Document 6ZDOj6Qp5ad9pDaR49dG3Bbg

SAFETY 117 ENGINEERING STANDARD MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OP ASBESTOS OUST EXPOSURE ISSUES THIS BAG! Revises ST AN O A RO RCA'FIRMEO APRIL 1973 OCT 1979 OCT 1979 S4 T Pag# 1 of 6 This standard includas requirements of the Occupational Safety and Haalth Act or 1970 (OSHA) aa published in the Federal Register. OSHA Information la printed in red. 1. SCOPE 2.4 Some materials containing bound asbestos fibers are \\ not hazardous during nonnal use. Examples are: bunded 1.1 This standard presents the permissible asbestos dust compressed asbestos gaskets, asbestos roofing felt. Teflon* uu o h u. u0 exposure limits, methods of controlling asbestos dust exposures, special OSHA requirements for removal of asbestos insulation, respiratory protective equipment, and impregnated asbestos packing and fibrated asphalt cut* back (mastic). These materials could become hazardous if asbestoa fibers are released because of loss of hinder or a f method of sampling asbestos dust concentrations in the physical action such ai grinding. i* work area. It provides sufficient information to comply with OSHA and EPA regulations but guidance from the 2.5 A material which contains asbestos which might 2 U Du Pont Legal Dept should be sought whenever an in* become lirbome should be treited as ssbestos unless it is 0 & terpretive problem arises. determined thst the asbestos present is not t potential U y health hazard. Talc, vermiculite, snd other minerals are 1.2 An Asbestos Compliance Package can be obtained listed by Appendix 1 of Ref (1) as possibly containing w 5 from The Occupational Environmental Control group of ssbestos. 5S ESD. Ref (1) contains extensive additional information. 0 ?.* 2. GENERAL 3. PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS 3.1 Asbestos fibers concentrations in air shall not exceed 05 *. 9 2.1 Asbestosis and cancer are associated with exposure to asbestos. Historically, the incidence of these diseases an 8*hour time-weighted average (TWA) of 2 fibers longer than 5 micrometers per cm3 of air. At no time may o2 $? has been significantly higher among asbestos workers than the concentration exceed a ceiling of 10 fibers longer than 3C 3e -o among the general population. Cigarette smoking greatly increases the incidence of respiratory cancers from ex posure to asbestos. Asbestos-exposed persons who smoke 5 micrometers per cm1. 3.1.1 The 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) is ,2 ut 0u have a 90-fold increase in risk from lung cancer over non- smokers Ref (2). the average concentration occurring over a period of 8 continuous hours. 0$ > u 2.2 Principal potential sources of exposure to airborne 3.1.2 By far the majority of asbestos used for in asbestos dust in Company operations are: sulation is the chrysotiie form. Other forms of asbestos that have lower proposed exposure limits (ACGIH TLVs) a. Removing old asbestos-containing insulation are rarely used. For more complete information on these y S from lines and vessels other limits refer to S2T Table 4. The OSHA permissible K2 A 0y b. Removal, handling, and laundering of asbestoscontaminated clothing exposure limit listed in 3.1 is the same for ail forms of asbestos. ii C. Cutting asbestos cement (Transite) siding, roofing, pipe, etc, or Hsveg pipe and equipment 4. CONTROL OF ASBESTOS 0U8TS 4.1 Engineering Controls, such as, but not limited to. o< d. Maintenance and operation of machinery and isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation, and dust collec ' o vehicle brake linings tion shall be used to meet the permissible exposure limits . Opening boxes snd removal of new asbestoa in 3.1. materials 4.1.1 Local exhaust ventilation and ilust collection f. Handling asbestoa materials used in production systems shall be in accordance with ANSI Z9.2-1971, Oz of Company products "Fundamentala Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems." g. Repair of laboratory equipment with asbestos insulated heaters (eg., gts chromatographs, lab ovens) 4.1.2 Additional information on the design of ven tilation systems is contained in DH1U, H3L', DG20D and h. Cleaning snd maintenance of vacuum systems for Ref (1) and (6). collection of ssbestos fibers 2.3 Suitable nonssbestos substitutes should be sought for 4.2 Handling Asbaatoa asbestoa-conilIrving materials whenever their use can 4.2.1 Insofar as practical, asbestos shall be handled, result in a release of asbestos fibers. mixed, applies!, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise Portions printed in red meet OSHA regulations. Section 1910.1X1 (formerly 9Ss). Vendors and merchandise designations are given ro describe materials and may not include ell oaeeotoble producte. Substitutione by suppliers are to be made only on approval of the local authority initiating the use af this standord. + SUBCOMMITTEE NO. 40 DUP 050^1057 -- DU 003158 ST Peg# 2 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OR ASBESTOS OUST EXPOSURE Thlt Ptgg Rev Oct 1979 WOfktd In ( wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the exposure limits in section 3. 4.2.2 Housekeeping. All external surfaces shall be maintained free of asbestos fibers if. with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. a. All areas where asbestos is routinely handled shall have a vacuum cleanup system. This can be a system of hoses connected to a central vacuum system designed in accordance with 4.1.1. b. No dry sweeping shall be performed. Com pressed air hoae is not to be used for cleanup. 4.2.3 Caution signs and labels shall be used per section 11. 4.2.4 No asbestos cement, mortar, etc, or similar material containing dry friable asbestos fibers shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped without being either wetted, enclosed or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of asbestos fibers in excess of the limits in section 3. 4.3 Tool* Uaed on Asbestos 4.3.1 Avoid sawing where possible; knife cutting is preferred. 4.3.2 All hand-operated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the permissible exposure limits (i.e.. saws, scores, abrasive wheels, and drills) shall be provided with a dust-collection system aa specified in 4.1. 4.3.3 All asbestos-cutting operations should be isolated to minimise unauthorised access. This can be a temporary area for nonroutine operations with barricades and signs per section 12. Routine work should be isolated in a properly posted separate work area. removal and reiratallation for equipment maintenance or other reasons, providing the techniques employed have been demonstrated to maintain asbestos concentrations within exposure limits of section 3. b. The clothing requirement does not apply to removal for maintenance or alterations when the wet method is used and monitoring of klanlieal work has shown the precautions maintain asbestos concentrations within the ceiling limit of section 3. 4.4.3 The work srea shall be barricaded and caution signs shall be posted as described in section 12 at approaches to areas where asbestos materials are being handled. This requirement does not apply under con. -ditiona described in 4.42.1 a and-b. 4.4.4 AH asbestos materials shall be thoroughly wetted and steps taken to ensure that they remain wet until placed in sealed impermeable bags or other impermeable containers labeled per section 12. Wetting may have to be suspended on outside operations when temperatures get below 0C. If asbestos cannot be wetted due to freesing temperatures, it should to the extent possible be removed aa unit sections. 4JJ Support faatenera shall be removed with care. Handle asbestosaxmtaining materials in such a manner to minimise generation of airborne asbestos fibers. Do not drop. 4.4.8 Removed ubestot materials shall not be allowed to lie about the work area, but shall be im mediately sealed in bap. 4.4.7 Maintain good housekeeping. Vacuum equip ment meeting requirements of 4.1.1 shall be used to prevent loose accumulations of fragments. 5. RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT 4A Removal of Atbotioi Insulation 4.4.1 If the composition of the material is unknown, it shall be treated aa being asbestos. For use of labels to identify nonaabeatoa insulation, tee SN218P. 5.1 Respiratory protection shall be provided to all per sonnel in sreas where permissible exposure limits may be exceeded. Respiratory protection can be used to meet permissible exposure limits only under the following conditions: 4.4,2 Proper respirators (per section 5) and special protective clothing (per section 9) shall be provided all employees engaged in removal or demolition of asbestos insulation or covering. Atmosphere supplying respirators (5.4) are required except where it has clearly been demonstrated that the wet method la effective and monitoring has shown that levela on the job hive resulted in lower expoeures. a. During the time necessary to install engineering oontrola per 4.1. Written plana for the installation of engineering controls or reasons why they are not feasible should be available. b. When engineering controls are technically not feasible or insufficient to meet the limiU in section 3. C. In emergencies. 4.42.1 At e minimum, eir purifying respirators (5.3) and special clothing .shall be worn during the removal of asbeatos insulation. Many plants have found disposable duat masks (5.3.1) (NIOSH approved for asbestoe) and disposable paper clothing, satisfactory. 5.2 If respirators ire required, s written respirator progrsm shall be prepared. 52.1 Standard S2H should be referred to for further guidance in establishing a respirator program. a. Thit requirement does not apply to removal of insulation, fabricated, and protected to withstand repeated ortlont printed in rad m*t OSHA rtgulctlont, Stction 1910.1001 (form $.2.2 All respirators should be NIOSH/MSHA approved for use with asbestos. Ma) for si! secllons react 5.2 whlcn Is covered Dy Section 1910.134. + ns DUP 0504058 DU 003159 Till* Pis* R*v Oct 1979 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF ASBESTOS OUST EXPOSURE 34 T PS 3 5.3 Air purifying (mechinicii filter-type) respirators ihall be used when the TWA or ceiling concentrations are reaionably expected to exceed no more than 10 times the limit! irt section 3. 5.3.1 Although OSHA permit* on of both tingle use or reusable air purifying respirator* for up to 10 times the limit* in section 3, more recent respirator testing ha* indicated that single use snd quarter-mask respirators should not be used for more than 5 times the limits Ref (10), (11), and (12). Half.face air purifying respira. tors are acceptable for use at up to 10 timet the limits. 5.4 Atmosphere supplying (Type "C" continuous flow or pressure-demand supplied-air respirators. Table IB of S2H) respirators shall be used when the TWA or ceiling concentrations are reasonably expected to exceed 10 time* the limits in section 3. 5JS While powered air purifying respirators are per mitted by OSHA when concentrations are expected to be between 10 and 100 times the limits in section 3, these units are seldom used on Company plants. S. IDENTIFICATION OF ASBESTOS IN MATERIALS SUSPECTED OF CONTAININO ASBESTOS 5.1 Ftold Method*. There is no reliable field method for confirming the absence of asbestos in materials suspected of containing asbestos. Visual examination alone is not sufficient to confirm the absence of asbestos. 8.1.1 A flam* teat Ref (9) using t propane torch can be used to screen sample*. This test provides reliable indications of the presence of asbestos, but does not provide e reliable' indication of the absence of asbestos. 6.2 'Laboratory Methods. Microscopic examination can be used to determine the presence or absence of asbestos in most cases. When results of the microscopic examination are inconclusive, x-ray dlKracIlon will provide reliable result*. 6.2.1 Samples (approximately 1 gram) can be sent to Marshall Lab (7.4.1) for microscopic examination. Marshall Lab will arrange for x-ray diffraction analysii if the reaults of the microscopic examination are inconclusive. 622 Sample* can be sent to the Analytical and Physical Measurement Croup, PP&R, Experimental Station for x-ray diffraction analysis. 6.2.3 The K* Tetf for Screening Asbeelo* developed by NIOSH can bo used to screen for asbestoe. This test provides reliable indications of the absence of asbestoe. However, because the test is nonspecific, it will give false positive identifications. 72 Typt* of Monitoring 72.1 Personal Monitoring. Samples .hall be taken from the breathing zone of employees. 722 Environmental Monitoring. These sampleare taken from a fixed location where asbestos fibers may be released. Such sampling may be useful in determining the need for local ventilation of asbestos releasing toola. The sampling filter is placed close to the area repre sentative of the breathing zone of employees. 7.3 Sampling frequency and patterns shall he such that samples represent the level of exposure of employee- with reasonable accuracy. Samples for determination of both 8-hour time-weighted average and ceiling concentrations shall be taken. 7.3.1 Samples shall be taken for each type ofjob or when a job is changed in such a way as to increase asbestoe exposure. 7.3.2 For employees whose exposure may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits of section 3 sampling shall be done at intervals not greater than 6 months. 7.3.3 Ceiling samples shsii be taken for those short tasks for which highest exposure is expected. Ceiling samples for OSHA compliance testing should be taken for 15 minutes. Short-term samples msy also be taken for shorter or longer periods (duration of a given task) for investigative purposes. 7.4 Procedures 7.4.1 Method* of sampling asbestos fiber* in sir are given in Ref (3). Sampling procedures should be reviewed with the laboratory which will count the fibers prior to sampling to help ensure proper techniques are used. Qualified laboratories, are: E. L du Pont de Nemours & Co Anslytical Section Marshall Laboratory 3500 Gray* Ferry Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19146 Clayton Environmental Conaultanta 2571 Southfield Roed Southfield, MI 48075 National Loss Control Service Corp (Lumberman Mutual Casualty Co) Environmental Science* Laboratory Long Grove, 1L 60049 The sample should be taken at a rate of 1.5 to 2 liters per minute. The filter face should be positioned so that fibers will not settle on it. 7. MONITORING 7.1 Monitoring is required where employees msy be ex posed to asbestos dust from work-related activity, to deter mine the employee's exposure. 74.2 Sampling atmotphere* containing asbestos fiber with low levels of other dusts: I. For exposures expected to be below 2 fibers per cm3, sample for 2 to 8 hours. Portions printed in rad mast OSHA regulations. Section 1910.1001 (formerly S3*). <$m> ------------------------------------------------------------ " DUP 0504059 DU 003160 S4T Page 4 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OP ASBESTOS OUST EXPOSURE Thl Pg Rv Oct 1979 + 130 b. For exposure* expected to be above 2, but let* than 5 fibers per cm3, sample for 45 minute* to 4 hours. C. For exposures expected to be higher than 5 fibers per cm5, sample for 30 minutes to 2 hours de pending upon experience and consultation with the laboratory which will count the fibers. 7.4.3 Sampling atmospheres containing asbestos fibers with high levels of other dusts: sample times will vary depending upon the amount of other dusts present. The laboratory which will count the fibers should be con sulted to obtain_approximate sample times. 7.4.4 Equipment All sampling must be done on membrane filter* of 0.8 micrometers porosity mounted in an opn-fac*d filter holder. The Millipore cellu lose acetate 0.8 micrometer filter, catalog number MAWP 037A0, is recommended. Particulate sampling equipment is described in S13T, section 10. 7.4.5 Analysis must be done at qualified labora tories. Completed samples are placed in a mailing tube, sealed, and sent to a qualified laboratory with 2 copies of the sampling record. a. It is recommended that an unexpoted filter be included with each batch of samples as a blank. b. All determination* shall be made by the mem brane filter method at 400 to 450X (magnification) (4mm objective) with phase contrast illumination. 7.8 Employsa Notification. Employees should be notified of exposure monitoring results. Any employee found to have been exposed above the permissible ex posure limits in -ection 3 -hall be notified, in writing, within 5 days of the finding and of corrective action being taken. Notification is required even if employee was wearing protective equipment at the time of exposure. 8.1.2 Those who during their Du Pont employment have previously worked in job* with an expoaure described in 8.1.1. 8.1.3 Those with a known off.piant asbestos ex posure prior to or during employment at Du Pont. At time of employment and periodically thereafter, care should be taken to record any history of off-plant exposure to asbestos. 8.1.4 Those whose x-rays show changes of the type which are known to result from asbestos exposure. 8.2 Medical Examinations. Preplacement, annual, ami termination medical examinations must he mail,, available to employee* in an occupation exposed to asbestos. Thee examinations must include, as a minimum, a PA clte-t -x-ray. medical history, anti pulmonary function tests. 8.3 "Guideline* for Physiciana" [tee Ref (5)] contains additional information on interpretation and frequency of x-raya for aabestot exposed employee*. 9. CLOTHING ANO CHANGE ROOMS 9.1 S-pecial clothing, such as coveralls, head covering, gloves, and foot covering shall be required where ex posures exceed ceiling limits uf section 3 and during removal of asbestos insulation, see 4,4. 9.2 Change rooms shall be provided for all employees working in jobs in which the 8-hour TWA or ceiling limit of section 3 are exceeded. 9.2.1 Separate eiothing lockers or similar arrange ment* are required in those change moms to prevent con tamination of street clothes from work clothing. 9.3 Laundering of asbestos-contaminated elothea must tdonc to prevent the release of asbestos fibers into the air. 7.8 Exposure records shall be maintained at least 20 years. Other recordkeeping requirement* will gen erally require records be kept for longer periods. 9.3.1 Those laundering contaminated eiothing shall be informed of the need to prevent release of asbestos fibers. 7.8.1 Employee* and former employees shall have reasonable access to records which indicate the em ployee's own exposure to asbestos. 9.3.2 Contaminated clothing shall be transported in sealed impermeable containers labeled in accordance with section 12. 7.7 Affected employees or their representatives shall be given reasonable opportunity to observe monitoring and review the results. 8. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 8.1 Each site should maintain list(s) of employee* who have documented asbestos exposure. The plant medical group mutt be kept informed of those listed. The list(s) should identify the following. 8.1.1 Those currently exposed to asbestos: 4. All employee* working in job* that require handling of asbestos which might become airborne (such as csrpenters working with Transite. insulators, pipefit ters, and millwrighta). b. All employees working in jobs which are ex posed to measurable quantities of asbestos. The lower limit of reliable quantification of the required measure ment technique is 0.1 fibers/cm3 of air, see Ref (4). 10. ERA ASBESTOS EMISSION REGULATIONS 10.1 Application. Regulations also have been promul gated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ref (7). These apply to friable asbestos materials which contain more than 1 percent aabestos by weight and which can be crumbled, pulveriaed, or reduced to powder by hand pressure when dry. Du Pont operations within this criterion normally will be limited to renovation or demolition involving asbestos insulation. 10.1.1 Ranovatlcn Involves removing or stripping away asbestos from pipes, ducts, boilers, tanks, resetors, furnaces, other equipment or structure! members. Demolition involve* wrecking or removal of a loadsupporting structural member (beams or load-supporting wills) and any related removing or stripping of friable asbestos materials. During damolltion asbestos shall be removed or stripped prior to the wrecking or taking out of load-supporting structural members. Portions printed m red meet OSHA regulations, Section ifllQ.lOOt (formerty 93e). DUP 0504060 DU 003161 131 Thl Pag* R*v Ocl 1979 MEASUREMENT ANO CONTROL OP ASBESTOS DUST EXPOSURE $47 Pag* 5 10.1.2 When an individually scheduled renovation or demolition job amounts to mure than the quantities listed lielow, a detailed report shall he filed with EPA (and in some cases a state or local agency) prior to removal. The removal operation shall follow the other requirements of this standard, particularly 4.4. a. 260 linear ft (80 m) of asbestos containing pipe insulation t>. 160 ft1 (IS m2) of asbestos-containing in sulation on ducts, boilers, tanks, tir structural mrmbers For plannetl, but not individually scheduled, renovations a long-range estimate of the total amount of asbestos to be removed or stripped must be tnatle. The period covered must be at least 30 days, but not more than a year. EPA must be given notice if the amounts estimated exceeds 10.1.2 a or b. f. The element* of medical surveillance 12. CAUTION SIGNS ANO LABELS 12.1 Caution <ign* conforming to Figure l 'hall bo potted at all approaches to ureas where anbentos con* n*ntratins may be above permissible exposure limits. They ,<hall be placed at a sufficient distance to permit an employee to read the signs and lake necessary precautions lx*fore entering the area. 12.2 Claution labels conforming to Figurr 2 -hall be used to identify containers of raw materials, wrap, waste, other products containing asbestos, ami asbestoscontaminated clothing. 12.3 Identification labels are suggested for identification of asbestos-containing and asbestos-free insulation, see SN218P. 10.1.3 When renovation amounts to lesa than 10.1.2 a or b, notice to EPA is not required. 10.1.4 When tiemolilion amounts to less than 10.1.2 a or b, a simplified report shall be filed with the EPA prior to removal. The removal operation also shall follow the other requirements of this standard, par ticularly 4.4. 10.1 .S The requirements of this standard should more than meet the additional precautions specified by EPA regarding wetting, containrriiing, disposal, and exhausting. 10.2 Watt* Disposal. All asbestos waste, including items such as wrap, empty bags or clothing to be dis carded. vacuum system collection, and other wastes which may create airborne dust concentrations, shall be col lected anil disposed of in sealed, impermeable bags, or containers. Caution labels shall he attached conforming to section 12. 10.2.1 All disposal sites must have specific warning signs, fencing, and_dust suppression methods aa required by the EPA regulation (40 CFR 61.2S). 10.3 For specific report and compliance requirements, refer to the EPA regulations, section 6l.22d of Ref (7). Local or state regulations also should be reviewed since they may be more restrictive. 11. TRAINING 11.1 In areas where people work with asbeatos. em ployees should be trained with the goal of increasing knowledge of: Work practices involving asbestos and the poten tial for fiber emissions b. The physical characteristics of asbestos 13. REFERENCES 1. Asbestos: An Information Resource, National Cancer Institute, DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 78-1681 (May 1978). 2. Srlikuff, L. J.. Hammond, E. C., Chay, J. P.. "Asbestos Exposure, Smoking and Neoplasia," JAMA 204:106-112 (1968). 3. NIOSH Method P&CAM 239: "Asbestos Fiber* in Air," N10SH Msnual of Analytictl Methods, Second Erl, Voi l, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77 --157--A. 4. "USPHS/NIOSH Membrane Filter Method by Evaluating Asbestos Fibera." NIOSH Technical Report No. 79-127 (February 1979). 5. Du Pont Medical Division, "Guidelines for Physicians," Section R. Interpretation of X-rays (March 29. 1979). 8. "Industrial Ventilation - A Manual of Recom mended Practice," 15th Erl. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (1978). 7. National Emission Standard for Asbestos. Title 40. Code of Federal Regulations: Subpart B, 61.20 through 61.25 (40 CFR 61.20-61.25). Originally published in Federal Register, 48292 (October 14, 1975). 8. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Part 1910, sections 1910.1001 and 1910.134 (29 CFR 1910). 9. Pabcu Technical Bulletin PTB - 4B-7A, "Aibestos Identification in Old Caisil Insulation" (February 15. 1979). C. Diseases which may rrsull from exposure to asbestos fibers including the role of smoking in lung cancer d. Reasons for, and methods of. exposure monitoring 10. NIOSH/OSHA Respirator Decision Logic, OSHA Industrial Hygiene Manual, Chapter [It. 11. E. Hyatt, "Respirator Protection Factors." Las Alamos Scientific Laboratory Publication LA-6084 (January 1976). a. The purpose and nature uf engineering and work practice control methods, personal protective equipment and clothing, and personal hygiene Portion* printed in r*d /rwt OSHA regulation*, Section l9l0.100tMj 12. P. L. Lowry et al, "Performance of Single-Use Respirators," American Industrial Hygiene Assoc J,, 38, p 462 (September 1, 1977). rty 93a). DUP 0504061 DU 003162