Document 6RE6ynd5YeYkYVZDNddqVYMZ4

PCU's In Lake Michigan CK. *'/ J r It has been established that Lake Michigan is unique in that it contains much higher concentrations of .agricultural pesticides than the other Great Lakes due, in part, to the large useage in the watershed in comparison to the flushing period for the lake and to the relatively low biomass density. Previous studies have shown that the fish from Lake Michigan approached the FDA action levels for dieldrin iif 1969 and that a major fraction exceeded the action levels for DDT (Roinert, 1 970). liore recent 'cfeta (feinert, 1972) fro:,) carefully designed monitoring * {neinerl, 1971) indicates that the average DOT concentration in Lake Michigan fish remained essentially the same between 1967 to 19/0 and suggested that the levels have begun to decrease. Although not realized in the early analyses by Reinert, other work (Veith, 1970) lias shown that the concentration of PC3's (similar to Aroclor 1254) ware great ;r than 15 ug/gm in large fish collected from Lake Michigan in 1969. thus, it is apparently in Lake Michigan rather than the other Greet -Lakes zn,,a4-i o+!n-,o potentially hazardous and persistent chemicals from our industrialized technology are mTnoncst*t crnonn,c'oennft`nraftnefdl J j* follows, then, that consideration must be given to the effect these chemicals have on the biological commonitics sustained by Lake Michigan and the possibility of stemming or even reversing th; ;nd of increasing levels of oryanochlorine compounds in trie Lake Michigansystem. f. Despite the comparatively hig'4 levels of DDT, dieldrin and PCB's in Lake Michigan, there is no direct evidence that the chemicals are endangering the aquatic life in the lake. The concentration of each of the chemicals appeal's to be below 10 ng/1 in the pelagic waters and 'less than, 109 ng/1 in the nearshore waters, all of -which are below the "no effect" level for the respective chemicals for most aquatic organisms. However, the lack of direct evidence of dan-aye may simply reflect, the difficulty in adequately measuring such effects in this environment. There is considerable indirect evidence which suggests that the buildup of oryanochlorine compounds iney be a threat to the future of the biological resources of the lake. It is beyond the scope of this introduction to review the literature concerning the pesticides and PCD's, and tiie reader is referred .to existing comprehensive reviews (Z'itko and Choi, 19/1; NUI, 1972; Qwinby, 1 972; Task force, 1 972). In laboratory experiments Crustacea exposed to varying levels of Arocloi'0') 12~v\ in the water concentrate tiie PCB within their bodies more than 20)00.9 tines. The tissue residues may sometimes reach an equilibrium .and in Ctcnoid'A fasciatus PCB did not concentrate beyond *27,000 times despite .in additional 5-week exposure to l. 6 tig/1- AroclorOO. (Saunders, 1971). In contrast, PC3 residues in crayfish did not reach equilibrium after a 22 day exposure. PC5 concentration factors by two estuarine fisher, Laeondon ighomLqjd.-gs and I eioslosv.is rmthorns, was similar to that uoscrine-J above lor crustaceans -- about 10,009 to 50,000 times the exposure levels in water (Hansen, ct al. , 1971). DSW 029658 STLCOPCB4013620 2- - \ )tLratiisonims poofrtaPCn3t ttohant okteillethdatththeosfieshacicnum11u3 lattoion4s5 doacycsu.rred at rater concen- Also similar were the accumulation ratios of 26,000 to 56,000 for bluog . 1 i s (UDOnns n.c.rochiru.s) chronically exposed to 2-15 uy/1 of Aroclor (a) l^.ar.d 12:.-. fathead minnows (Pimephal es promolas) chroni- ?l'n -r\>,12,2 'nd 125/1 for B n^nTh? wSfratcd PCB's 100,OjJ ana coJ,ulO times the exposure level s,. respec Li vely. Residues f 50 '^suited from exposure for 8 months to 0 , of PCB w*r jwmlly rzUtod to 7 ,7 7At on Oexi poasoed in{Sttnaelliwngatearnd(5H0u,0e0k0ins- , 2u0n0p,0u0b0listhimedesdhaitgah, e1r)97t1o). which re fffects on Heoroduction PCB residues in salmon eggs are apparently related to mortality of eggs. In preliminary investigations in Sweden, Jensen, Johansson, and Olsson (1S70) reported that when residues in groups of eggs ranged from 0.4 to 1.9 ug/1 on a whole weight basis (7.7 to 34 ug/g on a fat basis), related mortalities ranged from 16 percent up to 100 percent. As indicated in Table I, Aroclor 1248 was the most toxic of the eight aroclors tested to Daphnia mr.gna in static tests, with a 3-week LC60 of 25 ug/1iter. Aroclor 1254 was most, toxic under continuous-flow conditions with a 3-week I'.CSO of 1.3 ug/1 iter. The Aroclors were more toxic under continuous-flow than static conditions, with 16 percent impairment of reproduction caused by 1.0 ug/liter Aroclor 1243. The calculated 96-hour LC50 values for newly-hatched fathead minnows were 7.7 ug/1 for Aroclor 1254 and 15 ug/1 for 1 242. Three- month-old fatheads had a 96-hour LC50 of ca. 300 ug/1 for 1242. Reproduction occurred at and below 1.8 ug/1 1254 and at and below 5.4 ug/1 1 242. Polychlorinated biphenyls were acutely toxic but exhibited much greater chronic toxicity at very low levels, due to their cumulative nature. Uewly hatched young were the most sensitive life stage. Young fathead growth was also affected above 2.2 ug/1 1248 and non? survived above 5.1 ug/1 after 30 days. Young flayfish, Jordanclla floridae, did not survive above 5.1 ug/1 1248 and did not grow well above 2.2 ug/1. " The ninety-six hour LC50 values for Aroclor 1242 and 1243 with Gammarus psondol imnaeir were 73 and 29 ug/1 iter. Survival after 30 days was 5*3 pr*rc"cnt at 8.7 ug/1 1242 and 52 percent at 5.1 ug/1 1243. Good -reproduction and survival of young occurred at 2.8 ug/1 1242 and 2.2 ug/1 1 248. ' Abundant adult emergence of the midge T any tarsus dissimil is did not occur above 5 ug/1 1243 or 3.5 ug/1 12347~The"cal cu 1 disci 3-week I.C 50 (50 percent reduction based on control -as 100 percent) for Aroclor 1254 was 0.65 ug/1 for larvae and .46 ug/1 for pupae. `S'ji **..* ** ** ' *<* <.vv1V* -***** * r *>^ rT ''. f v p.v'f / f,` DSW 029659 STLCOPCB4013621 , A *- .vU > *- * i. * -t Vh ^ -' A<''-'* *~ ,J -3- *' ** ' 1 1 ~ ****** w.A'W * . u j^k Ui'fW1 Application factors of 0.10 for 12*12 and 0.15 for 1248 wore calculated for the BCD's and Gr.mmarus. Application factors of 0.2 for 1254 and 0.1G for 1242 were calculated for fathead minnows using newly hatched fish to obtain the 96-hour 1.C50. . The second generation fry from adults previously exposed to the PCB mixtures were exposed to the respective mixtures for 30 days after hatching. Preliminary data analyses indicated that 3 ug/1 of Arcelor00 1248 caused no mortality but a 20 percent reduction in the weight of the fry. Similarly, AroclorUO 1260 caused no mortality when the fry ' were exposed to 2.1 ug/1; however, the 'weight of the fry was reduced by 33 percent. The residue data from the trout exposed for 27 weeks indicate that approximately 0.55 ug/1 of Arcelor (TO 12-54 will result in 5 ug/gm of the PCD mixture in the fish (whole fish basis). The concentration in the fillet of fish exposed to 0.84 ug/1 Aroclor(R) 1254 was f 1 ug/gm. The lipid content of the fillet portion of the trout was less than two percent. Dietery exposure to PCB seems to oe less or to fish than exposure in water, Coho salmon (Oncorphynchus kl stitch) fed AroclorOO 1 254 in varying amounts up to 14,500 ug/kg body weight per day accumulated whole body residues which v.-ere only 0.9 to 0.,5 of th' e `level` in the food after 240 days of dietary exposure. Growth rates were not affected. However, all fish exposed to the highest treatment died after 240 clays exposure; and thyroid activity was stimulated in all except the group treated at the lowest concentration (lichrle and Grant, unpublished data, 1971). . The massive trout and salmon stocking program in Lake Michigan has produced an unparalleled sport fishery and provides a valuable protein source for human food as well as animal feeds. Essential to the establishment and maintenance of this fishery is the successful reproduction of the adult fish. However, Reinert (1970) has previously pointed out that DDT and dieldrin levels in eggs are similar to those which inhibited reproduction in the studies of Burdick et al_. (1 964) and Mncek (1 958). In addition, Jensen et al_. (1970) have shown that 15 ug/gm of PCB's (lipid basis) in salmon eggs produced 50 percent mortaility and complete mortality can be expected when the eggs contain 25 ug/gm PCB's (lipid basis'). All of these data concerning the effects of organochlorine compounds on reproduction were obtained individually, and little is known of possible combined effects when the tissue contains mixtures of the toxicants. Even though the continued-stocking of fish may maintain a food resource in spile of possible adverse effects of the residues on reproduction in Lake Michigan fish, many fish contain body burdens which make the fish unfit as a food resource for humans. The U.S. food and Drug Administration has established a tolerance level of 5 ug/gm, 6 ug/gm and 0.3 ug/g.i for DDT, BCD's and dieldrin, respectively, in food to be sold for human consumption. Since the lake supports a sizeable commercial fisucry m addition to the sport fisher/, tiie presence of these chenicals below the "no effect" level in water may still endanger these industries due to the large partition DSW 0 2 9 6 6 0 rr*'/c< STLCOPCB4013622 coefficient for lipid/water systems. Indeed, numerous catches of commercial fish hoi 119 shipped to markets have boon seized, and tons of largo salmon have been withdrawn from state give-away programs in Michigan because the DDT and PCB residues exceeded the 5 ug/gm concentration. Concern has also arisen with respect to the impact the organochlorine compounds in the Lake Michigan biota (principally fish) is having on other animals which use this food supply. Most notably is \he effect of Lake Michigan fish on mink reproduction in the north Central states, before DDT and dieldrin levels in these fish were well docu mented, Hartsough (1965) indicated that Lake Michigan fish wore . suspected as the factor leading to poor mink reproduction. Aulerich et al. (19/0) clearly demonstrated the fish had been the cause of the repro-" ' ductive failure. Aulerich and Rinber (1 570) found that DDT and ODD . did not have signif icant adverse effects on-mink. Furthermore, dieldrin v/as lethal at 2.5 ug/gm in the food for extended periods but did not appear to effect reproduction at twice this level during the gestation period. Aulerich et, al_. (1971) concluded..that coho salmon per se did not cause reproduction problems but that the disorder is associated with other species of fish and "appears to be dependent upon the species of fish and its environment." Finally, after the earlier reports that PCB's were present in Lake Michigan fish, Ringer et a 1. (1972) demonstrated that 10 ug/gm of Aroclor 1254 in coho' salmon ` produced 71 percent mortality in mink and that a mixture of 10 ug/gm PCB's and 0.5 ug/gm dieldrin in coho feed produced 100 percent mortality. No kits were born alive, when the diet contained 5 ug/gm --- - or greater Aroclor 1254 alone. This evidence clearly indicates that the biological resources of Lake Michigan may seriously endanger other species even though the levels of toxicants arc not sufficiently ' .great to produce a dramatic effect within the aquatic communities. equally important is the coincidence of high levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon in herring gull and other bird populations with reproductive failures and subsequent population decline. Ratcliffe (1970) and Anderson (1970) have clearly shown that major changes in eggshell thickness have occurred since 1545 and that the phenomenon may be a major factor in the decline, if not extinction, of many species of birds. In general, egg shell thinning of 10 to 15 percent (relative to pro-1940 eggs) may produce an effect in the population, 15 to 20 percent is associated with readily observable egg breakage, and 50 percent thinning has been associated with virtually total" reproductive failure (Risebrough et. a]_. , 1 970: ICeith et aj_, > 1 970). , Anderson (19/0) found the Great Lakes Herring Gulls contained the highest chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in eggs ever reported for that species, lie also found that the Lake Michigan gull, which declined dramatically in the early 1 96.0's- but recovered in the: late 1960's, had egg shell thinning which varied from nine perccmt in 1953-1956 to 10 percent in 1965. However, since 1965, the degree of thinning DSW 029661 ' .............................. ..................................... ................... STLCOPCB4013623 has decreased to eight percent in 1969. In comparison, gulls on Lake Huron and Lake Superior have exhibited thinning of seven and eight percent, respectively, and those from the east coast have remained essentially unchanged from earlier eggs. Anderson, (1970) also showed that double-crested cormorants from Wisconsin had 20 percent thinner eggs and produced eggs with the highest DDL concentrations of this species from interior North America'. Golden eagles which primarily feed on mammals do not show as dramatic egg shell thinning as do the Bald Eagles which feed on fish. Despite the lack, of detailed data in the literature, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the disappearance of Bald Logies from the shores of Lake Michigan may also be linked by correlation to the chlorinated hydrocarbons in the food resources of the lake. The Lake Michigan system is also unique in that the use of the major persistent chemicals have beer, curtailed in the'watershed by a variety of actions. Although it is likely the use of the chlorinated pesticides in agriculture was diminishing in the late 1960's, the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference recommended regulatory actions on many uses in 1963. This recommendation led to restrictions on DDT in Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, including th? sale of this compound. A more detailed summary is presented by Luebchow (1972). . The realization that the widespread use of PCB's has resulted in the widespread occurrence of these potentially hazardous chemicals in the environment moved Monsanto Company, the solo producer of PCB's in the United States, to restrict the sales of PCB's in 1 970 and by April, 1971, only "close system" uses were able to purchase PCB's from Monsanto. However, there is no data to confirm .the fact that PCB uscages are significantly reduced. ' ! As previously discussed, the FDA has placed a 5 ug/gm action level on PCB's in food for human consumption. Moreover, on March IB, 1972, this restriction was extended to food packaging materials. On May 2, 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency announced that all discharges to the aquatic, environment involving PCB's will be restricted to the lowest possible level and that the desired limit will be 0.01 ug/1 PCB's. These restrictions were re-enforced by the recommendation of the joint task force headed by the Council on Environmental Quality and the Office of .Science and Technology (Task Force, 1 972) which called for all current uses of PCB's, except capacitors and transformers, to be discontinued., . In summary, the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the agriculture .and industry in the Lake Michigan watershed over the last few decades has resulted in the contamination of this valuable, mesotrophic body of water. Indirect evidence exists that these chemicals are having subtle detrimental effects on the species near the top of the food chain, and some of the food resources have been deemed unfit for human consumption. However, the Lake Michigan watershed has also realized unparalleled legislative action regarding the use of these hazardous, persistent chemicals in the last two years. The following sections QSW 029662 STLCOPCB4013624 of this report summarize the activities of the States in the Lake Michigan watershed concerning PCh's and the results of its activities. . Table The Comparative Toxicity of tight Aroclors8 (in pg/litcr) , to Oaphnia t.v.qna in Lake Superior Water as Determined ' '' .' in Static Test Conditions ' Aroclor 11 Three Week LCSiO Confidence Limits11 . P.cnroductive In-mirment Confidence Confidence * Limits 162 Limits o * 1221 * 1232 1242 1248 ' . 1254 \ . 1260 \ . 1202 ' 12G0 ICO 158-205 125 11G-135 ' 89 85.6-92.6 72 G2.G-82.8 . 65 . 60-72.G . 53 50.5-55.7 67 . 55.4-81 ; \.\C3 56.3-70.5 . 48 45.2-50.9 2a 21.4-29.2 24 . 21.2-27:1 16 . 13.9~.10.4. ' 3! ' 25.8-37.2 . 28 . . . 23.1-33.9 18 '36 27.7-46.8 ' 33 27.5-39.G ! i- 22' 'Yi 3 37-49.9 ' 41 33-53.3 24 j. 253 222-288 ! ' 206 ' 105-228 162 14.5-22.3 17.7-27.3 17.6-32.6 146-179 ^Polychlorinated Diphenyls: Aroclor 1221-1263.. Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo. k|>incty~five percent confidence limits. ' !. * > ** v* . i . ' : ' ` . _ . * \ y . * ._ . . . '. , ' . * ................ " "' (" DSW 029663 STLCOPCB4013625 I'ru(jrov.s Urider way m inoi s Watcr samples were collected routinely at four locations in 1971 and 1972. Two sev/age treatment plants and two tributary sources were sampled during this period. The locations sampled were the Waukegan River,*Pettibone Creek, Worth Shore Sanitary District plants at Waukegan and Worth Chicago. During 1971, thirty-seven sediment samples were collected at tributary streams, rav'ines, and offshore (within tv;o miles) lake bed stations. Composite samples from fish were also analyzed during 1971 and 1972. Indiana In 1997, the State of Indiana initiated a water quality monitoring program. The original sampling network included two stations on Lake Michigan. At the present time, there are 16 sampling stations located on tributaries to Lake Michigan. In addition, five water treatment plant intakes on Lake Michigan are sampled as part of the program. This program provides data that are used to measure general characteristics of Indiana waters in the Lake Michigan Basin at important locations and to record trends in water quality. - ' The following table indicates the location and frequency of the routine sampling for PCB's: . Station ' Type of Sample Frequency Lake Michigan-Hamsiond VJ.W. Lake Michigan-WIriting VJ.W. Lake Michigan-East Chicago 11. W. Lake Michiqan-Gary W.W. Lake Michiqan-Mich, City W.W. Ind, Harbor Canal .-Dickey P.d. Grant Calumet River-Indpl s. B1 vd. Grant Calumet River-Kennedy Ave. Burns Ditch-RD-1 Burns Ditch-Pbrtoge ' Boat Yard Burns Dftch-Chrismon Rd. Trail Creek-franklin St. St. Joseph River-Autcn Rd. Flkhart itiver-at mouth grab grab grab grab grab grab grab * grab grab grab grab grab grab grab monthly monthly monthly monthly monthly monthly quar terly ' quarterly monthly quarterly quarterly monthly non tidy quarterly In addition to the regular water quality monitoring program, samples i effluent, from all municipal sewrgo treatment; plants in the basin will collected two times during 1973. When possible the so samples will be composited over a M-hour period. OSW 029664 STLCOPCB4013626 This program will b3 expanded to include: the collection of samples from various industrial outfalls and runoffs from landfalls. For the most part, these samples will be collected during comprehensive 24-hour surveys of point discharges which are routinely conducted in the Lake Michigan Basin. Michigan ' ' ' * Michigan instituted a monitoring program for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) early in 1971. The initial program consisted of a state-wide water sampling survey for determination of concentration in inland , Waters and tributaries to the Great Lakes. Supplementary sampling has since been conducted on stream sediments, municipal raw water intakes, groundwater drinking supplies, sanitary landfill runoffs, municipal wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, and fish from both inland and Great Lukes waters. Sampling is being continued on a periodic basis for establishment of trends. Wisconsin The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources is surveying the waste effluents of some 55 communities in the Lake Michigan Basin. Those municipalities shov/ing significant levels of toxic materials will be investigated to determine the source. . . U.S. Bureau Snort fisheries & Wildlife 7~ Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory program of analysis for PCB's in Lake Michigan fish will continue with selected .species of fisli from two areas of Lake Michigan in 1973-74 according to the following schedule: ' Years of Time of Collection Size ' Continuous Col 1ection Species Site Number of Fish Range Analysis Spring Fall Fall Fall Chubs Lake Trout Chubs Co ho Saugatuck Sauga tuck Saugatuck Ludington 200 30 200 30 240-280 ran 500-800 mm 240-280 ran 500-800 ram 2 3 5 6 DSW 029665 STLCOPCB4013627 l*eK*r Jft Ion /.RKi-.cy Co.'plrtc.i ( UI rr:t j Fr r t ( ne nt 1 ii fei -.w 11 on i. Crrai ?'1 tor tuf. l'r$ron J. Vntrr Quality Aaseosnent rro&caea ('ii the Cimt lake:. * Korthern j.nkc Hiciiir.jn Frof.rm of analycl.'i for palyehl.ir Jnntc J b 1 p!.e: y) s , TOT f.rd dleldrin lu Jake Michigan IK.h. 4, Toxic Substances Centaalnatioa Lrop.rna: /i. Metal K VC Is. C Fhth.ll/ltcs *5, bDX and dlcldtin ` 9 US 1TA - key I on V 5utvcnin;uo f.ni Analy#i Piviiion Canada Center for Inland Water* U.S. 1`urran of Sport Fisheries r.ni WJidMfe. Great. Lnkes fishery Lr.boratory 4 urates: . 1, 111 Junta 7, Indiana 3, Michigan 4, Wisconsin ,, X In five a Jaln/^t t .1 ( 1 vo yuldtr.zc m.i tonullr.at Ion to ih.i vulouu US li A *Ctiv/tlr. X In IV?? conplete.t 9 C.rcit La> e - Cruise* employing V/vj`jir(fn V.nl*..-. to ns sea a vater quality. X 1. x' k. X 3. X <4. X ' rjncUnf.a Vtll to tjvrIl ln tl>1,, To,,c SubcffanccB f-cporc* Wan P f-ropren for pollution detection, boat *c~m~c, And MU-lb nitci.vlt vjth infrared ond ultraviolet ..uar.r.cr to detect pollution and physical prtcf.'Sc*. C, I'roerarj include: Water Mot ion, Vetur CharactcrlstJca, Umology, Lake Hydrology# end Ll'unology Systems, * 7* Under the Anadrcr.ous Kish Kror.rja . rcr.ee*.Ah is directed toward the ' ee.use of ilie-off. t, * r.creMch progr " to include mthenatlcil raJtls to describe pollutant.* In the Creot Lakes, .9, JVo'iotlon of all aspects of Creot luvkos research end di sscr.ir.ot Jon of ir.fotnction. 10, Hie Sea Grant Fropr.\3 in the CjrAt Lakes area (take Michigan) Vcot Jc Jdc-r>ediiicat luU-v.nctioo ^ On C'rrcn Lay . Aqueous Ltwi roar.cnt al ("heals try of Fine in Luke Michigan ' Foeticide Levels of Fitds Vintcrlng on Lake Michigoo Uptake an>d Accusu) e. i f on of FcDutnut* by Lake Michigan Fish Lectors Affecting llnerpy Fixat Jon in Luke. Michigan A Cnnprehrnslve Study of the VMci Quality of Ml lunwkc*! Harbor , Mid Adjacent Lake Michigan Survey end Analysis of Milwaukee L'aibor -- Lake Mi'cMf.An ^Lxchaiige F-aic a fedinento o a Source or Sink of. MJtjor.rri In Creen Hjy , LiOvcnir of Heated Lf fluent 'on the Distribution ir.J ,*.hu-dpnre of LJiehts Lear tho va r.iveri: and t L.evjun;-c!'.:c 1 ear Fo-c-r Fin:.is ou Lake 11. Le.ko Michigan Studies U.S. Coast Guard - Lake. Survey Center - L'OAA - Matiooal Marine Fishery. Service (ICG'S) . , . V.S. ecological Survey . International Actoelatfoa fo r Great Lake* research University of Wisconsin David Arr-sttong, Later Chcci stry, uimsm 1 C, Fred Lee, Water Chcudstry LVMSM . Robert F.llatson. Wildlife Eiology, r.:<s . * . Mirk Mclencon, biochemistry. UWJC-3 Alfred fccetoo. Center for Great Lakes Studies, tLK'lC Alfred F.eeton, Center for Crcat La;;.'.5 Studies, V^.Z . David Cutchln, Center for Great tj-kes Studies, V^u'X * . D, R, Feeney, Soil Science, UVMSX lohn 3. Kagnuson, Zoology, irvTJSX Vniveraity f JllcMf.uo 1?. LnVft i;i,-!itf.an Siudie-i 3J. lfr.2 1,1 J0>1 l.f.if Kltl.it.n 1 li.I, 1 rl ri h-M locial 3ofnt Cc.rnJr-o Ion (U.S. Section) ^ Vtrc ((mill/ l.ftl-crotoiy t. Vvltll . X X Fol ) vi 11 on f urv*y vlH ir.clv.Jf a )C0: tillc district fion Duluth, .Vuv. to St. Feels, S. Y. X Fropraja consists of darn collection investigations end studies. X Studies include pnracltlroJcjical, pathological, and pesticide residues 35 X VJll ue S ratio to describe pollution and*circulation patterns X Lns cczfcrcaccs cooually. X X/ X X x; .X '. . '' "7 . f * . . ' ;. X rr.ployw a vessel to chcMtnl bJ(.logical and j-hyalcal p.i i aue t f r. Also v-oul t or air. X 7t* lupplrrcnt th-* l'p;rt and Icvpr (lent l.'i' in f.tuller. t* I'.clv'o per. t I c I dro , phtlialaicu o:ul t.'alc I'M n 1 f. . 1`Jnnl lcpovt. ` DSU 029666 STLCOPCB4013628 Data Summary - Lake Michigan, Open Caters and Sediments 111 inois Sediments (<1-3 miles offshore) 24 samples, 1971 Aroclor 1242 ' 1254 [lean Range Mean. {fringe 23.7' (;D-l'bu.l) 14.7 (2.5-46.9) Indiana Water Intakes 15 samples, 1973 Menn 0.02 PCB (ppb) Range (<.0t - 0.09) Mi chi gar. . ' ' ' ' ' RGB concentrations in drinking water supplies from 45 intakes on the Great Lakes and connecting waters and an additional 20 on inland lakes and streams have generally been less than 0.01 ppb. Limited sampling of groundwater drinking supplies in southern Michigan has indicated that groundwater has not bean significantly contaminated with PC3's. Water Intakes Date Aroclor 1254 ppb Soul!i Haven Holland . Grand Rapids Muskegon Ludington Traverse City L sc an aba Gladstone Menoaiince Bridgeaian Dridgeman St. Joseph Benton Harbor South Haven - Holland Grand Rapid? Kiu'.kogon l.udington Horthport Point Traverse City Id; can a ba Cl ad stone Menominee . '/ . 3/9/71 ` 4/14/71 4/14/71 3/9/71 3/9/71 3/2/71 2/25/71 2/25/71 .3/23/71 .4/14/71 5/23/72 5/18/72 5/18/7 2 5/18/72 5/18/72 5/18/72 .. 5/18/72 5/19/72 6/21/72 . 6/21/72 8/28/72 8/28/72 0/28/72 ' ` <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0. 010 <0.010 <0.010 -0.177 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.,010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0. 010 <0.010 <0.010 osw 029667 STLCOPCB4013629 Data Summary - Lake Michigan Fish Illinois . Twenty-nine composite samples from five species of lake fish (yellow perch, chubs, carp, coho salmon, and alewivesjwere analyzed for PCB's in 1971. Concentrations in the composite samples ranged from 0.1 to 4.0 ppm with'an average concentration of 2.1 ppm. The highest average concentrations of PCB's by sex and species were 0.4 ppm for yellow perch males, 3.4 ppm for chub males, 2.3 ppm both carp males and females, 2.2 ppm for coho salmon males and 3.1 ppm for alewife males. The concen trations were below the-U.S. Food and Drug Administration1s interim action level of 5 ppm. Jn 1972, fourteen'composite samples (69 individual fish) from two species of lake fish (yellow perch and chubs) were analyzed for PCB's. Concentrations in the composite samples ranged from 0.3 to 3.1 ppm with an average concentration of 1.7 ppm. The highest concentrations of PCB's were found in chub samples. Concentrations of 3.1 ppm were found in samples of female chubs.. Samples of male chubs were similar with . maximum values reaching 2.8 ppm. These concentrations were also below the FDA's interim action level. .. . Michigan In 1972 Michigan developed.a cooperative State-Federal study of contaminant levels in Great Lakes fish species including lake trout, salmon, whitefish, chubs, menominss, yellow perch, alewife, carp, and suckers. Fish from Lakes Michigan, Huron, F.rie, and Superior are systematically being sampled on an annual basis to obtain information on areas where contami nants approach or exceed FDA guidelines for consumer protection. The project, developed by the State agencies in cooperation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Bureau of Sport Fislieries and Uildlife Great Lake Laboratory, will establish patterns of residues of mercury, PCB's, DDT'and dieldrin in Great Lakes fish. The following table shows the concentrations of PCB's delected in fish from Lake Michigan during the first year of this study. PCB's in Salmonids (lake trout, steel head, coho salmon, and chinoolc salmon) and chubs were shown to exceed the FDA guideline of 5.0 ppm while concentrations in othc*r species did not exceed this -guideal ine. OSW 029668 STLCOPCB4013630 Fish Cont'd , . -12- ' Concent rations of polychlorinated I'.iphcnyls (PCB's) found in fish species takrni from Michigan waters of Lake Michigait during .19/2*. Species Alewifc Carp ' Chub . Menominee *' ' ` '` BCD's by District**in ppm (sample size in p;irenthesis) IP13 MM4 [CIS I'.'vS * 1V17 MM3 1.7 (3) . ' ... m 2.3 (1) . 2-7 (6) ' 3.0 (6) 2.7 (G) * 3.2 (2) 8.5 (8) 6.5-(9) 0.8 (1) 1.2 (2) Total f Pish Mean Sampled Concert t r.-> f i *16 2.4 4 O.G 6 3.9 2.0 19 7.0 4.2 * 3 1.1 .Perch .. Coho Salmon .Chinook " ' Salmon ' - * . C.5 (1) 0.4 (5) ' 11.2 (3) *'* 't ' * 12.4 (10) 0:5 (11) 17 0.4 0.4 3 11.2 10 12.4 4 5.0 Suckers 0.8 (6) ' 0.7 (2) 1.5- (3) 1.1 (G). 17 ' 1.0 0.7 -Steel head Lake Trout 1,'iiitefish ; G.O (2) n.v (3) 6.4 (3) '` 0.6 (3) ` 3.2 (2) ' 5.7 (6) 0.8 (2) 1.1 (1) 9.2 (6) 2 20 6 6.0 7.4 4 4.0 0.7 4 0.3 * Doth from Michigan's Great Lakes Environmental Contar.iina nt Survey, 1572. ** ^oncs of Lake Michigan within Michigan Boundaries K'-'.3 - l'ort!;ern Basin ' ' * IV-',4 - Grand Traverse Bay ' ' MM5 8 KM5 - Central Basin / ' |V-57 & MM8 - Southern Basin DSW 029669 STLCOPCB4013631 fish Cont'd U.S. RPSVJ Po 1 vchlorinntecl piPhenyl Approximate!)' BOO of the fish collected from Lake Michigan were analyzed for PCG mixturesresembling that of Aroclor 1254. A.generaliz^d summary of these results is presented in the accompanying table'in which the range and average concentrations of PCD's (as Aroclor 1254) is reported for 13 species of fish. The mean concentrations ranged from 2.1 ug/gm in smelt to 15'ug/gm in Chinook salmon. The data show that the larger fish such as brov/n, lake and rai nbow trout and Chinook and coiiu salmon contained PCB's at concentrations two to three times the 5 ug/gni action level established by the PDA. The mean PCB concentrations in suckers, smelt and whitefish were considerably less than 5 ug/gni and the mean concentrations in the alewife, carp, chub and perch were approximately 5 ug/gm, ranging from 4.7 to 5.9 ug/g:n. As is expected, the larger fish with greater percentage fat contain greater concentrations of PCB's. ' i. v_. Suaaary of PCB Concentration:; in - " the 19?1 Lake Michigan Fish * . Species * /.lowifo Brown Trout , Carp Chub - ' Chinook Salnon Coho Enlnon 1,0): o Trout Perch '' ' Baiubow Trout Itcd Sucker , . Sr.clt " V'hito Sucker W litef ich l'unber of Fish Analysed Concent:cation of PC3 (pg/cn as Aroclor 12^) y. Pansy'1 . )l(V.n . ?6 : *6 .A2 ' 229 21 . 2,5 r 0.9 6,7 - 12 1.? - 11 . . ' -;34 - 0,1 9.9 " 24 . 4.? 8.8 ; 5.5 , 5 5.3 ' 15 . '3.6-17 12 l-P m . 10 . '% .. 8,1 - 21 4.2 - 11 .# 4 0,8 - 12 . 14 * 5*9' i 10 ' 16 V 2.7 - 3.2 ' 35 ' 0,7 - 3.2 ` 90 ' . 2.1 - 11 43 1.5 - 6.1 2.9 2.1 . 4,1. . 3.5 iiv.lienter, ix'.nse of avere.sod Dcvel of j'CB of e. given rpeclca nt n given ins location--weight i;t;t K-.olr. . average of nil location:; sampled DSW 029670 STLCOPCB4013632 fish Cont'ci -14- ( Hot. only does the PCB concentration vary considerably among the 13 species captured, but also the range of concentrations in a single species in the lake was generally greater than 103 percent (the range in red suckers was less; however, all were captured in the same region). Although some variation in concentration is expected because of the normal analytical precision, the tqble reveals much larger ranges which are undoubtedly due to other factors which'1imit the usefulness of mean concentrations presented. Previous research has shown (Reincrt, 1S70) that the lipid content, size of fish, season of capture and concentration in the water may effect the.observed concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons in tissue considerably. Accordingly, the data in the table must be considered in more detail. The concentration cf PCB's in alewives (on a fresh 'weight basis) were greater in southern Lake Michigan than in the northern regions, although anomolies are apparent. It is apparent that most of the alewives captured south of a line between Saugatuck and Sheboygan contained between 4.4 and 5.5 ug/gm PCB's whereas those caught north of the line contained between 3.5 and 4.4 ug/gm. An interesting exception is the high concentration, 8.9 uy/em, in the alewives from Rock Island just off the Door County Peninsula in Wisconsin, . The analyses of brown trout suggested similar trends in that those from Michigan City at the southern end of the lake contained 11.9 ug/gm while those from Sheboygan and Gills Rock contained 7.9 and 6.7 ug/gm, respec tively. . . The carp from Michigan City also had higher levels of PCB's than did those from the northern region. In contrast to the 11.0 ug/gm found in the Mi chi yo;n City carp, those from Saugatuck and Sheboygan contained 4.6 arid 1.7 ug/gm, respectively. The PCB's in chubs in southern Lake Michigan ranged from 4.9 ug/gm near Milwaukee to 8.1 uy/gn near Saugatuck. In general, the chubs from the northern regions were below 5 ug/gm. The concentration of PCB's in the five groups of chubs collected over three months near Sheboygan varied without trend between 3.7 and 6.1 ug/gm, although the mean was below 5 ug/gm. The variation is somewhat less when the data is expressed on a lipid basis, for example, the PCB's in the 8/27 and 10/15 chubs was 5.0 and 3.7 ug/gm--wet weight, respectively. In contrast, the concentration of PCB's in the lipids was 23 ucj/gm and 21 ug/gm, respectively. Thus, much of the observed variability is due to lipid content of the fish analyzed. ; One hundred"percent of the Chinook salmon captured in Wisconsin contained greater than 5 ug/gm PCB's and mean concentrations ranged from.24 ug/gm in Milwaukee to 9.9 ug/gm in Strawberry Creel:. Little trend in the concentration of PCB's in coho salmon was observed with sampling region. 'Jitli tho exception of coho caught: early in 1971 near Michigan City, the mean concentration or PCB's ranged from 11 ug/gm in those near l.udington to 14 ug/gm in those near Michigan City. . DSW 029671 STLCOPCB4013633 fish The PCB's in lake trout were most concentrated in the trout from Midi! gun City, Sougatucl; and Milwaukee where riv.-.n concentrations wore generally between if and 22. ug/qm. The trout from the northern areas such as Sheboygan, i.udington, Grand Traverse hay and Gill's Rock were considerably lower, and the mean concentrations ranged between 8 and 15 ug/gm. J The concentration of PCB's were unexpectedly high in the perch caught near Milwaukee in that the.mean of the 10 fish was 11 ug/g:n. In contrast, perch from other regions appear to be less by a factor of two,fand those * from lower Green Bay contained only 2.7 ug/gm. Rainbow trout' (-.'ere only caught near Michigan City and Gill's Rock. The Michigan City trout had 12 ug/gm PCB's while those from Gill's Rock averaged only 8.C ug/gm ['CD's. The concentration of PCB's in suckers and smelt '..-ere generally b: 2 and A ug/gm, although the average concentration in the three white suckers from Sauootuck was 6.0 ug/gm. '/ith the exception of whitefish caught at Grand Haven and Michigan City, the PCS concentration in whitefish was less than 3 uy/gm. `- Additional Data from U.S. SSFAU Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory Mean FTB levels in take Michigan Fish ' Species Tine of Col 1 eel ion . location of Collection Lake Trout Labe Trout Coho ' t.'hi tefish Floater Chub bloater Chub bloater Chub Tall, 1971 Fall, 1972 Fall, 1972 Fall, 1971 Spring, 1972 Fall, 1972 Fall, 1972 Gd, Traverse Bay Saugatuck, Ml. Ludington, Mi. Gd. Traverse Bay Saugatuck, Mi. S3iigatucb, Mi. Saugatuck, Mi. h'ur.ber of Analysts _3 20` 10 3 20 ' 12 ' 'B Humber of Fish I - 15 ' 20 TO 15 200 1 20 60 Mean Length _([ Hca n K'ei ght (ora'is 1 617 633 D.A. 605 256 255 229 3,033 3,199 D.A 1,390 160 177 120 Mean Lipidr, (percent) N.H. IB. 5 7.3 11. M 16.8 21.C 13.8 Total rCB's 11.3 20.7 10.9 2.2 8.0 5.7 3.6 II.H. > not near.jrad a.A. r- flats available OSW 029672 STLCOPCB4013634 Data Summary - Tributaries II1inois Tributaries . 4 water samples, 1971 13 water samples, 1972 Aroclor (ppb) 1242 1254 Mean Kangs Mean Range 0.712 (0.140-1.810) 0.110 (ND - 0.653) 0.253 0.158 (0.1 92-0.333) (0.033-0.841) Sec! iments 13 samples from ' ravines and minor tributaries, 1971 95.0 (ND - 55.30) 32.3 (1.5-232.0) Indiana Tributaries , 6 water samples, 1973 PCB (ppb) Mean Range .025 {<.01 - .07) DSW 029673 STLCOPCB4013635 Tribs. Coni'd Hi chicion -17- Quarterly water sampling in thirty Michigan tributaries showed that about 60 percent of the samples contained more than 0.01 ppb with one stream, the Saginaw River, having a high concentration of 2.9 ppb. Fish from the Saginaw River had PCB concentrations os high as 165 ppm. Five Michigan streams had mean concentrations in water samples over 0.10 ppb. These were all located in the populous southeastern lower peninsula v/^iicli drains into lower Late Huron, Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie. Of the Lake Michigan streams, the Grand and Kolamazoo rivers consistently showed the highest concentrations'with means of 0.0`i 1 and 0.065 ppb, respectively. A study of transport of PCB's to Lake Michigan on suspended solids was conducted during March-May, 1973, on the Grand, Kalamazoo and St. Joseph Rivers. Sediment traps .-..'ere suspended 1-2 meters off the bottom of the rivers and collected at varying time intervals in each river ranging from 3 times weekly to once a month. Concentrations of PCS' s were notably higher in the settleable solids from tiie Kalamazoo River than from the Grand and St. Joseph rivers. The over-all mean for all samples were 3.52, 0.99 and 0.97 pp.n (oven-dry basis) for the Kalamazoo, Grand and St. Joseph Rivers, respectively. This data substantiates earlier results indicating elevated levels of PCB's in the Kalamazoo River watershed. Extensive sampling at upstream sections of the watershed lias identified past and present wastepaper recylcing by paper industries located in the City of Kalamazoo as the major source of contamination to' the river. Certain sediment deposits in impoundments on Portage Creek, a tributary to the Kalamazoo River-at Kalamazoo, ware found to contain RGB's at concentrations exceeding 350 ppm (dry weight basis). Leaching from-these PC!) enriched sediments appears to be significant. Fish collected immediately downstream from the City of Kalamazoo were found to contain residues of PCB's, in their tissue as high as 110 ppm (Hesse and Kill son, 1972). , .. An. example of one location in Michigan where monitoring and subsequent control measures have resulted iri a marked reduction in PCB contamination is live Saginaw River basin. Even though it is not within the Lake Michigan watershed, the Saginaw River PCB situation is worthy of review. Monitoring of major Great Lakes tributaries curing 1971 -1 972 identified the Saginaw River as having the highest concentrations of RGB's of any tributary within Michigan boundaries. Intensive sampling throughout the river basin in search of point sources successfully isolated ten .major points of PCB discharge to the river system. Each of the - industrial sources were asked to identify the cause of their losses and to take corrective action. Control measures, in most cases, conversion to non-PCB containing products, have proved very effective toward lowering tiie'i'CB concentrations in the Saginaw River. A sharp PCB dbcline at a monitoring site near tin-? river mouth war. observed in October, 1972, and concentrations have remained low since that date. It is hoped that a corresponding decline* in TCB concentrations in fish from the river and Saginaw Bay will soon be observed. , OSW 029674 STLCOPCB4013636 Ilean ret Concentrations in W.Whipn Triluljries to U.c C.nt 1971-77. ! r fllchipjn Ibron 1 1 51. Cl sir trie River rco's Iiu.U?2LL I?, ' St. Joscrh Kale^aee-o Crenel Ike step era ikinistee Doardran Ilk 0.013 0. OS 5 0.011 0.010 . o.ou 0.017 ' 0.01Z Saginaw "1.103 ' ' Css5' flint* , Shi ewes see* 0.0H 0.07!) . 0.0 79 . litta'.'iwessc. s' O.KO . Ac, Sahlc <0.010 Thunder fey G.0?3 ClieSoystn 0.032 Clinton Mark St. Clair 0.1 SO C.O'.J 0.010 <0.0)0-0.r w o.t r, 3.r O.PU-O.' ' <0. 0! 0- 3 . t 1.' <0.r>lt, # <00, ; <0.010-0.t,J1 0.-.SO-?.'." I <0.0lo o.'t-; O.OIO-.i. | ' <0. Kt 0 - C-. t * J <0.:i <0.010-0.* ft <0.010-0.f 17 <0.010-0.(.53 <0.039-0.1 v;, <0.0:0-3.ItO <0.010- 3.'. , ;i * Raisin Huron r.oogp2 Detroit 0.210 0.0', 2 0.470 0.020 <0 f.fP.A r r\'% <0.010-0,0j 1 0.053-1 .('6 <0.010-3.033 ^Trlhulcry to Saginaw River Tributary to Octroi t Oivrr dov.nstrorn from P-Hroit*niver s&mpHr.Q station River Ci and Concentre, ion, of l>Cfe*s (polychlorinated f.phi-r.yH) in the settle solids collected f. kale-jeep. end St. Joseph Riven; Sprir3 15-73. tor eerier.sen of v,,rie.!,,c v-> inns in f-pm cn an oven-dry Oasis. -tu of ----- ' e 7v:>c- 4 ' 0/?l 3/73 3/30 </? 4/1 Sarplt Oates 4/5 4/9 </l1 i/13 i/73 __ i!7/__ jm _ 5/3 5H 5/U Weens 3X Weekly [,i weekly f'ontUy 3.21 . 1.2S 0.S1 0.C5 l.C* 0.03 1.0 <0.1 1.1 . 0.93 1.53 1.03 0.73 1.41 < 0.55 0.7-t 0.50 O.L'l 3.5 0.5) 0.00 W.can 1.43 0.77 0.!.) 0.(0 0.07. 0.53 0.V5 '' 0-53 ILcUsimod 3X Weekly I'.ivec kly lionlhly 0.7 27.5 2.03 <0.1 C.K3 ^.0 3:77 * 2.52 3.51 1.33 3.20 <0.1 3.77 2.54 2.11 3.07 ?.53 7.01 3.11 3.59 3.75 2.1-3 4.C? 2.50 3. It W.oan < " 0.7? 3.0 7 ?.f.G 7 .( 3 3.5? St. Joseph 3X Weekly l-.ii v, kly i'onthly 0.03 0.1? 0.72 2.13 O.C-G 0.C5 0.95 0.75 0.07 0.0) 1.71 0.75 D.U3 1.1G 1 C.75_ 15:an - 0.5 7 4 * 3)' - Sr pie cel U c led Wan., Wed. Cor,cent rat (on t-.Hid upon a 1:1 end Criday ratio of Arcelor 1212 er.d 1251. All other concent ratiens c. .a 1 r u 1 a ted as ,'meler 1?",2. #* - \ ... DSW 029675 STLCOPCB4013637 Tribs. Conl'tl 19- |,(,l/(Mci lrotrd MfVnyls (rcD*$) in co-poi(to wj'vct <rc,' U * Ss'0*''Jw F.nrr 21 I.'y li-ui-or Hii-im, t:j<ch 1971 V.sy >973. C.I.U'-.L1. 1 ' ' CtnciMroHcT jor Milton 3-9-71 0-10-71 P-77-71 10-70-71 0-B-72 10-13-72 10-27-72 10-30-72 11-1-72 11-2-72 11-1-72 11-0-72 1-20-73 5-24-73 ' 0.450 . . ' 0.000 ` 2.V00 ' 1 - ICO - __ 0.C40 ` 0.300 <0.020 -<0.020 0.091 'j 0.031 ' : <0.020 ... . 0.022 ` 1 . :: <0.100 0.210 0 roncintr.-itii'"'; o( pcly-thlt:' : cd hi'hcoyls 0\*'l) in fith I ioj 5o-ln.w Klur, . t1'ctculnr ?, 1971. ( r 'JJ vet vrii',' i). ._ Snoden )'r rch Cr.r,' CxUHS Cnl fieh C/rp -Cerp . C.up C*i p cJt|. 1-11 < l.il.C c. ;*>.*. Ciw.-.tJ i-t..iJ4 Ulx:c>iJ 5^*1 ^d* i-tt'.ntC JO.*.!4 Vt*rnt i on --. . i>rn.v/ef,r!ock L'ischiru; Ci^r.cl to t to * 11 n VI to M to l'-S. CusTd Static.:* V to I I* It II * M l 11 to to ' M f , to to l ** to to to H to to to to to * * ** w *w to n .1 to . . JI)o. .-.il-tf Icnpth fd 9.0 71.0 D.O 7.5 - 1.3 0.9 7.0 4.9 73.0 24.0 70.6 ?4.0 21.0 77.0 73.0 ` 14.0 t.o 4.5 5.0 ---- 10.5 * c.% y.9 4.6 l.C 1.1 17. S 13.3 13.0 ' 17.0 4.S 5.0 5.0 * ' 13.7 9.0 f .7 VCb'* cjk>u l.'O 0.X .M ` 1\ 10.3 *.1; 37.1 4 ),7 4*.0 70.4 n.s 4V,n 33.7 JC.(. (..9 1 3.`. *t 1(1.9 77.0 31.1 *.\U 10.* * C<*nctnlr*ll 4-ft I r-.rd i.poa mr.V/cIo ( thole U *h. .u 1 ether* 1-Med vipon nJJt'l* j- 11 1 i'i QSW 029676 STLCOPCB4013638 Bata S'j'.r.ury - Discharges ] 1 ] i no i s Sewage TreaBeen l Plants G samples, 1971 1G sa;npl es ,. 1 97 2 1242 Moo n . Aroclor (;>piO 1291 BpilQP Moo n * pa nee 1.^03 0.177 (0. 2G0-/J. 0?0) (ND-0.510) 0.300 0.1 2G (0.130-0.999) (0. 039-0.200) Indiana Murric i n-al 1 tv Michigan City Michigan City V o 1 pa i\a i so Valparaiso . Ibln.r t llobnrt llaiivnond llw.ond Last C! lie a no Last. Chicago Chester ton Chasterton Gary South Oend Mi shawaka HI; hart Goshen 1,'appanec Keudallvil 1c 1. a Grange L'igoni or Angel a Syracuse . Date . 11/27 & 23/72 12/20 S 21/72 11/27 S 20/72 12/20 & 21/72 11/27 & 20/72 12/20 u 21/72 11/27 & 28/72 12/20 A 21/72 11/27 0 28/72 12/20 !t 21/72 11/27 28/72 12/20 & 21/72 11/27.S 28/72 3/22 & 23/73 3/22 & 23/73 3/22 ?i 23/73 _ 3/22 S 23/73 ` 3/22 & 23/73 2/20/73 3/7/73 ' 3/7/73 3/7/73 3/7/73 . Flow . - (USD) n.o 13.3 4.0 4.0 2.7 3.1 42.9 42.3 ' 18.3 18.7 1.5 1.8 50.5 35.8 . 10.39 17.5 4.8 .900 1.2 .185 .434 .784 , 305 Aroc.lnr 1251 (WdO. . 2.4G 0.1 9 0.27 0.20 0.35 0.11 <0.1 0 <0. 10 <0.10 0.1 0 <0. 10 <0.1 0 0.38 <0.10 0.1 3 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.1 0 <0.1 0 <0.10 0.1 7 0.13 DSW 029677 STLCOPCB4013639 Discharges Coat'd Mi chi (tan Analyses of surface cater runoff from sanitary and industrial landfills in Michigan surest, that these are a minor source of environmental contamination, live of the 9 samples collected hod PCB concontrotions ranging from 0.01 to 0,30 ppb while the others contained loss than 0,01 ppb.. ' * . Sampling of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WV/TP) effluents throughout Michigan in l(i71 and 197?. indicated that many l/WiT's represent major point sources of PC 11 loss to surface waters of the State. The avcraqc PCB concen tration of 00 effluents sampled was 2.55 ppb. While only seven of the W'./TP effluents exceeded 1 ppb, the Bay City VJ'.ITP located on the Saginaw River had an average of fluent concentration of 120 ppb (high of 3i0 ppb), skewing the over-all average for all plants sharply upward. The average concentration excluding the Boy City VP./TP was 0.56 ppb. Those WWTP's with PCB concen trations in effluents exceeding 1 ppb were, with one exception, located on rivers already identified as having high levels of PCB contamination. Sampling of 53 111/TP effluents in 1 973 continues to show high PCB levels with can average concentration of 0.52 ppb, including the Cay City plant. The PCB discharge from the Bay City 1(./TP has been greatly reduced as a result of control measures in industries served by the V/V/TP. . Sampling of sewage sludge from 57 of the 53 WV/TP's tested in 1 973 showed Bay City to love the highest concentration of PCB's in the sludge being removed by the treatment process. The PCB concentration in the sludge from the Bay City plant was 352 ppm (dry weight basis) compared to a state-wide average of 15.6 ppm. I. In an attempt, to identify major contributors of PCB's within municipal WWTP systems, sampling at key points in the interceptor S3'Sterns has been conducted within the municipalities of Bay City, lit. Clemens, Saginaw, Adrian, Detroit and Kalamazoo. This program has been very successful. The City of Detroit has, in fact, established an on-going sampling program within tlveir interceptor system with analytical assistance from the State. They are applying a new City of Detroit sewer ordinance which limits discharges within the wastewater system to a maximum of 0.1 ppb. A broad scale sampling of industrial discharges throughout Michigan has shown results indicative of the widespread usage of PCB's. Dearly half of the industrial disc,barges sampled have contained more than 0.1 ppb with many in excess of 1 ppb. The highest concentration detected in an industrial discharge in Michigan has been 7,200 ppb. Automotive plants, chemical companies, -and paper product manufacturers are among the types of iivduslrfos with highest concentrations. Also industries and building complexes, including some schools end hor.pi tal s, with heat transfer systems appear to be another'major source. Industries identified ns sources of PCD pollution have been encouraged to changeover to replace ment. compounds or to clean up their operation so that discharges of PCB's do not exceed the present Michigan guideline of 0.1 parts per billion. Michigan is currently trying to get a handle on losses from electrical tronsi '.nv.iers in leakage, servicing, and replacement within plants. It .. .... DSW 029678 STLCOPCB4013640 Di scharcjos Cont'd appears thot many of the; small transformer maintenance companies are still dwM,)inr, PCI- s dov/n the drain rather than rcturniny them for incineration. .- ii i OSM 029679 STLCOPCB4013641 i)i scharcirs Cont'd . . -23 . ' - '' " ' CITY . ** ' Polychlorinated diphenyls (PCB's) in Effluents of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants throughout ' Michigan 1971-1972. Unless specified, all .samples ar 8 hr. composites. . '. . ' ' ; DATE ' * . , ' PCB's as Aroclor 1254 (ppb) . -r Mean Iiipi'l Adrian ' . . ,. . . . ' 3-30-72 6-13-72 . 6-1-1-72 , -9-6-72 . 1'80 ` 14.00 6.90 0.41 ' 4.60 . *, \ Albion 3-28-72 0.44 ' 0.44 Ann Arbor ' 10-14-71 0.14 .. 3-30-72 <0.10 0.12 Battle Creek ** . , *' ' -' ' . 10-5-71 3-28-72 2-21-726-6-72 6-7-72 ` 0.39 0.16 0.92 0.28 0.21 0.39 * * Bay City ' '' ' - . 11-4-71 11-22-71 li-23-71 3-2-72a 4-4-72 6-13-72 6-14-72 9-14-72 340.00 210.00 60.00 290.00 it ov' nKsn\S 11.00 . 25.00 . 5.70* .. 120.00 Benton Harbor - St. Joseph ' 10-28-71' ' 4-4-72 0.99 0.31 . 0.65 Brighton Charlotte . '. ' , 10-5-7V 7-20-72 0.38 0.61 . . . 0.38 0.61 Constantine 4-4-71 * 0.85 0.85 Detroit `- Dexter . '` " 10-14-71 . 12--20-72c . 1-20-72 3-9-72 . ' ' 4-17-725 ' 10-19-72 10-14-71 C*' 1 I r\> 2.20 3.00 0.92 2.40 1.80 0.83 2.50** < 0.10 1.95 ,* > 0.10 OSW 029680 STLCOPCB4013642 t>ificcirq:.'rr. Conn'd CITY ' . F. Lansing ' Fsconaba Fssoy.vi lie Flint > ' `t Flushing Gladstone Grand Haven Grand Rapids Holland HoughtonHancock Jron MountainKings ford Iromvood Jackson ' Kalamazoo ,, .. . _ L'Anso Lansing ' -24- DATE PCB's Aroclor 1254 (pph) Mean (Ppb) . 11-15-71 .4-3-71 0.69 0.35 13-16-71 0.29 11-4-71 3-31-72 0.21 0.28 10-5-71 `3-31-72 G-7-72 ` 6-0-72 10-5-7.2 1.30 0.92 0.47 0.30 . <0.10 10-5-72 . _ 0.52 7-21-72 0.19 *..4-4-72 <0.50 11-15-71 3-30-72 0.37 0.60 10-20-71 3-29-72 0.79 0.42 *' ' . ` . . ` 0.51 0.29 0.24 0.60- 0.52 0.19 <.0.50 0.52 0.60 3-21-72 3-21-72 4-4-72 3-20-72 11-16,71 2-21-72 3-20-72 10-5-71 ' 3-20-72 6-6-72 6-7-72 12-6-72 ' ' 4-21-72 10-7-71 4-4-72 <.0.10 0.55 1.20 0.16 ` <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 1.30 0.03 0.43 0.53 0.19 <0.10 0.23 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.16 <n.io 0.66 <0.10 0.13 DSW 029681 STLCOPCB4013643 -25- 0 ischargers Cont'd CITY -v\ . DATB . PCB/s Aroclor 1254 ..(ppb) Manistique . 12-1.5-72 <0.20 Marquette ' ` 12-34-71 0.35 Mars (tall Menominee 1 *t ' - 3-28-72 12-1.5-71 _ <0.10 .0.35 '. Midland ` 2-2-72 : 0.29 3-31-72 ' 0.40 J 4-14-72 0.13 dl0-2-72 0.13 Mi 1 ford '30-14-71 . . <0.10 Monroe 11-15-71 3t3Q-72 0.60 0.33 ' Mt. Clemens / .' 11-15-71 3-30-72 6-7-72C 6-8-72c 7-26-72 8-2-72 ' 1.40 .2.90 4.50 3.10 .9.40 10.00 ' Mt. Pleasant ` 3-31-7.2 <0.10 Muskegon 11-15-71c .0.28 Muskegon Heights ' . 11-1.5-71 0.37 Miles 4- 4-7.2 .0.. 68 Norway 4-5-72 0.40 Ontonagon 4-21-72 <0.10 . 0,70S so . 9-14-72 <0.10 Parchment .* Pcntioc (Auburn Rd.) 4-20-72 11-17-71 ' ,3-30-72 . <0.10 <0.10 0.6) Pontiac (C. Blvd.) Por (.age 11-17-71 3-30-72 . G-G-72 6-7-72 ' n-15-71d 0.20 1.30 0.15 0.16 1.90 * . Mean <0.20 0.35 <0.10 0.35 0.23 <0.10 (5.46 5.21 <0.10 0.28 0.37 0.60 0.40 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 0.35 0.45 1.90 OSW 029682 STLCOPCB4013644 Dischargers Cont'c! ' CITY . . T3ATE Port Huron ' - * 11-15-71 3-30-72 :TC[Vs os Aroclor 1264 .huh) ~ 0.28 0.62 Mean Cone, .(ppb) 0.40 Saginaw ' *1 110-6-71 .'3-31-72 6-7-72 *6-8-72 710-4-.72(' .1710 3.'80 ' '1/80 2.00 1.30 3774 . St. lynace South Haven Swartz Creek Three Rivers .Trenton . . ' .12-15-72 x;o:2o 7-4-72 co/io 710-75-72 <0710 '4-4-72 <'0.30 711 -16-71 3-30-72 -36-6-72 .6-7-72 ' ' '0.14 .1.10 '.0.47 ' :o.9ic . ' <'0.20 < 0/10 '< 0/10 '<0/30 0/53 Warren- 41-15-71 3-30-72 -:o.i6 . . 07.10 - 0/13 'Wayne County (Wyandotte) 11T-4 6-71 3-30-72 (0.64 > .0.717 .0.40 White Pine Wyoming 7-21-72 :o/2 . 0/20 _ ' 41~30-72c 0.44 3-30-72 :q. ss 0.49 Ypsilanti 41-16-71 4-2-72 . 0.22 .Q..21 0.21 Ypsilanti Twp *1 T1-16-71 4-2-72 0.12 <0.10 0.11 Ypsilanti Twp i!2 * '` f 41-16-71 ' -4-2-72 0.19 0.16 *Aroclor 124? Standard **Aroclor 1242 and 12/4 in 1:1 ratio' fl6 hr ^10 hr c24 hr ^Grab chexane lost GR'd3 .'"-Vi 0.17 2.63 * \ DSW 029683 .. STLCOPCB4013645 t yi' Di schargers Cont'd Concentrations of PCB's i.u ' ! r i /, *; i fluent from ' Waste-water Treatment Plants "to Hichlg m, Spring, 1973. dry weight. Concentre lions in pa its per billion CITY . ' DATE - . 1242 pen's 1 754 Adrian -. Albion Ann Arbor Bay City Battle Creek Benton Harbor- St. Joseph Brighton Cadillac . Charlotte ' Constantine Detroit Dexter East Lansing Escanaba Essexville Flint Gladstone Grand Haven Grand Rapids Holland . Houghton- Hancock Iron Mountain- Kings ford Ironwood ' Jackson . Kalamazoo L 'Arise Lansing ' Mahistique Marquette Marshal 1 Menominee Midland Mi 1 ford Monroe . Mt. Clemens _ Mt. pleasant ' Muskegon Muskegon Heights Niles Nor.-.1 ay Owosso Pontiac (Auburn) Pontiac (E. Blvd.) . Port Huron Saginaw Sail It Sto. Marie ' 3/7 2/22 3/1 3/1 2/28 . 2/20- 3/1 ' 3/20 5/1 . 2/28 2/28 " 3/1 j 5/2 3/28 3/1 2/22 | ' 3/23 2/21 2/21 2/21 3/27 1 ' . ' . - 3/23 . 3/27 : 2/22 2/29 3/27 4/18 3/28 3/27 2/22 2/28 3/1 * 3/8 . 5/4 3/8 3/28 2/28 2/20 2/20 3/28 2/21 3/12 3/12 3/8 3/1 3/20 * 0.34 0.25 * 3.20 <0.10 0.20 . 2.15 0.53 0.34 0.4G 0.23 0.18 \ .. . ` 0.10 <0.10 0.44 <0.10 1.05 <0.10 ` 0.10 0. GO . <0.1 * 0.22 * 0.03 0.29 0.15 0.57 <0.10 <0.10 0.29 0. HO 0.10 0.40 <0. 10 0.1 2 DSW 029684 fVt V/ J* 1742:1254 0.26 0.33 0.28 ' - 0.29 1.12 0.31 2.20 2.90 O.GO 0.54 1. P.0 0.77 STLCOPCB4013646 Qiscfmyers Cont'd .CITY ' . ;St. lyrwtcc ' "Three Rivers ' Traverse City .Trenton . .Warren .Wayne County .Wyoini mj .Yps.il anti '' ` Ypsilanti Twp !! 1 .Ypsilanti Tv.*p /2 -r.20- ' ;DAT E : 3/28 '2/2) i3/7 . 12/20 :.2/27 !2/23 2/21 .;2/28 :-3/i 33/1 :mt7" TCI)' s :m 0.31 -<T). 10 *<0.10 <0.10 '<0.10 'o.*,o . -0.22 '<0.10 <o.io 0.31 ^Concentrations based on best fit of 3.standards: Aroclor 1212, Aroclor 12 !j4, or ;a;inixture of Aroclor'1242 and .1254 in a .1:1 ratio. ' "" r OSW 029685 STLCOPCB4013647 i)isc:hnrjurs Cont'd . . Concentrations of PCB's in the sludge from fifty-seven municipal wastewater treatment plants in Michigan, Spring 1973. Concentrations in parts per million, dry weight. . City - Date ' 1242 PC B' s* 1254 Adrian ' 3/ 7 . * Albion . . Ann Arbor 2/22 3/1- *. * .. . 1.5 1.1 Bay City ` ' 3/1 ' 352.0 . Battle Creek 2/28 ' . 2.8 Benton HarborSt. Joseph 2/28 13.8 Brighton Cadillac ' . 3/1 ' 3/28 ' ' . <0.1 . <o.i' Charlotte 5/1 . ' 6.0 Cons ti ji0 2/28 2.1 ` Detroit 2/28 32.1 Dexter- E. Lansing Escanaba 3/1 i* 5/2 ' . 3/28 . .t # . 3.2 4.G 5.9 Essexville 3/1 3.9 Flint 2/22 * . 6.3 Gladstone . 3/20 Grand Haven ,, Grand Rapids 2/21 2/21 . Boll and 2/21 ' llowel 1 .4/26 Hough ton-llancock 3/27 " -. 4.1 4.1 11.0 0.8 15.0 5.5 r 12-12 0 254' 24.0 * DSW 029686 STLCOPCB4013648 -30- dischargers Cont'd City 3ran Mountain - ( Kings ford ' Date ' 3/23 12d 2 PCfl' 5; 1281 ' 3.5 1247:1251 r Ironwood :3/27 ' 33 Oackson Kal oiiiazoo 2/22 2/29 . 33.3 - 3/0 L'Anse Lansing Mairistique ' . 3/27 . . 4/18 ' 3/28 . -^ t . -4.4 ^ ' . 3/3 - *1/5 ' Mar(|uotto Marshal 1 3/27 2/22 . -. 2./U 3/9 ,. . . -Menominee Midland Mil ford . .'2/28 3/1 3/8 ' . *` ' '4/2 LC^> * * 50.5 Monroe Mt. Clemens Ml. Pleasant _ 5/4 . 3/8 3/28 1175:0 * (6.3 Muskegon ' 3/20 ' ... .. 11.73.7 Muskegon Heights Miles .'2/28 2/20 Il/I./O * .. //..a Norway Qwosso . * 3/20 2/21 '2.3 Pontiac (Auburn) 3/12 12.1 Pen Line (I*. Blvd.) 3/12 Port Huron 3/8 0,2 ' .9.2 OSW 029687 STLCOPCB4013649 ~3'i - Discha rgors Cont.'d City Saginaw . . ' Date 3/1 ' Sault Stc. Mario 3/20 St. Ignace ' 9 3/23 . Three Rivers 2/21 '' Traverse City . 3/7 Trenton . 3/28 Warren 2/27 . Wayne County Wyoming 2/20' ' 2/21 1 Ypsilanti Ypsilanti Twp. ;'/l 2/20 3/1 * i i cul u I * Wp L 3/1 1242 , 0 : .' .. RCB's 1251 5.0 ZA 1.5 4.1 . 1.0 <0.1 <0.1 .. 0.58 2.0 ' <0.1 ` <0.1 * Concentration based on best fit of 3 standards: Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, or a mixture of Aroclor 1242 and 1254 in a 1:1 ratio. 1254 > DSW 029688 STLCOPCB4013650 'Dischargers Cont'd Wisconsin - 1973 Survey Results fluivicipali ty Adel 1 Algoma * Amherst Appleton Buttes Des Mcjrtes Utility Dist. Bear Creek Berlin Bi rnemwood Bouciuel . Brill ion . Bristol Brookfield Cedar Grove Chi 1 ton Clintonville Coleman Crivitz Dopere Elkhart Lake Loud do Lac Grafton Green Bay . Kenosha Marinette Weeneh-Menashn Milwaukee-South Shore Worth fond du Lac Racine Shawano Sheboygan Surinq ` Waldo' West Bend 'Cone, ppb .33 ' <. 05 <.05 .26 . .11 <. 05 <.05 .28 . <.05 .5 <.05 '<. 05 <.l 1.45 <.05 .1 <. 05 .31 <.l .59 . ' <.05 .44 <.05 <.05 2.1 1.1 .23 .34 - .4 17 ' .21 ` .23 .19 RCB , lbs.... .ooooso . 01 o .0001 o .000GG ,032 .000021 .032 .067 .071 .060 .00053 .021 . 000/1 .34 .000069 .000033 .0018 DSN 029689 STLCOPCB4013651