Document 6bY9V24nLrJ0bVyxQYBpr57Mg
ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY OF A PROPOSED OSHA REGULATION
ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO AIRBORNE ASBESTOS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY INTERIM REPORT March 28,1977
Prepared for Asbestos Information Association/North America
1835 K Street. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006
Prepared by Equitable Environmental Health, Inc.
333 Crossways Park Drive Woodbury, New York 11797
March 1977 Revised June 1977 A Subsidiary of The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States
Section 1 i
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITIONINDUSTRY DATA
2.1 Methodology 2.1.1 Study Design 2.1.2 Sources
2.2 Discussion of Data 2.2.1 Results 2.2.2 Subtasks
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STANDARDS FOR EXPOSURE TOASBESTOS
3.1 The 1972 OSHA Standard 3.2 The Proposed OSHA Standard 3.3 The AIA Alternative Standard
EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Asbestos-Cement Sheet 4.2.1 Field Fabrication andInstallation
4.2.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos 4.2.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls 4.2.4 Work Scenario 4.3 Asbestos-Cement Pipe 4.3.1 Field Fabrication and Installation 4.3.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos 4.3.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls 4.3.4 Work Scenario 4.4 Asbestos-Cement Shingles 4.4.1 Field Fabrication and Installation
4.2.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos 4.4.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls 4.4.4 Work Scenario 4.5 Vinyl Asbestos Tile/Asbestos Felt-backed Sheet
Flooring
4.5.1 Installation 4.5.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos 4.5.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls
4.5.4 Work Scenario 4.5.4.1 Vinyl asbestos tile 4.5.4.2 Sheet flooring
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CONTENTS (Cont.)
Section
4 Cont.)
4.6
4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11
Asbestos Felt Roofing 4.6.1 Installation 4.6.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos
4.6.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls 4.6.4 Work Scenario
4.6.4.1 Single ply
4.6.4.2 Built-up roofing Sprays, Coatings and Sealants for Roofing 4.7.1 Field Application 4.7.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos
4.7.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls 4.7.4 Work Scenario Drywall Compounds
4.8.1 Application 4.8.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos 4.8.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls 4.8.4 Work Scenario
Demolition 4.9.1 Demolition and Removal Practices 4.9.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos 4.9.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls
4.9.4 Work Scenario Drilling Fluid Additives 4.10.1 Application 4.10.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos 4.10.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls 4.10.4 Work Scenario
Non-FIxed Place of Employment--Drilling Fluid
Additives
MEDICAL AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS
ECONOMIC INFLATIONARY IMPACT OF PROPOSED STANDARDS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the U.S. Department of Labor is in the process of developing a standard for exposure to asbestos in the construction and demolition industries. In order to assist the Asbestos Information Association/N.A. (AIA/NA) in the formula tion of a response to any proposed construction industry standard for asbestos exposure. Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. (EEH) is conducting this study. The primary concerns of this study are (1) an assessment of current worker exposure to asbestos in the construction industry, (2) the technical feasibility of control strategies, and (3) the economic impact of regulatory requirements on the construction industry.
The development of an adequate data base is the first requirement for addressing these concerns. Chapter 2 of this report represents a compilation of the necessary data, excluding worker exposure. These data were obtained from correspondence and telephone surveys, the pub lished literature, and construction site observations. The manufacturing and construction Industries, including demolition, are sunmarized in terms of products; quantities produced and consumed; the numbers, sizes, and receipts of contractors; the composition and distribution of the labor force by age and trade group; wages of workers; and the seasonality of employment in the industry.
Chapter 4, in Its present form, is a model for treatment of worker exposure, feasibility of control, and development of costs for complying with alternative standards. Asbestos fiber count data have been obtained
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from the open literature, personal conmunications with industry and governmental agencies, and air sampling surveys performed during this program. Feasibility of control has been based on the literature, con struction site visits, and discussions with manufacturers and contractors. The costs of compliance were derived from consideration of an hypothesized work situation or scenario developed from site visits and a survey of contractors and employing data contained in Chapter 2. The origin of information and assumptions relating to specific compliance cost elements, such as medical examinations, industrial hygiene surveys, and respiratory protection, is indicated in the text. Since this section is intended to elicit comment, only one product category* asbestos-cement sheet, is presented in detail.
The Appendixes to this report contain copies of the forms used in correspondence surveys; associations, unions, and governmental agencies contacted; and summary reports of the industrial hygiene surveys per formed during this program.
This interim report was Intended to provide a compilation of avail able information and an example of the approach taken for cost assessment. The final report, which will be prepared after the issuance of the pro posed construction standard for asbestos by OSHA, will follow the outline shown as the Table of Contents for this report. The NI (not included) designation for chapters indicates material that requires issuance of the standard before completion.
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2. CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION INDUSTRY DATA
2.1 METHODOLOGY
2.1.1 Study Design
In preparing a data base that would allow formulation of a response to an asbestos standard for the construction industry, it was necessary to characterize and summarize the asbestos manufacturing and the construc tion industries. In addition, the interrelationships of these two indus tries had to be known.
These requirements were divided into three subtasks, with each sub-
i
task further subdivided into specific questions. The subtasks are as follows:
1. characterization and summarization of the manufacturing industry 2. characterization and summarization of the construction industry 3. construction industry's consumption of asbestos products 4. installation and application of asbestos construction products 5. worker exposure to asbestos products (i.e., fiber counts).
This information was obtained from published sources, correspondence and telephone surveys, and construction site observations. The procedural details are discussed in Section 2.1.2.1. Essentially, a comprehensive literature search was carried out to identify media sources that would answer the questions under the subtasks as completely and as currently as possible. It was anticipated that particular elements in the study would not be available through published sources, and, therefore, questionnaires were sent to various organizations that might have such data. Question naires were sent to asbestos manufacturers, manufacturing associations,
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trade associations, unions, and government (i.e., federal, state, and local) agencies. Procedural details are provided in Section 2.1.2.2, and copies of the respective questionnaires are contained in Appendix A.
Construction site observations were necessary to provide documenta tion of actual working situations involving fabrication, assembly, and installation of asbestos products as well as removal of materials and demolition. The details of this segment of the program are provided in Section 2.1.2.3.
It should be noted that the transportation of asbestos and the use of asbestos-containing materials in the maritime industry were excluded from this study because these areas will be the subject of future regulations.
2.1.2 Sources
2.1.2.1 Published Data
Two major sources of published information to be identified were government documents and commercial or private publications. Appropriate sources of information from the government were identified through:
1. Statistical Survey of the United States Government, 1975 {U.S. Office of Management and Budget 1975), which is an excel lent guide and reference book on statistical data published by the federal government
2. The American Statistical Index, a monthly indexing and abstracting service produced by a private organization, Tr.e Congressional Information Service, Washington, D.C., which is the most authorita tive index of statistical information on and/or by the U.S. government
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3. . The Council of Planning librarians' (CPI) Exchange Bibliography on construction, housing, and real estate statistics, dated March 1976.
In addition, the Monthly Catalogue of the U.S. Government Printing Office was also searched for information that could support this study.
In identifying sources from the conmercial base, the CPI Exchange Bibliography was consulted since it is not limited to government sources and includes all sources providing information relevant to the subject. To identify information from the conmercial periodical litera ture, computerized literature searches were carried out through Lockheed's Information System, DIALOG, and the National Library of Medicine's TOXLINE system. Data bases searched in DIALOG included Compendex, which covers all the significant engineering periodicals; the National Technical Infor mation Service, which covers report information from a multitude of sources including government-generated reports, e.g.. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), OSHA, the Environmental Pro tection Agency, etc.; and the Predicasts data bases, which cover business and economic periodical literature, corporate annual reports, government documents, and information generated by Predicasts intelligence. In addition, extensive searching was carried out in the classified catalogues of the University of California at Berkeley libraries and special libraries of the San Francisco Bay area.
2.1.2.2 Correspondence and Telephone Survey
To supplement and update the information derived from published sources, numerous private and public organizations were contacted. In
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each case, the intent was to obtain current and as yet unpublished infor mation that would serve to supplement or verify data reported in the literature.
Contacts were made with organizations in five basic categories: asbestos manufacturers, manufacturing trade associations, construction trade associations, trade unions, and regulatory agencies (federal, state, and local). Individual organizations within each category were selected to provide input from a broad cross-section of sources knowledgeable in the production, distribution, use, and control of asbestos-containing construction materials. Lists of these contacts were developed from a variety of sources. In the case of manufacturers, these consisted of the current AIA/NA membership roster, attendance rosters from recent AIA/NA conferences, and listings under SIC 3292 in Thomas' Register, Dun & Bradstreet, and Standard & Poors. Trade associations and trade unions of probable relevance to the asbestos products were identified in the 1976 edition of National Trade & Professional Associations of the United States and Canada and Labor Unions. Letters of request for fiber count informa tion were also sent to OSHA, NIOSH, and appropriate health and safety agencies in each of the 50 states, Guam, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and several local jurisdictions.
Surveys were conducted using a combination of telephone calls and written communication with subsequent follow-up as needed. Except for the regulatory agencies that v/ere asked only to provide fiber counts, most organizations received a cover letter that explained the purpose of the survey and one of four questionnaires designed specifically for the study (Appendix A).
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The names of the asbestos manufacturing associations, trade associa tions, trade unions, and public agencies that were contacted are contained in Appendix A. A list of the manufacturers contacted is not included becaude EEH assured them that their participation in the study would be treated in confidence.
2.1.2.3 Construction and Demolition Site Visits/Observations
Visits to construction/demolition and renovation sites were undertaken to provide information in a number of areas, including typical operational procedures and practices for field installations and removals of asoestoscontaining materials; man-hours spent in field operations; the numbers of workers involved in operations with asbestos-containing materials relative to the total number of workers on the site; identification of alternative materials; and a qualitative description of the level and frequency of construction worker asbestos exposure. At a number of sites, samples were collected and analyzed for asbestos fiber so that a determination of ceiling and time-weighted average (TWA) exposures could be made.
Site visits were arranged through various organizations including manufacturers, construction contractors, and trade associations. Quali fied personnel conducted the visits and, as an aid to providing uniformity of information, completed the site survey report shown in Appendix A. In all, 36 sites were visited during the program. The data obtained during these visits are presented and discussed in Section 4, Exposure to Asbestos.
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2.2 DISCUSSION OF DATA
2.2.1 Results
2.2.1.1 Published Data
The published literature contained a thorough documentation of the type of asbestos products manufactured, their quantities, and dollar volume, and the number of workers employed in their manufacture, as well as a good characterization of the construction industry in terms of number of workers, seasonal work variations, special trade groups, contractor size, business volume, and construction activity in general.. The litera-. ture search was thus fairly straightforward, requiring only that the necessary values be obtained from the pertinent table or graph.
The 1972 Census of Manufactures, Industry Series (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a-b, 1975a-b) was the primary source of information concerning the manufacture of asbestos and asbestos-containing products. Some supplemental data were retrieved from publications such as-the Annual Survey of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975c), the Minerals Yearbook (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1973), Mineral Facts and Problems (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1975), and the Predicasts Market Abstracts (1976). From these additional sources, it was possible to estimate manufacturing values for 1974.
Information on the construction industry was also obtained from census data (U.S. Bureau of the Census (1975d-n). Additional construction information was found in the statistical series presented monthly in
01-Q2C60
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Construction Review (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a-b) and in the latest issues of the Survey of Current Business (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 1976).
The major disadvantage of utilizing this published data arises from the time lag between data collection and publication. This is particularly true for data on the manufacturing industries, for which detailed data are available only as recently as 1972. However, as noted previously, general category totals were available for 1974 and thus it was possible to esti mate by interpolation relative changes in values from 1972 to 1974. Addi tional data gathered from EEH's in-house survey of asbestos manufacturers, associations, and unions provided further support.in determining the over all makeup of asbestos manufacturing activities.
Asbestos fiber counts pertaining to the construction industry were obtained from trade journals (Nicholson 1971, Rhodes and Ingalls 1976a), scientific and technical journals (Harries 1968, 1971a-b; Rohl et al. 1975), and other technical publications (Cross et al. 1971; Rhodes and Ingalls 1975, 1976b).
There was a relative paucity of published literature concerning several Issues covered in this search. The Minerals Yearbook (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1973) presented some data on the percentage of asbestos products that are consumed by the construction industry. The 1976 Dodge Manual for Building Construction Pricing and Scheduling (McGraw-Hill 1976) and Building Construction Cost Data 1976 (Godfrey 1976) gave a rough indication of which special trade group may install a particular asbestos product and the approximate man-hours required for field installations.
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A few articles presented information on products that compete with or can be substituted for asbestos products (Williams 1971, 1973; Industrial Minerals 1975). EEH's site visits and surveys of asbestos manufacturers, associations, and trade unions supplied more thorough information on these subjects.
No substantially useful information was obtained from the published literature concerning procedures for installation of asbestos products, the percentage of the market a particular product commands, the extent to which asbestos materials have been replaced due to OSHA regulations, the number of workers directly exposed to asbestos products, or the degree and frequency of worker exposure in the construction industry. Again, information on these subjects was sought through site visits and corre spondence surveys.
2.2.1.2 Correspondence and Telephone Survey
2.2.1.2.1 Manufacturers
A total of 73 companies associated with asbestos materials were con tacted during the survey of manufacturers. Results of the survey have been divided into four categories: questionnaire completed, no construc tion products, refusal to participate, and no response. The results are tabulated below:
Response Questionnaire completed No construction products Refusal to participate No response
Total
Number of Manufacturers
20 39
5 9 73
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Information obtained from the 20 companies that completed the question naire i- ' Jimarized in Table 2-1 and was also used to develop much of the data present-.d in Section 2.2.2. Of the seven basic subjects covered by the questionnaire, answers were generally responsive and complete in all areas with the exception of fiber counts. Only two manufacturers had such data available from the actual installation or application of their materials at construction sites.
Precise production and sales figures are regarded as privileged information by most companies and were usually made available only with the assurance that this information would be treated confidentially and used only to develop industry-wide data. Even with assurances, five manufacturers refused to participate in the study, and no response was received from several other companies.
Most manufacturers had no difficulty in identifying the trade groups that utilize their products, even when the products were not used exclu sively by the construction trades. There was one difficulty, however, which was caused by the propensity of some manufacturers to separate repair and maintenance work from the construction industry. This was particularly evident in the case of companies that manufacture gaskets and fluid sealings. As a result, scant information was obtained on these products than might otherwise be possible with continued probing for clarification. These companies are included in the total of the 39 companies identified as producing "no construction products." A follow up survey of these manufacturers is planned to further refine informa tion on these asbestos products.
Production and Employment fo r 1975 i n t he Manufacture of Asbestos Construction Products
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Source: EEH 1976b.
x = Quantity not determined
as manufacturers'
data
were
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in
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units
(tons,
square
feet,
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a. Number does not equal summation o f fig u re s in column as some companies produce more than one asbestos co n stru ctio n
product.
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Of the 39 companies that report no participation in the direct manu facture of asbestos building materials, 37 were active in some other phase of the asbestos industry. This group included mines, importers, distributors of raw asbestos fibers, fabricators, and the manufacturers of friction materials, filters, and asbestos/plastics. The two remaining companies had discontinued the use of asbestos in their manufactured products.
2.2.1.2.2 Manufacturing Trade Associations
Responses were received from 7 of the 10 manufacturing trade asso: ciations that were contacted. The information available from these sources, however, does not add materially to that available directly from the manufacturers. Beyond confirmation from several associations that their members do or do not produce asbestos-containing construction products, no industry-wide data were available from them.
The seven responses can be grouped into three categories:
1. Two associations were unable to respond to any part of the questionnaire.
2. Three associations verified that none of their members manu factured asbestos-containing construction materials.
3. Two associations confirmed that some of their members produce asbestos-containing construction materials, but the information they could provide was limited to the names of these specific companies.
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2.2.1.2.3 Construction Trade Associations
Construction trade associations are almost equally divided between those that have data relating to asbestos usage by their members and those that do not. The amount and type of detail available from the former group vary considerably, however, and are primarily dependent upon the functions each association performs for its membership and its cor responding internal need for information.
Insulation contractors' associations, for example, have been active for several years in the administration of health surveillance programs for insulation workers. Their knowledge of practices and trends within* that industry is extensive and current. To varying degrees, other trade associations have had less need to develop information on product usage and worker exposures, and this fact was reflected in the responses they submitted.
In total, 20 construction trade associations were contacted with the following results:
1. Four associations did not respond to EEH inquiries despite repeated follow-up contacts.
2. One association declined to participate in the study. 3. Eight associations indicated a willingness to cooperate, but
simply had no data relevant to the study. 4. The remaining seven associations responded to the questionnaire.
The information they provided was particularly useful in identi fying asbestos-containing construction products and alternate products used by the various trades, numbers of contractors,
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numbers of employees, and, to a lesser degree, dollar volume of sales. All of the information obtained from these associations has been combined with corresponding data from other sources for presentation in Section 2.2.2.
2.2.1.2.4 Construction Trade Unions
The effort to obtain information from construction trade unions was largely nonproductive. Of the nine international unions contacted, only one responded with specific answers to the EEH questionnaire.* Even in this case, the answers were not based upon verifiable data, out instead, represented the best estimate of the union's director of safety.
With this one exception, the responses from the unions fell into three categories:
1. One union refused to participate in an industry-sponsored study, apparently in the belief that the interests of its membership
* Construction Trade: Carpenters: 1. SIC codes 1742, 1752, 1761, 1771. 2. Asbestos products utilized: siding, wallboard, spackling compounds, roofing materials, vinyl-asbestos floor tile, acoustical materials. 3. Union membership is 800,000. Of this number, 600,000 are in con struction work. A carpenter can expect to work approximately 9 months a year. The most significant decline in available work is during the winter. 4 and 5. Although precise information is not available, the union believes that all carpenters are at times exposed directly or indirectly to asbestos. 6. It is also believed that most carpenters who achieve journeyman status remain in the trade until retirement. Those who change to another occupation usually do so during the first 5 years.
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-would be best served by assuming an "adversary" relationship vis-a-vis industry on questions of worker health. 2. Five union? nad simply not developed for their own internal pur poses the types of data that were requested. While these unions indicated a willingness to cooperate, tney had little or no rele vant information. One respondent suggestec that the survey was in a sense premature, as construction trade unions are only beginning to accumulate information of this kind. Another union official, who is currently serving on the Construction Safety Advisory Cormittee to the Secretary of Labor--a committee that is considering problems related to asbestos usage in the construe tion industry--made the same point. 3. The two remaining unions neither provided information nor refused to do so. Although they were contacted repeatedly, a definite response was never received.
2.2.1.2.5 Regulatory Agencies
Fiber counts taken during the manufacture or use of asbestos-contain ing products were received from nine of the agencies contacted. (These data are incorporated in Section 4.) Useful data included the operation being performed, the asbestos product, and duration of the sample. The counts were given in fibers per cubic centimeter greeter than 5 micro meters in length with a length-width ratio of 3:1. Unless the fiber counts were given as a time-weighted average (TWA), it was assumed that the fiber counts denoted peak exposures.
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In addition to the nine agencies that provided data, the OSHA office in Washington, D.C., was another source of fiber count data. The office of Management Pita Systems, Division of Program and Systems Analysis, produces a national listing of site inspections performed by OSHA offices. A compilation of site inspections of asbestos exposures between June 1972 and July 1976 included approximately 1,000 listings. The listing for.each inspection gave the area office performing the sampling, name of establishmer-. inspection date, trade group SIC codes from 1967, and a qualitative rs.'Jt (e.g., at or within the standard, 1.1 to 2.1 times the standard, etc... From the SIC code, over 50 site inspections were identified with the construction industry. Under the Freedom of Information A:r reauests were made to 33 area offices for more complete information. 0S;>. responses were placed in the "Responded, No Data" category if they involved a site inspection for which only the asbestos content of the sample was determined, if the product sampled contained no asbestos but another fibrous material (i.e., fiberglass), or if the noted fiber counts were measured by some one other than the OSHA agency. The results of responses to this OSHA survey were as follows:
Response Supplied fiber count data Responded, no data Incomplete data No response
Total No. OSHA offices contacted
Number 21 6 2 _! 33
The fiber count data received from the various state OSHA offices has been tabulated in Section 4 by asbestos product and operation.
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2.2.1.3 Site Visits/Observations
A summary of the asbestos products observed at construction sites, the operations being performed, and a statement regarding the conduct of a fiber count survey is contained in Table 2-2. Site observations and fiber count data are incorporated in the appropriate subsection of Section 4. The information obtained was invaluable in terms of putting into proper perspective the operations performed with asbestos-containing materials as well as the conditions existing at various kinds of construc tion sites.
2.2.2 Subtasks
2.2.2.1 Manufacturing of Construction/Asbestos Products
In identifying types of manufactured products that contain asbestos (Table 2-3), this study relied upon the 1972 Census of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a-b, 1975a-b), the Standard Industrial Classifi cation (SIC) Manual (1972), EEH's in-house survey of manufacturers (1976b), and published articles on the history and uses of asbestos (Brodeur 1968). Table 2-3 presents those groups of manufactured goods that include asbestoscontaining products. Although the bulk of asbestos products are covered by SIC group 3292 (asbestos products), there are several other groups of manufactured goods that include asbestos-containing products (e.g., paper, building paper, paints, adhesives and sealants, asphalt coatings, plastics, gaskets, etc.). Not all products within these groups contain asbestos
Table 2-2
Summary of Site Visit Observations
Asbestos-Containing Materials
Asbestos-cement sheet
Asbestos-cement pipe
No. of Si tes
5
7
Roofing felt; asphalt-cement
Vinyl asbestos tile and sheet flooring
Shingles
Drilling fluids Drywall taping
compound
Friable asbestos insulation
Pipeline felt Coatings
6 3 4 7 2
2 1 1
Operations
Sawing Installation
Sawing Filing Installation
Rolling; cutting Tear-off
Installation, sanding, tear-off
Cutting, punching Installation
Addition of fibers
Application of tape Finishing Sanding
Removal prior to demolition
Wrapping, cutting
Mixing, spraying
Fiber Count Surveys 3
1
1 3 1 7 1
2 0 1
CJ
SIC
2621 2661 26611 26612 2851 2891 2951 2952 5-J 79 329^
>2925 32926 32927
32927 11 32927 21 32927 31 32927 35 32927 37 32927 41 32927 51 32927 73 32927 75 32927 81 32927 85 32927 98 3293 32932 32933
Table 2-3
Asbestos and Asbestos-containing Products (by SIC) Used in Construction and Non-Construction "industries
Product
Paper, except building paper Building paper and board
Insulating board Construction paper Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied products Adhesives and sealants Paving mixtures and blocks Asphalt felts and coatings Miscellaneous plastics products Asbestos products Asbestos friction materials Asbestos-cement shingles and clapboard Asphalt floor tile Vinyl asbestos floor tile Textiles, -insulation, other asbestos and asbestos-containing
products Yarn, cord, thread Cloth Other asbestos textiles Pipe insulation Other insulation Asbestos-cement flat sheets and wall board Asbestos-cement corrugated sheets Asbestos-cement pipe, conduit, ducts Asbestos-cement pressure pipe Asbestos felts--roofing Asbestos felts--other Other asbestos and asbestos-cement products
Gaskets, packing and sealing devices Gaskets and gasketing Packing and sealing devices
Note:
With the exception of SIC group 3292 products (asbestos products), not all products of a group contain asbestos (e.g., not all gaskets contain asbestos). All SIC groups listed here were identified as including one
or more products that do contain asbestos.
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(i.e., SIC group 2891 is listed in Table 2-3 because some adhesives anc sealants contain asbestos fibers).
Table 2-4 lists in greater detail those asbestos products utilized by the construction industry. This 'information was gathered from EEH's in-house survey of asbestos manufacturers (1976b). Numbers in parentheses following a product or group of products refer to the SIC group or numbers in which that product will be found.
Table 2-5 is a tabulation of several characteristies of the asbestos product manufacturing industry. For each product listed, the number of establishments producing this product, the number of employees, and more specifically, the number of production workers involved in.its manufacture, the quantity produced, ana the dollar value of that production are presented. All information in this table is taken from the 1972 Census of Manufactures {U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a).
A major limitation of these census data is the inability to separate construction from nonconstruction products. For example, asbestos textiles, friction products, insulation, and other asbestos and asbestos-cement pro ducts (SIC 32927) are grouped together. Separate figures for number of establishments, employees, and production workers are not given for each product included in this grouping. Few friction products find their way into the construction industry, whereas most insulation and asbestos-cement products are consumed by the construction industry. In addition, SIC group 3292, while including most asbestos products, excludes some asbestos-con taining products (such as asbestos-containing compounds) that are widely used in the construction industry. Hence, these data, as presented in the
2-20
Table 2-4 Asbestos Products Used in the Construction Industry
Asbestos-cement pipe pressure pipe (32927 75) water sewer pipe, conduit, ducts (32927 73) electrical sewer telaphone transmission water well casing
Asbestos-cement sheets (32927 41 and 32927 51 and 32927 98) acoustic ceiling panels corrugated sheets custom molded wall panels extruded panels flat sheets insulated sandwich panels laminated panels millboard prefabricated housing components prefabricated sheets roof decking roof tiles roofing siding structural sheets window sills
Asbestos-cement shingles and clapboard (32924) siding shingles roofing shingles clapboard
Asbestos-containing compounds caulking putties drilling fluid additives emulsions fireproof coatings foundation coatings joint compounds mastics
Asbestos-containing compounds (Cont.) paints plastic cements restaurants roof adhesives roof cements roof coatings sealing compounds spackles weather coatings
Asbestos felts roofing felts (32927 81) base felts base sheets cap sheets flashing sheets other felts (32927 85) flooring substrate pipeline felts
Asbestos insulation pipe insulation (32927 35) other insulation (32927 37)
Asbestos paper
Asbestos textiles cloth (32927 21) rope (32927 31) tape (32927 31)
Asphalt floor tile (32925 11)
Miscellaneous asbestos products expansion joints gasket sheets (32932)
Vinyl-asbestos floor tile (32926)
Oi
2-:i
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2-22
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2-23
Census of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a), do not completely describe that portion of the asbestos product manufacturing industry whose goods are ultimately destined for use in the construction industry.
An in-house survey of manufacturers (EEH 1976b) of those asbestos products utilized by the construction industry was therefore conducted to supply this information in the degree of specificity needed. In addition, this survey supplied more recent information than that available in the census data. A total of 20 manufacturers participated by providing information on employment and production of asbestos products utilized in the construction industry for the year 1975. Results of this survey are presented in Table 2-1.
The major groups of construction products manufactured include pipes, sheets, shingles, compounds, felts, and floor tiles. The table indicates the number of participating companies that produced some amount of the product during 1975.. For most products listed, the total quantity pro duced by all manufacturers could not be determined.
Table 2-6 shows the relative distribution of asbestos products into other (consumer) industries. Figures given in thousands of short tons represent the amount of raw fiber contained in the various products. Note that the construction industry consumes 100 percent of asbestos pipe, sheets, floor tile, and roofing papers, as well as 80 percent of asbestos insulation and 70 percent of asbestos coatings and compounds. A total of 77 percent of asbestos fibers as contained in asbestos products are consumed by the construction industry.
Total United States consumption of asbestos during the past decade
2-24
Source: U.S. Bureau o f Mines. 1973. M in e ra ls Yearbook. V o l. 1, page 174, Table a. Q u a n titie s and percent o f asbestos f ib e r consumed as v a rio u s p ro d u cts.
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2-27 AS8ESTOS TEXTILES
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Figure 2-1. Flow of asbestos products into the construction industry (EEH 1976b). ^ * -'20 6 :"i - -
2-28
Table 2-8 Exported ana Imported Manufactured Asbestos Products, 1972 (a)
Imports
Asbestos yam, slivers, etc. Asbestos-cement pipes, tubes, and fittings Asbestos-cement articles, other Asbestos articles, other
Total
Unit
4,274,730 lb 35,494,572 lb 19,907,573 lb
--
Value
$ 3,874,295 1,868,866 3,252,830 2,326,474
$11,322,4.5
Exports
Asbestos-cement shingles and clapboard Other asbestos-cement fiber-cement articles Gaskets Packing Heat or sound insulation Textiles and yarns Protective clothing Manufactures other than friction materials Clutch facings and linings for automobile use Other clutch facings and linings Brake linings for automotive use Other brake 1inings
Total
20,732,017 lb 19,298,922 lb
523,081 lb 4,293,564 lb
--
17,286,830 lb -- --
1,778,271 949,304
6,209,525 lb 2,782,921 lb
$ 2,307,607 2,148,247 935,421 6,526,589 1,772,061 4,863,444 320,282 4,623,428 1,425,549 482,163 4,366,514 2,286,528
$32,057,833
a. From Asbestos, May 1973, pp. 22-25.
Exported and Imported Manufactured Asbestos Products, 1974
Imports
Asbestos yam, slivers, etc. Asbestos-cement pipes, tubes, and fittings Other asbestos-cement articles Other asbestos articles
Total
Unit
7,248,093 lb 14,691,356 lb 54,434,564 lb
--
Value
$ 7,923,813 1,050,573 6,575,948 4,684,986
$20,235,320
Exports
Asbestos-cement shingles and clapboard Other asbestos-cement fiber-cement articles Gaskets Packing Heat or sound insulation Textiles and yarns Protective clothing Manufactures other than friction materials Clutch facings and linings for automobile use Other clutch facinqs and linings Brake linings for automotive use Other brake 1inings
Total
24,690,963 lb 62,550,540 lb
847,961 lb 5,622,108 lb
--
18,930,697 lb
--
--
1,696,151 733,386
8,420,952 lb 3,427,859 lb
$ 3,347,781 7,715,462 1,684,712
10,897,330 4,541,471 8,407,609
556,218 10,467,063
1,856,440 647,276
5,475,469 3,661,487
$60,258,318
a. From Asbestos. April 1975. pp. 22-31.
2-30
As in 19-72, the net exported consisted primarily of friction, packing, and nonspecified categories. In relation to the total amount manufactured, net values applicable to construction product categories are so small that they do not warrant inclusion in the tables.
Although the greatest detail on the manufacturing industry is available only from the 1972 Census of Manufactures, data on major SIC categories are available from the 1974 Annual Survey of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976b). It is therefore, possible, to extend the 1972 figures to 1974. In addition, identification of secondary asbestos products, i.e., products in which asbestos is a secondary component, such as building paper and board (SIC 2611) and asbestos-backed vinyl floor covering, was carried out and added to the relevant data from Table 2-5 and is presen ted for 1972 and 1974 in Tables 2-10 and 2-11. The values for asbestosbacked vinyl floor covering were obtained by calculating the quantity of product produced in 1972 and 1974 from the quantity produced in 1973 as identified in a computer search of the Predicasts data base Predicast Market Abstracts. The reference given was Predicast Study T-38, Floor Coverings. The value given was 402 million square feet for felt-backed resilent flooring. Values for 1972 and 1974 were determined by extrapo lating from the consumption of plastic in the construction/flooring industry as obtained from Modern Plastics (1974, 1975); the values were 214,000; 202,000; and 156,000 metric tons for 1972, 1973, and 1974, respec tively. Once quantities were obtained, the dollar value could be deter mined by multiplying the unit cost by the total quantity giving total value. Unit costs (Table 2-12) were obtained from Building Construction
2-31
Table 2-10
Quantity. Dollar Value, and Cost of Installation for Asbestos-Containing Construction Proaucts Manufactured in 1572* *
Product
Flooring, tile Plain-backed Adhesive-backed Asphalt Vinyl sheet, asbestosbacked
Asbestos-cement pipe
Poofing Shingles Felt
(Additional cost for built-up roofing per ply)
Asbestos-cement sheets
'Insulation Pipe Other
Gaskets, packings, and sealings (selected)
Textiles
Coatings and cements
Felts, not specified by kind
Building paper and board
Other^
Subtotal
Friction products
Total
Quantity (000.000 units)
1,164.6 sq. ft., , 195.9 sq. ft.(a) 88.2 sq. ft. 426.0 sq. ft.
41.1 linear ft.
1.3 squares 4.46 squares 3/4 (4.46 squares)
51.8 sq. ft.
11.2 linear ft. 116.4 sq. ft.
39.3 lbs. 60.4 gal.
2.58
361.6 sq. ft. 82.9 sq. ft.
Product Value ($000,000) $ 455.9 151.3 48.0 9.1 247.5
143.3 44.0 20.8 23.2
44.4
20.7 12.8 122.1
37.2 32.2 13.4
90.4 22.3 1,038.7
Installation Cost ($000,000)
$192.2 32.3 14.5 95.9
65.6
32.5 10.41 10.0)
25.1
17.1 12.8 91.6
27.9 75.2 6.00
54.2 13.4 776.7
Total Cost ($000,000)
$ 343.5 30.3 23.5
343.4
208.9
53.3 43.6
69.5
37.8 25.6 213,7
65.1 107.4
19.4
144.6 35.7
1,815.4
a. Estimated from SufTdlna Construction Cost Data (Godfrey 1974).
b. Includes millboard, prefabricated nousing comoonents, felts, textiles, and other asbestos-cement products not specified by kind.
* - Indicator of magnitude of future demolition removals.
2-32
Table 2-11
Quantity, Dollar Value, and Cost of Installation for Asbestos-Containing Construction Prooucts Manufactured In 1974
Product
Flooring, tile Plain-backed 1 Adheslve-backedl Asphalt Vinyl sheet, asbestosbacked
Asbestos-cement pipe
Roofing Shingles Felt
(Additional cost for built-up roofing per ply)
Asbestos-cement sheets
Insulation Pipe Other
Gaskets, packings, and sealings (selected)
Textiles
Coatings and cement
Felts, not specified by kind
Building paper and board
Other(b)
, Subtotal
Friction Products
Total
Quantity (000,000 units)
1 ,336.9 sq. ft. 43.2 sq. ft. 310.0 sq. ft.
SO.O linear ft.
1.1S squares 5.33 squares 3/4 (5.33 squares)
61.4 sq. ft.
12.3 linear ft. 167.3 sq. ft.
49.3 lbs.<) 100.73 gal.
3.07
421.2 sq. ft. 112 sq. ft.
Product Value ($000,000)
$ 412.6 227.4 5.1 180.1
179.3
18.5 29.2
Installation Cost ($000,000)
$253.9 7.8
69.8
89.0
30.0 13.11 20.4J
55.7
26.0<a> 18.4(a) 138.9
46.7 53.7 16.8
105.3 28.0
1,129.1 274.7
38.3
21.07 18.4 114.0
38.3 125.4
7.51
63.18 16.8 926.96
Total Cost ($000,000)
$ 481.3 12.9
249.9
268.3
48.5 62.7
94.0
47.07 36.8 252.9
85.0 179.1
24.31
168.48 44.8
2,056.06
a. Estimation based on extrapolation of 1972 data ratio by [EH. b. Includes millboard, prefabricated housing components, felts, textiles, and other asbestos-cement
products not specified by kind. * Indicator of magnitude of future demolition removals.
2-33
Table 2-i2
Unit Value. Installation Cost, and Labor Requirements for Selected Asbests-Containinq Construction Products
Product
Unit Value
1972 Installation Unit Cost per Unit Value
1974
Installation Cost per Unit
Labor
Output per Day
Flooring (sq. ft.)
0.245
0.165
0.31
0.18
540 sq. ft.
Asbestos-backed vinyl floor covering (sq. ft.)
Pipe (linear ft.)
Shingles (sqs.)
Roofing Felts ('sqs.) c ] t up roofing - -qs.)
Astestos-cement sheets (sq. ft.)
Insulation pipe (linear ft.)
0.581
0.225
0.581
3.49 16
1.6 25
3.66 16
5.20
2.33 3.00
5.48
0.857
0.485
0.907
1.85
1.53
2.11
Installation Cost ... . . Material Cost" = Ratl Index
0.225
1.78 26
2.45 5.10 0.623
1.71
487.5 sq. ft.
91.3 linear ft. 4 squares 58 squares
28 squares
170.5 sq. ft. 68.5 linear ft.
Insulation "other"
Coatings and cements
Bui 1 ding paper and board
"Other"
Gaskets, packing, and sealings
Textiles
0.75 0.75
1 2.33 0.6
0.6
0.82 0.82
o; -a--=
2-34
that could replace asbestos. This factor was obtained from "Selected Materials Consumed" of the 1972 Census of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of Cost Oata (Godfrey 1973, 1975). Data on building.paper and board were obtained by taking the value of SIC 2661 and multiplying it by the percent age of asbestos consumed in that SIC, relative to alternative materials that could replace asbestos. This factor was obtained from "Selected Materials Consumed" in the 1972 Census of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975a).
Additional data presented in Tables 2-10 and 2-11 include values on quantities produced and installation costs. Data on quantities, when provided, were obtained from census tables. However, for several product categories, either data were not provided or units given were not com- patible to EEH's analysis. In these cases, data on product value per unit, e.g., square feet, squares, etc., were derived by averaging data obtained from Building Construction Cost Data for 1972 and 1974 (Godfrey, ed.) and from the Dodge Construction System Costs (McGraw-Hill 1975). Material costs (Table 2-10) per unit could then be divided into total pro duct value providing an estimation of the quantity produced. In certain cases, however, it was not possible to make quantity estimations for pro duct categories due to the non-specific nature of the category, e.g., textiles and gaskets, packings, and sealings. Similarly, in the insula tion "other", cements and coatings, and "other" categories, the quantity values represent very rough estimates and these data were not used in calculating installation costs.
Costs of installation were determined by multiplying the unit cost of installation (Table 2-12) from Building Construction Cost Data (Godfrey 1974, 1975) by the total quantity produced, with the exception of insula-
Ji -C Jb
2-3
tion "other", coatings, and cements, building paper and board, and the category "other11. For these categories, it was more feasible to obtain an index of the cost ratio of installation cost over material cost by averaging material costs versus installation costs from Building Con struction Cost Data and the Dodge Construction System Costs for as many items as possible that could be classified into these categories. Thus, if material value is known, the installation value could be calculated. Fur textiles and gaskets, packings, and sealings, it was impossible to obtain such an index ration with any reliability; therefore, the best alternative was to apply a general ratio to these categories derived' from total product value over total installation costs. All unit values can be found in Table 2-12.
2.2.2.2 Construction Industry Characteristics
Total construction employment accounted for approximately 5.2 and 5.4 million persons for 1972 and 1974, respectively, based on the annual tabulations of the current population survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976a).
These figures represent all persons engaged in construction activi ties, including government, forced-account (i.e., those involved in speculative construction), self-employed, unpaid-family workers, etc. A more manageable, greater detailed data base is the 1972 Census of Construction Industries (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975d-n) and monthly Construction Review (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce),* which focuses upon the contract construction industry. Contract construction accounts
*Data in Construction Review (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce) are obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and are compatible with the U.S. BLS Employment and Earnings. -C2 ? :
2-36
for approximately 70 percent of all construction with population estimates being approximately 4 million in 1972 (quinquinal 1972 Census of Con struction Industries) and 3.95 million in 1974 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1975).
A general review on the construction industry is available in "Employment and Training Report of the President to the Congress, 1976" (U.S. Department of Labor 1976).
Contract construction is divided into three categories by the federal government: general building contractors, heavy and highway contractors, and special trades contractors. It is this system and sources addressing this system that have primarily been utilized in this study.
In addition, data were also obtained when necessary from the decen nial 1970 Census of Population, specifically the subject reports, e.g., Industrial Characteristics, Occupation By Industry (U.S. Bureau of the Census).
From these sources, data have been compiled identifying the major characteristics of the contract construction industry. Table 2-13 is a list of some of the topics for which data were compiled and the years for which data were available.
Data were also gathered for the employment and workforce of oil and gas extractors in SIC 13 and its various subcomponents. Bureau sources used for this compilation were the same as for all other con struction SIC's.
Trade groups that utilize asbestos products in the construction industry were first identified according to their SIC code (SIC Manual
01 - "2 j . 3 T- 5
2-37
Table 2-13
Contract Construction Characteristics
Characteristic
Number of proprietors by SIC code
Number of all employees by SIC code
Number of construction workers by SIC code
Seasonal variation of workforce by SIC
Transient characteristics of the construction industry
Average hours worked/week by SIC
Average weeks worked/year by SIC
Average hourly earnings by SIC (Bureau of Labor Statistics and Building Construction Customer Data)
For each SIC, breakdown of number of employees, number of establish ments and value paid for materials, components and supplies by $ volume of construction receipts and by employee size of establishment
Payments for materials, components, and supplies for each SIC
Years Available 1972 1972/1974 (Selected) 1972/1974 (Selected) 1972/1970-1976
1970 1972/1974 1970 1972/1974
1972
1974-extrapolated
0r
2*38
1972). The list was prepared from a preliminary investigation of con struction products that contain asbestos and a common-sense interpreta tion of the probable user. This list has been verified and amended by the EEH survey of manufacturers (1976b) and the survey of trade unions (1976d) to include most construction trade groups.
In Table 2-14, the trade groups are identified by the SIC code and number of employees. The U.S. Bureau of the Census in the 1972 Census of Construction Industries (1975) gives both the average number of construction workers and the average number of all employees for each four-digit SIC code. Data for number of workers in subsequent years are given in the monthly publication of the U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce, Construction Review, and in the monthly publication of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statis tics, Employment and Earnings. These monthly publications, however, do not detail the data to a complete four-digit code system. As an example, in Table 2-14, the number of carpentering contractors (SIC 1751) is designed for 1972, but they are part of the total for the figures given in the two-digit SIC code 17, all special trade contractors, for 1974.
The data presented in Table 2-14 are for establishments with payroll only. There is limited information on the individual proprietor working in the construction industry during 1972. These people account for approximately 10 percent of the construction work force identified in the 1972 Census although they account for 482,865, or 52 percent of the 920,806 construction work establishments. The majority of this group
oi Q-
Table 2-14
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Source: U.S. Bureau o f Domestic Commerce, S ta tis tic a l Series. i $ 7 6 a . Construction Review. Vol. 22, No. 3.
1Not given.
2-41
2-42
is special trade contractors (80 percent); however, there is no further indication as to which trade groups are included in this figure except for plumbers (SIC 1711) and electricians (SIC 1731). The data for characterizing these workers in the construction industry are shown in Table 2-15.
In addition to noting the number of establishments or locations of business, the number of proprietors are given for each SIC code group for the year 1972. Tables 2-16 to 2-31 show that there are, for estab lishments with employed workers, 272,501 proprietors employing an average of 4,083,465 people. Therefore, the total workforce employed in 1972, including individual proprietors, was 4,827,320. A similar breakdown for individual proprietors is not available for 1974. The population data presented in Table 2-14 represent only those construction establishments with employees in 1974.
Data available for 1972 construction establishments according to the size of business by both employee size and dollar volume (Tables 2-16 to 2-31) are not tabulated for 1974. The only data available for 1974 is a total figure for payments for materials components and supplies for the whole industry (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 1976), which is presented in Table 2-32.
As general building contractors encompass nearly a third of the wor1' force and well over a third of the construction receipts, it is interesting to note that 41 percent of the total construction receipts
eceived by operative and residential contractors (SIC 152 and 153) is
Ql
Table 2-15
Selected Characteristics for Proprietors in the Construction Industry With No Employees
SIC Code 15, 16, 17 15 16 17 1711 1731
Number of Establishments
476,107 73,329 14,726 384,343 35,070 25,361
Number of Proprietors
471,354 71,663 14,383
383,592 34,782 25,224
Total Receipts fl ,000's)
$8,369,423
3,024,195
460,355
4,863,871
779,456
518,076
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t<osi
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to o'
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to u
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k MM
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m e
to
41
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-- S.
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k <0
a k
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i5<8_>mw
w1e0
U.S. Bureau o f the Census. 1975d. Census o f Construction In d u s trie s . 1972. Industry Series (SIC 1623), A p ril 1975.
2-48
ji
ooCMs
SO CO
to Com
co M
5
o os
SO OS
WMl Ol 9l
CM
so oei
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CM < os
s OS os
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3
3
CM
CM
83
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cm
3
CO
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3
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9A
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fos OS
s o o O*S -- CM
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3*-
&
3
CM
os
IA CO
CM a CM CM
so
os CM
s
ia CD o>
IA
(A 3
8
o
CM Cm Os OS
3
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3
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CM CO IA
<A IA IA
e
ss
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uCM cO
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4M k
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4
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m
3
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ko &
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Over 30 percent o f the data was estimated.
2-49 a : --- -
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oae
o VU
IS IA
%
S
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W ithheld to avoid d isclo sin g fig u re s fo r In d ivid u a l companies. Data are Included In underscored fig u re s In adjoining column.
2-50
0 i - _? ' . r
r--
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to o
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9
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9 A> <n r>
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s
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(percent)
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u 4-> e o <_ 9 S e o
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so r* 4
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cm p.
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to
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one
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o O' in tn oo <o m
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a. 4
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----l<b/4t. F(o3A". --Lo^4<./a1 x^**94bOVC4Bm**;I <O"0*eMc4CQ_9**>*>.*--"A9MoMe<3O*9'
w*Ex"*t t44>eo11,
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u Si-
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<4 b. u
2<~
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U.S. Bureau o f the Census. 1975e. Census o f Construction In d u s trie s . 1972. Industry Series (SIC 1711), A p ril 1975. Oata combined to avoid d is c lo s in g fig u re s o f IndlvIduaV contractors.
2-52
C<sO
ot
ir>
a*
coo>
co
o at o at o at
o o at o w at ut at
o at at o at
o o at O -* O'
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to
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91
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Estimates fo r
Average No. Employees
(percent)
2-53 01
c(Soi
CO
o. V",
(OO*
sn
vO <CO>
CM
r to
SO
Uu ell o
CCMMI
4>
0
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(<771i 441)
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I/I
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1
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o
so CO
0 sO
30 5CM
f0<--ss fOSO 901
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*A
CM Ol so CM < 91
0
0tn
so
oSO 3
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m
IM
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z 2
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O4<4_C1) --vw<Bi
4> - -- VI vi aw
--9 SaoO--"
S VI
-- v 41
iSS
o_l 4wICCo
%
A_
<4* C
k l M 2dUi
3
a e v
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4) a
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<
wO
3 W VI
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ww
W
o
VI C
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z
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4> <4
vi e m
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41 <_> 3
wo3
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gs
M 41 Ww
o >
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U.S. Bureau o f the Census. 1975f. Census o f Construction In d u s trie s , 1972. Industry Series (SIC 1721), March 1975. Data c e rtifie d to avoid d isclo sin g figures o f In d ivid u a l contractors.
2-54
0m5 4k (SI
o o o
O O'
olA ** o>l
O' O O' O O' O O O'
o rO ** O'
gov o*
O'
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VI
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g
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ws O z >, o<>--o A
--a
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1*
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e w
u
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we
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.
W ui O
Ui > <
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>s < 5 a w x AiA e
A
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Over 30 percent o f the data was estimated.
2-55
CD uo CO -- V CM V/>
C*. CO
CPoMOv
2-56
U.S. Bureau o f the Census. 1975g. Census o f Construction In d u s trie s . 1972. Industry Series (SIC 1731), A p ril 1975.
oo 9
o
? w3
IA a> 0i 41 V>
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0VCoMV' --I04Oa>A) -1
M
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O* > 'O
uo aa-
po
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lA
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01
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r > ?
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`I.o CM '
3
Or II
41 4 0* >
tol ao-
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5
2I
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VO
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<-- co
3
o
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3
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vi e m
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vo
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v *-- ev*
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Ok vO VO
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r
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4)
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--
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we aVk --
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c-- o
C 41 4
12 3
<
a.
Standard E rror o f Estimates fo r
Average No.
Employees (percent)
2-57
9 IA a
_ 9 f*. O 1/1
(Si
see
I 8 &
Ui X
o
Ui a
s
Oo+ >IA
>- ae
VI
O' 91
O' > O
o o --
kA E
VI 91 9> 9>
lo o lo a (si E
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VI I 9
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0*01
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91 O>1
in ?'
tA
991- > o ~
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8
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(*1
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9
90
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a9 o
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a
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8
9 (Si o
lf>
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iV *k a ** u VI
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-- ** -- u o <3
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u. e c vi e v3i |i\S
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8 uU
w X-
w U uk
W ithheld to avoid d isclo sin g fig u re s fo r In d iv id u a l companies. Data are Included in underscored fig u re s in adjoining column.
2-58
o >-- VO
o CM r
3
CM
* o Oo')'*1
+*
o
o
O g~3
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o
CM
o o
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9).
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CM O
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CM O'
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--
s 3 o
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g o < 8 cm
f* c-> ec o *
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CO
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CM CM
Mo
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w 4)
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<-* o
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u u c a.
l 2.5 'S
Estimates fo r
Average No. Employees
(percent)
2-59
Ol-n
oCO
di
i*ia1
i/i O' 41
oO' aN; OI *o--
mo a
a0
o "cb n O'
4-1 44 AS k 4-> c o w c o
0 3
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>
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in <--
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44
0- 4O>4
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uj i/i
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irt 44 4) w
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9 g (A
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4) J 44
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44
n
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SS 44 9
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O3
c5
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Q oi a
k 0u
9 kk
3 44 44
g o **
0 <'--
U .S B u re a u o f th e C e n s u s . 1 9 7 5 h . C e n su s o f C o n s tru c tio n In d u s tr ie s . 1 9 7 2 . In d u s try S e rie s (S IC 1 7 4 2 ), M ay 1 9 7 5 . O a ta c o m b in e d to a v o id d is c lo s in g fig u r e s o f In d iv id u a l c o n tr a c to r s .
2-60
2-61
CO
o
a o>
o O' O O' O O O' OWCl O *T
o o
a* o *
O ** O'
om oo''
oo O'
o o *
-> O' O'
CM V
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-- CM
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o
CM
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u> lO O
& CO
Ui
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1a9 --
w|Q
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C A (Q UJ <
< (A
Employees (percent)
~ vI-->
<VJ
O' *--
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O'
+ v4>
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o> VVI
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41
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2-62 Pl
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U.S. Bureau o f the Census. 1975j. Census o f Construction In d u s trie s . 1972. Industry Series (SIC 1752), May 1975.
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2-66
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2-68
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Data combined to avoid d isclo sin g figures o f In d iv id u a l contractors.
2-70
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2-74
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2-77
subcontracted and that nonresidential contractors (SIC 154) subcontract 51 percent of their work (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975n).
Characterization of oil and gas drilling contractors (SIC 13) has been tabulated separately from the building and other nonbuilding con struction trades. Data on average hours worked, average weeks worked per year, and average hourly earnings were obtained from a more current source and consequently the population figures do not correspond to the data obtained from the 1972 Census of Mineral Industries (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974c). These two sources and corresponding data are both represented in Table 2-33.
Seasonal variation is a commonly noted characteristics of construction employment. Workers will typically have three or four periods of unemploy ment per year. The effect of this variable work force is estimated to be responsible for two-thirds of enemployment insurance claims in contract construction (Gordon et al. 1973).
Seasonal variation of construction workers employed in the United States for the selected SIC codes listed in Table 2-14 is illustrated in Figures 2-2 through 2-9 for the period of January 1970 through June 1976. The data presented, however, are limited by the aggregation of four-digit SIC code classifications into the three-digit classifications.
Employment levels for the period from 1970 to 1976 are shown for general building contractors (SIC 15) and all heavy construction con tractors (SIC 16) in Figures 2-2 and 2-3, respectively.
Figure 2-4 gives the monthly variation for all special trade con tractors, which is the only indicator of seasonal employment for the
-f 1 O 2 r - - - -
2-77
subcontracted and that nonresidential contractors (SIC 154) subcontract 51 percent of their work (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975n).
Characterization of oil and gas drilling contractors (SIC 13) has been tabulated separately from the building and other nonbuilding con struction trades. Data on average hours worked, average weeks worked per year, and average hourly earnings were obtained from a more current source and consequently the population figures do not correspond to the data obtained from the 1972 Census of Mineral Industries (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974c). These two sources and corresponding data are both represented in Table 2-33.
Seasonal variation is a commonly noted characteristics of construction employment. Workers will typically have three or four periods of unemploy ment per year. The effect of this variable work force is estimated to
/
be responsible for two-^thirds of enemployment insurance claims in contract construction (Gordor/et al. 1973).
/
Seasonal variation of construction workers employed in the United States for the selected SIC codes listed in Table 2-14 is illustrated in Figures 2-2 through 2-9 for the period of January 1970 through June 1976. The data presented, however, are limited by the aggregation of four-digit SIC code classifications into the three-digit classifications.
Employment levels for the period from 1970 to 1976 are shown for general building contractors (SIC 15) and all heavy construction con tractors (SIC 16) in Figures 2-2 and 2-3, respectively.
Figure 2-4 gives the monthly variation for all special trade con tractors, which is the only indicator of seasonal employment for the
C haracteristics o f O il and Gas D r illin g Contractors Source: U.S. Bureau o f the Census, 1974c. 1972 Census o f Mineral In d u s trie s . a. This value represents operations that occur w hile d r illin g * b. This value represents exclusive d r illin g .
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2-78
Table 2-33
Source: U.S. Bureau o f the Census, 1974c. 1972 Census o f Mineral In d u s trie s .
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2-79
N um ber of C onstruction /.'arkeis
2*30
Figure 2-2. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by general building contractors (SIC 15) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b). 0i
Num ber of C o m iru c tio n W oikeis
2-81
2-82
Number o f Construcuon Workers
J JJ 1970
J jj 1971
J jj 1972
j jj
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j jj
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j jj
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j jj
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Figure 24. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by all special trade contractors (SIC code 17) by month, 1970*1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b).
Ji
2-83
Number o l Construction Workers
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
Figure 2-5. Number of construction workers in the United States by plumbing, heating, ar*d air conditioning contractors (SIC code 171) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b).
2-84
Number o l Constructron Workers
o1 " " 1 1 11 ........ j jj j jj
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1971
JJ 1972
JJ 1973
J JJ 1974
JJ J JJ
1975
1976
Figure 2-6. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by painting, paperhanging, and decorating contractors (SIC code 172) by month, 19701976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b).
UJ-r
2-as
Numbei oi C o n iiiu ctio o W oikeis
jj j jj
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1971
J JJ
J
1972
JJ 1973
J JJ 1974
J JJ 1975
J JJ 1976
Figure 2*7. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by electrical work contractors (SIC code 173) by month, 1970-1976 {U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b).
01
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2-86
Numbei o i C o iiiiiu c n u n W oikeis
j jj 1970
j jj
1971
j jj 1972
j jj
1973
j jj
1974
j jj 1975
jjj
1976
Figure 2-8. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by masonry, plastering, stone, and tile work contractors (SIC code 174} by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b).
-i -
2-87
Number o l Construction Workers
jjj
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j jj
1971
j jj
1972
jjj
1973
j jj
1974
jjj
1975
j jj
1976
Figure 2-9. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by roofing and sheet metal work contractors (SIC code 176) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976arb).
i
2-88
1970 to 1976 period for construction workers in carpentry, floor work, and concrete work.
Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insulation workers represented in Figure 2-8 account for only 33 percent of the data presented, with setting and other stone workers (SIC code 1741) accounting for 57 per cent and terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic workers (SIC code 1743). making up the remaining 10 percent (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975h).
The seasonal variations--presented in Figure 2-5 for plumbing, heating, and air conditioning; Figure 2-6 for painting, paperhanging, and decorating; Figure 2-7 for electrical workers; and Figure 2-9 for roofing and sheet metal workers--are not affected by the aggregation to a three-digit classification.
The seasonal variation of all construction workers in 1972 is summarized for establishments with payroll in Table 2-34. March was chosen as representative of the month of lowest employment and August as the highest. The data were tabulated for the 1972 Census of Con struction Industries (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975n) and therefore similar tabulation is not made for 1974. The data presented in Figures 2-2 through 2-9 are the best representation for the seasonality of the construction workforce in 1974.
In addition to monthly variation of construction workers employed within the various trades, it is of interest to determine the flow of workers into and out of the construction industry. Table 2-35 tabulates the percentage of workers who, for a 5-year period (1965-1970), remained in the same industry (construction) and same trade or occupation. The less skilled workers (laborers) were least likely to remain in the ron-
Dl-020
2-88
1970 to 1976 period for construction workers in carpentry, floor work, and concrete work.
Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insulation workers represented in Figure 2-8 account for only 33 percent of the data presented, with setting and other stone workers (SIC code 1741) accounting for 57 per cent and terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic workers (SIC code 1743). making up the remaining 10 percent (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975h).
The seasonal variations--presented in Figure 2-5 for plumbing, heating, and air conditioning; Figure 2-6 for painting, paperhanging, and decorating; Figure 2-7 for electrical workers; and Figure 2-9 for roofing and sheet metal workers--are not affected by the aggregation to a three-digit classification.
The seasonal variation of all construction workers in 1972 is summarized for establishments with payroll in Table 2-34. March was chosen as representative of the month of lowest employment and August as the highest. The data were tabulated for the 1972 Census of Con struction Industries (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975n) and therefore similar tabulation is not made for 1974. The data presented in Figures 2-2 through 2-9 are the best representation for the seasonality of the construction workforce in 1974.
In addition to monthly variation of construction workers employed within the various trades, it is of interest to determine the flow of workers into and out of the construction industry. Table 2-35 tabulates the percentage of workers who, for a 5-year period (1965-1970), remained in the same industry (construction) and same trade or occupation. The less skilled workers (laborers) were least likely to remain in the non-
2-89
Table 2-34
Seasonal Variation of Construction Worker Employment by Industry, 1972
SIC Code
15
16
17 15, 16, 17
Trade Group
Total Employed
March
Auqust
General Building Contractors 823,261 1,021,295 and Operatives
Heavy Construction Contractors
582,865
811,578
Special Trade Contractors 1,609,611 1 ,942,290
Construction Trades. Total 3,015,737 3,775,163
Percent Chance
19.4
28.2
17.1 2G.1
Source: U.$. Bureau of the Census 1957n.
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2-90
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2-91
struction industry as a laborer, whereas approximately 70 percent of the craftsmen--special trade contractors (SIC 17)--would remain a fairly stable population for the 5-year period. Operatives--general and highway contractors (SIC 15 and 16)--are the most variable population with 31.3 percent remaining in the same occupation and industry, 11.3 percent changing their occupation, 9.8 percent continuing in the same occupation but moving into another industry, and 27.4 percent leaving the trade and industry altogether.
Although length of service in a trade is a useful indicator for the degree of risk associated with asbestos exposure. Table 2-35 spans only a 5-year period, which falls short of the 10- to 20-year latency period associated with asbestosis; and up to 40 years associated with malignan cies attributed to asbestos exposure. Age distribution data then, in addition to further characterizing the construction industry, can be used to estimate the number of workers that could possibly exhibit the health effects associated with exposure to asbestos (l.e., workers over the age of 35). Tables 2-36 and 2-37 have been developed from the 1970 Census of Population (1973a-b) to illustrate the age distribution among construction workers. Table 2-36 represents the construction trades in the broad two-digit classifications and Table 2-37 gives the distri bution for selected special trade contractors.
The average hours worked per week by the construction trades is given in Table 2-38 for the two-digit SIC codes and selected three-digit SIC codes for 1972 and 1974. The only indication for the average weeks worked per year comes from the 1970 Census of Population.
Average hourly earnings presented in Table 2-39 are more compatible
Source: U.S. Bureau o f the Census* 1970 Census o f P opulation. Subject Report-- In d u s tria l C h a ra cte ristics PC(2)-78. U.S. Department o f Commerce, 1973.
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2-92
Oi
2-93
Tabic 2*37
Age Qtstributinr'S nf CCi.stcue11qiii K'orters
_S:\-ci.il Tr'.1 IQS, SIC 17
sre cow.
Hale Cf ; K >cJ
1741 Construction
t:> ivKr.isons a1'- str^c OricKr.iscns ano s tfve.. J-ons ,
apprentices
1751 Carpenters Carpenter apprentices
1771 Cement and concrete f'msiiers
1731 Clectnc^ns electrician apprentices
1752
floor layers, except tile setters
1721 Painters, construction and maintenance Painter apprentices
1721 Papernangers
1742 Plasterers Plasterer apprentices
1711 Plur'tC'v and pipe fitters Plu.rcer and pipe fitter apprentices
1761 Roofers end slaters
1743
Tile setters
Construction foreoen
1761 Shectretal workers ana tinssti tns ShoeUeul apprentices
1742
Asbestos and insulation workers
Carpenter's helpers
Construction laborers, except carpenter' $
helpers
16 a<>,, i7 17,76c 1,14.! 16s
.872 441 397 947 312 204
5,079 86 20
221 41 1,194 409
833 331 130 841
95 173
3,551 17,257
k .mg )>j
57,606 3,652 503
'"-'Ll
coo.cbi 14,:;'3 1,332
''Kirs ;j :j . ?
314,410 19,30" 574
--
:oi,cc: 19,643 200
39.472 1,951
1,321
6,761 2.218
597
72,523 4,053
5,713
48.705 10,161
1,925
84,04.3 1.336
7,574
06.061 5,304
2.666
49,31) 249
8,597
56,010 1.419
2,293
9,294
228
74
650 125
6,043 1,379
27,190
720
423
1,730 195
34,700 7,251
29,281
230
617
2,321 69
44,599 3.021
29,712
61
612
2,668 --
41,912 527
2.696 7H 438
3.522 617 207
7,940 2.650 5,329 17,729 3.348 2.9S5
8.782 3,767 13,001 20,931 1,141 3.552
7.243 4,076 20,081 17,237
122 3,309
5,362 35,641
8.273 81,347
4,057 62,291
2,979 51,031
---i------- i.'. 309,054 21..::
231
33,345 9-j
9,3/0 55,438
4C3 2.633
30.759 39
907 3,619
19 40.362
244
7.342 4.248 20,367 15,743
25 2,377
2,936 51,555
-3 \o 333.307 25.362
191
93,672 131
9,373 55,223
329 2.387
33.728 ' -- 876
4,322 21
42,831 1107
6,964 4,662 23.622 17,680
-- 3,049
3,226 56.359
Source: O.S. Sureau of tflt Census, 1973a
2-94
Tob1c 2*37 (Cent.)
'!C Code 1741
17S1 1771 1731 1752 1721
1721 1742 1711
1761 1743
1761
1742
Hale Lirplpvcd
Construction cmftsrvn Bnckti.jsons ana sicnc-assn* GricWusons ana stone jsons. apprentices
Carpenters Carpenter apprentices
Cerent and concrete finishers
Electricians Electrician apprentices
Floor layers, except tile setters
Painters, construction and maintenance Painter apprentices
Paperhangars
Plasterers Plasterer apprentices
Planters and pipe fitters PI inter and pipe fitter apprentices
Roofers and slaters
Tile setters
Construction foremen
Sheefetal workers and tinsmitfts Sheotmetal apprentices
Asbestos and insulation workers
Carpenter's helpers
Construction laborers, except carpenter's helpers
45 to " '**"*
337,607 2c.su:
t'kv
103,129 58
8.503 56.350
257 2.458
34,883 20
96S 4,412
22 49.107
138
4,679 3,860 22.860 19.661
75 2,027
2.991 52,267
55 to .-i
303,285 I3,5i'J IbS
105,127 41
6.933 47,938
239 2,174
37,611 21
1,060 3.337
-- 43,486
116
4,108 2,616 18,843 16.337
-- ' 2.006
3,011 50,854
.0 t-o 59
25.370 10,613 154
'Vlr<
<. . ; ' ; ' ----
i:; ,:-.9 s.ji; m3
83,792 42
5,388
30,452 144
1,557
42.79? 20
1,376
16,000 42
541
34,994 42
1,442 2.096
22 35,765
141
3,606 2,056 14,276 12,248
18 1.687
17,953 21
618 1,428
35 17.333
*
1,559 712
6,481 5.257
19 538
3.407 45.731
1,392 19,630
58.505 2,907
47
i: -->o.
62,221 2.706
32.705 J .27 J
**
19.979 -
983
8.334 89
359
24,122 17
1 .040
6,875 *
429
H.974 --
277
3.374 50
96
9,442
604 749 -- 7,883
23
884 409 2.913 2,380 -- 1135
11.603 -047 504 23
7,832 **
514 553 2,693 2,162
154
5,092 20
389 311 -3,709
49
405 195 926 824 --
14
695 8,827
099 10.S49
302 4.198
_n
2-95
Table 2*3? (Cont.)
SIC Code
1741
17S1 1771 1731 1752 1721
1721 1742 1711
1761 1743
1761
1742
Female Employed
CRAFTSMEN ANO KI.'IORED WORKERS
Construction craftsmen Srickmasons and stonemasons Brlckmasons and stonemasons, apprentices
Carpenters Carpenter apprentices
Cement and concrete finishers
Electricians Electrician apprentices
Floor layers, except tile setters
Painters, construction and maintenance Painter apprentices
Paperhangers
PIasterers Plasterer apprentices
Plumbers and pipe fitters Plumber and pipe titter apprentices
Roofers and slaters
Tile setters
Construction foremen
Sneetmetal workers and tinsmiths Sheetmetal apprentices
Asbestos and Insulation workers
LA80RERS, EXCEPT FARM
Carpenter's helpers
Construction laborers. except carpenter's helpers
16 and 17
731 42
178
-13 -- IS
248 -- --
..
-- 12$
'*
3$ 20 23 $8 30 --
14,687 64
311
18 and >9
1.690 118 7
583 23 39
243 -- --
420 *" 16 18 44
73 29 66 77 36
18,062 21
418
Yrs
20 to 24 ' 25' to 29" 30 to 34
6,614 323 25
1,308 30 70
1,232 76 --
1,351 -
112 21
511 41
175 39 58
381 14
106
37,774 197
1,415
5,155 237 23
1,184
154 1.230
48 51
1.184 16 37 63
398
140 -- 138 325 35
25,125 173 777
4,449 296 3$
1,107
127 684
-* 19
1,298 44 67 *
265
S3 88 262 325
51
24,280 141 564
35 to 39
4,733 99 13
1,155
155 1,124
27 61
1 .217 74 38 * 344 23
86 39 191 424
20
28,517 75
1,006
40 to 44
5,767 215
''
1 .165 40 90
965 12 69
1,741 "
155 132
' 511
139 25
171 308
" 72
29,683 113 354
2-96
Table 2-37 (Cont.)
SIC Code
1741
17S1 1771 1731 1752 1721
1721 1742 1711
1761 1/43
1761
1742
Female Emoloved
CRAFTSMEN AND KINORED WORKERS
Construction craftsmen 8r1ckma$ons and stonemasons Brtekmasons and stonemasons, apprentices
Carpenters Carpenter apprentices
Cement and concrete finishers
Electricians Electrician apprentices
Floor layers, except tile setters
Painters, construction and maintenance Painter apprentices
Papeman9ers
Plasterers Plasterer apprentices
Planters and pipe fitters Plumper and pipe fitter apprentices
Roofers and slater*
Tile setters
Construction foremen
Sheetmetal workers and tinsmiths Sheetmetal apprentices
Asbestos and insulation workers
IA80RERS, EXCEPT FARM
Carpenter's helpers
Construction laborers, except carpenter's helpers
4 5 `.o ay
5,781 274 21
1,369 --
142 1,182
22 41
1,557 --
103
..
-- 387
20
$0 81 7$ 622 -55
30,478 49
1,265
''ears 50 to 54 ~~ 55 to 59 "To to 62 63 to 64 65 to 69
74
4.306 180 "
798 19
107 744 --
--
1,333 --
207 21 21 360 "
36 42 131 300 -- --
26,536 66 725
3,422 172 24
678 12
120 359
* S4
1,006 --
1S6 18 *
387 "
77 -- 32 278 -18
21,541 --
628
1,881 20 20
503 -55
177 -22
461
170
..
-161
"
43 24 53 18 -21
9,254 16
344
751 25
193
-- 65 ---
242
20 -- -120
16 -- 40 --
17
4,261 -173
1,455 17 "
554 --
19
131 33
23
1,360 36
345 **
134
11 --
356 302
- *
60 56
-- 22 -- -
165 269 21 54
-- IS - 34 78 108 45 90 * -- 41
5,581 -329
4,020 29
397
0 i - u 2 0 = -1
2-97
Table 2-38
U.S. Bureau o f Labor S ta tis tic s , 1973, 1975. U.S. Bureau o f the Census, 1973a. U.S. Bureau o f the Census, 1973b.
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Table 2-39
Averaqe Hourly Earninqs
SIC Code 15, 16, 17
15 16 161 163
17 1711 1721 1731 1741 1761
Trade Group Contract construction General building contractors Heavy construction contractors Highway and street construction Heavy construction, not elsewhere
classified Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, air conditioning Painting, paper hanging, decorating Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Roofing and sheetmetal work
1972(a) $6.06 5.84 5.42 5.15 5.66
6.50 6.58 5.90 7.08 6.38 5.78
1974(b) 56.76 6.54 6.11 5.84 6.35
7.17 7.25 6.61 7.76 7.15 6.47
a. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1973. b. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1975.
with the SIC code system and previous data represented; however, Table 2-40 has been included for greater detail in the 17 SIC code group for special trade workers.
Characterization of the construction industry by the type of con struction is presented in three tables. Table 2-41 identifies new con struction put in place from 1972 through May 1976. Yearly totals are given for private construction and public construction in millions of dollars for 1972 through 1975. Monthly dollar figures for 1976 are given for both private and public construction.
The number of new housing units started and completed are compiled from three sources into Table 2-42; figures are presented yearly for 1972 through 1976 and monthly for 1976. The 1976 figures are only available for number of housing units started.
The percentage of work completed in 1972 for residential, comnercial/ industrial, and nonbuilding construction by each SIC trade group in Table 2-14 is indicated in Table 2-43, which was extracted from tables in the 1972 Census of Construction Industry, Industry Series (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975d-m).
The percentage of work performed by wrecking and demolition con tractors is broken down by construction receipts received from public or private sources and presented in Table 2-44.
2.2.2.3 Construction Industry's Consumption of Asbestos Products
2.2.2.3.1 Trade Groups That Use Asbestos Products
Table 2-45, the correlation of asbestos product utilization bv trade groups (Standard Industrial Classification), was derived from information
Table 2-401974 Wages by SIC Code
SIC Code
1711
1721 1731 1741 1742
1743 1751 1761
1771 1791 1794
1799
Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (avg.)
Plumbers Foreman (plumbers) Labor Sprinkler installer Sprinkler installer (foreman)
Apprentice Painting, Paper Hanging, and
Decorating (avg*) Painter Structural steel painters Electrical Work (avg.)
Electrician Electrician foreman Helper Masonry, Stonesetting, and
Other Stonework (avg.) Bri cklayer Bricklayer helper Equipment operator, Light Plastering, Drywall, Acoustical, and Insulation ,(avg.)
Plasterer
Plasterer's helper Laborer Lather Terrazzo, Tile, Marble, and
Mosaic Work (avg.)
Terrazzo worker Terrazzo worker's helper Carpentering (avg.) Carpenter labor
Roofing and Sheet Metal (avg.) Roofer Roofing foreman Roofing helper Sheet metal worker Sheet metal apprentice
Concrete Work (avg.) Cement finisher Building labor
Structural Steel Erection (avg.) Structural steel worker Structural steel foreman
Excavating and Foundation Work (avg.) Foreman Equipment operator, medium Truck driver Equipment operator, heavy
Special Trade Contractors (avg.) Welders Equipment operator Helper
Apprentice
Hourly Waoe
$ 9.87 10.70 11.20 7.15 10.65 11.25 8.25
8.90 8.75 9.05 9.52 10.40 10.90 7.25
8.75 10.10
7.30 8.85
8.40 9.40 7.60 7.15 9.45
8.38 9.50 7.25 8.38 9.60 7.15 8.75 8.75 9.45 6.90 10.40 8.25 8.30 9.45 7.15 10.55 10.30 10.80
8.65 7.65 9.75 7.10 10.10 8.61 10.20 8.85 7.15 8.25
Hourly Wage plus Overhead
and Profit
$13.50 14.70 15.35 9.60 14.60 15.45 11.30
11.90 11.65 12.15 13.03 14.25 14.90
9.95
11.80 13.45 9.75 12.20
11.19 12.50 10.10
9.65 12.50
11.30 12.65
9.95 11.25 12.85 9.65 12.17 12.45 13.15
9.60 14.35 11.30 11.10 12.55
9.65 15.40 15.05 15.75
11.84 10.35 13.45 9.60 13.95 12.01 14.90 12.20
9.65 11.30
2-100
Source: McGraw-Hill, Building Construction Cost Data, 1974.
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2-101
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1799 Special trade co n tra cto rs, not elsewhere c la s s ifie d
0
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2-104
Percent o f Total Construction Receipts Received by Selected Contractors From R esidential, Commercial/
TS 3
**- -co -FQ3.
vo n>.
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a\
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k. *3 C 4-1 iQ O
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F"
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If) C lO
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in
CM vn
r- IS f-
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k *3 4J CC IQ O
U r- c 3O -1e <m 3U 4-> 3
k 4W 3 vi 31 C *3 O **" o k
co
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e o F-- 4W
|Q U T-- c 3 Ec EO *F" U 4W
3 3k C 4-> - yl
s
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& *
k *3 3e 4J IQ |Q 3
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VO
4-1
o
0k
VI k o 4W IQ k 4-1 T3 O3 *"
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d.
2-106
Table 2-44
Wrecking and Demolition Work Contractors (SIC 1795) Total Construction Receipts Received bV Type of Construction
Type of Construction
Public
Private
Total
Total Construction Receipts
$ 54,616,000
164,796,000
5219,412,000
Percent 25 75 100
2-107
Table 2-45 Trade Groups Utilizing Asbestos Prpducts
Vinyl asbestos flo o r t i l *
Gaskets, packings, and sealings
SIC Code
Construction Industries
SL
c
i
V u4> *** c o O 41 c 2 4i e 2
&
O--9 5U3
15 General Building Contractors and Operatives
152 Residential Building Construction
1521 General Contractors, Single Family Homes!
1531 Operative Builders
/
1522 General Contractors, Residential Buildings
154 General Contractors, ftonresidential Buildings
1541 Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
1542 Presidential uildings, not elswhere
classified
16 Heavy Construction General Contractors
161 Highway and Street Construction
1611 Highway and Street Construction
162 Heavy Construction Excluding Highway and
Street
1622 Bridge, Tunnel and Elevated Highway
Construction
1623 Water, Sewer and Utility Lines
1629 Heavy Construction, not elsewhere classified
17 Special Trade Contractors
1711 Plumbing, Heating and Air Conditioning
1721 Painting, Paper Hanging and Decorating
1731 Electrical Work
174 Masonry, Plastering and Tile Setting
1741 Masonry, Stone Setting and Other Stonework
1742 Plastering, Drywall and Insulation Work
1743 Terraz20, Tile, Marble and Mosaic Work
175 Carpentering and Flooring
1751 Carpentering
1752 Floorlaying and Othe^ Floorwork, not else
where classified
1761 Roofing and Sheetmetal Work
1771 Concrete Work
1799 Special Trade Contractors, not elsewhere
classified
15, 16
17 Total Contract Construction
x.xx
XXX XXX
X
X
X X X X X XXX XX
X
X
X
X xxx
XX
xxx
xxx
xxxxxxxxxxx
X X X XX
XX
XX
xx
X X
XXX XXX
X XX
X
x x
X XXXXXXXXXXX
. I
2-108
obtained in the survey and supplemented by consulting the Building Construc tion Cost Data (Godfrey 1976) and Dodge Manual for Building Construction Pricing and Scheduling (McGraw-Hill 1976). These reference works give information designating the trade group necessary for the installation and application of the various product entries.
2.2.2.3.2 Number of Workers Who Utilize Asbestos Products
The number of construction workers who utilize asbestos products was not available from published sources. EEH attempted to obtain the informa tion from the correspondence/telephone survey undertaken; however, the information was unavailable. From responses received during the survey, it is apparent that the question of construction worker exposure has only recently been addressed by the concerned trade groups.
Thus, the. only alternative was to first identify the man-days necessary to install the asbestos products manufactured and then, based on the average number of days worked per year, to determine the number of men required. The number of man-days was determined by dividing the total quantity of asbestos products manufactured by the labor output capacity per man-day, e.g., 10,000,000 tile squares produced per year divided by 500 squares per man-day would equal 50,000 man-days of labor required. Data on labor capacities were obtained from Building Construc tion Cost Data (Godfrey 1975). The only authoritative and comprehensive source identifying the total amount of asbestos products produced with the product division required is the 1972 Census of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a). When units were provided in
i -o j
2-109
the census that corresponded to the units in Building Construction Cost Data (Godfrey 1973), it was a simple matter of division. Where units were not compatible or quantities were not given, it was necessary to take the dollar value of product shipments and divide it by the cost per unit to obtain the number of units. These unit costs obtained from Building Construction Cost Data (Godfrey 1973) were then compatible with labor output capacities from the same source, and the number of man-days could be determined. The exceptions for this procedure were, of course, categories previously mentioned in Section 2.2.1.1, in which reliable data could not be obtained identifying unit costs. In these cases, the . installation cost was divided by the daily wage rate for all contract construction for the given year, thus providing an estimation of the number of man-days. Unit values for these calculations are in Table 2-46.
2.2.2.3.3 Ratio of Total Materials Consumed Relative to Asbestos Materials Consumed
Data were available on the total expenditure for materials and supplies for each construction SIC from the 1972 Census of Construction Industries. These data were adjusted for 1974 by determining the increase in expenditure for construction materials and supplies from General Business Indicators in the Survey of Current Business (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 1974, 1976). The value of asbestos materials consumed was then determined by adding material values from Tables 2-8 and 2-9, for the respective years, which were appropriate for the SIC's. The selection of material or product categories was based on the data from
2-110
Table 2-46 Required Man-days to Install Asbestos-Containing Products, for 1972 and 1974
Product
Flooring Plain-backed Adhesive-backed Asphalt Vinyl sheet
Pipe
Shingles
Roofing Felt Built-up roofing
Cement sheets
Felt, not specified by kind
Insulation (pipe)
Quantity (1.000.000)
1972
1974
Labor Outout per 8-hr Oav
Man-days Required
n ,ooo ,000)
1972
1974
1,164.6 sq. ft. 195.9 sq.ft. 88.2 sq.ft. 426 sq. ft.
41.1
1.3 squares
1,.386.9 sq. ft. 540 sq. ft.
43.2 sq. ft. 310 sq. ft.
50 91.3
1.15 squares 4 squares
2.2 0.36 0.16 0.79
0.45
0.325
2.6
0.08 0.57
0.55
0.287
1.11 3.35
51.8 sq. ft.
2.58 squares
1.33 4.00
58 28
61.4 sq. ft. 170.5 sq. ft.
3.07 squares 58 squares
0.02 0.12
0.304
0.044
0.02? 0.15
0.36
0.053
11.2 linear ft. 12.3 linear ft.
68.5 linear ft.
0.16
0.18
Insulation "other"
Coatings and cement
Building paper and board
Textiles
Gaskets, packings, and sealings
"Other"
Installation Cost/Averaae Waaes oer Day
Wl
L2ZZ1-2 1974
L
12.8/48.5 75.2/48.5
18.4/54.1 125.4/54.1
54.2/48.5
63.2/54.1
27.9/48.5 91.6/48.5
38.3/54.1 114.0/54.1
13.4/48.5
16.8/54.1
0.26 1.6
1.1
0.57 1.9 0.28
0.34 2.3
1.1
0.71 2.1 0.31
2-m
Table 2-45. No attempt was made to divide the value of products among SIC, but rather each total product value was assigned to each SIC that utilized the product. The value of the asbestos products consumed for each SIC was then divided by the total expenditure giving the ratio of total materials consumed relative to asbestos materials consumed. The end result is a qualitative index, by SIC, of the asbestos-consuming activities in the construction industry.
2.2.2.3.4 Percentage of Market Held by Selected Asbestos Products From the 1972 Census of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975o), it is possible to determine the dollar value of wholesale ship ments of a broad range of manufactured products. This information can be useful in estimating the relative economic importance of these products in the marketplace. There are, however, two factors that limit the use of these data in developing comparative information on competing indus tries or products: (1) for some products, sales figures are not given, and (2) not all products are listed individually or in comparable cate gories. For four basic types of construction materials, it was possible to develop comparable data on a major asbestos product and several alternate products that compete directly with it. These are shown in Table 2-47.
-j
2-112
SIC
3253 2426 30796 32926 32925
32721 32591 32592 26461
32927 73 75
29532 51
29523 55
32927 81 ' 85
32751
2661 32927 41 32927 98
Table 2-47
Dollar Value of A Major Asbestos Product and Several Alternate Products
Value Million Dollars Percent
Ceramic wall and floor tile Hardwood dimensions and flooring Floor tile (construction plastic products) Vinyl-asbestos floor tile Asphalt floor tile (containing asbestos)
157.9 / 579.0 102.3 199.3 \
9.1 f 1 ,047.6
80.11
19.89 100.00
Concrete pipe Vitrified clay sewer pipe and fittings Drain tile (clay) Pressed and molded pulp goods, bituminous
fiber pipe, sewer and drainage, conduit
and fittings Asbestos-cement products--pipe, conduits,
ducts, and pressure pipes
565.3 134.7
9.5
22.6
143.3 3757?
83.63
16.37 TO. 00
Asphalt-saturated felts for built-up roofing systems and for sheathing
Tar-saturated felts for built-up roofing systems
Asbestos felts--roofing, asphalt- and tarsaturated and other
78.2 3.1
36.5
TT73
69.02
30.98 TOO". 00
Calcined gypsum building materials, building plasters, and prefabricated building components
Building papers and millboards Flat sheets and wallboard (asbestos)-- Other asbestos and asbestos-cement products,
including millboards and prefabricated housing
538.4 \ 456.2/
20.7
23.7
1.6SS.0
95.73 4.27
100.00
4. EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS
The methods used to obtain information on exposure to asbestos in the construction and demolition industries are briefly described in this section. General methods for controlling asbestos exposure are presented, followed by descriptions of specific asbestos product applications, expected airborne fiber concentrations, and specific control techniques. Work scenarios are included for each product.
4.1 METHODOLOGY
The following sections contain descriptions of the methods of instal lation, fabrication, and removal of a variety of asbestos-containing materials used in construction. Available fiber count data, work prac tices, and methods of engineering controls are included in each description.
As noted in Section 2, site visits were conducted for purposes of observation and sampling. Table 2-2 summarizes these site visits by type of material or operation. Data for each sampling survey are reported in Appendix B along with a brief narrative description of the observed opera tions. The information obtained regarding work elements for various pro ducts and operations, as well as information on trade groups, frequency of exposure, work practices, and engineering controls has been incorpora ted in the following discussion.
Fiber count data for a variety of asbestos-containing materials have been obtained from site surveys, the published literature, state and fed eral agencies, and from personal communication with industrial hygienists active in the construction industry. Data obtained during previous EEH
4-3
In addition, the periods of time that a worker spends in each type of work environment must be known since asbestos fiber concentrations in the air will vary with location. Ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers can be determined from air samples obtained during those operations that are suspected of contributing the largest exposures to the worker. General air and background air concentrations are also needed to evaluate the exposure to workers not directly involved in field fabrication operations.
Some of the factors generally affecting airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are the physical form of the material, the asbestos con tent of the material, and the nature and location (indoors/outdoors) of the field-fabrication/demolition techniques employed. Powders and friable asbestos materials will tend to produce higher fiber concentrations, for example, than will materials in which the asbestos is bound in a matrix composed of cement or bitumen. The influence of asbestos content is obvious. Typical ranges of asbestos content for materials commonly used in construction are shown in Table 4-1. Techniques such as sanding and sawing will produce more airborne fibers than cutting with a knife; however, techniques are often directly related to the form of the material. Indoor operations without benefit of local exhaust tend to be conducive to higher fiber counts than operations performed outdoors.
Work scenarios have been developed for each of the materials dis cussed. The scenario is a postulated work situation characteristic of those observed in tne field. Each scenario includes the number of workers
oi
'o ,
4-2
industrial hygiene surveys of construction operations involving asbestoscontaining materials have been included with the client's permission.
Airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are determined by col lecting a sample of airborne dust on a filter, counting asbestos fibers on the filter, and calculating the concentration of fibers per unit volume. A portable calibrated sampling pump is used to draw air through a membrane filter (pore size: 0.8 microns) at a known flow rate so that the sample volume is easily determined. Airborne fibers are collected on the filter, and the number of fibers is determined with an optical microscope using a phase-contrast procedure. Only those asbestos fibers that are more than 5 micrometers long and that have a length .more than three timesgrpatpr than the diameter are counted during this process. Concentrations of fibers are then expressed as the number of fibers per milliliter whose size is greater than 5 micrometers. This is the standard reference procedure used by OSHA.
Time-weighted-average exposures are calculated estimates of the average asbestos concentration an individual is exposed to during the course of a working day or week, based on measured values. In order to accurately evaluate time-weighted-average exposures, asbestos concentra tions should be available for the following: (1) breathing zone air for each operation performed by a worker involving the use of asbestos mate rials, (2) general air in the areas where a worker is stationed throughout the working period, and (3) background air representative of the air breathed when an individual is not in the iimiediate workplace atmosphere.
Oi
Table 4-1
Ranges of Asbestos Content of Materials Used in Construction
Material Vinyl asbestos floor tile Insulation (demolition) Asbestos-cement sheet Asbestos-cement pipe
Pressure Sewer
Asbestos felts Paints, coatings, and sealants Dry wall taping compounds Millboard incomoustible board
Drilling fluid additives
Percent Asbestos 15 to 25 <100 9 to 21 -
11 to 21 10 to 14
285 0.5 to 20
1 to 5 20 to 85
xl00
oi
involved* installation or removal practices and rates, as applicable; a scenario duration and frequency of repetition; and estimates of the total number of workers and contractors involved on a yearly basis. The numer ical data used in developing these scenarios are derived from information contained in Section 2.
4.2 ASBESTOS-CEMENT SHEET
4.2.1 Field Fabrication and Installation
Asbestos-cement flat sheet is manufactured in 4-by-8-foot and 4-by12-foot sheets. The thickness of the available panels varies, but is generally from 0.125 to 0.75 inches. A wide variety of colors and sur face textures are available.
There are two types of asbestos-cement sheet that might be described as general-purpose material. Type F is a flexible board for exterior and interior use where high strength and density, smooth surface, flexibility, and low moisture absorption are needed. Type U is a utility board for exterior and interior use, with sufficient strength for general utility and construction purposes where flexibility, density, smoothness, and moisture absorption are not essential.
Asbestos-cement sheets are shipped to comercial lumberyards and glasshouses as well as to the job site on pallets, with the sheets wrapped in plastic and banded. As material is needed at the job sice, each pallet is unwrapped.
4-6
The'asbestos-cement sheets are installed by a crew of sheet-metal workers and building laborers (SIC 1761). Carpenters (SIC 1751) also install these materials. Installation is by means of counter-sunk screws or back-fastened self-tapping screws. The sheets are fastened directly to the framing or are held in place by clips attached to the framing. The operations necessary to fit the panels include cutting to size, using a carbide-tipped or abrasive-disk power saw, and drilling the mounting holes. In either case, a significant quantity of asbestos dust is generated^
The productivity of an installation crew varies with the weight of the material and the amount of fitting involved. The range of installa tion values is from 500 to 1,200 square feet of flat sheet per day.
Extruded asbestos-cement sheet materials are also available in different sizes. Handling and fabrication techniques are nearly iden tical to those for flat sheet materials. Installation is somewhat different because of the greater weight of the individual sections. Asbestos sheet materials that employ inorganic binders other than cement are also available. Although these sheet materials are not technically asbestos-cement products and have somewhat different applications, the construction practices that produce most of the airborne asbestos are the same as those for asbestos-cement products. For this reason, these noncement products are included in this category.
Corrugated asbestos sheet is made of the same ingredients as other asbestos-cement sheet products. By virtue of its corrugations, it can withstand heavy service conditions. In addition, it can be lapped, thus making a weatherseal and eliminating many joint problems.
4-7
Corrugated asbestos is available in two types, standard and light weight. The lightweight product is about half the weight of the standard product and consequently is less dense and lower strength. The cor rugated panels are 42 inches wide by 10 to 12 feet long.
The corrugated asbestos-cement sheets are installed by a crew of two sheet-metal workers and two building laborers (SIC 1761). Installa tion is by nails, bolts, or studs through the ridge of the corrugations into the purlins or girts. The holes for nails and bolts must be predrilled and are sealed by neoprene washers. Side laps are one corrugation, and end laps are 6 inches.
The operations involved in field preparation of the material include cutting to size by hand or power saw, drilling or punching holes, filing, and scoring and breaking for cuts parallel to the corrugations.
The standard crew can install from 750 to 1,100 square feet per day of corrugated asbestos as roofing, depending on the material weight and the framing material. For siding, the installation rate varies from 600 to 945 square feet per day.
Shipping practices, and dust-control and cleanup procedures have not been observed and therefore are not described here. They should, however, be similar to those for asbestos-cement flat sheets.
Alternative materials include wood, brick, stone, stucco, concrete, aluminum, vinyl, steel, tile, and asphalt shingles.
4-8
4.2.2 Worker Exposure to Asbestos
Available fiber count data indicate that the uncontrolled cutting
* -- --:-"
andsawing and, to a lesser degree, drilling of asbestos-cement sheet and pipe can produce significant exposure to the worker performing the operation. Background concentrations in the iranediate vicinity of these operations are also capable of producing significant exposure of nearby workers spending a long time in the area. Data for asbestos-cement sheet and other similar sheet materials are shown in Table 4-2. J It has been suggested that worker exposure for uncontrolled sawing. I of sheet material is greater than 25 fibers per cubic centimeter. Available fiber count data indicate peak exposures for a worker using a portable circular saw in excess of 10 fibers per cubic centimeter while cutting. One measurement for a 10-minute sample was 130 fibers per cubic centimeter for dry cutting.
In the case of asbestos-cement sheet, persons applying the material are generally also involved in the cutting operations when they are necessary. However, cutting operations are generally intermittent either on a given workday or during the time spent at a job site; i.e., sheet can be cut as needed on a particular day, or a day or more can be spent cutting all the sheets that will be needed for an extended period of installation. Thus, the intermittent nature of these opera tions would tend to reduce the long-term exposure of these workers. Time-weighted average concentrations on the order of 5 fibers per cubic centimeter have been reported for workers cutting, sawing, and installing sheet materials.
c^
Table 4-2
Fiber Count Data *or Asbestos-Cement Sheet
Operation^ Cutting, Sawing
1.Uncontrolled Sana saw, no ventilation General a*r
Power sawing Jigsaw Clrcular saw
Power sawing
Drycutting
Manual saw 2. Saghouse ventilation
Portable circular saw, General a>r
Time
30 min. ..
60 min. .. -- -- ..
-- -15 min. 8 sec. 15 min. 15 min. 1 sec. 15 min. 5 min. 9 min. 15 min. 8 min. 10 min. 7 min. S min. --
--
Portable circular saw, Mason-y blade General air
Portable circular saw, Carbide tip blade General air
3. Dry cor.trc1 system (unspecified)
Circular saw General air
Sawing Machine sawing Jigsaw
General air
4. Shroud Hi-Vol/lo-Vol System
Sawing General air
Sawing (helper) Sawing Sawing (system malfunc
tioning) General air
30 min.
--- --
53.3 min. 65.5 min. 32 min. 49.5 min. 16 min. 16.5 min.
Fibers/ Cubic Centimeter
5.2 3.1 11.2 4.0 ' >25'*=__ 2-10 10-20 19.2 27.5 33.0 32.3 30 39.7 58.7 13.6 7.0 5.3 5.9 130 10.6 4.5 2-4
75.4 3.0
17.0 7.1
0.7 0.5
3.4 0.0
0.7 (TWA) 0.5 <2 <Z 4.9 2.3
1.01 0.07 0.4 0.3
7.4 1.6
a. Personal samples unless noted.
4-9
Table 4-2
Fiber Count Data for Asbestos-Cement Sheet
Operation^3
Cutting, Sawing
1. Uncontrolled
Band saw, no ventilation General air
Power sawing Jigsaw Circular saw
Power sawing
Drycutting
Manual saw
2. Baghouse ventilation
Portable circular saw, General air
Portable circular saw, Mason-y blade General air
Portable circular saw, Carbide tip blade General air
3. Dry control system (unspecified)
Circular saw General air
Sawing Machine sawing Jigsaw
General air
Shroud Hi-Vol/Lo-Vol System
Sawing General air
Sawing (helper) Sawing Sawing (system malfunc
tioning) General air
Time
30 min. 60 min.
.. __ --
15 min. 8 sec. 15 min. 15 min. 1 sec. 15 min.
5 min. 9 min. 15 min. 8 min. 10 min. 7 min.
5 min... .
..
30 min.--
--- --
53.3 min. 65.5 min. 32 min. 49.5 min. 16 min. 16.5 min.
Fiber?/ Cubic Centimeter
5.2 3.1 11.2 4.0 >25 2-10 10-20 19.2 27.5 33.0 32.3 30 39.7 50.7 13.6 7.0 5.3 5.9 130 10.6 4.5 2-4
75.4 3.0
17.0 7.1
0.7 0.5
3.4 0.0
0.7 i 0.5 <2 <2 4.9 2.3
1.01 0.07 0.4 0.3
7.4 1.6
a. Personal samples unless noted.
4-9
Table 4-2 (Cont.)
Operation^
Time
4. Shroud Hl-Vol/Lo-Vol System (Cont.)
Low-speed saw Low-speed saw (helper) Low-speed saw Low-speed saw (helper) Portable circular saw
(six samples) General air (six samples) Portable saw, carbide blade
19.25 min. 18.75 min. 17.5 18
4 hours 4 hours 15 min. 15 min.
5. Vacuum Table, Shrouded Tool
Sawing General air
Circular saw
General air
.. -..
-- --
6. Wet Control System
Portable chain drive saw General air
Circular saw Ma$on`s saw, diamond tip
Drilling
1. Uncontrolled
Drilling Drilling down ` Drilling (helper) Drilling down
2. Controlled
Drilling Baghouse ventilation
General air Drilling overhead
General air Total shroud Partial shroud
Sanding, Installing
Vibrating sander with baghouse ventilation General air
Installing sheet (cooling tower)
Installing sheet with drilling and cutting
--
18 min. 15 min. 62 min. 45 min.
28.75 min. 27.5 min. 37.5 min.
--1.5 hr. 1.5 hr. ..
-- --
Fibers/ Cubic Centimeter
0.2 0.2 <0.1 0.2
2.6-10 1.0-2.8 10.2 10.6
0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.8, 2.2 1.0, 0.7 0.4, 0.4 0.2, 0.4
0.6 0.6 0.6 1.8 1.7 0.3 0.6
2-20 -- 0.2<0.1 <0.1
<2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2
0.8 0.4
0.4 TWA,
0.7 _
4-11
The application of control devices has shown that fiber concentra tions can be greatly reduced in the work area, and more importantly, in the worker breathing zone. A variety of devices are available for portable saws. These include baghouses, shrouds, and vacuum tables for dry techniques and also wet control methods. Local exhaust ventila tion provided by a baghouse has yielded highly variable results in terms of reducing measured asbestos concentrations. Personal samples range from as low as 0.7 fibers to a high of 75 fibers per cubic centimeter. Shrouded saws using high-velocity low-volume vacuum systems also have shown a variable effectiveness. However, the range is much smaller, that is, from several tenths of a fiber to approximately 10 fibers per cubic centimeter. The available data reflect advances made in this area. Two surveys were performed by EEH at locations where a variety of shrouds were employed. Ceiling concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to 1 fiber per cubic centimeter. Time-weighted averages for a cutter and helper during one survey were 0.4 and 0.2 fibers per cubic centimeter, respectively. The use of a vacuum table in conjunction with a shrouded tool also shows some variation, but available data indicate a fairly narrow range of ceiling concentrations, i.e., from approximately 0.4 to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter. A similar range is reported for wet control methods.
Drilling asbestos-cement sheet without controls does not produce as high air concentrations of asbestos as sawing. Estimated ranges are from 2 to 5 fibers per cubic centimeter for vertical structures and
o:-or.:=
4-12
4 to 10 fibers per cubic centimeter for drilling overhead, without control devices. With control, the estimated concentration is less than 2 fibers per cubic centimeter. Measurements of ceiling asbestos air concentrations resulting from drilling with control devices range from less than 0.1 fibers to 0.7 fibers per cubic centimeter.
The other operations for which there are some data available include sanding, finishing, and installing. Available data are too limited to reach general conclusions, but all are below 1 fiber per cubic centimeter. 4.2.3 Feasibility of Engineering Controls
The recommended engineering controls that can be used to reduce expo sure to asbestos fibers when fabricating asbestos-cement sheet are described in the following subsections.
4.2.3.1 Fixed Tools If all fabricating operation cutting, drilling, etc. can be performed at a single location, standard engineering controls can be used. A porta ble enclosure can be established and all operations can be confined to a single location, minimizing worker exposure to airborne asbestos. 4.2.3.1.1 Radial Arm Saw
Dust escapes from the top side of the materials as the saw breaks through the top surface of the asbestos-cement sheet; some of the dust goes to the saw-passed area, and some goes around and out toward the
u1
4-13
operator. Dust also escapes from the bottom surface as the saw breaks through and goes below the table top.
The dust can be controlled by providing an enclosure and vacuum exhaust; 2,500 cubic feet per minutelcrf vacuum at 14 inches of water are required. Figure 4-1 shows a typical configuration for a radial arm saw.
4.2.3.1.2 Table Saw
The table saw generates dust as the leading edge of the asbestos cement sheet engages the downward moving saw teeth. The dust escapes from the bottom and is propelled downward toward the back of the saw below the table top. Some dust is generated over the top of the material cut, due to the rubbing of the saw or binding as the saw cuts. The dust rises over the saw towards the operator. Figure 4-2 shows a recommended dust control system for a table saw. A total of 2,500 cubic feet per minute at 14 inches of water are required to control the dust generated by the table saw when cutting asbestos-cement sheet.
4.2.3.1.3 Stone Saw
Oust is generated when the leading edge of the stone wheel breaks through the top surface of the asbestos-cement sheet. Dust and chips are also emitted from the back edge of the hood.
The recommended dust control system for a stone saw is shown in Figure 4-3. From 2,500 to 4,000 cubic feet per minute are required at 14 inches of water to control the dust generated by the saw shaper, which shapes asbestos-cement sheet.
PRESENT EQUIPMENT -DES l UN MODI?'I CAT TONS
RADIAL ABM SAW:
Recommended engineered dust control system.
AIR VOLUME * 2500 C.FM. TOTAL 5UCT.I.0' a 14"WATER OR l" Hg
Figure 4-1
TA9LE SAW
ign fnii ricATions
4-15
Recommended engineered dust control system.
WORK PIECE STOIA. BEING CUT x
TABLE TOP
3 " WIDE HOOD
.14.m x 2_ a ADO RUBBER 3 SIOSSfSUT OACK PIECE FOR OLAOE) FRONT OPEN
FLEX TO ALLOW 9AW TO TILT
AIR VOLUME 2900 C.i=fM SUCTI0NI4"WATER-I'` M
Figure 4-2
0 1 -0 2
PRESENT t.QUI PMENT-UES I GW MOO 1F* I CAT IOHS
SAW DIRECTIONS
Recommended engineered duet control system.
Figure 4-3
4-17
4.2.3.1.4 Shaper
The shaper, when shaping or contouring asbestos-cement sheet, gener ates dust as the cutter blade on the shaper peels off a very fine chip due to the high velocity of the shaper. Dust is also generated by the vibra tion in the cutter shaft or the chatter in the material being shaped.
The recommended control system is shown in Figure 4-4. A total of 2,500 cubic feet per minute at 14-inch water vacuum are -equired to control the dust generated by the shaper.
4.2.3.1.5 Drill Press
Drill presses are normally not significant generators of dust as they remove the material in chip form, which is larger and heavier than the much finer dust from saws or masonry wheels. The dust that is generated when drilling asbestos cement sheet comes from several sources: fine dust at the start of drilling; dust brought up with the chips; and dust caused by breakthrough of the drill at the bottom of the material. A typical system to control dust generated by a drill press is presented in Figure 4-5. The system requires 2,500 cubic feet per minute at 14 inches of water.
The vacuum pickup for the various saws, drills, etc., must be ducted to a fabric filter collector. All exhausts and dust collection systems should be inspected periodically to insure that the various recommended systems are functioning properly. For continuous operation, it is recom mended that the system operations and the interior of the baghouse be
j ! ~>i- '
PRESENT EQUIPMENT-DESIGN MODIFICATIONS
SHAPER CUTTER
OUST a CHIPS
Recommended engineered dust control system
Figure 4-4
0 i **
2-25
is tabulated in Table 2-7 by group of product (figures are given in thou sand short tons of asbestos fiber consumed). The quantity of asbestos consumed in 1975 declined substantially from the level during 1974 and was lower during 1975 than during any other year from 1965 to 1975.
Figure 2-1 indicates the routes by which asbestos products reach the construction industry. This information was derived from the manufacturers of each product (EEH 1976b). Most asbestos products reach construction sites both by direct delivery from the manufacturer to the contractor and through an intermediary distributor or wholesaler. When the manufactured good is sent to a secondary manufacturer, the route from the secondary manufacturer to the construction site again involves either direct delivery or delivery through a distributor or wholesaler. It can also be seen that once a product leaves the manufacturer, further fabrication or manipulation of the asbestos product does not take place until it reaches the construc tion site.
Data (Tables 2-8 and 2-9) on importation and exportation of manufac tured asbestos products are available for 1972 and 1974 (Asbestos 1973, 1975; the source cited in these references is the U.S. Bureau of the Census).
In 1972, $32 million worth of asbestos products were exported, and $1 million worth were imported. The net $20 million worth of asbestos products exported consisted mainly of friction, packing, and nonspecified categories.
In 1974, $60 million worth of asbestos products were exported, and $11 million worth were imported, with a net of $40 million worth exported.
-1 -0
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a. Personal communication from Robert A. C lifto n , Bureau o f Mines^
2-26
Recommended engineered dust control system
Figure 4-5
4-20
checked daily. A scheduled maintenance program that includes bag replace ment should be prepared and followed.
4.2.3.2 Portable Tools with local Exhaust System
For many job sites where asbestos-cement sheet is installed, it is not feasible to use fixed controls located at one central location. This is due primarily to the fact that many of the operations involved in installing asbestos-cement sheet are performed intermittently and many are performed after the sheet is in place. For these applications, porta ble hand tools with local exhaust systems are reconmended. The following is a description of recommended engineering control techniques for porta ble hand tools.
4.2.3.2.1 High-speed Rotary Saw
When a high-speed rotary power saw equipped with a masonry wheel is used, considerable dust is generated as the leading edge of the saw con tacts the asbestos material (asbestos-cement sheet). As the saw progresses into the asbestos-cement sheet, the back edge of the masonry wheel enters the cut in the asbestos sheet and rubs both edges of the cut, creating dust below the surface of the cut sheet. In order to control this dusting, saws have been equipped with a shroud attached to a vacuum hose exhausting into a vacuum unit. The vacuum required is 150 cubic feet per minute at 6 inches of mercury. Figures 4-6 through 4-9 present common design con figurations and details.
w.
c./ h .
4-21
-ASBESTOS SHEET PRODUCT
^Vdust from ^
top surface
CUT
BLAOE GUARD
MASONRY WHEEL 3800 TO 5800 R.RM.
- ^ 2-j^7~(|) VACUUM BOX
I " ^RlHDUST FROM BOTTOM-SURFACE CUT OR ALTERNATE CUT INTO l/2"PLYWOOO SHEET
THIS ca THI8
vr
.... -LENGTH TO SUIT / 10 Ft. TO 20 Ft.
A3QS3T0S SSHROUD KIT
vacuum u?::t LOW VOLUME a HtGH"vcLOCITY
Figure 4-6
no.Q.
rao.
PJCKUPJTUBSSWELDED ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION
3/4*0.0.
4-22
PICKUP FOOT ASSEMBLY
(see SHEET 2)
I 1/2'1.0. VACUUM HOSE
ADDITIONAL SHIELDING required t'ori duut PICKUP-s~2 SHattT 2. SHIELDING TO CZ ~~ALED TO CASE AND GUAWO
1/4 GAP REQUIRED BETWEEN CAW BLADE D FACE OF PICKUP hOOT
OUST EXTRACTOR-PORTABLE SAW-10 l/4"DIA.3LADS
Figure 4-7
Oi-OAr
4-23 i`aa
dust gyrateycs.- poetahls daw- r 1/4* D& ntAns
Figure 4-8
i ' 01 'j o . - '
PICKUP FOOT ^ SAW BLADE
4-24
PICKUP FOOT-WELDED TO SHIELDING
DUST f?XTn&RTOR-POnTnt.ri rr*/- 7 i/<v'niA. hlaos
Figure 4-9
4-25
4.2.3.2.2 Portable Electric Drills
Portable electrical drills generally create excessive dust only when drilling vertical or overhead surfaces.
Tne dust is generated by the uneven angle and pressure applied to the drill. In order to reduce this dusting, portable hand drills are equipped with a nozzle that allows the dust to be picked up by a vacuum line. Usu ally 75 cubic feet per minute at 5 inches of mercury are required. Here again, the dust is exhausted to a vacuum unit. Figures 4-1C through 4-12 present common cesign configurations that may be utilized.
4.2.3.2.3 Belt-type Sanders
Belt sanders that utilize a continuous belt of abrasive material scratch against asbestos materials. This scratching action generates loose dust. The dust occurs mainly at the back of the sander, but some cust is emitted along the sides of the belt. In order to prevent the dust from becoming airborne, some belt sanders employ tuiit-in control systems with dust bags. These can be utilized bv themselves although because of the efficiency of the collector it is preferrab'e That they be connected to vacuum units of 50 to 75 cubic feet per minute and C incnes of mercury vacuum capacity. Figure 4-13 shows a typical con figuration that can be employed on a belt-type sancer.
d.2.3.2.4 Vi bratory-type Sanders
Vibratory-type sanders are finishing sanders that use a strip of s-'.napaper below a cushion pad with the ends fastened in various manners.
_/ -
4-26
Drill with dust extractor Figure 4-10 n'- i
4-27
OUST EXTRACTOR- DRILL
Figure 4-11
METHODS OF ENGINEERED DUST CONTROL SYSTEMS
------*--'
^-----1
<------
PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILLS
4-28
NORMAL DRILLING OF HORIZONTAL SHEETS
DRILLING OVERHEAD OR DRILLING OF VERTICAL SURFACES
OR
CAPE PORTABLE DRILL NOZZLE KIT COMPLETE WITH T ACK PACK
VACUUM- 50 TO 75
C.FM.
MiN.
Figure 4-12
0 i -0 2-`6 1 -
VACUUM HOSE
BELT TYPE SANDER
4-29
Figure 4-13
4-30
The sanding movement is caused by an offset motion or vibration, which sets up the oscillation causing dusting. At present, there are several dustless sanders that have built-in dustless attachments for use with canister-type vacuum units. Figure 4-14 shows a typical vibratory sander equipped with dust control equipment.
4.2.3.3 Wet Methods
Wet methods can be utilized when practicable to prevent the emission of asbestos dust to the atmosphere. In many cases, the wet methods are not practicable for the following reasons:
a. Water is not available at the site or the location where the actual field fabrication takes place.
b. During freezing weather, it may be impossible to use wet methods. c. The usefulness of product is diminished by wetting.
The applicability of wet methods is limited. In most situations, engineering controls relying on vacuum systems, as previously discussed, are more appropriate.
4.2.3.4 Summary
On the basis of available fiber count data and the engineering control techniques presently available, it appears practical to Ijmit asbestos ceiling concentrations to a range of 0.5 to 2.0 fibers per cubic centimeter for asbestos-cement sheet fabrication and installation
4-31
VIBRATORY SANDER
MOUNTING PLACKETS TO ALLOW ATTACHfvi.INT OF eXT;ACTIC.4 Tltt.vS TO EXISTING TA HOLES IN 8ANDEN CALc
DUST EXTRACTOR
DUST
r:VOR --v/tRRATOr?Y SAMPER
Figure 4-14
** e* ,
4-32
operations in construction. By virtue of the intermittent nature of field fabrication steps, it is expected that application of current technology would result in time-weighted averages of 0.5 fibers per cubic centimeter or less.
4.2.4 Work Scenario
4.2.4.1 Scenario Description
A crew of six carpenters (SIC 1751) is postulated to be involved in the installation of asbestos-cement sheet. One worker drills the corners of the sheets for attachment to fasteners and also cuts sheets to size cn an as-needed basis. The second worker assists the first in the handling of the sheet from the area where fabrication steps are performed to the location where the other four workers install the material.
The typical work week is 40 hours long and the postulated instal lation job lasts 3 weeks. The assumed installation rate is 1,023 square feet per day; hence, some 15,345 square feet are installed during the job. The cost of materials is $0,907 per square foot. The unit cost for labor is $0,623 per square foot; hence, the total labor and material cost per square foot is $1.53 and the cost for the scenario is $23,480.
Table 4-3 lists summary data for asbestos-cement sheet installations. The total quantity product installed, the product value, the installation rate, the installation labor cost, and the average hours worked per year are based on 1974 maoufacturing and construction industry data. The average time worked with asbestos-cement sheets, 85 percent, is based
oi
4-33
Table 4-3
Summary of Asbestos-Cement Sheet Data
Item
1. Total product (ft2) 2. Product value ($) 3. Installation rate (ft2/day) 4. Man-days to install (per year) 5. Installation cost ($) 6. Total installed cost ($) 7. Average hours worked (per year) 8. No. full-time workers (per
year) 9. Turnover rate (peak/low) 10. Average time worked with
asbestos-cement (%) 11. Adjusted worker No, 12. Scenario man-hours 13. Repeats of scenario 14. No. contractors
Quantity
61.4 x 106' 55.7 x 10' 170-
3.6 x 10 38.3 x 106 94.0 x 106 1,600 (SIC 1751)
1,800 K25 (1972, SIC 17)
852,647*
720 4,000
300
Reference
Table 2-11 Table 2-11 Table 2-12 0) (3) Table 2-11 Table 2-11 Table 2-38
(4) 4- (7) -- 8 hrs/day Figure 2-4
Estimated (8) x (9) 4- (10) 4 men x 40 hrs/wk x 3 wks (4) - 8 hrs/day (12) x (13) i.[(7)
x6men]
O 1 -r
4-34
on EEH survey data and consultations with persons in the industry. The employment turnover rate for SIC 1751 is based on 1972 data and is deter mined as the ratio of the peak annual employment over the average of the low employment periods occurring at the beginning and the end of the target year. The total number of man-days to install the annual production of asbestos-cement sheet was determined by dividing the total product by the installation rate. The total installed cost is the sum of the product value and the installation cost. The number of full-time workers required to install the total production of asbestoscement sheet was determined by dividing the man-days to install by the . average number of days worked per year (average hours worked per year/ 8 hours per day). The adjusted number of workers, 2,647, is the number of full-time workers multiplied by the turnover rate and divided by the average time worked with asbestos-cement sheet. The number of man-hours for the assumed scenario is the product of 40 hours per week for six workers and a 3-week job length as previously discussed. Based on a scenario length of 720 hours and 3.6 x 10^ man-days to install all of the asbestos-cement, there would be some 4,000 repeats of the assumed scenario. A crew will work 3 weeks on a job. Since the average crew works 200 days per year, a single crew can perform 13.3 repeats of the assumed scenario. Thus, assuming one crew per contractor, some 300 asbestos-cement sheet contractors would be required to install the annual production of asbestos-cement sheet.
u i o r.j s ;
4-35
4.2.4.2 Cost of Standard Implementation
The following discussion is based on the provisions of the October 9, 1975, proposed OSHA standard for occupational exposure to asbestos as modified to reflect the NIOSH-recommended fiber concentrations of 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter time-weighted average and 0.5 fibers per cubic centimeter ceiling.
In order to develop a summary of costs for implementation of a standard, certain scenario unit costs are required. Labor costs for trade groups of interest are listed in Tables 2-33, 2-39, and 2-40.
Unit costs for the various regulatory requirements are'shown in Table 4-4. Monitoring is the first cost shown. Some large contractors have at thei* disposal the skilled personnel and equipment necessary to perform the monitoring required by the standard. However, in 1972, 80 percent of all contractors in SIC's 15, 16, and 17 had less than 10 employees. These smaller contractors would have to rely on outside resources to fulfill the monitoring requirement. For this reason, the costs for monitoring are based on hiring a consultant to conduct the survey, analyze the samples, and prepare a survey report listing timeweighted average and ceiling concentrations.
A consultant industrial hygiene technician is considered to be satisfactory to perform the survey. A typical rate for a one-day survey exclusive of sample analysis is $200, plus travel and subsistence. Pre sumably, the consultant retained for the survey would be within driving distance of the job site. This cost element was estimated to be $50.
u2
O;
4-36
Table 4-4
Scenario Unit Costs for Compliance with Standards
Scenario
1. Monitoring
2. Engineering controls
Saw Drill Sander
3. Protective equipment
a. Respirators
Reusable
Disposables b. Protective clothing
4. Medical surveillance
Exam Sputum cytology
5. Information and training
6. Recordkeeping
$370
Cost
$2,000 800
1,700
$11.25 each and $0.60 per week for replacements
$0.75 each $2.50/set (disposable)
$52.20 $15.30 1 man-day per year $5 per worker per year
4" 37
The cost of fiber counting varies among laboratories, with discounts being offered for volume. A typical price for the number of samples that might be received is $20 per filter.
In the area of engineering controls, some yards and shops have fixed tool installation. However, most construction fieldwork involves the use of portable electric or gasoline-powered tools for which engi neering controls are needed. The capital cost of engineering controls is based on purchasing portable tools with appropriate shrouds and pick ups and providing a vacuum system sized for the work. Since there are very few, if any, off-the-shelf shrouded tools, each unit must be specially fabricated. Vacuum systems are available for a wide range of flow rates, and costs also vary widely. On the high side, costs for a shroud and vacuum system could be $3,500 for a saw and $1,600 for a drill. At the low end, the estimated capital costs for different kinds of hand tools are: saw, $1,750; drill, $1,100; and sander, $1,700. Costs are predicated on the availability of electric power at the job site. No wet systems have been considered.
In addition to capital costs, there are costs associated with labor. Labor costs are considered to consist of nonproductive time learning to operate the engineering controls, loss of efficiency due to differences in technique and cutting speeds between controlled and uncontrolled tools, time spent in routine maintenance of tools and associated vacuum systems and cleanup of the collectors, and time spent enforcing correct operation of the tools and systems. Labor costs have been estimated for each scenario.
4-38
The protective equipment requirement includes respiratory protection and protective clothing. The cost of coveralls is $2.50 per set and dis posable respirators are $0.75 each, based on current catalog prices. Re usable respirators cost $11.25 with replacement filters costing $0.60 per week per worker. Training in the use of such equipment is required and there may be loss of efficiency through its use.
The medical surveillance cost was determined from a survey of selected clinics and medical centers capable of performing the required medical examination. This examination includes a chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 by 17 inches); a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease; plumonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV-j Q); a physician's opinion regarding the employee's ability to function normally wearing a respirator (if required); and maintenance of medical records. Seventeen responses were obtained from 50 clinics. A summary of costs is shown In Table 4-5. The costs for sputum cytology are also listed.
Information and training requirements are difficult to substantiate, but have been estimated to require 1 man-day per man per year. The keeping of records of employee exposure and health examinations is esti mated to be $5 per year per worker. Both of these estimates are from a study performed by Roy F. Weston in 1976.
The following sections serve as an illustration of how these unit costs are employed to derive total compliance costs for asbestos-cement sheet contractors. Total costs are sunmarized in Table 4-6.
oi -
4-39
Table 4-5 Summary of Medical Examination Costs^
Item Chest X-ray Pulmonary function History and physician
opinion Subtotal Sputum cytology Total
Ranqe 7-25 3-40
Costs ($)
Averaqe 17.10 15.20
Standard Deviation
5.44
10.50
14.50-35 24.50-95
6-45 41-115
19.90 52.20 15.30 66.60
17.20 17.3
9.96 23
a. The 17 clinics responding were distributed geographically as follows:
California Colorado Florida Michigan Missouri Nebraska New Jersey
3 1 1 2 1 1 1
New York Ohio Oregon Utah Virginia Washington
1 2 1 1 1 1
4-40
Table 4-6
Summary: Compliance Costs Asbestos-Cement Sheet
Provision Regulated area Monitoring Controls Respiratory protection Protective clothes Medical surveillance Information/trainlng Signs/labels Records
Total
Annual Cost ($) $ 337,500 1,480,000 3,141,750
587,643 1,467,000
265,196 238,230
1,500 13,235 $7,532,054
Capital ($) ---
$840,000 32,757
--
-- -- --- $872,757
a. Estimated life * 5 years; not considered in table, i.e., initial purchase costs listed.
4-41
4.2.4.2.1 Regulated Areas
It is necessary to delineate a regulated area with signs or markers to prevent entry by non-workers. It is assumed that it would require 0.5 man-hours per day for the maintenance of regulated areas and entry rosters. At a labor rate of $11.25 per man hour, a 3-week scenario duration, and 4,000 repeats of the scenario per year, the total annual cost would be $337,500.
4.2.4.2.2 Monitoring Under the proposed 0SHA regulations, it would be necessary to perform asbestos monitoring of the work area and the breathing zone at each job site. Based on Table 4-4, a survey with six samples taken would cost $370. Assuming a cost of $370 for each monitoring situation (each scenario), and the 4,000 repeats of the assumed scenario, the total annual monitoring cost would be $1,480,000. 4.2.4.2.3 Controls Engineering controls involve the use of special dust collection equipment to minimize the airborne asbestos and the consequent worker exposures. The dust collection apparatus would consist of collection shrouds on the power tools used connected to a vacuum system. The capital investment in these tools would be about $2,800 per contractor, $2,000 for a saw and $800 for a drill. Assuming some 300 contractors, the total capital cost of controls would be $840,000.
Ci-UlGcI-
4-42
In addition to this capital cost, there would be an annual cost associated with training in the use of the controls and a loss of efficiency from their use. Training is assumed to require 14 man-hours per year for each of three men per contractor. At a labor rate of $11.25 per hour and 300 contractors in the industry, the annual cost of training would be $141,750. The loss of efficiency engendered by the use of the engineering controls is assumed to be 15 percent of the 8-hour workday for each of the two workers involved in cutting and drilling the asbestoscement sheets. Assuming 15 days per scenario and 4,000 repeats of the scenario, the annual cost due to loss of efficiency would be $1,620,000.
Work practice controls, involving maintenance and cleanup of the work area, must be used along with the engineering controls. The work practice controls are assumed to require 2 man-hours per day at a cost of $11.25 per man-hour. Assuming 15 days per scenario and 4,000 repeats of the scenario, the annual cost of work practice controls would be $1,380,000.
The total annual cost of all controls is the sum of the annual costs associated with training on the engineering controls, loss of efficiency, and maintenance and cleanup, or $3,141,750.
4.2.4.2.4 Respiratory Protection
Respiratory protection is required to control the inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers. The respiratory protection program for asbestos-cement sheet, installation is assumed to consist of the use of respirators, with replaceable filters to provide filtered air to the workers.
4-43
The-initial purchase of the respirators would require a capital investment on the part of the contractors. At a unit cost of $11.25 and allowing for an additional 10 percent as spares and replacements, the capital cost of equipping the 2,647 asbestos-cement sheet workers with respirators would be $32,757.
The annual cost of the respiratory protection program consists of three components, the cost of disposable respiratory filters, the labor lost in respirator maintenance, and the labor lost during respirator training programs.
The cost of the respirator filters is assumed to b$0.60 per worker per week. For the 2,647 workers and the average of 40 weeks worked per year, the annual cost of respirator filters would be $63,528.
Respirator maintenance is assumed to require 0.1 hours per day from each of the six workers in the crew. At a labor rate of $11.25 per hour, 15 days per scenario, and 4,000 repeats of the scenario per year, the annual cost of respirator maintenance would be $405,000.
The training program in the use and maintenance of the respirators is assumed to require 4 hours per year from each of the 2,647 workers. At a labor rate of $11.25 per hour, the annual cost of respiratcry training would be $119,115.
The total annual cost of respirator protection, the sum of the three components, would be $587,643.
4.2.4.2.5 Protective Clothing
To prevent the dispersal of asbestos fiber to nonregulated areas and to areas off the worksite, protective clothing is worn by the
4-44
workers'. This protective clothing would be coveralls worn by the worker and supplied by the contractor. They may be disposable or specially laundered.
The cost of disposable clothing is assumed to be $2.50 per man per day. There are six men in a crew and a scenario length of 15 days. The annual cost for the 4,000 repeats of the scenario would be $900,000.
It is assumed that the six workers would each require 0.1 hours per day for the change of clothing. There are 15 days per scenario and 4,000 repeats of the scenario. At an hourly labor rate of $11.25, the annual cost of clothing changes would be $405,000.
Each of the 300 contractors would have to supply a change room for a crew. A typical mobile change room rents for $45 per month. The annual cost would be $162,000 for all contractors considered to work with asbestos-cement sheet.
The total annual cost of using protective clothing is the sum of the clothing cost, the labor lost during clothing changes, and the cost of a change room. This total annual cost is $1,467,000.
4.2.4.2.6 Medical Surveillance
The basic medical exam required for each of the 2,647 workers is assumed to cost $52 for an annual cost of $137,644. The exam is assumed to require 3 hours for each of the workers. At $11.25 per hour, the annual cost of lost labor is $89,336.
A sputum cytology examination is required for employees with 10 or more years of exposure to asbestos or who are over 45 years of age.
4-45
It is assumed that 70 percent of the asbestos-cement workers require this exam. At $15 per exam, the annual cost of sputum cytology is 527,794. This exam requires 0.5 hours for each of the workers in this group. At $11.25 per hour, the annual labor cost is $10,422.
The total annual cost of medical surveillance, the sum of the above components, is $265,196.
4.2.4.2.7 Information and Training Each of the 2,647 workers is assumed to spend 8 hours per year in general information and training activities relating to work with asbestos products. At an hourly rate of $11.25, the total annual cost of these activities would be $283,230. 4.2.4.2.8 Signs and Labels Each of the 300 contractors is assumed to spend $5 for signs and labels to indicate regulated areas and to identify bags of asbestoscontaining debris and waste. The total annual cost would be $1,500. 4.2.4.2.9 Records The cost of maintaining OSHA-required employment, exposure, and health records for each of the 2,647 asbestos-cement sheet workers is assumed to cost $5 per year per worker. The total annual cost of record keeping is $13,235.
u
8-1
8. REFERENCES
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Brodeur, P. 1968. A reporter at large; the magic mineral. The New Yorker October 12.
Congressional Information Service. 1972-1976. American Statistical
Index. Congressional Information Service, Washington, D.C.
~
Council of Planning Librarians. 1976. CPI Exchange Bibliography. Monticello, Illinois.
Cross, A. A. et al. 1971. Practical methods for protection of men working with asbestos materials in shipyards. Safety and Health in Shipbuilding and Ship Repairing. International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 93-101.
Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. 1976a. Survey of Federal, State, and City Agencies. Unpublished data. Berkeley, California.
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Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. 1976e. Survey of Trade Associations. Unpublished data. Berkeley, California.
Godfrey, R. S. (ed.). 1972-1976. Building Construction Cost Data. Robert Snow Mears Co., Inc., Duxbury, Massachusetts.
Gordon, J. B., H. S. Winokur, Jr., D. G. Ogilvie, and C. D. Lester, Jr. 1973. Year-Round Employment in the Construction Industry: A Systems Analysis^ Praeger Publishers, New York.
Harries, P. G. 1968. Asbestos hazards in naval dockyards. Ann. Occup. Hyg, 11: 135-145.
Harries, P. G. 1971a. A comparison of mass and fibre concentrations of asbestos dust in shipyard processes. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 14: 235-240.
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3-2
Harries, P. G. 1971b. Asbestos dust concentrations in ship repairing: a practical approach to improving asbestos hygiene in naval dockyards. Ann. Qccup. Hyq. 14: 241-254.
Industrial Minerals. 1975. Asbestos--production losses prolong the shortage. Industrial Minerals 93: 19-39, 55.
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McGraw-Hill Information Systems Co. 1976. 1976 Dodge Manual for Building Construction Pricing and Scheduling. Annual edition No. 11. New York.
Modern Plastics. 1974. January, p. 45.
Modern Plastics. 1975. January, p. 53.
Myers, J. L. 1974. Chrysolite asbestos in plastics. Society of Plastics Engineers, 32nd Ann. Tech. Conf., Greenwich, Connecticut, pp. 207-210.
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. 1972. Criteria for a Recommended Standard--Occupational Exposure to Asbestos. Tables I-XXVI, pp. IV-1 to IV-4.
National Library of Medicine. 1976. Toxline. Bethesda, Maryland.
National Trade and Professional Association of the United States and Canada and Labor Unions. 1976^ Columbia Books, IncWashington,
dTcT
Nicholson, N. J. 1971. Proposed standard for workers is questioned. Insulation Hyq. Progress Repts. 3(2): 1, 3, 4.
Predicasts Market Abstract. 1976. Floor Coverings (Study T-38). Predicast, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
Rhodes, H. B. and B. L. Ingalls. 1975. Comparison of airborne asbestos concentrations--Canadian and California asbestos-based ceiling texture sprays. Union Carbide Corporation, Metals Division, Niagara Falls, New York.
Rhodes, H. B. and B. L. Ingalls. 1976a. Asbestos and silica dust in the drywall industry. Business-Health-Life. Part 2. GDCI Drywall Jan./Feb.: 1-6.
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Rhodes,-H. B. and 8. L. Ingalls. 1976b. Airborne asbestos concentra tions--spraying and grinding of resin-based systems containing small quantities of asbestos as a thixotrope. Union Carbide Corporation, Metals Division, Niagara Falls, New York.
Rohl, A. N., A. M. Langer, I. J. Selikoff, and W. J. Nicholson. 1975. Exposure to asbestos in the use of consumer spackling, patching and taping compounds. Science 189(4202): 551-553.
Standard Industrial Classification Manual. 1972. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp. 47-218.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1973a. 1970 Census of Population. Subject Reports--Occupational Characteristics. PC(2)-7A. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1973b. 1970 Census of Population. Subject Reports--Industrial Characteristics. PC(2)-7B. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1973c. 1970 Census of Population. Subject Reports--Occupation by Industry. PC(2)-7C. U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1973d. 1970 Census of Population. Occupa tion and Residence in 1965. PC(2)-7E. U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1974a. Census of Manufactures, 1972. Industry Series. Abrasive asbestos and miscellaneous nonrnetallic mineral products. (SIC industry group 329). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 2, 3, 6-10, 13, 15, 17-19, 21, 24-29.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1974b. Census of Manufactures, 1972. Industry Series. Miscellaneous chemical products. (SIC industry group 289). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 5, 6, 14, 17, 21.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1974c. 1972 Census of Mineral Industries. U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975a. Census of Manufactures, 1972. Industry Series. Pulp, paper and board mills. (SIC industry groups 261, 262, 263, and 266). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 5-7, 12-14, 16-18, 22, 26-28, 31-32.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975b. Census of Manufactures, 1972. Industry Series. Petroleum and coal products. (SIC industry groups 291, 295, and 299). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 6, 7, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24.
8-4
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975c. Annual Survey of Manufactures, 1973. General statistics for industry groups and industries. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975d. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Water, sewer, pipeline communication and powerline construction contractors. (SIC code 1623). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975e. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Plumbing, heating (except electric), and air conditioning special trade contractors. (SIC code 1711). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975f. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Painting, paper hanging, and decorating special trade contractors. (SIC code 1721). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975g. Census of Construction Industries,1972. Industry Series. Electrical work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1731). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975h. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Plastering, drywall, acoustical and insulation, work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1742). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 19751. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Carpentering special trade contractors. (SIC code 1751). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975j. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Floor laying and other floorwork special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified. (SIC code 1752). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975k. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Concrete work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1771). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 19751. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Roofing and sheet metal work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1761). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975m. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified. (SIC code 1799). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11.
3 t -j2 }r -
8-5
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975n. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. U.S. summary--statistics for construction establishments with and without payroll. U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975o. Census of Manufactures, 1972. General sunmary. U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975p. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Wrecking and demolition work special trade contractors (SIC code 1795). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975q. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. General contractors--single-family houses and operative builders. (SIC codes 1521 and 1531). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975r. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. General contractors--residential buildings, other than single family. (SIC code 1522). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975s. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. General contractors--industrial buildings and warehouses. (SIC code 1541). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975t. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. General contractors--nonresidential buildings, other than industrial buildings and warehouses. (SIC code 1542). U.S. Dept, of Commerce,' Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975u. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Highway and street construction contractors. (SIC code 1611). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975v. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Bridge, tunnel, and elevated highway construction contractors. (SIC code 1622). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975w. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Heavy construction contractors, not elsewhere classified. (SIC code 1629). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975x. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Water, sewer, pipe line, communication and power line construction contractors. (SIC code 1623). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975y. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1743). U.S. Dept, of Conmerce, Washington, D.C.
0 1 j 20
8-6
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975z. Census of Construction Industries* 1972. Industry Series. Wrecking and demolition work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1795). U.S. Dept, of Comnerce, fashington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1976a. Housing starts. Construction Reports. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. Figures 1 and 2, pp. 3, 13.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1976b. Annual Survey of Manufactures, 1974. Value of Product Shipments. M74(A$)-2. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1976c. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1976. 96th Annual Edition. U.S. Dept, of Comnerce, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce, 1976a. Statistical series. Construetion Review 22(3).
U.S. Bureau of Domestic Comnerce. 1976b. Statistical series. Construetion Review 22(7).
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1974. Survey of Current Business. November.
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1976. Survey of Current Business. November.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1970. Seasonality and Manpower in Construction. Bulletin 1642, p. 148. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1973. Employment and Earnings. 19(9) March.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1975. Employment and Earnings. 21(9) March.
U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1973. Minerals Yearbook. Vol. 1.
U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1975. Asbestos. Mineral Facts and Problems, Preprint from Bulletin 667. U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash ington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1976. Mineral Industry Surveys: Asbestos in 1975.
U.S. Department of Labor. 1976. Employment and Training Report of the President to the Congress, 1976. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents. 1976. Monthly Catalogue.
o
8-7 U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 1975. Statistical Survey of the
United States Government. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Wegman, D. H., P. T. Giles, and J. M. Peters. 1973. Worker-sponsored survey for asbestos. Arch. Environ. Health 27(2): 105-109. Williams, F. E. 1971. Residential siding products. Construction Review August: 4-11. Williams, F. E. 1973. Thermal insulation in building construction. Construction Review November: 4-11.
i,
A-l APPENDIX A
01 u.
A-2
Table A-l Survey Contacts, Manufacturers Associations American Board Products Association American Concrete Institute Construction Industry Manufacturers Association National Insulation Manufacturers Association Asbestos Textile Institute Producers Council, Inc. Sprayed Mineral Fiber Manufacturers Association, Inc. Asbestos Cement Pipe Producers Association Fluid Sealings Association National Paint and Coatings Association
-j -
A-3
Table A-2 Survey Contacts, Trade Associations
American Building Contractors Association American Institute of Building Design American Institute of Constructors Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc. Associated General Contractors of America Associated Specialty Contractors, Inc. The Construction Specifications Institute International Association of Wall and Ceiling Contractors Mason Contractors Association of America Mechanical Contractors Association of America National Association of Home Builders of the United States National Electrical Contractors Association, Inc. National Insulation Contractors Association National Roofing Contractors Association National Utility Contractors Association, Inc. Painting and Decorating Contractors of America Western Insulation Contractors Association Gypsum Drywall Contractors International Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Inc. Council of Construction Employers
Table A-3 Survey Contacts, Trade Unions
Associated Trades and Crafts National Union International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades Laborer's International Union of North America Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association of the
United States and Canada Sheet Metal Workers International Association United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America United Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers International Union United Slate, Tile and Composition Roofers, Damp and Waterproof Workers
Association United Steelworkers of America
0:
A-5
Table A-4
Survey Contacts, Public and Regulatory Agencies
Air Pollution and Noise Control Inspection Department Minneapolis, Minnesota
Occupational Health Division Community Health Services County of Los Angeles Department
of Health Services
Los Angeles, California 90018
National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health
U.S. Post Office Building
Occupational Health Section
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Environmental Health Division
Orange County. Health Department
Santa Ana, California 92702
Division of Environmental Health
Contra Costa County Health Department
Martinez, California 94553
Bureau of Environmental Health Services
Division of Occupational Health
Arkansas State Department of Health
Alabama State Department of Labor
Little Rock, Arkansas 72201
Montgomery, Alabama 36104.
Division of Pollution Control Occupational Health Services Tri-County District Health Service Decatur, Alabama 35601
Occupational Health Program El Paso City County Health
Department El Paso, Texas 79901
Bureau of Preventable Diseases Alabama Department of Public Health State Office Building Montgomery, Alabama 36104
Occupational Safety and Health Department of Labor Juneau, Alaska 99811
Occupational Health Sanitarian Fresno County Public Health Department Fresno, California 93702
Air Pollution Control Section Environmental Health Division City of Dallas Public Health Dept. Dallas Texas, 75220
Occupational Safety and Health Division
Department of Labor Capitol Hill Building Little Rock, Arkansas 72201
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Industrial Commission Phoenix, Arizona 85005
Division of Occupational Safety Texas State Department of Health Austin, Texas 78756
Riverside County Department of Public Health
Riverside, California 92502
Table A-4 (Cont.)
Bureau of Environmental Health Services
Tennessee Department of Public Health
Nashville, Tennessee 37219
Radiological and Occupational Health Section
Bureau of Preventable Diseases Florida Division of Health Jacksonville, Florida 32201
Occupational Health Bureau Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences Helena, Montana 59601
Oivision of Labor & Industry Occupational Safety and Health
Program Baltimore, Maryland 21202
San Bernardino County Health Department
San Bernardino, California 92401
Department of Labor & Industry St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
Division of Environmental Health Section of Industrial Hygiene Minnesota Department of Health Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
Division of Occupational Health Santa Clara County Health Dept. Santa Clara, California 95128
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Mississippi State Board of Health Jackson, Mississippi 39205
Department of Health and Engineering Control
Vernon, California 90058
Division of Labor Department of Commerce Caldwell Building Tallahasse, Florida 32301
District of Columbia Government Community Health & Hospitals Adm. Occupational & Employee Health
Services Washington, D.C. 20009
Division of Industrial Hygiene & Noise Control
Bureau of Institutional Hygiene & Radiological Health
Department of Environmental Services Washington, D.C. 20002
Division of Occupational and Radiological Health
Colorado Department of Health Denver, Colorado 80220
Division of Industrial Affairs Department of Labor Wilmington, Delaware
Occupational Health Section Connecticut Department of Labor
Environmental Health Service Denver Department of Health &
Hospitals
A-7
Table A-4 (Cont.)
Environmental Health Section Office of Consumer Protection Dade County Department of
Public Health Miami, Florida 33125
Industrial Hygiene Division Compliance Division Technical Assistance Division Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002
Section of Occupational Health Wisconsin Division of Health Madison, Wisconsin 53701
Division of Safety Occupational Health Section Department of Labor and Industries Olympia, Washington 98501
Occupational Safety and Health Division
Virgin Islands Department of Labor U.S. Virgin Islands 00840
Bureau of Industrial Hygiene Department of Health Richmond, Virginia 23219
Division of Construction Safety Department of Labor and Industry Richmond, Virginia 23219
Division of Occupational Safety Vermont Department of Labor and
Industries Montpelier, Vermont 05602
Division of Occupational Health Vermont Department of Health Barre, Vermont 05641
Occupational Safety and Health Division Utah Industrial Commission Salt Lake City, Utah 84113
Bureau of Radiation & Occupational Health Utah Division of Health Salt Lake City, Utah 84113
Division of Occupational Health and Radiation Control
Houston City Health Department Houston, Texas 77205
Occupational Health Program Division of Environmental Sanitation Fort Worth City Health Department Fort Worth, Texas 76107
Division of Industrial Safety Department of Labor Topeka, Kansas 66620
Occupational Safety & Health Adm. Bureau of Labor State House Des Moines, Iowa 50319
Division of Industrial Hygiene Indiana State Board of Health Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
Bureau of Building & Factory Inspection Indiana Division of Labor Indiana State Office Building Indianapolis, Indiana 46204
Chicago Board of Health Chicago Civic Center Chicago, Illinois 60602
A-8
Table A-4 (Cont.)
Industrial Hygiene and Air Pollution Control
Fulton County Health Department
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Division of Safety Inspection and
Education Illinois Department of Labor Chicago, Illinois 60601
Occupational Health Unit Georgia Department of Human Resources Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Occupational Health Unit Section of Categorical Programs Bureau of Environmental Services New Orleans, Louisiana 70160
State Department of Labor Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Department of Labor Boise, Idaho 83702
Radiological and Occupational Health Section
Division of Technical Services Pinellas County Health Department St. Petersburg, Florida 33733
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Department of Labor and Industrial
Relations Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
Hillsboro County Health Department Tampa, Florida 33601
State Hygienic Laboratory University of Iowa Medical Laboratory Building Iowa City, Iowa 52242
Kansas Department of Health and Environment
Division of Environment Topeka, Kansas 66620
Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
Division of Health Engineering Department of Health and Welfare State House Augusta, Maine 04330
Department of Labor Government of Guam 96910
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Kentucky Department of Labor Capitol Plaza Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
Occupational and Radiological Health Services
Environmental Health Services Oklahoma State Department of Health
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105
Mechlenburg County Health Dept. Division of Environmental Health Charlotte, North Carolina 28203
c 1 Q ;
A-9
Table A-4 (Cont.)
Division of Occupational Health Ohio Department of Health. Columbus, Ohio 43212
Bureau of Industrial Hygiene Baltimore City Health Department Baltimore, Maryland 21202
Industrial Hygiene & Engineering Division of Safety and Hygiene Industrial Commission of Ohio Columbus, Ohio 43216
Illinois Industrial Commissioner Chicago, Illinois 60601
Bureau of Industrial Health Division of Occupational Health State Board of Health Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Department of Labor Columbia, South Carolina 29211
Division of Labor Standards Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Department of Labor and Industrial
Relations Jefferson City, Missouri 65101
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Department of Industrial Relations Columbus, Ohio 43216
Division of Occupational Health Rhode Island Department of Health Providence, Rhode Island 02908
Occupational Safety and Health Program
Tennessee Department of Labor Cordell Hull Building Nashville, Tennessee 37219
Division of Occupational Hygiene Massachusetts Department of Labor
and Industries Boston, Massachusetts 02116
South Dakota Department of Health State Capitol Pierre, South Dakota 57501
Division of Occupational Health Michigan Department of Public Health
Bureau of Work Accident Prevention Industrial Hygiene Section Department of Labor San Juan, Puerto Rico 00917
Community Sanitation Section St. Louis Division of Health St. Louis, Missouri 63103
Environmental Health Services Philadslohia Department of Public
Health Philadelpnia, Pennsylvania 19145
SC. uOU'i CwJr Uspiii .M.;!1,. Ci
Public Health Clayton, Missouri 63103
0:-0
A-10
Table A-4 (Cont.)
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Erie County Health Department
Erie, Pennsylvania 16507
Bureau of Occupational Health Department of Health and Welfare Concord, New Hampshire 03301
Industrial Hygiene Section Bureau of Occupational Health Pennsylvania Department of Environ
mental Resources Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
Department of Labor Lincoln, Nebraska 68509
Division of Health Services Department of Human Resources Raleigh, North Carolina 27602
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
North Carolina Department of Labor Raleigh, North Carolina 27611
Division of Occupational Health Oregon State Board of Health Portland, Oregon 97201
Department of Labor and Industry John Fitch Plaza Trenton, New Jersey 08625
Occupational and Radiological Section Division of Environmental Services Oklahoma City-County Health
Department
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105
Industrial Hygiene, Health Physics and Toxic Chemicals
Albuquerque Department of Environ mental Health
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Nevada Industrial Commission Carson City, Nevada 89701
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Bureau of Occupational Health New York State Department of Labor New York, New York 10047
State of New Hampshire Department of Labor
(Occupational Safety) Concord, New Hampshire
03301
Occupational and Radiation Protection
Division Environmental Improvement Agency Health and Social Services Department Santa Fe, New Mexico 87503
Division of Environmental Engineering
North Dakota Department of Health
State of California
State Capitol
Dept, of Public Health
Bismarck, North Dakota 58505
Berkeley, California 94704
^v
A-n
Table A-5 Manufacturers of Asbestos-containing Construction Materials
1. What asbestos-containing construction products does your company manufacture?
2. For each of these products, what quantity was produced in 1975? For each product, what was the sales value to your organization?
3. How many employees are involved in the manufacture of each product?
4. Who is the ultimate user of each product (l.e., for what purpose is the item manufactured, what trade utilizes the product, and on what type of structure)?
5. How is each product distributed--through wholesalers, direct to contractors, etc.? Typically, how many intermediaries does each product go through before reaching the construction site? 3o distributors modify the product in any way?
What competing products, if any, exist that can be used for the curpose for which the asbestos product was designed?
7. Have any fiber counts been conducted during field installation or aopiication of these products? If so, which products were tested and what counts were obtained?
A-l2
Table A-6 Association of Manufacturers of Asbestos-containing Construction Materials 1. How many companies that are members of your association produce asbestos-containing products used in construction? 2. What asbestos-containing construction products are manufactured by the members of your association?
3. For each of these products, what was the quantity and sales value of material produced in 1975 (or in the most recent year for which this information has been tabulated)?
4. How many employees are involved in the manufacture of each procuct?
n i rU
1
Table A-6 (Cont.)
A-13
5. Who is-the ultimate user of each product (i.e. for what purpose is the item manufactured, what trade utilizes the product, and on what type of structure)?
6. How is each product distributed--through wholesalers, direct to contractors, etc.? Typically, how many intermediaries does each product go through before reaching the construction site? Do distributors modify the product in any way?
7. What competing products, if any, exist that can be used for the purpose for which the asbestos product was designed?
3. Have any fiber counts been conducted during field installation or aoplicaticn of these prccucts? If so, which croducts were tasted ar what counts were obtained?
o i - <-! ^ to 1
Table A-7 Questions for Construction Trade Associations
A-14
Check those sectors of the construction industry represented by this trade association.
SIC Code
Trade Group
1623
Water, sewer, pipe line, communication and power line construction
1711
Plumbing, heating (except electric), and air conditioning
1721 Painting, paper hanging, and decorating
1731
Electrical work
1742
Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insulation work
1752
Floor laying and other floorwork, not elsewhere classified
1761 Roofing and sheet metal work
1771
Concrete work
1799
Special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified
2. What asbestos products are used by workers in each of these trade groups? (List products by trade group in which they are utilized.)
3. How many workers are employed within each trade group? How many workers (what percent of the total number of workers) utilize asbestos products?
O i - :*) 7
A-15
Table A-7 (Cont.) 4. How many contractors, by trade group, are members of this association?
What is the size (in number of employees and annual dollar volume of construction work) of these contractors?
5. Within each trade group, when either an asbestos product or an alternate non-asbestos product can be utilized for a particular application, what percentage of the work utilizes the asbestos product and what percentage utilizes the alternate product? What major factors affect the choice
. of the material used?
5. Have any fiber counts been conducted during installation of asbestos oroducts? If so, what product was tested and what counts were obtained?
A-16
Table A-7 (Cont.)
7. What asbestos products and what quantity of these products are typically used in the construction of (a) residences; (b) industrial, institutional, and commerical structures; (c) non-building segments of the construction
phase?
Product
Residential
Typical Quantity Used
Nonresid ential Industrial Other Non and Warehouses resident ial
Non-buildinq
,t
S. To what extent are asbestos-containing products used in their particular application, i.e., what portion of the market do they command? (Examole: 20 percent of built-up roofing.)
01
A-17
Table A-R Questions for Construction Trade Unions
1. What trade group is represented by this union?
SIC Code
Trade Grouo
1623 Water, sewer, pipe line, communication and power line construction
1711
Plumbing, heating (except electric), and air conditioning
1721
Painting, paper hanging, and decorating-
1742
Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insulation work
1752
Floor laying and other floorwork, not elsewhere classifie
1761
Roofing and sheet metal work
1771
Concrete work
1799
Special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified
Other (specify)
2. What asbestos products are utilized by workers in this trade group?
3. How many workers are employed in this trade group, and what seasonal variations occur, if any, in the number of workers employed?
n * -- ",
A-l 3
Table A-8 (Cont.) 4. How many workers in this trade group (what percent of the total)
utilize asbestos products? How often are asbestos products utilized, i.e., how many workers utilize asbestos products regularly (50 percent), frequently (10-50 percent), occasionally (10 percent)?
5. How many workers are directly exposed; how many workers are indirectly exposed to asbestos?
6. Of all workers who enter the trade, what percentage remain in the trade Less than 5 years 5 to 10 years 11 to 15 years More than 15 years
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A-21 Oi
APPENDIX 8 Surmary of Field Sampling Surveys
APPENDIX B Summary of Field Sampling Surveys-
8-2
In order to evaluate airborne asbestos concentrations resulting from the handling, machining, and installation of asbestos-containing materials in construction and demolition, industrial hygiene surveys were performed in workplace environments. Air samples were taken both indoors and out doors depending on the work site and the type of product being used. Two types of samples, personal and general air, were collected during each sur vey. The personal samples taken to characterize a worker's exposure are collected from near the worker's face while work is performed. Such samples are considered to be representative of the air that a worker breathes during the performance of a particular operation. The general air sample is collected in the vicinity of the job being performed and is representative of atmospheric levels that may contribute to peripheral exposure of other workers or observers.
Samples were collected by drawing air through cellulose ester mem brane filters by means of portable, battery-powered sampling pumps. The filters were 37 millimeters in diameter, with a pore size of 0.3 microns, and were mounted in a plastic cassette and used in an "open face" config uration during sampling. Two sampling pumps were used during the surveys: the Bendix models CI15 and BDX-C4 samplers. The pumps were calibrated against a standard wet-test meter or bubble meter. Filter cassettes were connected to the pumps with plastic tubing; for breathing-zone sameles, the pump was attached to the worker's belt while the filter was clipped on the worker's collar.
B-3
All air samples collected were analyzed for asbestos fiber count. Fibers were sized and counted using an OSHA-approved technique employing phase-contrast microscopy. Results are reported as fibers per cubic centi meter greater than 5 microns in length. Airborne concentrations of fibers are obtained by calculating the number of fibers per filter from the micro scopic fiber counts and dividing this number by the sample volume. When there are no fibers counted in 100 fields, the result is reported as less than one fiber per hundred fields. Considering magnification, this corre sponds to less than 1,600 fibers per filter. Consequently, some of the fiber concentrations are reported as "less than" values. Because of the statistical variability among counters for the same filter, among filter sectors for the same counter, and among laboratories, questions have been raised regarding the accuracy and reliability of the NIOSH method for determination of low airborne asbestos concentrations. Since this study is not intended to resolve the question of accuracy and reliability, the low air concentrations reported for most of the surveys should be viewed as computational results.
Narrative reports for each sampling survey are presented in this aopendix. They include data for each sample taken and figures showing zhe relative locations of sampling points. Wherever pcssible, time-weichted average (TWA) exposures were calculated from the air sample results.
Or
B-4
SURVEY AIA-1: INSTALLATION OF AN ASBESTOS-FELT ROOF
Survey AIA-1 consisted of sampling personnel and general air during the installation of the finish layer of felt on the 75-by-100-foot roof of a two-story building under construction. Approximately 40 rolls of finishing felt were applied during the job. Sampling was performed out doors where the temperature was approximately 35 to 40 F during the day and the wind was from the northwest.
The work was performed by eight men from a roofing contractor. In the morning, four workers were involved in the application of felt in rolls; two workers applied hot tar using a mop, and the other two rolled and cut the felt. Two other employees were engaged in applying felt to the horizontal surfaces of air conditioning ducts and the parapets. One worker, an apprentice, handled the tar buggy all morning, while the last worker tended the tar kettle on the ground below.
Afternoon work generally consisted of applying strips of felt as flashing around roof openings. All eight workers participated in this orccess.
Ten air samples were taken during this survey, including three general air samples and seven breathing zone samples. The sampling data are sum marized as follows:
B-5
Sample No. GiN-1 GN-2
GN-3 GN-4 GiN-5
GN-6
GN-7 GN - 8 GN-9 GN--10
-
Description
General air, southeast section of roof, downwind of operations
Worker exposure, cutting and applying felt and adhesive to vertical surfaces (roof openings)
Worker exposure, rolling and cutting felt, and applying over hot tar
Worker exposure, mopping (applying hot tar to roof surface with mop)
Worker exposure, cutting and applying small sections of felt to vertical surfaces
General air, background, taken on ele vation above stairwell, approximately 15 feet above work area
Worker exposure, applying felt and adhesive to vertical surfaces
Worker exposure, applying felt and adhesive to vertical surfaces
Worker exposure, applying felt and adhesive to vertical surfaces
General air, approximately center of roof during afternoon work
Local Time
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0822-1033 (131)(a)
0833-0940.5 (67.5)
0.012(b) 0.035
0909-1128.5 (139.5)
0916-1132.5 (136.5)
0945.5-1130 (104.5)
0.017 0.022
1041.5-1 308 (146.5)
0.0055
1257-1423.5 (86.5)
1300-1424 (84)
1304-1426 (82)
1319-1431 (72)
0.027 0.028 <0.0098 <0.011
Time-Weiahted Averaqes
Worker Type Roll man Mop man Paper setter Kettle man
TWA <0.019 <0.016 <0.023 <0.011
2. :n oarentheses are sample duration in minutes
u.
ior.al results not intended to imp:
toy o'
oi
NORTH
()
3-6
VENT
--
STAIRWAY GN-6
VENT
VENT
VENT
GN-10
VENT
i
75 fet
VENT ICO fsst
VENT GN-1
t
Figure 1. Diagram showing roof layout with locations of general air samples for survey A1A-1.
Oi ii 6 : -
8-7
SURVEY AIA-2: ASBESTOS-CEMENT PANELS, 8UIL0ING CONSTRUCTION SITE
During the AIA-2 survey, breathing zone and general air samples were taken, while asbestos-cement panels were cut in preparation for their installation the following week. Seventeen panels were cut over a 5.5hour period and all operations were performed outdoors. All cutting was performed by one worker who was assisted by a foreman when the large panels had to be moved.
Operations consisted of cutting off a 2.5-foct section from a 16-foot length of panel, using an 3-inch diameter cutting wheel that was 1/8-inch thick. The saw had an Advance floor machine collector (Model. HP501X5) mounted on a 55-gallon drum that served as a dust repository. The exhaust line was a 20-foot length of 1.5-inch flexible hose connected to saw housing on the front and top. The collector appeared to be working well except during the initial cutting when some dusting was observed and when the saw reached the end of the cut. The dust accumulated on the panels, during the early cutting and this forced the operator to clear off the dust so he could observe the cutting line. After the first few cuts, very little dusting was visible exceot when the saw reachec the anc cf the cut.
Thirteen air samples were taken and the results are summarized as fcl1ows:
8-8
Sample No. FM-1 FM-2 FM-3
FM-4 FM-5 FM-6 FM-7
FM-8 FM-9 FM-10 FM-11 ' FM-12
FM-1 3
Description
General air, background, 75 feet upwind
Worker exposure, cutting, 6 cuts
General air, on dumpster behind cutting operations, approximately 15 feet from operator
Worker exposure, cutter's helper
General air, downwind approximately 40 feet from cutting
General air, on vacuum unit, downwind. only while unit was operated
Worker exposure (peak), sampler operated only while worker was cutting sheet material, 6 sheets cut during sample
Worker exposure, cutting, 3 cuts
General air, apDroximately 20 feet from cutting, shifting winds during sample
General air, background, 75 feet upwind
General air, on dumpster behind cutting operation
Observer exposure, while observer was approximately 10 feet downwind from cutting operation
Observer exposure, while observer was approximately 10 feet downwind from cutting operation
Local Time
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0850-1018, % (38.0)(a)
0914-1007.5 (53,5)
0918-1023.5 (65.5)
0939-1011 (32.0)
0958.5-1020 (21.5)
1040-1133 (53.0)
1102-1133 (31.0)
0.011(b) 1 .01 C.069
0.41 <0.038
0.18 -
0.22
0.27 0.17
1259.5-1349 (49.5)
1044.5-1134
(49.5) 1300-1354
(54.0) 1305.5-1350
(44.5) 1311-1349
(38.0)
0.090 0.035 0.041
0.053
1311-1349 (33.0)
Time-Weichted Averages
Worker Tvoe Cutter Cutter's helcr*
TWA 0.35 0.15
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
o
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chewing v;cr:< araa sampisa 'zr
ng sampie iocarcr:.
8-10
SURVEY AIA-3: BUILDING DEMOLITION, REMOVAL OF ASBESTOS INSULATION
During survey AIA-3, air samples were taken while two workers removed asbestos insulation from a hot water tank and a length of pipe in a build ing to be demolished. Bagging of asbestos debris was also monitored. Sampling was performed indoors in the basement of the building.
Work in the morning was performed in the boiler room where two workers removed asbestos insulation from a hot water tank 3 feet in diameter and 9 feet long and standing approximately 6 feet from the ground by means of curved "linoleum" knives. The insulation was 1.5 to 2 inches thick and the pieces that were removed ranged from small chunks to pieces about 2 feet in length. The insulation was wellwet and, although the lighting was poor, there was no visible evidenceof dusting in the cutting and dropping of the debris. Removal lasted for approximately 2.5 hours and the subsequent bagging of the debris slightly exceeded one hour.
In the afternoon, the workers removed asbestos insulation from a 25-foot length of pipe located about 8 feet above the floor in a room down the hall from the boiler room. One worker on a ladder used a knife to strip off the insulation and the other worker bagged the debris as it fell to the floor. The pipe insulation was wetted using a pressurized fire extinguisher. This operation was relatively dusty due to the failure of the water spray to penetrate the cloth wrapping around the pipe. When the wrapping was removed, heavy dusting was observed. Continued appli cations of water helped to an extent, but did not adequately penetrate the insulation.
From a dust control standpoint, the work performed was unsatisfactory,
B-n
particularly since the workers did not wear approved respirators. Tests on the removal of pipe insulation were basically exploratory and the work was done tc determine the character of the removal operations. Better wetting techniques were suggested to the foreman.
The results of the 15 air samples taken during the survey are summa rized as follows:
B-12
Sample No.
TOD-1
TOD-2
TOD-3 TOD-4 TOD-5
TOD-6 TOD-7 TOD-8 TOD-9
TOD-10 TOD-11 TOD-12
TOD-13
TOD-14
TOD-15
-
Descriotion
General air, middle of boiler room, north side during stripping of insulation from tank approximately 10 feet away
General air, middle of boiler room, south side, during removal of insulation from tank approximately 15 feet away
Worker exposure, removal of insulation from tank
Worker exposure, removal of insulation from tank
General air, in room adjacent to boiler room, east side near doorway, during stripping of insulation
General air (same location as TOD-1), during bagging of stripped insulation
General air (same location as TOD-2), during bagging of stripped insulation
General air (same location as TOD-5), during bagging of stripped insulation
General air, in hall outside south door of boiler room during bagging of stripped insulation
Worker exposure (same worker as TOD-3), for bagging of stripped asbestos
Worker exposure (same worker as TOD-4), for bagging of stripping asbestos
Worker exposure (same worker as TOD-3), during cutting and removal of pipe insulation
General air, north wall of room, during stripping and bagging of pipe insula tion
Worker exposure (same worker as TOD-4), during bagging of stripped pipe insulation
General air, east wall of room, during stripping and bagging of pipe insula tion
Local Time
Fibers/Cubic Centimeters
>5 Micron
1017.5-1132 (74.5)(a)
0.23
1020-1133.5 (73.5)
0.30
1030.25-1102.5 (32.25)
1032-1104 (32.0)
1039-1137
(58.0) -
1.00 0.67 0.26
1136-1243.5 (67.5)
1137-1245.5
(68.5)
1139-1246 (67.0)
1147-1251 (64.0)
0.24 0.13 0.0082 0.10
1150.5-1248.25 (57.75)
1151.5-1249
(57.5) 1518.5-1549
(30.5)
0.42 0.34 4.08
1522.5-1558 (35.5)
4.4
1520-1547 (27.0)
5.7
1526-1559 (23)
6.8
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type
Worker No. 1 Worker No. 2
TWA
0.93 1.01
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
B-13 Figure 3. Diagram of work site for survey A1A-3 showing sampling locations.
B-14
SURVEY AIA-4; DRILLING HUD ADDITIVES
The AIA-4 study covered the operations involved with the use of fibrous asbestos as an additive to the circulating muds of an oil drilling rig. The work onsite was performed by one worker, and air samples were collected both outdoors and inside of a small trailer that housed the mud hopper.
The trailer was approximately 20 feet long by 8 feet wide with two open doors on opposite sides, each about 4 feet wide and extending from floor to ceiling. The mud hopper consisted of a 30-gallon drum open at the top with a suction hose connected at the bottom. The task of the worker was to slowly pour the asbestos material (dry) from a 50-pound bag into the drum. The material is fed into the drilling mud by the venturi action of the mud as it flows past the hose opening to the drum. Generally, four to six 50-pound bags of material are used during each addition and approximately 100 bags of material are used per drilling site in the area. The asbestos material is packaged in 50-pound paper bags that are sealed in a thick plastic outer covering. After the bag has been emptied, it is usually stored in a pile outside -and disposed of either by burning or burial in a landfill at the site.
Conditions during the sampling varied. Generally, the wind was gusting slightly through the open doors of the trailer for both the first and second set of samples taken while the worker was pouring the product into the hopper. During the first pouring, the material fed smoothly into the hopper and six bags were poured in a 23.5-minute time interval. Some difficulty was experienced during the second pouring as the hopper
B-l 5
appeared to be clogged and only two bags were fed over the next 23 minutes. Considerable dusting was observed during both pourings.
Results for the nine air samples collected during this survey are summarized as follows:
Sample No. 0C0-1
OCO-2 OCO-3
0C0-4 0C0-5 0C0-6 0C0-7 0C0-8 OCO-9
Description
General air, center of trailer, approxi mately 6.5 feet above floor and 4 feet from dumping operation, during dumping of 6 bags
Worker exposure, pouring 6 bags of asbes tos fiber into mud hopper
General air, directly over mud hopper, 6.5 feet above floor, during pouring of 6 bags
General air, background, approximately 50 feet upwind of trailer
General air (same location as 0C0-1), no operations performed in trailer
General air (same location as OCO-3), no operations performed in trailer
General air (same location as 0C0-1), during dumping of 2 bags
General air (same location as OCO-3), during pouring of 2 bags
Worker exposure, during dumping of 2 bags, hopper appeared to be clogged
Local Time
0836-0904 (28)(a)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0.95
0837.5-0901 (23.5)
0837-0905.5 (28.5)
0847-0937 (50)
0910-0953.5 (43)
0911-0954 (43)
0958-1020.5 (22.5)
0959-1019 (20)
0958-1021 (23)
2.4 0.75
0.016 0.090 0.036 1.7 2.9 7.0
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type Mud hopper operator
TWA 0.51
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
WASTE POND (MUD. WATE R. ASBESTOS)
Figure 4. Work area diagram including sampling locations fo r survey AIA-4.
8-16
8-17
SURVEY AIA-5: VINYL-ASBESTOS FLOORING
The work performed during the AIA-5 survey included the sanding of an existing vinyl-asbestos tile floor and the installation of an asbestosfelt-backed sheet floor over the sanded floor. Two flooring installers completed the job, which was done in the kitchen of a private residence.
The dimensions of the room were approximately 12 by 17 feet with an 8-foot ceiling. There were three doors to the room, which were kept closed during sanding to prevent dust from entering other areas of the house. Sanding was done with a circular sander equipped with a grit pad and having no exhaust controls. Considerable dusting was observed during the sanding operation; however, the installers did not wear respirators. The sanding operation lasted for 15 minutes.
When the sanding was completed, the floor was swept, an operation which took 8 minutes. Two doors to the room were open during this time. Considerable dusting resulted from this operation.
Approximately 10 minutes after the completion of sweeping, the instal lers started to bring in the new sheet flooring and some supplies. The laying of the new floor was accomplished by placing a large sheet of flooring over the area to be covered and making cuts in the sheet with a razor knife to fit the dimensions of the room. Adhesive was applied with a trowel and the sheet floor was pressed into place. The floor laying operation did not appear to cause any significant dusting, but dust was present in the air from the previous sanding and sweeping. The samples obtained for floor laying cannot be considered to be representa tive of the dust exposures due to floor laying only. The entire job was completed in approximately 2.5 hours.
o?
B-18
A sumnary of the air sampling data measured during the survey follows:
Sample No. BF-1 BF-2
BF-3
8F-4 BF-5 BF-6 BF-7
Description
Worker exposure, sanding vinyl asbestos tile
General air, on kitchen countertop, south side of room during sanding and sweeping of vinyl asbestos tile
General air, on kitchen countertop, west side of kitchen during sanding and sweeping of vinyl asbestos tile
Worker exposure, sweeping floor after sanding
General air (same location as BF-2), during laying of sheet floor
General air (same location as BF-3), during laying of sheet floor
Worker exposure, installation of sheet floor, includes cutting, applying adhesive, pressing floor into place
Local Time
0955-1010 (15)(a)
0956-1025 (29)
0957-1026 (29)
1015-1023 (8)
1033-1143 (70)
1034-1144 (70)
1032-1142 '70!
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0.052 ^
0.053
0.027
0.29 0.075 0.055 0.055
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type Floor installer
TWA 0.020
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
o 1 -czz:: .:
8-19
NORTH
Figure 5. Diagram of work area for survey AiA-5 showing locations of general air samples.
- i -- l .
B-20
SURVEY AIA-6: INSTALLATION OF ASBESTOS-CEMENT SHINGLES
Sampling survey AIA-6 involved monitoring dust concentrations during the installation of asbestos-cement shingles on new homes in a residential area. Two carpenters performed the installation outdoors. Weather condi tions during sampling ranged from partly cloudy to cloudy, with tempera tures ranging from 40 to 45 F.
Installation consisted of nailing the shingles to the plywood exterior of the building, and cutting the shingles where necessary for proper fit using a shingle cutter. The shingle cutter is used to make three types of cuts in the shingles. Cutting is performed using the large blade and a quick shearing action. Notching is made with a smaller blade using a scissoring action and generates crumbly material. Hole punching is accomplished with a punch on the machine and sometimes causes a short burst of dust. It is common practice during the installation to make cuts, notches, or holes as the material is being installed; that is, batches of material are not cut all at one time, but this operation is spread out over the time that the shingles are nailed in place. A worker breathing-zone sample collected over the time when the worker is installing the material (including unwrapping of the packaged shingles, nailing, cutting, notching, hole punching, and moving of the cutting machine) can be considered representative of the worker's exposure throughout a working day.
Each carpenter worked on a different house. Carpenter No. 1 worked on a house where Type A shingles were used, while carpenter Ho. 2 installed
o_ L- J
B-21
Type B shingles on a house where he was working. Type B shingles tended to crumble more easily than Type A when cut, punched, or notched.
During the installation, it was often necessary for the worker to nail overhead on a vertical surface. When this was done, it was noticed that a short burst of dust was generated by the abrasive action of the nail on the shingle. The dust would sometimes float down into the vicinity of the worker's breathing area.
Since the operation of cutting shingles has been of interest from the viewpoint of dusting, two 5-minute simulated tests were sampled inside a building where workers sometimes cut shingles. One breathing zone sample (SPS-7) was collected during a 5-minute period where the worker cut scraps of shingles. Another breathing zone sample (SPS-7) was collected when the worker notched and punched holes for 5 minutes. Both simulated tests were performed in doors and although the room was open to the outside, little or no wind was blowing. The full-time workers from this company perform asbestos-shingle installations on the average of 4 days per week with a 7-hour work day.
Air sampling data are sunmarized as follows:
Oi
8-22
Sample No.
SPS-1 S PS-2 SPS-3
SPS-4 SPS-5
SPS-6 S PS - 7 SPS-8
Description
General air, background, upwind from operations
Worker exposure, carpenter No. 1, installing Type A shingles
General air downwind approximately 100 feet from carpenter No. 2 installing Type B shingles
Worker exposure, carpenter No. 2 install ing Type B shingles on pitched roof
General air, approximately 50 feet down wind from carpenter No. 1 installing Type A shingles
Worker exposure, carpenter No. 1 in stalling Type A shingles
Simulation, worker exposure, cutting Type A shingles, indoors
Simulation, worker exposure, notching and hole punching type A shingles, indoors
Local Time
1103-1203
(60)U) nn-n56
(45) 1255-1413
(78)
1257-1409 (72)
1308-1438 (90)
1314-1419 (65)
1420-1425 (5)
1430-1435 (5)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0.014^ 0.017 <0.010
0.011 <0.0085
<0.012 <0.16 <0.16
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type
Carpenter No. 1 Carpenter No. 2
TWA
<0.013 0.010
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
Ol - : Jj -
NORTH
8-2
HOUSE UNDER CONSTRUCTION
SPS-3 SPS-4 HOUSE UNDER CONSTRUCTION
SPS-1
HOUSE UNDER CONSTRUCTION
SPS-5 SPS-2
HOUSE UNDER CONSTRUCTION
SPS-6
SPS-7, 8
PREDOMINANT WIND DIRECTION
Figure 6. Diagram of housing construction site for survey AIA-6 showing sampling locations.
Qi
-'5
3-24
SURVEY AIA-7: ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET
The AIA-7 study was performed to measure asbestos dust exposures in the cutting of asbestos composition panels (4 by 8 feet by 1 inch). The simulated work was set up in the work yard of a construction firm. All ooerations were performed outdoors. The work was conducted about 10 feet from an ooen door on the east side of a large storage building. Weather was cloudy and cold; the temperature was about 40 F with a minimum of any discernible winds. Occasionally, a back draft toward the building was noted.
The work consisted of cutting approximately 4-inch sections from the panel along the 4-foot side. The strips were not used for any spe cific application; the cutting was done to evaluate exposures in this type of work. A secondary purpose, associated with the work was to com pare the performance of a Nilfisk dust collector with that of the Advance collector normally used by the construction company.
The panel was placed on a pair of sawhorses and a series of cuts made. The first saw used was a standard circular saw with an 8-inch diamond-tipped blade provided with exhaust inlets on the blade housing connected through a 4-inch flexible hose about 4 feet long to the Ad vance collector. In the first series of cuts, the motor of the saw burned out after six full cuts and a partial cut were made. In this work, 8.5 minutes of cutting time were involved, and the first series was concluded.
Ot-r.
B-25
The second series of cuts was made employing a slower speed Skil saw with a makeshift enclosure of the saw housing by means of cardboard and fabric tape with an opening in the enclosure transverse to the saw. This modification required a second person holding the hose at the opening in the enclosure as the cuts were made. This series of cuts renuired 14 minutes to complete the six cuts. The collector used was the Nilfisk.
The final series was a duplicate of the second series except that the Advance collector was used. The six cuts required 13.8 minutes to complete. Both workers wore "3M"-approved dust respirators. The most significant observation was that settled dust remained on the panel during and after the cuttings of the first series where it could be disturbed and become airborne. The second and third set of cuttings using the improvised enclosure of the saw housing resulted in practi cally all of the dust being removed by the collectors; no visible dif ferences between the performance of the two collectors were observed. However, it is quite possible that the improvement may have been related to the differences in the saws and rate of cutting to some degree, but the general impression is that the improvised closure of the saw housing resulted in much better capture of dust from the sawing operation.
The air sampling data are summarized as follows:
B-26
Sarnple No.
HS-1 HS-2
HS-3 HS-4
HS-5 HS-6 HS-7
HS-3
HS-9 HS-10 HS-11
HS-1 2
HS-13
Description
General air, background, approximately 65 feet from operations
General air, approximately 12 feet from cutting operation, during cutting of asbestos cement sheet with high-speed saw
Worker exposure (cutter), cutting high speed saw with shroud, Advance vacuum cutting time: 8.5 minutes, 6.5 cuts
General air, on exhaust of Advance vacuum during cutting with high-speed saw, 3 feet from cutting
General air (same location as HS-1)
General air (same location as HS-4) during cutting with low-speed saw, Nilfisk vacuum used
General air (same location as HS-2) during cutting with low-speed saw, Nilfisk vacuum used
Worker exposure (cutter), cutting sheet with low-speed saw and Nilfisk vacuum, cutting time 14 minutes
Worker exposure (helper), held vacuum hose from Nilfisk collector to make shift shroud on low-speed saw
General air, background (same location as HS-1)
General air (same location as HS-2) during cutting with low-speed saw. Advance vacuum
Worker exposure (cutter), cutting sheet, low-speed saw. Advance collector, cutting time 13.8 minutes
Worker exposure (helper), held hose from Advance vacuum to makeshift shroud on low-speed saw
Local Time
1021-1053.25 (31.25)(a)
1028-1052 (24)
1034-1050 (16)
1035-1051.5 (16.5)
1103-1151 (48)
1129-1150 (23)
1129-1150.75 (22.75)
1130.75-1149.25 (19.25)
1131-1149.75 (18.75)
1130.75-1356.25 (25.5)
1336-1355.25 (19.25)
1336.5-1354 (17.5)
1336-1354 (18)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0.025 ^
0.096
7.4 --
1 .6 0.016
.
<0.034
0.034
0.17
0.25 <0.030
<0.041
0.047
0.18
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
ot-
B-27
Figure 7. Diagram of work area for sheet-cutting simulation on survey AIA-7 showing sampling locations.
8-28
SURVEY AIA-8: ASBESTOS-CEMENT PRODUCTS, COOLING TOWERS
A study of asbestos dust was made in the installation of asbestos composition material in the construction of a cooling tower at an electric power plant. The weather at the time of the survey was cold--estimated at about 20 F or less--with an extremely strong and gusty wind blowing through the ground-level opening during the morning of the tests.
The outer shell, or veil, of the cooling tower had been completed and the inner structure was being erected. The- tower was some 500 feet high and an estimated 300 feet in diameter; the shell was open at ground. The work being performed was the initial stages of installing some 600,000 sheets of asbestos board, each about 9 feet by 16 by k inches, as "drift eliminators" by positioning them in the framework in the internal structure of the cooling tower. About 100,000 of the sheets are drilled with four is-inch diameter holes for hanging. Some of the sheets--an unknown number, but relatively small--are "cut1' by scoring and breaking off to fit properly in some positions. The only operations carried out at the time of the visit were drilling and installing. No "cutting" was observed. Asbestos-cement pipe is a component of the structure and was also being installed at the time.
Air samples were taken of workers drilling the four holes in 100 sheets on a pallet (bundle) in an area at the center of the tower partly protected from the wind by a horizontal section of 8-foot diameter piping. Another sample was taken of worker's exposure during the drilling of four bundles located near the periphery of the structure where the bundles had
8-29
been stored, a location where the wind was possibly at its greatest. A set of samples was taken of installers' exposures positioning the sheets some 75 feet above ground in the structure.
The drilling operation would appear to be the major exposure. Airborne dust was not readily visible although visual observations were handicapped by the absence of sunlight within the structure. Heavy dust accumulated on the panels as the drilling proceeded, but these particles were relatively heavy and large from the slow-speed operation of the drill. The workers did not wear respirators although it was reported that respirators were provided. On some occasions in the drilling at the periphery area, windgusts were sufficient to blow the heavy dust from the surface of the sheets as it was generated. It is believed that the winds were abnormally high and conditions were hardly representative of normal work. (It was too windy for ironworkers to work on that day.) The wind at the upper level where installation of the sheets was carried out was minimal although there may have been some upward draft through the cooling tower. The time of actual drilling of a hole through the 100 sheets in a bundle normally varied from 70 to 90 seconds; on one bundle, which was reported to be wet or damp, the time of drilling one hole ranged from 105 to 120 seconds. Eight bundles, or 32 holes, were drilled during a 2-hour period; the workers estimated that up to 30 bundles could be drilled in a good, or average, day. The time between drilling involved miscellaneous duties such as changing bits, positioning the template, and positioning the rack
B-30
for lifting of the bundles by crane, that offered no asbestos exposure. The installation at the upper level was continuous. A sample of pipe installation on the upper level was obtained.
The description and results of air samples measured during the study are as follows:
Sample No. CT-1 CT-2
CT-3
CT-4
CT-5 CT-6
Description
Local Time
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
General air, 10 feet from workers drill ing asbestos cement sheet
Worker exposure, driller, drilled one pile of asbestos cement sheet, dri71ina time: approximately 6 minutes
Worker exposure, driller's helper, approximately 6 minutes drilling time
Worker exposure, driller, drilled 4
bundles of asbestos cement sheet, approximately 28 minutes drilling
time Worker exposure, sheet setter, installed
asbestos cement sheet Worker exposure, pipe setter, set
asbestos cement pipes into place (did not include joining pipes with fitting)
1004.5-1042.25 (37.75)(a)
1005.25-1034 (28.75)
1006-1033.5 (27.5)
1105.5-1143 (37.5)
Not recorded (23.0)
Not recorded (17.3)
0.082 0.24 0.030 0.050
0.50 " 0.37
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type
Driller Sheet setter Pipe setter
TWA
0.13 0.44" 0.32
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
o1 c
NORTH
5-31
Figure 8. Diagram of working area inside cooling tower (top view) for survey AIA-8 showing sampling locations.
Oi --V j .
B-32
'SURVEY AIA-9: DRILLING MUD ADDITIVES--SHIPMENT, STORAGE
Survey AIA-9 was performed in the warehouse of a retail drilling mud company during the handling of bags of asbestos additives for ship ping. Sampling was done indoors, while it was drizzling rain outdoors.
Work was performed in tne warehouse by a lift truck operator and an unloader on the truck. Several other persons were working in the warehouse during the survey. The operations consisted of moving pallets of the bagged asbestos additive with a lift truck to the bed of the truck used for shipping the product to the customer. A full pallet was placed on the bed and an additional 10 bags of material were unloaded from the pallet to the truck by hand and stacked. A diagram of the work area is shown in Figure 9.
All bags of the material were in good condition and no broken bags were observed. The condition of the warehouse was clean and the bags of material were handled carefully by the workers. No visible dust was observed during the handling of the bags.
Five air samples, including four general air and one breathing zone sample, were taken. The sampling data are summarized as follows:
B-33
Sample No. AW-1
AW-2
AW-4 AW-5
AW-6
Description
General air, center of warehouse on lift truck
General air, center of warehouse during loading of truck
General air, on cab of truck during loading
Worker exposure, lift operator during truck loading
General air, center of warehouse after loading
Local Time
0841-0917 (36)(a)
0934-0944 (10)
0931-0941 (10)
0933-0945 (12)
0947-0957 (10)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron 0.063(b)
<0.077
0.078 0.065
0.077
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type
TWA
Warehouse workers 0.074
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
o
3-34
Ui <- ^lZ
SS
140 feet
Figure 9. Diagram showing w ork area and sampling locations fo r survey A IA -9 .
- SURVEY AIA-10: PRILLING MUD ADDITIVES--SHIPMENT, STORAGE
Ouring field survey AIA-10, air samples were collected in the ware house of a retail drilling mud firm, while workers loaded a truck with bags of asbestos additive for shipment to a job site. Sampling was per formed indoors while rain fell outside.
The work area is shown in Figure 10. The operations monitored con sisted of moving a pallet of bagged asbestos additive over to a truck using a lift-truck, loading a full pallet onto the bed, and then unloading an additional 10 bags onto the truck by hand for shipment. Work was per formed by a lift-truck operator and two warehouse employees.
The general condition of the warehouse was dirty with considerable airborne dust and settled oust throughout the area from past bag breakageprimarily clays. Apparently, no cleanup procedures were in effect.
Four air samples were collected consisting of two general air and two breathing zone samples. The sampling data are summarized as follows:
Sample No. AG-1 AG-3
AG-4
AG-5
Description
General air, warehouse
Worker exposure, lift operator loading truck with pallets
Worker exposure, helper unloading bags from pallet
General air, warehouse after loading
Local Time
1032.5-1056 (23.5)(a)
1111-1119 (8)
im-1120 (9)
1125-1140 (15)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron <0.033tb> <0.098
0.59
0.15
Time-Weightec .-..era ,es
Worker Type
TWA
Fork lift operator Loader
0.11 0.11
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
Figure 10. Diagram showing worfc area and sampling locations fo r survey A IA -1 0 .
B-37
8-38
- SURVEY AIA-11: DRILLING HUD ADDITIVES, DRILLING SITE Survey AIA-11 covered the operations Involving the use of an asbestos additive to the muds at an oil drilling rig. Sampling was performed out doors and the weather was cold and rainy with a slight wind. The operation at the drilling site Involved one worker who was responsible for adding the material to the drilling mud through the mud hopper, which was outdoors. The operation consisted of the worker carrying a 50-pound bag of the additive to the side of the hopper, cutting the bag open, and slowly adding the asbestos material to the hopper. As the bags were emptied, the operator would put them in a pile. Upon completion of the pouring (usually 5 to 6 bags of additive), the operator would step on the bags to compress their size and then carry them off to a pit for disposal. At one point during the pouring, one of the bags tore slightly and the asbestos material spilled onto the worker's clothing. Four general air samples and two breathing zone sample were collected during the survey. The air sampling data are summarized as follows:
o i -
Sample No. DB-1
DB-2
DB-3
06-4
DB-5
OB-6
Description
General air, 10 feet north of hopper dur ing cleaning
General air, 3.5 feet south of hopper dur ing cleaning
General air, 10 feet north of hopper dur ing dump
General air, 3.5 feet south of hopper dur ing dump
Worker exposure (opera tor) during dump into hopper
Worker exposure, disposal of empty bags
Time (minutes)
19.5
19
28
31
29.5
2
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0.039(3)
0.041
0.027
0.099
0.13
0.39
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type
TWA
Hopper Operator
0.047
a. Computational results not Intended to imply accuracy of counting.
8-40
<3
Ji
D R IL L IN G Figure 11. Diagram o f w o rk area showing sampling locations fo r survey A 1 A -1 1.
SURVEY AIA-12: DRILLING MUD ADDITIVIES--OIL RIG
Survey AIA-12 consisted of monitoring asbestos exposures at an oil drilling rig where asbestos additives were used in the drilling muds. Sampling was performed outdoors during a rainy, cold, and slightly windy day.
The operation consisted of one worker carrying a 50-pound bag of additive to the side of the mudhopper, breaking open the double bag (plastic outside, paper inside), and slowly pouring the asbestos addi tive into a mudhopper. The hopper was located outdoors. After pouring, the worker crumpled up the empty bag and, at the completion of operations, brought them to a disposal area. Nine bags of asbestos were added during the survey.
Three general air and two breathing zone samples were collected, and the air sampling data are suntnarized as follows:
Sample No. WT-1
WT-2
WT-3
WT-4 WT-5
Description
General air, 3 feet upwind of hopper
General air, 3 feet upwind of hopper during dump
Worker exposure (operator) during dump and disposal of empty bags
Observer exposed during dump
General air, 3 feet upwind of hopper after dump
Time (minutes)
14.8
27.6
26.8
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
<0.053
0.14
0.20
28 0.08 15 0.10
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type
TWA
Hopper operator
0.083
a. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
D IR E C T IO N Figure 12. W ork area fo r survey A IA -1 2 .
B-43
8-44
SURVEY AIA-13: DRILLING MUD ADDITIVES--SHIPPING, STORAGE
During survey AIA-13, air samples were collected in a drilling mud company warehouse during handling and shipping of an asbestos additive for drilling muds. Work was performed indoors with the door to the ware house open and the wind blowing slightly.
The work performed consisted of moving a pallet of bagged asbestos material to a nearby truck (inside the warehouse) using a lift truck and loading the bags on the truck by hand. Two workers and one lift-truck operator completed the work.
The condition of the warehouse was clean, the materials were stored and arranged in an organized fashion, and the work was performed carefully.
Two general air and two breathing zone samples were collected. The air sampling data are summarized as follows:
J2 --
--, .'.a
B-45
Sample No. MW-1
MW-2
MW-3
MW-4
Description
General air, middle of shed before operations
General air, middle of shed during loading
Worker exposure, lift-truck operator during loading
Worker exposure, loader's exposure transferring bags from pallet to truck bed
Local Time
0811.5-0843 (25.5)(a)
0902-0917 (15)
0901-0918 (17)
0901.5-0918 (16.5)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0.031 (*>)
<0.052
0.23
0.36
Time-Weighted Averages
Worker Type
TWA
Fork lift operator 0.038
Loader
0.042
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
o0
8-46
1
Figure 13. Diagram showing w o rk area and sample locations fo r survey A IA -1 3 .
B-47
SURVEY AIA-14: DRILLING MUD ADQITIVES--OIL RIG
General air and worker breathing zone samples were collected at an oil rig during the operations involving the use of asbestos drilling mud additives. The sampling was performed outdoors where the weather was cloudy and cool and the winds were blowing from 5 to 10 mph.
Work consisted of those operations previously described, that is, one employee cutting open a 50-pound bag of additive, pouring the asbestos into the mudhopper, and at completion bringing the empty bags to a waste disposal pit. Five bags of additive were used during the survey. A diagram of the work area is shown in Figure 14.
Four samples were collected and the air sampling results are summa rized as follows:
Sample No. BD-1
BD-2
BD-3
BD-4
Description
General air, 20 feet upwind of hopper
Local Time
1116-1144 (28)(a)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron
0.027 (k)
Worker exposure, dumping sacks and disposing of
empties
1145-1202.5 C17.5)
0.13
General air, 3 feet downwind 1146-1201
of hopper during dumping
(15)
<0.052
Observer, 10 feet from hopper 1152.5-1204 (11.5)
<0.067
Time-Weiqhted A veraqes
Worker Type
TWA
Hopper Operator
0.031
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
<3
J
<5
m<<Z 2^
(/) UJ
5o
CSlL < UJ CD CD
D R ILLIN G RIG Figure 14. Diagram o f w o rk area w ith sampling locations fo r survey A IA -1 4 .
D
J ~n -
8-48
B-49
SURVEY AIA-15: DRYWALL COMPOUNDS
Survey AIA-15 was conducted in a new annex to an existing building. The walls and ceiling of the annex had been sheet rocked and two coats of tape joint compound applied. The first coat was of a non-asbestos com pound. The second coat used on one portion of the ceiling contained asbestos. The asbestos-containing compound was premixed by the manu facturer so that wet-out on the job site was unnecessary.
The operation observed was pole sanding of the ceiling. The worker performing this operation wore work clothes, including a head covering and glasses. A disposable respirator approved for toxic dust was worn during sanding. A 100 grit paper was used. The worker, using stilts, moved about freely, sanding along joints as he went. Heavy visible dust ing occurred throughout the 25-minute sanding operation. At the completion of sanding, the worker's clothing was covered with dust.
After a short break, the worker proceeded to another area of the annex and sanded the ceiling joints. The compound used was a non-asbestos type. Sanding of this portion of the ceiling took approximately 30 minutes.
Seven samples were taken during the survey. Two background samples were obtained prior to sanding of the ceiling. Dry-sweeping was being performed at this time. During sanding of the ceiling having asbestos compounds, a personal sample and two area or environmental samples were obtained. Sample locations are shown in Figure 15. Additional area samples were obtained after sanding was completed and during sanding of the non-asbestos compound. A personal sample was also obtained during the second sanding operation.
u
Results of fiber counts are summarized as follows:
Sample No. CB-1 CB-2 C8-3 CB-4 CB-5 CB-7
CB-8
Description
General air, center of area
General air, on side wall
Worker exposure, operator during sanding
General air, center of area during sanding
General air, center of area after sanding
General air, on side wall non-asbestos mud being sanded
Worker exposure, during sanding of non-asbestos mud
Local Time
0820-0835 (15) (a)
0814-0834 (20)
0837-0903 (25.5)
0837-0904 (27.33)
0910-0949 (39)
0917-0947 (29.33)
0917-0946 (29)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron 0.15 0.4<(c)
0.15
0.082
0.077
0.13
0.13
Time-Weiqhted Averages
Worker Type
Finisher: Area where asbestos was used Finisher: Area where no asbestos used Sander (excludes protection afforded
by respirator)
TWA
0.13 0.16 <0.15
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting. c. Note: Ceiling concentration. Dry sweeping was being performed
during sampling prior to sanding. Results appears anomalous since non-asbestos compound was used on previous day.
8-51
IuUu AC K
05
Oi o 0&/\
ADJACENT BUILDING Figure 15. Diagram o f working area for survey AIA-15.
B- 52
SURVEY AIA-16: VINYL ASBESTOS TILE AND FELT-BACKED SHEET FLOORING
Survey AIA-16 consisted of monitoring asbestos exposure levels during the sanding of a vinyl asbestos tile floor, tear-off of an asbestos feltbacked sheet floor, and sanding of felt-backing remaining on a floor after tear-off was performed. The tests were simulations performed at a training school for apprentice floor layers. Work was performed in a warehouse-type building 50-by-50 feet, with a 20-foot ceiling. The area was ventilated by two roof fans.
Simulation 1: Sanding Vinyl Asbestos Tile
A section of the concrete floor was covered with vinyl asbestos tiles 4 days prior to the survey. These tiles were sanded using an electric circular sander with a built-in vacuum. The sander was a small portable unit and the operator had to stoop or kneel in order to operate it. The floor area was 38 feet square. A personal sample was obtained during sanding.
Simulation 2: Tear-off of Sheet Flooring
A personal sample was obtained on a floor worker while he removed the wear surface from an asbestos-felt backed sheet floor. The type of sheet goods used had a backing that was supposed to separate and remain on the floor when the vinyl surface was removed. The condition of this floor was poor and the vinyl had numerous cuts in it such that it could not be torn up in large pieces. Tear-off was accomplished by making long
B-53
cuts in the sheet to form a strip. Then the edge of the strip was lifted and the strip pulled up. In this case, a 4-by-6-foot section was removed and the backing did not separate cleanly.
Simulation 3: Sanding of Adhered Backing Material
The felt backing remaining on the 4-by-6-foot floor after tear-off was then sanded. A personal sample on the operator sanding the floor was collected.
The air sampling data are summarized as follows:
Sample No. FL-1
FL-2
FL-3
Description
Worker exposure during sanding of tile
Worker exposure during tear-off of sheet material
Worker exposure during sanding of sheet backing
Time (minutes)
25
30
15
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter >5 Micron 0.35 (a>
0.16
84
a. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
B-54
SURVEY,AIA-17: BUILDING DEMOLITION, REMOVAL OF ASBESTOS INSULATION
A 6-man crew, including the foreman, removed asbestos insulation from an estimated 95 feet of 4-inch piping and from a horizontal boiler roughly 30 inches in diameter and 8 feet in length. The removal was from the basement of a building prior to demolition. In both work areas, air movement was generally negligible, giving undisturbed exposures. The ouilding layout is shown in Figure 16.
The piping insulation had been well soaked by water from a heavy hose stream. The pipe was about 10 feet from floor, necessitating work from a rolling scaffold. Two men worked on the scaffold, cutting and bagging; two men were on the floor, bagging and picking up any fallen chunks of insulation; and two men, including the foreman, assisted in various duties, i.e., moving the scaffold, clearing the path of the scaffold, and taking filled bags to a central repository space in the center of floor. There was relatively little visible dust except for one section of insulation removed from a vertical length of pipe that had apparently not been well wetted. The pipe covering was of gauze and thus easily dislodged and cut. The entire pipe removal was accom plished within one hour. Five air samples were taken of the operations of pipe insulation removal; AD-1 to AD-5, with AD-1 and AD-2 represent ing general air and AD-3 to 5 representing workers' exposures.
The boiler room in the basement, approximately 20 by 25 feet in area and 10 feet high, contained two boilers. Boiler size was 2-1/2 inches in diameter and 8 feet long. Five men were involved in the removal of the insulation from one boiler with the sixth man, the foreman, in the
Oi
8-55 0 i - <J 7 Q s ' u
Figure 16. Diagram showing w ork area and sample locations fo r survey AIA-17.
8-56
immediate-area assisting in various duties and directing the procedures. One man was assigned to the top of the boiler in cutting the wire frame and loosening the insulation. This man had a co-worker to lift off the blocks of insulation, which were about 1-1/2 inches thick, 4 inches wide, and varying from 2 to 24 inches in length depending on breakage lengths, and bagging the chunks in plastic bags. Two men were in similar work from the floor on the right (east) side, while a fifth man assisted both groups by removing bags, providing new bags, or picking up dropped chunks. This operation appeared somewhat dusty at times, apparently because the wetting did not satisfactorily penetrate the insulation, which had an external covering of 1/4-inch cement material. Four air samples were taken: one of general air at the middle of the room on th* west side of boiler, and three of workers' exposure, AD-6 to AD-9. The work was completed in about one-half hour.
The results of sample analyses for asbestos are:
01-02Cb-3Q
B-57
Sample No. AD-1 AD-2 AD-3
AD-4 AD-5 AD-6 AD-? AD-8
AD-9
Description
General air, side of room before start of pipe insulation removal
General air, side of room during pipe insulation removal
Personal air sample on first worker; cutting pipe insulation from scaffold
Personal air sample on second worker; bagging debris on scaffold
Personal air sample on third worker; bagging and carting debris
Personal air sample; worker cutting on top of boiler
Personal air sample; second worker on top of boiler, left side
Personal air sample; third worker on floor bagging debris on right side of boiler
General air sample; center of boiler room between two boilers (east side of boiler being stripped)
Local Time 0854.5-0918 (23.5)(a)
0939.5-1028 (48.5)
0937-1019 (42)
0937.25-1018 (40.75)
0939-1022 (43)
1415-1441 (26)
1415-1440 (25)
1416-1441.5 (25.5)
1413-1438 (25)
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter <5 Micron
0.033 W
0.047
0.096
0.22
0.09
4.5
4.1
5.4
1.4
a. Numbers in parentheses are sample duration in minutes. b. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.
0i-02ua_2:
B-58
SURVEY AIA-18: VINYL ASBESTOS TILE AND FELT-8ACKED SHEET FLOORING Survey AIA-18 consisted of monitoring asbestos exposure levels during the sanding of a vinyl asbestos tile floor, cleanup after sanding, tear-off of sheet flooring, and removal of sheet backing using solvent rather than mechanical means. The measurements, as with survey AIA-16, were performed at a training school for apprentice floor layers. Work was performed in a room 20-by-20 feet with a 9-foot ceiling. There was no mechanical ventilation in the area. Simulation 1: Sanding vinyl asbestos tile and cleanup. A 5-by-3foot section of floor covered with vinyl asbestos tile was repeatedly sanded for 15 minutes. The electric sander was vacuum equipped and the operator was standing during sanding. The worker then proceeded to clean the area using a duster broom. Working on hands and knees, the worker also checked the smoothness of the floor while sweeping. Six minutes were spent on cleanup. Simulation 2: An 8-by-8-foot area of asbestos-felt-backed sheet was removed in 14 minutes by one worker. Backing material that had ad hered to the floor was removed with a 50 percent solution of isopropylalcohol in water using a scraper. The results of these two simulations are:
3 1 -2206-;
Sample No. FA-1
FA-2
FA-3
FA-4
Description
Personal sample. Worker sanding vinyl asbestos tile with electric sender, vacuum equipped
Personal sample. Worker clean-up of floor after sanding
Personal sample during tear-off of sheet flooring
Personal sample during stripping of backing material using solvent and scraper
Time (minutes)
15
6
14
14
Fibers/Cubic Centimeter <5 Micron
0.4^)
0.7
0.4 '
0.9
a. Computational results not intended to imply accuracy of counting.