Document 6b8bBO4KpX0yZDobpBBDRnrZ3

ar - t t R. Soc Lond A. 286 593 6110977 : [ 593 ot in Great Britain a ~ Nature and range of mineral dusts in the environment . Department of Geology University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ - AND A. M. LANGER AND A. N. ROHL oe a Environmental Sciences LaboratoMrty. Sinai School of Medicine oe . 5th Avenue and E 100th Street New York N.Y. 10029 ae i re aor ae . . Plates 1-6 oe - woot , foodstuffs and even some drugs 2 oe - chrysotile crocidolite Mineral dusts are pollutants in air drinking water minerals amosite anthophyllite and Inhalation of the asbestos industrial and mining activities and 0 ne tremolite occurs not only in areas adjacent to minerals but also by the general -- os the households of those industrially exposed mines and mine dumps and public due both to airborne dusts from industrial areas commodities such as powders and ... i. ne _ - to the household use of containing particles are also r : e 7 r oa insulation material Inorganic yourself plasters fillers and include cristobalite a known fibrogen ~ inhaled cigarette and cigar smoke These of minerals diatomaceous glass . and result from use during manufacture clmaiynerals has resulted from the dumping '. 9. - fibre other additives Ingestion of asbestos Both talc and asbestos are ingested | vt of the gangue of taconite into water supplies as well as in foods sucahs rice coated | ~ from toiletries other household commodities dusts in the environment being known , with mineral dust With some of the mineral their identification and the determina- _ or associated with other diseases the environmental _tciaorncionfotgheenisr sources are important aspects of health ' wee and in many industrial situationass well as associated with Mineral rock dusts are present of certain dusts with particular human diseases is well mining and causal relationships Gilson this volume However related disease is i ~ established Langer & Mackler 1972 solely to those working directly with producing * not confined in the occupational situation exposure Jones Pooley & Smith _ 7 materials or to those subjected to heavy and prolonged the occupational situation for example asbestosis has been , : 1976 Noirs it confined only to 1963 mesothelioma in family contacts -} found in animals near asbestos operations Webster in the vicinity of an asbestos operation "2 of the occupationally exposed as well as those residing 1965 Rubino Scansetti '. Wagner Sleggs & Marchand 1960 Newhousesuc&h dTuhstosmipnstoonthe environment at large has Donna & Palestro 1972 In fact the spillover of to be relatetdo dusts in the occupational been recognized by the diagnosis of disease known a a - often re vo situation dusts in the atmosphere before their large commercial ~ The existence of mineral of the mineral content of the Greenland cap utilization has been demonstrated by studies the present century of the mining figure 1a plate ) However the marked increase during to a greatly increased dust burden and the industrial use of a wide range of minerals leading of the dust particles in the . is indicated by these studies figure 1b d as well as by studies in urban figure 1f atmosphere Windom Griffin & Goldberg 1967 particularly 359 ersSe et igen Cras +4 0 0 21362 mt me ee Ty Re nee Ae ee ee A Lk. ANW ih dy Selikoff Nicholson & Langer 1972 It is also shown by the nature and of particles in the lungs of urban dwellers figure 2a b f plate 2 Langer et al range diss diss 1973 On the basis of the accumulated knowledge and experience legislation and codes together with improvements in industrial design have to a considerable of practice practice extent resulted in a reduction of dust levels in many occupational situations and so lessened its documentation general environment However despite the spillover into the of health potential to the inhalation of asbestos in the environmental as well as the risks relat relat relat o- occupational 2 situation it was a) eng not until 1971 that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency added asbestos to its Suzef TABLE 1. DISEASES RELATED TO MINERAL DUSTS IN OCCUPATIONAL SITUATIONS abieh, mineral dust disease - ee DEB asbestos - chrysotile tremolite asbestosis pulmonary fibrosis ; amosite anthophyllite crocidolite lung and mesothelial cancer _. ; ; gastrointestinal cancer talc . Fuller's earth montmorillonite and quartz mica - phlogopite muscovite sericite silica - quartz cristobalite tridymite opal talcosis pulmonary fibrosis pneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis . ; . also in granite pumice and slate dusts diatomite calcined glass fibre silicosis pulmonary fibrosis progressive massive fibrosis bronchitis asthma skin irritation . igi hazardous air pollutants Ruckelshaus 1971 while open spraying of asbestos insulation figure 3 1e was not banned in New York City until 1972 New York City Department of Air Resources 1971 Yet many other potential sources of environmental mineral dusts remain Open mining quarrying and cement manufacture for example contribute to the atmospheric dust burden Demolition associated with urban renewal as in large cities in Great Britain and the operation of automobile brakes contribute dusts particularly in urban environments while the siting of houses and even schools adjacent to dumps of asbestos waste means that certain others members of the general public are exposed to higher levels of mineral dust than The great increase in yourself activity in the home using a wide range of mineral based products the increasing use of insulating materials as a result of the awareness of priced and limited energy resources and the increasing utilization air conditioning and hot duct heating which can result in the removal and circulation of mineral particles from finishes " as well as from insulating material are potential causes of increasing burdens of environmental . mineral dust within buildings . When considered in relation to human disease those minerals present in environmental dusts that are inhaled and retained in the lungs as well those that are ingested warrant special attention Studies of the dust burden in lung tissue Langer Rubin Selikoff & Pooley 1972 Ehrenreich Mackler Langer & Selikoff 1973 from both humans figure 2a b f and animals figure 2e that have not been subjected to occupational exposure as well as from humans of the households of the occupationally exposed figure 2c 2c d show the presence ci minerals that are known to be related to disease in the occupational situation table ) These include both amphibole and chrysotile asbestos talc clay mica and other minerals with sheet structures as well as various forms of silica Because of their discase potential this discussion of environmental mineral dusts is limited to these minerals together with glass fibre which is known to be associated with bronchial asthmatic and certain skin conditions Carbonate dusts [ 360 ] _ Tans R. Soc Lond A volume 2861 i! 1 t a ^ TRE Mineral particles the atmosphere a Chrysotile in Greenland cap 1750 55050 500 00 b x Chrysotile in Greenland ice cap 1920 magn 40000 c Amphibole in Greenland ice cap 1920 magn^ ty . 20000 d Selected area electron diffraction pattern of amphibole in c e Asbestos spray clouds con- ) in struction site New York City f Chrysotile indoor air samples New York City magn x 19000 i i i . | ot , : ; 1 JNJ000021364 Phil Trans R. Soc Lond A volume 286 , Bowes et al plate ra a ORE pap eoet a eh te ray108 ; ^ a Figure 2. Mineral particles in human and animal lungs a Amphibole asbestos in human lung tissue magm ^ 15000 b Diatom in human lung tissue magn 25000. c Chrysotile in lung tissue of family contact of 4 an insulation worker magn ^ 000. 7 Diatoms in lung tissue of a family contact of an insulation worker a a magn ^ 50000 e Chrysotile in lung tissue of dog magn ^ 50000 Chrysotile in lung tissue of mem- ber of university academic staff without industrial exposure magn ^ 77500 JNJ 000021365 rans R. Soc Lond A volume . he : environmental interface a Car brake dust containing ) Mineral particles in dusts the environmental 25000 c Chrysotile in car brake dust ^ JURE resin binder road dust New York magn of asbestos vinyl floor tile factory niagn chrysotile ^ 55000 55000 il Asbestos Asbestos in dust ingUh.aK m magn 9000 ; ; ingham a Phil Trans R. Soc Lond A volume 286 Bowes et al plate 4 ^ Figure 4. Mineral particles in water food drugsdrugs tobacco sheet and Canada magn ^ 40000 b c Amphibole Amphibole f and talc clothing a Chrysotile in water Thetford area electron T on rice magn 20000 ^ 15000. d Selected Diatom diffraction pattern of amphibole in c e Asbestos in parenteral drug magn ^ 3000m f fragments and short fibres arrowed in low temperature ashed drug reconstituted tobacco ^ 3000. g Chrysotile present % in a woman's 2250 sheet magn coat magn ^ JNJ 000021367 rgtenrt Bowes et al plate s+ Trans R. Soc Lond A volume 2560. . Doe ce particles leisure and domestic articlesarticles a Chrysotile FIGURE 5. Mineral particles modelling compound magn 17000 c d Amphibole in children's Tremolite fibres fibres vermiculite " pounds magn x 10000 ^ 1000. 100000. e ~~ bundles in vermiculite vermiculite magn ^ 40000 in papier mach^'mach^'m^gn^ 4500 b Chrysotile in plaster patching commagn ^ 10000 Chrysotile fibre , eee ne ery t i i ene Fernien rman eanenters ne et wentan = 7 apecone gear JNJJNJJNJ 0 0 21368002136800213680021368000021368 0021368 Phil Trans R. Soc Lond A volume ' Boweest al plate 6 FIGURE 6. Mineral particles in consumer talcum products and commercial talc a Chrysotile fibres in consumer talcum powder purchased in New York City magn ^ 66000 b Amphibole in consumer talcum powder purchased in New York City magn ^ 22500 c Small amphibole crystals in tale interlayer in consumer talcum powder purchased in New York City magn ^ 40000 d Amphibole in consumer talcum powder purchased in New York City magn ^ 25000. e Selected area electron diffraction pattern of amphibole in h f Chrysotile arrowed and talc in consumer talcum powder purchased in New York City magn ^ 75000 g Commercial talc containing elongate crystals of tremolite 60 and anthophyllite together with flakes of talc and chlorite northeastern U.S.A magn ^ 3500 JNJ 000021369 THE MINERAL DUSTS IN bo 595 ENVIRONMENT feldspar from quarryingquarrying operations which can be termed ' nuisancedusts and related dusts that the powders commonly usedin the household as scouring powders as well asdustsresulting from agents Formal of erosion are excluded Optical microscopy BoIwDeEsNTIFsIpCeAcTtIroOpNhotometh1rciay9spt7aob3liolgiitcy gravimetric & Skinner Skinner 2. METHODOLOGY OF MINERAL DUST whichis often useful for preliminary anaalysisnalysis of bulk samples of @ sections does not possess adequate resolution for identification of many respirable dusdts usts . 4 iessssutehan 5 ...min size Langer 1974 ray diffraction figuresco7n,stiitnucenltus doifnbgulskcsaanmpnliens ogf A figures 8 ) can be usedtifsosruethewiitdhenvtaifriiceadtisounccoefssmiinnertahle latter case Langer et al 1973 g cowder or ashed human transmission and scanning electron microscopy with F Rohl & Langer 1974 Further analysis by selected area diffraction figures 1-6 plates 1-6 and energy dispersive ray analysis In the case of bulk material characterization is composition cf. Pooley this volumeis usually necessary also made on the bases of major and trace element determined using ray spectrophotometry atomic absorption spectrometry flame photometry optical . duorescence of the application of these spectroscopy and volumetric and analysis Details methods detection limits and-precisionare given in 1 pp ~~ 0 = 162 161362 163 oad 3. ASBESTOS atmosphere a In the : . communication fidgusutrse cEhrnyvsiotrioclonenmfteranoitmnaeld chLraysnogteilre importance the inferred the determinatiodn emon- population The ubiquitous occurrence of mineral in in environmentenvironment is inferred stration of asbestos bodies in the lung tissue of residents of Cape Town South Africa 25 cases in New York City 48 % of 3000 ) cases and other cities of the world figure 2a : Selikoff et al 1972 and references therein This and the presence of asbestos fibrils eo lung tissue in twenty out of twentymcianseersaelxcaomntiennetdobfytehleecGtrreonenmlicarnodsicceopcyap These al 1971bis consistent with evidence of the of the studies also emphasize the of electron microscopy in the distribution of asbestos fibrils of microscopic size in the environment~ In two hundred air samples taken in fifty cities in the U.S.A. all _ figure 1f1f g ranging from 0.1 to 100 mHroawngeevderfrsoammp1l0etso t4a0k0enmn earNaicshporlaysofnire&- proofing operation in New York City am 1e sources have contributed as much as 2000 m to Pundsack 1973 Other industrial point & Morgan 1971 Air samples around an asbestos ambient air levels of asbestos Thompson , Protection . factory and on dump trucks had concentrations of 600-700 m- asbestos while demolition of buildings containing can Agency personal concentrations markedly Greatly increased concentrations of asbestos the | . locally increase the vicinity of anthophylliteanthophyllite mining operations in Finland | atmosphere have been measured in distance but traces of anthophyllite have been The concentrations decrease with increasing the rural identified 50 km away while it is estimated that as many as 10 of | inin the like that found amongst pleural calcification immediate vicinity of the asbestos workings have The the exposed Kiviluoto 1960 Laamenen Noro & Rannio 1965 presence - . occupationally Minnesota of fibresin the ambient air of Silver Bay has been attributed by Nicholson grunerite mining operations 1974 personal to pollution from the nearby taconite communication [ 361 ] @SN na 7 mY | i i , JNJ 000021370000021370 596 R. BOWES M. LANGER AND A. ROHL Indoors amosite fibres have been found in house dusts adjacent to a former asbestos plant W. J. Nicholson personal communication and house dustsin the vicinity of some demoliti sites would be expected to contain asbestos Thisis particularly the case where boilers and hot- water pipes are being dismantled as much lagging contains asbestos commonly amosite or evidence chrysotile The presence of chrysotilein the lungs of domestic animals figure 2eis ofits existence in the domestic environment TABLE 2. CONCENTRATIONS OF ASBESTOS IN THE ATMOSPHERE Sampling site University inside four buildings of City cf. figure 1f of New York . year ; .1973-1975 e.m. counts - m 3.5 ; 5.1 o.m. counts fibres fifty cities in U.S.A 200 samples New York City- various sites City 200 m from spray proofing site New York nineteen asbestos insulated buildingsin five major cities in U.S.A 116 indoor and outdoor samples > 300 measurements inside Yale School of Art and Architecture - . activity no repair . 7 custodial and repair activity near construction site New York City : 1971 1971 1971 1975 1975 a -1970 38 -37 20 samples 0.1-100 ; 11-60 .60 ; , . ' * 2-200 ; 7 --., 0.2 : . 5-18 eo 18-100 e.m. counts by the rub out method Nicholson al 1971 o.m. count by the OSHA technique Bayer.et al 1975 TABLE 3. CONCENTRATIONS OF ASBESTOS DURING AUTOMOBILE BRAKE SERVICE _ FIBRES 5-100 5-100 ...MLENGTH COUNTED BY OPTICAL MICROSCOPY . - cleaning dust of car brake drums with air jet sampling distance m 1-1.5 ~ number of ; ; samples range of fibre - concentrations . W2233 7-30 1.5-3 W2233 2.0-4.2 with dry brush 3-6 W2233 0.3-1 W2233 0.4-4.8 1.3-3.6 background _ 3.5 W2233 0-0.2 repairing truck brakes grinding used linings 1-1.5 2551 bevelling new linings ~ 1-1.5 2551 background 2.5-3.5 2551 sweeping floor around grinder 1-1.5 2551 1.7 7 24-72 0.3-1.7 3.6 | After Rohl et al 1976a1976a Asbestos contamination in some building air supply systems is indicated by fibre levels of 2-2000 mi n air samplesin and adjacent to buildingsin which there is cementitous or fibrous insulation Nicholson Rohl & Weisman 1975 conditioning systems can also dislodge and circulate asbestos fibres from indoor wall finishes The levels of asbestos in adjacent buildings and in individual buildings have been found to vary considerably with some levels varying dependent upon the amount of human activity at the time of sampling table 2 [ 362 ] @ JNJ 000021371 MINERAL IN DUSTS THE ENVIRONMENT > 597 dust figure 3a in Rohl identified The possible contribution of asbestos to the general air burden from the action of automobile braking is indicated by an average of 27 mat toll plazas and bridges in road tunnels and at other sampling sites in New York City Nicholson & Ferrand 1971 Measurable - r of chrysolite asbestos have been observed in garages where brake cleaning and repairs , carried out table 3 Roll Langer WolffWolff &Weisman 1976 and corresponding levels can are in home workshops where the same cleaning methods are used Resin binder and beexpected are present together with road dust which includes halite in winter months in many countries fibres bundles of chrysotile in the brake asbestos occurs as single or - abres figure 3c with magnifications considerably excess of the limits of an optical micro- - only barely revealing the existence of fibrous materials figure 36 Forsterite has not scope me been positively in either the brake dusotr air samples but high magnification indicates features consistent with some dehydroxylation of the chrysotile Rohl al 1976 With approxi- _ mately 47 ^ 10"and 2 ^ 106 kg of chrysotile useidn brake linings and clutch materials respec- - in tively sold the U.S.A. in 1973 Jacko & DuCharme 1973 the potential atmospheric pollution from this source is considerable A contribution to the asbestos burden in the London under- - ground railway system from brake pads has been demonstrated while a recent preliminary investigation of brake materials on subway trains in New York found one type to contain cS 69 chrysotile together with % lead and lead compounds including galena _ no mo : . |@ oe Te TABLE 4. ASBESTOS IN WATER SUPPLIES : Canada _ Ottawa : So , m.f./lt m.f./lt ve, . Toronto a cities Thetford Mines river water river snow _ oo, m.f./l i ; 0.1 Sm i D1 8-10 m.f./m.lf./l Tee | m.f./l 3-51 ... 04.9-21 g S gce = a oT , Te oe ee, ey, . oo are 2 U.S.A. en seid Tales cba Sa . '* _. cities - New York San Francisco U.S. Co =, - Coos a 0.2 ...g 0.7-1.2 g 0.2-24 ...g Hamps Neh w Hiamr psheir e Duluth Minnesota amphibole Soe Soo os 20-75 m.f > ...g during storm Se, m.f./l 9. = Galapagos Islands 8 1001000 1001000 m.f./l ; _ 106 fibres per litre - . + W. J. Nicholson personal communication =: J. R. Kramer personal communication . Other data from G. H. Kay 1974 e u The asbestos content of bedrock and soils in parts of Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Germany and the U.S.S.R. is implicaitn ethde occurrence of respiratory disease among the general ~ Michailova population Burilkov & 1970 Ginzberg et 1970 Michailova 1972 An addi- tional environmental exposure to some members of the rural population at least in Great . of Britain results from the utilization mixed wood and asbestos dust from furniture factories cf. Fletcher 1971 for the bedding of agricultural animals | b In water supplies and ' Drinking water in regions with asbestos in the bedroscoikls as well as where there are asbestos mines contains marked content ofasbestos fibres for example in the Thetford Mines ee [ 263 | @thewrai endin s ladene JNJ 000021372 000021372 598 D. BOWES A. M. LANGER AND N. ROHL 5 bags district of Canada where the water supplies contain as much as 30 ments on the water supplied to Toronto show variation from 3 to 51 gfigure 4a Measuregbut there is less in the supplies of twenty other Canadian cities 0.9 to 21 g100000 to 4 million fibres per litre - table 4 A generally corresponding range of fibre concentrations is shown in the water supplies of U.S. cities with that of New York City considerably lower However in Duluth taconite Minnesota where the water of Lake Superior is polluted from waste dumping of tailings from an iron ore refinery the range of amphibole fibre concentrations is 20-75 million fibres per litre Nicholson 1974 During a storm this concentration rose as much as tenfold to over 500 million per litre W. J. Nicholson personal communication The use of an asbestos cement reservoir as a local water collection system in the Galapagos Islands has resulted in the presence of fibre concentrations up to 109 fibres per litre J. R. - Kramer personal communication Asbestos cement pipe is commonly employed as water * conduits 371000 km in the U.S.A. but its contribution to pollution of water supplies has not been unequivocally established Olson 1974 ; c In drugs beverages andfood Purification by passage through asbestos filters can cause contamination of parenteral drugs figure 4e Nicholson Maggiore & Selikoff 1972 Asbestos filters used in the processing of wine and beer have been shown to produce fibre contamination Biles & Emerson 1968 Cunningham & Pontefract 1973 cf. Spiel 1974 with Canadian wine beer and soft drinks containing 1-12 million fibres per litre Release of fibres from filters used in the preparation of brewed beer as well as the use of loose asbestos to seek out and fill small holes in bulk liquid transporters are additional sources of mineral fibres in the environment , Asbestos filters are used in the processing of vegetable oil while the use of containing talc during the processing of polished rice causes asbestos pollution of food cf. Eisenberg 1974 Polished round rice purchased in New York City figure 4b c d had approximately 10 g mineral dust per 1 kg of rice with up to 15 % of this being amphibole asbestos which is a common constituent of some bulk talc powders in the U.S.A. figure 6g Round rice imported from Australainad Italy and purchased at seven centres in various parts of the United Kingdom - contained no detectable mineral dusts Only in a sample of grained rice purchased in an immigrant area of Bradford was any mineral dust detected and this was calcium carbonate d In consumer products Asbestos is present as a contaminant or principal constituent in many consumer products particularly home repair and improvement supplies It is present mainly as chrysotile in many wall and ceiling repair patching compounds figure 5c d Rohl Langer Selikoff & Nicholson 1975 It is also present in some insulation material and vinyl floor tiles figure 3d Murphy et al 1971 and as a major constituent in plugging compounds Dry grinding and smooth- | ing of such products can produce large numbers of respirable fibres as can similar treatment or removal of the many containing finishes and plasters As in the case of other situations where asbestos fibres settle successive floor sweepings can result in considerable concentrations of respirable fibres Automobile body and filling repair material which is much used in home workshops and powdered by sanding and buffing contains chrysotile glass fibre and talc Many household objects utilize asbestos as insulation e.g. ironing boards stove pads and hot blowing hair [ 364 ] @ JNJ 000021373 MINERAL DUSTS IN THEENVIRONMENT 7 7 oe 599 a dryersIf frayed or poorly sealed the asbestoscan be asource ofhousehold contamination dryers glow 7 sbestos is also usedin the household asartificial fireplace embers which heated Absequently when they are very easily made airborne by draughts| Some children's arts and crafts materials have been foundtocontain asbestoswith some . : papier mach^'products consisting of much as 50 chrysotile figure 5a Such products * Lo have been widely usedin primary schoolsin boththe U.S.A. and U.K. Aaronson & Kohl building 1972 Dr S. P. Jones personal communicationSome bladed and fibrous amphibole figure 5b 1 substances contain - Some fabrics and clothing products contain asbestos Brushing or shaking of coats containing ee equal figure me % asbestos fibre 4g createasbestos dustlevels to those encounteredin occupa- tional situations In the case one batch of women's coats the asbestos was added to the cloth . : inanattempt to obtain the low import duty on asbestos textile productsrather than the very proportion high duty on reprocessed wool fabrics _ Asbestosis present in some consumer talcum products its presenceand depending on geological | provenance of the talc source and the subsequent refinement Up to 20 see talcum general - asbestos has been found iin n a commercial product but this iiss not the case c i- 4 4.TALC AND SOAPSTONE | as soapstone TalcTalc and pyrophyllitepyrophyllite see 5 are used as dry carriers ofactive pesticide chemicals 63400 tons in U.S.A. in - 1971 U.S. Bureau of Mines 1971 Some of these mineralcarriers - . may be ingested together with the produce and some may be inhaled as the particle size a 5 ...mis below the critical respirable diameter K. Kay 1974 Windom Griffin & Goldberg , mass samples 67 attributes thepresenceas much as 1% by of talcin air tion from these agricultural sources | eo to contamina- os and asbestos- containing atmosphere . Localized increiase ncrease in talcin the occurs where talc- ) , ornamental ornamental textured spray paints are used Ingestion of talc can occur by eating foods to at excipient tablets talc which talc has been added such as salami or peanuts polished with as well as talc coated . . co and filler pills and for 3 used - rice see Talcis also as an t bic Blejer & Arlon : r 1973 : Talc as lubricant for surgeons gloves and contraceptive diaphragmshas largely been : pre empted cf. Hopkins & Taylor 1970 but a major household utilizationis in cosmetic and | bodybody powders spray deodorants and aerosol talcum products Diagnosis of talcosis known | from industrial situation table 1is very rare in the household situation but has been made where respiratory symptons followed thevery heavy and persistent use of talcum powder - Nam & Gracey 1972 ne Commercial talc generallynotnota monomineralic materialanditsbulk chemical composition ~ generally shows marked differences from that of the mineral talc. tables 5 6 Schulz & :- Williams 1942 showed that not one of fifty talcs analysed were 100 talc and Pooley 1977 ; & Rowlands have determined thata range of bulk talc imports into the U.K.contained 42-96 talc by mass Other mineral proportions proportions are carbonate 0.5-44 % chlorite 0-55 % - " quartz generally 1-2 % tremolite over 30 % in one sample rutile and magnetite cf. table 6 dols 3-8 Tremolite and anthophyllite are present in considerable proportions in a number 7 ; of U.S.A. bulk tale powders examined figure 6g table 6 cols 3-6 while the source of the iceither from altered serpentinized ultramafic rocksor metamorphosedcarbonate rocks 5 53 3 ee a Vol 286. A. on 600 _ D. BOWES M. LANGER AND A. ROHL Turner 1968 is shown by trace and major element compositions as well as by mineralogical constitution In this regard high proportions of chromium generally in chrome spinel or chlorite nickel commonly in the talc itself and cobalt are indicators for bulk talc powd table 6 cols 7 8 and nickel and cobalt in the mineral talc table 5 col 2 table 6 col of ultramafic source rocks Serpentine minerals including chrysotile are common associates of talc in this geological situation while tremolite commonly occurs with talc in the metamor. phosed carbonate rocks chlorite 004 talc _. chlorite - 002 anthophyllite mica | amH intensity intensity All fi Nk ' | , iy FIGURE 7. Continuous ray diffraction trace of consumer talcum powder purchased in New York City A study by Cralley et al 1968 of twenty consumer talcum products showed that fibrous constituents were present in all of the samples but their identification was not made A further study has been carried out on forty consumer talcum products purchased during 1973 in retail stores in the U.S.A. New York City and U.K. Glasgow Mineralogical constitution has been determined by optical microscopy ray diffraction transmission electron microscopy selected area electron diffraction and microchemical scanning electron microscopy Major and trace element analyses were carried out on samples that had been extracted twice using boiling acetone followed by two extractions with both benzene and ether This was done to remove additives Samples found by ray diffraction to contain boric acid and zinc . oxide had previously been extracted three times in warm water and dilute hydrochloric acid oo . Of the twenty consumer talcum powders purchased in the U.S.A. eleven contained tremolite and anthophyllite figures 6b d e 7 8d e 9b ) in proportions ranging from 0.5 % to over by by mass with the mean value being approximately 5 % In four additional samples where ray diffraction in the step scan mode of operation suggested the presence of tremolite or anthophyllite near the detection limits 0.1 and 2.0 respectively electron microscopy was used for confirmation Electron microscopy also indicated that some amphibole [ 366 ] | . fi JNJ 000021375 ara tieon MINERAL DUSTS IN THEENVIRONMENT 601 crystals occurin the talc interlayerinterlayer figure 6c ThreeThreeThree samplescontained chrysotilechrysotile figure6af the order of 0.5-10.5-1 Twelve % samples.contained samples.contained quartzgenerallyfrom to % but ranging up to 35 Chlorite is an abundantconstituent in number of the samples e.g. figure 7 - a and carbonate minerals were identified Kaolinite was foundin four samples presumably as oto ane an additive to provide the requisite lubricity whiteness and absorbencyconsonact onsonant with talc 7 ad anes Rutile waspresent in a face powder and other minerals include micas figure 7 feldspars and % powder starch Seer _ _chrome spinel table 5 col ) One b Ry Ot A and 1.3 alumina Rohl et et al 1976b 1976b @ Naemot consisted of 98.7 organic compounds | A Net ! 7 So anthophyllite 8 oe Coe Poa Ai UE NOere ' 20 an \ 30 pot fo 7 30 y.. Lt eng \ \: heh nl , Pp w Ty o an ene Shay . ae ae tO So, poo, Ss. anthophyllite |. Ye OD 9 ited eb peeeet rary en count count bo Mites She i { ! _t 1 1 ! - ~ ray 10 11 10 11 10 11 Oo . d De Co 40 a 20 C ert-re1m1o0lieteeh-y : anthophyllite - _ , ve 20 \ anthophyll; ite 210tih ; me, J a| \ Lo y 7 : . A \ / a . nr en Cpl. ow rn re oe rk aoe . \ . | an | 1: A wf : / filt: 10 Fs \., Pt 10 7 ! I Bo 11 10 . a | 11 aa : L: 20 FIGURE 8.ray diffraction step scans of talc samples a bcRepresentative dilution standards containing % ; in purchased % and % anthophylliteanthophyliteantanthophhyliteophyllitein talc d e Consumer talcum powders powders s in New York City nae . The eighteen consumer talcum products purchased in in the U.K.U.K. were more uniformin their .- mineralogical minerals generally proportions - constitution than those purchased inin the U.S.A. a lower proportion contained- ~ minerals foundin asbestiform habit andquartz and these were presentin . lesser These features are consistent with the general differencesin the bulk talc - powdersthe U.K. and U.S.A. table 6 cols 3-8 table 5 cols 3-6 Tremolite was identified in in only two the U.K. U.K. consumer talcum samples figure 9a anthophyllite in only one and a ] serpentine phase positiveliydentified iin n only[o3n 6e 7 sample Quartzwaspresent in ninniene samples . a 53-2 . ernt: a 7 aera JNJ 000021376 602 D. BOWES M. LANGER AND N. ROHL generally in the proportion of 1 to % but one sample contained 8 % quartz Chlorite and carbonate minerals were identified and kaolinite was a major constituent in threethree in samples There is a systematic correlation between mineralogical constitution and major and tra element content of the samples from both the U.S.A. table 5 cols 7-13 and the U.K. table 6 cols 9 1H3igh alumina proportions and high range of gallium proportions are linked to high chlorite kaolin or feldspar proportions Those analyses showing the highest proportions of CaO are of samples containing considerable proportions of bearing amphiboles this being particularly the case for the U.S.A. samples and consistent with the nature of some of the bulk talc powders ~ ( . 25 ot b 40 . tremolite 110 I. 40 c anthophyllite 1 - Fi -. ain!thophyllite 210 se : , l 210 \ - " A i \ '. anthopylite i | 30 210 30 li count \- ray ray nN tremolite - ? X tremolite - me 110 Tray coe . . H i fT Rg 7 ,-e ry ed PRP 20 ih; 1 i HI a ii ' tremolite } ! 1 : a 110 20 ;| ers an s 5 : wl * . H L 10 ! ; . 1 Oy ! : : ae 11 10 . 11 10 11 26 7 FIGURE 9. ray diffraction scans of consumer talcum powders a Purchased in Glasgow U.K. and possibly containing tremolite b Purchased in New York City and containing varying proportions of tremolite and anthophyllite , ; a Differences in the sources of consumer talcum products marketed under the same company label are illustrated by analyses 7 and 8 of table 5. The former an import into the U.S.A. from the U.K. reflects the high quality of much of the bulk talc powder derived from metamor- a phosed limestones that is imported into the U.K. The latter with its high proportions ofnickel and ultrabasic chromium and cobalt the presence of chrome spinel reflects the derivation from rocks of a considerable proportion of bulk talc powders in the eastern parts of the U.S.A. None of the U.K. consumer talcum products has a composition suggesting that talc derived from ultrabasic rocks cf. table 6 cols 7 8 is used in them 5. Clay aND MICACEOUS MINERALS . Bentonite and fuller's earth have been used in insecticides and fungicides but their widest application is in absorbants particularly animal litter 44 % of the 576000 tonnes absorbant demand in the U.S.A. in 1971 Vermiculite is also used in animal litter It is extensively used - as a packing material in sprayed and yourself insulation material and in home horticulture as a soil extender and moisture retainer Some vermiculite used contains significant proportions JNJ 000021377 ENVIRONMENT MINERAL DUSTSIN THE E 603 | TABLE ea vo LW SiO 5.ANALYSEASNALYSES OF TALC BULK TALC POWDERS AND CONSUMER TALCUM PRODUCTS i ee 56 Sa ey ey SS 10 11 on? oe 13 a 62.08 62.60 54.85 , 56.11 62.59 chemical analyses 59.70 59.93 58.68 4 62.26 47.32 Le, 52.95 a 53.83 71.93 . oS Hi TIO 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.050.10 0.050.10 0.08 0.06 0.18 0.17 0.110 19 7 oo: 9 e KALO3 Fe _ FeO 2MnO | 0.70 0.18 - 0.38 0.13 0.241.00 0.79 0.58 - 0.03 0.17 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.20 0.00 0.12 0.45 9.34 1.16 , 1.74 15.73 0.18 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.10 ~ 0.27 '2.01 0.00 0.02 0.04 .0.21 0.05 0.22 0.04 0.31 Tr 0.84 0.00 3.12 1.04 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.86 0.70 0.34 0.00 . 0.00 ' 0.00 - a So MgO - 9 31.20 29.54 28.40 29.40 26.70 24.75 30.40 29.23 30.00 29.83 29.02 27.14 2.95 2 CaQ 0:15 0 Na.O 0.31 0.09 9.027.50 9.027.50 5.35 5.50 0.50 0.17 0.31 .0.28 0.18 0.28 0.09 0.00 0.13 0.69 3.46 5.49 2.37 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.48 2 . , > 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.17 Tr 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 1.37 00, _ . rs .~ > P O 0.01 , -0.01 . 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.13 0.00 . 0.01 0.21 0.13 0.05 es H O + 5.46 5:06 5.37 5.00 3.13 oe oe oe ee 2 : CO 0.00 0.02 1.35 1.03 0.70 0.60 ee a ignition oo - . = 5.65 5.34 5.92 10.26 10.32 10.81 5.25 of total . 100.25 100.04 100.17 99.90 99.64 99.647, 98.45 97.32 100.19 99.18 98.14 100.06 100.76 | pe a EO Ta oo elements parts ee, we | Ba _ Ce < 20 10 < 20 < 10 137 134 n.d. n.d. 855 ' 10 10 10 10 10 n.d. < 10. 10 < 10 < 10 .10 < 10 50 10 Cl 115 110 130 .115 165 120 200 430 130 - Co Cr 9 < 8 192. 22 47 n.d. in.d. 36 34 .n.d n.d. 40 70 < 4 88 21 << < 30 .340 24 23 15 Cu < 39 21 .13 Ga La * 10 Bee 10 n.d. n.d. < 1 2 13 n.d. 1 < 10 .10 10 < 10 2:10 10 20 40 ae, oo @. gm | Nb N Pb SS CO ody Rb S 3 < 4 n.d. n.d. 8 18 7 14 37 2200 18 21 24 2210 460 11 13 10 8 .5 5.5 17 6 ' 2.1 1 1151 < < 49 : 5 45 70 70 || 160 155 320 |, 280 485 305 St Sr 15 15 244 237 178 10 10 10 < 20 15 160 Sd ns ee / 1.4 < 1 GE 14 SC Zn . Se Z.r .3 10 39 < 10. 36 n.d. 41 n.d. 2.7 37 n.d. 43 - 37 12 < 10 < 10 10 30 .90 35 10 Lt 20 190 ne ce | Sod n.d.n.d. not detected Total Fe as Fe --- , Uae from elements Rowlands a Analysts elements - 6major 1-5 Neilson . D. L. Skinner 7-13 D. L. Skinner 1974 tratce race : G. W. Robb & bulk talc powders Mineral samples from source areas U.S.A. U.S.A. 1 talc Dillon Montana ; aan ; | re ; ; , 2 | talc Georgia Bo rr: ' , - Se - ; ae : , ; | a U.S.A. bulk talc powders . ') . 3 4 5 Northeastern U.S.A. Nytal100 NyNtal ytal 400 Fibertal te : Ce Cot ot 4 ps 6 Warm Springs California as imported into U.K. So, So , oe m if - U.S.A. U.S.A. consumer talcum~ products purchased in NewNewYork 1973 7 baby powder . ' S 10-13 talcum powder JNJ | 000021378 604 D. R. BOWES M. LANGER AND N. ROHL ; - TABLE 6. ANALYSES OF TALC BULK TALC POWDERS AND CONSUMER TALCUM PRODUCTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 SiO2 TiO Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO . CaO Na O . ' P O5 H O . CO loss on ignition total 62.85 0.06 0.14 0.17 0.33 0.00 31.16 0.39 0.12 0.00 0.26 . 4.85 0.06 _ 100.39 63.13 0.01 0.31 0.21 1.92 0.02 29.56 0.05 0.10 0.01 0.00 4.73 0.27 -_ 100.38 Chemical analyses 61.90 0.07 1.00 58.26 0.08 1.40 61.22 60.50 53.10 43.80 57.28 < 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 1.20 0.20 2.10 1.60 0.21 0.89 - Tr 1.02 ~ Tr 0.54 0.21 ~ Tr Tr 2.85 ~~ Tr 6.09 0.00 0.15 Tr 0.00 29.90 29.53 0.30 0.60 30.60 0.20 30.40 0.40 28.20 28.40 32.00 3.10 0.80 0.81 - Tr - Tr 11 - 11 ~ Tr ~ = ~ Tr . Tr - Tr SS eS Oe 0.00 0.00 0.09 Se 0.40 || 1.20 11 0.06 = 1.60 = 11.40 = 23.00 9.20 || 11 ~ 99.77 53.74 0.13 0.82 0.00 0.64 0.00 28.61 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.09 me 15.58 99.97 56.68 0.00 4.67 0.06 0.78 0.00 31.42 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 - - 58.50 52.S7 0.12 0.57 1.77 2.46 0.05 0.00 0.74 0.77 0.00 0.00 30.31 27.30 1.25 5.25 0.07 0.12 0.00 0.09 0.11 0.12 _ _- 6.58 - 5.80 ~~ 9.70 100.23 98.72 99.25 Se . . . Ba Ce CI Co Cr Cu Ga La Li Nb Ni R S , S Sr Th > NN NN trace elements parts < 20 10 160 < - 29 9 6 10 4.9 < 14 < < : 130 55 n.d. n.d. - 34 25 n.d. n.d. - = 30 n.d. 115 n.d. 32 n.d. 80 < 20 < 20 < 10 10 10 . 210 170 30 10 120 80 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 142 61 48 38 33 30 30 2865 1615 < 33 < 32 < 34 < 42 = 1 4 -1221 16 2 21 << << oe n.d. 2235 _ _ _ -1221 - -1221 _ 10 _ I -1221 __ _| n.d. n.d. -1221 n.d. 3 10 v 6 10 < 27 -- n.d. 27 - n.d. -1221 -1221 n.d. 21 n.d. 2530 - n.d. 1995 _ n.d. 16 5< << _ | _: OO -. 130 280 < 10 < 10 _ 9 < 14 16 < 7 << . 190 120 720 < 10 10 580 - < < 10 < < < 10 91 _ n.d. 1 92 21 21 _ 4.7 4 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. | 00 85 | _ 0.1 0.6 n.d. n.d. - - OO 158 11 105 10 _ 00 7.6 10 < 3.10.6 3.10.6 < 32 n.d. n.d. 15 15 < 10 < < 20 15 < _- < 20 55 <5 . 3 30 n.d. not detected Total Fe as F-- Tr trace F-- -- 3 -- 3 Analysts 1 2 W. M. Neilson 3-8 major elements from Rowlands 1974 trace elements - G. W. Robb & D. L. Skinner 9-13 D. L. Skinner Mineral samples from source areas of U.K. bulk talc imports 1 talc Val Chisone Italy 2 talc Brazil -o. U.K. bulk talc powders imported and indigenous 3: extra super grade Italy : extra T grade Sardinia 4 : 00 grade France : Hiachen China : 70 grade Norway : Shetland U.K. U.K. consumer talcum products purchased Glasgow 1973 9 12 baby powder ; 10 11 13 talcum powder 370 . @ JNJ 000021379 MINERAL DUSTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 605 offibrous tremolite figure 5e and chrysotile fibre bundles figure 5f Such fibres may be haledin the domestic situation particularlyfrom fine dust of animal litter cf. figure 2e Montmorillonite and bentonite are present together with diatomaceous earth and glass fibres in reconstituted tobacco sheet see below and pyrophylliteis used as a pesticide carrier Micas are used on a large scalein the production of roofing material and find their way into households as a constituent of some finishes some papers cf. table The presence of sepiolite in in the soil of certain regions has been related to the occurrence of endemic pleural calcifications there Burilkov & Michailova 1972 | ~ = 6. SILICA AND GLASS FIBRE a Quartz Quartz is is an abrasive agent in scouring powders in which it is commonly present in pro- portions of 60-70 Itis also usedin abrasive soap with exposure to silicain the manufacturing situation known to have led to silicosis table ) Since Na2CO3is often mixed with the quartz _ silicic acid whose toxicity is well documented may be producedin the domestic situation Quartzis common constituent in many patching and plastering compounds usedin home building and repairs Rohl et 1975 Its proportions in these compounds was found to be 5-70 % with associated minerals being talc clays pyrophyllite and asbestos Quartzis also generally commonly present in consumer talcum products soldin the U.S.A.U.S.A. The proportion ranges from 2 2 to 6% but as much aas 35 % has been found b Diatomite filters Diatomaceous earthis common and abundant constituent in insulation material toothpastetoothpasteas an abrasive agent and extenders Itis also usedin reconstituted tobacco sheet are - Because of its widespread use diatom fragments are frequently lung foundin found tissue figure 2b including that of family contacts insulation of workers figure 2d c Cristobalite ; oy Calcining of diatomite resultsin the production of cristobalite whichis more fibrogenic than | quartz and associated with progressive silicosis It has been identified as the major mineral constituent of a children's modelling material figure 10 Identification by optical microscopy of relicttraces of diatomsis indicative ofits source material and means ofmanufacture ray _ diffraction indicates that the cristobalite is associated with gypsum quartz and hydrated : copper sulphate Selected area electron diffraction patterns on diatom fragments in ash and smoke samples *. from cigars made of reconstituted tobacco sheet figure 4f have shown that the major structure ycs is that of high cristobalite Some reflexions suggest the additional presence of tridymite Langer LI al 1971 a A dAmorphous precipitated ) ( silica RS Amorphous opalinesilicais usedin foods as a desiccant conditioning agent and preservativepreservative a latoOrS. supplied On the basic of information by the U.S.A. Silica Manufacturing Ad Hoc Committee and Occupational Safety and Health Committee and by various manufacturers this variety a8ai erie. ofsilicais found up to % in table salt baking powder cereals cake mixes sugar flour ie e ; vitamins and dehydrated foods such as powderedpowdered milk wats spices [ 371 606 D. R. BOWES M. LANGER AND N. ROHL e Glass fibre and rock wool made glass fibres have become the most common insulation material for domestic and industrial applications With both the increasing use of insulation and the biological hazards of some alternative mineral insulating material its utilization is likely to continue to increase not least in the yourself household situation Association of inhaled fibres with bronchitis and asthma is known as are its effects as a skin irritant table ) However levels of exposure to respirable glass fibres and their biological potential warrant careful review cristobalite gypsum quartz gypsum intensity intensity intensity intensity intensity WAN quartz o gypsum cristobalite \ [haMa4tsit Laypwna s CuSO Wie = i - 30 ! . 25 ae L 20 020 020 . Figure 10. Continuous ray diffraction trace of children's modelling compound purchased in New York City 7. OTHER MINERAL DUSTS a Rutile and anatase Rutile and anatase are widely used in paints plastics papers and cosmetic products particularly face powders As a result they are commonly present in house dusts b Galena Brake linings containing % galena % metallic lead powder and % chrysotile have been used on subway trains in New York Any large use of such brake shoes could be a source of significant lead exposure to passengers as well as staff in addition to a source of exposure to chrysotile whose ability to survive braking action in automobiles has been demonstrated . [ 372 ] @ JNJ 000021381 . MINERAL DUSTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT '607 na 8. DISCUSSION 1 nature environment The and range of mineral dusts in the is the combined product of a whole group of factors many of which are intimately bound up with thelifestyles of members development of industrial societies as well as with the patterns of economic which the expecta- styles tions of these life encourage However just as industrial exposureto mineral dusts spills . over into environmental exposure for example family contacts or residents near factory with inadequate emission controls so too does the burden of mineral dustsin the atmosphere _ atmospheric localized burden of industrial areas become general dust thatisnot limited to a greatly levels industry ~- reWghiiolneotrheeveneefvfeecntsaopfalretgiicslualtairocn ohuavnetrygreatly reduced dust iinn n and hencein the generally environment the multifarious utilization of containing materials in the '. domestic situation the increase in the demolition of containing buildings in urban * renewal programmes and the increase in open mining of relatively grade deposits have had the opposite effectin the particular as wellas the general situation Dust associated with open miningincludes that from inadequately controlled waste material Many such dusts contain amphibole mineralssuch as grunerite These include those from metamorphosed ironstonedepositsin NorthAmerica James Klein 1966 and from metamorphosed base. beginning exploited cf. 1977 metal depositsin South Africa which are just to be Bowes in . fulfil aesthetic industry much remote areas subject to strong winds . have the food to the and convenience _ Changing styles spurred on The demand preferences of the public partly by useof certain mineralsparticular foodstuffs ~ deodorants -. for other convenienceand products such as spray containing very finely ground . _ minerals for dryness and lubricity has risen steeply as has the demand for containing | yourself home repair and improvement products The rising cost of fuel has added to the . demand for mineral or synthetic insulation material muchof which is fibrous Increase in | automobile use carries withwith an increased burden of asbestos iin nthe air while on an individual * level the inhalation of mineral dusts from tobacco products |continues In ways such as this dusts - general public contribute to the spread ofof whole rangeof mineral either locally or particular generally in the environment ~ : = With the causal relationships of certain mineral dusts to Soa _ human diseases table 1 occupational understanding programmes effective initiation population Bowes the evidenceevidence that such diseases do not solelyaffect those subject to heavy and prolonged dusdt ust in an situation and the evidence of fibrous and other mineral dustsin - exposure the lungs of the general cf. figure 2f it is importantthat environmental mineral dusts should be looked at more thoroughly in terms of their biological potentialIn this examination the historyof the study and of asbestos disease provides - much food for thoughtParticularly to be notedis the long time that elapsed between the medi- cal awareness of the problem in in the United Kingdom and both the introduction of / , control procedures inin many situations in industry and the ofintensive of . ve mineralogical and and geochemical research cf. 1974 of and Researchin association with medical scientists as well as the monitoring the nature of mineral dusts the environment appear to be vital r^lesfor mineralogists as the range from mineral dusts and _. 21st century is approached The resultant assessment of disease risk the extension of the effectiveness of remedial treatment together with the development of methods and handling contributions : of safe use inin the industrial situationcould be significant 373 + apie tenet Sante 'JNJ 000021382 1 608 D. R. BOWES M. LANGER AND N. ROHL effective in the field of preventative medicine With preventative measures likely to be more than medical remedial measures increased public awareness of these matters is very important Hence the education of the general public in mineralogy and its applications is also a task , to which mineralogists must set themselves Grateful acknowledgement is made to Dr C. Farrow D. MacLean Anne D. Mackler W. M. Neilson Dr W. J. Nicholson Dr F. D. Pooley G. W. Robb N. R. Rowlands D. L. Skinner and Dr M. Wolff for variously making available electron photomicrographs data before publication specimens analytical assistance and photographic expertise Dr Wolff is also thanked for assistance with compiling parts of the manuscript Drs Langer and Rohl are indebted to NIEHS grants ES 00928 and ES 44812 AML for financial support REFERENCES Bowes et al Aaronson T. & Kohl G. 1972 Papier mach^'products widely used in elementary schools contain large propor- tions of asbestos Environment 14 25 26 propor; Bayer S. G. Brown T. A. & Zunwalde R. 1975 Document TR U.S. Dept. of Health Education and Wel- fare Public Health Service National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati Ohio Biles B. & Emerson T. R. 1968 Examination fibers in beer Nature Lond 219 93 94 , ; Blejer H. P. & Arlon R. 1973 Talc A possible occupational and environmental carcinogen J. Occup Med 15 92-97 Bowes D. R. 1974 For those in peril 3 - only the factory floor Nature Lond 252 338 Bowes D. R. 1977 Characterization of regimes of polyphase deformed metamorphic rockisn the Baltic Shield In Mineralization in metamorphic terranes ed W. J. Verwoerd Spec Publ Geol Soc S. Afr 4. In the press Bowes D. R. Skinner W. R. & Skinner D. L. 1973 Petrochemistry of the Stillwater Igneous Complex Mon- tana Trans Geol Soc S. Afr 76 153 163 Burilkov T. & Michailova L. 443 451 1970 Asbestos content of the soil and endemic pleural asbestosis Envir Res 3 a ; . calcifications Burilkov T. & Michailova L. 1972 Sepiolite content of the soil in regions with endemic pleural calcifications Int Arch Arbeitsmed 29 95 101 - . Cralley L. J. Key M. M. Groth D. H. Lainhart W. S. & Ligo R. M. 1968 Fibrous and mineral content of cosmetic talcum products Am Ind Hyg Ass J. 29 350 354 . passage Cunningham H. M. & Pontefract R. D. 1973 Asbestos fibers in beverages and tissues their the intestinal wall and movement through the body J. Ass off anal Chem 56 976 981 through , Ehrenreich T. Mackler A. D. Langer A. M. & Selikoff J. 1973 Identification and characterization of - pulmonary dust burdens in pneumoconiosis Ann Clin Lab Sci 3 118 131 Eisenberg W. V. 1974 Inorganic particle content of food and drugs Envir Hlth Persp 9 183 Fletcher D. E. 1971 Asbestos chest disease in joiners Proc R. Soc Med 64 837 838 191 Ginzberg E. A. et al 1970 occupational asbestosis of the pleura Klin Med Mask 12 55-60 Hopkins G. B. & Taylor G. D. 1970 Pulmonary talc granulomatosis Am Rev. Resp Dis 101 101 104 Jacko M. G. & DuCharme R. T. 1973 Brake emissions emission measurements from brake and clutch linings from selected mobile sources Environmental Protection Agency Report 68-04-0020 oe James H. L. 1955 Zones of regional metamorphism in the Cambrian of northern Michigan Bull Geol Soc Am 66 1455-1488 . Jones J. S. P. Pooley F. D. & Smith P. G. 1976 Factory population exposed to crocidolite asbestos a continu- ing survey In Environmental pollution and carcinogenic risks eds C. Rosenveld & W. Davis Proc Int Agency Res on Cancer series 52 117. Paris INFERM ; - 8 Kay G. H. 1974 Asbestos in drinking waterJ. Am Wat Wks Ass 66 513-514 513-514 Kay K. 1974 Inorganic particles of agricultural origin Envir Hlth Persp 9 193 195 Kiviluoto R. 1960 Pleural calcification as roentgenologic sign of occupational endemic anthophyllite- ; asbestosis Acta Radiol suppl 194 1 67 : . Klein C. 1966 Mineralogy and petrology of the metamorphosed Wabush Iron Formation Southwestern Labra- dor J. Petrolology 7 246 305 Laamanen A. Noro L. & Rannio V. 1965 Observations on atmospheric air pollution caused by asbestos Ann N.Y. Acad Sci 132 240 254 Langer M. M. 1974 Approaches and constraints to identification and quantitatioonf asbestos fibers Envir Hlth Persp 9 133 136 [ 374] JNJ 000021383 MINERALDUSTS INTHEENVIRONMENT - 609 - ' Identification Occup LangerA. M.etal 1973 of asbestosinhuman tissues J. Med 15 287 295 of geochemistry Langer A. M. & Mackler A. D. 1972 Mineralparticles and human disease In Theencyclopedia Nostrand , and environmental sciences R. W. Fairbridge pp 730-739 New York Van Reinhold ~ Inorganic LangerA. M. Mackler A. D. Rubin I.Hammond E. C. & Selikoff I. J. 1971 particlesin cigars and cigar smoke Science N.Y. N.Y. 174 585 587 Pooley Chemical asbestos characterization Langer A. M. , Rubin I. D. Selikoff I. J. & D. 1972 of uncoated analysis fibres from the lungs of asbestos workers by electron microprobe J. Histochem CytochCem ytochem 20 735 740 Chrysotile persons lungs Langer A. M. Selikoff I. J. & SastreA. 1971b 1971b asbestosthe of in New York City ; Archs Envir Hith 348-361348-361 Bulgaria the mineral composition assessmentof of soils of regions marked MichailovaMichailova D. L. 1972 Hygienicasesment in "_ by the prevalence of endemic pleural calcification Gig Truda Prof. Zabol 15 30-33 . installation Burgess Murphy R. Levine B. W. Al Bazzaz F. J. Lynch J. J. & W. A. - 1971 Floor tile as . source asbestos exposure Am Rev. Resp Dis 104 576-580 Gracey powder cosmetic med Pulmonary Am Nam C. R. & R. 1972 talcosis from talcum J. Ass 221 492- 493 asbestos prohibited law Pollution Department Resources Spraying York local R. New + City ~ of Air 1971 of 49. Air a - Control Code of the City of New York Sec 1403. 2-9 11 pleura peritoneum following exposure ".. Newhouse M. L. & Thompson H. 1965 Mesothelioma of the asbestosthe London area Br J. ind Med 22 261 269 and to . Nicholson W. J. 1974 Analysis of amphibole asbestiform fibers in inmunicipalwater supplies Envir Hlth Persp 9, . 165-172 Asbestos drugs Science SelikoffI. contamination N.Y. Nicholson W. J. MaggiorMeaggiore C. & 177 171 173 Biological Asbestos asbestos Nicholson W. J. & Pundsack L. 1973 J. 1972 in in the environment In Shapiro Int Agency Res on Cancer Scient Publ 8 Lyon 126 130 of parenteral effects of N.Y. ed H. ' Nicholson W. J. Rohl A. N. & Ferrand E. F. 1971 Asbestos air pollutionin New York City In Proceedings of England 136 139 Berry the Second International Clean Air Congress eds H. M. & W.T. pp New York Academic Press z Weisman building supply Nicholson W. J. Rohl A. N. I. 1975 Asbestos contamination of air Proceedings of Int ConferenceConference on Environmental Sensing and Assessment Paper 29-6 Olson H. 1974 Asbestosin potable supplies J. Am Wat Wks Ass 66 515-518 powders particles . PooleyF. D. & Rowlands NN.. 1977 Chemical and physical properties of British talc Symposium Edinburgh _ and vapours ed W. H. Walton Proc Internat Br Occ Hyg Soc systemsIn Oe 7 In Inhaled 1975 pp 639 5: 646. Oxford Pergamon Press A. Identification quantitation asbestos in Hlth and Envir Persp Rohl N. & Langer 109 M. 1974 of in talc 9 95- Wolff dust Selikoff 1977 Asbestos - 7 Rohl A.N. Langer A. M. Klimentidis R. M. J. in countered in brake maintenance and repair Proc R. Soc Med 70 32 37 of asbestos consumer Rohl A. N. Langer A. Selikoff I. J. & Nicholson W. J. 1975 Exposure to content of en- iin n the use consumer 19766 spackling patching and taping compounds Science N.Y.189 551-553 Rohl A. N. Langer A. M. Selikoff I. J. Tordini A. Klimentidis Bowes R. & Skinner D. L. 7 . Consumer talcums and powders mineral and chemical characterization J. Toxicol & envir Hlth 2 255- i 284 Asbestos lining Rohl A. N. Langer A. M. Wolff M. S. & Weisman I. 1976 exposure during brake main- tenanceand repair Envir Res 12 110 128 properties Unpubl a RowlandsN. R. 1974 An examination of the physical and chemical of British talcs Thesis Univ of Wales Epidemiology mesothelioma Rubino G. F. Scansetti G. Donna A. Palestro G. 1972 of pleural ininNorth- | Piedmont western Italy Br J. ind Med 29 436 442 Ruckelshaus W. D. 1971 List of hazardous air pollutants Fed Reg U.S.A. Commercial mineral Toxicol Schulz R. & Williams C. R. 1942 . 75-87 talc animal and 36 62 5931 studies J. ind Hyg 24 Langer pollution Archs Envir Hlth25 Selikoff I. J. Nicholson W. J. & A. M. 1972 Asbestos air 1-13 1-13 Spiel S. 1974 Chrysotilein water Envir Hlth Persp 161 163 : symposium Thompson R. J. & Morgan G. B. 1971 Determination of asbestosin ambient airIn International on . pp Canada identification and measurement of environmental pollutants ed B. Westley 154-155 Ontario Turner F. J. 1968 Metamorphic petrologyNew York McGraw .. DiffMucsGeraw Dept Interior exposure North asbestos U.S. Bureau of Mines 1971 Minerals Yearbook vol 1 p 1137. U.S. of the Wagner J. C. Sleggs C. A. & Marchand P. 1960 pleural mesothelioma and in Cape Western Province Br J. ind Med 250-271 Webster Africa I. 1963 Asbestosisin nonexperimental animals in South atmospheric Windom H.GriffinJ.J. & Goldberg E. D. 1967 Talein Nature Lond 197 506 oo dusts EnvirSci Technol 1 923-930923-930 375 ] JNJ 00002021013843804 0021384 610 D. BOWES A. M. LANGER AND N. ROHL Discussion J. ZUSSMAN Department of Geology University of Manchester I should like to make a comment matters relevant to Professor Bowes's paper on the subject of terminology On environmental mineralogists and geologists will be talking to medical and other environmental scientists and it important that they should understand each other's terms With regard to particle morphology although mineralogists have no precise divisions there is general agreement about the use of the terms prismatic acicular and' asbestiform for particles withincreasing aspect ratio The terms fibrous and fibre are perhaps still less well aspect defined but are generally used to describe material ranging from acicular to asbestiform For - discussion of health hazards however a fibre has been defined as a particle with ratio greater than three to one To mineralogists a particle with ratio near three to one would be termed prismatic and not even acicular still less a fibre We will have to get used to being termed a fibrein the environmental context however where it refers to what aspect ratiios potentially harmful and includes a margin of error to be on the safe side A recently published paper not by Bowes took this one stage further and I feel too far and gave the greater than three to one ratio as defining asbestiform Professor Bowes referred to the grunerite in the Minnesota Iron Formations as asbestos Geologists who have given petro- graphic descriptions of these taconite deposits have described the varied grunerite crystals as prismatic acicular and fibrous but never as asbestiform or asbestos The grunerite does not have the extreme aspect ratio or the kind of fibril aggregation characteristic of asbestos I would like to emphasize that the physiological effects of such material as compared with terminology those of asbestos certainly need to be investigated whatever the called fibrous grunerite not grunerite asbestos or asbestiform but it should be td [ 376] ! JNJ 000021385