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PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT
Energy Systems
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The Trends
How energy-systems engineers evaluate the changing pattern S*2
Central Stations
Survey shows steam-turbine average size still climbing; now at 225 mw. Supercritical pressure scheduled for 9 units
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Gas Turbines
Tabulation lists all central-station gas turbines in US and S Canada through '62, plus most scheduled for '63 and later S *10
Diesels
Report on diesel-engine installations tabulates 128 projects for electric generation, standby and compressor drive
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Electric Distribution
Majority of industrial plants, commercial and institutional buildings covered by survey own their main substations
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Air Conditioning
Control centers are making strong headway across industry;
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almost 50% of plants-surveyed report their adoption
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Industrial Steam
0f246 boilers tabulated in this year's survey, largepackaged .units--often custom-equipped--are gaining acceptance - S-39
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Note that each listing covers four pages. The project number helps you keep track of a specific installation after you turn the page facing
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On the next four pages, boilers with an operating pressure './less than 250 psig are taoulated. A substantial proportion j(these are packaged units It was our intention initially to ` describe in detail, in our taoulation. one packaged boiler in i' jjjHation representative of each type sold by every manufac1 Sirer reporting, and perhaps indicate the approximate number . ^identical installations. But it soon became evident that this could not be core: Tnere are no identical installations Many ' suyers insist on r.avmg the conventional package . . . except ' far a few differences. . . In other words, every installation Sstn reauires a separate description, because of some few lens that differ from tne manufacturer's standard norm.
Differences Detome increasingly noticeable as the "packjged boiler 1 increases in size. Tocay, when such packages rwch capacities nearing 150.000 lb per hr. we deal with -jfiop-fabricated' boilers, as opposed to field-erected units.
Manufacturers actually keep in their warehouse a substan tial stock of auxiliaries: oil and gas burners, flame monitoring systems, feed pumps, fans, combustion controls. Tney cus tom-tailor a unit, at a customer s request, in a surprisingly short time. "The shop-fabricated boiler," says Mel Jones of DuPont, "will soon become a hybrid between the conventional packaged boiler and the field-erected unit, and its steaming capacity will be growing The use of pane! construction will make it possible to ship a boiler in two or three pieces, instead of putting in one tube at a time."
This trend toward packaged equipment will not restrict it self to boilers, it will include equipment such as air com pressors, generators of inert gases, pumping assemblies, cooling, refrigerating and air-conditioning groups In short, every machine that can be will be shop-assembled with other components into a unit, to reduce field erection labor.
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ENERGY-SYSTEMS DESIGN
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Design survey of diesel engines f
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lectric generation and mechanical drives
Cumpmd by 5i#v Elonio. Astooc'e Editor
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ieseis
Diesel survey covers generation,
standby and compressor drives
STEVE ELONKA, Associate Editor
POWER'S tabulation of diesel engines includes 128 projects for both utility and industrial ap plications. Of the 248 engines reported. In our survey of 155 projects (27 not tabulated) 29% generate continuous electric power (bar graph below). Compressor drive is a very close sec ond at 27%. Standby power generation ac counts for 25% of the total with peaking power making up less than 1% of the total.
Size range of engines is of special interes About 34% are from 2000 to 3999-hp capac*; ity. Next most popular engine size range is the 100 to 299-hp category.
Survey reveals that 65% of the 248 engin~ are supercharged. Division between two an four cycle engines is almost equal; 55% an 45%. Full diesels top the list at 50%, whil 20% are the opposed-piston type.
Principal use
Electric-generation
Compressor-drive
Standby -power
Fump -drive
Peaking - power
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Reported units, /o
Type engine
Ful l-diesel
Spark-igmrion, gas
Dual-fuel
Tr; - fuel
0 20 20 40 50 60
Reported units, %
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION comes out in first place at 54%, while engines of the full-diesel type are stili a close second at 50%
Supercharging
Supercharged
Not supercharged
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Reported units, %
Fuel-injection system
Pump timed
Control pressureinjection
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Common roil
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Reported units, %
SUPERCHARGED ENGINES account <or two-thirds of the dip gmes mainly because they offer greater output for a gi^
Engine capacity, hp
Cycle
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Reported units, %
Action
Sing % -acting
Opposed - piston
Reported -nus, %
TWO-CYCLE ENGINES are m the lead by a narro < margin. The double acting design accounts for 20% of total number of engines surveyed
6000-7999 4000 - 5999 2000 - 3999
900 - 1999 700 - 899 500-699 300 - 499 100 - 299
Reported units, %
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LARGEST ENGINE SIZES are naturally in the minority, size, interestingly enough, is in the range from 2000 ^
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