Document 6RzEE896MwjEXNjm86N7Xp2ME

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1955 Apr DOC#: NSC488 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC - National Safety News - Settling the Dust Problem & Air Conditions and Health The industrial hygiene laboratory has become a center of research' for better worting cond.bons through study of materials used and control of manufacturing processes. (Courtesy General Electric Go,J `- s By A. C. PARS! Twenty years ago industrial hygiene was a new science. Today the hygienist and the safety engineer are on the same team working for a safer e n v ir o n m e n t NDUSTKIAL HYGIENE is a ber of them are not in industry more interested in. keeping lungs free from poisonous do field that is closely interwoven with industrial safety. In fact, it but working for the federal gov ernment or state departments. Usually, the word "hygiene" and gases, his bones free fr<r lead, his liver free from cMorijj can be regarded as a medical en gineering phase of safety. recalls hygiene courses in school nated solvents, etc. - Unfortunately, many people which dealt with personal habits, such as bathing, brushing teeth, H ygiene is defined as i branch of medical science that < know little bout industrial hy giene and the functions of the cleaning finger nails, etc. People lates to the preservation of hea vfy industrial hygienist. Industrial jump to the conclusion that a.hy Therefore, industrial hygiene hygiene is a comparatively new gienist in industry must be inter be defined as the science of science--practically unknown 20 ested in keeping employees clean. vention and control of tional illness. It resolves its years ago. TUday there are only 800 industrial hygienists in the In my initial visit to many of our refineries, it seemed that the first into the problem of finding *ac United Stater., and a large num- stop in the tour was to visit the locker rooms and to inspect show or conditions in work places may cause or contribute to A. C. Paest is Industrial Hygitnist, er and lavatory facilities, ness or serious discomfort l .tap ployees, and of devising the me |g Socony-Vacuun. Oil Company, Inc., Industrial hygienists are inter New York. Th:s article has been con ested in personal cleanliness so ods and means of elimina n .Jg| densed from a paper presented at the far as it is necessary to protect controlling such conditions. 'H Petroleum Section, 12nd National Safe ty Congrass* the employee's health. We are The industrial hygients National Solely tfeWS, Apr, 7.G e jarych toward bringing medi - aid safety engineering into e. t ,,operation partly because ' jy.rarest overlaps these two lypical industrial hygienist i, ,.iot out as a chemist or ehemi- n rineer who became inter . ,1 and studied toxicological *'CJ l5 .,,f chemicals on man. Con fnerci t)v, be has a good back,,'.a;| of chemistry and angi* .n * com bined with, some jD^e<ir>]c'dokcntoorw, leodngee---thiardsoretnogfionneee-r d me-third chemist. His obctivia arc the protection and ' ,r0;emcnt of the health and jcty of workers from all man or o' harmful exposures related occupation. From this you will note that dus.ial hygienists and safety in :ers ha 'e pretty much the e objectives an d a re mem,rs of the sane ieam. Actually, ig functions oi each are someroes so inter- ft 1'ted it is not Ksihle to draw riear lines of parstion. Nor is '.t necessary to j so, for if a man's health is ndaugered by working conditions ;is an important p.art of his safety icture. In many industries, safety nd ndustrial hygiene arc corolinec.in the same department. In the petroleum industry, hovv- Uke people, chemicals are of m an y ty p e s a n d d ispositions. Mewl are unoom ploining, law -abiding citizens w ho present no special problem s. Some are unstable and u n p re d ic ta b le . Some ore out-andout neurotics, re q u irin g and observant discipline. Others, harm less by them selves, m ay be influenced by b a d company- btili o th e rs a r e tro u b le m a k e rs in soli tary , b u t docile a n d heiPiu l, " tandem . Some are just plain bad " --From B jni.blica.tion by Du Ponfs Haskell Laboratory of Toxicology ft ft ft ft ft 'ft ft ft ft ever, industrial hygienists are usually attached to the medical department and work as closely as possible with the safety depart ment. There is good reason why the petroleum industrial hygien ists must lean heavily upon the safety department. In the petro leum industry the concept or in dustrial hygiene is relatively new and is considerably behind simi lar activities in the chemical ana other industries, consequently, me number of petroleum industrial hygienists is exceedingly small. On the other hand, safety de partments are well established, well acquainted and close to the every day problems of the petro- leum industry, and have considerably more coverage and man- 1p1i power* To illustrate, the American t.-ii Petroleum Institute's roster of -j safety and fire protection person- .5,1 nel lists some 1200 names, pTob- ably not all. in this occupation, Contrasted to this, to the best : of my knowledge, there are at present only 17 industrial hygien ists working for petroleum com- . names--an industry ratio of ap proximately 70 safety men to one i n d u s tr ia l hygienist Most of the major oil companies now have at least one industrial hygienist and from 50 to 100 safety men, so you . can see it is very necessary for 3 us to work with and through our safety people. * Basically, the practice of indus- | trial hygiene in "the petroleum in- | dustry is the same as in any other | industry and it can be boiled | down to four general principles: | 1. A knowledge of the toxicology ] of chemicals and materials. j 2. A review of all chemicals or materials used and how ban--I died and the tabulation of toxic or potentially hazardous sub stances, . 3. The measurement of worker exposure to hazardous sub stances. . 4. If required, the recoromenaa- tion and installation of ade quate control measures and the evaluation of the effectiveness of such corrective steps. TABIE 1--EFFECT OF AICQHOl LEVEL IN BLOOD*' : of Whiskey Consumed in 1 Hr. or less1 1 2-3 5-6 8 10 16 24 30 % Alcohol in Blood 0.01 0,02 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 - 0.5 0.6 - 0.7 B ehavior Normal Feeling ot warmth, _ pleasant social behavior. Judgment blunted Boastful, impulsive ' Officially stall sober Fumbling, staggering gait, clumsiness, slurred speech Officially drunk. Responses and motor coordination strongly effected.' Helpless, nausea Stupor Coma Paralysis of the respiratory center--death. Spectrum, JAMA, March. 27, 1354 11 Safety Nows, April, 1755 Toxicology of Chemicals . In regard to Item 1, the Toxi cology of Chemicals, it is usually | difficult 'to adequately define a hazardous material because prae- : ticolly anything can be safe .or j harmful depending upon how or i where it is used ITor example, air and water are not regarded as harmful, but both are quite deadly under certain conditions-- air if injected into the blood stream and water if introduced into the lungs. In the same manner, the use of . carbon tetrachloride in a process having properly designed ventila tion would not be hazardous, while ths use of carbon tetrachlo ride for mopping floors would be quite d a n g e ro u s. Moat safety people are aware that carbon tet rachloride is a hazardous chemi cal because there has been con.--To page 103 .1i1'r* , Safe Tab at Leaf /\A/anf io ' -fji-bolas Alksnwwh, of Ltmgh- England, b is a new job tor the first tin e in his life, 7 feels secure, sajs a Chicago -,011 story. ,\]kemade's tost ;ob was rear dinn[1e5-r* -i-n- a bombe;. On a m-ist, rt over Germany in 1944, his ilinc was hit and ca i.giit fire. The ' j(`t ordered the crew to bail out, I t Aikemade's pirachute was j I 7 i Sb-- So was his clothing. Faced I ,v c ertain death if he rem ain ed I in the plan. Alkemade jumped _without a chute. As he tumbled he id over heels, he lost consciousness. Three hours later he came to--b a big snow drift. The 3% mde fall, plus the snow , bad put out the flames in his clothing. H ie sn<w had.brokea his landing. He started to walk, but discov ered a knee was irjured. It col lapsed on him. He spent the rest of*the war in a prison camp. a Ajofbterin thae fawctaorr,y.AlAkemniandee fgooott niece of steel fell on him. He knocked out but lived, He changed his j >b and started pumping ammonia from a tank, where nothing could fall on him. But his electric pump shorted. The shock knocks! him out al though his rubber soled shoes saved his life. As he slumped in the tank, his gas mask slipped off. An alert colleague saved him. He changed his oh again. His new task involved transfer of sul phuric acid. The hose broke and arid sprayed over him, but prompt spraying with a neutral izing chemical agrin saved him. Alkemade, now '.12, and amazed to he alive, has a new job again-- selling accident insurance. Industrial Hygiene --From page 21 siderable publicity regarding its toxicological effects, and in some eases, restrictive libeling require ments have been passed, for ex ample, in New York City, Many "'Her chemicals used in the petro- .m industry have inherent toxic qualities of the same magnitude, yet are not so wel. known. In r e g a r d to toxicology, there Knit-lined ? TM sSttx@ iS' INDUSTRIAL CLOVES Ac home a dog offers its owner a daily exam ple of real com fort. PIONEER'S objective in designing Sranzoii Duplex Industrial Gloves togivethosewhowear 0 k 0k them the same kind of & f a | 9 comfort at work. For N L -3 4 D u p le x i a 1ig h tw e ig h t e la stic k n ltHncd gjov o f neoprene w ith stra ig h t finger orid n o n - s lip g r ip . S m a ll, m e d iu m end large sixes In 1014* lengths. comfortable hands arc busy bands, and protected hands are bcaiihy hands. Where comfort, maximum protec tion, ccnsile strength and abrasion, tear, aging, flame and heat resistance are important, and a safe oon-slip grip necessary .. .v h e re re sist ance to alcohols, acids, bases, oils, amines, greases or ketones is essen tial . . . where all these specifications form the basis for your buying deci sion, there's only one answer . . . PIO N EER 'S Neoprene Stanzoi) Duplex Gloves. . Pick the best, most economical glove for the job from 32 PIONEER styles (including neoprene, rubber and plastic gloves), weights, sizes, and colors snown *in the '`P IO N E E R In d u stria l] Glove Catalog." P IO U S ! 'ftuUeA/CWpAUf 1 237 Tiffin Road, W illard, Ohio, U. S. A, Qualify Giovo* for o v e 33 T o o F O O T -T O E -LE G Protection by "S a n k e y J9 "SANKEY" IMPROVED Tho mstal shiold (above) is designed fo furhish a maximum amount of protection to the entire front of the foot-- wot merely the toes alone, but also to the instep against hazards from falling, rolling or flying objects, or from accidental tool blows. R> Absolute freedom of leg motion, utmost pro tection and comfort como with the Ug-contouT shaped "Sankey'* fibre shm guard [right), o Fibre knee-shin guard (right] provides flexbie knee movement on jobs with both knee ana shin hazards. FOOT GUARD For moro Informofron write today ELLWOOD SAFETY APPLIANCE CO. 219 SIXTH ST,, ELLWOOD CITY, PA. N o le n ti/ S afely N ew s, A pri/, J?S 5 DfjJfH'JtiibtTnp, I ! Il I Got P U ST STO RM TH RO AT? YOU MEP FOE The respirator that's made to order for protection against dust, fumes and paint spray! Has everything, and more than you will find in units costing twice Ehe price! Double filters; soft rubber face mask; sani tary face doth; exclusive Dupor valves for controlled breathing; panorama vision! E c o n o m ic a l protection that you cannot afford to be without! Write for sample, $2,00 postpaid! H* 5, COVER/ SOUTH BEND/ l N D, "Respiratorsjor Industry since 1894" Sup 6 A d e c fc it e d L, 6 "I1 9 Insect Repellent Workers swatting insects can't keep their minds on the job. The result? Produc tion drops and accidents rise. Why run this risk? Protect outdoor " workers from mosquitoes and black flies, with "6-12" Insect Repellent. It's available in gallon cans for use in. haDdy liquid dis pensers, or in individual 2-oe. bottles and 1-os. sticks. Costs less than a penny a day per user. Write today for free samples and name of nearest supplier. i 'LL USE IT, Place these handy ,<6-12M[nsect Rcpellrnt risers around the plant near the outdoor work arwi*. Coritueier Produds Doporfmenl C A RS DS A N D C A R B O N C H EM IC A LS C O M PAN Y A DtvU on of Union Carbido ond Carbon Corporation 3> Eas" 4 2nd Street, N e w York 17, N- Y. Pteoso ier>d me a free ample o f "6 > 12'* Insect RopeJlonti 0 Stick 0 UqoJd Nome.,, Title, firm .... Address, City. . Z o n e , .Stoic. 704 are three ways in which a s u b stance can cause adverse effects! upon man: 1. It can be ingested or swallowed : 2. It can be h arm fu l by direct contact with ths skin or nart. o ik e b o d y. 2. It can he Inhaled as gas, vapor, mist or dust. Ingestion Fortunately, petroleum mate-, rials are not commonly or inten tionally taken in te r n a lly an<j therefore, trouble from this is rather rare in a refinery, although it does occasionally occur un knowingly. I recall watching a worker who had been complaining : of stomach trouble, -whose duties! involved the compounding of lith arge or lead oxide in a doctors solution--this man proceeded tot empty the bags of litharge into i outdoor mixing tank and becau of the dust and mists generated he'! correctly wore a respirator. Of course, his hands were covv ered with lead oxide, and to my amazement, the first thing he did when he came down off the cat- - walk was to take an orange out . of his lunch box which he started . to peel and eat--probably one of; the most effective ways to lead poisoning. Unfortunately, when petrole products get into the hands < : customers, ingestion is more frc-^^Vrv quent, usually by small children^$|ji_ whose parents carelessly lea\ ^ products within easy reach. Yc **?% know that every year there a: % fatalities reported from childriiT drinking kerosene. We have hadiylyfj hurry calls from doctors invoh ing children drinking penetxatir oil and fly sprays, Some tiroi adults are even worse, as ihet. - are many cases of anti-freeze poi soning, drinking of brake fluid,- and one I recall of our radiator flush which contains muriatic acid and chlorinated hydrocarbon, This product is fully labeled, in cluding skull and cross bones. It should be emphasized that hardly a substance exists that is not capable of producing effects on the human body if taken in sufficient amounts or under the wrong circumstances. Even com mon table salt, if used in sufficient quantities, is toxic. It is reported National Saloly Now*. Apfiii it-U hai rnsny years ago the Chinese | a'0ie salt as a means of J S r f t f n g suicide. Every chemj substance, therefore, has a -to?d= dose and a toxic dose f?jnan. This can be illustrated ? ` following data on a widely d commodity, shown in Table I. Skin and Body Contact Approximately 60 per cent of jj complaints received by our department are concerned with dermati is and skin irritations re sulting from contact with petro leum materials. By far, the fflajority :f these complaints are from customers so this subject is very important in the marketing :of petroleum products. k Case; among our employees or :jn our refineries are few when comparid with those among in dustrial users of petroleum prod- cts, and it is believed th at the reason for this is due mainly to the degree or extent of contact. Iln the petroleum industry skin -"contact is not generally experi enced 'o the extent that it is, for example, in the metal working industries where a daily eight hour skin contact with cutting oils often tikes place. It is definitely established that skin is not an impermeable bar rier to chemical substances, and it is increasingly important as a ^route of absorption for many ma terials. Action of chemicals on -skin may be local, resulting in t derma titis. Examples we are fa , miliar with are kerosene, cutting toils, etc., or a chemical may be , absorbed through the skin and cause damage to blood or internal ' parts of the body. Lead tetraethyl, as an illustration, does not affect . the skin or cause dermatitis but .can penetrate the skin and cause internal poisoning. . Regarding external or local skin effect', chemicals may be classi fied e;l;her as primary irritants or sensitizing agents. A primary ir ritant is a chemical that may cause dermatitis in Individuals frequ sntly after only one contact. They may have a strong chemical action such as acids, alkalis, aminos, etc., or they may have a Weak chemical action but require prolonged contact to cause der matitis. Most petroleum hydro carbons are primary irritants but National Safety News, April, 1955 W H Y R IS K A T R A F F IC A C C ID E N T IN Y O U R P L A N T ? Kleor-Vu Safety Mirrors are the answer to the dangerous blind corner problem in your plant or warehouse. They are also adaptable for outdoor use In your parking lot, loading dock area or other points where traffic converges. Mounted a t cross aisle intersections, entrances and exits a t a height of S to 10 feet, Klear-Vn Safety Mirrors clearly reflect oncoming intersection traffic fq fctofb pow er tru c k o p erato rs and Styl CUcuIar topvox Circular convax Circular convex Flat ractanguiar Flat roctooguiar No. Dimwwlon* pedestrians* 120 12" diam. 180 18" dlam. Available in eith er convex or flat 240 24" dium, giass styles, the m irrors are easily in 9)8 9" x 16" stalled and quickly adjustable to any 1-640 16"x 24" desired angle. LESTER Le BROSSARD CO. 540 N, MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAG011, ILL , Write for Bulletin. CHOOSE FROM 115 MODEL TO MEET YOUR EXACT s < I" , Only Bnllymore ROLL-OH.-GIUP eil-welded-stcel ladders as sure you of just the right portable safety stair for each need. A standard she range from one to twelve steps; a choice of three safety treads (expanded steel lath, steel grip-strut, or rubber-dad steel plate); optional binged shelves or removable baskets; and a wide choice of widths within each size--ttiese extras add convenience to the superior safety, feature built into every Ballymore-- the original -- safety-step ladder. . BALLYMORE Safety-Sfep " fodo/y* iroiftod lopiojflnta!1* In principal Toi SAltYMORE COMPANY. WAYNE 17, PA. f ) Forward Iroo cololoa oi Sofy.St*p Laddnn. ( ) Hoy foprelntot>v tot! la urvo? n*y tofeiy* Inddar pood*. Compony N e w S a f e ty - GRIP-STRUT stair treadls custom made to your exact > Here for the first time is a really SAFE stair or ladder step, combining the proven features of Safety GRIP-STRUT material with a double locked carrier plate to provide additional safety-over present types. ! Jo your own individual size ot lb* tod ary i cod is amazingly low...you cos buy a Jloncfarrf )8" stair trend inlots of 50 for $2.40 each. Prkis proportionately lower In greater quantities. DistHbufofs In oil principal cities, ion* suit your (lassifted telepfoao directory. The G lobe C om pany M pnufaciuror* since t9f4 40T5 5, P rin ceto n Avc. C h ic a g o ?, Illinois Whenever normal lighting is interrueted* no matter what the.reason--you get adequate emergency lighting INSTANTLY. Your customers and employees arc safeguarded against injuries; property daTUtge, pilferage, loss of process control is minimized. Extele Lightguards arc UL-upproved and can be plugged in in o n 6, 0perallTs uistaotly--each lamp illuminates up to 10 000 sq. Ft. Exide battery in one lamp unit provides pot'er for more than 8 hours of continuous lighting. Once no-mal power is restored, automatic controls recharge the dependable, long-life, trouble-free Exidc battery, for facts on why Extde Lightguards guarantee more protection for every dollar you invest in such equipment. WODSTRIM. DIVISION, Tlie Elrarie Stores. Duuety Co., Pliii.iDtlohia 2, pa. 106 are classed in the latter catetxQ- in that prolonged contact is ^ ally required to cause irri ^ OQr Sensitizing agents, on the oth hand, are chemicals that .ernocuous to most skin but catv.w of producing dermatitis in aP f susceptible individuals follow-in repeated contacts over a long p / riod, Sensitization may requhi weeks, -months or even years of contact with the material "before dermatitis develops. As mentioned above,, the petro.' leum industry is now handling large quantities of chemical addi tives and inhibitors, many of which are strong primary irritant*, and very active chemical con-" pounds. By nature, inhibitor;, usually have to be very poten" chemicals because while they used in very low' concentration!., they exert a powerful influence., on the characteristics or perfornvt ance of the product, and many off the inhibitors are just as poien towards man. " One very active class o inhibi tors are the amines and substi tuted amines, and we are par ticularly concerned about them because they are very damaging to the eyes, and a splash can readily result in blindness, Th amines are usually strong smell ing caustic liquids, insoluble in water, hence difficult to remoy^ by washing. They can cause sever1' eye burns and necrosis of eye tis sue. In addition, most amines readily absorbed through the ski' and even low quantities ma; cause internal damage and dea Employees should, of course, fully alerted as to the hazards such materials and should be edueji cated to the use of protective gog gles, gloves and aprons. The foregoing applies to con centrated or undiluted inhibitors.'. Finished p e tro le u m products should and usually do contain such a small quantity, and the inhibitor is so diluted, as to result in practically no more harm in the- finished product than there would be from the straight mineral oil itself. Industrial d e rm a titis cases sometimes result in erroneous conclusions as to their cause, even by those who should know better- I recall the case of a young nian Notional Saloty News, April, ,, rarked in a gasoline station developed a severe dewnati- , jre v'ent to a physician, who nde patch tests on him and found had * sensitivity to special soline mt no reaction to regu lar jasoliae. ... , , Apparintiy, the physician had J d sp-scial gasoline contains a 0f ie;.d because the case was se(| as resulting from an caress 0-: lead tetraethyl in the f L ia] g solute. We thought this ^ n e e 3 because while we all that lead tetraethyl is a ddent noison and can be aborbed through the shin, it is not '^primary skin irritant and has ~er been known to cause der- gtitis. a revi:-w of records of gasoline ' men 's into the particular area wed 'he regular gasoline actukc o n 'abed the same or some es m ire lead than the special " 'line, clearly proving that lead methyl was not to blame, but jf some other material was pbnsble. Inhalation ,,,;0f tb< three avenues by which cmica ,s can be taken into the '1y, inhalation probably has re ved by far the most study and `estigation because it is the ,.6st inportant consideration in .ustri il health. The vast amount IreseErch on the inhalation of teria s has resulted in the 'leaf ion of very u seM data .'safe human exposure levels own is threshold limit values, Tsmaxirnum allowable conceniftjaons The list is compiled an_ly by the American Gonferc^Tof Governmental Industrial "gienists and is- published hy American. -Medical Associa te It tabulates the maximum ^ount of the various materials orker:; can safely be exposed to an eight-hour working day houi injury to health. A few of the materials encoun- *d in tlie petroleum industry . list'd in Table II. TABLE II Gases and Vapors Sttlstcnce PPM *** (benzol) ............. 35 fon dioxide ........................ 5000 -r monoxide ........................... 100 Vh.bo&.tefeacHoride ................. 25 Safafy Havrs, April, tf55 | f | l D on't sto p traffic m M to re p a ir floors~~uso WMiPermamiirihe new olf-tem p erato ro l i p DRY TAMP.floor, patch. ^ 0RY TAMP MEANS SPEER * No sn-bky mass to dig out of th e drum o r to handle Permamlx d ry pours * sets instantly * feather edges perfectly n no production delays non-skid surface. ALL TEMPERATURE * Won't free irz? m s h e stored or u sed in any* tern** ' perature - will store indefinitely a stock room item * will not " set" in drum w hether open or covered , .m istakes Just can't hap pen. Tamp in place and traffic.rolls. CUTS MAINTENANCE COSTS on concrete brick, tile or asphalt floors no special equipm ent or skill n eed ed B a one man job comes in durable 5 0 lb. n e t w t. fibre drums * solve your floor patching problems for good. Write for Details Now I ^ PEKMAMIX CORPORATION _ -1- < \ 1 i i1 * i -i | i P01Y-R0PH Triple strand rope of polyethylene plastic; two strands of yellow, one of black. Attractive and high visibility. Immediately identifies a restricted area m that it curries out the standard CAUTION colors. TENSI STRENGTH OVER 400 POUNDS NO SAG OR STRETCH Has high di-electric properties. Not affected by oil, Will not readily absorb dirt. May be easily cleaned. WRITE FOR SUUET/N NO. 93 'Sa^U f E quipm ent ioia U % d a /d /tiek in D U S T R im PRODUCTS tO ltlP R llV 2850 N. FOURTH ST., PHILADELPHIA 33, PA, V- kiv-li '"l! u \I Gasoline ..................... Hydrogen sUlSde . . . Naptha (petroleum) Octane ...................... Suliur dioxide ....... Toxic Dusts, fu m e s , and Mists Th,y INSULATE jp ,, Substance Cu. Sj, Iren oxide fume ......................... IS ' Lead .......................... . -...... . 0,15 Sulfuric acid ................................ 1 Th,y FU0TEOT They ere F0N0TUREPftOF M ineral Dusts Substance flfPPCF Asbestos ....................................., 5 Dust (nuisance, no free silica) ,, 50 No. 504-S Silica high (above 50% free Si02) .. 5 medium (5 to 50% free S103) .. 20 low (below 5% free SiOj) ... 50 Steel Toe Shoe These values are based on the One cosily Foot Accident could have paid for 1000 Pairs of Wooden Soles. Reece has a shoe or sandal to fit your needs. Write fa r C atalog best available infonnation from industrial experience, from ex-|j perimental studies, and, when] possible, from a combination of; the two. They are not fixed values! but are reviewed annually by thef Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or addi-j tions as further information be-; comes available. Threshold limits it/ should be used as guides in the H No. 51 Strap-on Sandal DEPT. N-S-4-55 COLUMBUS, NEBRASKA control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine _ lines between safe and dangerous 3 concentrations. They rep resen t'! conditions only Within which it is? felt that workers may be re Diomond Bulletin Boords oro ovaiSob io in single a nd doable unite. peatedly exposed, day after day,! without their health being acP versely affected. . I cannot overemphasize the, importance of the threshold limb values. I b e lie v e th a t every! safety man should be fam ily with,, them and have, copies of til complete table, because they have been incorporated in state coder //' r*\ and have the force of law in many; states, and therefore, must bej complied with. So far some 19j To stop those passing eyes...and GET YOUR MESSAGES READ Insfsll DIAMOND Bulletin Boards states have written threshold lfcr values into their laws and ofte: management is not aware of suchj requirements but would be in a,; vulnerable position, if trouble re*suited from excessive exposure toj any of the materials. Usually it When you install Diamond Bulletin Boards you are setting up lasting "message centers" where your messages are easily readable and protected from the elements. Employees can r >ad them at any time because Diamond Bulletin Boards are illuminated and ventilated so that the glass will not fof up to the safety people and the| industrial hygienists to alert rnan-j agement to the existence of these codes and to institute measures|j for the measurement of air cor.-ij taminants so as to insure complH Write for further information and prices. SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY C O M P I ,iWV-. 1 ance. Even gasoline has a maximumf safe level which is 500 parts PerJ s#-' iHon. The su it of exposure 01 concentrations greater than 500 *p"pni i*s shown by the following: TABLE IIM SA59UNB EXPOSURE n`oms: Hea.da-.he, irritation of eyes fi"T,p' mid tf root, dizziness, nav- sex., 1jss of eowriousness, death. Paris Per Million % ,,ximum allowatle ` concentration for prolonged exposure 500 0,05 Slight symptoms after several hours . ............... 1000 0.1 linvimuni concentration A r a b i a for 1 t r ............ 5000 0.5 Dangerous for short exposure ..........................iwuu 1.5 ratal for short exposure. .25000 2.5 Lower explosive limit........ 14000 1.4 Product Labeling One very important function of aJ ihe industrial hygienist is in. resrl gard to precautionary labeling of H ' product This is receiving more JjEgnd more emphasis as state after state passes labeling regulations. jf ]^ie most recent is the State of $ Hew York where the Council on " Public Health passed labeling regulations which became effec tive August 2'-., 1954, as Chapter IX-A of the New York State Sani tary Code. Those labeling regula tions have the force and effect of law and reefare precautionary labeling on any product which en . tails a hazard in- a reasonably i;anticipated us;. A hazard is de fined as: I m e risk of K.jury or illness which m ay be encountered during or as a repreailt of any reastnabiy anticipated type Sf.of handling or ii3e of a substance, or .fettering its specif)2d use, if any, hy rea r son of the toxicity of the substance h through ingestion, inhalation or absorp- ' tion through the skin, or due to its corrosiveness or irritating properties, or because of its itammability or explo- - siveness. Similar labeling regulations al ii ready exist in California, Illinois, | Oregon, and the Territory of i Hawaii, and are in the making in : New Jersey, New Hampshire, , Ohio and Rhode Island, More can I be expected. Fortunately, most I. state regulations are guided by i recommendations of the Manu ; factoring Chemists' Association, f Inc., and with some few excep ' Eons, conformity in one state re\ suits in conformity in other states, t It is recognized that, as a rule, H labeling re g u la tio n s of many |f! Products are advisable and result W hi safer handling of the material jjj; ^lioiraf Safety Nows, April* ??^S CUT 6L0VE COSTS waMwiui *mm*tam**K**wn* TR IP U P ALM design allmmates the "fa ilu re points of ordinary work gloves, resulting in multiplied glove life , . , greatly reduced glove costs. Knit-wrist or gauntlet style with coated or "freeb re a th in g" bocks. Ask your jobber of write lor information. THE RUBBER CO, CofrolUon, Ohio I Canada: Safety S u p p ly Co., Toronto NO SEAM HERE t o RIP OUT . . , YOng thumb (ontKpieco p a lm an d thum b) construction fof multiplied wsrv* iee tifo Make Ifoar Own Wl'ffl & fr iftd m d ^ x C P` m $ & This bulletin illustrates a simple and inexpensive way of con structing your own-guards for moving parts, such as: fly wheels, gears, and belts, and for individual punch press dies. Only ordinary tools, such as a hack saw, hand snip, hammer and screw driver are needed. When properly constructed, guards made of sturdy M& K parts will comply with State and insurance requirements and will conform with Ameri can Standard Safety Cades. * 5M5 FHImere Striwt, <3ii<so 4, illinui 6 , 114 liberty 5trot, NW York N. Y. |U' i Sfcl 1 Wear Steel-Grip Aluminized Asbestos Safety Apparel Aluminized asbestos fleets up to 95% radiant heat, and won': burn. Steel-Grip has tailored this material into well-fitting, properly proportioned safety gar ments that protect workers while allowing full free dom of movement. Unexcelled for hot-metal handling and processing. Every yard of cloth has been care fully selected for uniform quality, bach garment-bears \j| the Steel-Grip label, your guarantee of wear and satisfaction. Available as coats, pants, aprons, sleeves, leggings spats, gloves, mitts and curtains. Many uses in industry, Many advantages to users. Write for test swatches or trial . fo bo svr l c( ibti Go* rno garments. We manufacture a */,,f of guaranteed, tested and ap proved safety apparel m leather, tfuek, Pernio-Proof material* aibeitos, uiml. D ym t doth. /.v- eoUte-eoand materials, alautt- num-coated materials, etc. . - . known the country oyer for qual ity and. deptjnfulrbiV, W rttf to day for catalog. Den?ond title Trado M<wfc INDUSTRIAL GLOVES COMPANY <z corpAtalian 1704 G a rfie ld Slreel, D a n v ille , Illin o is (In Canada; Sflfoly Supp ly C o,, Toronto) GUARD AGAINST The Hazards of Sudden Blackouts Big Beam Model 2ATW with storage battery and built-in charger that keeps battery fully charged at all times, Variety of models to choose from. , , Sudden blackouts breed confusion, panic, property damage, bodily injury --even loss of life. You can have completely dependable pro- ,, teetion against sudden blackouts by installing Big Beam automatic emergency lights. (Plug into any con venient lighting outlet.) Then whenever regular lights fail, your Big Beam will provide hours of bright, safe illumination. PORTABLE ELECTRIC HAND LAMPS Model No. 468F Model No. 164 (Sealed Beam) 8 &EACQN tAM P FUro end Unferft Model Nn. 104 (Slondai-d Bulb) R ^ W rite for Cowp/eto /nforrootfem -- Model No. 211 1500-Foot Beom u - c LI TE MA N U F A C T U R I N G CO . 'chicagaZZ, llllnai. IN CANADA: Barnard Murk. * Co, t id - O w * Stroot, Toronto 5, Onh------- 110 by customers, b u t it req u ires I'S.fjy tensive work, knowledge of prod-lf*TM1 net and toxicological infornra-"' tion to determine w h at products must be labeled and now they should be labeled. In. our com pany's operations, w e use some what over 2000 basic chemicals or raw materials and manufacture some 3500 finished products which must be reviewed individually. To illustrate, the following are just a few of the hazardous mate rials that are encountered in petroleum refinery operations or 1 that might he compounded into finished products: Respiratory Irritants Acrolein Acetaldehyde Aluminum Chloride Ammonia Asbestos Ditertiary butyl para crosol Dusts, physiologically inert, general Dusts, atiapulgus ciay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst Formaldehyde Fluorides Furfural Inhibitors Lime Nitrogen oxides Ozone Pine Oil Silica Smoke Sulfur dioxide Welding fumes Tome Materials Aniline, liquid Aniline, dye Benzol (benzene) Cadmium Carbon Monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chrome compounds ' 1 - Cobalt, metal Hydrogen sulfide inhibitors Lead, metal & fumes Lead, oxide, litharge Lead, soaps Lead, tetraethyl Manganese ' Mercury Methanol Radioactive materials, general Toluol (Toluene) Xylol (Xylene) Zinc Skin, irritants Acids--all kinds Amines Benzol (benzene) Caustics Chromium Saits Coal-tar Compounds Cobalt, metal and compounds Dyes Inhibitors Notional Safety News, Apr/ Jjidtcl nil*: -"ei^sJcal S : h igh boiling irem only look at the modern gasolines, fuel oils and' motor oils. Years ago motor oils were practically C at & s tc a ra c ri'i;k lr's ojls` ,,soluble cut line 100 per cent petroleum with little, . if any, additives; today they con phenol tain up to 15 to 20 per cent of Pitch events chemicals, additives and inhibi I t Lrj5ra violet radiator. tors, and this trend will continue U!;*|X. untreated because there is no question that The petroleum industry has ,.nde remarkable progress in the additives contribute- much to im prove performance c h a ra c te r development o: new and better uroduets and ia improving proo istics. Eve^y step in this direction, f i n g operations. Accompanying however, does pose new problems this progress ht.ve been new prob of health and safety among our lems of toxicol :gy and health en . plant personnel and our cus gineering which must be studied with the same real as other types tomers. of research. The advent of cata lytic cracking resulted in the pro duction and h;.ndltng of aromatic hydrocarbons, and of importance to us, health I roblems long asso ciated with the coal-tar industry. The use of nev. chemical catalysts, inhibitors, and other chemical compounds involve health prob lems that the chemical industries have faced foi years. To illustrate this trend we need Fork Trucks --From page 35 , er catalytic muffler--on mining and construction equipment, may add impetus to two growing trends in mining---the shift to ward trackless mining and the increasing use of diesel equip ment underground. The Coplay Cement Company, Coplay, Pa., has been using a B ecause we have th e w id est avail able selection of u nit p ack ets, and a broad choice of heavy d u ty kits, w e c a n p ro v id e y o u With t h e p e rfe c t com bination of kit an d fill fo r y o u r specific plant and field conditions. Call y o u r B ullard re p re se n ta tiv e . OPTICAU.r BRILLIANT, fo r skvom] d ay i. < a w n o t e work-interrupting lime for monuol v/ipiog pays dividend! . . . OPERATING ECONOMY. AVAILABLE ASr R(ilIMe SoH-Dlipsraina W i ll Cftbinvt Individual pocket applicator CORPORATION P/2 a n d 3'll o r . S p in y b o ttl= ORDER TODAY ihr Yr daalar or vrrlto Ppt. N - l bay Fifth Are. New York 17. N. Y. CY IW N IPRM CA .- k i t provides protection fo r firs t aid un der th e se v e re st field co n d itio n s. U nits p ack ed In a vinyl ro ll-u p belt. U N IT P A C K K IT w ith re p la c e a b le ru b b e r g a s k e t. S nap-looks open w ith a flick of th e finger, and close to seal o u t Indus trial d u st and m oisture. I is E.D.BULLARD COM PANY will* 1 W 30-0 2 T S E igh th LARDK " 1 1* @ prnctno C*H-ornln ni wmujMiMmwiomwiwwMBWTrai suction, hose nttiu.he.rt to a Ijtrpi.'.'Vpjlr in item foumljr)'; Bljusvin vptiv.l't.heneh grinders with exhaust huotk :. ijddio; A niijthod of iwiving dual inlu V v j'iTtcka J91 tpqfilfcry, ditiw .pH estirig e q u ip ' ~ ' `V 1 ' ' tent. ' ! Dumping gremiti silica onte the : .of a convcym1* Kale enclosed con iexhaust hood and use of approved respirator J>y operator. m p ';=:v^^-.'-!-as `fea&e- "".:;?.'F'|ff f l .... ?:?.. -iiKS in Y t # k n t | TIM RE % , . cn b,Sj<8iBfed.:|j cbeck o duiit ;tY>hchtttok/b' you* piatti.' - t ^ 4 :'*.''^ k i^ r ' ' easy operation: j the Cormier aids ittbccHttelMett- j. tnidttg th .ftcieftc-. o f ..vekti*;, ; lafttg iyi!tenia ais.cl other COtt'c- ' tive atti! prtctye devica ..aJid ; methods. . ....!. .a v J.' , ..::;^''y The B&L Dt' iBiiun''i! s :;ifcbhh;\ pace portable irait itidadihg.:' sam pling d evice, a datkdiect microscope and aiti efficient illum -. noting system. It can be used any where in the plant. Comes com plete with all necessary accessaries in a rugged wooden carrying case. Write for details to Rausch &. Lomh Optical Co., 681 St. 'Paul St.. Rochester, N . Y . , B U M S it I titth i 'QOjp^'i-j^S^Vijg'f*,.m^:.a. ar,.pThls.^if omi)hyijH|its ;11 -yeais' tt Ws kowri: ?Q-1^9,498 p^ngt;!hte;>v |J.. ^ ""*s6' wfhout jpsshger or crw csuait.1 l-;lod<ls at'freq{iH.J^I&d:,' . 'Briilit, vvljlct tml lt in Match . .hiers, shk^tj fti^iilftsi. Si __ ^ had/.het, fost ef passfengr, w a s'.1"ying:tquipffinfc'.Lifeftsflg: dliciij^.^K second jn. Group B;.\vith total M \ <' 47j9S6,S88 passnger miles withont. '..]-,ffieddrs' and'mim'gil'tichmes'i'iilfflsill!t il | i.i|iii a ftfffity .'tibfough th'e ars .93M&,' r''. devicsS are:'rStiir^ :' ohiine&Uii: Air Lins and AA iitt' 'LT itnhoebs Wwubhihi sCra-rffeiatfytr khnonnoorres Mui'dv:;..- ; fProper3 dekgeii iithi /tVfHiea\'A'.'O;1*;1;.plW6ye4d a- t .4t-lib*. ~ t isi&ijjriin t *v efiaif illMiKS'tl.!..1 third group -- lines flying; less than. :vij! ^ k ^ y d v :Efamkr^^haattds<>^^ ^|p 2,000,000 miles a year. . ' ' ' ! ,tlfcpardcl^<pp*ad<^*';-)ti-fe.'86t^ ,^ ^ | A special'; safely award also Was ally .tiecogBb&4.lik#Mr^;ihat -ft presented ti? United Air Lines in re- dition to local &s%'^i^j^4'^ M ^ - ' i | ognitioii of "outstanding contribu- titotlng System-fiat,vdlf keep 'alt ajl of w h i c h % the work if : w h ich- they.'^rP iJe^igired to do. wiWr ' ||.A$g a.mle?"gi|ii|^^.)!^e)!Pr33.iP per- * p j^ T O J.G O T ........... .. , . r . , ?j j process are . M fans; fev strategieaily% ^||firiay he .u?ed. .to . 1 "!W through. I V dwct^ vL `nl<4' atoos- :?';;iljp tra ]\G IN YOUR PLANT fe'^ p jy:. ^ | | ^ ^ ^ i | t n i d i t y ;con m . 1 fi* &atwujtj:.of1;'cojiR^fi p ^ i r g e i 'tb, ' ^ ^ h e ' ^ ^ i j i t ^ ^ l p l ^ d ; Here; ^-.:-/iioit*;ii!^iiie.- toj>' :-r : ,. . fW tik .lw & h W fixture* Ufi> f<i'r'<ijn\rlt pour diufrilmti&n u* vJt<tn`i >> M -''v l i l : ' : '-. iWwiWlWo?, ** tiui r&tull. f y f 6<ici HttittQ condition,*; tfc iUunthtuliun in JouU > /'[' *''" utudUl* throughout V u worli i<i/fa khoMid.bc'rrawnuplv tmiforvi. Property .V'* *|wcfo0 tk* lighting fiM u r^ iitf i)koiunOr.Uw, r^utt* in yrMtor vnSforUq. hi>m:"v :T^- tfcsijte; |:.VW)!r 'f-'.tlh'i t.!..:-V^:.f"'. y p ' : V L** t.*r_;fl i.'il. * w w m *. >W,r- . :if-'F . V W * . I'S & tin u d x i t t b V r > > \ A. C ' 1* ! ? '* U W U M . *ti ' * ! n U v t r t :; :::^*ieijith lig h t source aodtpidwa)* her 1 .1 Ige'seraf, direct lighiiogw UAW-diJuHtUH " '.iwkofiiilUcbt` W fW ? m M P ltfyr ypj' ' &$ W aced n o 'further Anppaart.. t h a n t h e i r S' have Jightiing curye lhat resembles a \ heigrht al),oe.the' floor. Wlttjre suppte- ?,-iiid^irptj^ttiiter'Avith its '.^hai'p I-: mentiry,:iljihiing is qulred, gttieriil ':: ieliihl>5'"i.i'i.ri::-* ' ' ' -'".'; '$;l\ ;>,tighf' ^ kdwW 1* be tisetl- Btitf. be-Pf. W rite Oemenil ifllectric Co., Dept. . i1.' f,LA.*y* *. l^ftl T7 XtitL.1 'D.imIm /'I I.. .>1.,3 / i 166 l.i.-m K^ ,- ^ A z 4 t iif p : ,,..,. ')!?$&:St0 ; ' ri'. ^dp-ndt, into the air if I ime^Hs jirogerly maintained. i . t i s t j r i g. buildings, median- iic^rfe'friovai pi dust by deans of a - 'ha^t>^at,dnsi js. probably the dost l'^eetl^;diians'6f control, although tateed at'a:`'''ri" "" at au ix itin i^ ^ ^ ^ U ^ ' ducb reducedrib^^ b^^ ' Phsid of dehby,Regmar fm . Like agi<v:'ferpei:''.'of ' aiipifib'-; mythology* i : l()N:rbMERTf "'Stii1'.-; did'Mtfii-haftdliniqdpden lveavteolrtowthhiestkJ>'.yoof;thfcrlotitgoti<U;si;.bsutiep*r.'/i^^bth^/dns f .contd *v":` ig, But milili tito Jtnagic crpt^j, i iiT^tyffig.-'^SiCl'.' attnfjdjW modera eleyiliot ; edh't .sddefal .-iV *--*- SbaAiOim'M drop you dtoidTtO itotlre jtoagb!i; Why? Bocwfe, .o a o tojtn a t ic a lly p rei i|p ]&% frotu falling evii i l! Ife S c ^ .' should b r e a k / 1,.'"S" ''/Sf/'tih |Sod V.rk dbn m J& Tlicr' no. inagic i t r e . jjst . txht systems, built into the *#- ipfieiL bu6fi^^.of|i_ good sound e n g i n e e r i n g . Mont- ; . -cTbifisare bebpmihg more comnibid -. .;.:priais fdr combr* tni iihvnyn been prominent 1 ..Wherever pbssible, buiiingsddidti" israifetthyededvienveesl.opTibheautt isoof neeloevf atthor ; be designed'for the oprations to be .- "**; * i 4 (1 $ reasons for the Wide spread accep tonduded. This-entails th -d of -,'' tant: of MONTCOMp/RX EmVATORS pclosed operations wherever pps- ~evw> theto ar,|P today! slble, provision of ample space to pre- .. OUIse must id:ltd;to tbe tn $ $ ;-i& vnt crowdings isolation -of .dwty Aik Us for Help with. ny Elevator . pupdht', and design of th biiilding ` Problems . to facilitate good housekeeping, Bev- , V ' died ledges, rounded corners eiidos- ' Or Snduia Bfe; t tire or bevelling of exposed beams, Safe drivers :'ar ;hMif and the'- installation of -built-in rewarded .hj^^tb^bBi* ttanufartarers o f all Types of Kletiatow vacuum cleaning systems are possible r'; companies -with preliflhito-i 1U^ ' WiirJ A Nn-Tchn.cai Symposium for Physicians and Laymen Conducted by C. O . Sappinglon, M . D., Dr. P. H., Director Industrial Health Division, National Safety Council Air Conditions and Health A Recent Survey of international Literature Editor's Note-- In Information Circuiar No, 6139 of the Bureau- of Mines, issued February, 1931, Dr. It, T. SayoTM, the Chief Surgeon, has made a summary of recent international literature' on the mihjort "Effect oil Workers of Air Conditions.'' An abstract/ of this material -ill appetir on this page in four instailments:. T. ``Dusts.'' tL "Toxic or Noxious Gases." I ll, "Ale norroal Temperatures and Humidities." IV. "Summary -and Bibliography." I. Dusts T HE control of dust and dust diseases has continued to be a matter of considerable concern with most of the industrial companies of the world'- This is indicated by the following summary of reports, which have been published in a num ber of foreign countries, as well as in the United States. Australia. The report f the Workers' Compensation Commission provides information in regard to 1,300 of the 1,500 workmen examined up to August 23, 1929. In substance, this gives the number of men exposed in different dusty trades, who con tracted tuberculosis, silicosis, and both diseases. In most instances the period of exposure was also noted. The Broken Hill experience' is rather unusual 5 during the period of the last eight years, the appearance of the first case of pneumonoconiosis is still awaited. George who reports, this above exprienee feels that two factors oper ate in the devlopmet of pneumono coniosis in a miner. He maintains that there is a tuberculous element in every cas of dust disease", even in *0-called " imple'' pneitinoiiocoiiioKew and supports this idea by calling at tention to th fact that-of many men exposed to exactly similar conditions only a percentage are affected by dust. A large percentage of the men with so-called " simple" pneumono- eomo.sis have developed so-called "overt" tuberculosis, even when re moved to surroundings where it is most unlikely they would be reinfect ed by the tubercle bacillus. Further more, in most radiographs of so- called " simple" pneumonoconiosis, an area suspicious of either healed or incipient tuberculosis can be recog nized, if a careful search is made for 'it. , Chapman believes that in some in dividuals, particles of silica are ab sorbed in the lungs without giving rise to silicosis, while in others, the particles are not absorbed but give rise to inflammatory areas starting silicosis. This leads him to believe that the inflammatory process occurs in persons who are already the sub ject of tuberculous inflammation. A further essential difference is found in the fact that early tuberculosis tends to attack the apices of the lungs, this portion tending to be the last attacked by silieotic inflamma tion. . . . England. Bridge gives credit to Collis in originally drawing attention to th effects of the inhalation of oc cupational dust containing free silica,but states that even he did not visu alize the widespread nature of the industries in which free-silica-con taining dust occurs. Few if any, dusts occur in industry that will not produce, at least in cer tain individuals, an inflammatory condition of the skin; the economic willta from this, however, are as nothing compared with cancer of the skin produced by dust. Of increasing importance to tl mining communities, according 1 The Colliery Guardian, is the oecu rence of cases of silcosls in coi miners. Investigations of shales i the vicinity of coal seams and tl quantity and nature of dust sn pended in the air in undergroun places where drilling is carried on will probably be shortly undertake by Birmingham University. The Lancet emphasizes the diffci enee in the fibroid reaction resulti from exposui'e to asbestos dust an that to silica dust as encountered i gold mines. The former shows in tb radiogram, fine basal mottling an linear striae, whereas the latter show scattered dense rounded opacities According to Professor Matthe1 Stewart, a characteristic finding i the so-called " asbeStosis" bodies i the sputum of workers suffering froi the disease. . France. The only item of intei est in this country is the issuance c a decree by the French Ministry 0 Labor in November, 1929, whitobliges doctors to make notificatio of pulmonary affections caused b dusts of silica, lime, clay, or eoa The object of this is to obtain infoi mation as to te incidence of this typ of difficulties. 'Feil believes that th decree should bis modified to requii notification of silicosis only. Germany. In general, German i vestigators consider occupational dm the most important subject of indm trial hygiene and that .dust stands i first place as a cause of occupations disease. Jtten-Mnster summarizes the ir vestigation carried out by the Gov emment Research Division of the Ir stitut of Hygiene, University o Mnster, Bochum. Germany, in stai ing that the severest experiment? (Please turn to page 76) NATIONAL SAFETY NEW: Ah i S i'S f MR. SAFETY ENGINEER Daneer is alwavs found where least expected. Is your .factory yard safe? Do SW ACO Tools protect your men ? SWACO Hopper Car Wrenches open your coal cars safely. The ball bearing head operating with the two-way safety ratchet insures maximum security to your men. When the load is freed the handle remains stationary in the operator's hands. The S W A C O Car Mover moves your cars safely. The mover fits over - . the rail and grips the soft side sections thus assuring positive location and reducing the possibility of slip ping and consequent accident. . A tria l is yours for th e asking. . SAFETY WRENCH & APPLIANCE CO. WORCESTER, MASS. Are yon taking the fullest precautions against such a calamity and loss? Have you installed the latest, ap proved safety appliances for storing A pproved your waste, gasoline, naptha, alcohol and other' explosives and volatile liquids? If n o t-- do so today SURE! A pproved SAFETY A PPLIA N CES ^ ----- ----------- JUSTRITB SAFETY .A m iAJNICESare inspected and labeled by the Underwrite. Inc., and the i Associated Factories Mutual Fite 1t Ianlmworsat nsacfeetCy oanmdpLaOnWieEsfRiiIKNSKUfRp. ANCE RATES.. -Think what that m eans...S eeyoiirdealerorw nteua . for literature and attractive prices. JCuasptraicteityW--a6st,e8C.1o0n 2087 SHOUTTHS PtORRTI TAYBE M* -B - -' CHICAGO 14 gallon*. ItutrUe Safety-Cwi SUe*--1 pint to 5 gallon*. Industrial Health (Continued from page 46) changes were observed to be cause, by steel grinding dust, the next b dust of high silica content, such t rock dust (with clay slate) and poi eelain. Coal dust and lamp blac had a moderately Injurious effec while cement, limestone, Thomas slaj textile, and tobacco dusts were sti ess injurious, with lime dust in th form of calcium hydroxide the leas harmful. A difference of opinion occur among German investigators on th effects of dusts. Hollman of Solinge believes that tuberculosis should n< be regarded as an occupational dit ease -since its course is not more s< vere and the fatality not highe among grinders than among other ir dustrial workers. There appears to b an individual constitutional dispos tion toward pneumonoconiosis, th .preliminary conditions of which hav not been satisfactorily investigated i a scientific manner. As a preventiv procedure, X-ray examinations an investigations should take place i dusty industries every two or thrt years. The most important problem : prevention and this can be accon plished by the reduction of the dui hazard and controlling the spread c tuberculous infection. Von Dohren thinks that individui disposition toward the developmer of pneumonoconioses is importar and that the measure of this has nt yet been indisputably determine The time required for the develoi ment of pneumocotic changes is e: tremely varied. . According to Sternberg there still a wide differentiation betwee the findings of industrial dust-lun and the results of animal experimei tation. This is explained on the hi sis of the anatomical-physical diffe ence between human and animal ti sue, the long period of timS'require for the development of a dust-lun in man and other considerations. Griinwald thinks that most wor ers disregard the first results of tl action of dust, believing that sligl cough, sneezing and catarrh ai necessary evils of the occupation < inherited weaknesses of their fan ilies. Frequently such minor chang go on to deep-seated conditions 1 the lungs. The significance of di dust as related to the origin of an i fectious disease, is not that it is 77 &W&I earner but because it is a physical and chemical active preparatory irri tation for retaining the tuberculous infection. . Russia. Various investigations have been carried ont by the State Institute for Occupational Pathology and Industrial Hygiene of Ukraine., Porcelain dust was easily hydrotized when introduced into the animal or ganism, and caused local necrotic lesions and toxic effects of the in ternal organs. Crystalline kinds of silicate dust were not hydrolized; chamotte stood between porcelain and dust, and Hint and sand so far as hydrolytic properties were con cerned 5 coal dust, was not soluble j charcoal dust showed no observable picture of solubility and tissue reac tion ; marble and gypsum dust were w ill largely b e d eterm in ed thisi roarJ>y your accident rate. A nything th a t will protect your m en and reduce this w aste fu l co st, helps your profit m argin. hydrolized and tuberculous lesions E rd le P erfo ra ted M eta l e a sily a n d determined around the foci of these dusts. South Africa. The experience of this country can be very well sum marized in the words of Irvine and Mavrogordato as follows: although it cheaply m ade Into guards to fit your own requirem ents. B eing tailor m ade, they protect your machines and avoid accident lossesas well as the disruption of your production schedule. .. . , . , Erdle Metal Is flexible, yet practically unbreakable. It has a high degree of visibility, an important essential of a good guard. is believed that we have turned a big u# send you samples andfull details corner in the matter of silicosis, it is not. anticipated that the actual num ber of cases detected' will show any ERDLE PERFORATING CO. 171 Y ork S t ., R ochester, N. Y. significant, decrease in the immediate future. After years of hard work on the part of mining engineers, medical men. and others, a large measure ofsnei'css has been attained, but it is incomplte. When in 1916 we found that the libera! use of water, suitably Clean Motors are Safe Motors applied, would reduce the dust, from drilling or blasting by 97 or 98 per cent- by weight, the problem appeared to have been solved. It has been solved only so far. The question which we now ask is, could w not do better with less water and a greater extension of alternative methods? In August, 1930, an Internationa Conference on. Silicosis was held at Johannesburg, South Africa, attend ed by representatives of th principal " C aBdLiOl lWa cEF, "XT E E P S electrical windings clean with D ry Air. Reduces fire risk and 'JS. danger of "shorts" and "bnrnouts." Prevents dust accumulations which are dangerous to health and property. (Nozzle is made ot non countries interested in this disease. conducting material.) Summarizing the results. Hall feels that although no material addition was made to pre-existing knowledge, it served the purpose of collecting together all the available informa tion about dust diseases from all parts of the world ; it showed the po Sprays Insecticides A s a Sprayer, the CLEMENTS C A D IL I*^ applies nserticides w d disinfectants conveniently and effectively. H as the FORCE to break up" liquid insecticides into the finest mist which it throws great dis tances into cracks and crevices. The CLEMENTS CADILLAC Blower fit perfectly into the Safety m d CtMtftsh'iMt ttrofffjkiU of the Industrial plant It is instantly convertible f r ./.fton cleaning Has hundreds of uses with attachments lor many literature and for details of our sition of the gaps in our knowledge, Trial Offer. pointing the way to future research; if. made possible an agreement on CLEMENTS MFG. CO. n m r * n n it r M iU w l. Cn ;n+wl* +>vn1 '>