Document 6RXJ8qr0m8qrn54n2d2rDZm23

mPm uj Exhibit "B" (Copy!! Exhi bit "C" (Copy) URL 12343 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE contains VINYL CHLORIDE ( VINYL CHLORIDE IS II CANCER-SUSPECT AGENT Exhibit "D" FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 39 Number 194 PART II LABOR Occupational Safety And Health Administration EXPOSURE TO VINYL CHLORIDE Occupational Safety and Health Standards URL 12344 n'r>soo RUIES AND REGULATIONS Title 29--Labor ployces from a rare liver enneer (angio arrl abroad, OSHA proposed to revl.-o CIIAPTr.7 XVIt--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AN!) MALTH ADMINISTRATION, OEPARFUtNT OF LABOR PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS sarcoma* may have been occupationally related. As a rcr-nlt, of Oil;; imUlication ami after consultant.n with NIO.'U, and a Joint inspection of the B. F\ Goodrich plant by OSHA. NtOJt'C and the Ken tucky Department of Labor, a fact-find 1919 03n and published a comprehensive I>iv: >. ,.1 019 PR 16390 oil May 10. 1971, to pp'U'ct cmplojcvs from luu'.uns of exposure to VC. The proposal called for iiT-.iif:>i\ cf employee exposure to VC to "no det.-elablc level." as measured by a Standard for Exposure to Vinyl Chloride ing hearing was announced on Janu sampling and analytical method sensitive Pursuant to sections 6(b), 6(c), and 8(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 1593. 1596. 1599; 29 U.S.C. 655, 657) Secretary of Labor s Order No. 12-71 (36 PR 8754) and 29 CFR Part 1911. 1 1910.93 of Part 1910 of Title 29. Code of Federal Regu lations is hereby amended in the manner set forth below. In order to provide an Occupational Safety and Health stand ard dealing with the exposure of em ployees to vinyl chloride. I. Background--(1) Vfnvf chloride. Vinyl chloride (chloroethene), Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No. 75014. is a synthetic organic chemical made from ethylene or acetylene and chlorine by any of several processes. It is the parent compound of a series of thermoplastic resin polymers and copolymers which are widely used for containers, wrapping film, electrical insulation, pipe, conduit, and a variety of other Industrial and consumer products. Vinyl chloride has been made commercially in this country since 1939. and present production Is in excess of seven billion pounds per year. The vinyl chloride Industry divides into three segments: monomer production, polymer production, and fabrication. Production of the monomer is a largescale continuous process, involving only a few firms. There are comparatively few employees in this segment of the indus try, because the processes lend them selves to automation. Vinyl chloride (VC) Is used primarily In the production of polyvinyl chloride <PVC>, a resin which is produced through batch processing. The conversion of the VC monomer into a polymer or copolymer Is an incomplete process, i.e., not all of the monomer is reacted. PVC Is fabricated by a variety of tech niques, including extrusion, injection molding and calendering, to form a fin ished product that needs no further chemical handling. The vast majority of employees involved in the VC industry ary 30. 1974 <30 FR 3874* and hold on February 15.1974. Information obtained from this hear ing, particularly the preliminary reports of experiments conducted- by Professor Cesare Mnltoni of the Instituto dl On cologic. Bologna, Italy, demonstrated that vinyl chloride induced angiosarcoma In rats at levels as low as 250 ppm. and in other species at higher levels. Experi ments performed at lower levels of ex posure were not completed at that time. Other testimony from medical witnesses and NIOSH. and the results of autopsies, led to the conclusion that the Goodrich workers had angiosarcoma of the liver and that' VC probably was the causal agent in the angiosarcomas observed. In post hearing comments, additional angiosarcoma deaths were reported among workers who had been exposed to VC in ptants operated by Union Carbide Corporation. Firestone Plastics Corpora tion and Goodyear Tire & Rubber Com pany. On the basis of all information avail able at that time, and the fact that em ployees were being exposed at levels around the experimentally observed ef fect level of 250 ppm. an emergency temporary standard < E.TS) was promul gated on April 5. 1974 (39 FR 12341) pursuant to section 6(c) of the Act, as 29 CFR I910.93q. Tills standard reduced (he permissible exposure level from a celling of 500 ppm to a 50 ppm ceiling, and established other requirements, including, .for example, monitoring and respiratory protection. It was expressly recognized that this standard limiting exposures to a 50 ppm ceiling was a tentative. Interim standard, and that the whole question of exposure to VC would be considered more fully in the light of additional information, especially the results of experiments which were known to be underway at that time. On.April 15.1974. information and data to 1 ppm. with an accuracy of 1 ppm 50 percent. The proposal also called for the establishment of regulated areas and limited access to such areas to au thorized persons. A requirement for monitoring of employee exposures was pronosed. along with engineering and work practice controls to be implemented when exposures over the detectable limit were measured. Respiratory protection would have been required while engineering and work practice controls were being implemented or where exposures exceeded the per missible limit even after feasible en gineering controls were instituted. In addition, the proposed standard included requirements for medical sur veillance, protective clothing, emergency procedures, training, specific protection during maintenance and decontamina tion operations, transportation loading and unloading operations and recordkeeping. (4) Hearing on the proposal. The pro posal, as published on May 10, 1974, allowed 30 days for interested parties to submit written comments and to request on informal rulemaking hearing. In formal contacts with OSHA staff and early responses indicated that the sub ject was of great interest and importance to many persons. Because of the limited time available before expiration of the six month period provided in section 6` c) (3) of the Act for promulgation of a final standard, it was decided to hold a hearing as soon os possible. Accord ingly, on May 24.1974. a notice of a hear ing was published <39 FR 18303), setting a hearing date of June 25, 1974. The ,hearing was conducted from June 25 through June 28, and again from July 8 through July 11, before Administrative Law Judge Gordon J. Myatt. All partici pants were given the opportunity to pre sent testimony and to cross-examine other witnesses. Persons participating in the hearing were given until August 23. are employed by fabrication firms. Such firms range in size from those with few employees and simple equipment to large were presented to representatives of OSHA. NIOSH, and the Environmental Protection Agency by the Industrial Bio- 1974, to file additional posthearing com ments, including various Ucm3 of infor mation which were requested during the plants involving many employees and Test Laboratories, Northbrook, Illinois, examination of witnesses. considerable capitaL Vinyl chloride (VC), a gas at ambient temperature and pressure, is a chlori nated hydrocarbon, which heretofore has been regarded as having moderate liver toxicity. The initial standard, contained in Table 0-1 of 1910.93. established a ceiling value of 500 parts of VC per mil lion parts of air. (2)The emergency temporary stand ard. On January 22. 1974, the Occupa tional Safety and Health Administra tion iOSHA) was Informed by the Na tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) that the B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company had re ported that deaths of several of Its em- concerning results of animal exposure studies with VC. These studies were sponsored by the Manufacturing Chem ists Association. Although only pre liminary In nature at that time, these results revealed that 2 out of 200 mice exposed to VC concentrations of 50 ppm for 7 hours a day, five days a week, for approximately 7 months, had developed angiosarcoma of the liver. (3) The proposed permanent stand ard. Based on the demonstrated evidence of VC's carcinogenicity in three animal species (rats, mice and hamsters), and the subrtantial probability that VC had been the cr.u.: 1 a;;cnt In the crudes of liver angiosarcoma found in workers both hens (5) Economic and technical impact study. During the hearing, OSHA deter mined that additional facts would be needed to determine the practicality of certain aspects of the proposed stand ard. Accordingly, OSHA contacted an in dependent consultant, Foster D. Snell Corporation, to conduct studies of tha feasibility of compliance at various ex posure levels. Including those proposed by OSHA and others advanced by in dustry spokesmen. Snell was Also com missioned to collect Information regard ing the economic costs of compliance. This action was announced at the close of the hearing, and Judge Myatt further announced tliat the record would be kept FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 3V. MO. 144--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1474 URL 12346 RULES AND REGULATIONS 35891 open for a period of time beyond August 23, to allow Interested persons to com ment in writing on the study. On August 26, 1974. OSHA announced that the pre liminary study was available and that comments were to be submitted no later than September 6, 1974 (39 PR. 30844). On September 13. 1974, OSHA invited comments on both the preliminary and the Anal study, which was to be received on or before September 25, 1974 (39 FR 33009). (6) Environmental impact statements. A notice of intent to file an environmen tal Impact statement assessing the im pact of a proposed standard on occu pational exposure to VC was published in the Federal Register on April 24. 1974 (39 FR 14522). The notice Invited any person having information or data on the environmental impact to submit it to OSHA by May 17, 1974. On June 12, 1974, a draft environmental impact statement was prepared and circulated to all interested persons. Ten copies were forwarded to the Council of Environ mental Quality (CEQ), which published a notice of its filing and availability in the Federal Register on June 25, 1974 (39 FR 22975). A 45 day period was al lowed for the submission of comments on the draft statement. On September 5, 1974, the final environmental impact statement was prepared and a copy of it and all substantive comments were sent to appropriate governmental agencies, private organizations, and other inter ested persons. CEQ published a notice of availability for the final statement on September 6. 1974 (39 FR 32350). The submission of comment was Invited un til September 25, 1974. The final state ment and all significant comments have been carefully considered in arriving at the final standard on occupational expo sure to VC. (7) The record. The record In this proceeding is one of the most exhaustive ever relied upon by OSHA. It consists of pre and post-hearing comments and testimony received at both factfinding and rulemaking hearings, tire studies and Inspections conducted by OSHA person nel, the environmental Impact state ments. the economic and technical Impact studies, and all other relevant Information. In all, over 600 written com ments have been received, with more than 200 separate oral and written sub missions made with regard to the two hearings. The record Itself exceeds 4,000 pages. Employers, employees, labor unions, public health groups, independ ent experts, physicians, research scien tists, and specialists in many fields have been Invited to submit information and have made their views, knowledge and experience available to OSHA. The en tire record encompassing these submis sions was thoroughly reviewed and evaluated in reaching the determina tions set forth below. n. Findings regarding carcinogenicity, exposure levcis and feasibility--(1) Car cinogenicity of vinyl chloride. The car cinogenicity of vinyl chloride for three animal species (rat, mouse, hamster) has been documented on the record by Lhc studies of Maltonl and Blo-Tcst Labora tories. Moreover, Malboni's investigations have demonstrated a dose-dependent re lationship for Induction of tumora (i.e., more tumors occur at higher exposure levels), including angiosarcoma of the liver, in rats. The investigations of In dustrial Bio-Test Laboratories have dem onstrated a similar relationship for both rats and mice. These investigators have induced angiosarcoma of the liver in rats and mice at exposure concentra tions of 50 ppm, and in hamsters at high er concentrations of exposure. Additional tumors involving other organs, including the kidneys, lungs, and skin of exposed animals, were also observed in frequen cies much in excess of control animals. Tho incidence of tumors in mice in the Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories investi gations Is particularly pertinent. Of 200 mice (100 males, 100 females) exposed to 50 ppm of vinyl chloride by Inhalation for eleven months, 100 died. Sixty-four ani mals died without gross postmortem pathologic examination being performed. Of the 36 remaining animals for which a gross postmortem pathologic examina tion was performed. 13 (36 percent) were found with liver tumors (including angiosarcomas), 21 (58 percent) with lung tumors, 9 (25 percent) with skin tumors, and one with a kidney tumor. According to the 2970 report by the Surgeon General's Ad-Hoc Committee on the Evaluation of Low Levels of En vironmental Chemical Carcinogens, the finding of cancer in two or more animal species may be extrapolated to Indicate a carcinogenic hazard to humans. Here, such a finding was made In three species that were exposed to VC by Inhalation-- a route comparable to employee ex posure. In addition, there were at least 13 confirmed cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among employees exposed to VC, a particularly significant number in view of the extreme rarity of this cancer In the U.S. adult male population (testi mony of Dr. Marcus Key. Director of NIOSH. at the rulemaking hearing). The findings of angiosarcoma of the liver in both experimental animals and exposed employees Is compelling evi dence that exposure of humans to vinyl chloride Induces this tumor. Industry spokesmen, at the hearing, conceded that VC is carcinogenic for humans (e.g. testimony of Dr. McBumcy, Rulemaking hearing. 1041). Accordingly, It Is con cluded that VC must be regarded as a human carcinogen, and the probable causal agent of angiosarcoma of the Uver, and that exposure of employees to VC must be controlled. Additional evidence of tumor Induction In a variety of other organs, including lung, kidney, brain and skin, as well as non-mallgnant alterations, such as fi brosis and connective tissue deteriora tion, indicates additional oncogenic and toxicologic properties of vinyl chloride, which must be considered in establishing control regulations. (See testimony and results of studies by Bio-Test Labora tories. Tabcrsliaw-Coopcr, Maltonl, NIOSH. andSclikoff.) (2) Exposure limits. Upon finding that exposure of employees to vinyl chloride may create a carcinogenic hazard, the amount of exposure which is hazardous must be determined. The Surgeon Gen eral's Ad Hoc Committee referred to above concluded that safe exposure levels for carcinogenic substances cannot be scientifically determined. This position is supported by the testimony of NIOSH at the hearing. Its recommendations for a standard of no detectable level, and by the testimony of expert witnesses from the National Cancer Institute. Several witnesses and persons who sub mitted comments have taken a contrary view and have suggested that man Is less sensitive to biologic aberrations Induced by vinyl chloride exposure than experi mental animals. Proponents of this posi tion have argued that if humans were as sensitive as rodents, an "epidemic'* of cancer resulting from VC exposures should have already been discovered among employees. They also argue that the employees in whom tumors have been observed are those who have considerable employment experience as polymeriza tion reactor cleaners. Because It Is gen erally agreed that reactor cleaning in volved high exposures to vinyl chlorlJe in years past, it is argued that the lower levels currently found in the workplace have not induced cancer and are there fore safe. We reject this argument. The fact that approximately threequarters of those employees with the longest exposure to VC (greater than 20 years since initial exposure) have not yet been located, makes it impossible to determine the actual number of affected employee*. The ease* of Uver tumors ob served to date have an average latency period, since initial exposure, of approxi mately 20 years. If It Is assumed that in duction of angiosarcoma is a dose-re lated phenomenon, and if employees en gaged In cleaning reactors did, in fact, receive larger doses of vinyl chloride, it would be expected that such tumors would be observed earlier for this em ployee population. For this reason, the significance of presumed lower doses cannot be accurately assessed until a longer period of time has passed, as a longer induction period would be expected. Initiation of exposure to chemical carcinogens and induction of cancer are not necesasrily synchronous events. Be cause of the physiologic complexities in volved with carcinogenesis. Induction of tumors does not occur In all employees with similar exposure histories. For ex ample, Dr. Schnelderman of the Na tional Cancer Institute emphasized dur ing his testimony that only about a fifth of longer-term heavy smokers develop lung cancer. Accordingly, the industry contention that exposure levcis have been dramatically reduced since the 1940's is not reliable evidence that cur rent levels of exposure are safe. Some industry spokesmen also sug gested that the apparent nonrandom distribution of observed cancer in em ployers may indicate an exj*)sure thres hold for tumor Induction, based on varia tions in the workplace design or prac tice and resultant employee exposures FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOtER 4, 1974 s:>vS')2 RULES AND REGULATIONS (testimony find questioning by Tenncco Cljcnsl:-:iL . Inc.). It has also been emph.i ,! that in only 3 of 8 polymeriza tion plisnt-' where employees have beca cxpov<\l to VC for more than 20 years have any employees developed angiosar coma oi the liver. This argument is very similar to that raised concerning vari ability of past employee exposure. Al though geographic and workpractice dif ferences may ultimately be demonstrated to be factors in distribution of angiosar coma. sufficient Information is unavail able to exclude from consideration of risk those employees in workplaces for which eases of angiosarcoma have not been observed. It has also been suggested that the absence of cancer in a population of 335 Dow Chemical Company polymerization employees monitored over a period of 7 years, indicates that exposure to vinyl chloride at concentrations of less than 200 ppm is safe. (See study by Dr. Cook, submitted at the hearing by Dow Chem ical Company.) However, the group sur veyed did not include all workers who had been exposed, and the missing em ployees included many who had the longer term (over 20 years) exposures. Moreover, the statistically insignificant size of the sample population decreases the possibility that tumors would be observed. Dow also presented preliminary data in testimony at the hearing on the pos sible metabolic pathways of VC. The hypothesis presented was that VC may exert its carcinogenic effect by a metab olite, and that the metabolite is pro duced only when VC is metabolized by a secondary metabolic pathway operating only when enzymes regulating the pri mary pathway are saturated, as would be the result at higher exposures. The preliminary data Indicated the possi bility of an additional pathway for metabolism of VC in rats exposed to con centrations of VC in excess of 220 ppm. However, the occurrence of angio sarcoma in both rats and mice at VC exposure concentrations of 50 ppm In dicates that if a metabolite of VC is the ultimate carcinogen, then it must be generated at lower exposure concentra tions in these species. Although this re search may be helpful to the thorough understanding of the carcinogenicity of VC, it appears that It does not yet offer evidence which can assist In determina tion of safe exposure concentrations for employees, or even that such safe ex posures exist. A number of witnesses representing employers have stressed that there is no evidence of cancer, either In employees or experimental animals, at exposure concentrations of VC less than 50 ppm. (See c.g.. testimony of Firestone, Tenneco Chemicals.) The conclusion of these wltnc.-^es was that no decision can be made concerning risk of expomve to VC at concentrations less than 50 ppm. On the other hand, the testimony of most cxrcrt witnesses, including some In dustry biomedical experts, stated that quantisation of a safe exposure con centration is not possible with the pres ent state of scientific knowledge. <See e.g.. testimony of SclikoiX, Firestone, NCI, and NIOSH.) In our view, the demonstration of can cer induction in humans at a particular level is not a prerequisite to a determina tion th.it a sub.-irncc represents a can cer hazard for humans at that lcvcL It would be imprudent to assume man to be less sensitive to VC exposure than ex perimental animals In the Rbsence of conclusive evidence. It would also be un founded to assume that animals will not develop tumors when exposed at concen trations of VC of less than 50 ppm. Should a sufficiently large number of ex perimental animals be exposed to VC at concentrations of less than 50 ppm, Schncidormnn said that it would be ex pected that some would develop VC in duced tumors. (3) Feasibility. There is virtually no dispute that most, if not all. fabricators are currently capable of reaching ex posure levels of 1 ppm through engineer ing controls. These employers employ well over 95 percent of all employees ex posed to VC. Indeed, several fabricators are already operating at this level (see SPI testimony). However, Industry spokesmen have universally claimed that it is infeasible for the VC and the PVC industries to remain below l ppm con sistently, using engineering controls. In addition, the Snell study on technical feasibility concluded that a 1 ppm cell ing Is not feasible for the VC and PVC Industries with present technology, but that the VC Industry could currently at tain lower exposure levels than the PVC industry. Labor union spokesmen and the Health Research Group, Inc., however, have suggested that such a level Is at tainable. Since there is no actual evidence that any of the VC or PVC manufacturers hare already attained a 1 ppm level or in fact instituted all available engineering and work prnctice controls, any estimate as to the lowest feasible level attainable must necessarily involve subjective Judg ment. Likewise, the projections of indus try, labor, and others concerning feasi bility are essentially conjectural. Indeed, as Firestone has suggested. It is not pos sible to accurately predict the degree of improvement to be obtained from en gineering changes until such changes are actually implemented. We agree that the PVC and VC estab lishment will not be able to attain a l ppm TWA level for all Job classifications In the near future. We do believe, how ever, that they will. In time, be able to attain levels of 1 ppm TWA for most job classifications most of the time. It is ap parent that reaching such levels may re quire some new technology and work practices. It may also be necessary to utilize technology presently used in other industries. In any event, the VC and PVC Industries have already made great strides in reducing exposure levels. (See testimony of Dow Chemical Co., TR 973). For example, B. F. Goodrich testified (TR 1120) that it has reduced average exposure levels in several PVC plants from 35-40 ppm early this year to 12-13 ppm at the time of the hearing. We are confident that industry will continue to do so. (4) Conclusions. Tlic conc'uMou.t b'1low arc la.'cd on a thorough r*`vl w arid evaluation of all the evidence submitted. Where decisions cun be bused on record evidence, lhl3 has been dime. Where, however, factual certainties are lacking or where the facts alone do not provide an answer, policy judgments have been made. There is little dispute that VC is car cinogenic to man and we so conclude.' However, the precise level of exposure which poses a hazard and the question of whether a "safe*' exposure level exists, cannot be definitively answered on the record. Nor Is tt clear to what extent exposures can be feasibly reduced. We cannot wait until Indisputable answer's to these questions are available, because lives of employees are at stake. There fore. we have had to exercise our best judgment on the basis of the best avail able evidence. These judgments have re quired a balancing process, in a hich the overriding consideration has been the protection of employees, even those who may have regular exposures to VC throughout their working lives. Based on the available evidence and in view of the above considerations. Includ ing feasibility, we believe that employee exposures to VC must be reduced to a 1 ppm time-weighted average (TWA). We also believe that PVC and VC establish ments will, in time, be able to attain that level through engineering controls, and that fabricators can do so in the Im mediate future. In addition to the TWA requirement, we have established a 3 ppm ceiling (averaged over a 15-minute period) In order to prevent exposure of employees to unacceptable high excursions. From an operation standpoint, this ceiling level is realistic because minor excur sions up to the ceiling level are likely to occur on a regular basis. m. The final standard--(1) Scope mid application. Both the ITTS and the pro posal would apply the standard to the entire VC industry. Including manufac turers of VC and PVC and fabricators, but excluding employers handling or using fabricated products made from VC. There is'no dispute that a standard Is required for the monomer and polymer industries. However, the Society of Plas tics Industry (SPI) and various fabrica tors (see testimony of Goodyear, Gen eral Cable, etc.) recommended that fabricators be excluded from the stand ard, or that a separate requirement be established for them because many of them were already at or below the pro posed celling level. The record evidence establishes that at least some employees in the fabricat ing industry are exposed In excess of tho permissible control limits (See NIOSH testimony, TR 106; Robintcch TR G42). In these circumstances, we believe that it is imprudent to grant a blanket exemp tion for all fabricators. Therefore, the final standard is applicable to the fabri cation industry, as well as the monomer FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER , 1974 URL 12348 RULES AND REGULATIONS 35893 and polymer Industries. Employers who. in fact, are substantially below the ex posure limit will be subjected to only minimal burdens by virtue of the "action level" to be discussed below. Where employers in the fabricating industry have exposures approaching the permissible limit, they will appropriately be subject to the standard. Employers handling or using fabricated products made of PVC were not included In the ETS or the proposal and are excluded from the final standard. This conclusion Is based on the absence of adequate evi dence of exposure to VC in these opera tions. The final standard clarifies the ex emption by defining a fabricated prod uct as a product made wholly or partly from PVC which docs not require further processing at temperatures, and for times, sufficient to cause mass melting of the PVC. SPI and others (cf. TO. 344) requested that PVC resins with less than 0.1 percent residual monomer be ex empted from the regulation now, and that the exemption level be reduced to 0.01 percent in three years. SPI suggested that the exemption of materials with less than 0.1 percent of 14 carcinogens from 29 CFU 1910.93p <39 FR 3756) was an appropriate precedent. The casesare not comparable, because no attempt had been made to set air concentration limits for the 14 carcinogens. The record did not include Information that reliable moni toring and measuring techniques were available. Moreover, the exemption did not exempt airborne traces of carcino gens. The administrative cutoff was pro vided to avoid regulation of materials about which there was no health haz ard information, and which would have broadly extended the application of the regulation beyond the record. Herein, no information was presented to show safe concentration results from the use of resins with specific levels. Indeed, the proposal to change the level later, when improved technology would permit such reduction, would seem to Indicate that SPI has doubts about the safety of 0.1 percent residue level. Diamond Shamrock (Exhibit 142) testified that there is no direct relation. They Indicate that the airborne concentration is more related to the physical form of the resin and the ventilation provided. Also, monitor ing data from industry (cf. Exhibits 131, 168. 170) and OSHA (Exhibit 151) indi cate that levels in excess of 1 ppm may be found In fabrication operations. In view of these facts and of the opportunity for employers to discontinue many duties upon a showing of no exposures above the rction level, it docs not appear that any residue exemption is either Justified or necessary at this time. This course also agrees with a number of Industry pro posals <cf. TR 660). SIT (TO 345), among others, asked that compounded PVC pellets be ex empted from the standard on the grounds that the pellets had too low a residue to cause harmful or measurable emissions. Wlule it appears that PVC pellets would have.a lower residue level than virgin PVC. the fact that the pellets must be heated to a molten mass at the same temperature as PVC. for further pro cessing. indicates that a potential for re lease of the residue stUl exists. It ap pears that tire exemption of fabricated products should be limited to just those items which will not undergo such mass heating. Further, the opportunity to demonstrate that exposures are below the action level, and thus, discontinue many duties of the standard, provides a more positive control and an adequate relief. <2> Permissible exposure limit. The standard sets an exposure iimit of 1 ppm averaged over any 8 hour period, and a ceiling of 5 ppm averaged over any per iod not exceeding 15 minutes. As more fully discussed above, this limit Is based on an evaluation of the best available evidence and on a judgment that the health and safety of employees must be protected to the fullest extent feasible. In view of the fact that release of VC in the VC and PVC manufacturing processes are variable, the 1 ppm ceiling level provided in the proposal would require maintenance of an average level significantly more difficult to attain through feasible engineering controls. Therefore, the exposure limit prescribed in the proposal has been rejected. <3) Action level. The final standard, unlike the ETS and the proposal, pro vides for an "action level" of 0.5 ppm TWA. one-half of the permissible ex posure limit. The purpose of the action level Is to minimize the impact of the standard on the employers who have attained exposure levels well below the permissible limit. Thus, where the re sults of monitoring under paragraphs (dMt) or <dn.2) demonstrate that no employee is exposed In excess of 0.5 ppm TWA. employers may, in effect, be exempted from some provisions of the standard. For example, fabricators who are below the action level are not re quired `o provide medicaj surveillance or to monitor again, unless the employer has reason to suspect that any employee Is exposed in excess of the action level. In our judgment, exposures below the action level do not present sufficient hazard to warrant application of the en tire standard to the many employers who are or will be below that level. . (4) Monitoring. The final standard. Uke the proposal, requires that individual employee exposure levels be determined. This may be accomplished by personal or area monitoring. Some witnesses and persons who submitted comments did not understand the meaning of the term "95 percent confidence level" in the proposal. Essentially it means that the employer is required to take a sufficient number of measurements so that the re sults obtained are statistically, valid. We have modified the proposal to establish accuracy range requirements for various measurement levels. These ranges are narrow enough to ensure that a deter mination of compliance can be made, and broad enough to allow the application of a variety of technologies AU covered employers are required to conduct Initial monitoring. Where moni tories and measuring results are at or below the action level, no further moni toring Is required unless the employer has reason to suspect that any employee Is exposed In excess of the action level, or unless changes have been made la production, process, control, type of resin, etc. Where the exposure level, without re gard to respirators, exceeds the permis sible levels, monitoring must be conduc ted at least monthly. Where exposures are less than the permissible levels, but greater than the action levei, monitoring must occur at least quarterly. (5) Methods o/compliance. The stand ard, like the proposal, requires that em ployers immediately institute feasible engineering and work practice controls to reduce exposures to at or below the permissible exposure limit. Where feasible engineering and work practice controls will reduce exposures below the permissible levels, they must be instituted. Where such controls will not reduce exposures below the permis sible level, they must nonetheless be im plemented to reduce exposures to the lowest practicable level, and be supple mented by the use of respirators to pro vide the necessary protection. There upon. a continuing program of engineer ing and work practice controls must be Instituted to reduce exposures to the low est practicable level. When exposures are at or below the permissible exposure limits, the program may be discontinued. In addition, a plan for achieving con trol by engineering and work practice methods must be drawn up and be made available, upon request, to represent atives of OSHA and NIOSH. We recognize that many employers covered by the standard can not cur rently achieve compliance with the per missible exposure limit solely by the use of feasible engineering and work practice controls. The record also reflects broad generic distinctions between the compli ance capabilities of the VC and PVC Industries. Some Industry spokesmen. Including SPI (TR. 358-3621. recom mended that a schedule of different permisslle exposure limits and compliance dates be established for the VC and PVC segments of the Industry. This view assumes that the ability and the time required to feasibly reach In creasingly lower control levels is similar within each industry, but differs mark edly between industries. While the record does suggest that such differences do exist between industries, as noted above. It is clear that intra-industry differences also exist. Thus, the ability and time re quired by each employer to aitjin lower control levels may depend upon such factors as the climate in which the plant is located, the age of equipment, the size of reactors, or tho type of resin manu factured or used. (Snell study. Firestone testimony, etc.) Monitoring data also tends to support such intra-industry variations. (See. e.g. Dow, Firestone, Tenneco.) As noted above, the standard requires all employers to institute feasible engi neering controls to the fulli^'t c.'.tent and to continue to Improve and apply cngl- FEDEftAl ftECISTEt. VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBE* 4, 1974 URL 12349 RULES AND REGULATIONS iK'.iii;until full compliance la If the environmental level Is nut con trations. In discu&'ions of limimgs achit trolled to the pcrmJr.riblo expo&urc limit, with NIOSH, It has Indicated (hat It is w.- 1.. vi' nnt c.Mablishcd any deadline? then employers must be aUordcd respira willing to conrider on an cxpeiHlrd basis lor n.aviumcc through engineering comli<l; iau:ie we are presently unable to i; v.hen It will be feasible for ino. t i : .-Mi: indents to reduce exposure level. hi the permissible level. We a.' -o believe that the requirement that each employer reduce airborne con centrations to the permissible level, or to the lowest level feasible as soon as practicable will provide for inter-indus try nn.i intra-industry technological dif- fercnr.;s which do exist, and will avoid the s'tt'o" of separate Industry stand ards on the basis of the General situatiou and conditions ir. each industry. (6.1 Regulated areas. The proposed tory protection. While exposures in excess of the per missible level do cotu-Utulo a luuv.id, we believe that it Is ru'cessury to mitigate some of the problems associated with implementing a program of respiratory protection while employees are being fitted and trained in respirator use. and while oilier adjustments which may be required are implemented. Therefore, until January 1, 197C, where exposures are not in excess of a 25 ppm ceiling, each employer must provide each em ployee with an appropriate respirator. However, employees whose exposures do not exceed a 23 ppm ceiling, may decline the approval of air-purifying mpt rators for uso npalnst VC. Consequently, wc have Included three types ul' air-purify ing respirators in the list of acceptable units, subject to the approval of such units by NIOSH. The maximum concen tration for which each respirator may be used in based upon our evaluation of the data submitted by NIOSH and Goodrich. Because air-purifying respi rators do not indicate sorbent exhaustion or breakthrough of VC, and because VC has no inherent warning properties at levels for which these devices arc used, strict administrative controls will be re quired for their use. Such controls In standard would have required that regu to use the respirator. In which case the clude a program to assure timely re lated areas be established, that access be employer Is not obligated to require its placement of canisters or cartridges and limited to authorized employees, and that daily rosters or summaries of those enter::'..; bo kept for at least 20 years. In objection to these requirements. It was assert?:', that such control of access was use. During this adjustment period, em ployees will be trained in the uses, pur poses and limitations of respirators, and the hazards of exposure to vinyl chloride. Moreover, each employee will be notified an alarm system to niert employees when vinyl chloride concentrations exceed the concentrations allowed for the particu lar type of respirator In use. (S) Hazardous operations. This is a net necessary from a health standpoint. Sccor.d'y. it was claimed that these con trols would Interfere with operations by preventing access of needed employees or non-employees, such as contractors, truck drivers, customers and consultants. The purpose of establishing regulated areas in the proposal was to limit the risk of exposure to as few employees as possible. This concern is still paramount, and thus the limited access feature re mains. The final standard amends the In writing if he has been exposed in ex cess of the permissible exposure limit. Where exposures exceed a 25 ppm ceil ing. respiratory protection is mandatory in light of our judgment that much greater risks are associated with such exposures. The provisions in the final standard regarding the selection and use of respi ratory protective devices differ from those in the proposal. The descriptions of atmosphere-supplying respirators have new section within the final standard. It encompasses essentially the proposal's requirements for maintenance and de contamination tut has rest.-.ted them In terms of performance language to allow greater flexibility for employers to deal with such operations. The Intent of the new section is to protect employees en gaged In activities that present a risk of exposure to vinyl chloride in excess of the permissible levels. An example would be tire cleaning of a filter where resin con pror>c:.d slightly to allow "authorized persons" to enter regulated areas. This charge, it is felt *ill allow operations to continue without undue interference. been revised to indicate more clearly the types of devices Intended, and the maxi mum permissible concentration level for each device. Moreover, the number of taining high residual monomer la trapped. The proposal's requirement for fullbody, impervious clothing has been re The final standard has also Increased the types of atmosphere-supplying devices placed by the direction to use impervious length of time daily rosters must bo has been Increased. garments suited to the particular situa maintained from 20 to 30 years. This At the hearing Mr. Edwin C. Hyatt, an tion and probable extent of exposure. char./? was based largely on epidemio OSKA consultant, made suggestions re Thus, full-body clothing is not always logical considerations. (Bee NIOSH testi garding the use of particular respiratory necessary, and is therefore not required mony, tr. 119.) devices. We have concluded that his sug where less protection is adequate. Since (?) Respiratory protection. The final gestions are meritorious. Therefore, the vessel entry falls within the definition standard, like the proposal, requires the provisions for selection of atmosphere- of a hazardous operation, the vessel entry use of respirators where employee expo supplying devices follow closely the rec section of the proposal has been deleted sures cxccsci the permissible control level. ommendations contained In his testi from the final standard. Industry representatives made a number mony of SPI and B. P. Goodrich) (TR (9) Emergency situations. The defini of objections to proposed requirements with Hyatt's suggestions. (See e.g. testi tion of emergency has been recast in * for respiratory protection. They stated mony of SPI and B. F. Goodrich) (TR terms of an unexpected massive release. that the "no detectable level" would ef 85 ff> We had originally omitted air- The main objection to the section on fectively require continuous wearing of purifying respirators occause none had emergency situations !n the proposal was respirators in PVC and VC plants, and been approved by NIOSH for use against that, as the term was defined, many that this Is not feasible because respira VC, principally because they lacked In ordinary leaks or operations resulting In tors are cumbersome, present a safety dicators to signal the expiration of the a small release of vinyl chloride would be hazard, and employees would not use service life of the sorbent. Hyatt and considered emergencies. This was not them. other witnesses discussed in detail the the Intent of the proposal. The final We would agree that respirators have desirability of being able to use canisters standard has been clarified to correct many drawbacks; the proposal did not or cartridge air-purifying respirators, this ambiguity. It should be noted that contemplate them as a final solution. The record shows that the PVC industry par ticularly may need several years before plant environmental levels can be re duced so that respirators arc necessary provided a sorbent could be shown to effectively absorb vinyl chloride with an adequate service life. Recently, OSIIA has received respiratory data from labo ratories regarding the effectiveness of the written operational plan required by the standard need not be developed for minor excursions above the permissible exposure limit, and that such excursions need not be reported. only occassionally. However, we cannot commercially available canisters and (10) Signs and labels. The thrust of the. agree that respiratory protection should cartridges for vtnyl chloride. These eval signs and labels section is to apprise not be required simply because It is in convenient, may require additional per sonnel, interferes with production, or may require extensive retraining of em uations were conducted separately by NIOSH and by the B. F. Goodrich Com pany and submitted to OSHA In post hearing comments. The results Indicate employees of the cancer and fire haz ards. No objections have been raised with respect to informing employees of the fire hazard. However, a number of ob jections were raised at the hearing and ployees and restructuring of work prac- that certain presently available canis in written submissions to the require ( tices. We have carefully considered all ters and cartridges effectively absorb ment that the word "cancer" appear on the objections, and have concluded that vinyl chloride at relatively low concen ail signs and labels. The principal argu- FEDERM REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 URL 12350 RULES AND REGULATIONS 35895 meat advanced against Its use was that indicated that the medical tests proposed posal is the requirement for maintenance the term "cancer" or "canccr-suspect are currently the only ones available of monitoring records and dally roster agent" scares employees and that In which are useful for medical surveillance sheets of authorized persons for 30 years. ( stead, the message should contain in (TR 121. Exh. 95. TR 569-591). Conse Instead of 20 years. Additionally, the em structions on how to deal with the sub quently. the specific blood tests proposed ployer is required to maintain medical stance <TR. 347). We believe that a have been retained as a minimum re records for the duration of an employee's diluted form of warning will not suffice. quirement to assist the examining physi employment plus 20 years, or 30 years, We appreciate the concern of employers cian in determining fitness of potential whichever is longer. The original pro with the reaction of their employees. But employees for assignment to workplaces posal called for only 20 years. we consider it imperative that a worker involving VC exposure. In addition, al This change has been implemented be be fully informed, and that he realize the ternative medical examinations may be cause the latency period for induction of possible risks involved in his occupation. used where the examining physician de angiosarcoma ranges up to 30 years from Coupled with the training requirement termines that they are at least as good Initial exposure. Therefore, as a mini In the standard, we believe that the signs as those specified by the standard. mum, medical records must be main and labels required will adequately in The Tabershaw-Cooper study-and the tained for at least that long. It should be form employees of the hazard. In addi various animal experiments suggest that noted that spokesmen for both labor and tion, such signs will warn unauthorized VC may produce a wide spectrum of ma Industry recommended that this change personnel to keep out of regulated areas. lignant and non-malignant disorders. be made. The proper application of most protec The general scope of the required medical The reporting requirements are not tive measures requires an amount of examination has, therefore, been broad significantly different from those in the training and indoctrination of employees ened to include kidneys, skin, connective original proposal. However, instead of that cannot easily be conveyed on a sign tissue, spleen, and pulmonary system, as the requirement for reporting incidents or label. Also, the variety of measures well as the liver. No additional specific which result In the release of VC into that could be prescribed would result in procedures or tests are required, but rec areas where employees may be exposed, an unwicldly or excessively detailed leg ommendations have been included In the the final standard clarifies our original end. Consequently, the required message Appendix to assist the examining physi Intent by stating that only emergencies on signs and labels will not include in cian. Because of the nonspecific nature must be reported. Also the requirement formation on precautions, relevant of the required medical tests. It is not for filing a detailed, written report symptoms, etc. The addition of suitable appropriate to prescribe timing, or type within 15 days has been deleted. It has Information by the employer would be of followup tests, or to mandate with been concluded that submission, within permitted, providing it does not detract drawal from exposure based solely on re 24 hours, of an initial report that In In any way from the required statement. sults of the tests. Instead, the employer cludes facts immediately available, would The requirement in the proposal for is required to obtain a statement from ordinarily be sufficient. However, if the labeling containers of vinyl chloride has the examining physician of the em OSHA Area Director requests further in been amended by deleting the reference ployee's suitability for continued expo formation relevant to the emergency, the to the possible hazard of violent polym sure, when the examining physician has employer will be required to furnish such erization. Very little information was completed such tests as he considers ap Information. developed on this hazard during the propriate. The employer Is required to (14) Deleted portions of the proposal. standard-setting procedure. It does ap withdraw an employee only when this The proposal contained provisions re pear that this hazard is essentially under statement indicates that the employee quiring that shower facilities and change control and that the fire and carcino may be at added risk from continued VC rooms be provided, and that storage or genic hazards at present are the most exposure. consumption of food be prohibited in significant. Since labeling or placarding As with monitoring, there appears to regulated areas. We have deleted these that is in compliance with the U.S. De be no basis for complete exemption of the provisions because it Is our conclusion partment of Transportation regulations fabrication industry from the require they are no longer necessary. Showering (49 CFR Part 173, Subpart K> already ment for medical examination. The rec facilities are not required because pro warns of the fire hazard, only a state ord does show fabricating establishments tective clothing, where required by the ment concerning the carcinogenic haz with concentrations of VC monitored final standard, should protect employees ard need be added to the Department of considerably above the action level, in from skin absorption by direct contact Transportation labels. these instances, medical surveillance ol with VC and because there is no reliable (11) Medical surveillance. The princi affected employees will provide baseline evidence that VC vapor is absorbed pal questions that have been raised re data for future evaluation of their health, through the skin. In addition, since we garding medical surveillance are the even If both monitoring and medical sur anticipate that most employees will not necessity and efficacy of requiring cer veillance are discontinued because im be wearing protective clothing and that tain specific serum enzyme determina proved controls reduce concentrations employees who wear protective clothing tions (SMA-12 series) and the applica below the action level. Where exposures will change such clothing infrequently, tion of medical examination require are below the action level, the medical we are not requiring that change rooms ments to the fabrication segments of the surveillance requirements do not general be provided. industry where employees are exposed to ly apply. In addition, we feel that there Is In lower levels of VC. The objection has also (12) Training, a separate provision for adequate evidence showing that hazar been raised that the specification of tests employee training has been added to the dous amounts of VC can be absorbed and procedures interferes with the ap final standard rather than including it through Ingestion. For this reason, the plication of advances in medical knowl within the section on emergency situa requirement prohibiting the storage or edge. tions as in the proposal. The new para consumption of food In regulated areas A particular difficulty In considering graph provides for training of employees lias been deleted. medical surveillance Is that the most concerning the carcinogenic hazard of The proposal also contained provisions commonly discussed lesion, angiosar VC, emergency procedures, the need for on malntentance and decontamination, coma of the liver, currently cannot be monitoring and an annual review of the transportation loading and unloading, diagnosed until the victim Is terminal standard. It also provides for training of and polymer handling operations. These and, usually, within months of death. employees concerning the purpose for, requirements are not mentioned In the Precursor physiologic alterations, which proper use of, and limitations connected final standard because attention to these might be reversible, have not yet been with respiratory protection. Items is implicit In the requirement that directly associated with the lesion. Con (13) Records and reports. The provi each employer reach the perintssnble ex sequently. there are no specific diagnos sions for recordkeeping contained In the posure limit or attain the lowest feasible tic tests winch can be prescribed which final standard require the preparation level. will determine presence or absence of and maintenance of essentially the same (15) Effective date. In order to ensure ( tills tumor at an early stage of develop information required by the proposal. that affected employers and employees ment. However, most medical witnesses The major change from the original pro will be Informed of the existence of these FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 39. NO. 194--FRIOAY, OCTOBER 4. 1974 URL 12351 RULES AND REGULATIONS provisions and that employers affected of the operation or because of an acci opportunity to observe the moultor- arc r:i nn opportunity to familiarize dent in the opcnil inn. which won til result inff nnd morv.urlng required by this thniii iv. .': and their employees with the In rn employee c.po :mv in excels of the pararnn'h. cxiMcncc of the new requirements. the pcnnl.sNible exposure limit. (e) Rco'tlaicd area. (1) A regulated effective date of the amendment to ifti "OsllA Arm Director'* means the area shall lie established where: 5 loin.fnq will be January l.11)75. To pro Director for tMt? Occupational Safely (1) Vinyl chloride or polwhiyl chloride vide continued protection for employees and Health Administration Aren Office Is manufactured, reacted, repackaged, until that date, the provisions currently having jurisdiction over the geographic stored, handled or u.';ed; and contained In 91910.93q are hereby area in which the employer's establish <H) Vinyl chtoridc concentrations are promulgated, pursuant to section 6(b), ment Is located. in excess of the permissible exposure 6(c) and8<c> of the Occupational Safety (9* "Polyvinyl chloride" means poly limit. and Health Act, as an occupational vinyl chloride honiopolyiner or copoly (2) Access to regulated areas shall be safety and health standard effective mer before such Is converted to a fabri limited to authorized persons. A daily October 4, 1974, the amendment to cated product. roster shall be made of authorized per 9 lD10.9?q set out below will supersede <10) "Vinyl chloride" means vinyl sons who enter. these provisions as of January 1, 1975. chloride mouoiner. (f> Methods of compliance. Employee Accordingly, upon consideration of the (c> Permissible exposure limtt. fl) No exposures to vinyl chloride shall be con whole record of this preceding, Part 1910 employee may be exposed to vinyl chlo trolled to at or below the permissible ex of Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations ride at concentrations greater than 1 ppm posure limit provided In paragraph (c> is amended, effective January 1,1975, by averaged over any 8*hour period, and of this section by engineering, work prac revision of 9 19i0.93q to read os follows: (2) No employee may be exposed to tice, and personal protective controls as 1910.93q Vinyl chloride. () Scope and application. (1) This section includes requirements for the vinyl chloride at concentrations greater than 5 ppm averaged over any period not exceeding 15 minutes. (3) No employee may be exposed to follows: (1) Feasible engineering and work practice controls shall Immediately be used to reduce exposures to at or below control of employee exposure to vinyl vinyl chloride by direct contact with the permi 'stole exposure limit. chloride (chlovoethene), Chemical Ab stracts Sendee Registry No. 75015. (2) This section applies to the manu facture. reaction, packaging, repackag liquid vinyl chloride. <d) Monitoring, (i) A program of Initial monitoring and measurement shall be undertaken in each establish (2) Wherever feasible engineering and work practice controls which can be in stituted immediately are not sufficient to reduce exposures to at or below the per ing, storage, handling or use of vinyl ment to determine if there Is any em missible exposure limit, they shall none chloride or polyvinyl chloride, but does ployee exposed, without regard to the use theless be used to reduce exposures to not apply to the handling or use of fabri of respirators, In excess of the action the lowest practicable level, and shall be cated products made of polyvinyl chlo level. supplemented by respiratory protection ride. (2) Where a determination conducted In accordance with paragraph (g> of this (3) This section applies to the trans under paragraph (d)(1) of this section section. A program shall be established portation of vinyl chloride or polyvinyl shows any employee exposures, without and Implemented to reduce exposures to chloride except to the extent that the regard to the use of respirators, in ex at or below the permissib'e exposure Department of Transportation may cess of the action level, a program for de limit, or to the greatest extent feasible, regulate the hazards covered by this sec termining exposures for each such em solely by means of engineering and work tion. ployee shall be established. Such a pro practice controls, os soon as feasible. <b) Definitions. (1) "Action level" gram: (3) Written plans for such a program means a concentration of vinyl chloride (1) Shall be repeated at least monthly shall be developed and furnished upon of 0.5 ppm averaged over an 8-hour work where any employee la exposed, without request for examination end copying to day. regard to the use of respirators, in ex authorized representatives of the Assis <2) "Assistant Secretary" means the cess of the permissible exposure limit. tant Secretary and the Director. Such Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupa <U> Shall be repeated not less than plans shall be updated at least every six tional Safety and Health, U.3. Depart quarterly where any employee Is exposed, montlis. ment of Labor, or his designee. without regard to the use of respirators, (g) Respiratory protection. Where (3) "Authorized person" means any la excess of the action level. respiratory protection la required under person specifically authorized by the em (ill) May be discontinued for any em this section: ployer whose duties require him to enter ployee only when at least two consecu (!) The employer shall provide a a regulated area or any person entering tive monitoring determinations, made not respirator which meets the requirements such an area as a designated represents-- less than 5 working days apart, show ex of this paragraph and shall assure that tive of employees for the purpose of ex posures for that employee at or below the employee uses such respirator, except ercising an opportunity to observe moni the action level. that until December 31, 1975. wearing of toring and measuring procedures, (3) Whenever there has been a pro respirators shall be at the discretion of (4) "Director" means the Director, duction, process or control change which each employee for exposures not In ex- National Institute for Occupational may result in an Increase In the release eess of 25 ppm, measured over any 15- Safety and Health, UJ3. Department of of vinyl chloride, or the employer baa minute period. Until December 31, 1975, Health, Education, and Welfare, or his any other reason to suspect that any em each employee who chooses not to wear designee. ployee may be exposed in excess of the an appropriate respirator shall be In (5) "Emergency" means any occur action level, a determination of employee formed at least quarterly of the hazards rence such as, but not limited to. equip exposure under paragraph <d) (1) of thi3 of vinyl chloride and the purpose, proper ment failure, or operation of a relief de section shall be performed. use, and limitations of respiratory vice which Is likely to, or does, result In (4) The method of monitoring and devices. massive release of vinyl chloride. measurement shall have an accuracy (2) Respirators shall be selected from () "Fabricated product" means a product made wholly or partly from polyvinyl chloride, and which does not require further processing at tempera tures, and for times, sufficient to cause mass melting of the polyvinyl chloride resulting in the release of vinyl chloride. (7) "Hazardous operation" means any operation, procedure, or activity where a release of either vinyl chloride liquid or gas might be expected as a consequence (with a confidence level of 95 percent) of not less than plus or minus 50 percent from 0.25 thoough 0.5 ppm, plus or minus 35 percent from over 0.5 ppm through 1.0 ppm, and p'm or minus 25 percent over 1.0 ppm. (Methods meeting these accuracy requirements are available in the "NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods"). <5) Employees or their designated rep resentatives shall be afforded reasonable among those Jointly approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Admin istration, Department of the Interior, and the National Institute for Occupa tional Safety nnd Health under the pro visions of 30 CFR Part 11. (3) A respiratory protection program meeting the requirements of i 1910.134 shall be established and maintained. (4) Selection of respirators for vinyl chloride shall be as follows; " FEOERAL REGISTER, VOL 39. NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 URL 12352 RULES AND REGULATIONS 35897 Atmospheric concentration of vinyl chloride (1) Unknown, or above 3,600 ppm_,, (U) Not over 3,600 ppm--------------------- (18) Not over 100 ppm.--........ (Iv) Not over 2S ppm.............. *(v) Not over 10 ppm_______________ Required apparatus Opn-cLrclt, self-contained breathing apparatus, pres sure demand type, with full facepiece. (A) Combination type c supplied sir respirator, pres sure demand type, with full or half facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply; or (8) Type C, supplied air respirator continuous flow type, with full or half facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply. (A) Combination type C supplied air respirator 4emand type, with full facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply; or (B) Open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece, in demand mode; or (O) Type C supplied air respirator, demand type, with full facepiece. (A) A powered alr-purlfylng respirator with hood. helmet, full or half facepiece, and a canister Which provides a servtce life of at least * hours for concenrationa of vinyl chloride up to 3$ ppm, or (B) Gas mask, front- or hack-mounted canister which provides a service life of at least 4 hours for concentrations of vinyl ehlorlde up to 25 ppm. (A) Combination type O sappUed-alr respirator, de mand type, with half faceptece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply; or (B) Type C supplied-alr respirator, demand type, with half facepiece; or (C) Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge which provides a service life of at least 1 hour for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 10 ppm. (5) (i) Entry Into unkown concentra tions or concentrations greater than 36,000 ppm (lower explosive limit) may be made only for purposes of life rescue; and (11) Entry Into concentrations of less than 36,000 ppm, but greater than 3,600 ppm may be made only for purposes of life rescue, firefighting, or securing equipment so as to prevent a greater hazard from release of vinyl chloride. (6) Where air-purifying respirators are used: (I) Air-purifying cannisters or car tridges shall be replaced prior to the expiration of their service life or the end of the shift in which they are first used, whichever occurs first, and (II) A continuous monitoring and alarm system shall be provided where concentrations of vinyl chloride could reasonably exceed the allowable concen trations for the devices in use. Such sys tem shall be used to alert employees when vinyl chloride concentrations exceed the allowable concentrations for the devices in use. (7) Apparatus prescribed for higher concentrations may be used for any lower concentration. (h) Hazardous operations. (1) Em ployees engaged in hazardous operations, including entry of vessels to clean poly vinyl chloride residue from vessel walls, shall be provided and required to wear and use; (l) Respiratory protection In accord ance with paragraphs (c) and (g) of tills section; and (It) Protective garments to prevent skin contact with liquid vinyl chloride or with polyvinyl chloride residue from vessel walls. The protective garments shall be selected for the operation and Its po.-v.lble exposure conditions. (2) Protective garments shall be pro vided clean and dry for each use. (i> Emergency situations. A written operational plan for emergency situa tions shall be developed for each facility storing, handling, or otherwise using vinyl chloride as a liquid or compressed gas. Appropriate portions of the plan shall be implemented in the event of an emergency. The plan shall specifically provide that: (1) Employees engaged in hazardous operations or correcting situations of ex isting hazardous releases shall be equipped as required in paragraph <h> of this section; (2) Other employees not so equipped shall evacuate the area and not return until conditions are controlled by the methods required in paragraph (f) of this section and the emergency is abated. (j) Training. Each employee engaged in vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride operations shall be provided training In a program relating to the hazards of vinyl chloride and precautions for its safe use. (1) The program shall Include: (I) The nature of the health hazard from chronic exposure to vinyl chloride including specifically the carcinogenic hazard; (ii) The specific nature of operations which could result in exposure to vinyl chloride In excess of the permissible limit and necessary protective steps; (II) The purpose for, proper use, and limitations of respiratory protective devices: (lv) Tiic fire hazard and acute toxic ity of vinyl chloride, and the necessary protective steps; (v) The purpose for and a description of the monitoring program; <vl> The purpose far. and a descrip tion of, the medical surveillance program; (ytl) Emergency procedures: (vlli) Specific information to aid the employee in recognition of conditions which may result in the release of vinyl chloride; and (ix> A review of this standard at the employee's first training and indoctrina tion program, and annually thereafter. (2) All materials relating to the pro gram shall be provided upon request to the Assistant Secretary and the Director. <k) Medical surveillance. A program of medical surveillance shall be Insti tuted for each employee exposed, with out regard to the use of respirators, to vinyl chloride In excess of the action level. The jama shall provide each such employee with an opportunity for examinations and tests In accordance with this paragraph. All medical ex aminations and procedures shell be per formed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, and shall be provided without cost to the employee. (1) At the time of initial assignment, or upon Institution of medical surveil lance; (1) A general physical examination shall be performed, with specific atten tion to detecting enlargement of liver, spleen or kidneys, or dysfunction in these organs, and for abnormalti.es in skin, connective tissues and the pulmonary system (See Appendix A). (U) A medical history shall be taken, the following topics: (A) Alcohol Intake; <B) Fast history of hepatitis; (C> Work history and post exposure to potential hepatotoxic agents, includ ing drugs and chemicals; (D) past history of blood transfu sions: and (E> Past history of hospitalizations, (ill) A serum specimen shah be ob tained and determinations made of: (A) Total bilirubin: (B) Alkaline phosphatase; (C) Serum glutamic oxalaceUc trans aminase (SOOT); (D) Serum glutamic pyruvic transam inase (SGPT); and (E) Gamma glustamyl transpeptidase. (2) Examinations provided in accord ance with this paragraph shall be per formed at least: (l) Every 6 months for each employee who has been employed in vinyl chlo ride or polyvinyl chloride manufacturing for 10 years or longer; and (il> Annually for all other employees. (3) Each employee exposed to an emergency shall be afforded appropriate medical surveillance. (4) A statement of each employee's suitability for continued exixeure to vinyl chloride Including use of protec tive equipment and respirators, shall be obtained from the examining physician promptly after any examination. A copy of the physician's statement shall be pro vided each employee. (5) If any employee's health would be materially Impaired by continued ex posure, such employee sliall be wlth- fEOCRAl REGISTER, VOL 34, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 :5r>si)8 RULES ANO REGULATIONS drawn from possible contact with vinyl chlonil?. iG' Laboratory analyses for all bio logical specimens Included In medical examinations shall be performed in labo ratories licensed under 42 CFU Part 74. (7> If the examining physician deter mines that alternative medical examina tions to those required by paragraph <k> U) of this section will provide at least equal assurance of detecting med ical conditions pertinent to the exposure to vinyl chloride, tho employer may ac cept such alternative examinations as meeting the requirements of paragraph <k><!) of this section, U the employer obtains a statement from the examining physician setting forth the alternative examinations and the rationale (or sub stitution. This statement shall be avail able upon request for examination and copying to authorized representatives of the Assistant Secretary and the Director. (1) Sicns end labels. (1) Entrances to regulated areas shall be posted with leg ible signs bearing the legend: CANcen-SvsrECT Acini Area Authorized Personnel Only (2) Areas containing hazardous oper ations or where an emergency currently exists shall be posted with legible signs bearing the legend: Cancer-Scspect Agent in Thu Area Protec tive EoutewiNT Required Authorizes Personnel Only (3) Containers of polyvinyl chloride resin waste from reactors or other waste contaminated with vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled: Contaminated with Vinyl Chloride Cancer-Suspect Agent (4> Containers of polyvinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled: FOLTVINTL CHLORIDE (OR TRADE NUB) Contains vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride a Cancb-Suspect Agent (5) Containers of vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled either: (i) Vinyl Chloride Extremely Flammable Gas Under Pressure Cancer-Susteut Agent or <ii> In accordance with 49 CFR Part 173, Subpart H, with the additional legends: Cancer-Suspect Agent applied near the labor or placard. (0) No statement shall appear on or near any required sign, label or Instruc tion wiilcli contradicts or detracts from tho effort of. any required warning, information or instruction. <m> licccrds. (1) All records main tained In accordance with this section shall include the name and social secu rity number of each employee where relevant. (2) Records of required monitoring and measuring, medical records, and au thorized personnel rosters, shall be made and shall be available upon request for examination and copying to authorized representatives of tho Assistant Secre tary and the Director. (i) Monitoring and measuring records shall: (A) State the date of such monitor ing and measuring and the concentra tions determined and Identify the instru ments and methods used; (S) Include any additional informa tion necessary to determine Individual employee exposures where such expo sures ore determined by means other than individual monitoring of employees; and (C) Be maintained for not less than 30 years. (11) Authorized personnel rosters shall be maintained for not less than 30 years. (ill) Medical records shall be main tained for the duration of the employ ment of each employee plus 20 years, or 30 years, whichever Is longer. (3) In the event that the employer ceases to do business and there Is no successor to receive and retain his rec ords for the prescribed period, these rec ords shall be transmitted by registered mall to the Director, and each employee individually notified in writing of this transfer. (4) Employees or their designated representatives shall be provided access to examine and copy records of required monitoring and measuring. (5) Former employees shall be pro vided access to examine and copy re quired monitoring and measuring records reflecting their own exposures. (6) Upon written request of any em ployee, a copy of the medical record of that employee shall be furnished to any physician designated by the employee. (a) Reports. <1) Not later than l month after the establishment of a reg ulated area, the following Information shall be reported to the OSHA Area Di rector. Any changes to such Information shall be reported within 13 days. (1) The address and location of each establishment which has one or more regulated areas; and (ii) The number of employees In each regulated area during normal oiKrntious. including maintenance. (2) Emergencies, and the facts ob tainable at that time, shall be reported within 24 hours to the O&llA Area Di rector. Upon request of the Area Direc tor, the employer shall submit additional information in writing relevant to the nature and extent of employee exposures and measures taken to prevent future emergencies of similar nature. (3) Within 10 working days following any monitoring and measuring which discloses that any employee has been exposed, without regard to the use of respirators in excess of the permissible exposure limit, each such employee shall be notified in writing of the results of the exposure measurement and the steps being taken to reduce the exposure to within the permissible exposure limit. (o> Effective dates. (1) Until Janu ary 1. 1975, the provisions currently set forth in ! 1910.93q of this Part shall apply. (2) Effective January 1,1975, the pro visions set forth In 319I0.93q of this Part shall apply. Afpendix A--Supplementary Medical Information When required tests under paragraph (k)(l) ol this section show abnormalities, the testa should be repeated as soon as prac ticable, preferably within 3 to 4 weeks. II tests remain abnormal, consideration should bo given to withdrawal of the employee from contact with vinyl chloride, while a mere comprehensive examination la made. Additional tests which may be useful: A. For kidney dysfunction: urine examina tion for albumin, red blood ceils, and exfollatlve abnormal cells. B. Pulmonary system: Forced vital capac ity, Forced expiratory volume at 1 secoud. and chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior. 14 x 17 Inches). C. Additional serum tests: Lactic acid de hydrogenase, lactic add dehydrogenase isoenzyme, protein determination, and protein electrophoresis. D. For a more comprehensive examination on repeated abnormal serum tests: Hepatitis B antigen, and liver scanning. (Secs. 3 and 8, 84 Stat. 1598, 1589 (29 U.B.C. 835, 857); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 13-71.30 FB 8754) Signed at Washington, D.C., this 1st day of October, 1974. John Stinder. Assistant Secretary of Labor. - [FB Doc.74-23178 Filed l&-l-74;3:54 pa] URL 12353 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 ';*?* % V-ii" V V . it1 rVM* O: 0 THURSDAY, OCTODHR 21, 1970 4* ': :rf`- '\ PART II: , ' V. . 1 i U --i - -.- ' M *' * * ?' 1 * 1 , I **j. i * ^ i *'*:>-r' ' -'.'I- i* V. , . >rLi 'yL: ** sr-o-j"- ' -: nr > v9 A i *) ,..'i.T.1.4* environmental . ... J- ;vs - *'v PROTECTION W: p-- ' y'/,? *1 .. , 'w AGENCY V V. ? C 33 1 * * r -,.v . i.r f* .. .K- ^ '*. <r. * I. ' *;-J ;' {, \ ro su> f* ..*: , w>V ' ' *;; ' 'vlivi*' -.i. * ' r ' ` . 4., -f >r;^ STANDARDS FOR ', . V-- , ,* HAZARDOUS AIR ' i*. .'v...<;v-.r : vi:.'. v`'; - POLLUTANTS - 2 " s\+ - t s'.r ^ * *.. : Standard For Vinyl Chloride > ' ,.r; * 'v.v *>'/-.! : ` . ' . . . ' .w- .v..* * . ., -. ?' * * .. ! -.1 +<'* ; `-V VT * , j-,j - t . . .' V` ii* ' *' 'C-, ;t , . s'*': . ' V> I ' .' V, ' 1 S* ir 'M 'I.'.iV'. >tipv 4G30O tuns AND REGULATIONS TO{a4(V--protection of Environment are required to be captured and con greatest water usage would be employed chattsi* i--ErivinoTJV.rjfTAL PROTECT ION AGENCY ' x SVCHAPTEAC~AlftVnOCJUU im eia-ii trolled. Huts ARB EtfYtXORUCMTAt 1MTACT8 EPA prepared a document entitled the Quantitative RUk Atscstment for Com and that there would be no reujcr.ng o! water. There to no regulation UiicU would require water recycling Accordtag to SPA the control system utilizing the most water will not be used gener PART 61--NATIONAL EMISSION STAND* ARPS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS Standard for Vinyl Chloride . On December 34, 1978, under section munity Exposure to Vinyl Chloride which estimates the risk from vinyl chloride exposure to populations living In the vi cinity of vinyl chloride-emitting plants before and after implementation of con ally by the Industry and economic fac tor* will cause plants to recycle much of the water. Therefore, according to bPl the Impact of the standard on water consumption will be negligible. 113 of the Clean Air Act, m amended (42 tJ.ac. 1807), the Environmental Protec tion Agency (EPA) added vinyl chloride V to the list ot hazardous air pollutant* 140 FR 69477) and proposed a national trols to meet the standard. There are no dose-response data for the concentra tions of vinyl chloride found in the amblent air. Therefore, assessments of risk at mmbleut levels of exposure were ex The environmental impacts of the ' promulgated standard may be summar ized as follows: The primary environ mental impacts of the standard are ben eficial and will consist of vinyl chloride - emission Standard for It (40 FR 69833). trapolated from dose-response data from emission reductions of approximately Si The standard coven plants which raanu- higher levels of exposure using both a percent at ethylene dlchlorlde-vlnyl . facture ethylene dlchlorlde, vinyl linear model and a tog-prablt model. chloride plants and 96 percent at poly- ' chloride, and/or polyvinyl chloride. Extrapolations made with each of these vinyl chloride plants. Percentage num (,i EPA decided to regulate vinyl chloride models entailed using different sets ol bers for both source categories are tooled because It had been Implicated as the assumptions. Because different assump on an estimated 96 percent reduction In > Causal agent of angiosarcoma end other tions can be mode in cxfcrapoJa*/rr; to fugitive emissions and 2974 emission serious disorders, both carcinogenic and low doses, the health risks are reported levels. > r * noncaretnogcnie, in people with occupa- in ranges. ' The potential secondary environmen tloool exposure and In animals with cx- It was estimated that 4.0 mffMon peo tal impacts of the standard ore either pcrlmentol exposure to vinyl chloride. ple live within 5 miles of ethylene dicho- Insignificant or will be minimized with ;'* Reasonable extrapolations from these rlde-vlnyl chloride and polyvinyl chlo out additional action, except for one ad /jv findings cause concern that vinyl ehloW ride may came or contribute to the sacne or yimiing disorder* at present ambient ride plants and that the aveme ex posure around these plants before instal verse impact. Hydrogen chloride to al ready emitted by process equipment at lation of controls to meet the standard - ethylene dlchlorlde-vlnyl chloride plants " 'i; fdr levels. The purpose of the standard la Is 17 parts per billion. Hie expooura and by other petrochemical plants In the : ,K. to vinyl chloride emission* levels for uncontrolled plants were cal complexes where ethylene dlchlorlde- /<'. from aQ kno*?n process and fugitive culated based on estimated 1974 emis vlnyl chloride plants are typically lo ,v emission sources In etliylene dlchlorido- sion levels. Using tUo linear dose-re cated. An incinerator used to attain the `..T- flay) chlorido and polyvinyl chloride sponse model. EPA found tliat the standard at an etliylene dlchlorldo-vlnyl f- plants to the level attainable with best rate of initiation of liver anglorarcoma chloride plant could Increase hydrogen .""h available control technology. This win among people living around uncontrolled chloride emissions by several foM. Typi '' ? have the effect of furthering the proiro- plants to expected to nm*o from less than cally, however, due to the corrosion prob ; tton of public health by minimizing the ms to ten cases of liver angiosarcoma lems which would otherwise occur both' fieoith risks to the people living In the per year of exposure to vinyl chloride. on plant property and in the community, Y , tclnlty of these plants and to any addi- The log-probit model gave predictions plants uss scrubbers to control already iS 'tional people v.ho are exposed as a result that are 0.1 to 0.01 ttmea this rate. This existing hydrogen chloride emissions. ^ 4 of new construction, wide..range to an Indication of the un Hydrogen chloride emissions resulting i L Interested parties participated in the certainties in extrapolation to low dosca. from control of vinyl chloride emfaslous .. 1 rulemaking by sending comments to EPA. Due to the long latency time observed In are expected to be controlled for the ' s ' The comments have been carefully con- eancer eases resulting from vinyl chloride same reason, if even a moderately effi w eldercd, end where determined by the exposure. Increases Initiated by exposure cient scrubber (98 percent control) were 4 v,Administrator to be appropriate. changes this year will not be diagnosed until the used to control the hydrogen chloride 1' v have been made to the regulation as pro- 1990's or later. Vinyl chloride to also es emissions resulting from Incineration of : ^ mulsatcd. . . timated to produce an equal number of vinyl chloride emissions, the lucreoso in .'ii. * Smuurr or *hx Stawbus '!: in ethylens dlclilorlde-vlnyl- chloride ' plants, the standard limits vinyl chloride primary cancers at other sites, for a total hydrogen chloride emissions from a typ of somewhere between less than one and ical ethylene dlchlorlde-vlnyl chloride twenty cases of cancer per year of ex . plant due to the standard would be re posure among residents around plants. duced to 38 percent. However, EPA plans *'*. emissions from the ethylene dlchlorlde The number of these effects to expected to further evaluate the need to control :l' - and vinyl ddorlde formation and purl- to be reduced at least In proportion to the hydrogen ohloride emissions, since dif fleatlon processes to 10 ppm. For the oxychlorlnatlon process, vinyl chloride reduction In the ambient annual average vinyl chloride concentration, which to fusion model results Indicste that under "wonit-csse" meteorological conditions, b- emissions are limited to OJg/kg of ethyl- expected to be 5 percent of the uncon the hydrogen chloride emissions from * ; ene dlchlorlde product. trolled levels after the standard to Im the process equipment and the incinera .In polyvinyl chloride plants, the stand plemented. tor combined would cause maximum am ard limits vinyl chloride emissions from Changes in the standard since pro bient concentrations of hydrogen chlo- equipment preceding and including the posal do not affect the level of control , ride In the vicinity of ethylene diclilo- Stripper in the plant process flow to 10 required. Thus, the environmental Im rWo-vlnyl chloride plants to be tn the ppm. Emissions from equipment follow- pact of the promulgated standard to, same range or somewhat higher than - tng the stripper are to be controlled by with one exception, the same as that existing foreign standards and Notional ' stripping dispersion realm to 2000 ppm described in Chapter 6 of Volume I df Academy of Sciences (NAS) guidelines * and other resins to 400 ppm, or by using equivalent controls. Vinyl chloride emto- tlie Standard Support and fRpironmeisfai impact statement. According to data for public exposure. slons from reactor opening are to be re- submitted by the Society of Plastics In ECOROMIO IMFACT 1 duced to 04:1 g/kg polyvinyl chloride dustry, Inc. (8PI>, the impact on water Hi accordance with Executive Order product. consumption In the draft environmental 11821 and OMB circular A-107, EPA In both ethylene dlchlorlde-vinyl . ' chloride and polyvinyl chloride plants, rell' f valve discharges end manual vent- Cng of rases are prohibited except under xncrgcucy conditions. Fugitive emissions Impact statement was overstated, m es timating the impact on water consump tion, EPA based its eatmsie* on worst case conditions. That Is, ETA nsiunef those oonlrol systems with the carefully evaluated the economic and IniUtlonary impact of the proposed standard and alternative control kvuls and ratified this in the preamble to the proposed standard. Three Impacts ora .' ,i *f KMBAt UOlirU, VOL 41, NO. 308--THUHIOAT, OCTOfttt 31, 1*76 l;i- .V * i * r*Y \ -- 2. '*4 l. URL 12355 :-) :'K.. ,, ' t ....;. Jv- fj<: IIAU AND REGULATIONS 406G1 discussed in chapter 1 of Volume I of Act, a public hearing was held on the tho Standard Support and Environmen proposed standard on February 3. 1978. tal Impact Statement. Comments on tha In Washington, D.C, Presentations were C proposed standard have resulted in only made by the Environmental Defense on* major change in the economic im Fund, the Society of the Plastics Indus pact analysis. SPA estimated that there try. Inc., Dow Chemical Company, Dia would be tour plant closures as a result mond Shamrock Corporation, and Air ol the promulgated standard. Of the four products and Chemicals. Inc. Copies of plants Identified as possible closure can the comment letters received, the public didates. one bos given notice that It no hearing record, and a summary of the longer produces polyvinyl chloride and comments with EPA's responses are the other three have Indicated that they available for public Inspection and copy do not Intend to close as a result of the ing at the EPA Public Information Ref standard. erence Unit. Room 2023 'EPA Library), The economic impacts of the promul 401 M Street, SW- Washington. D.C. In gated standard may be summarized as addition, copies of Uie comment sum la ,4. ij follows; The total capital cost for exist mary and Agency responses may be ob ing plants to meet the standard Is sett-' tained upon written request from the '".. re *<. ; >t'p . ." mated to be *198 million, of which *18 million Is for ethylene dictUorlde-vinyl chloride plants and *183 million Is for polyvinyl chloride plants. EPA estimates PubUa Information Centex (PM-313), Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street. SW- Washington. D.C. 30480 (specify Standard Support end Environ that these plants will have to spend *70 ments Impact Statement, Emisdon -m-: million per year to maintain the required Standard for Vinyl Chloride, Volume 11}. emission levels. In addition, the total capital cost for existing plants to meet W,- the EPA'i 1*93 water effluent guideline 81SM7V1CAKT COISKXWT* WD t'lUimi 10 m* piowsn Rwvunoy limitations la expected to be *83 twuun (1) Deciftofi to Uet vinyl chloride as a and the total annualized operation cost hazerdout air pollutant. In general, the ,l *17 million. The costs to the industry commenters did not contest FPA's deci KfS> of meeting the OSHA standard cannot be quantified st this time, but they ore ex sion to list vinyl chloride as a hazardous air pollutant. Honcvor, three comment- pected to overlap to some degree with the ex* (two companies and one Federal teste to met* EPA*s fugitive emission agency) argued that EPA placed undue regulations. The costs of meeting the emphasisoafactors suggesting that vinyl tv -#, / fugitive emission regulations aro included in the total costs cited above for meeting the promulgated regulation. Broken out separately, the capital coot of meeting the fugitive emission regulations Is *37 chloride presented a health risk aad Ignored factors suggesting that no sig nificant risk was Involved. Under section 113. however, EPA could remove vinyl chloride from the Hat of hazardous ate million and the annualized cost Is *28 pollutants only if information were prtr minion. tented to EPA that shows the* vinyl .* - . The standard Is not expected to deter chloride is clearly nob a hazardous ate . construction of new ethylene dlchloride- pollutant. As dhctisscd more fully In the ' vlnyl chloride plants or most types of comment summary, the commenters did ., *>-, now polyvtnyl chloride plants. Poe one not provide conclusive evidence that vinyl W*. type of polyvinyl chloride plant (dlspar- chloride is not a hazardous ate pollutant .eloik process) that represente 13 percent which causes or contributes to death or 'of the industry production, the standard serious rar did they conclusively would significantly deter the construc prove that the health risk factors em tion of smaller plants. phasized by EPA were insignificant. . It is .estimated that the price of poly- Several other commenters agreed with yloyt chloride resins wfQ rise by approxi EPA's decision to list vinyl chloride as a ..A mately 7.3 percent In order to maintain hazardous air pollutant, but argued that precontrol profitability and also to re- EPA had overstated the health problem, W' , cover the total annualized control costs the emission levels, and the projected necessitated by the standard at ethylene ambient sir concentrations around un dlchloride-vtnyl chloride plants and poly- controlled plants. WUh regard to the al vinyl chloride plants. This increase Is leged overstated health problem, the estimated to translate into a maximum commenters stated, for example, that the consumer price increase in goods fabri 08. worker EPA discussed as having cated from polyvinyl chloride resins of been exposed to vinyl chloride levels low approximately 3.8 percent. Recovery of er than thorn usually encountered In effluent annualized costs plus mainte polyvinyl chlartda production las been nance of precontrol profitability & esti dropped from the National institute of mated to add approximately 2 percent to Occupational Safety and Health's listing polyvinyl chloride resin pricos and result of workers with angiosarcoma. EPA in an additional maximum consumer agrees that there arc questions concern price increase of 1 percent ing tire level of exposure and in some Postro FaaxxcirATiow cases tire pathology of these esses not Involved directly in polyvinyl chloride . During the public comment period. 80 and vinyl chloride production. These un cpmmcat letters on the ptoooecd stand certainties ore stated In the appropriate ard were received. There wore 34 from footnotes of the Scimfl/lc and Technical Industry: 3 from environmental groups; Assessment Report on Vinvl Chloride and 18 from FeJcreJ, state, and local iigcn- Polvvinyl Chloride (f*TATt> where the cl-'s; and I from individual citizens. As angiosarcoma cases are listed. However, rgqulrod hr sectiou lutbj u> <B> of (ho in spite of Utrsa uncertainties, in view of ( . the possible exposure patterns, there cases cannot be ignored in the evaluation of the potential public health problems. With regard to the alleged overrated emission levels, the uncontrolled emir- sion levels reported by EPA were b-tesd ' on 19T4 data. This qualification was stated wherever emission data were pre sented. EPA recognizes that emissions have been reduced since that time, and stated this In the preamble to tha pro posed standard. ETPA decided no*. to gather more recent data on emission levelx, because these emission levels are expected to change, and gathering tha data would take considerable time both on the part of EPA and on the part of industry, since the purpose of the stand ard la to minimize emissions, there more current data would not affect the stand ard itself. The 1974 emission levels were also used In diffusion modeling to project maximum ambient atr concentrations around uncontrolled plants. These maxi mum air concentrations would probably be lower If 1*79 emission levels were used.1 This would reduce the relative impact of the standard below that'rlorcxibcd in the Standard Support and Environment lal impact statement, but would not. offset the basis of tha standard Itself. J (3) Approach for Regulating Vinyl Chloride Under Section III. Two eu-. proaches other then using best avail able control technology were *u-ce-itetl by the commenters for regulating vinyl chloride under section 113. Tho first was to ban polyvinyl cldorlde products for which substitutes are currently available and to gradually phase out other polyvinyl chJoridw products e*-' substitutes are developed. In the preamble to the proposed stand ard EPA specified its reasons for not set ting a sere emission limit for vinyl, chloride, as follows; 11> There are beno- flelal twee of vinyl chloride products for which desirable substitutes ore not read ily available; (3) there aro potentially adverse health and environmental im pacts from substitutes which have no* been thoroughly studied; Of there nre a number of employees, particularly la tho fabrication industries, who would bocoma at least temporarily unemployed; and (4) control technology is avallcUe which is capable of sutotir.ilally reduc ing emissions of vinyl chloride into the atmosphere. VA agrees that substitutes do exist or could be manufactured for most poly vinyl chloride uses. However, in general, there substitutes do not hare some of tha more desirable characteristics of poly vinyl chloride, such as ncnfiaiomablllty.' If vinyl chloride and pulyvlnyl chloride' wore banned, other substitutes with there more desirable characteristics would Itkeijr be developed. There li a ride that these xubstltutc.i would also have adverse health at environmental elects.' Sines control measures are avail.;Lie which eon reduce vinyl chloride emo tions by 90 percent or more, it dory rot teem prudent to reditcs ruii??fom l>y the remaining percentage and ta*u> tha rbfc cd Introducing new untested cUcrsleols huo tha environment,. . ` * w* .' . C 33 CJ cVnI i 1 <-* - ... ' -`i-* * <* < -* . . M .-r1;. ** .* s' * 'pv. ,. V' RNUi flflllH, VOL K0,, 08--mutSOAT* OCTOIft tl. .j. ... ... i- -:  v..-v *-. * t'l: * . - 40502 - ;* ' ' ' -' <r UttS AND REGUIA1IONiSt : * ' * ' ' ' . Vr t ' Another approach suggested by the capacity of no more than 0d9 m* <5fi venting will be permitted as a last report eommcntcn woe to bare the standard for gal). Reactors In this also range cr n gen before the relief valve opens. The name each Individual emission point on cost erally be found In a laboratory, whereas notification procedures are required for C-sua benefit. Several of tho fugitive the larger reactors are typically pilot manual venting to the atmosphere as ore .baton sources vers named specifically scale facilities. Emissions from laboratory required for relief discharges. as ones for which the costs of controsl cale equipment are relatively small, and There are several changes tn tbs nu wer substantially highor than the beneapplication of the controls required by merical emission limits in the promul fits. Although CPA did determine a cost- the standard would be expensive and Im gated standard. Except for the standard benefit ratio for the controls required practical. EPA also decided to exempt re for reactor opening lost, those changes 'for a number of anlsslon points. CPA search and development facilities con simply Involve conversion to the Interna- * tfoee not believe such a ratio is an appro* taining reactors greater than 0.19 m* <50 tional System of Units (SI). There was ' prlete basis on which to Get a standard. gal) and no more than 4.07 m* (1100 gal) an error Involved in the original cmlcula- : Section 111 of the Clean Air Act provides in capacity from all ports of the standard tlon used to derive tho standard for reac- '. for the development of standards based except the 10 ppm limit for reactors, tor opening. Correcting. this error dou- * on best control technology (considering strippers, monomer recovery systems, and bles the allowable emissions. It la em costa). Even under section 111. however, mixing, weighing and holding containers. phasised that the cliange In this stand- . standards are not based on a fine bal- EPA decided not to require these facul ard Is a correction, and not a change in . anclng of costs versus benefits. Instead, ties to meet other parts of the standard the intent for the degree of control re-1 costs are considered In terms of the af because of the technical problems in quired. fordability of the control technology re volved tn doing so. ftor example, the Tlie proposed standard required the.? quired to achieve a given emission level standard for reactor opening is based tn Installation of a rupture dice beneath and the economic impact of possible pest on reducing the frequency of open each relief valve to prevent leakage from standards on the industry in ques ing the reactor. Rmeorch and develop the relief valve. A provision has been . tion, Unlike section ill, section 112 does ment reactors have to be opened after added to the promulgated standard so not explicitly provide for consideration every botch for thorough cleaning. Also; that a rupture disc is not requtred U of costs, so It would clearly be inappro stripping technology Is developed indi the relief valve is tied into a process Una . priate to consider costs to a greater ex vidually for each resin in research and or recovery system. Is this csss; any tent under section 112 than would be development equipment. Therefore, at leakage from the relief valve would be , done under section 111. As discussed in tainment of the stripping limitations in contained. C.the preamble to the proposed standard tor. .vinyl chloride, EPA believes costs may be considered under section 112. but qnly to a very limited extent; l.e., to "assure that the costs of control technol ogy qre not grossly disproportionate to the amount of emission reduction r achieved' In comparison wKh other emission points, the costa of controlling the fugttlve emission aonrees mentioned .by,the cemmentcrs are relatively small npared with the amount of emission .uctlon achieved. - Several commenters recommended adding to the regulation a provision for , excess emissions during startup, shut down, and malfunction. SPA considered this comment, and decided that this addition is not noceesary for the vinyl chloride standard, startup and shutdown of the process has essentially no effect pn emissions to the atmosphere for poly vinyl chloride production, and technology exists to avoid excess emissions during Startup and shutdown at ethylene dlcblorldovlxiyl chloride plants. We do not 1 behove plants should be allowed to emit excess emissions during malfunctions, and therefore are requiring them to shut down Immediately. .< <i> Selection of source categories, m the preamble to the proposed standard EPA recognized that some small reeearch and development facilities may exist where the emissions of vinyl chloride are Insignificant and covering these faculties under the standard would be unnecessary and inappropriate. However, EPA did not have suflclcnt Information available to dearly dcflno which facilities should be excluded from the standard* and encouraged Interested parties to submit su^U information during the comment period. Based on the information sub mitted, H'A decided to exempt poly vinyl chloride reactors and associated ilwucut from applicability of all parts t,4io strodurd If the reactors arc used la ic3cr.nh and development and have the research and development equipment The regulation for obtaining vinyl' would not always be possible. The 4.07 chloride samples has been changed to ah , m* (1100 gal> figure was selected as aa . operating procedure. The proposed upper cut-off point because there ore no standard stated that there were to be commercial reactors smaller than this. no emissions from taking the samples. <4) Emission limits. The only major Several commenters pointed out that the ' change In the omission limits between use of the word "no" would make tills proposal and promulgation is (lie addi regulation impractical to enforoe. There tion of a provision for emergency manual fore. the promulgated standard specifics venting of vinyl chloride from reactors the openting procedure which CPA orig to the atmosphere. The proposed stand inally Intended to be vied to control ard prohibited all manual venting to the fids source. This revision is only a change atpsosphere. In the preamble to the pn^ tn wording and does not represent .n posed standard. EPA invited interested change in the level of the standard. ' persons to comment on whether permit The regulation for taking samples has ting manual venting to tho atmosphere also been revised to apply only to sam could result in overall lower emissions. ples containing at least 10 percent by There are several methods available for weight vinyl chloride. This is consistent preventing relief discharges from reac with the other parte of the standard tors. one of which is manual venting of which apply to equipment Tn vinyl part of the reactor contents for purposes chloride sendee." "In vinyl chloride serv of cooling and reduction In pressure ice" between situations wlthlQ the reactor. The higher the tem where vinyl chloride Is dearly Involved perature and pressure within the reac and situations where vinyl chloride Is a*; tor, tho greater the amount of vinyl minor component or contaminant, and chloride which has to be removed to as defined In promulgated |61.6l(l>` bring the reactor under control. Manual means that a piece of equipment con venting can be done at a lower pressure tains or contacts either a liquid that is than the pressure required to open the relief valve. For this reason manual vent ing can result In lower emissions than would occur by allowing the reactor to discharge through the relief valve. Fur at least 10 percent by weight vinyl chk>- > ride or a gaa that is at least 10 peicea^,by volume vinyl chloride. The proposed standard required a vinyl chlortdo monitoring system for continu thermore. a manual vent valve la under ously measuring vinyl chloride levels both the control of an operator and can be within the plant (for leak detection) and closed. A relief valve may become clogged within stacks. The proposad standard did with resin and not close. The result not outline required specifications for the would be loss of all the reactor contents. monitoring system, except that It was to . The contents of a reactor can be man analyze the samples with fens chromatog ually vented to a gasholder or otherhotd- raphy, or if all hydrocarbons were as Ing vessel. However. In some cores, such sumed to be vinyl ehlortde. with interred aa during severe weather conditions, sev spectrophotometry, flame Ion detection, eral reactors may be out of control at or equivalent. It required that each plant one time. There would be insufficient submit a description of It* monitoring holding capacity under theco conditions system to EPA. so that EPA eu;,ld deter to manually vent the eentents of all the reactors to a gasholder. Therefore, when mine whether it was rerepteb'e or not* Comments were received indicating a need for EPA to specify eotnc crUerli for all other measures to prevent relief valve Judging the acceptability of monlto, J;sg discharges have been exhausted, manual system* The accuracy of tin lainltur- ttDCIAl tEGWIl, VOt. 41, NO. *93--1HVMPAY, OCTOBER. IT, IV7S .. URL 12358 RULES AND REGULATIONS ;w ln<r system would ho related to the fre (g)(3) (ID, and 61.70(0 (mu *o that made the same as for <'. Iit rrrl.n r*::d quency of calibration. Then,(or \ ill*A measurement ot the vinyl chloride levels Olliers requested that lb' > b<? m.u l -s has Included in the promulgated ohuid- In the rc inr la to be made immediately stringent. EPA chelilid r.Jt, to mr-Vc- Lli .; ard requirements for the frcquuicy of after stripping t* completed rr.tlier than standard for stripping d :.--.r*i:;n r: i-n / . calibration and procedures to bo carried as the resin. 1* bring transferred out of the some os for other re ;h s i.ncavr. th { out In the calibration of Urn monitoring Uie stripper. Tills allows a plant to carry Is sufficient evidence to liullcn!? lii'.t Instruments. out operations in a stripper after trip these resins are more chfiiuiilt |r> sir:r> . * The portable liydrocarbon dricctor ra> ping has been completed but before It-is than other resins. With regard t., ir.i * . quired by the proposed standard was re transferred out of the stripper. This Is Ing tho strlppbig levels /or tic :.'r. 1 a quired to hare a sensitivity of 6 ppm. consistent with the original intent of the resins less stringent. oni/cneof l -o C: lit Comments were received indit-ating that standard. manufacturers of dispersion f iiiiv . . instruments in thi-i sensitivity range are The regulation for loading and unload clfically commented Uiet the cl.-pcr icn delicate end require conUmuig mainte- ing lines In | 61.65(b) <1) has been rw- resin standard should be mi le Ic.*o .` nance. The portable hydrocarbon detec- vised to clarify that It applies only to stringent. Only two of revurst grade i of ,v .. tor is required for leak detection and for lines that are disconnected after each dispersion resins made oy this comr-iny , . . . measuring vinyl chloride concentrations loading or unloading operation. Perma cannot meet ths 2.COO pi-ui hmit. The -inside the equipment before opening It. nently installed pipelines that are opened proposed standard take^ iiMo con -i'i nv- AS ppm sensitivity ta not needed in infrequently for Uupcction or mainte tlon that some resins ore r.u.re uiii.^ult either case, and the required sensitivity nance, for example, are covered by ths to strip than others by pt-Mvldlir' for has been changed to 10 ppm In the pro- opening of equipment regulation rather averaging among different r.jlus. . * mulgatcd standard. * than tho loading and unloading line (S) rearing, retartiitv. cud ivfr>rrf- ^ ** The propoced standard contained a regulation. keeping. There are several relatively' lurta re.'julaMon for cociprer-ors. The The regulation for Inproeecs waste minor changes In tba ta.tlr.rr. )K. * "*J r promulgated standard has separate reyuiutloas for rr tiling and reciprocating water tn tho proposed standard could have been nil-Interpreted to.require in and recordkcsptng requlroir nt-. A pro vision has fc?ca added to 5 11 Gi va.Lh compressors. lliLi Li conebtent tvitiifcaT- dividual treatment of wastewater requires tliat stock gas ^.mp;:3 l .ucu . ing separate rctruLitlona for rotating and streams. Section 61.6<b>(6)(l) of ths with Test Method 106 are to be ^noJ> -*ed reciprocating pumps in both the pro- promulgated standard clarifies that within 24 hours. TTiIs Is r^Tisls-.-iT; vilb ** Vposcd and promulgated stand.irtls. wastewater streams tbit are required to the requirements In the prr;:>...d Teel 4 Section 61.68 of the proposed standard be treated <i.e,, those containing greater Method 106. The prooiulr:r.tc-d standard `r, 'V'J' /provided for tho use of equivalent meth than 10 ppm vinyl chloride) can be com also specifies that in avrcaylnT tU'.* re ods of control which have been approved bined to be treated. However, waste- sults of the three runs required by Test i- by EPA. The promulgated standard ro- water streams that contain greater than Method 106, a tlme-wolghtcd pverags la :* yr 'ft,-* Ruin* that the plant owner or operator submit a request for determination of equivalency wli-Ula 30 days of tho pro 10 ppm vinyl clilorldo cannot be com bined with wastewater streams that con tain less than 10 pptn vinyl chloride be to be used. One eommenUr requested that the oxygen content and mo^lure content bo mulgation date if the alternative control fore treatment; Le* c'Jt'iMna cannot be specified for the 10 ppm concuitrnllon . method is Intended aa the Initial means used to meet the standard. standards. The proposed stai.dard speci of control. The purpose of this is to pro The commented recommended several fied that the vinyl chloride concentration vide tlmo for CPA to evaluate the method changes In the emission- Umite which le to be corrected to 10 percent oxygen before the plant has to be tn compliance have net boon Incorporated Into the (wet basis) if combustion is nsi.d aa tho l .(for existing sources, 60. days after the promulgated standard. These are die- control measure. In tho protmilgnted promulgation date). EPA also suggests cussed la the following pcrr.'traphs. standard, thla requirement ha bccu ex that this request for determination of It was recommended that tho require panded to all control measures. ' r- " -.equivalency bo accompanied by a re ment for double mechanical seals on provision has baddrT to tho '* i . quest for waiver of compliance pursuant pumps, compressors, and agitators be re promulgated standard which states that , to section llJfcMIMBKU) of the Act. moved because the single seals currently If o reactor is also u^d as a stripper, tho Hie request for a waiver for compliance used on this equipment have small emis reactor opening emirolops may be drter- \ should provide for the ease where EPA sions and are more reliable than double mlned immediately following the strip- ''. determines that o method tn not equiv- mechanical seals. EPA is aware that each ping operation. Xf a reactor is also used ' jV ,elcnt and the plant needs to purchase fugitive emission source, such as one as a stripper, the rreia is in the reactor *' other equipment In no case will the pump, taken by Itself causes relatively when It is opened. T7;b means that vinyl waiver of compliance be extended beyond mail missions. Fugitive emissions con chloride in the resin which Im already ' 'two yean from the data of promulga- sidered ss a whole are a significant bees etripped to acce^l.ihlo l::wlr, cun lion. ' r source of emissions, however, and the in escape from the rc.=lu :u;i become part *, - There are several wording cJarlflcations which have been made in the pro- tent of the standard Is to reduce these. Double mechanical sc*i pumps are com of the reactor opening it is E t'A'e Intent that once a rc la hi'3 l^ccnstrlTip^d ' mulgated standard. The definition for monly used in the Industry lor emkaion to the required levels, tbit nlduionat "to vinyl chloride service'* (| 60.61(D) reduction. SeaUcss pumpn or equivalent controls are not required- LnU^r ths new has been clarified by stating that It systems are available as options to double provision, vinyl chloride nearing from means equipment that contacts vinyl mechanical seals. the resin after It has been stripped to chloride as well os oqulpment that con The commented recommended In-, acceptable levels Li not counted ns port tains vinyl chloride. This would Include croe ling the averaging time for the 10 of the reactor opening less. such equipment as agitators. ppm limits' and the emJ'rioo limits for A section requiring continuous moni Words have been added in 9161.63. 61.63, and 61.64 to clarify that the 10 ppm emission limits do not have to be met when equipment bos already been Opened In compliance with the regula tion for opening of equipment, Equip reactor opening and stripping to 30 days. Some of the commented apparently thought that the 10 ppm limits had to be met on an instantaneous basis. However, since the performance test for determin ing compliance consists of three runs for toring of stack emissions h:u been added to the promulgated standard The con tinuous monitoring of star!: crnLulon* was required la the proposed standard. The addition of a sneclilc paragraph for emission monitoring serves only to gvmineTuaISnynnhltpalteIttQvceiJitrlmfhoe.puIlaqejpat-unt.ml1rlitioreJehvcuwgmaiunerselcryoaenrlftimtincnsohsentohlfttooetcraIraitndniscsesltlltpuacraeidonpnocednpdipdftoiiea.newunidgntoinulpgmielfdovolebyortleesh-f isatlsatIiishmimgorSmninenieoteeisglmneittoivthemhiwemeo3lcousrue0ou.mrdlmsfMddeo.aPcomry'Ap.tItrsen.ehuenhcrebfnmratoleee1srhdia0tdnasophcorinupnetiryrgmcqgfhuieomelfeatfihsmcrloutethehipi.,dtod-oautinhsettvryhhkeema.aartieaasttlmegvstthaieihinosisregsnt clarify the requirement. The standard has been rovt.-rd *o lint the tniUal Teport requires a "U- .;crh tloa" rather than a "detailed drciiripttcn" of the eiuiam-^nt tred to .tl. l fr-l*:v emt'nans, ijevercl cotrnir,t -% p-'o'id out that a dri.ulcd d'hu:i a. ,IJ contain proprietary hu'orui t hara been re flood lu HOl.flKo), 6I.6T stripping levels for dispersion dalus bo agrees that a detailed tleccrij ur-n u uu> .npciAt tifiisiia, vot. 41, no, ios--tkuksoav. ociosie ri,, ivrs * vM .* "'V. . VA  Attii ;! "' r.-f' ' *;' 1 > * VV ' M ,,. > RULES AND REGULATIONS *.'.. i .. - +* . , .<j . initial report Is unnecessary. It oddl- Zn section 8.4 of Tert Method 108 the <9) Vinyl - chloride by1 any proccaL ttonal information la needsi, CPA eon requirement for an automatic Integrator and/or obtain it tinder section 114 of the Act and has been replaced with a requirement for (3) One or mors polymers containing Cthe plant cqu request confidential treat a disc integrator or planlmeter for meas any fraction of polymerized vinyl chlo ment In accordance with 40 CFR Part 9 uring peak area. This change la in ride. lor Information it believe* to be spouse to a comment which states that <b> This subpart does not apply <o ' proprietary. automatic integrators are unnecessarily equipment used in research and develop Tbe proposed standard required that elaborate and expensive. ment if the reactor used to polyrncvfce a semiannual report be submitted every A new section C.5 has been added to the vinyl chloride processed In the equip 180 days. The promulgated standard Test Method 108 which requires deter ment has a capacity of no more than , specifics dates for the submittal of the mination of the water vapor content of 0.19 m1 (SO go!>. ` reports. It also specifies that the first the sampling bag by measuring the am (c) Sections of this subpart other than semiannual report does not have to be bient temperature and pressure near the 481.84(a)(1), (b), <c). and <d> do not . submitted untQ at least six months after bag. The vinyl chloride concentration of apply to equipment used In research and the Initial report is submitted. th* bag can then be reported on a dry development If the reactor used to po . The standard has been revised to elim basis, a provision for checking the rigid lymerize the vinyl chloride processed in inate tho requirement to record the cause container for leaks has been added to the equipment has a capacity of greater i. 1 et any leak detected by the vinyl clilo- section 7.4 of Test Method 100. than O.lfl m` <80 gal) and no more than 1 ' ride detector, the action taken to repair ^ ..the leak, and the amount of time rer qulrcd to repair the leak. CPA Is con cerned only that leaks arc detected and repaired. That this has been done can be . ' established by looking at the strip chart record of measurements made by the Y vinyl eliloi ido detector. These records are still required for tho portable hydrocar- > bon detector however. Several commentators recommended r-y that the companies be allowed an extra v* two weeks to submit to CPA data from the initial performance test They also - recommended that they submit the data by regular mail rather than registered *; matt. CPA has not adopted either of these recommendations. A source Is supposed to be In compliance with the standard within 00 days of the promulgation of the standard. The standard requires that ... the emission tests be done within the ; *0 day period, and permits an extra so ( aye for determination of rosuitx. Hie ^ purpose of using registered mall Is to document the fact that emission data :*' have been sent and received. This way '. tf the results are lost in the mail, there - win be no question that they were sent 18) rest method. Test Method 108 has V been changed to recognise that on a gas * Chromatograph equipped with e Chrora. osorb 103 column, acetaldehyde may \ Interfere with the vinyl clilortde peak. When a sample Is expected to contain . . aceUldchydj, a secondary column as do* t scribed in section 4.3.3 must be employed. Mam spectroscopy or another absolute analytical tccludquo la required to eonfirm the vinyl chloride peak obtained 1' with tho gas chromatograph, only if peak resolution with the secondary column Is not successful. In section 4.1.4, aluminized Mylar bags ean be substituted for Tcdlar bogs. EPA . now has data to allow this substitution, provided that the samples are analysed ; within 34 hours of collection. ' In section B.t.3 of Test Method 108 tho requirement to use "oxygen gas" has been replaced with "oxynen gas or air. as required by the dctoctor." Several coratnentore stated that most gas chromato graphs arc denned to use hydrogen and sir for their flume detectors. When used In this v.fiy, they r.xe capable of detect- The only change in Test Method 107 Is the provision in Section 5.3.3 for use of Carbopak C as well as Carbopak A. Aontcarrr: Section 113 of tho Clean AW Aet m added by Me. 4(a) of Pub. U 91-604, a* eta*, tees <43 uac, ie37o-7; ocettou us of tba Cleon Air Act, ns adrttd by ace. 4{a) of Pub. L. 11-604. 94 8tat. 1697. and amended by Pub. u 99-619, eoe. 6(a) (4), es SUt. 369 (43 TJMX3. 18fl7o-0); section 801(a) of .tho Clean Air Art, aa amended by Me. 15(a) (3) of Pub. U 91-604. 64 eta*. 1719 (49 VA4). 1887g(a)>. . Dated: October 13.1B78L Jonx Qttsioxs, Acting Administrator. Fart 81 of Chanter I. Title 49 of the Oode of Federal llcrrulatlona Is emended as follows: The table of sections for Part 81 is amended by adding a list of sections for new Subpart F and Part- 81 Is amended by adding a sew Gubpart 9 reading as follows: MpM p-- SiUwiI EmlMlm StwwUM tm Vlapl CbMrtda 6160 1.S1 6148 <1.69 1.64 61.60 6148 14V 61.69 6169 61.70 61.71 Applicability. baSnlUosa , . Xmiaelon standard for' ethylene dl- etUorlde plants. Xnpaslou standard for vinyl sblorldo plants. smlsskn standard for polyvinyl chlo ride plants. emission standard for stbyleno dl- ohiorlds. vinyl cbiorida and poly vinyl ohlortds planta Equivalent equipment and proesdurts. xmltslon tests. Emission monitoring. Initial report. :**~ > SenUannual report. ' Baoardkssptag. AoTWoarrr: BootIon 119 of tbs Clean Air Aet as added by sso. 4(a) of Pub. X.. 91-604. 94 Stat. 1686 <49 U6.C. 1C370-7); seeUoa 114 of tho Clean Air Act. as added by esc. 4(a) of Pub. If. BI-604, St aut. 1C87, sad amended by Pub. L. S3-S19, UO- 6(a) (4). SS 8tat. 969 (49 C4.C. 19670-9): section 201(a) of tbo Clean Air Act. as emended by me. 16(c)(3) or Pub. U 91-604. 64 gut 1736 (49 9AC. I867f(a)>. tuboart F--NoHontl Emission Standard for Vinyl Chloride 161.60 Applicability, (a) This aubpart applies to planta 4.07 to* (1100 gal) * V 8 81.61 Defiitlikuu..; Y Terms used in this subpart are defined in the Act, tn subpart A of this part, or In this section as follows: --- (a) "Ethylene dluhlorldo plant" in cludes any plant which produces ethyl ene dichloride by reaction of oxygen and hydrogen chloride with ethylene. <b> "Vinyl ehlorlde plant** Included any plant which produces vinyl chlorkla, by any process. (e) "Polyvinyl chloride plant** Includes any plant where vinyl chloride alone or in combination with other materials is i.l V 1 '* polymerized. (d) "Slip gauge" means a gauge which has a probe that moves through the gas/ liquid interface In a storage or transfer vessel and. indicates the level of vinyl chloride In the vessel by the physical state of the material the gauge dis charges. <e) "Type of resin'* moans the broad -1--of resin referring to the basic manufacturing process fer produc ing that resin. Including, but not limited * to, the suspension, dispersion, latex, bulk* and solution processes. (f) "Grade of resin" means the sub division of rosin classification which de scribes It as a nnlque resin, Lc., Uis most -exact description of a resin with no fur* ther subdivision. <g> **DUPersian refin" means a resin manufactured In such awAy as to form fluid dispersions when diverted in a Plasticizer or ptostlclzer/dttucnt mix tures. (h) Tatex resin" means a resin which Is produced by a polymerization process which Initiates from free radical catalyst sites and Is sold undried. (1) "Bulk resin' means a resin which is produced by a polymerization process In which no water is used. <J) "inprocess wastewater** means any water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes Into direct contact with vinyl chloride or polyvinyl ehlori Ji or results from the production or use of any raw material, into: mediate product, finished product, by-product, or warto product containing vinyl cliloridj or polyvinyl chlorMo but wldoh hus not been <!Lxhurucd to a wastewater treat C JO ro co cn co h'.iT 0 5 ppm vinyl chlorido In air. This la which produce: ment process or discharged untreated as sensitive cnouch for monitoring tho 18 (1) Ethylene dJchlcritlo by reaction at . wnstev/ater. i ui eruln^lon limits stipulated In the oxygon and hydrogen chloride with <k> "Westewatcr treatment process" ClandarJ. ethylene,: v * Includes any process which modJdcj flDSIAl iCOUTIK, VOi. 41, NO. 105--1HU6S0AV, OCTQ8E* ttr'1*7 tUlBS AND tECULATlONS . 405GS * ' characteristics such u BOD. COD. T88. 0 ftl.fiS Ivniteion aUndvd for - vioyl stripper (or the reactor if the plant has - and pH. usually for the purpose of meet* dikrub plant*. no stripper) in the plant process flow is Ing effluent guidelines and standards; it An owner or operator of a vinyl chlo not to exceed 10 ppm. except as provided c does rot Include any process the purpoee of which la to remove vinyl chloride from - water to meet requirement* of thie - jubpart. . <1> "In vinyl chlorkl* service" means that a piece of equipment contains or ride plant shall comply with the require ments of this section and I 61.65. <a> Vinyl chloride formation and puri fication: The concentration of vinyl chloride in all exhaust gases discharged to the atmosphere from any equipment In 9 61.69(a). This requirement does not apply to equipment that haa been opened, is out of operation, and met the requirement in | 61.69(b) (6) (1> before being opened. (d) Monomer recovery system. The contacts either a liquid that Is at least 10 percent by weight vinyl chloride'or a gas that is at least 10 percent by volume used in vinyl chloride formation and/or purification Is not to exceed 10 ppm, ex cept as provided in | 61.69(a). This re concentration of vinyl ohlorlde in all ex haust gases discharged to the atmos phere from each monomer recovery sys vinyl chloride. <m> "Standard operating procedure'* means a formal written procedure offi quirement does not apply to equipment that has been opened, Is out of operation, and met the requirement In i 61.65(b) tem is not to exceed 10 ppm, except as provided in 161.69(a). This requirement does not apply to equipment that has cially adopted by the plant owner or 6>(t> before being-opened, Operator and available on a routine basis been opened, Is out of operation, and met the requirement In 161.65(b)(6) (I) be . to those persons responsible tor carrying out the procedure. f ft 1A4 EmU'lon t:indrcl fur polyvinyl plant*. fore being opened. . -> "V* . is) Sources following the stnpper(s>; (n) "Run" moans the net period of time during which an emission sample la collected. <o> "Ethylene dlehloride purification** includes any part of the process of ethyl ene dlehloride production which follows ethylene dlehloride formation and In which finished ethylene dlehloride is produced. (p) "Vinyl chloride purification" in cludes any part of the process of vinyl chloride production which follows vinyl chloride formation and in which finished yinyl chloride is produced. An owner or operator of a polyvinyl chloride plant shall comply with the re quirements of this section and I 61.69. . (a> Reactor: The following require ments apply to reactors: <li The concentration of vinyl chlo ride in all exhaust gases discharged to the atmosphere from each reactor is not to exceed 10 ppm. except as provided in paragraph (e)(3) of this section and 1 61.66(e>. <2) The reactor opening loss from each reactor Is not to exceed 0.03 g vinyl chtoride/Kg (0.00002 lb vinyl chloride/ lb i of polyvinyl chloride product, with The following requirements apply to emissions of vinyl chloride to the at-' < moepher* from, the combination of alt sources following the stripper's) for the reactor(s) If the plant has no strip per's)) in the plant process Pow in cluding but not limited to, esntrifugea, concentrators, blend tanka, filters, dry ers. conveyor air discharges, baggers, storage containers, and inprocess waste water: (1) In polyvinyl chloride plants using stripping technology to control Tiny* chloride emissions, the weighted average residual vinyl chloride concentration in : . <q> "Resctor** includes any vessel in the product determined on a dry solids all grades of polyvinyl chloride resin which vinyl chloride is partially or totally basis. This requirement applies to any processed through the stripping opera polymerized into polyvinyl chloride. vessel which Is used as a reactor or as tion on each calendar day. measured fr) "Reactor opening loss" means the both s reactor and a stripper. In the immediately after the stripping opera emissions of vinyl chloride occurring bulk process, the product means the tion is completed, may not exceedr C X) when a reactor Is vented to the atmos phere for any purpose other than an emergency relief discharge as defined in I .9<e). gross product of prepolymerisation and postpolymerisatiofL <3* Manual vent valve discharge: Ex cept tor an emergency manual vent valve (1) 2000 ppm tor polyvinyl chloride dispersion resins, excluding latex resins; (lit 400 ppm for all other polyvinyl chloride resin*, including totes resins* ro co a> o ; (a) -"Stripper" Includes any vessel In which residual vinyl chloride is removed from polyvinyl chloride resin, except bulk resin, in the slurry form by the use of heat and/or vacuum. Id the case of hulk resin, stripper Includes any vessel which is used to remove reeidual vinyl Chloride from polyvinyl chloride resin Immediately following the polymeriza i tion step in the plant process flow. , V ^'`'141.61 - Cmiuion (rtsndaHt for ethyleec T'j` dkhlwUf plinti. discharge, there is to be no discharge to the atmosphere from any manual vent valve on a polyvinyl chloride reactor in vinyl chloride service. An emergency manual vent valve discharge means a discharge to the atmosphere which could not have been avoided by taking meas ures to prevent the discharge. Within 10 days of any discharge to the atmosphere from any manual vent valve, the owner or operator of the source from which the discharge occurs shall submit to the Ad ministrator a report in writing contain averaged separately for each type of res in; or (2> In polyvinyl chloride plants con trolling vinyl chloride emission* with technology other than stripping or. in addition to stripping, emissions of vinyl chloride to the atmosphere .may not exceed: *1 <1)2 g/kg (0.002 Ib/lb) product from the stripper(a) lor reactor is) 11 the-., plant has no stripper<a>) tor dispersion polyvinyl chloride resins, excluding late* resins, with the product determined on n .. ' k 'An owner or operator of an ethylene ing information on the source, nature dry solids basts: !' * , * dlehloride plant shall comply with the requirements of this section and 101.69. <a> Ethylene dlehloride purification: The concentration of vinyl chloride in ell exhaust gases discharged to the at mosphere from any equipment used in ethylene dlehloride purification Is not to exceed 10 ppm. except as provided in |gl.g94a>. This requirement does not apply to equipment that has been opened. Is out of operation, and met the and causa of the discharge, the date and time of the discharge, the approximate total vinyl chloride lose during the dlsciiarge, the method used tor determining the vinyl chloride loss, the action that was taken to prevent the discharge, and measures adopted to prevent future dis charges. b Stripper: The concentration of vinyl chloride in ail exhaust gases dU* charged to the atmosphere from each stripper Is not to exceed 10 ppm, except as provided in f 61.65(a). This require (ID 0.4 g/kg (0.0004 Ib/lb) product from the strippers ror reactor!*) if the - plant has no stripper's)) for all other polyvinyl chloride resins, including latex resins, with the product determined od a dry solids basis. .% V | I1A1 Emission OumUrd for rtliiiriM dirhlorMs, vinyl rhktrU* awl.poly vinyl rhlnride plants. An owner or operator of an ethylene. dlehloride. vinyl chloride, and/or pairvinyl chloride plant shall comply with ... requirement in 101.66(b) before being ment does not apply to equipment that the requirements of this section. eparted. has been opened, is out of operation, and (a) Relief valve discharge: Except for - > t CV (b> Oxychlorlnatlon reactor: Bxeept m provided In I #1.69(a), emissions of vinyl chloride to the atmosphere from each oxychlorlnatlon reactor axe not to exceed 0.2 g/kg the 100 percent ethylene dlclilortde product from the xychlori- natloa process. met the requirement to f 6l.66<b> (6) (!) before being opened. (e> Mixing, weighing, and holding containers: The concentration of vinyl chloride in all exhaust gases discharged to the atmosphere from each mixing, weighing, or holding container In vinyl chloride service which precedes the an emergency relief discharge, there is / to be no discharge to the atmosphere from any relief valve on any equiwncr.t in vinyl chloride service. An emergency relief discharge means a discharge which could not have ben avoided by taking measures to prevent the diseham*. With in 10 days of any relief valve discharge. vtessM uoitm. vol qv* mo. *--wussoat. octoir it. me * *. 4 4" . UC3 .' ?. . V. - tUUS AND REGULATIONS ..;* r*- V -'1- *r ';* '* ,' . . : ; V y the owner or operator of the source from system from which the concentration of , which the relief reive discharge occurs vinyl chloride In the exhaust gases does shall submit to the Administrator a re* not exceed it ppm; or equivalent as port In writing containing information provided in f 61.ee. Con ths source, nature end cause of the 'iiJi Rotating compressor: Vinyl discharge, the date and time of the dis chloride emlaalona from seals on ail ro charge, the approximate total vinyl chlo tating compressors In vinyl chloride ride loss during the discharge, the meth service are to bo minimized by Installing od used for determining the vinyl ehlo- compressors with double mechanical ' ride loss, the action that wae taken to "eats, or equivalent as provided In 161.66. prevent the discharge, and measure* If double mechanical seals are used, vinyl adopted to prevent future discharges. chloride emissions from the seals are to * <|x) Fugitive emission sources: be minimized by maintaining the pres . <11 Loading and unloading lines: Vinyl sure between the two seals so that any chloride emissions from loading and un leak that occurs Is into the compressor; loading llnea which axe opened to the by ducting any vinyl chloride between atmosphere alter each loading or un the two seals through a control system loading operation are to. be minimized from which the concentration of vinyl M follows: chloride in the exhaust gases does not (11 After each loading or unloading exceed 18 ppm; or equivalent as provided operation and before opening a loading in | 61.66. nr unloading line to the atmosphere, the <tv) Reciprocating compressors: Vinyl quantity of vinyl chloride In all parte of chloride emissions from seals on all re each loading or unloading line that are ciprocating compressors in vinyl chloride to be opened to the atmosphere Is to be service are to be minimised by installing reduced so that the parts combtned con double outboard seals, or equivalent as tain no greater than 0.0038 m* (0.13 ft*> provided In 181.66. If double outboard of vinyl chloride, at standard tempera- seals aro used, vinyl chloride emissions . tun and pressure; and from the seals are to be minimized by <U> Any vinyl chloride removed from maintaining the pressure between the a loading, or unloading llna in accord two seals se that any leek that occurs Is ance with paragraph (bXlHi) of this bite the compressor: by ducting any section is to be ducted through a control vinyl ehloside between the two seels system from which the concentration of through a control system from which the Vinyl chloride in the exhaust gases does concentration of vinyl chloride in the not exceed 10 ppm. dr equivalent as pro exhaust gases does not exceed 10 ppm; vided In gSl.CS. er equivalent as provided In I 61.66. <a> Slip gauges: During loading or un (v i Agitator: Vinyl chloride emissions loading operations, the vinyl chloride from stele on all agitators in vinyl chlo eUmlona from each slip gauge la vinyl ride sendee are to be minimized by in .chloride service are to bo minimized by stalling agitators with double mechani C noting any vinyl chloride discharged cal seala. er equivalent as provided in rom the slip gauge through a control 161-6& If double mechanical seals are system from which the concentration of used, vinyl chloride emissions from the vinyl chloride in the exhaust gases does seals aretebe minimised by maintaining not exceed 10 ppm. or equivalent as pro the pressure between the two seals so vided In 101.60. that any leak that occurs & into the agi . .'(* Leakage from pump, compressor, tated vessel; by ducting any vinyl chlo and agitator seals: ride between the two seala through a .<|> Rotating pumps: Vinyl chloride control system from which the concen amissions from seals on ail rotating tration of vinyl chloride In the exhaust pumps in vinyl chlorida service are to be gases does not exceed 10 ppm; or equiva minimised by Installing sealless pumps, lent as provided In 9 8166. pumps with double mechanical seals, or equivalent aa provided in 161.66. tf 4i Leakage from relief valves: Vinyl chloride emissions due to leakage from - double mechanical seals are used, vinyl each relief valve on equipment in vinyl " chloride emission from the seals are to chloride sendee are to be minimized by ha minimised by maintaining the pres Installing a rupture disk between the sure between the two seals so that any equipment and the relief valve, by con leak that occurs is into the pump; by necting the relief valve discharge to a ducting any vinyl chloride between the process line or recovery system, or equiv two seals through a control system from alent as provided in I 61.66. which the concentration of vinyl chlo <6> Manual venting of gases: Except ride In the exhaust gases does not ex ceed 10 ppm; or equivalent as provided 1A|61A6. ae provided In 161.64(a) f3', ull gases which are manually vented from equip ment lu vinyl chloride service are to be til) Reciprocating pumps: Vinyl chlo ducted through a control system from ride emissions from seals on all recipro which the concentration of vtnyl chloride cating pumpe In vinyl chloride service in the exhaust gasea docs not exceed 16 are to be minimized by installing double outboard seals, or equivalent as provided ppm; or equivalent as provided in t 61.66. <6> Opening of equipment; Vinyl to 161.66. If double outboard seals are chloride emissions from opening of used, vinyl chloride emissions from the equipment (Includingloading or unload seals are to be minimized by maintaining * the pressure between the two seals so ing lines, tliat are not opened to the at mosphere after each loading or unload ing operation) are to be minimised as that any leak ttiat occurs is Into the follows; mp; by ducting any vinyl chloride be- <1> Before opening aay equipment far vvwn the two scale through a control any ruroB, ttw quantity of vinyl ehlo- ride Is to be reduced so that the equip ment contains no more than 9.0 percent by volume vinyl chloride or o.ooso m* (25 gal) of vinyl chloride, whichever is larger, at standard temperature and pressure; apd * <il> Any vinyl chloride removed from the equipment in accordance with para graph <b>(6)<t> of this section Is to be ducted through a control system from which the concentration of vtnyl chlo ride in the exhaust gases does not exceed ' 10 ppm. or equivalent as provided In I 61.66. (T> Samples: Unused portions of sam ples containing at least 10 percent by weight vinyl chloride are to be returned to the process, and sampling technlquee are to be such that sample containers la vinyl chloride servlet are purged Into a closed process system. <8) Leak detection* and elimination;. Vinyl chloride amissions due to leaks from equipment to vinyl chloride service are to be minimized by Instituting and implementing a formal leak detection and elimination program. The owner or operator shall submit a description of the program to the Administrator for approval. The program Is to be sub mitted within 48 days of the effective date of these regulations. a waiver of compliance Is granted under 6 61.11. If a waiver of compliance Is granted, the program le to be submitted on a date scheduled by the Admtnbtrator. Ap proval of a program win be granted by the Administrator provided l>e Anda: <> It Includes a reliable and accurate vtnyl chloride monitoring system for de tection of major leaks and Identification of the general area of the plant where a leak Is located. A vinyl chloride monitor ing system means a device which obtains air samples from one or mere points on a continuous sequential basis and ana lyzes the samples with gas chromatog raphy or. If ttm owner or operator as sumes. that all hydrocarbons measured are vinyl chloride, with infrared jpectve- photometry flame Ion detection, or an equivalent or alternative method. ' til) It includes a reliable and accurate portable hydrocarbon detector to be used routinely to find small leaks and tq pin point the major leaks indicated by the vinyl, chloride monitoring system. A portable hydrocarbon detector means a device which measures hydrocarbons with a aanotUvity of. at Least 10 ppm and la of such design and size that It can be used to measure emissions from local ized points. <ilt> It provfdee for an acceptable cali bration and maintenance schedule foe the vinyl chloride monitoring system end portable hydrocarbon detector. Foe the vinyl chloride monitoring system, a dally span check Is- to be conducted with a concentration of vinyl chloride equal to the concentration defined ae a leek ac cording to paragraph <b> <8itvt) of this action. The calibration b to be done with either; - (A) A calibration to# mixture pre pared from the gases specified In section* 5.9.1 and 1.94 of Test Method 106, or ` URL 12361 & > . V .` * r . . *j i* is? K 7 : 1 i 5' * > ` v-y-4.* seocSAf itointR XX. *--vmmidav. octomi fewer* *' - - y : 1 > ..A i*. *.V' m'i ; .1 . , > 1 V *rv .-.f .51. * , f -V ' l. <' > ` :< / v- \ i J.4 V RULES AND REGULATIONS t f ;l 4GZG7 (0>.A calibration gas cylinder contain ing tlie appropriate concentration of vinyl chloride. If a calibration gas cylin der la used, the analysis must be trace able to the National Bureau of Stand ards or to a gravtmetrically calibrated vinyl chloride permeation tube; \ <lv> The location and number of points to be monitored and the frequency of monitoring provided for In the program are acceptable when they are compared with the number of pieces of equipment in Ytpyl chloride service and the size and physical layout of the plant. (ft U contains an acceptable plan of action to be taken when a leak is de tected. (vi> It contains a definition of leak which Is acceptable what compared with the background concentrations of vinyl . chloride in the areas of the plant to be monitored by the vinyl chloride monitor ing system. Measurements of background concentrations of vinyl chloride in the areas of the plant to be monitored by the vinyl chloride monitoring system are to be Included with the description of the program. The definition of leak for a given plant may vary among the differ ent areas within the plant and Is also to change over time as background con centrations In the plant are reduced. : (!) Inprocess wastewater: Vinyl chlo ride emissions to the atanoephere from inprocess wastewater are to be reduced -ab follows: v . (lx The concentration of vinyl chlo ride in each Inprocess wastewater stream containing greater than 10 ppm vinyl , .chloride measured Immediately as It leaves a piece of equipment and before being mixed with any other lnprocess wastewater stream is to be reduced to no more than 10 ppm by weight before being mixed with any other lnprocess wastewa ter stream which contains less than lg , ppm vinyl chloride: before being exposed 1 to. the atmosphere, before being dis charged to a wastewater treatment proeass: or before being discharged untreated as-w wastewater. The paragraph does apply to water which is used to displace vinyl chloride from equipment before It IS opened to the atmosphere-in accord ance with f 61.64(a) <2> or paragraph <b> (Si of this section, but does not apply to water which Is used to wash out equip ment after the equipment has alreadybeen opened to the atmosphere in ac cordance with | 01.64(a) (2> or para graph (b) (|) of this section. (ID Any vinyl chloride removed from the lnprocess wastewater in accordance with paragraph (b> (9) ii> of this section Is to be ducted through a control system from which the concentration of vinyl chloride In the exhaust gases does not exceed 10 ppm, or equivalent ns provided in | 61.06, (c) The requirements In paragraphs (bun, (bX2>. (b)(5), (b)(0), (b)(7) and (b) ft) of this section are to be In corporated into a standard operating procedure, anr made available upon re quest for Inspection by the Administra tor. The standard operating procedure is to include provisions for measuring the vinyl chloride in equipment iM.75 a1 01250 gat In volume for wbteh an mis sion limit Is prescribed in | 61.65(b) (6) (1) prior to opening tlie equipment and using Test Method 106. a portable hydro* carbon detector, or an equivalent or al ternative method. The method of meas urement Is to meet the requirements in 1 61,67<g> (5) <1> (A) or (g>((S> (1XB). g 6l.6l Equivalent equipment and pro. cedtiw. Upon written application from an own er or operator the Administrator may approve use of'equipment or procedures which have been demonstrated to his satisfaction to be equivalent in terms of reducing vinyl chloride emissions to the atmosphere to those prescribed for com pliance with a specific paragraph of this subpart. For an existing source, any re quest tor using an equivalent method as the initial measure of control to to be submitted to the Administrator within 30 days of the effective date. For a new source, any request for using an equiva lent method Is to be submitted to the Administrator with the application for approval of construction or modification requlredby 161.07; ' 8 61.67 Eniiwiotttesls*. (a) Unless a waiver of emission tasting to obtained under 161.1), the owner or operator of a source to which this sub part applies shall teat emissions from the source. (1) Within 00 days of the effective date in the case of an existing source or new source which has an Initial startup date preceding the effective date, or (2) Within 00 days of startup in the cm# of e new source. Initial startup of which occurs after the effective date. <b> The.owner or operator shall pro vide the Administrator at least 30 days prior notice of an emission test to afford the Administrator tlie opportunity to have an observer present during the test. (c> Any emission test is to be con ducted while the equipment being tested to operating at the maximum production rate at which the equipment will be op erated and under other relevant condi tions as may be specified by the Adminis trator based on representative perform ance of the source. <d> Each emission test is to consist of three runs. For the purpose of deter mining emissions, the average of rasulta of all runs to to apply. The average to to be computed on a time weighted basis. <e> All samples are to be analyzed within 24 hours, and vinyl chloride emis sions are to be determined within 30 days after tlie emission test. The owner or operator shall report the determinations to tlie Administrator by a registered letter dispatched before the close of the next business day following the deter mination. (f The owner or operator shall retain at the plant and make available, upon request, for Inspection by the Adminis trator. lor a minimum of 2 yean records 'll r * 1 ffMCAL UOWtt, VOt. 41, NO. 109--IMuaSOAY, of emission test results and other data.. needed to determine emissions. <g> Unless otherwise specified, the v owner or operator shall use test Test " Methods In Appendix B to this part for each test as required by paragraphs (f)(1), (g>(2>, (gxa>. (g)(4). and ^ (g) (5) of this section, unless an equiva lent method or an alternative method has been approved by the Administrator. If the Administrator finds reasonable grounds to dispute the renults obtained .' by an equivalent or alternative method, he may require the use of a reference ' method. If the results of the reference ' and equivalent or alternative methods do not agree, the results obtained by the reference method prevail, and the Ad ministrator may notify the owner or operator that approval of the methodpreviously considered to be equivalent or alternative Is withdrawn. * ^ ' (1) Test Method 106 is to be used to determine the vinyl chloride emissions >' from any source for which an emission ~ . limit is prescribed In If 61.62(a) or lb) |61.63(a>, or | 61.64(a)(1). <b). (c). or (d). or from any control system to which reactor emissions are required to be1 ducted in | 61.64(a) '3> or to which fugi tive emissions are required to be ducted > in itei.esibxixit), ibusi, ibxsiy *- (bWCHii), or (bl (9> (11). ' i; (I) For each run. one sample to td bd * collected. The sampling site to to be at: " least two stack or duct diameters down- * ~ 4 stream and one half diameter upstream >'/ from any flow disturbance such as a bend, expansion, contraction, or visible flame. Far a rectangular cross section an' equivalent diameter to to be determined: <-- from the following equation: jq rquh-akwt diameter**'? (length)-(width)-' lruglh+WMltls~ : AJ CO The sampling paint In the duct is to be at the centroid of the cross section. CD AJ The sample to to be extracted at rate proportional to the gas velocity at the sampling point The sample to to be taken over a minimum of one hour, and to to contain a minimum volume of 59- liter* eorreeted to standard conditions. (ID lfor gas streams containing more than 10 percent oxygen, the concentra tion of vlnyle chloride as determined bv Test Method t06 to to be corrected to Id 'i percent oxygen for determination of emissions by using the following equo->' < LMA* wImw c* _____ 10.9_____ 2(M'-|Ktp'm Oj ^wlsilet ot vinylrliloorV(*. . O-ThDth*weo-nothnnttun#Mynslrmm*tlm.i.orat r*m1n--,t|adle utixt- ' , TMwarwl by Tna Hhm m. > af*rm*UmiuliMewrtltiWn nth*v. amtaeni sir el aijin In th* siahimt Mf ____ __ tpi>nottr*uMuteMmbr4*tinjnr*jmrmmd*lMStn.nft, n,inino* nthteMl reww Oi*rMM iyirn In tti* foe M tAmempMbidwlsI bSyotJPU>orrt inBnrsfUMiUtllemludipalwI*. <!11> Far those emission sourest where* the emtoslon limit to prescribed In torme of moos rather than concentration, mass'. '* v*-* i' ' ' *r ft*, tw. ' 1 ll. JWf * ' i'*^* 4656* RVin AND REGULATION* < 'IV. j' missions in kg/lOO kg product art to that Is also used os a stripper, the deter- detection, or an equivalent or alterna be determined by using the fallowing mlnsilon may be made immediately fol tive method. The vinyl chloride monitor equation: lowing the stripping operation. ing system used to meet the requirements Cag _ tr <3-M 0 W1 tlOOl #bH! *lfyl eUloddf/Kw tl ptoduol. ft--TS* aaMituUm at ttiurl tiUfidi muni 5j Tt kiuiiM toe. <t> toieept aa provided hi paragraph (g) <6) (11) of this section, the reactor opening km l* to be determined using in I 61.68(b) (6) (1) may be used to meet the requirements of this section. (c) A daily span check Is to be con the following equation: ducted for each rinyle chloride monitor ing system used. For all of the emission r W (2 00) (10-) (Cb) sources listed in paragraph <a> of thla Stt-DamttT at itiylolilorH tl m Uawpbw* nd jsfC in C--Vvluaictrbs flow mt in mV6r M U*trmliird hr Ii'Im; * ' ` YSS section, exeept the one for which an emis sion limit lo prescribed In ! 61.63<b), the Htfn** l ot AppmClx S t ?Vt t* at this Oil**1. JO-*--Cotin(flM rmU* far ftptn- /J'Ndectton nut ikf/hr). f-te vinyl cbhivl<lfMtHlnn3lV(pre<lurl. w--CkpAfityottbr h-nnwinm1- . ?.W-l'fanrsuitiynakt fvvin.vj.l dilurldtM one tmn.p1iw ^na dally span check is to be conducted with a concentration of vinyl chloride equal to 10 ppm. For the emission source for :c\ <J> Ttst Method 107 Is to be used to determine the concentration ot vinyl lf'"*-^uvWMO!i fwt<* for iwm,. . .. C't-rf`r*in by rolunw. vtAtlchtarUfr B6*"**nnlit*n uy TMS MtthrtJ lot tx pnnaMa hyduioefbon which an emission limit Is prescribed In 9 61.6a<b>, the daily span check is to be chloride in each Inprocess wastewater ' stream tor which an emission limit is J'trctof which nu'iMufti hyilfK*rt"M conducted with a concentration of vinyl Uh ft wnftUlvit* ol At le*t 10 pwm. 1 ^ Number ot bwti-txs Nnn Uw reuoioc ns wat chloride which Is determined to be prescribed in 161.65'bJ (f)(1). (S> Where a stripping operation Is .used to attain the emission limit In | 61.64(e), emissions are to be determined 4 Aa0mT*mwaqtk0alhaatnpJonl\y>v'pinhyelrt.tilnrf<l praduund per Iva(UaflhMInte(pbewnuudmloWtlMofttUhantWetVnabe*<rn*.et the rtuwof determined to be equivalent to the emla--1 skm limit foe that source based on tha- emiselon teat required by 67.67. Tha calibration le to be done with either: (4v ! a O using Teat Method 107 aa follows: <A) U Method 106 Is used to deter (1) A calibration gas mixture pre i' * (U The number of strippers and sam mine the concentration of vinyl chloride pared from the gue* specified in sections ples and the types and grades of resin to <Cb). the sample is to be withdrawn at 5.3.1 and 6.3.9 of That Method io, or be sampled are to be determined by the a constant rat* with a probe of sufficient (3) A calibration gas eyUnder con Administrator for each individual plant length to reach the vessel bottom from taining the appropriate concentration of at the time of the test based on the the manhole. Samples are to be taken vinyl chkrrkte. if a calibration gaa plant's operation. for 6 mmutce within 6 Inches of the ves cylinder ie used, the analysis must be (ID Each sample Is to be taken imme sel bottom. S minutes near the vessel traceable to the Rational Bureau of < diately following the stripping operation. ;> (111) The corresponding quantity cf center, and S minutes near the vessel top. B> If a portable hydrocarbon detec Standards or to a grarimetrieally cali brated vinyl chloride permeation tube. i .*, i . * . material processed by each stripper is to tor K used to determine the concentra 8 61.49. Initial vrperi. ' ' ' * -, bg determined on a dry solids basis and by a method submitted to and approved by the Administrator. '-(iv) At the prior request of the Ad ministrator, the owner or operator shall provide- duplicates of the samples re quired fat paragraph (g) (3) ill of thla : section. (4), Where control technology other oan of in addition to a stripping opera tion is used to attain the emission lbnlt to 141.64(e), emissions are to be deter mined as follows; - (U Test Method 104 la to be used to determine atmospheric emission* from all of the process equipment simultane ously. The requirements of paragraph <f> (1) of this section are to be met. (11) Test Method 107 Is to.be used to determine the concentration of vinyl chloride in each lnprocess wastewater stream subject to the emission limit pre scribed In | 61.04(e). The mass of vinyl tion of vinyl chloride <Cb>, a probe of sufficient length to retch the vessel bot tom from the manhole is to be used to make the measurements. One measure ment will be made within 6 inches of the vessel bottom, one near the vessel center and one near the vessel top. Measure ments are to bo made aft each location- (a> An owner or operator of eng source to which this subpart applies shall submit a statement in writing notifying the Administrate Dial the equipment and procedural spechlcaUens hi f| 61.66. (b)(1), <b>49>, <b>(3>. (b)(4), (b)(6). (b)(6). (bulk, and <h)(l* are being until the reeding la stabilized. All hydro carbons measured are to be assumed to implemented. ib)(l) m the case of an earutmg be ring! chloride. iO The production rate of polyvinyl chloride (Z) Is to be determined by a method submitted to end approved by the Administrator. <U> A calculation based on the number ot eracBartons, the vacuum Involved, and the volume of gas fit the reactoT te hereby approved by the Administrator as an al ternative method for determining reae-. tor opening loss for pos(polymerization reactors in the manufacture of bulk resins. sovnee or a new source which has an Initial startup date preceding the edeetive date, the statement rt to be submit ted wiuun 90 days of the effective date, unless waiver of compliance fa granted under f 61.11, along with the informa tion required under | 61.10. If a waiver of compliance ts granted, the statement la to be submitted on a date scheduled by the Administrator, t (2> la the rase ef new source which. did not have an initial startup date pre ceding the effective date, the statement is to be submitted within B0 days of the r oU>i <*> .-`t., ' chloride lit kg/100 kg product In each ALAS Eiwhl inw --ewhorlng. bridal startup date, - . ^ q:v<v-V.; process wastewater stream le to be de mined by using the following equa tion: r-". iZ vbm <>-4* pmOk* t'<-Ui* set,, tili rollon *tuyl chl<Ute ta Rifa*ui*4 by YfRt WfUMk MO. /> ^Rftf flo* rtwin l/hr. dct*fm1nrlln*erarcl*iM, tt6 * R'.'iiiMt %htah hut tMMi suixniicet] la nrt by (hi AUausiatmter. ie--C*u**mflm for pim. X-VtrliKHot\ rat* tt. SrSmniflH In inn* no* wk(hn*\hort wlihjtt Rm fultiulllnl ' mwI trytvttvl by ttvs ti * &) The reactor opening loss for which (a) A vinyJe chloride monitoring sys tem Is to be used to monitor on a con tinuous basis the emissions from the sources for which emission limits are pre scribed In 1 61.62<a> and (b>, f tfi.63<a>. and 161.64(a)(1>. <b). Cc'.tnd <di. and for any control system to which reactor emission are required to be ducted in l61.69<b)<l><U>. and tb)<2), tb>'9>, <b) <6) (li>. and <b> <9) <11>. <b) The vlr.yl chtorlde monitoring svstem<s> used to meet the requirement In paragraph (a) of this section Is to be a device whkh obtsiiu air sampeis from <e> The statement h to contain the following tnfonnaUon: (l) A list of the equipment hutallad for compliance, *2> A description of the physical and functional characteristics of each piece of equipment. <3) A description of the methods which' have been incorporated into the standard operating procedures for meas uring or calculating the emissions far which emission limits are prescribed in H 61.46 <b) (JMD and (buexi). (4) A statement that each piece of equipment la Installed and that each it. n emission limit Is prescribed In 101 64 one or more points on a continuous piece of equipment and each procedure (e> <3> Is to be determined. The number f reactors fer which the determination Is to be made is to be specified by the Cdmmlstrator for each individual plant , the time of the determination bgsed ii the plsuit'e operation. For a reactor sequential bad* a nd analyses the samples w tttt gas chremotography or. if the owner or operator aumea that all liydrornrbons measured ere vinyl chloride, with infrared spectrophotometry, ilame km 1* being used. | !V |6t.?0 SrioianiMMlrepert. .< \- (a> < 2) to to be determined. The number source to which this subpart applies shall submit to the Administrator on Scptcm* ... VIOIIAt KlOliito, V04. Vi, HOT ?bt--1HUSS0SV, OC(oSt *f, >i 1 , 'J- '4S ...k - t : ' . -V ' " :':V ' vY i . j-' . ''I*  , . . *' , 1 .. - w.1 , ' RULES AND REGULATIONS 4 '* *. l'ir_ >16369, . ter 18 and March 16 of each year a report .In writing containing the Information required by this section. The first semi* annual report la to be submitted follow c ing the first full 6 month reporting period after the Initial report is submitted. (b)(1) In the case of an existing source or a flew source which has an Initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be submitted within UO days of the effective date, unless a waiver of compliance is granted under S 81.11. If a waiver of compliance to granted, the first report is to be sub mitted on a date scheduled by the Ad ministrator. (9) In the ease of a new source which did not have an Initial startup date pre ceding the effective date, the first report Is to be submitted within 180 days of the Initial startup date. (0) Unless otherwise specified, the owner or operator shall use the Test Methods in Appendix B to this part to conduct emission teste aa required by ' paragraphs (c>(2) and <c>.(8) of this section, unless an equivalent or an alter . , native method has been approved by the Administrator. If the Administrator * .finds reasonable grounds to dispute the .results obtained by an equivalent or al- k - ` tv . tentative method, he may require the use - ?41 " of a reference method. If the results of ths reference and equivalent or alterna tive methods do not agree, the results obtained by the reference method pre vail, and the Administrator may notify the owner or operator that approval of , , - the method previously considered to be '* v.. equivalent or alternative Is withdrawn. ' <l> The owner or operator shall tnAude in the report a record of any emis sions which averaged over any hour ' > period (commencing on the hour> are in excess of the emission limits pre scribed in It 61.82(a) or (b), 161.63(a), . or | 61.64(a) (1), (b), (c).or <d>.orfoc V,- , any control system to which reactor emissions are required to be ducted in /161.04(a)(2) or to which fugitive emis sions are required to be ducted in I 61.69 (b)(1)(It), (b)(2), (b)(8), <b>(6HU),or <b> (0><U>. The emissions are to be mess* ". ored In accordance with I 61.68. (gi in polyvinyl chloride plants for ' i lyhttffi a stripping operation is used to attain the emlalson level prescribed in I 61.64(e), the owner or operator shall Include in the report a record of the vinyl chloride content in the polyvinyl chloride resin. Test Method 107 b to be used to determine vinyl citloiide content as follows: (1* If batch stripping Is used, one rep resentative sample of polyvinyl chloride resin is to be taken from each batch of each grade of ream immediately follow ing the completion of the stripping, and grade and the date and time the batch b completed. The corresponding quantity of material processed in each stripper batch Is to be recorded and Iden tified by resin type and grade and the date and time the batch is completed. < li * If continuous stripping is used, one representative sample of polyvinyl c chloride reeln Is to be taken for each grade of feslQ processed or at Intervals of 8 hours for each grade of resin which is being processed, whichever is more fre quent. The sample b to be taken aa the resin flows out of the strtppor and iden tified by resin type and grade and the date and time the sample was taken. The corresponding quantity of material processed by each stripper over the time period represented by the sample during the eight hour period, is to be recorded and Identified by resin type and grade and the date and time it represents. (ill) The quantity of material proc essed by the stripper is to be determined on a dry solids basis and by a method submitted to,and approved by the Ad ministrator. 4 tv At the prior request of the Ad ministrator, the owner or operator shall provide duplicates of the samples re quired in paragraphs (0(2X1) and (e) (3) (tl> of this section. (V) The report to the Administrator by the owner or operator is to Include the vinyl chloride content found in all the samples required in paragraphs (e) (2) (li and*(c> (2) (ii> of this section, aver aged separately (or each type of resin, over each calendar day and weighted ac cording to the quantity of each grade of resin processed by the strlpper(s) that calendar day, according to ths following equation: S/**., *` ~ ~ 7 QtT . . j ... , - -> A -Jtbeur range tanstatndaa af In* T, Mia la t-vSSqliwhmiM oftyp T, iwn we ttw si iw _ptnod,lakir. r,-Tn* min: J*l.5, . .. * win is total numtxv w min lypes pnxluovd daring ths JO hour period .VoConeeatrstiOR of vinyl chloride In mm venapis at nos U< nain, In ppm. P-PrsduMton eI cmis Qt note Mpv--tai Sr Ike jareple, Id kg. Oi -- Onihtaf resin, eg.. (Ti, (7i. sad I7>. n Total number of m4H of Wo predated daring the .il-hoar period. (vl> The owner or operator shall re tain at the source and make available for inspection by the Administrator for a minimum of 2 years records of all data needed to furnish the information re quired by paragraph (c)<2)(v> of this section: The records are to contain the following information: (A> The vinyl chloride content found In all the samples requited In paragraphs (c) (2) (1> and <c> (2) (ii) of thb section. Identified by the resin type and grade and the time and date of the sample, and <B> The corresponding quantity of polyvinyl chloride resin processed by the strippcr(s), identified by the resin type and grade and the time and date U represents. <3> The owner or operator shall in clude in the report a record of the emis sions from each reactor opening for which an emission limit is prescribed in I 6l.64'a> (2), Emissions are to be deter mined in accordance with I 6i.67<ck (6/. except that emissions for each reactor are lobe determined. For a reactor that is also used as a stripper, the determination may be made Immediately following the ` tripping operation. * ; > - w' | 61.71 ncaniUrpinp 1 ' yr (a) Hie owner or operator of any source to which this subpart applies shall retain the following information at the source and make it available for inspec tion by the Administrator for a mini mum of two years: <i) A record of the leaks delected by ' the vinyl chloride monitoring system, as required by 1 61.08(b) (9>, including the . concentrations of vinyl chloride ae measured, analyzed, and recorded by the . vinyl chloride detector, the location of ,, each measurement and the dale and p-* - . proximate time of each measurement. ' <2) A record of the leaks detected during routine monitoring with the' portable hydrocarbon detector and the - . action taken to repair the leaks, aa re-' ., quired by 161.65(b)(8), Including a brief statement explaining the location - and cause of each leak detected .with ' the portable hydrocarbon detector, the date and time of the leak and any action taken to eliminate that leak measured in > - accordance with | 61.68. - (3) For the relief discharges frtit 1 reactors subject to the provisions of |61.6S<a>, a daily operating record fox ? each reactor, including pressures. 9mA, temperatures. * ' . r 2. Appendix B is amended by addti)k ,v : Test Methods 106 and 107 as follows;/, ^ " Mnwee 106--DsTvaMitre-now or Vann, <w CtfLODIBS FROM SUTIONMT iOWtM.|-t" ornowRioR ' ' . f "f URL 12364 Mrfomanee ef this method Mould net be attempts by persona wiiunUu with Pf opmtoa of a cm chromatograph, ear bp those who or* unfamiliar with Nurcrua* pilng, aa there are maay details thas are beyond the scope of tote presentation. Car# must be exercised to prevent etposure of sampling pmoniM] to vtnyl hlorMI% a car > outages. .. 1. Principle and Applicability, t i*; 14 da integrated bog ample ef stack go containing vinyl onlo.-ide (chlorosthytane)-* ' is eubjected to chromatographic analyte, using a Haute ionization detector. 14 The method is applicable to the meae-. urement o( vinyl chloride tn stock gaoee from . ethylene dlchtoride, vinyl chloride aad poly* vinyl ehtarlde manufacturing processes. es? oept where the vinyl chloride Je rente Iftad la f particulate matter. 9. Range and Sensitivity.* , ,, The lower limit of detection wiU vary so- cording to the chromatograph need. Voloae , reported Include i y io- mg ana S x IS-*, mg. sr 3. Tnterretrncee. Acel aldehyde, which can ooaur la some vinyl uhlorlde source*. wilt interfere w ith the vinyl chloride peak from the Chromo-orS 109 column, see sections 4 9,3 and |.|. u molut Uon of (ho vmvt chloride peak to atttl net eaUefactory for a particular sample, then., chromatograph paramsrere eaa be further f altorad with prior approval at toe **--*-- iHtrator. If alteration of the chromatograph parameters falls to resolve the vtnyl chloride peak, then supplemental confirmation of tho vinyl chloride pvax through aa absolute'* * analytical technique, suoh as mans spectro scopy. must be performed. 4. Apparatus. 4.1 Sampling (Figure I). * i.t.l Probe--Stainless steel, gyres glaav - or Teflon tubing according w mack tempos* ,.x. 1, ND46M UOlfTII. VOC.AI. NO. |M--IHUHSOAV, OCTOBU 91. )V>* sV i 'I f, "'.4 48570 3': ` IUUS AND RECUIAT10N3 ,T * >! atur*. each equipped with glee* wool plug to remove paniculate matter. 4.14 Sample line--Teflon. 6.4 mm outside rtltnuttr, of luAchat length to coimact probe to Dig. A dow unuwl pisee U employed j- for cacti aeries of bag samples that constitute# f to emission test. \ 4.1.8 Male (3) and female ( stainless steal quick-coantcte, sith ball cheeks Iona prdr without) located a* ihovi la Figure 1. 4.1 4 Tedlar bags, loo uter capacity--To . contain eample. TsfVm baga arc art accept* bla Alumlntaed llylir baga may be used, .. provided that the sampled are analyzed within 3i hours of ootlectlon. '* ' 4.14 BigId leakproof containers fbr 4.1.4. , with Cowring to protect contente from sun* Ugh!. 4.14 Keedle valve--Te adjust sample flew . rate. .- 1 . 44JT. Pump--Leak-free. Miutmum capae- tjf 2 llteiw pec znlnute. -V>. IJJ Charcoal tuba To prevent adrnle,i- iioa of vinyl chloride to atmosphere lAfkla* dtp of sampler*. * 4.14 flow meter--for observing samp)* i flow rato; oapable of msasurtng a flow rang# ihas ti4 lo 140 Utsr psr mlnule. 4.144 Connecting tubing--Teflon, C.4 miw outside diameter, to easetable cample train (Figaro 1>. .< 4.1.11 Pitot tuba--Type S (or equivalent). "> attached to the probe eo that the sampling flow rate can be regulated proportional to ' the eUe* ges velocity. ' 44 Sample recovery. f". 444 Tubing--Teflon. 44 mm outalde diameter, to connect bag to gas rthromato ' graph sample loop. A new unused piece la , employed tor each series of bag samples that . eoneUtutes an emission test, and Is to be die* V carded upon aonelaaton of analysts af cnaaa "al4 Analytic. aj.1 Occ chromatograph--With flame heballpa delnetor, potentlometrle atrip ahart rsaccder and 14 to 84 mi heated aaas* r ^img loop la automatic sample aalw. 444 OtuwmstograpbM ooluma--Stainless mrt. 84 x 84 mm. containing 80/iaa made Catromoeorb 104 A secondary suhin of QS flF-99. 92% cn 40/M gieeh AW ChrMhunorW P, islnlms steal. 84 at x 84 ah wttt ha required If acetaldehyde is present. if weed. the 8P4I column ta placed sttw the Ounos* sorb 109 eohjrnn. The smbMC columns Should than be operated at 119*0. 444 Flow maters (8)--Housestag type. 9 to 109 cal/mia capacity, with flaw natm Valve* . Af.4 Oas mgnlatoce--1Fee voqwlrsd geo evBadcrs. 44 8 Thermometer--Accurst* to one do* gree esntlgrade. to measure temperature of heated sample loop at time of sample injec tion. 444 Barometer--Accurate to 8 mot Iff. to measure atmospheric pressure around gae chromategTsph during sample analysis. 44.7 Fump--Leak -free. Minimum capaeHf 100 ml/mia. . 4.4 Calibration. HI Tubing--Teflon. 4.4 mm outside diameter, separate pieces marked for each calibration concentration. 4.44 Tedlar bags Bt*tsentncH square dan separata bag marked fot each csllbratioti concentration. 4.4.8 Synncv 04 ml. gao tight. 444 Byilnga--dOal. gaa tight. i Mention ef trad# names on specific prodwets docs net commute sudanament by the environmental Protection Agency. 4.4.9 Flow meter--nctvmetrr typv. to 1000 ml/mhv range accent* to 1%, to meter nitrcgvn in preparalloA ef standard gas mixtures. 4.4.9 Stop watch--Of known accuracy, to time gw flow in preparation of standard gas mixtures. A ntSRinta. It Is necessary that all rea- t*ab be of ehramntograpble grade. 4-1 Analysis. 8.1.1 Helmut gae or nitrogen gae--Zero grade, for chromatographic carrier gae. 9.1 2 Hydrogen gas--Zero grade. 5.1.1 Oxygen gas. or Atr, M required by the detector--2sro grade. 4.9 Calibration. - 64.1 Vinyl chloride. 80.9 4- %--For prep aration of standard (u mixtures. 6.2.2 Calibration cylinders (1). optional-- One each of 00, 10 and 8 ppui rluyl oblorldo in nitrogen with certified analysis. Analysis must be traceable to ms (National Bureau of Standard*) or to a gravimetrlcally cali brated vinyl chloride permeation tube. 6.89 Nitrogen gas--Zero grade, for prep aration pf standard gas mixtures. 4 Procedure. At Sampling. Assemble the sample train as In Figure 10S--1. Perform a bog leak check according to Section 7.4. Observe.that aU connections between the bag and tbe probe are tight Flflfee the end of the probe at the eeuSrold of the stack and start the pump with the needle valve adjusted to yield a flew of 0.4 1pm. Altai a period ef time auAclsnt ts purge the line several times has lapsed, connect the vacuum line to the bag and evacuate the bag until the rotam eter indicates no flow. Then reposition the sample nad vacuum lines and begin the ac tual sampling, keeping the rate proportional to the stock velocity- Direct the gas exiting the rotameter away from sampling personnel. At the end of the sample period, shut off the pump, dlacoaaecl the sample line from the bag. and disconnect the vacuum Une from the bag container. Protect the bag container from sunlight 3 Umpir storage. Sample bags mast be kept out of direct sunlight When at all pos sible. analysis la to be performed wtvhts 94 Maun of sample collection. 4.9 Sample recovery, with a piece of Tef lon tubing identified for that bag. connect a bag Wrte* valve to the gaa chromatograph sample valvo. Switch the valve to withdraw gaa from the bag through the eample loop, plumb the equipment so the eample gae pawea from the sample valve to tbe leak-free pump, and than to a charcoal tube, followed by a0-100 ml/mln rotameter with flow con- trot vaha 9.4 Analysis. Sot the column temperature to 109* C the detector temperature to 189* C. and the eample loop temperature to 79* O. When optimum hydrogen and oxygen flow rate* have been determined verify and math- tain these flow rales during all chromato graph operation*. Pslng aero helium or nitrogen as the canter gas. estabtlih a flow rate in tbe range consistent with the manu facturer's requirements for satisfactory de tector operation. A flow rate of approxi mately 49 ml/mln should produce adequate separatist;*. Observe the base Hue periodi cally and determine that the not** level hoe stabilised and that bah Una drlH has censed. Forgo the sample loop for thirty seconds at the rate of 109 ml/mln. then activate the tmaylt valve. Record the injection time (the pmitton of the pen on the chart al the time ^ maple injection), the eample number, the sample loop temperature, the column tem perature, carrier gaa flow rate, chart speed and tbe attenuator setring. Record the |#i* wratory pressure. From tbs eb&rt, select the peak having tbe retention time c^rtcip end ing to vinyl clUOLkla, as determined in Sec tion 74. Measure the peak arsa. a.. by um of lb. and % diso Integrator or a pla&bnoter. . i - *' Measure tbe peak height. H-. Record A* and . the retention time. Repeat the Injection at lanettwoumco oruotii two oonsecutlr* vinyl ehlortde peaks do not vary hi area more then 1%. The average value for them two areas will be used to compute the bag concsntta- Uou. , Compare t ha ratio of Bn to Am for tbe vinyl chloride sample with the isms ratio for the r.tamurd pcs* which la closest tn height. As a guideline, g these ratios differ by more than 10%. the vinyl chloride peak may not be pure (possibly acetaldehyde Is present) < and the secondary column should bo em 1 ; *x ployed (mo Section 4.94). 4.4 Measure the amblemt temperature barometric prsNsare near the tam. ( Assume . the relative humidity to be 100 percent.) .-'.y Pfom s water saturation vapor premure table* determine the record and water vapor con-' tent of the bag. 7. Calibration and standards. 7.1 Preparation of vinyl chloride standard gae mixtures, evacuate a alxtaan-lneh equate Tedlar bag the* has passed a lash cheek (dsscrtbsd In fleets 7tj and meter la 84 liters ef nitrogen. While the bag U ailing, use the o.fl ml syringe to Inject 230*1 of B9.94- % . fSV,- 'V. .1 1 vtnrt chloride through the wall of the hag. Upon withdrawing the syringe needM. Im mediately cover the resulting hole with a piece of adhesive tape. This gives a ooaosntration of 80 ppm of vinyl chloride, in a like manner urn the other syringe to prepare dilu tions having lfl and 4 ppm vinyl chloride concentrations. Place each bag on a smooth surface and alternately depress opposite atdee of the bag SO tlmso to further mix the gases. 'v v URL 12365 7.9 Patermination of vinyl ehlerlde re tention time. Thh asetloa can bo performed simultaneously with flection 74. establish chromatograph conditions identical with those m aecden 4.9. above. Set attenuator to z 1 position. Plush the sampling loop with aero hellnm ar nltrewen and activate the sample valve. Bscwfl the Mjcwtlqn timet the sample loop temperature, the eelnntm temperature, the camel gaa flaw rate, the chart apeed and the attenuator setting. Record peaks and detector retponsqe that occur is the absence of vinyl chloride. Main tain conditions with the equipment plumb ing szvwgte Memleaiiy to Section 94, flash the sample loop for 30 seconds at the rate of 100 ml/mla with one of th vinyl chloride calibration mixtures and activate the simple valve. Record the Injection time. Eelcct the' pmk mat corresponds to vtnyf chlorida Measure aha distance on the chart from the Injection time to the time at which the peak maximum ocousa. This quantity, divided bp the chart speed, .la defined aa the rsisnllw time. Uceoru. ; >>; 7 8 preparation of chromatograph cali bration curve. Make a t chromatographic measurement of eaeh stsndard gaa mixture ideeevibed in Section 71) using eondllione Identical with thorn tinted ta Section 44 above. Ftuab the sampling loop for 40 secend* at the rats of io9 ml/ml& with each standard gne mixture and activate the sample vatv*. Record (?,. the conceutratlone of vinyl chlo ride Injected, tbo attenuator setting, aharl Rpeed. peak anew eample loop temperature*, column teiuperwturo, efiirlsr gae flow rata, ond retention tteao. Record tbo laboratory' pressure. Calculate A,, tbe peak area multi- v .' "" CSV ' "C* '4, , V<'> -J f,: . i. - -y-s... ' l\&> 1; rv* ./ 1 . r . : KDtflAt ttOlfrU. VOL 4t, NO. 9--WU8AT, OC709U *>,1F74- v ' V*,,i{ \ -f. V: *.4 ,* ' - , tr' . v '' a- .. H-T :' r- r. y ' : ' ; ;*i l, 1. r.'. ` URL 12366 ifn* " ^': ..*ii;oVv A'': ' r, . -- : ' '" ^ f "''(. . -. ?--*' $ y*r-^ ' tutn and-Kouunoro <\ ' '.- * 4flrrc f piled by tli* attenuator setting. Repeat until 11' two Injection uni are within 9%. then pkit . tboa* point* n C,. v/ba um other concen tration* hsr been plotted, dnv i imooik eurvo through the point*. Perform ttllbie* tloa toUf, or before end otter each eat nt beg itnpko whichever la mm lntuuit .Tr4 Bog Ieoh check*. While perfamoneo of thla eeotlon te required subaaquant to bog tuo Ik la alao advteod that Ik bo performed prior to bag am. After each use, make rare afaag did dot develop leaka ee follow*. To leak check, connect a water manometer and pree !' aurna the bag to *-i e k.o t-4 in h^D). .1 Allow to stand fur 10 minutes. Any displace* ' fnent A the wafer manometer indicate* a ' leak. Alan check the rigid eontaluer for leaks v. thla manner. ,, (Nora: An afternattm tealr eheeb method . la to preaauriso tho bag to 9-10 cm H,0 ev '' 9-4 In. XLO and allow A stand overnight. A denoted bag Indicate* a knk.| For each ?<% , aampi* bag la It* rigid container, place a ,. rotameter ta-llo* between the bog and the I ' ptunp hurt. Evacuate the brg. Philo* of the -' rotnmetor A regtetar aero flow whan the b^ , - appear* to A amply table*tea a Ieoh coicniatlooab 11. Determine Che mmpfo peak area ae *5*j- fellows? r;:f i .'-m'.- . .. ''-vl ' '' "* \ y.*1.' .ft A,mA*A, pbanr i.*u .... BousUoa 10t-l ! {,. AwThentnpl*petk AMwTkemteaiiKJpaaliaKapV i >. ' A/-Ttssitcaueua* tseies. ' i'';` >r 9&~~ Vinyl chlorideoenceatrattoon rram . , *' , tho calibration curve deuerlbed A Oantlim V>v. fj, above, aeleel tho value of O. that oor- v -; r*epondv A A^.th* eamptesvak area. 0A- - ^;t auXato<^aafofiow: . ., Uiff 'T c^.r;* :K . $/rm,*Xi-K3 - pVMttaalfl*-! JfswTAawtabtMer dva. pcrcsalsaf dthe tog . Cs*TA soaesaAOdU ef vfogi shtortto in Be tag '^0',4n' C*-TSIbaeMrwKMeihirmUaMitovm#favoikn.ytol crhatenk.totadtoatad A IteTte mifrvnea mam, Ui* lelwr*gr gnome gv. nwTOe Maple top utop^auz* . . , VTdeattaeUMedeaaijffcla,*. -1 n*Tk btanwy gveoiu* M Uom e< iMffCfa *1. T|pT' mternnpetaotaaatoe WtMeawdeeOaialdaleundr^ingA^aaraaueepok,,*k* - .lls i* } g.Seferenee*. ' t. Brown, D. W.. tof, . W. and Stephen* aea. IA . "Tlnyt Chlovlde MonMoelng Near A* B. P. Ooodrich Chemical Company A KamhvfRe, Kantackr.** Region TT, DA Knvt* romneatal proteettea Agenoy, Burreiiianc* and^ieeiyal* DIvUIor. Athena. Oeorgta, June 94. IOTA A "Evaluation ef A Collection end Anely* Beal Procedar* for Vinyl Chloride ta Air,* by O. D. Clayton and Aaeclatee, Dooamher II, tgg4. BPA Contract No. 9S-09-1409, Teak . Order No, A KPA Report oN. 75-VCl^-t. A "dtandnidkatlon A Stationary Sourea *r iiffi n twnMgvATTiwa evvam.Cao> m CoHiznv or tewetm ffunvum fiKnis, ua Vrrn. entoura Chmrnr* or PaavvwTb Cm.r>ucB Oitnf, Sunar. W* Can. awe Uta C^urteo ^ hmoovcnmr. Parfotm&Bew of this method ahouM not A attempted by peraena unfamiitoo with tha operation of a m chrercaVgrapA aor by thorn who are ajJrer\*;imr with aampUng. a* An are mr.ny detrsta that ere Ajnnd tho ooopa of Ala pre-tntatiML. Coro muab M oaanlsad A prevent expoeia* of aampMag paiaeiinO A vinyl chTorMa, a carcinogen. A FrActplo and Applicability. - t.t Tho bantb fbr this method rolata* A the vapor equilibrium which ti vstabllnhed between rvcm. pvc, rents, water, aad air A a elcaed eystera. I* baa bean demonstrated that the RVCM la a PVO resin wlU equilt* brato A a elated met quite reptdlf. pro* vtdA that tha trnpditw* of tho 7VO resin U maintslitad ibovv the gtcoa traaaiUen temporaturo of teat epecUle redn. 1A Thla procedure la anllabto fee Atoe* ruining A* vinyl chloride monomer (VCU) aonteot ef Apreeess araatecratre aamplae, aad the reslduaT vinyl chloride mononwa (&VCU) content of poiyvAvl ebl vide (PVOy reaAto vet cake, alurry. and intag inmpHe, ft cannot A und for polymat la fused form, such aa aheet or cubea. U a rwolutloa of A vinyl cblond* peak la sot aatucoetory foo a particular umpla, tliaa chrooaatograpb parametara may A altared with prior ap proval of A* Adretntctratar. II thoc* la rea son to Allava am eoma other hydrocarbon with an Identical retention tlmo la preaoa* in tha samplo. then supplemental eonarmgtlon of tha vinyl chlcrtdo peak through on ahaolut* anslyticJd (schalqua. aueh aa mean spectroscopy, should A performed. S. Range and gemttlvlty. ' - . ' V y, y * A,'.' V* *. j. -V -V." ' ,T. m eeUu rtow Am hi ewedna mg and *x iOp* mg. with propeg calibration, the upper limit may A esteudad a Acued. .' 9. Precision and ZlcproduclhUily. An latailahoratory cnmparlben Atwaas.. Sevan laAcatertas of thre* rmla sssrl'A *aoh split AA Are* purta, yielded a standard. deviation of 3.43% for a s.-mpla with a mean of 1.09 ppm. 4.14% for a sample wlA a mean , of 1.96 ppm. and 6-39% (or a oampM with * . mean of 43.44 ppm. ', 4.Safety. ' ' Da not relearn ,vtnyt cli}: rld* to Atlbwto' tory ataaoephav* durini orvpnraUon of ataad* - ardn Ventieg or purging situ vtV&iP mis* tun* non A Aid a a minimum. 77hca' tAy an required. Uis vapor must A touted' A itblM aw. Vinyl chloride, oven ct low ppm levels, aauat na.er A vented inside tho laboratory. After nt.la lisve been *aaly:d, tA pnwnit within Aa vtai Buit be vented prior a removal (torn tha A-vounl turn* tdla Visit mwl t > roaita InA an ntliatd eharaeal tube uals; a ii/pcdermio ncsdlo A prevent calcar* of vinyl eblortda AA tts laboratory atmosphere, The chtmool muA A replaced prior to vinyl chloride brsak* through. 0. ippaiston _ .. - t.t Sampling. 1" 9X1 totU*0 anl (9 on), AA waxed Itnad screw an ter% for PVO t&mplA- - 9. LI Vlal*--40 ml Ilypo^vlata,* ecctvd wtA Tadaa faced TUf-Uond dlaeg tor wator aamptan 9.1.3 Btoetncal tope--nr *qutrainsA. prevent looaaning of bottto topn >. * 94 Sample rroouq. *--;. 94.1 Yui-*Witb seal* and aapa. Parkin* Elmar Corporation No, 109-0114, or aqniTU- tsafi. 944 Analytical AlasA. Capable eg wmghAg to 20991 gram. V <4.4. Syrlngv. IM *>--rxatlaAa Sorted "A" Has 010939, or equivalent. . K . Bmtaoloa Method for Vtuyi Chloride,"by MM* TA lower limit of detection of vinyl chlo 1 Mention of trod* nnmoa os iptcISo prod* rat Beaearch nuMtuCo, I97A ETA Canlrao* ride win vary according A the ohramata seta doao nu4 roo.'<(iAto andorwmauk by toa No. M-09-1TOV Task Order No. t. -. .graph uied. Vbluee reported tnelbda IX1H Eurirousantal Roteotloa Agency. % * ,* P* V, *. * *< # . ^ V . , .a 'r . i s' C-. x ^ j " . ,1 r ... I ' '! i I* '* W-r t . '' v ' `if* ''* V4 J: , -- V'( * . rl\ . r.l y- IVDMAl ueiltat, VOt. 4tr NO, 109--tHUISBAT. OCTCltt St, U7 tv . t. ' i. r >I t IV ..L ; Vr;> V' : '43572 - w V' > ;.y " RULES AND REGULATIONS n J-k; . : w;.-- a 9.4 Beales, Perkln-Slmm Ho. 100- "' 01IS or ]uirklii it Analysis. aeaUng and weighing, using a 100 *) syringe, in the eeae of diepenlon retrtns, the cup oanso* be ueeet. The sample te lnvtend tor--Ignite the deteetor manufacturer** Instruetiou to the * 74.1.4 Amplifier balance--Balance tho lw. ,r 4 144 Oji chromatograph FerHii-Dmer weighed approximately in an aluminum died, ompUflw according te tho manufacturer's * /**"Ui>vr4ttOB Model F*40 htad-epaoe onaf tot. MO. 104-0001. or equivalent V- )4j chNBktofnpbU column--Stalnkw Mel, t uxlJ nun, containing 0.4* transferred to the tend vial and weighed accurately tn the *lel. The sample to then placed In the Ferktn-Qmer head apace ana lyzer {or equivalent) and conditioned for ons Instruction*.. ' 744 programming tho ebremetogrepb--> > Program tbe sbromatogrepb as lolloei: a. z--Dosing Ums--me normal setting to Carbowax 1000 on CtfbopU A, Perkln-EUner hour at 90*C. second* Oorporettou Mo. 105-013*. or equivalent. OarfcopaE O eta ho used tn place of Ctrbopok Nora: Soma aluminum Tial cape hat* % center section which must be removed prior to placing into cample tray. Xf not removed, b, a--Analytic time Tha aormii catting Is minutes. Certain typee of samples con tain hlgb boiling materials whicb caa cause 44 Thermometer-0 to 100 C, toeurato , to tLi'. o. Mkla-Bair Mo. 100-0109 or equivalent. 4.4. Sample trap thermostat iptm-- fvUB>finwr Mo. 105-0103, or equlvnlen*. .. 044 Septa esmtwtcn type, tar euto- eerloua damage to the occur. needle wilt 744 Surpeaalon reetn elurry *"* wet cake samples Slurry must, be filtered using a email Buchner funnel with vacuum to yield wet cake. The Altering process must he con Interfereoes wtib tbe vinyl chloride peak aw subsequent analyses. In these eases the --!yt** time must be adjusted to eliminate tbe interference. An automated backftueb system can also bo .dead to solve this prob lem X' . Slant doelag, is mm. PeTktn-Bmer No. 105- tinued only u long as a steady stream of a. b--flushing--The normal Betting It flj 1003, .or equivalent water u exiting from the funnel. Excessive minutes. ^ 144 Inteftratm - recorder -- B*MI - Packard Model S380A. or equivalent, ' 94.7 . Filter diier assembly (3)--Peetln- .'Barr No. 3330117, or equivalent. 44 Soap film flowmeter--Hewlett Peak- ard No. 0101*0113, a* equivalent. ,,i 44 Calibration. f.44 j Regulator*--lor required gat eyla- filtration time could result tn eomo lose at VCSI. The wet cake sample (0-10 to 44 grams) to added to a tared vial (including septum aod aluminum-cap) and Immediately eraled. Staple weight to then determined to 3 decV nil placet. The sample to thco pieced la the Fevfiln-Bmsr bead space amtiyrer (or equiva lent) and conditioned for oce hour at 90*0. A earnpie of wet oak# to used to determint d. w--stabilisation time--TTte noaiai eeto. ting is 94 minutes. < e. X--Mumber of analyses per sample--The. nisuial eettmg to 1. - .. .*'"' **f 744 Preparation of Mmple turntable--Be- \ , -lx v, fore piecing any sample into turntable, be certain the* tbs center seetton of the ala- : cap baa bssa removed. Tbe numbered sample bottiee should he pieced In the cor URL 12367 S.. Btagaata. . j. .. 44 Analysts. . 044 Hydrogen gw-eero grado. *'',414 Nitrogen gas cei'o grades " 4.14 - Air--cere grad*. .`.Id. Calibration. IdJ Standard cylinders (4) of SO, too, 3000, and 4000 ppm vinyl chloride ^ Ja nitrogen, with certified analysts. V ocedure,., 44 Sampling. " tid PTO sampling--Allow the ream ffcmr to flow from s tap on the tank or silo TS (total solids). This to required foe calcu lating the KVCM. 744 Dtopsreton restn" elurry rampltt^Thto material should not be filtered. Sample must be thoroughly mired. Using a tared vial (including septum and aluminum cap) add approximately drepe (045 to 0.39 grama) of slurry or latex twins a medicine dropper. This should ho dona Immediately after mining. Seal tlia viol as soon u possible. Determine sample weight accurate to 0.001 grama Total sample wet-ht must not cr^ced 040 grams, condition the vial for cod'hour at 90*0 in the ansiyrex. Determine the J* responding numbered positions in the turn- . table. Insert semnlaa in tbe foUowin* orderr Positions t to 3--Old 3000 ppm standards for conditioning. These are necessary only after tho analyser baa net been used for 34 hours or longer. ... Position to--9 ppm stMdart, freshly prev pared. Position 4--509 ppm Steadied, freshly pre pared. . Position >. 9009 ppm standard, freshly prepared. PoMtiesii 3099 ppm tanderd^Aridity pre-. pored. WDttt the> taepa time bhoes* been wWeeSn purged. Ba- aansfmlm tsotawrrny esampttliea i(eSmecitoioan u74s4)i. mrtomUM 7 Sample to, 7 (Ttato to toe first ~ 9*ad am ml cample bottle unde* the tayt fill, 74.4 Xnproeces sartmur ssmplso . sample of the day. bwt is given as 7 te be con and immediately tightly cap the bottle, wrap IMag n tared rial (including septum and sistent wNta the Mirwtebf and tbe integrator eetttoat tape around the cap and bottle to aluminum cm) quickly add approximately printout.) C rent the top from loosening. Plaos an l 99 of water using a medicine dropper. Seal Jnttfytng label on each bottle, and record the vial as soon as porsibi*. Detsrmlao the date, time, and sample location both ansample weight accurate to 0401 gram, con After nil eamplee have been positioned, in sert tbe second eat of 50. BOO, 3000, end 4009 ppm standards, gamples. Including stand the bottles and In a log book. dition the vial for two noun at M'C in tbe ards must be oondtttoned in the both of ' 744 Water campling Prior 9b nso, tbo anslywer.- O* O for l hour (not to exceed hours). 44 ml vial* (without the dlaoc) must bo 74 Analyeto. 74.4 Start chromatograph program-- eepped with aluminum toll and mufitod at 74.1 Preparation cf gee chromatoyraph-- When an eamplee. including standards, have . 400*0 for at least ono boor to dectroy o* Install the chromatographic column and con been conditioned at 90* C for 1 hour, start maov* any organic matter that could l*. dition overnight at 160*0. So not connect the the analysis program according to the moon, terfex* with analytic. At the sampling loca exit end of the to the detector while fcaturon* instructions. These instruction tion All the vials bubble-free, to oversowing ao that a convex meniscus forms at the top. Tho Mecca water to diiplMsd a* the seaUeg conditioning. 7444 Flow rate adjustments- Adjust dew rates as follows; . must be carefully followed when starting ahd stopping program to prevsat damage to th, amhh assembly. dim to carefully placed, Teflon aide down, on a. Nitrogen carrier gse-get regulator on * the opening'of the vial. Place the aluminum cylinder to read 50 pstg. Bat regulator on 744 Detarmtnstlon of total solid* (TS). 'For wet sake, starry, resin solution, and' deal over tho dim and the neck of the vtal etuecnatograph to 14 kg/em*. Normal flows 170 latex eamptea, determine TS for each find crimp into piece. Affix an Identifying as this pressure should be 3* to 40 oc/minute. sample by accurately weighing approxim labtl on the bottle, and record the date, time, Cheek with bubble flow meter. ately to 4 grama of sample tn an aluminum and sample location both on tho Mato and k Burner air supply--Bet regulator ou cyl pan before end after placing in a draft to a log book. AQ sample* must bo kept re inder to read 50 pstg. Set regulator CO oven (109 to 110* C) Samples must be dried frigerated until analysed. chromatograph to supply air to burner at a to constant weight. Altar first weighing re T4 Sample recovery, samples much be run within 34 hours, 743 Resin eamplee--The weight of the . reela used must be between 04 and 44 pane Ah exact Weight must be obtained (^-0.001 gram) for each cample. In the case of suepeaelon resin* a volumetric cup can b* pre pared which will hold the required amount of sample. The sample bottle le opened, and the cup volume of renin is edded to tbs tared .sample vll (Including soptum and alumi num sap). Tho vial to immediately seeled and tho exact sample weight le then obtained. Report Oita vatuo on the data sheet as it to required for calculation of RVCM. In the wuo of relatively dry rt-ln samples (water eu'itont <04 weight %), 100 *1 of dlsVUIed rate between 354 and 300 ec/minnw. Check with bubble flowmeter. a. Hydrogen supply--dot rcguiatoi on cyl inder to reed to pslg- Set regulator on chromatograph to supply approximately S5^9 ec/mlnuts. Optimise hydrogen flow to yield the moat sensitive detector raponce without extinguishing the flame. Check flow wltn bubble meter sod record this flow 7444 Temperature adjustment*--det temperatures e* follows: a. Oven (chreniategrepbl* C. b. Cooing Une, UO* C. e. Injection block, UO* O. column), go* d. Sample chamber, water temperature^ Do* C14a 0. turn tbe pan to the oven for a abort pe riod of time and theu reweigb to verify com plete drynsec. TS to than calculated s* the final sample weight divided by initial cam ple weight. 9. Calibration, ` Calibration Is to be performed each eight- hour parted when the Instrument is used.1 Bach day. prior to running samples, the col umn should be conditioned by running two of tbe previous days aooo ppm standard*. 4 Preparation of Standards. Calibration standards ara prepared by fill- 1 tec tha vlala with the vtnyl chloride/ultro- gen standards, rapidly seating tho soptum and seallug with tbe aluminum c-.i ;i, Ltae a stateless steel line tmm tb eyumi r to tbe vial. Do not use rubber or tygon tubing. The water must bo injected into tho vtal. after . 74.14 Zgnltioa of flame loncation detete sample Une from tbe cylinder must be % %! t /, ^ ki . 2; V.. ) rtDtiAi cflima, voi. 49, no, 10*--uwftjMf. oaoau 41, t?y -.xt '^rJ " ***? ' ilW ` r 'i.Vji.A-u;.'* .1* i t J-' -T.V: V- ) ,, "i ' -Vis* *' '* RULES And regulations ., ' ^^ 1 '46573 SI" , V>4' , * '*r 'F-; ..A ^ J.' v* ^ ?.**.$- ; , 1 " w:w 1 .sSv.Vi - j` v. .V^. .. ' ' '* ' ~ . "' T - *C-- f '. purged <teto hoed) for terfral minute* prior -- - to filling tog. AXtr purglog, ndua the fine tot* to approrlmateif soo-iooo eo/min. rue* . *ad of tubleg tnto toi (uw bottom) uad u.; after on* minute elowly remove tubing. Flee* V Mptua la *i*i m ooa a* pwtVblt to mini< mis* mising air with eampi*. After thtetand- id *ui* >* --Med. inject xool of duuitod . water. U PitputUoftet danafttopep* aUtn* ' h tkm eurva. * * Prepare two BO ppm. two 500 ppm. two 3000 ppm, and.two 4000 ppm ntaadnrd sample*. >U to* aattbratten eamptM In eiactly th# MB* manner a ngular tampln. Plot A*, to* Integrator ere* oounta for each rtandud ' --tnpl* ti o,, to* ooooeatraUoa of Tiayt toloetd* la etoh itandaM unpl*. Dne * Ua* of beat fit through to* point*. I. Ctoeulotlona. 14 Bespouse facte*. , ton to* calibration curve described in PtottodU, abort Meat to* value*! O* toot eorraepende to Ju for each eampt*. Oon> pnta toe reepooee factor, R,, for each "t1* to faUmm; r C'V"'' ' Equation 107-1 ** talfnal vinyl ohlortd* monomer aoa- entratiDo, or nnyt enioride monomer eoo' ' toatratlwi. Caknut*Om aa follow*: V,vw vehuM, m (BJ). * toatple eMtalM leea ttoa **ft wan* c.>-^ (..IWXlO^-f5^-^) ir- / Equation 107-P to* ftoeolng paml uraeUea eaa be od to aog eph ohtoi eoetaiae volt, pvo and/or water. ""s^f [^^+E(Ta)TI+E.{l-<r3)T,] ' i* . .5 t* .tit r-v. < ' ,. Equation 107-4 " r^Tetoetoto " \ Wolet JT. amt be dafmdnto |\ itoeult* Vntlatoil uatog Kquatloa 10T-4 *'1 repneent eoaoentratlon baaed oo to* tetat aaapla. To obtain reauita teaed on dry PVO ootttoot*divide'byT8. Fr iIn (mmliula) weatoratoaeaampte,B*aaton Wf*4 *aa ba lunpUfla* to tto feUe*ta*s **' . (g.owx 10-)] Equation 107-4 >* ' '***-V't'f'*' *ft*-':' . ; -; t-r .. iV i f*t'*#nyj*v. t:'. ^V'h A*-** ",fVi-C- w . IV rfidr- ,P_C.aKs-Usixsirwgrr to VCM I* i ae _S55Ssa': maple at tod, a**. -''jrasosaar-*"-'*-*'* . ts^ggsa &^>VI*am.Hs. Skx^"/, - >.* 10. nefaaaoea. -.r-A&m-; I. Pealdual Vinyl Chlartdo Monomer Oon tent et Polyrknyl Chloride Bonne and We* OaXa Bamplea. B. r. Ooodrlto Cbamloal O*. Btandaid Teat Procedure N& 200C-T. B. V. ' - .4 e -.i: f Ooodrlto Technical Ctera Avon Ink*. Ohio. January 30, l7. . S. I*ne. A. A, "The Solubility of TUyt .Chltolda to Polyvinyl Chloride," ACS-Dirt* iVv f-- ,.,v Men of polymer Chamlewy. Polymer m> prints jg (1): ibt, im. 9. Beraan A. m. "Th* OUTmlon of vinyl Ohlorlda to Polyvinyl ChlerUI*," ACS-Din* aloa of Polymer ChemiaBy, Poiymw pro* W---. fvj r Cj *F- v-, O) .-.. CO , j paint* if (3): 309,197*. 4. Beran*. tA,Lt Crider. O. J. Torn*nek and J. U. Whitney, Analyna for Vinyl Chloride is PVO Pondet* by Bead-Space 0*0 Gbfomatograpby>~ t* b*puou*b*d. r, M f ' r l. . ^ (PB De*.T*-*0SC* Piled td-30-7; :* am) - *T .a > :: "T.-Vv? O:;,;,: vtfc V;,1 *, - > *, , *V't- S- i v. 4. --v . ; ' * * . > a, ' i1 *** 4 r ei.t .f .'v>Kv V'*.. ` ,.\. f" H ' ' >' : :,`V v ,,:J V-t .*. * -i ' *a V.n/ |V' .1 M4- 1`* 1 'i >i .> 4'f' y r... , r^: *>' >* . ` . **i*? * T. v";lii-v . . vV.*-*4, . > - \J >#. . . M * - i- > ,Tr IIBWDISUi l HMR VOI, 41, NQt fS*imitISAV 0CT04B l( 174 *' ' 1*, ..,* *v i'l ;)-V ly`f .. i..w T:; " ;V i:t* *;* - **W> K 4 * URL 12389 wcun kXPVHAiUHlfJ*- 72 D-U-M-S No NAME-ADORES* Coda Yaar Ratng NAME --ADORES* Coot 04840-0779 0M4S-SW 00-110-9325 00-107-0309 00-510-0121 ADVANCE OESION LA90NAT09IU* Mis Hair Can y t 5 San Padro Si Loa Amim Ca 90014" ADVAMCt DESIGN MOOULIS^ Mir TrMtapon 9957 Madford Ava BWg 10 Oakland Cl 94914 AOVANCE DEVELOPMENT * MPO* Machma Shop Mir SounOriaw $| GuFferd Cl 09437 ADVANCE OEVKCS INC OtoOt Taatar ii7 Yaia Waco Aoekva Ud 20080 ADVANCE DIAL CO INC MR Toota S R 79 P N 79 R ,R3 -- -- -- -- 00-485-8072 07-270-3032 00-055-4724 09-500-3770 ADVANCE GLOVE MPO CO* Wqrk Gtavas .. .'"PO* Slats Hwy 4 N Cartnwti# 02929 AOVANCE QLOYftNEQ CO* MR Wo* Giovss MIS ADVANCE OLO_____ 2,270 WO Mila R< ADVANCE OLOVE MP Work Olovas Mi 40075 Hvw 142 Naylor Uo P O 0O>39 Naylor hMo. 03953 3439 H Mariam Ava CH<Mt fl 00934 00-010-2300 ADVANCE 04 CASTINO CO^ Alum 2nc ON CAN T 00-504-7261 ADVANCE OLOVE MPO CO 3A1 Totado Oh 11M1 MR 3700 N Holton SI AWwaMHa Wi 9 0 #o*i 2808 MilwmkatW 53212 01-000-1235 ADVANCE OlB CUTTING CD* Ota Cut*? 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INC fcdut Raga And Km #11 NW 21 Tarr Mwni FIMI27 N 79 _ 1130 Haaal Ava DaarfWd il 500,5 CIS 09*21-6499 AOVANCI MACH 5 TOOL 5475 nw 0aaar Dr JtRutcn ip MaSana Shop 004304305 ADVANCE ENVELOPE MPO CO IMNC Mta fnurnfiaa 1146 S Lbs 4rMt Si Loa Ar-gawa Ca Moil P -- 9 O Rota jobnaton la 50,3, 00-909-1949 ADVANCE MACHINE CO Machma Shop 00-020-2200 ADV'lAoNiTCsCPEraNmVEoLnOtPAEJhMaPmObrCaOCaIN6C1903 Mta EnvaNpaa R 3l9 Pawmont Ava Whaatag WV 29003 02-100-1939 ADVANCE MACHINE CO INC MptMta Shop 09-227-9903 ADVANCE EQUIPMENT CO 1509 Lincoln Sumvtta Wa MR Ipanaay ig N 70 DOS _ 32 M|a Lana Artngtan MS 02174 09*94-3979 ADVANCE BlACHINlMl me 00-2274497 ADVANCE EQUIPMENT CO INC 1746 wmehaatar no Sanaatam Pa Gmm II 79 -- 510 A Drama Road Banmora Uo 21221 00*24-9339 ADVANCE M 8C1IINE CO* Pioor Mamanancn P 0 90*243 lanaalam Pa ,9020 4090 Sunaast Dr Sprmg Park Mn 00-509-5097 AOVANCE EQUIPMENT MPO CO INC OoiDrywaaTta P _ 4013-26 W Ocagg Ctacago N10991 1R2 P 0 00>*(227755 SopmnMePPvafc Mn 95394 00*24-9395 ADVANCE MAACCHHtIWNECCOO* Akmtrum Pnmy 09-725-5991 ADVANCE EXCELSIOR CO^ 26,3 S-EE Pogurthn Sst Mmma.naaoota Mn 85414 __ Saa Thraa H Manutactirmf co he Hamian Ti 00937-2,39 AOVANCS MACHINE CMONRWP_R__A_inT__Io_H_ Machma Shop 004344099 AOVANCE UCEL2ION CO 2704 Dawson OalIM 7k 75229 MR I N 72 oca mp _ sssSMURna. 00-253-9004 AOVANCE MCfLSKHFcO INC ..ApWd bcMor N 200t ChArtraj St Naw Orta** Lo Tot t7 1R2 09-913-5949 ADV'ANCE M- AC-HIN_E__C_ORPOR,,ATION 3,29 Harinurt Compton Ca 90^1 ShaatUatWPae 09401-3307 00433-9977 094434472 07-5074300 034644130 004314305 024194559 00453-4275 054034455 00-203-5497 004344736 04469-3433 0*274-1419 004014959 00425-7255 00437-9502 00-5194199 00-201-5499 00-420-9279 AOVANCE fAERtCATMN INC _ MatM ItaieSHn 14013 WArquardt Av# Soma Pa Sgga Ca 00670 AOVANCI PABRICATORE INC SMMKMlHc--i 900 Prognaa Bivd Naw Albany n 47iso AOVANCI PAimCATOMf >NC Staai Ptantaam 990 Prgorass BNd Naw Albany m 47,50 ADVANCE FABRICATORS INC 106 R C-rcta Ooeatur 6a 30030 AOVANCE PIECROLASS Mlg Ffcorolaas Johnson Cnty Inc A*rporl OarWtar Ka 99030 ADVANCE FINISHES INC LOOM* PMMtaa 1410 E Grand Ei Sagundo Ca 90245 AOVANCE PUMS HARDENING CO MC Han Traanng Par 2459 E 559, St Loa Araataa Ca 90059 VANCE PLANS HANOSNINO INC i laMng TraMtag 0089 OraanfcaM Datron 1A 0229 AOVANCE POAM RUSTICS INC Mta 29SS industrial Lana BnomfiaM Co 00020 AOVANCI POOO SERVICE CO INC ... Mlg Pood SanKca 750 Summa Aa WasBury NY i 1590 ADVANCE. FOOOS CORPORAi-TIQ~ N ^Ml FVjur Man* 2110 E 37tn St Los Anastais Ca 90050 ADVANCE POUNORt CO* MR Gray iron SIM IQ7 Sammai AOavtonOh P O 80*141 Oayiornt Oh 4a5401 ADVANCE POUNORT IINC 4Umm Braaa 409 & Pir. n. 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