is no question but what this foreman felt l just' can't-wear ' them. badly about the man bong, hurt and this would be greater-if die-man,had*beea hurt more seriously but the thing that upset the foreman the most was not being able to show . Foreman: I See. - The only thingthat I' don't see is how all these other fellows wear them then if they.hurt tbeirfeettoo. that his department had a good safety record. Lew: Thiqr dairtt t&tfr-;|teL'vTliey Situation: Let's take a look now at the way this same situation would be handled if the emphasis were put cm the individual, rather than die system. . Foreman: Lew, I have been thinking about the kind of a job you have. Besides being one of the key jobs of the department, it is also one where yon are continually liable to the unexpected. Apacklifter may not'do as you expect; you lave to; be sure your feet are in die dear and that you are always have told me so. Iwaitttocoopaatedri4his - but I- just can't wear them. I. guess my.foet are different ` Foreman: I wonder if it wotdd\jE>e too -nmdiit you would showme your foot; take off yopr shoes and sodc,will you? Here; use this piece of paper, the floor, might be dirty. ' . (Man takes off due and sock. Foitoan carefnDy ldoks at foot, noticing how toes are bunched up.) . . " alert and on your toes. That's right, isn't Forma*: What size shoes do you wear? it? Lew: A seven. I've always worn dot size. Lew: awake; out for. Yes, there you always have are lots of things .. v to wide to watch . . Foreman:- (Picking up- ruler from his desk) I wonder if you would mind standing on this rider? (Pushes .'down bn toes to' ' Foreman: You- sure do, and that's what straighten diem out) Lew, do jmu' know' I've been thinking about' If there is some your foot measures for a nine? way we can figure out. how to eliminate some of tbehasards of your job and be more sure of your bang on the job all the time, we would have made a big step forward. That sounds reasonable, doesn't it? Lew: Yes, I knqw. They always ,tdl me in the shoe, storethatlshould wear, a longer shoe, biit I have always wora a seven and [ theyseemtofeel.thebest Lew: I'm for that all right Foreman: . They do, eh? (Meditating) You know. Lew, I amthinking I wtmldlike Foreman: Well, here's the idea. We can to try a little experiment with ypmLet's eliminate some of the,bazards, and keep that you and me go over to die. Safety Depart old pay check regular besides having you . ment and look'at their shoes and lU tdl here all the time if you would get yoursdf yon what I would; liketo try. FD buyyoa a pair of safety shoes. IIqst>peopIe find tfaat a pair of safety shoes osd deride wbatsize they are comfortable and lasit-a long tune to get Then you try them and if fogr hirt and after a while they wouldn't do without your feet; take diem offaind give them away them. How come-you don't wear safety and rtl pay for tbenL lf -tit^r doh^'hurt shoes? y your feet, you keep on wearing themand you . pay; for them. Whatdoytm' say, is it a go? Lea: Well, I've had a half a dozen pairs at different times and I just can't wearthem. Thor hurt'my feet-and anyone whb does as - Lew: Oh, Fll trythem,butl lmqw.it worft work. I've tried too many times before. - much walking as I do, just can't stand it to Foreman: Wdl, Pm. vising to:take .a. have his feet uncomfortable. damn; Let's go. _ Foreman: Is that right? Well, I don't Thcy went fo dw safety d^artment and blame yon then- for not wanting to wear .. boughttbe sboes.size 9-B, and the crane diem. I wouldn't want to wear them either. kaderwbre them. After X'contpi^^ No one on your job wanb feet that hurt. ' he said doit he had to admit theshoesfdt. What seems to be the matter with-them? fine mid he would have to try somc strect .. .'.....ft s''"*.;...-;.:.-..'.r .. t~aa' Metals Section. 471 shoes that .size; The department continncd ` Well.so much for the fi^ .oto Now; without an: accident; ;ihe man was well; and let's took at die v^^^; seetod'^iorenan II whole, andthe relations between the Foreman tackled; die pob: He ho^^;p^.ptotoply and Lew were better. Ann ever..\, ; _ v.' ... thought rpf , drii-'dhiaii^^/M^.'ene' in Tl^ forcinan, hf keying Ms attention on which he thoight of-Jbis ia^Vh^'to conld - the. than andhis problems,ratlier thanon die system, accomplished hisporpose with this andother men andkept his department fun ning imwotiilyaide^ 'ICTtto.'diMH?:fipak^ causeit pmtdd;hdp;hk-sa^;:pBqo^^^^^'. - cause it would aveiitoe^^ ' tto accident; btrttocausehe waps genimely - inleresledin them;: And;he knew^ithe best No?, ';:fefs> think ..aliqot'.;-tiiese two. Ideas. ' In';.tihe. firrt cme:;ilre; sec;ttoforemantalking in termstbe mania likdyto understand, and: in.ntmhal i^im^ancrsstahdsa pretty good chance of rcxxeeding.We saw, howevoythat be ran '-upfiigdiijfc what seemed Lto;him an insurmountable ob$fade:in ;ti)e ut diat the way to dpttotand tewithem 'to toppy and coittejrted pn their idbs was to get himself in the frame of;mmdthathis menVinterests wcremore importanttohim andto tfaecompanythan anythmgdse;ThiPd^ mean. that these are contrary to the company's interests. shoes .were.'not cotnfortableand to thisforeman thatitwas onenon's'i against so many other as to wbetberornot these shoes cotdd be .wom. So be fdl badc Injboth cases die compaipr's wwhes.vrere to litove die .department operated in sodi a way as tot to hmfapddoitsi; ;Whjr; dottoywish . dns?.: What;;dp; they tovedetberr mind? oh hls . Mtho^ aB whilehe gained.the The management has learned.pyaperK>d temporary point of this man waxing safety ofyearsthat the efficient departmentor plant: shoevhe faded in'tto longiim of preventing is, ^'s^,dppastpi^pp;plant,; T ercet toot ins men from hurting thrir fript. that-when they_taIreintocijddenitiojnthe: fcdingof die people ofthe organization, they: r- In the second casewe saw fbe^foreman know we areixit g<nng t6 ;tove an effident so interested in:fns.man's welfare that when plant S;we havepeoplein itwhoare smcam- he ran mtotheohstade 'toconilbrtabfc;'* in- fortabU bedmsetheyare wearing sboesthat me ste^ of tiTing tD foice' die' issue, be thor- . are ndt raited to them. On the other hand -ougfairinvestigated itand removed.diepanse' they kriowthat safefysbpes preveitOTinnri- X|1 of fee dhcomfort and the man was willing to mize a certain type of aeddent The pnddem )Iv cooperate.; forithe foranan resolves itself then inte get . Jb.thdsig.diMt these two cases we nmst; recognize twotitiq&v; The' first man might tore honestly thought that he was doing everything to conld toJalk in terms of the other fellow, "tot; todidn't lave dusidea ' inculcated in his own mind so that it mold - ting ttomen not tosimpljrwear safety: Pboes, bat to Wtor die land of saifdgr'does diatare adapted to the man's fopt And S there is a <ase which I haven't dKmght o^ wibdv the man couldn't be fitted,' it vronld be better to have,the n^govnthontiraf^shoes^ra opoatewheh the gonigwastough. He fell dianhave him wtarimbocnfortaWeshoes and back otvhisauthorily whkh he.tboaghtwpald: blanmdtoCbn^aiaqr. dp ttotrkk.Hewas mentallynear-sighted. " Now what we tovetoen trying to.do here Tbediingto tboughttowas trying to do is to ingress on onr minds that any situation was to getLew to ww"jsaf^Aoes, when can to handled by talking to die man from . in reality what; he-.was; attempting was to hit vumpoBit sad yon can work ont die an*. make Hksslflcely for Lew to heart hisfeet. swer in that pmy. .. e-.a. I .. An Educational Safety Program for E^^l6j^ees CUeC, Safety Dividon, CanKg^MnM Steel Ctoiipore^^ .Pa.- _ ' Nto loc^ ago .a"stodiy::o(' some lOflOO 'em- > months probadootary period were almost a. ployees determined statistically that toose /"sore tof1 for a IoPt tintoaubcidait later dor. who tod manjr minor accidents in their six b&thdr enqtfoymmt -' * .v-fj w v* T) -472 30/A National Safety Congress ' In 13ce: manner, in making a study of .em fare after die foreman or job trainer is s ployees whose departments..'were farther re fied that the enjployee can fuanPCcOtioOQn Wwit mora! from the first aid stations dun others, assistance. In a department in which, sin it was shown that file availibflity to the hos prohibits the foreman from taking time to pital in distance was the predominating fact start the new employee^ job trainers are pres as to whether the individual sought first aid ent who dnthis function for the foreman. treatment or not :; ylf the new employee it inexperienced at his In both of these cases 'individual training " new job or has not perforated thei job. for and an educational program would have re some thmv cither a "baddy" will bet selected duced this laxity. to watchwer him or, if thedepartmeot has. a. Many companies have recognised this tech job trainer, die job trainer wiU see-that he nique of individual treatment and have de learns the job sequence id the safe manner. In vised methods of approach. We in Carnegie- Illinois Steel Goiponithm have used not only those'proved techniques of the past, which are some cases where the type of work warrants, vestibule schools are set upfoteoch die new man or woman the'sktils riecerfaiy before he usable today, but. have devised' new methods which meet die contemporary need of the times. The defense program with its great numbers of. new employees has stepped into high gear this need for individual contacts and . individual treatment of employees to aid in accident prevention. In order that this sub- or she is allowed to work at die normal oper ating speed.' Vestibule schools are those hi which space has been set aside for educational and training purposes. Actual working condtr . tigos are chgdicated as doselyas possible and the new employee karns at a rate of speed comparable with his abUSy. When be reaxhes ject.be approached from a specific point of the degree of skill which isrequired in actual view let us take our method of training a nor operations., he is transferred to Ms-permanent employee upon his induction into our plants. job. In a recent study made fay United .States Education Begins at Once Steely Sabshtiaiy. Companies to pool their methods and techniques of aiding,the experi When the employee has been interviewed, enced worker to work safely, 36 different taken his physical examination and is- ready methods were.listed whidi could be used for for placement, be is taken into a meeting . this purpose. Only a few of these can be dis room with die other individuals who are to cussed here. ' start work that day. The director of safety, oroncof his assistants, spends approximately one-half hour with new men, discussing the Job Trahung general plant safety rides, answering specific questions and doing what he can in that short period of time to introduce the; new employee to the safety policy of the company. Probably the one most'important is that.of job training. The firststep most be the job analysis. Ebqperienre has dipra.tfaat the best analyses are madefay experienced workmen , Each employee is 'then conducted'to die de partment in which he will work. Here he is introduced to the superintendent or assistant superintendent, and again safety is discussed with him. This time die approach is depart mental rather than general. The employee is next conducted'to the foreman of the division in which be will work. If he is an experi enced employee who can immediately begin the operation, die foreman points out die haz ards to be encountered and does a short in tensive job demonstration to be rote die em ployee Is aware of these hazards. The em in cooperation witii thekforeman..This aiialysis should then be reviewed by aa.caiperi- ' enced indnstrial engineer, in order that .the work sequences be m proper order and methods and motion studies correctly analyeedL.These studies should be much more in detail than when detennhuqg rates or even in studring methods, since it is tiiis analysis which is to boused to tram this hevr employee in die proper job sequence/; Training should be done by a job trainer ff fc Is available; It can be done by an roptrieix^'vretfahsui^or a foreman if necessaiy.: ployee is introduced to other employees in-his . It is daring this analysis and study that the immediate vicinity, and these employees are job hazards are determined and are b indi asked to look out for the new employee's wel- cated that when the employee is being trained ;he will actualt degtarln time wi that the ondmel ah expt been pt howevej a nevri bad hat method helper; -operatic nityfro hazards supcrvH jor acri six min superini the 60 a soaahy* die nex hinuTl wasdoi of 22JSH time aa Next probabfi ployee > numenx to mind practice discuss general! small gi ifheba' berwhi turn. T discuss o''' * 'Metals Section 473 he winbetaughtto avoid Hie hazards. The achtotrairtingis donein several ways. The /depvtBwdtal job.tndnff msybeusedfuti time with the employee until he is satisfied7 thattiteemployeeab goon his own. A see* ond method is toput the near entployte with an experiencedworkman who himself ins been property trained. We should be sore, howevwyin using an otderemipioyee totrain a 'pen. employee: that he does notkarntbe bad haNtsof the older employee: A third methodis to placetbenew employee as. a bdper and have him assist on subsequent operations, taking: advantage of ahopportunity from tube to time to learn to'avoid foe hazards present allow the employees to tell the foreman some of the employee's safety problems. The fore man can use this material in .his own safety meetings to advantage, Regular printedforms are toed permitting the foreman fo report at the end of each turn the men whom hie contacted during the day and with, whom he discussal safety, fa some plants foe form toed indicates opposite the man's tome foe type of safety talk given. Seemingly die very.fact thattheforeman has taken toe time and theinterest todiscuss.with the employee the employees safety is enough to canse. toat .empldyte to be more apprehen sive of faazarto am toroid them. There comes tomind a maintenance fore- Unsafe Practices man who at the start of otehtuto groups his men to do theassignedjobs, goesover quickly .with :each giro# foe. hazards to be encoun tered on thejob and distributes toe' safety cqnipmentnecessary forthcwork. Needless Another training method which has been employed to good advantage is the reporting ofunsafe practices. Empldyeesare trained to look foe unsafe practices, correct them and to to. tajr, tins foreman's accident record is ex- client Irtespective of tberoethodosed, if toe analysis is properly made: if the jobhaz- report, them regulariy.^ that die more onsafe practices fmds,the saferwotiepr he is. ards aredetermmedand the employee trained In one plant 3,000unsafe practices were re to perform toe workby eliminating' thehax- ported in ooe month. This has contintod over ardt, accidents cannot hdp hot be rednced. several years, the number bf ttonfei^ractices varyingfrom month to month butalways of . Recently at a plant' in the middle west considoablenninber. The factthattoisplant where, the accident fatality rate was: qahe , highthegenerrisapcrintendent called his top ) supervision together m an effort to stop ma jor accidents. The meetiiig.lasted onlyftve or six mhmtrs, bot daring that tnne'toe general has consistently shown a freqoency beloyr toe company average-and atthnesleads 17other plants in tire reduction of injuries, gives some indkatiou of the effectiveness ipf this tech-. niqne. ; superintendent tersely instructefl each ope of - the db odd.soperrisocs-present to contact per* Whcatins educational aid'was;first insd-- sonallyeach man tmda-hissupervisionTwitoin gated there^ was a genual feeling/feat. re-, die next 24, horns and discuss safety with' porting unsafe practices was inficative of him. Tins. wavtdconrse, quitea task, but it'' was done. Inthe next 30 days, in that plant conditions,, and that tire mm unsafe pracT of 22#0O..peddle, there were orgy. two lost, tices reported, the le efficieto was that def 'time 1 jpartmcnt^Wheh theempkjyees finally real* ized thtouusafe practices were present under Next to job training, individnal contact any cirat&totonces; and it was foe department probably is foe most effective method ofem- which wto seeing diem and. doing something ployee safety, training. Hus cut be done .in about them that was showing thebestoresults, numeroas.waiys: One director of safety conies, this technique of training gained fopopniarrty to mind.who fbr.some .time itok^tode ft a and effect prafcticeto contact five peopl^4tav<toy .aud^ discuss safety with them. The*technique aSv generally used is for.foe foreman, if he has a ^Huddle Meetings small group: to contact each main once a tarn; if he has a !arge.groap, t6 set adefinite num ber which he will be able to contact each Huddle meetings have been quite effective, as a means of employee training. This is pat* tented, of course^ after theiootbalMroddle ih tarn. Theforerton may use this contact to which the individuals stand around in a drete, ' discuss job faaourds or it may boused to and confer. Generally this is done when start* 474 30tk National Safety Congress ingwork, the foreman, taking a few minntes ployee would have an opportunity to visualize at &e beginning of die torn or while fhe men actual conditions while he was learning the are waiting to take their assigned {daces. .At adcidcnt.hazards which he must avoid. An each turn a different subject Is used and dis other method used-to advantage is die issuing cussion is quickly and concisely entered into, of photographs of unsafe practices to groqps followed by the men going to their respective of employees. Each member of the group is jobs. Experience has shown that it is not so asked to select the unsafe practice in each much die. subject discussed as die fact that , photograph. Around this is built a discussion turn is started- with safety on die men's to determine what is wrong and what should minds that makes-ineffective. be domfto correct die cooditioa. In several plants die huddle is led by em ployees. In one plant an employee was cited for outstanding performance for the manner in which he ltd his department huddle meet* tags. Much can be done in a quick, intensive ' approach to the safety problems of the.de partment just prior to going to work. * 4' Apprentice Training Apprenticeship is an almost ideal method of safety training of employees. The appren tice realizes dot be. is in training program and is very receptive to suggestions, making it less .difficult to train him to do the job in die proper manner. In oar company dim are nearly 900 apprentices'in the trades and 250 college graduates in training. The accident frequency experience for there groups is low. In order, however, for this type training to be effective die jobs must have been analyzed, hazards known and indicated dearly in order that the boys in learning the proper sequence will also learn to avoid the hazards. Just to train a boy fay turning him oyer-to die "old timer9 to learn from the workman is not enough. As mentioned before, this may result in teaching the new employee the. bad habits of .the old employee. Just recently a color sound movie was used to educate die employee and Ids family in the use of proper eating and proper bodily care for the elimination of heat cases. The medical profession generally is in accord that indus trial heat cases are more a matter of proper diet and proper rest than exposure to heat. Investigation of beat prostration and heat cramps has indicated feat it iq a matter' of what the individual had eaten just prior to coming to work, rather than .the 'degree of temperature in which he was working. There are the things which die film entitled "Beat the Heat? portrays. As the him progresses the .proper .foods to cat, the foods to avoidC the need for bathing regularly, die need for sleeping properlyfare dramatically illustrated. Much has already been done hi industry to train die employee in first aid and artificialrespiration. Not so much has been done, how ever, in training him in the use of oxygen equipment and other apparatus for working in gues, dusts, and other respiratory hazards. The Bureau of Mines has been of consider able assistance in this field by training indi viduals in die use of proper protection.when working m^^m^afe conditions. Not only are the men.insfeurfed how to use die vari ous pieces of protective equipment, hut they are trained under arfual operating conditions. Visual Education ,In one plant where this method of-ent' pkyee training has beat used gas cases have Although considerable work has already been.done.in this field,.it still is in die experi mental phase and much can be done in sound ben' eliminated, although for years' prior to this traimng, cases were, numerous, several revolting in fafalMpi, movies, sound slide films and other types of visual educationJo further training in'safety. Although we. have sound slide films as issued by various commercial companies from rime. to time, it is fdt that this approach should be much more personalized. '} Regardless of die technique-used, irrespec. tive of the educational skill manifested by .the teachers, die success, of yonr educational program will be in direct proportion to tie degree of participation fay your top supervision. Several months ago we helda two day educa For example, die general safety rule book tional and training meeting at Gary, Indiana could be die. basis of a sound slide film in Attendance at one of die evening meetings ,which the rules are illustrated and discussed. aggregated better than five thousand super The new employee and the experienced em visors. Speakers for that evening included T*7 jr B'B 7 p .^ p.,B R S g .B p B.3 8 a S B ^ g - g * *~v-*.*' ` -''* '** ^ .. : '.^r^K8^ ~ .- 5 * v* v '.*. '*' *? 'gyfetygffi '-.. .-r m>` :.-' rfi Metals Section president Perry, Vice-Presidents Lose and Moofe,.Managers of Operations Hadley and Obesg and men of like caliber. Safety with us is practiced from the highest executive to the employee with the lowest skill. Changing conditions both industrially and socially have required us to approach this im portant subject of accident prevention on a different plane: The trend today.is towards individual treatment with a more analytical approach. In order for a company with a frequency of 3.5 to reduce that frequency, it' becomes, a matter of individual contact, of, analysis of each job, of a program of training and education developed for the individual.. To those of you who are still using the. overall group approach in analyzing and solv ing your safety problems, do not abandon your methods, but supplement them with a program relating to the individual employee, individual cases, approach the problem from the individual employee standpoint, person alize your program, and we fed you will get the results that yop hope to obtain. ADJOURNMENT H .7'a 7 P 7 .? J S ? B .S 3 * P IJ