Document 6R6pn1Dk1zmyYJ2vG2Zm7wQq9

PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT i PLAINTIFFS exhibit dSUjj, * J *X 0 I [i : PLAN NOW TO ATTEND THE 1964 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS OCTOBER 26-23,1964/CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, CHICAGO 1965 The Congress is always a big week, a worthwhile week for the 10,000 safety people who attend. At the '64 Congress you can meet other safety people, with the same problems and responsibilities as yourself. You can exchange views and ideas on accident preven 1966 tion, health, hygiene, and. fire prevention ... on safety In industry, traffic, school, at home and on the farm. You can see the largest of ail safety equipment exhibits at the Congress ... an opportunity for you to make wellInformed buying decisions for your company. This four-day educational program, planned and pre sented by the National Safety Council, can be your, most thought-provoking, most worthwhile safety experience in 1964. Make plans early to attend the 1964 Congress and bring the other people in your organization who have safety responsibilities. FUTURECONGRESS DATES 1965 October 25-28 1966 October 24-27 1967 October 23-26 1966 October 28-31 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 2S NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SOMl I !* S i if Five S' | BAS \ Hie Face How of EVA ! A Si Safe j INDI - The ! The I or MUL Safel AUD Basic Ut Mot!, * i 51st NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Papers delivered in the INDUSTRIAL SUBJECT SESSIONS . CONTENTS Five Yearsof Future Dates for the National Safety Congress.......... ........ 2 BASICS OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY The Job Safety Analysis...................... ........ .............. IF. R. Bamako .5 Face to Face Training--How to Pot It Over................:.:..A.H.Mato.PhM. -If i How to Inspect for Accident Prevention--Phytical Condition of Buildings....:.......... ...................... ............................. Robert L Moore 14 EVALUATION OF A SAFETY PROGRAM * A Safety Control Program in a Chemical Plant...... ........J. L Richmond 24 Safety Programming Is My Responsibility. ............................,,F. A. Dnddtrar 28 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE The Significance and Application of Threshold Limit Data............ Y. K. Rowe 33 The Problems in the Application of Direct Reading Instruments or Devices for the Evaluation of Health Problems....................H. F. Schulte 37 MULTI-PLANT SAFETY ADMINISTRATION Safety in the Multi-Operation Company........ ...... Charles G. Wright 43 AUDIO-VISUALS PEP UP PALLID PROGRAMS Basic Principles for the Effective Production and Use of Visuals...... ....... ................................... ........... .Raymond W. Trimble 47 W. J. Coaac//y 4 Motion Pictures--Silent and Sound............ .......................... Arnold Midlash 49 3 rSKSCsCSBB a'S/'V'i*;.' jf-L; irj"{'^7^.-. Sc CPNTENTSrrrCjviltiBnMi x,Ic WHY PHYSICIANS AND NURSES 'MEDDli' IN SAFETY Introduction:.....:... ..:;...... i.'Pt'fffiiry F. Howe. 53 ' ' . . , ; Large Plant Medical and Safety Program...... : S'. .. Dr. Datiitl C. 8mn 54 -.' Nurse's Role in the Relationship Between Medical and Safety Departments!___ ..!........ ...... ........ Gate. B. Schwab, RJt. 57 A Modem Medical Program for the Small Plant....... .Dr. Richard A. Sutter 63 MOTIVATION Motivation Strategy in. Inducing Safe Behavior!.. . , .!-.Wi/lard.A.- Ken 68:; Injury Reduction-Through Foremen Counseling.. ................ Dr. K.T.Johmtor>t 71 Papers delivered in the : ASSOCIATIONS SAFETY SESSIONS Small Association Safety Program..!...................... .............. J. Ntil Moore 74 State Assoc^ion-State Government CooperativeR^entuie. . Edmond JpBoggs 77: Association Award Programs--Their Latent Potential.:..........Santa J. Bored. 81- OfBcers ofthe NSC Industrial Conference 1963-64.......... ; 84 Officers of the Associations Committee 1963-64.;................... :85 ' Other Volumes in 1963 National Safety Congress Transactions.! :. .. . Baclc Cover -'Wto ' - = Iti,ifirsr arfts oi : eat,iit that .V . .ilWuri arerfei rMv. ' aeparat A|S terms o etectiq cOhl.'U ` fined tt feciuts `!!A!j6 intern safety, job sm . A -Sr meats! erect h rule, as ortura !Thes> tap af operate the sol are ad AJd cortsitb ecdothi alines izedel fOr'.evt fcMSMarrittrngiwEit Basics of`Industrial Safety ' THE JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS . By P. R. BARNAKO ,, _ ,, Manager of'Cotnpenotidn nd Safety ,, Bethlehero Steel Company,-BcthM>csn, Pcnn. :: .o^iros;^* ^`(-rwj- .i-ifT-' v J>..W6arSr ttJob safety analysis? 1 ; training.-purposel,.:ai)d Jo'ai^iyiit^jtiie a: = 3t.;fa1.ar,ppxje<&re:|Bat identifiesthVhaxi. enforcementof safe Job procwinres.' .' :ai^lwjsoftiW>,abSilt8Xa!5ocia^di.yitJi: 7 Four'basic steps. to a1 joh. safety analysis. .eactysfep^gt,* 'jo^van(i'.<fefi|^,sdlntions 'irel'y' tl^ .wM -alB<i.,elimiiati'of. guard against Select thejob to beanalyzed.'. ' i- H-:'- ' .; What Is a job? Ai job iii' a- sequence of .separate steps or actiyities that together accwnpUsh a work, goal- Hooking.op .a lift, tapping afniuac^setting a deck plate-TtH arojobs, v?o isijgierating.s ;cbri<uttmg na- Break thejob down td'be analyzed^' : ......^Identify the hazards and potentialacci- dents. -1 ,, 1 . DevelopWays to' eliminatehazards and potential accidents. . eSnifc. AO bf these jibs involve a series .of iLefadiscnss-ithese: stepaonehyOoe.i'i'.: .aeparate'steps. . . . t.. ^ ... :'af; SWert ttr'/ob toifir /laaljaejl( TA''1S> cm .'ilsb' be defined very broadly in terms of,whsi is accomplished; Making.steel, The responsibility for ieiecting tbe jobs to be analyzed belongs totop departmental su- rroaing^a^'brldgei-.bbadli^^a. shift.imning pervltioa Thesejectionofandtltoorderin cohl'axe 'also jobs," tint' are too.broidly de-f fined to be snitaWe for i jcib safety analysis because theyire toocomjilesc. '.' which jobs are analyzed wtilinfluence greatly the benefits to be gained from a. JAA. program. . A, ,jc4> can. also.',lie" defined.yery' narrowly '. 'Some jobs aie' definit^tjarire. hasatdous in tons ofwhsfcgeta done. Driving a nail, :j|an others andhaTC'n'lOne'aeciderilhis turoingan ignjpp key--but the^aie. too tory. Those jobs that art fbe most haxardnarrowly !de&ed'to,; be suitable'for a job .ous sboedd have prjoaty-.'iThen .the:jobs in Safety aiiatyais.'' Hnw,theri,,'de>'yod;define: . volving leas serioua haarda can be dealt job suitablefora jobsafetyanatysis? ' with. The following factors should be com . A simple; definition is: thorn job assign- sidoed in 'sfcleeting jobs to analyze, "and in meats thatalini supervisor may make, line establishing the order of analysis: supei visois do not assighmen totiiake sted, erect bridges,;buiId-slSps.>Nor do they, as a rule, asaignmen todrive asnafi, poll aswitdt, or tarnan. ignitiookey.... :>' !'.' t 'Frigumey. of fast aeeidtnd. Any job that has repeatedly; produced , accidents is a candidate for n job safety analysis. The greater the number of aeddents associated They do'assign inen td'repair;a' nurfitfif. with a1 job; tite greater a its priority claim tap a furnace; set roof bolt*; weld platesj or . for;a jpb"rafety anafttrik" ", operate coal-cnttingiinachines, Sttch jobs are 2, '.Frtqmact fA/UtchSag ss/arira ^joba ftt sobjects oi.job safety analytes. eThty ' that. bave pradDcri'dlsahfing humiea.are.a are neither too; tW.noic ;tpo,*Tiftk*v "nmtt"y for & J.SA. Where there' is tms - Ajbb suitable for jobiafety analysis then hittory, a JiSA.. is ciUed for, bteause. conslats. of a; aeries'of, steps that, together, .injuries,jthtmiidyes 'proyeit&tipgst actuate accongdltaiiri^goel yntidCtliescopeof present,recurrence has. not been successful, aline wpervist)^i'reJdnSibili^ ' ; 3. Smriiy fotmiati .Sorne^jbbs .may not have.`.a ,hiri^ of acdJeut^-but'.n^ at the v ized effert. to dei^op; an ubto&li' J,SAll same ' tferne;fj have a?pbtaitiai . forVsewtft inftetvb^job; tbiro'tiiefit^ed'JiSAi for jury. The opsmqn of tupervirion' tha't 'a0]ob r*- 1963 National Safety Congress' has this potential sboold be-.sufficient to re- quire a }SJL 'U./i * i-VM ...Place right-foot on.top edge.of shovd'i Uvk. 5' < The Mew job. Changes in processes* .: Press shoveldownintoground^:.:*:;: cqmpmml. and machinery create new jobs or jc^ frm tizne .in tune. Soto jobs have no history of aiixidefrty and their accident potential may pot be fuDyJ ap- .Tiltshowethftdnraritopickup dbt'- : Again, a . breakdown -, .that is -too -general < would he:: predated Hence,job safety.analysis shook) . : : . o pig tiie hole. not wait until thetcVary 'acndBits`,or;--cvm- w-Phat'the treeT near-misses.: AJ-SA. of any .newly created , While the steps in this last example sound -: job should be: made atVcinee. The' amdysis :. natural, they,don't:teli/tot whole. story. :The: wai feveal fee acddent potcntialof the jbfc ' second., step, .is:. too general; It. omits: bjisic:: Use'of the fotuOfactors just discussed 'will i 'stepsoiithejob./ Smcethemamreascnior:: yield,the qtnckest possible retam. from a}. 'breaking down arjob Into.basic stops la/to- XSA* program.; ~ ctiiKehtrate:to hazards: onvenev B. Break the-Job Down.:bito Successive Stefs//: . stepat a tune, omitting basic steps'nnalhe risk of overlookinghazards associated.with eadi step; .^%en that-bappenV-the J*SA; $ ^ Beta* tbi.search/for hazards' begins, the., ;.-weatel'-'L\ job shook) be. broken down .into basicsteps -The reasoning applied.to the simple-jgbcf which'describe what-is done,/ and .in what- planting a tree applies to all-industrial'Jo&r order, without goitig into lfce details of. how: The jbb must be broken down jnto^^satoral* each-job step is done. Here is an example of /baste stegs. J >* a step-by-step: breakdown of a. very-'simple job--planting a tree. ,C/Identify the Haxords. and potential . . Accidents Select the site..' ^Wheh.thejob JmbeenbrDkmdowninto Bring took and equipment to the site. basicsteps,. each , step is .analyzed .ior-lfae Dig the. hole. hazards and:potentialaeadesta that.may!* Prepare Che bole. associated with .that. stepu - Tbe purpose is to . J*nt the tree into the hole. Backfill, tamp,andwater. . . Brace toe. tree. = Clean op and return equipment. identify all hazards, whether, they are part. of the job environment of^ mre hazards di.r^y connected .wrdi the"jebprocedorc. - - V.W analyzing; eachjobifcpj attempt -should-be made to develop sohjtkm&poag Notice that cadi step is a generalization. Details are omitted. Hazards are not men?; . so interferes witb tial accidents. jotting hazards andpotea- tioned. Precautions are not described. Notice i>. Develop Ways, to EHmirngte Hazards that. each step .begins witb.a "do^ word: se- . aid Peiential Accident* , .tolech dig; prepare, put,ete. Noticealso that the steps are occurrence. given m their- natural :j. Order of.: . ^Vhen toe hazards-and potential acddttts aisodated in each -job step have been kfan^ tided, and their caroes are tmdexstood,-the - Two commcci errors are tnade iii:breaking. next stop:is deydop-ways to pievent their ' a job down into its banc steps. One is to occurrence torou^i make the job-step breakdown too . detailed, resulting in an annecessazily large nninber of job steps. Tbe btfacr h to make the jbb^tep . 1 A bettto way to ckrtoc job e, :.- Change; ofljobprocidnre breakdown too general, in which event xm- Environmental changes; if procedural.. portast bonc stepi go tmrecograzed. Using changes w; intoffiaeob die nme Job just discussed here is an exam ple of a breakdown that Is too detailed. . / - V. Methods wbito will'-enalde the jobto be dcae as infregnently as posable. Pickup the shovel Position the shovel that/.it . points down.. There are seversd methodz of preparing a " T.,- 1. By Observqt*o*rrIn this method toe ju? : 6 *' . pervisor .job," T ^ 2.B* jjtyisors4 ence, an .^recollect serving .u -and^suj "changes * bertteed -.:radapiaU qu^tfy Persia) We dcangiX that H i >r'sW-deteiis;- Stef*: '.LzSe shonHI , ing to t ?.#ri wftatls cojyrea . jobtUMl iolaervBl " '5. 6l ivem, ` basest sh*o.ulda.'! ?k>wn,n agreemc done)..: talkm-. 5. Rt, the job . lecord.i . sheet). .Each Sat it ( Jobjtef mnrne, -";-ra*tU dunCiti m /itdmtrill Subjttit Susumi '-is fillisr?niMS-v'whta.!'> [5gsr<,-:i6vi5S;;-i5.- :1 j^geryte^^^texf^^Kypasslgga '-'tarwiwi iiftiipuicr\*;*%c: .-*aaen' am.' yuClH^ikhiedcdc^wW^ * Record the breakdown. adaptabietothose jDbs^faich,aredcrierafre-; qneutiy or-*"winch aA~<tifli<jjlt TpcwSrifc-;*> id'`ri&ent ;- Wsea carrying cot this'step of iiK j.S-A.: ::vyii< fedithtieiSf* airmen-.aSdyantsgetto~ (hr mow eW, (he purport. He is : ...doing;J.8JVi*bx-thc>Sjer^tioiVmethodpnd tot it is lbe bwt metfrod l^t'i reyiew-the;- jO^mj^c^i&.'&Tohseni^^dOii^'^'ljobf.; PeriapsirdayorsbhuintcrTrioocl.salCetbe - steps of this jnethodand discuss a few ofthe ':;: tlra^r:/--,:; -r- - bit observation:1. Explain- rind ibis-time the porposeistoidentifyihaiardsand'poasnile '- >."*>' *s'J.rVj.':;.:-i:-U' it?,';:': . accidents.'. Let bha know that the,results . ^ Ereai th? Job Dotmtinto StKctam will be checked with him. /- Sttfti > .r2.- LoobforsptdfictyPtofpottsUielaai. :;. L Sclect- tke rightmost to oistrvt.-He dewte Don't look for potential arridenh in ... . -shooldbeeaperiencid, toopeiatire.and wfll- genfrrii Look for spedfc tjpes of potential .,' ingt6:exprt^hi|ideas.AIlthese make it accidents. The best-way is to study. the job " easier, to.-work;withhimcnitbe.analytis: ' step for specific haxanU. For rxamplr,**Can *.. 2. ritf 1h* um'on iht-purpost. Explain aman be struck' by, or coctacted;by anything <whai~is to bedane. Reassure him that the while doing this job stept* Oflly rrascc for bbserving hitn is to study the . - After recording alKsuch-potcnthd:-- Occi ; job,not him, -and thiit he was seiectedfor dents,- then study- the job; step with other : observatko beanst of tiii experience and questions in nfindteenrit- ai'e^Cka ^aan capability. strike against anything?Can he-be-eamfrt . % Obsrrvttht job for bone stop- brrak- in,oo or-between-anythinffGanhefslt.nl dotni.: :Whafs the fiifet iasie step: of the any; ,vray?Gm he expose hiniseif tugs* . iob>:<Wtestarts'dwjob?'WWstlwn^ . heat,, harmful rays,ete-?" : v basic. step?..':What is'dfcie nextPThe step*, Snch questions should!* aifced,wheu *p- should not'bc too, "narrow" or too ``broad.'* : pltcabie; at.eacb step of tbe job andcontinued. . -;J. <Cbtckrfrubiom - Check the-breskdown, with-Jbe man bemg observed. Get his aa often as necessary until all hnpCstaat potentialarrirlenti-hare been identified sod agreement,on whatisdaeje (npC bow it: is -. obsersation plns pnor knowledge of tbe job ` done),and theordcr in which {he steps are -should.nqiply the mrwers.ri ' taken." ^ The advantage of stndyihc'a job step ;ia S. Rtcord tht brtaidenm.-Atter6bservmg thejob and checking the jcib4tep breakdown, . record, the basic steps (on tbeJ.S-A. troth* aheet). . - Each job step is written-in brief terms-so : thatit describes what isdone^ not how.- Each johitep sbooldbeginwith a .',do`!!wprd>;like this way is that therie is leas likelihood acme important possibility will he ovetkrfced. It - is arjystemstic way to idemity, faasards and ' potential .accidents. .. .. Tbii is not tbe time to edrisidrr bew to pieventthepotentialaccidents.-At tilts paaaC, concentration sbonid be entirely on . renwve,rep!ace,.w<^reviie; open, ;install,, reset,; bast, and so on,. andi describe the : Eu potioiiU- aetitii^ m thing to- wbidt it. applies; -for example, re- otriy.;WbiEe;abservint^deb>inddssad die -------- 7 ?-^>w .- i7~% X iddNotimd.,Safely. Congress agent ,that might- result in. accidents should . be recorded or- a^least recorded immediately after the observation. . ..The potential: accidents in. each/.step .are then recorded usihg the aam.enumber ,'as:the ; job step iavoIve&: aot.satisfactorav ibmmtberstndyjjneeded^~ of that step. 7' - -: The - recoromended -safe. :proqolare -.that'shou3d.be followed to:avoid aparticular acd- :1 -dent nrast;besj>edfi^iPan<t use sochphra*e* as "Be alert,-*" ^se:;cantiqp,".oc ?Bc care- . . 4. Discuss Potentialaccidentsvnih theman fuL" ,iTho'. do DOt:St3te ^hWito do-,9f bow - r .obstrved, and with' others,' Check .with the- tb.do U..* Generalities have no place ia a - .employee7observed -after. rec6rtiii& tlie po 1<S*. *` tential acddents at each step of the joK- Ha :f.For example,;: let's compare two precaution- ; o' experience may reveal some ideas that might ary statements regarding wrench slippage. never ocair: to inyot observing the yob. . Does.tiris statement.really tdl-what must'be'7 - - In..additidlCrch^;.with:btfaen.V9ho have . had long experience with,ti|ie job; . : fey alternately, observing :the job and-fbV ciissipg |the hazards and. potential aaadents ' , with 'men of expdience, k good list of things that, could happen bti .inch step of the.job will be devifl^cd!;: . V "; ' done.to- avoid .wrench slippageh'a.-, fhbkt:. certain !wrim^..d^'^:slip;abd; cassevloai of ba3ance.`* H.qw!abbat. mu| jjoc? bt.?Set wrench sectirely. QHadc wraicbgriphy ex erting a slight pressure/ . Take'a solid ,stance . .. with'feet wade ^airt before, exerting-:bB ' pressure so/that. y'OTjdon't/^'^ r the .wrench slips.".' In summary,: to identify' potential. acci 2: Study .emdrotmtHi^ 'eti^is if. >re- dents: . * .......... cedural changes are hotsatisfactory. Ttit Brief the man on your'purpose.' 'solutions or aafE'piocedum' as devriopod Observe for specific types of potential - acridatta. -. Record potential' accidents immediatdy.'' ' "/* Discus* remits with, the uiari observed, and with'others. may not be entirely satisfactory. Checktbe potential awdenti:in which'. the dange ih procedure :isn't actually absolution because it ctoesMtoffer^the^ Then,try.enviromnental'dianges; as .*-;*ohK tion. For .each, .potential ;'acddea^ ask this question:,.What:.diange ih: the' job, environ- C. Develop Solutions for. Potential ricci- menipaudi; as :,a ,c&w.'^ dents / eqdPbeot;; or. worfc. area, - will -prevent this When all of the accidents that mightpos^ ' . accident?' JjTere .Is ah-, irximplc:' V. ' siUy occur have bees recorded, the last step Job: Man wdridng faslde large ii^ot.. of the J.S.A. It developing solutions for the mold seated is a.bosun, chair, su^eaded potential accidents. The key points to follow from overhead erase.. Haaard ' Possibility. are: - _that crane;iiay< be;bjtmp^/cuuinr naa ; 1. Study fob revision, first--find a new moy. Seforfe developing numerous solutions for the potential accidents associated with the job, finfout wbetber there is not an entirely different way todothe job that will eliminate the hazards. Give thought to work-saving tools and eqmpmwt .Pocus on the work goal of-the job. "in chair'to be idapped against. ride of ; mold. Correction:!$b'rictde woridhg j^ai- form; set it inride mold: pttmde access . to ptotformj properly^identify .jobLand. seim-isolate/mold: <R^uh: Haxard'^ndnated, job worked smoother, and overiiead crant ideas^ fCT 'otiar' shbp movements^ Here is a second, job;' A ladle of steri rigged for -tStmg in order to poor the metal - 2. Study procedural changes--nd a better Tbe problem hcre was that tbe grouodmah may. .If ihae isoo`alternative totheestab- .was exposed to a faffing taxard Ss wefl as a Itshed way, develop procedural solutions for splash bazard.when he went in to hook up on each potential accident. the.leftride. f Review the list'd!, potential accidents asso ciated with each job step. For each potential accident recorded ask: What should the man do,-.of.#ot-do to stotd.the accident? How sboddlte do h? If a procedural:solution is. Whcn tiie procedure was changed to hook ing up on-theright side, the'original hazards were reduced, but a new ooe was introdoced. The man rww had to Uft ondengagt a heavy hook in the lug of the: far, or`right, side. HMi 'VUBe'i lo.finger ardv.elf. cbange;i dicsted:.;: - Aocoaiil cranetla to ftVKB Tbe-ir. said of;beingeij . Wim ,i pdnUeU higher.m) . {ita to ^e reimndl . forenan,:: stderadad jqb nfdi . ',d. :.Cofc frtvuuies itiye-ijejn ;.cnue"s o example, ,Spi:ia4:i are iu^d. . on.: .> U the be mule! - correctinj Ieufreqt StudyJ by the. li caiaeatb VtpelhnJin ditiocl? If the coodil : Here s such.qiH vibration reducing' proved. t reduced.t Icoger-hi frequent barrier e vehicles | : S. Cht. duautim be diecki rd :iSeM!MSBWnWt Industrial SubjeetrSession? While ztudyzngtHssitluilkn for* Solution, cprocedurcs with' some' offee 'UMB who do to Engerpinch poits,:BpIahofmetaI, baz- the jot : ardvte u becamd'apparent- feat :a .design ,, > Where practical group iBscifion of tbe, change mthc,nlttngznechanism'Was in J.S.A. wife severalof fee meo is suggested;. dicated ,- 1 . Get their ideas about hazards, and especially -: A-counterbalanocd off-aethookwiu de^ about the proposed solution.' See whether. sigi^1i)T^:|oi)Oslt^<mthegromid.-Tbt , they.agreesfeat tfe proposed issfft'ptoocduiess; : cranehlockhOod wasequipped"withalatch are practical Ask for their -suggestions fay to prevent its swivelmg improvement in the feints proposed. Tbe craneman now performs theentire: CoplesofaJiS^-shooidhemide avail-7: series oi'Steps without anyooecn.the floor able to all supervisors wbose mm do tbejob- bchgcxpoacdtohonkingupthc ladle analyzed. If a J:SA- is readily available^ : When anjavironmcptal ^solution^appears. it is more likely to be used. :7. passibleitxhouid,ocoarse;beiHscussedwife The major benefits of fee JJaA-come highersupervision alaog-wrth.feeotherhene. afteritsdeveiopmentfirst, however;* word . {its tabe derived,.such as-Iess.time.or effort: about fee- benefits: to be gained from, fee requiredto dothejob-Oiccozse, wberefee . devdopraentwoik. itself. -:. . foreman jfas-the.i anthorit^: to vnalce.. the changvhe shouldznakelt, iffeorough.con sideration convinces him.that It.will.improve job safety. Asnresuit .of'doing XS-'A-'v supervisors learn more.sbout: fee-jobs they sapervise. EmployecsV. safety., atfendes- are Improved when fee men.thanwlvtt'aie tncomaged to 4. Consider: changes thatmay reduce Ihe- participate in fee devdopment erf J.SA.'s; freguency efrepoir^aidserviceiobe.Setel- 'moreover, fee mcn iearn more about job safeitiye .repair: and'service, jobs are done be ty because of thrir participaticn. Safer and cause a conditioa needs to be corrected- For , better,job procedures and saferworidng ccn: example,' machine parts become worn ' and, didona. are; developed, a* a JAA- is put , need, to be r^lacedt eqmpttaent become* dog together ged: and needs to.be cleaned out; lubricants: . - Yet feese tmportant beneflts represent only, are used up and have to be. replaced,' and so a portfcm ofifee totil benefits to be gibed . on.V. ^s:-';-" from, fee J.S.A: .program;' Tbe principal. If the Condition'can be prevented or can . benefits come- froro uring fee JikA. be made to occur less frequently,'the job of-, The J.S.A; should be used In these phases correcting the condition win need-to be done offee supervisor's work; less frequently. . A. Instruction-of. Bntioyeee, Study fee condition feat may be corrected When a J&A. Is distiibutej, the super by the remedy under.-,consideration., - What visor's first responsibility is to evplaln fee causes the condition? Gm anything be done contents to employees and to see- feat toqr . to eliminate or reduce, the causes of the con receive any necessary instruction. The entire dition? If not; can anything be done to retard . J.S.A. mast be reviewed with tbe1 men the condition itself? concerned'so-feat-they know how the job is. . Here are some examples , of answers to tobe dooe infeefuture.lt is fremfeb point such questions: Correction of excessive oil'that men are expected to follow fee rec- vibration increased the life of a part, thereby onmiended faEe procedures oi fee J.S-A. reducing the frequency of replacement; im proved: filtration in a piece -.of equipment reduced the number of cleanouts needed; a longer-lasting lubricant reduced the need for frequent hand lubrication of a machine; a barrier erected to protect equipment from vehicles prevented frtqnAt damage, : B. Employee Safety Contacts After 'employee instruction, the SJi.A.. should be used for planned safety contacts. All steps of fee J.&A, should, he used for this purpose,: although emphasis shotdd be placed on those stops:which are concerned with major hazards or serious potmtlsl :ac-.. . i. Check the solution by reobservation and discussion. All procedural solutions should be checked by reobservmg-the job and dis cussing the proposed recommended safe job adents. Past accident experience usually in-., dicates which steps these are, and feqr feaobl : . be einphasixed again and again in safety contacts. 1 I*,; -r ;,^s, . 2963 National Safety Congress ' . . C. Instructing &* New Manonths.Job;: . mended;-,safe*.job^ptocednre^^ the Men iixrn to. jobs tiiat faaye nsoally vreqmres no revision, - ^ preriouslydopoat aS, dr that they have sot. /When an acadezttjfesufta from fanure^tb^ date frequently. Tbey xnnst be trained Jnthe foUcrw.-.J.S;A/;pTocedQre%.^ job steps; they must be trained to . be used as a topic-fora general safety con-.' .recognize the hazards associated with these-, tact with-all men..who dotbejob.Attartian stepvand must leant the precautions totake should be-drawn:to''tifact:that-.the accident; -'agamst sach hazarda.: - .would .not..have*.happened had) the. J.SA:: AVheretbejobiscoveredbyaJohSafety been followed. ' Analysis, the JJxA. should be used for .this .If ,this review.after- an accident rtsuitein training; there is ho hdter guide. a revised. J.SA* the .revisicna shouldbelhe- subject of instruction*,forall employees con-: D. Preparing for Planned Safety\.Obser~\ ;cerned with the job. vations . _ /./".'';{. > G. Study: Jobs far Improvements m Job: : A supervisor should .observe his men doing" Methods' jobs forwhich JS A 's.have been developed/ The purpose of these observations: is to de- ;`Ari'supervisor*arecancerned whhimproy- temurie whether or hot the sien are 'doing the mg jbb methods tofcrcreasewafeiy, cutcoatv. jobs; in accordance with, the safe job .pro- and improve.vproductivity.vT^ cedores of the j'.S.A/s. an excellent . starting pointffor questioning . the established way uf dc&ig ^;job. Beforemaldng observations, the supervisor should prepare himself by.reviewing the J. S. A. in question. A thorough review will help. him develop the key posits that he is.going to watch for. . Studying- the-J.SA/ is >a-good, way: to. stimulate ideas about improving jobmethods.: Tools; materials,' equipment,- spedficproce^: "dnrear-aB these tan be studied in terms of ' better alternatives. ' ' E. . Giving Prefdb Instructions on lrregu^i : Pf cour5e, hIgher supervisicn should help lor Jobs gmde and control. ',a departnuotal - J&A. : Many jabs are done infrequently br .cn. an pipgram by: irregular basis--certain repair and'service- Selecting jobs to be analyzed . jobs, for example. The men. who do them wdQ benefit.from prejob instruction'that.re-, minds them of important hazards and neoes* sary precautions. The supervisor should do Establishing a ..timetablev.for :J.SA - completion - Assigning J.S.A. work to supervisors this instruction at the time be makes the job ' Checking progrm.ofJ J&A.-work assignment- assigned P. Rewmmg Job Procedures after Accidehts ... Providing individual guidance to superrisora Whenever ah accident.-occurs on a , job covered by a Job. Safety Analysjv the J.S. A. should be reviewed to detennjne whether it requires revision. If the accident could have been prevented by foilowingihe recom- Reyiewing J.SA'i: submitted ifor-ap- - proval ` . Arranging for distribution of J.S.Ai*s . Arranging for systematic review, of *. J.S.A.'s FACE Our pr : s Writh tl workerb rdationsh soperinto remarks igdmduai group: S3 at-meeto audio vis dSacfcssk* -Our. a tnan ^t In other mando: ordjBh to otberv.fi raising*} mg'* or i seems to wtring; .eonstitnti woifrrS-,1 - tioneffot ..The* lit "Ho him-'peri reaction until I aetbefo program, beappro I have:,) . these Jo oaly pla wUl^be: hospital' . A 'sou tho-oght followin; '.they are / 1.- Ho . likely to 2.7 .He Ihe.uhia iii onittfe.i .- Let u ini ' , ItHQubiatSubjf^Sjrssumf FACE TO FACE TRAINING--HOW TO PUT IT OVER By A. H. MALOBhJ>; KCa-feJ - ResidentiBsyt^sologist^Kemper:Ii^raunCe C04?Chicago H Our primary concern inthls presentation nize a manvvho is-fikelytQ perform an "b with tile manner in which the individual unsafe act. ' - * y' ~ worker is to be handietl in a facctoface relationship withhls foreman, supervisor, superintendent or .- other representstive - of management. We wiii,.therefore, direct our remarks to what can be referred to:as the individual safety approach rather titan the group safety apprcachwhich takes place at meetingi and whieh involves speakert, audio. visual, aids, demonstrationjnndgronp discussions. . It is. logical to:'think: ofx& man .who may; perform.Tan: unsafe'..act,as .a" nan-with: V problem. -The nature"f his prohlcm' may be difficult to dijcover. The symptans of his problem, howevtr,.are reaiElyobsengble, He:exhibits? lie symptoms in hto-behavior.ffe may-be restless on`the johv Perhaps heis overly; zeaioujintbe manw^-irnwhidl;. : heoglcsthe.girIs.He tnay drink.too much. He may not1 be-gettingto-worken time. Our malinquestion-is t vWhat : motivates He may be loafing onthejdb,Hemaybe a man to perform safe acts habitually?. cHsregardtog your compatry'sregulatiaB.; He: In-, other words, what Is it that makes a rtay.;bedissatis5ed:witb:'working??coodie: man .docthe: thingsthst'hc sboald dci -in tints.? ? He may. he,-shsent too oftcn,-' Hi# order ..to,' keep from hurting himself.; and -.-: production may be poor.:? He ? maymake other* from damaging property, and -from ? too many mistakesrhiL Us .wot&. r-He?may:riiih' raising the cost of the product he is mak- belable toget along with co-wortcetiri-He.- ing - or the - service -he .isv performing? It may be ?receiving too mSnypersonal-phone, seems to us that oneeffectrve way ofan- calls. He may ' be cmnpbdidng. too, mudr swering this; question is to.'determine ?what? about "his- work or -.about co-workenr-He . constitutes - effective supervision-of the : may refuse to teach another-workerihew workeh ao as to enhance onr losspreven- to do a job. He may be doing hoe of tion effort - 1 manyother thingsthatcould be listed hfere The first thought that may come to mind . and that constitufe.blocks to- the effeetiye is i "How can I handle Joe when I' catch operationofjsome,segment ofryour-company.:;; him performing an unsafe act?"' Our first This is a symptomatic behavior. - reaction to ? this question; is that if- I wait ' This behavior is symptomatic of- the until -I; catch' Joe performing an vunsafe possession- of -such -traits as-Jmpdltivenesv act-.beforesl start my.;face-t0`face-safety immaturity.-: excitability,, aggressiveness, tor program, .there; are, some Joes whom 1. will tolerance; insecurity, anxlety.lmspocuibfllty. be-approaching, too late because by the time impatience! revolt against.authoribr,-edtoga , I: have .been- made aware of the fact , that of inferiority, guilt feelings and the several these Joes: have-eommitted unsafe actSiitite other traits which researchers have-found only places where . I will be visiting them to be characteristic of the accident repeater. will - be either the funeral - parlor; or the ; If a thorough:psychologfcai unalysiseouM hospital. be made of each aeddent repeater,.h.is very, .to. A sound face .face program must be likely that such an enalyius iwonld reveal thought of .-as? involving. the'answersto:the- that at-the time.of?.his :accidait,-,the;rnan.'s. following questions .in the order in which: behavior wasrefiectingthepossessionofone. they are presented here: or more of these traits. _ t 1.- How do T recognize a man who . is likely to perform an unsafe act? We have indicated behavior that U symp tomatic, of the- poisenlon of certain traits. 2.. How do I keep him from performing the unsafe act? We must add that these traits are them selves .symptoms of problenH'ttsuaHji,. emo tional, which , need to. be resolved, .-let us :3k If he should subsequently? perform >sn illustrate what we? mean? by recounting the unsafe act, - how should 1 handle Mm ? story,-. as - reported to a recent Issuejofc.tbe let us first explore how we can recog- Journal of tjMspJtr.;- JfldJ. National Safrfy Ctmgrttt pcriaiccd Texas chemical plant'worker..&ho. - >for'FeopJe;FOu^;W :::. . badly mangled bis hand. No one could ex ' onlty" .: " plain bow the mishap , had occurred.. The , .: Hive you ever oodeed tbatsomebosse*- plant physician did learn, however, while seem to have more difficulty in handling giving the man medical attention, that hd employees than other bosses have? Why ! is:. and his wife had been arguing, that she had : it that the majority, of the people :in map- recently run off with another non, and that ager A's .department always^seem-torget the injured- man really did not care much along ' welli. wlvmeas' therj^ority ot the v what happened to him.. As soon, as she was people-m :mana^ :B,s:dq>artment seetnvfo , told .of her husband's accident, she. rushed be so-called pKbIen^ ;empbye<? to his bedside in tears and showed considerable remorse for having left him. The doctor surmised . that what, the accident accom plished ..for-the man was to get his wife back, at least temporarily. There are. some who would say that subconsciously this man ' wanted to hare an accident in order to ac-; compHsh this purpose. We do' not this off as an unlikely possibility. :U;*-yba;,vm^riiuun^ervBJ.ivery.--dosdK.-:-' you may observe 'that;he.^pays little:or.- no, attention to - the;.early -majiifestatioa of' a . : problem attrition.; In . other ;words^i;be may : , nbt>pay much-attention to:that'first:ctan* - . plaint, that firsttardiaris.tl^ . absence, ; that first * trip the medical department,- that first nihtake^in jadgmect, -.. or to first evidtoceof restlessness. ; Arffce : - It is. not our purpose here to make' a behariorisrepeat^to to psychotherapist out- of every foreman, su dawn on .him or'it isbrougfet..to tna; at- ' pervisor, manager, or plant, superintendent. tendon that his. new man complainstoo - The analysis of an emotional problem should much, is tardytoo often, is absent tooofteiv be done by. a psychiatrist or a psychologist is inakmg frequent trips\.to.the>nurse,.-^re^. What the boss-needs to do is-to recognize ptsmistakes,'-Or4constantIyrestleAt the behavior that is symptomatic of a prob this point -B. derides be has a problem em- :. lem and then to (handle his man . in such ployce and :that he must do something about a .`manner, that-the occurrence.of the be-, it Since he was not alert ^ observing-the -\. havior. caused by the problem may be lessened oq the job or at least, not pro voked unduly. . first sympt<mi^ you; can: be reasonably: sure . that he may not exhibit , a high degree:of expertosss in correcting the ritaatkm.. ' This leads us to the consideration .of our If you watch manager. A-.very .cloi^ second question - dealing with how a- ` . you may find him alert, to symptoms. He ; can be kept from `performing an unsafe finds out either casually or formally,, which*: act . ever way. suits him better, what that first It is obviously hot practical for us at complaint, is.about He firsts out why fait. ` this moment to list each evidence of: un man was tardy , or absent that first time. favorable behavior and to suggest how each He shows interest brhls matfi health the one can be handled.-' It is our'opinion that first time he has to go to the medical ..do-; if Ann Landers were giving this talk, ghe partment He tsJks'to.-hls non about that would from this point on entertain you with first mbtakie. .-What we are taymg is that a series of.clever and insightful suggestions manager A is alert to symptoms, to sitaa* as: to how to deal with the man who is dons that may eventually develop, into brabw overly xenons in ogling the girls, who com wracking, problem^ and he copes with them plains too !much, who goes to the dispensary right now. He does not let a situation be- . too often or who engages' in some other come serious before deriding- that he has - unfavorable behavior. - Rather than emulate to take steps, to do something about the Ann, we think it is more appropriate for us _ pidB* - to -recognize our journalistic limitations and The next step in our thinking regarding - to take the mote prosaic approach of sug the employee with a problem involves our gesting tome-useful principles-<ahd guides own knowledge,, skills .and attitudes. -In so that-toe next time you notice three of other words, bow Can we conduct obiselves. the boys loitering in the washroom or in a as bosses so that we will not.create prefab comer of the warehouse, you will not im lems in our staff or to flat we will not mediately instruct the sendee department to provoke a latent cocditicin to blbssctm into prepare a sign 4hat> reads "Severe Penalty a problem? The rip briag?.fij tietjoffef tead-^oru leade^-to becn-tofe pit Jaq jdapDiQg'tiaosaipl Erptablj: wsptauii' iob^oct goateiii dSotS^i and\`rrjt mcahouJ .maxL<-Tft may bev - effective .. -mem-Std of-our^v toris,y ortryinj ' tie:.;.con tvawt: .ndar'c . irberiyo aa'^mei eatioo-iii :'i'-ip* . aiivev a drat Aj tielwiy {erredtt with Jun Tbl io fdl:< ffmftantl Inbetwi (Sctatcs beaxaev waa'tbai ~ The answerfo(fhlt-.question it ox>tntly,: brim esfrlottd'.ln,:dapitrims of < the aia% tiaof^tffetfytilBadwihIttt.bfottof'OtJaw midsiorKUstenedcvtoantnehi-jaboui leaderriMU^iM'riKwiflV^^'-'.WexInm: bcea told. of the leader!* .need ;for :Uq thp aswmhlihg, ropm fit^r, ipen^veblUty^forvJonndtedmical-endgrihi forattea;,^hat:yoa<were.g^Sog;ilo.a------ eralKk^li?lgeyiM.:iedeqnate!ppeatxiee- amfgroxnii^ior soc^btlity1:for ridfl,in; ism be-^iwtrtia.^'^rtQt : plf^numu^MvOilwdea^.ifor.i.commiimajj; . tjcne^ri^^endd^gthetjtrjiifi'andjibilinefc Probablyone ohtheropstimpbrtantof -mat:, senseI Emh-tbe :assptajstheability.to cepnmmk^te.^ A-boji Thfkf^wbat,^ axe bas}beeodescribtd:?tjiajpersonwhogets Me; ,-aiiKre^(ei;omeei.iyiies^)uttUt(seAsam|aes idb^ooe throu^tiOther^IMie is. to succeed iii,tbivbeba3-tobejJJety.cwmmmi<ate.ju;. goals, his.desjrer bad bis instruction. > :>%'! may be snfBrienbJto- hdp"u*' rtebgnlj^why the manage^iWho eri)ilebtrsti^sbelmrin(f%''-hkdy-to>findt4dt he has not;pne-btrfioany' il^^jwd'bmb'oti'caic^Jo,:a*mn&?. sCHtalled problem employees. a bisjfcpprt ; eatiata^sIdOsrriii^y^Osibe'bUHty-tOispride. and^writecnmcfcSbgliritlt^ that^au expert':ih<fne userof.the Fngiish ' : : lapgnagecanbe nbaKinadeqaate in- ctxmmH . nicafionr:skflb.artbey.apply-to'iheMnan* - agerjal ^umiJooilt js dJO Cobcdvaye' tbst e : msurwhoseahflity'to' Use comet Engiiih mayibe :qniie iiadeqaate, TOay stSl be eery effective as a boasccenmuhicaUttgwitfihii . memlthas been estimated that durmg4/5th of-our.workmg day.wcarc rcrriTmrmratins; . tbativwt are tryinsitomaderstzndsomeooe ortryimto.nnlasibmitinderitand'u.-'i.:v .. Tfe'tottfaiecfca:andjjteggefr^pe Ibies'ia tbe_eonimunlctlpns;iyitembve 'been, fabc^ltb oar arittttjpn,'toinedmes seriously andat'otber tJriM`bumprbusIy.;We'tslee the" liber^:of^nrttitlb^mJ'on^e"M :the types of, commmiatdti described tiy lydia Strong in an ?|mriiean ManageniaitAssoclatleio pobB- nat|pni: ism'fadloyrsV /; ` Arf''*e*gnSly of ttaggeradbtt'wberiSwe imply that some bosKs-Iau mtO'aJso^stted^ a. rogues gallery of communicators? Perhaps! However, let ns-~cc<t4iaer whatitbeceiffed: it on the avriage ymAmi whettlnj* boss acts-, somewhat Ba''tmefPf' the types W. hav6 men&ned. ' ' ` \ J '< What happens, for example, when'a boss gives o-worictr a newiassignmenfcwitbout,. . explaining the teasoos forlband grtting fife..-; '/:v- twacccpt these reasons as tigriCcsntb, r < What hsppens' in a'department wbere tbe . . . ^ bOss is the type who fi rrsigenial pne dsy and on hit ingh'hcrw tlK next-day?'<* What happens in. a diriment wbere!`fbf- boss is.top htuy. fd pay attentlon'.to what he regards , as the tririsl proUemt of US'so-j, called little people? " 'T - 1 - Wbpt hajgieas.when.a Jboss .<legrades:'.e:. . L The,Jd^jt Good Fettow. Talks golf, rel- man's.hnowledgp;aod.tskills':ly-gp^ag-ad-'' ativea, and the bright sayings .of. Ins rinlr. nntely over ewery y&gle detaH.tdjtn,psrigih.' dren. As,ypti lews, he' says carnally: TBy the way. yoor department is bring transr meat which, t^e man baa dceef jrottjnatty times before? ' ^ ^.lS . fririrt'tc>jI>UBtoiIUco.". . . What ha^iens in a deparbMnt,wbere.peo< . . 2. TJe Roller Goastcr. .Sometimes he's up, . sometimes he's down. If jjrou .want .to, stay . with him, .fasten your seatbelt. The Thrte-Belkid Grapple. His desk is so fn!l-of k.utunberiof things,:bow canhe poshly coocentrate oo you. Hh phones ring comtantly. and be takes every cal]'Umsdf; . In between, be barks' over the intercom and pteporrectlystale tbat tlhe bustnevtr teds ! me when I have done-a good job; the idr ; time he teils me ahont my .wm;kjs;wfaen I - have made a misialte*? , ,, . What happeta: in a detrimentwhere peo ple are just ordered around and made to fee! snotef like ;Pavlbv's.':CCin8itidiied-.-fdogs . _ than human bridge? w 1 r ,?/c7 % - dictates in snatches tohissecretary. But he At the risk of bring;* Doub|p.ppttedJI" bears every .word yoa artsaying. Hnh? How in oor cotnmnmcatkw with you, lefts con? was that?- ' >v..': eider: hqw;atboss can. keep, a man from: per*. m A. r A m . 2963 National Safety Congress ..- forrning.an unsafe ad by using effective : diagnose a. man just a^a-rioctor diagnoses a communications' skills. Sincepart of-this . patient -The doctor check* <a0;`observable matter, of commomcaticais islisteflmg,'toc~ symptoms m ttTing to determtoe tltep^ boss must be a.good liitenerrWheaa man. . cnriditfon-iaif Haying mrie: Hf starts'to talk to his boss ' about:.a- problem diagnehis, he has a logical basis for prescribe that he bas, or to complain about something v inga remedy. thatis other related or not ^related to his job* of. to make a suggestion, :toe good boss assmhes-the;io1e of attentive listener until. 1 his man is fairiy weD talked oot . l Shnffariy, :wben.^a boss has put together as ma^ observable dues as be can, be is m a'position to determine howhe;should faufr dJe toeemplc^ witoapfobtem, toerttt*: ' We should not pretend Hto belistening plcqtee:who:may ;be;db. Ihe-verge of per-' while, letting oiir minds wander over'some .- forming an uhsafe act Ih bther woirf be other.. problems that at the tune we may caa determihe wbether he is ablefoassuzuie. regard as more-important Partial- listening the task. b^handlmg'ttte ritnatka himsdf; is inadequate. The' best way ito stop; little or whether be' should -^1^ tbe' aM of other .togrievances1 fromgiwi^mtobig'ocesisto resources', ih his company.. such: as hisbira/ listen than. -There is modi evidence to superior;; toe' pcnqmel staff. v the 'metoed support toe brim! fhat.toere is valaein let - staff, the;psychological. staff if :the company . ting . people blow off steam. There , is also has eme, or cra <ro or more of his stiSonfi- modi credence to support toe belief that feel . nates; or. whether heihouldenlisttheaidof ings get. hurt when-one person does notpay resources outride of -toe company, soch . as attention towhat another person , is saying. the Ibca! family counseling: servicea psy**' It is also true that it makes.a man fed irn-- chiatrist,. a doctor* a- lawyer, ait AA grouft ^portant when he can express an opinion and a priest, a.minister,, a rabbi, nr cm? of-;toe know it has been heard. Moreover, if a man other several. resourcesTwhi!to ;may. e','aviit? has-a., good idea, his boss should.not be able airi-appropriate.for.hdpuigrsolveiiie reluctant to use it problemund^ ccinsideratioo.^ Listening is important because it is one of. . Wbat we have saH so & is-concerned the best means we have of,learning what a with , identifying the persoca `.wbo may per- - man is thinking about If .we don't listen the form an unsafe .act:and witobandlxDg.faim.m first tune he begins to say something, we sod a nnnnertfaatbe may: sincerdytry to may sever geta second chance. If we don't avoid perforining snch.an act-because be is listen, we don't, getto know the nature of.his happy whh ins. work andhewants to do.it'. problem. Not knowing what his problem is, welL BwRwy tfaf tbf bow * how can we proceed to efimmateit? worker are human, beingsand that bf^uto ~- An attentive listener, looks at toe speaker, and not at' the window. He tries - to ddect underlying feelings. He recognizes that a man may.not talk immediately about whit is really bothering him. A man nay make a. few superficial observations which appear to be and usually are quite 'unimportant If of this both have imperfectipns, we dmndt : expect a boss to create toe ideal climate for Un people nor can wie.expect that arwbrkor > will continuously avoid intniulf to toe possibility ,of having an aeddeot There fore, bowshouldthebosa handle a man.who . has performed an unsafe act? he discovers, as he is malririg these' unim The' answer to this.question leads.usioio - portant remarkythat Ins hearer is ah atten toe area of ffiscipfine. Discipline has .to be tive listener, he may.go on to more rigmfi? constructive. It shook! suggest what & person cant things. most do m order to perform an activity cor An effective listener does not interrupt a , rectly.-In this matter, there is one rigwifipagt human failing shared bytao many workers, mao immediately if he bean a statement that be feds is wrong. In fact, such^ state namely, that accidents happen to toe other guy-but not to. me. It is characteristic of ment should whet his appetite for continual listening so that he can get the .full picture of what is on toe man's mind. most .of us to fed that-we are "wiog those who vrQl.not have an accident bemuse we know, when to take chancei and when not The listener should think of himself as a to take them. diagnostician. To get an insight into toe na When a man.has, therefore, performed an ture of a problem, the boss should try to unsafe act and is admonished by Us boss, 14 he may j : ttaXffee 'gcu^'dd - ddatixS ism-lte* earthaii a*Pd irajriof; whoVali never-.ha toepaln focfc'Hi . happen'' a-friend notbeDtl There wiUwor; aso-^aB( vittoalm du^gy from; a! record.f nanee-...a group ti bealto pi psychiab ; The e ftbdh^t ofur^f ha'vihga and'ly of^dena approach ahd witi . for the i the occaj of facts tanoe.m worker. 'JLet'm meanby a.tongaj beimpre toe pres hdp.Ft traffic a the;Am< lisbeda lO^SOto toeiinosi dutch p traffic si stop. 4ak antmsts 'CTvi.VWi-r.VCiSCMTt - ^/ndaxfrasf Subitcu ^Sttrioiri; he may tala: it Iightly.Notidng this,, abosr fading;,to':toohiitt'UdhecrioM;athBemC4:-:; mayfeelthathehajttogoJntoaseries-of: trons;failii;toobserredwrxirte*y:of:ri*-t'.: goiydefaibreshrd&igtheJresoItsiofacd-i naling;:.and:slnfring geara.whilr turnings -. dents:'Some'of. the experts-tell us .that. this- . Letins assnme that,'as a Beetsoperriior,. Wth-;nw At the- . seasoriedboss 'pointsiout: to Jpe thc .safe viray of; doing ajob,heraayrefer to Fide who) also tbOnj^it lhait' ariSacadent- would, neverhappentobimbut'-wbowcnttiirough lie pain of aninjured. foot orasprained: bacloHcpoints outthataeddentsdon'tjust happen.Tbeyarecaused.He talks to Joe in: a: friendly sind posiriye..: manner;. ;He. does not beKtde him in front of thelother then.'... youobserreooeof-these cnontciac&t.-asiV. :. ffie faiihrelto'ilofficiia'ali'tfire^oa^eWng' i catmmttedrby'.are^of-; your :.drmr*.iYou point oot thatthit ism* an uncommon error among passenger car drivers hecahse.iha five miletest. itwas. madellltimesper lift. driveriVAs a defensive measure,,therefore,; yon pdi ycmr driver,' that he mostj>eeoo~ .1 siderably.morejkilled.and alcrtlo tbeneed fordrivingsafeiysoias-notito: beeomeiln-c: ;i:: volyedinph^actiiehtwithwIpaseenger'Car;, Thole is evidence that a firm approach driver:-who .makes ;sndt a ccmmonerror. In triU i^k One Eastonlaanfeaty lfwdii that .; such, an approach yea .are not belittling the a so-called hard-nosed demand that each indi ` drivcr^ ttllnig l&. that he is.too careless, vidual nKtt:hi3;relspaiabilitie9 to work pros ............ hbn with tbe fact duCfiyely :Shd.Jiafay;'resuIted;:in it)? from: a I'tad -retorii-ftb 'ah'e record |yclup',e>f? nanceandconstruOionwoTkers.In . The-.'fact'- maV.S?^'linn.- lettmg:.jipur,jlriitervv group the ''men with severe emotional, or ahpw.that. you.are: placing.Um among the' group of 'expcrt vehjde operahhs.Wbp have to" dnvr.defehsivdy: ^ avoid. he- : ; The. objective of discipline is not: fault finding hot the prevention of the' recurrence of unsafe behavior. This is accomplished by havingahitmderstahdihg:Of whatisexpected andhy accurately stating the cdnshquencea; o-;dtrati6h,;We ifavor; a\*Dufch Unde" approach in which a''boss sincerely,; finally and .without: ei*aggeratihn~ ^states' the' case' for the need to work safety. This is not the occasion: fOr sarcasm or ridicnlt Rather it 'is the occasion to make an eafnest.presentatioo: of facts in;:sttch a.manner that; their impor tance . may somehow be recognised by the coming involved ih anaeddent, the fact that; yoit mrist.thai his cercu not be; repeat^,and the fact .that yoa explore;wth hiin the pos-. siblc consequences of committing thc same orrqrsai.non-professipnal: driyers,'miyiove. a.favorahle eSect.oo.yrwr driyer. W/hatweT are saying here U ;that if a boas praises a man forithe. things Jie dpei:.weQ.:'xn3'.if h^.- . exhibits pride inhavihg a inah nhder;him: who'worio well, it majy jniflBppm-that the man hinisdf will 'develop'd feeling of pride': in'a;jo^ /: This., preseritatier] far from rrhansfr the worker; ..-/ j.iv... '" ' 5 suggestiohs. that can.hie hade regard- -. Let 03 give one ilhistration ofwhat -we mean by facts. First of ah. Ict us agree that a toogand. involved listof statistics may not' he impressive; However, we cut assome that the presentatixr of one pertinent fact'may help; For. example; a- few;-.years- ago the traffic engineering and safety . department of the .American Autom(*ile. Association- pnb-. lished a report of driving'errors made bp 10,860 liceoeed passcngircardrivcrs.Among' theimost common errors were keeping the clutch pedal depressed; while' waiting'at a traffic si&uri; ' coasting down grade, tip , to skip, signs and traffic lights; placing hinds' in "i employee who is Kkdy to perfonn ot; d<^ly..PCTfonhs ah unsafe We. have brimight. oiit riie. need.lto idehrify the mart -who exhii^' m Us behamrithe siniip- fams: Vf; an' etmnriooal prbhlenv hanmag .in mind .that .fhere;ia a cteseiidaHcnslrip be- tween acadent fretprency-ami .the exisknee, of such'pnddemsVin rnffividnalsj-: We have ptmited hp the heed for akrtriere end im mediate action ;on* tBs'.part of a boss when die first symptopi' of: a problem appears. Stiggesrians bave: bn th&e regarding- tbe conduct of a libs^ particuiariy fat^his com- mimiqiti<MU with Usinetti tothathewiilnot crate a problem or'jnmfce a iateM epndi- ah mutable poritkm on jffie steering wheel; thhr to '.blhftpm; Into-a 'problem. Paftfenlar " . - IS <T' % ** '. ' .:;;:V <- -. mmmgp '? 1963 National Safety Congress cmphaas has beeti placed on the importance- * What we have been ^ayrngisthat abost' of effective listening so `that a-boss may ac-;' must work continuously and expertlyaitbc. cnratdy-diagnose the nature and the severity . task of doiflg an effective iob cihanritingr of a problem in order to use .whatever re people. ThereisnopanaceaiofealysoJotioo*. sources may be available, both in and outside, that can be offered; to,management for the- of hb company, in solving the problem. ./ improvement of has * prevention. Moreover* The suggestion -has been made-that -dis cipline be constructive'when a; man has been found performing an.unsafe art. The disci- within the general .framework, of,tbeprin-. dples and practices recommended. in this presentation, it should be obvious that there mpfixung should bedqoe in a firm, friendly 2nd- .' are .specifics that Icaa be developed by each - positive manner which spells out whatis individual boss only .when-be takes into ac safe behavior, what is expected of the count his own temperament and:sldll*;wbea works*, -andwhat constitutes. a reasonable handlings particular;individual who also bas-. statement of the consequences of perform his own peculiarities, denres, omlook,knowl- ing an unsafe act. ` edgeand skills. " ' > HOW TO INSPECT FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF BUILDINGS ByROBERT L. MOORE Sup* cf Engineer*, Lmnbemuua Mutual Camalty Cft^ Ctictgo We all must agree that a sound program - involve a member of tbe public, an employes- for the maintenance of buildings will 'con or simply the bmlding itselfi ln any cue of serve company funds. It will also project serious trouble, a. lot .of money must be and maintain fatalities- to assure scheduled spent to correct the ensatisfactorycooditims. . operation regardless of weather or. season: Various insurance eoyenav:au* ait Work-, It should also have, a desirable result in the mm's compensation, public liability, property important area of accident prevention; :. damage;and.cven;bu^ness .interiuplirin.in^ When a commercial building is. constructed, snrance may be involved..;- the owner is very careful in his selection of Care should be the .wdteh/word: to noire ' a weQ .qualified maintenance superintendent certain drat after the conditions ate corrected,-.. In many eases this person may have worked the same old neglect routine isnotresumed.: / <oa' the construction of the building. The - General inattenhoa:.nsd'lac!casku3ac&:ia3pec-' quality of service that is or i$ not achieved don procedures may cause the same trouble by his work wiU either resultin tenant over again, causmg-moie-pmse. Reason satisfaction or in a constant turn-over and able- precautions will savepart, if not all, high-cost. operation. In the strong competi ofthismotKyandwill go.alongwaytoward tion of today,' every effort is being made to the prevmtion of.aeddmtaL.i; put older bnildmgs in go& condition to Since the problem involves both the main- - keep present 'tenants satisfiedand to en- temmee inspection andthe safety inspection , courage others to fill vacantspace; of buildings, it is only, natural dot there Industrial buildings are generally occupied should be close liaison between the,mainte by the owner. Often the interest in upkeep nance or plant engineer and the safety en does not equal that found .in commerieal gineer. In many plants, both work together buildings, arid such buildings are given little as a team in making isjntematic . inspections attention beyond cleaning until serious trou of plant structures.. ... . . - - ble arises. The trouble that does arise either A logical. approach -to .the .problem of .an m the commeroaKbmidmg or m die Indus-, accident preventua.inspecdan to deteramie trial building may be an accident that would the-ccndithm.of a building is an inch-by-inch 16 . snrveyd its;l'a^tn shdt a d byfirsti -Baskfi grade-wi ' each : km mnsthe tafnpota iiaf'wi be;talceS pomitsf:':- maii'-r. inimeer areas', id 'for-the t -people''^ . Impraraei on iotnj . aeed' att Estmjpi' that Was beerisxc addfHhns of.the Is ootfoe thenm* portantr causes o Foondati overload: .plosion. These',' fi dlls' disc as''we'ec - spectioo A ire knowing Aa.adec to'the ! Grom walks is holes, hr fects th Immintlal major a sdna. . Imhutrjal Swbjrcti 5VsJWin sojrey :of 'oifirtfiiijrieil properlyand be consideredin fiielnspeetiatTlaift ^coads . to',^nrteiMicei;iIt!lBu'*fieeo;foaidvSBt v should be chedced lor pippee-'drahaqlurlow . ntd> a ficfculcd sprier'jr'^ spots.must beVj6Hed ;iitrW. preventj-eroiksi by first the many phsaeato.be studied;. . : BasiCelerilentsvformritrileriinthe survey gmdewiU be o>raij te thj <Ecinrioa;tt mid to prevent icy surfaces in-duster tune. All yard dramssbodd be.snpectedsepetif ally and renwwd ^.ooce.'tD jre- vent dama|^|!iwj^ each .instance; three-fundamental -questions ing;-9ndfsUppnit:.;idatfari^''''m^;'doi^v(et : 'i;ETMDoifiierphysiol-xonditioos: noted, ooo* ' se*ere;,ns<i;<ft^':''trdc!Smf^baNy^. traffic. iain potential acddcnt hasanb? -: Guard fails' ait' heeded:to.prcvent damage framVtaS;ends oftrucks. .-Fort! fife trucks ; ii; .yWat prsctiaJ messnres can and should areVa!sovseym{ohV>|ohffinK;plstfaciU;doors bbtakebitb iremove sacb-hasards or failure hud 'fldori-Trippihg.baiards shdtfioae Cone _ -''.-"'V ;ffifioh;ihttttrborifiikedcpmopies; oyer the 3. Is'jhbrfc' any',-Catastrophe hatard pires- platfmvs::Sbouldch6:in9ected.'`Fbr..ski(iafi cnt that-watranls iimBedotecqrrectiTeroea*- hading ramps, theicondificn of the driveway urea?" ' ' and visitor draitage fiadoMbie fhcrhwt.Access r -The survey guide will give tlie Wintenance ladders and'stairway* sbouldbecbeetadfoc . abater and the safety engmetr a; ac&cfi . coaffit^;^r^^.'s^^l>^.bss^tad^;c fist that trill, assoreathorough check.ofall Chitji4{Stnirtmt:Sm3llit(ittc6lxaU- areas where maintenance may be reqtdred ings.-shonld be;mspected.1ho; samernay. a* for tfre safety of both the building and the the-larger.' plant .bidldhigi; Slant fencing pedple''iU it The safety engineer should be shoold/ be - inspected; for:"damate bytltahksv impressed -with the fact Oat nocheckfist cars aod other caniea :as cwdf;as. eosmdon can completely cover all the areas that may and paihdng. Floddtigbting .and- compsny-. . heed'attention and- also that the remisder owned electric roof slght stoold be inspeeted fisfiogr may teqbire. further researdr-For by h quafifiod dectridsn ifuDy famtor with that reason, a cross-referenced checkHsthas the specialized requirements .aad appBctble heed' rnmpilefl-tol give the safety: engineer ..ebdek h/ncu r- addrlinnaT' research arid reference material a'-,.-; i- i.Xi w-`' Ra^roa^Ti^kti'Rziltxjidsi^mgtthit are wamte: company: 'ovriiddr'rbipiife'.tegtdajr- in^hefion nance;- enginecrwhen malang an inspecticsi . fbr 'svafiirmtsi**' condition Of -rafis; Nuance; of. thebuntEOg'sbbuld.fcsdways' cnthe'Iook- misring jant-plates' ahd'qAa^^ rotted ties < bqt-for. the,.catastroj^. hasards'as trefi\as and the'neeKor additioml hallait' ' - fire rnh-of-the mill, minor items that are- im- portahton the riicck list The most cohniwin . canses of buildmg collapseareasfoBcrws: Foundation failure; structural deterioration; overbading; alterations; and: fire and ex- tpfasiott. .:p-\ -;:.'=-r. - Floors: Industrial fioon 'are made of a varii^' of matjmals.' Uost oonmonty toed : pre cohorete or wood blodciOffice and lobby floors- may - be: 'edBOrefii'ytetraxnv aqbalh. rubber or.plastie tilev'Esch hind of floor has itj'oirii mainterianOe pfo6teh,i'Fl69cs,;regar4- These five items will becoveredlaterin iossof'cdnsmict^ fids' dSscusfion, hut should be kept'in mind spccted, especi^'iU;areas subject to:hea*y . as we corereventhe rninoriternsintheim traffic. .'SUpperiness of .floors .shook! receive spcctiou procedure: special stndjr' and.floor.tiralnient. Sooie.of : - A planned; in^OOfim-depends--'on the items to datk nseru *.*..; >Lo.! . knowing wheretolookand what tolook for k* Ari file' surfeits wearing too rapidly?, Ait. adnpnte check .list yrifi; call attentioh to'file foUotri^'items arid conditions. Grounds: Parking lots, roadways and side walks heed frequent inspection.for cracks, boles, breaks'and tripping basards. Aiiy dev fects fiat are found 'should he corrected 2. Is shrinkage present? . . , - 3, ;Is the surface damaged or.worn? . : :4. Are.theresHppery snriaces? r-\ - 5; Are therehaferds tO trnddng orvraik* ing stich .as holes or nngnarded epenings? immediately to prevent them from bitaiming 6. Are fii'ete ihdicafions of cnoks^ sag^ng major and eosfiy job*' Traffic flow' should or warjafig? , nr-s, . 17 wwasawsMiiaevfi'Pgcsi X I! 1963 National Safety Congress 7. -Are replacements necessary due to detenoration, etc.? Stairways: Stairways should be- checked to determine: toeht at all times. This maintenance check . should include the opemting comrois, wiring, cables, hangers,, .supporting-members and' other important parte / :: ' 1. Are treads and risers in good condition A crane or hoist is nornniUy designed only and of uniform width and height? for a* vertical lift Where' front; rear or 2. Are standard handrails provided and are they in. good condition and secure? 3. Is lighting oastairs satisfactory? lateral-polls are undertaken,because the load is hot under the book, .strt3s <ieveJop fcir which the equipment is not deigned... 4.1s there any material stored on stairs? Housekeeping: The general housekeeping throughout.the plant should be checked, to see if it is satisfactory. Aisles should be marked off with painted lines and material kept out* Yardcranes require. protection against possible damage by severe ; windstorms.. There are numerous histories where. this equipment was strained, overturned, or,Mown off its trades by the action of high winds. of aisle width. Material storage and waste The. driving motor and serrice brake on disposal should be' checked. Housekeeping overhead cranes are. not always powerful and cleanliness,in the locker and washrooms . enough to resist high wind velocities. Lock- should also be analyzed. ` ing bars, manta! or automatic latched, crane Overhead Cranesi Overhead cranes and in dustrial beasts are now standard equipment in automotive plants andmachine shops. In in traps, and chains are the.most-ccrinnba suit able types of anchorages for severe wind . protection. specting for accident prevention, overloading, Electrical Installations'. Every year over improper,installations, lade of maintenance, 700 persons are. electrocuted by and misuse are the principal sources of acd-. involving less, dan 750 volts.; Some of these dents to look for. It is. unfortunate that fatalities and many, shocks occur on HO many, crane and hoist manufacturers* rep volte Electrical failures also cause numerous resentatives, presumably on their own,-stress costly plant fires and explosions. Unfortu die ability of the products to stand up tinder nately it is not generally appreciated that con? twice tftHr rated load. Due to the * many tact with so-called. "low voltage" circuits factors involved, this information is very* (less than 750 volts) can produce fatal wrong. We must consider not only the crane electric shodc Voltage alone is hot the meas and beast units, but also die strength .of ure of dosage of electricity through die body bridge beams, runner beams, hangers, col which determines the severity of; shock. Ac? umns, trusses, joists and other supporting tual quantity of "current die path of the- members. current, and the tune the current flows In the physical plant survey, accurate knowledge of the weight of all lifts is -re-. through the body are .factors which also must be considered. r ....... quired. Compare these values with, die rated The survey should include a periodic in capacities of the cranes, heists and "their spection of all plant .wirings^ Iuiose connec supporting weaker*. Agiin, specialized en tions at plugs and receptacles,-worn , or gineering knowledge in die plant or shop broken insulation and poor splices are re should be called upon where necessary. sponsible for most human contact with cur Many cranes and hoists installed in plants rent carrying wire. Defective permanent and shops have been hung from members plant wiring-hat caused numerous plant fires. already loaded to their designed capacity. Insufficient or widely spaced electrical out In other cases,'hangers suspended from lets in plant assembly departments require individual wood floor joists support crane long, portable extension fights, and motor and beams and hoists. Where this condition ex machine testing. Considering the abuse these ists, a timber 'spreader, perferably 4 in.x 6 im, can be added to distribute the load over at least four to six joists. . A periodic survey of cranes and hoists every two months plays an important part in insuring the availability of sound equip- cords must normally take and the resultant exposure to insolation damage, the physical plant survey should check the adequacy and location of power outlets. Where production demands call for in creased power, electrical systems have some- V;c 18 times bo ofurotfc importan in rdatb is a sol plant in. This* of transi Tbe nO-f man. typ firtTht oil, ope The oil former, tores |b jugs shi and. dirt cracks. ally the diitribul age. Wi tbephy mot Tbe s of inter vantager efficient ' poor lig pmnot Good . quality, diffusior Ugbtini easily, a Tbe ( more.el prooedUJ points t of tbe i 1. At lamps 3 cent of 2. At Sectorsi cause g 3. At ..benches shielded eyestrai \ IniuUrial SntjttU S*aiau time* been overloaded: by increasing ihe slxe . . 4.. Are any lights placed ao that tiie Wesk ofworidng fuses. This naturally. sacrifices er's shadow, isroo.hlsciFOricL.Rclocatingitiie important-protection.- A survey of all.fuses i npi-.lwwawng - Kf* pwtnVy'. of - in rdation-to1 electrical mstallatievi capacity sources' decreases shadowi.. /->*. is anoteworthy hxlusiqo in.the,physical 5,1s there reflected glare from s plant inspection. ' . .;. machinery.' surfaersetr -highly' polished ma This surrey thoidd inclodeaarxamination chinery partsi'A flat machihe paiut reduces of transforttier arid switrhhnardmstanations. reflected glare: -Reflected' glare on a-beach, The oil-filled transformer is the most cant; woric; a ; best controlled by: ptadngfight men type, used and the mast vulnerable to ' sources behind the worker.' " ;r fire.-The surrey should particularly examine existing maintenance procedures as. regards oil,, operating, teri^eratores, and.-bashings. .4 Are light^ instorage stairways^in ,working'order?. areas, arid., in. .' .!.' . The cd must be kept-in good condition and 7.: Are walls and ceilings tepr dean? - maintained at its proper level. Where trans Clean': 'walls arid ceilings help to get the formers are folly.loaded operating tempera-. greatest return from a lighting system.:;" ' : tores shopld be tested 'axe a month. Bash ingssbbtod be kept dean and free of dost and.dirt and should;be tested frequently for ' trades. . _. :.' ; 8. Is color used for identification? Systems of ridloridentification oil pipeS/aisle mirlcs, levers, guards, .trucks,': conveyors, enterics, stairs, ,tons, obstructions,' etc; witi proniote . Because anelectricalswitcbboard is usu safety, prevent errors:' , ally.'the, main point from which power is distributed it is. usually protected from dam? age: Where The front" boards are .m use, the physical survey should endeavor to en courage: replacement by "dead front" equip: merit .... The survey shouM inchxle an investigation of interior and outdoor illumination. The ad vantages of good.ilhnmnation as regards, Although a complete lightirqt sttrvey reqirires:the ,services of a competeat ilhiounatingengineer.aportablephotoelectricilhmnT riatiaa meter wjUindicate general ilbmmstiba levels in your plant. Comparison of this data with .recommended: "good practiced, values a&pted by the .Society, of inummating: Engitieers can be .used .tis an appraisal of the adequacy of plant iightingsystem*. . . ' efficient operation are, npmy.In addition poor fitting, has been foorid .to he an im portant contributing cause of accidents. : Elevatorf. The efficient and safe operation of-plant elevators isan important physical survey: determination. The inspectioos.of in Good fflumnorion can he summed up Under surance .company., personnel arid ..mmsidpa) quality, which includes the direction and and state agencies .is-valuable to assure_a tfiffusion.of light and its color, and quantity- nriuumtte: of operating control, but the plant Lighting can be judged on .the ability to see management sboold be nrgtdtp: mdnde easily, accurately, and qtriddy. ' elevator maintenancess. a regular, faction The present lifting system may be made iiore.efficient through simple maintenance procedures. The following, are sortie of the points to consider in undertaking this , phase of the survey:. 1. Are reflectors cleaned regularly? Dirty lamps and reflectors may shut oft 50 per cent of the available tight _ of the maintenance department Many large industrial : plants have highly qualified and trained elevator mechanic* wbo are in a position to make their own inspection and repain. However, many small and medium sited, plants arid even some.of the larger plants contract elevator inspection arid repair to ttie company that built arid installed the original equipment 2. Are there overhead lights without re flectors? Bare lamps waste useful light and cause glare - A- survey-should include the conditions of cables and gears, the maintenance of. ma chinery,: the operation of .htiistway arid car 3. Are there lights on. ihachiries or at . doors or gates, the operation of car safeties, :. benches which should, be shielded? Un illumination; and the condition of pits: Shear shielded lights at or near eye level - cause protection on hoistway' projections should be eyestrain and fatil provided. 19 M x 19i3 National Safety Congress Accurate knowledge of the weights of all loads to tie carried is essential in assuring that the elevator equipment is not -being overloaded. existing unrodded chimney* when -.repairs necessitate the-ercctioa;of: icaff^ derground water, fupej .or.-bttried .coppef plate* afford good ground: mitncctifraj Roofsi A specialized item in the survey is Caiastrophr Hasardf - roof anchorage. The lifting of unanchored roofs accounts for a large percentage of the total wind damage loss to American industry. In inspecting for accident prevendoa; deter mine whether or not the roofs of -all build ings are securely anchored. Anchors can . he readily installed and the cost is; reasonably low. In most cases, anchorage requires1 noth- . ing more than hotting one end,of a strap, Let us analyse, the . common causes of building collapse, which can beebsrida* the catastrophe hazards.1 TbefoKowingfrre causes, mentioned before,cah develop into the catastrophe .ttiat cm catapult1your plant or your company right into the KmdBoes of the newspapers or over the air on. radio and television: plate or rod to..the roof and .the other- end L. Foundation Failure: . to the...bailding. II. Structural Deterioration. Hie entire roof area should, be checked for openings, nail boles,.bulges, separation of seams, dry. areas, and other signs of de terioration. Flashings, gutters, strainers, downspouts and other water conductors should not be overlooked, A check should be made, for any debris or stored material- on the roof -winch can be picked up by the wind and' blown' to the ground. Defective .cornices or overhanging ornamental tiling can be hazardous. The biggest angle liability verdict in his tory, amounting to $1,100,000, was recently awarded in the case of' a boy who was strode by a screen which fell from the roof of a candy factory. The boy was paralyzed from the wrist down.. Factory Chimney-Stacks: Each year many chimney-stacks' become structurally critical or are the cause of fires. Perhaps the major reason for this is that numerous older chim neys and strides now in use were erected using inferior designs, materials and work manship. Weathering, high winds, lightning, founda tion settlement and corrosive flue gases are the principal sources of chimney deteriora tion A thorough periodic annual inspection by a competent person will uncover minor damages before they progress too far and be come critical conditions. Factory chimneys usually extend well above plant buildings and are therefore more likely to be struck by lightning. Bride and concrete chimneys can be protected by' light ning-rod conductors Of low resistance and ample carrying capacity- which extend, from the top.of tiie chimney to a good ground, lightning rods, can be readily installed on HL - Overloading. .- ' VI,; Alterations. > v 7 .' *\\ V.' Fire and Explosion. ' / A catastrophe which can be classed as a disaster. or failure involves multiple in juries to employees or to member* of the public A catastrophe, as ccsuiderod in ah surance drcles, is an acrident m .sriudi three or more people, are . killed or permanently injured. Every safety engineer, and every maintenance or plant engineer must consider the possibility of a catastrophe within the plant or building wind) can involve people. t Foundation Fattwt. . .. . In order to appreciate. ti>e importance of a stable foundation'for a binkfingor other structure, let me ote the daSstc example of ail foundation failures, the Leaning-Tower of Pisa.. When talking about foundation failures; no one will argue that this'is the "grand-daddy of them riL" The foundation upon which it was built; is of a deep; satur ated volcanic ash. Settlement started before it readied a height of 40 ft and ultimately it reached a total heightof 179 f&rConstruc tion started in the year 1155 aud it was not completed until 1350 under the tfirectioo of the- fourth -architect; the first three-had given up in disgust In. 1959 the .tower was 17 ft 2# in, out of plumb in -its height of 179 ft It attracts tourists at the rate of 350,000 per year. Foundations can fail for any number of reasons and causes: - L Removal of lateral support , (a) The greatest number of serious fotm^ datioo failures occur as- the result of excava tions that remove lateral; support of the 20 ' \ , subsoil^ Most, ol ; huiltficgi tioo. Us for-the* ' feet'beJ building. " FIc ' >* the .flow due to weight, on city loading seem tp typ?: :iin! (a) S pletefa in findh having. wady.. grossed sorz.a analysis, lit *nbi other st 4.: Hi (a) 1 ing pha not too ehgineei chide gi their m turd cr -mtH ve Thereto the sol site end 5. D Some' piles kej out. As is true, will lost In fa lively s altemati son, the water fc Quite ing. of 1 caused -K~ . /adnifriaf SubjtcU Stmmt subsoil under the foundation"df a building;'. pies tinder the foundations: of an- eight- Most of these faihirtS' occur; to existing ; story.Chicago warehbuse.' Settimg and cradc- buildings nextto.btuidingsunderconstruc ing, of .tiw . warehouse- waUs ^ompted an tion. Usually h is found that the excavation investigation, vbitii reveakd that the buitd- for tbenew building lias been carried several' ing'VTO .in imminent danger ofcollapeedoe feetrbekny-. the: foundation of the existing tothe almost complete decayof the topsof building.. . ....... the woodenpUes.., , ; i* ' 2. Flow ofSubsoil &- Subsidence; (a) Ait .occasional, failure may be due to . . Very senow subsidence conditions caused' the flow of subsoil from under a building by .lowering;'of" ground-water kvd ''hn- dtie to location, and hi the . snpetimposed ^t^ed the tar^ bitiliSngs of the Missouri weight Because pi their frequent locaticc River town ; of EOf Fontt/STD, ha 1956.' on city wWerfrants and their very : beavjr One df the ;m6st serioutiy'.aSbcted btdhSngs ' loading per - square'foc^ grain elevators was the high school, where' budded wills seem to be particularly susceptible totHs forced the evaeuation of the school and lo- tjqteiof failtare.'' f mediate/ shoring, Cracks `4"to 8 id wide, -3. Insufficient Consideration of Subsoil. . dpened between the wiHs mnd floor of coe of the churches. (a) Settlement or sometiyies even com plete failure may. occur because of neglect . Thecitizens placed the blame on the con- in finding out what , the subsoil is,. cm, in struction of the Fort Randall Dam and the batting, this information and not using it wisely.. Soils mechanics science has pro* Gavins Font Dam, 7S and 40 tnBesup the river from EIk Point, Mating tint the water greased : tremendously in the. last 20 to 30 years, and proper test borings , and seals level in the river bad been lower since those two dams were built. Army tiiguvf n, bow- analysis will reveal the, true , capabilities , of the subsoil as a support for buddings or other structures. .. ever, . disputed .:tins and Mamed .a long drought, as the rainfall bad been below nor mal every month .for more than two. yean. 4..Tipping of:BtnbSngs. (a) This Is a very complex and interest ing phase of foupdaticn failure, although not too applicable.totbe majority of safety engineers However, if your, operations in clude grain elevators with their heavy loads, there may he cause for alarm. These struts? tores on one end may be loaded to capacity with very little load on tile opposite end. Therefore, there is an overioad.cn pari of the sod and perhaps an uplift on the oppo 7. Failure of Fotnsdatkn. On rareoccasions, the failure of a httild- ingiscaused by. the failure of the. founda tion itself, not from anyexternalcxuse,; hot because the foundation vu niot . .string enough .to. stand up .under , the load, plaoed upon it,. _^ (a) Today,, when meigers of companies seem to betfie orderof tbedzy.there is the increasinjr desire' and need to put. an extra story: or. two oa 'existing office and. site'end . 5. Destruction of Wood Piles. Sane people mistakenly believe that wood piles kept continuously under water will rot out As., a matter of fact, just, the opposite is true. Wood kept continuously immersed will last for centuries In fait, trouble will occur in a compara tively short time if wood is exposed to alternate wetting ..or drying. For this rea son, the tops of wood piles decay when the water, table-is covered- '' plant buildings..-:A' full engineering and sails analysis is indicated before tins can be done; II. Structural Deterioration. " Various types, of structural deterioration can take place in a building such as.: 1. Corrosion Of-steel beams,and cqhrems. 2. Dry rot of--wooded pifc-foundations caused bya lowering of; the water table. 3. Spilling add cracking of concrete mem? bers, (flobrsj. beams, columns) 1 exposing . steel,msforcmg,'to.rust and cormsioc. Quite a number, of'years ago, the lower 4. Bearing opacity: of brick walls: or stone ing of the water table in the Chicago River - work changing, as the result ofeement caused the uncovering of the tops of the aging (if any was used). vLi 1963 National Safety Congress 5. Natural deterioration of wood and steel sponding lowering of allowable, loads. The in the structure itself. alternate--serious overloading. ; What causes some of the structural de Mechanized materials handling has intro- . terioration that can be so dangerous to the duced floor load problems because of the stability of a building or other structure? heavy dead weight of platform and lift For example inside' a fertilizer plant, cor trades. In past years the records include, rosion grew progressively worse in an area not only wood floor failures but also sen- in which sulfuric, phosphoric and other acids ously damaged. reinforced , concrete floors are manufactured and handled. directly attributable .to lift trade operation. - Although tremendous damage can result The .suspension of overhead cranes1 and freon the corrosive action on steel by add hoists from wood ceiling joists has. severely / femes, it should be stated that .there are taxed many floor and roof members. protective coatings that.can be applied such Accurate data on %or.load, .capacity is a as rust resistant paints. prime requisite for Physical plant survey. Steel dowels in masonry and terra cotta If tins data is not. already known or not walls have shown evidence of abnormal rust-, readily obtainable from bnilcUng* plans, a ing. Cracks in the terra cotta facing had structural analysts by a competent engineer allowed seepage of water into walls and may be necessary. Rough estimates based rusting action went on unnoticed until cor upon experience .or conclusions arrived at by rected. a casual glance in a handbook are.'dangerous. IIL Overloading. The correct determination of existing floor In' undertaking a survey of the physical loads in a plant building depends on several characteristics of a building, a prime factor factors. A thorough' knowledge of the . is door loading. Experience has shown that weights of materials, machines and equip the most serious floor loading problem en ment is necessary. Particularly important countered arises. from the tendency of plant are the weights of machine tools,' oddly management to look upon .warehouse or storage space as an unproductive evil Car shaped castings, built-up machine bed plates, bar stock, motors, reeves, steel plates, bun ried to the extreme, this usually results In dles^ of sheet metal, and lumber. In. a ma overloading of floors, unstable piling of raw chine shop recently surveyed, 3 in. maple stock and finished parts, and difficult and costly materials handling. was piled eight feet Jugh on a pattern de partment floor with a 100 Ib^per sq. ft In recent years, production demands have resulted in the replacement of much ware house space by machine tools and assembly load capacity! simple check sfibwed -the. ` existing floor Lad was in excess of 300 Jb. per sq. ft departments. In plants where this has oc A second factor is load distribution. This curred extensively, the remaining storage . is often a complex problem. Most buildings areas have beat seriously overloaded. A re are designed- to cany uniform loads. A cent plant survey showed that, in many in concentrated toad throws twice as much stances, outmoded multi-story structures stress cm supporting members as a uniform with light floor load capacities should be ; load of equal weight It is for this reason dismantled. A modem wing is more effec that most heavily concentrated loads such tive m meeting present' day production needs as machines are placed directly over beams at lower maintenance costs, and It's much or girders rather. than on slabs or joists. safer toot : Simple rules to properly appraise con In plant expansions, many light mill build ings have bees acquired for heavy manu facturing purposes, although they are not designed for such usage. It is not unusual to find that such buildings formerly housed centrated load distribution are not depend able. This is a typical example where the safety engineer should avail himself of the- knowledge of specialized plant engineering personnel. process industries, wherein arid attack, cor The relationship between design load ca rosion, and rot bad caused the floors and pacity and actual floor loading will provide their supports to deteriorate. For safe load a scientific answer as .to whether a floor ing, this would necessitate a reduction in is safely loaded or is overloaded. allowable design stress values and a corre Visual evidence of overloading; although ' *I t 22 not ah in the tion-is loading .beams. Cancref tensile and .gi througl and- sp crack/i concret steel c twistinj sonry tegratic joists i excess* . Altbt plant fl serious such a a dose IV. Whe iuvtdvc of a te or mat hews-n the ma formed and thi has bit to be. on pro the cot tioc, K manafa He cai improv along, be nea perfort The constra should tioro a on an} ardutei Mam rated i Buildin of 40 l light b even a Industrial Subjttfs StssUms not always apparent, should be lqpked for qualified archit^^ pr..strucbn,al engineer in the survey, of the physical phntDcffec- should check the entire floor system to de thm b the most common evidence: of. over* termine.what, extra bracing and additional loadiny m. wood and stcd beams.- Wood supporting members are needed for die new beams, will show checking and cracking. allowable floorioads. The safety engmrrr Concrete will spall and fall away from the should examine the..plus with the architect tensile steel in. reinforced concrete beams or engineer so that rns reftenmendarions cm and girders. Wood floors .wiB puncture be incorporated before alterations are cade thim^ ahd flat coocrete. slabs will, crack Manyexamplcsof building faihxrcs couid and spall. Timber columns will split and be given to emphasize die meaning to the cradc> and; concrete columns. wiQ spall, the handyman, the do-it-yourselfer, jack-leg concrete falling away from die reinforcing; carpenter, or the jerry-built operator.. AH steel columns; will show .overioad . by the these terms-baire real meaning and a definite twisting'of' flanges. Bearing wallsof ma tie-in to the. possibility; of the dangerous sonry will show extensive cracking, disin conditions that can develop if professional tegration of die brides, and bulges. Floor advice is not sought oh eves the simplest joists pull away from masonry walls under little alteratko iob. So, to'be on'the safe excessive loadfagp' side, we as safety engineers should seek Although, fortunately, the frequency of out the advice of professional people and plant door collapses has not been great, the . get qualified mgirwri and architects into serious results which would follow, should the act such a catastrophe occur, more than justify m dose check on the door barfing problem. IV. Alterations. . V. Ftrt end Explosion. Fire , and explosion , hazards most be mcluded in the physical plant survey. When a building under construction Is involved in a formwork collapse, a failure of a temporary structure such as a scaffold or material hoist, , the modest makes the hews media nationally. We must recognise the many safe construction jobs being per formed by the responsible general contractor,and that os some operations the contractor has but one time to. do the. job and It has to be done right the .first tune. However, on projects sudi as high-rise construction, the contractor does a repetitive type, operaticn, somewhat similar to die operator of a manufacturing process in die industrial plant.. He can obtain perfection by repetition and improvement in the operations as be goes An effective plant survey requires knowl edge of extinguishing methods for different classes of fires, such as ordinary combus tibles, flammable liquids, and electrical equip ment The.characteristics of various types of fire extinguishers and their arhptshflity for various types of fires are "must* in formation. The physical plant survey should not only determine whether die right extinguishing equipment is readily accessible for each particular fire potential involved, but also whether a foolproof maintenance procedure b scheduled to insure that the extinguisher* are always fully charged. along, but the construction method, must In order to fully realize the adequacy of be near letter perfect' the first time it is the Physical plant, a complete knowledge performed. of the flammable liquids used foc^removing The general contractor is the specialist in oil or grease from metal parts is important construction, techniques and his talents Where gasoline, naphtha, or similar: flam should certainly be called upon when altera mable liquids cannot be effectively replaced tions are contemplated within the plant or by alkaline compounds, non-flammable sol on any building. The civil engineer and vents, - vapor degreasing or banking, non- architect should never be overlooked. combustible, well cut-off, properly ventilated Many buildings are remodeled or reno rooms are recommended for protection. vated to suit new or changing operations. The physical plant survey should investi Buildings originally designed for floor bads gate the storage of lacquer* japan, points of 40 pounds per 5q. ft are being used for and varnishes; the design layout^ and the light manufacturing with.bads of 125, and raainteqpce of spray booths, dip tanks, even as high as 200 pounds per sq. ft A dipping and spreading machines, recovery 23 1963 National Safety Congress and circulating systems, and drying and In a large number of-plants-there if. a -baking ovens. ' tendency to obstruct passageways, exit doors, *. However, these are special hazards, pie* Muted' in a relatively small number of plants and the .inspection should. not overtook the main fire causes, which are? CfeuM Frequency Beating and cooking 24.2ft Electrical 16.4 Brooking and Matches 16.8 Bwertty ' 20.6ft ' 214 9.3 Total 67.4ft 612ft stairs, and landings by storing .miscellaneous items of all lands. A monthly inspection of all exits for obstructions will soon let all plant personnel know:that-.these areas are out of bounds for such purposes; \ Automatic sprinklers are' the best* single safeguard against disastrous fireri. Sprinklers, however, must have; an ample-supply . of water at the heads continuously. Weddy Ventilating equipment, electrical protection, cleaning and maintenance schedules, and.fire* fighting equipment should be investigated inspections, are-not too "frequent to insure that sprinider controlling valves are kept open.' There is a great deal of sound data available If the automatic sprinklers that protect to effectively appraise these problems in the the plant are,of the type with..water,always physical plant survey. <? ' in the pipes, the plant survey should malm Fire doors partitioning off departments and .rooms are particularly effective in local* izing fires. However, the record of fire doors which did not function properly, in certain that every area of every building has enough beat so that^evea under severe weather conditions the temperature win be always at least .40 degrees above zero. emergencies is a long one. The survey We see a lot of posters which carry the should include a periodic examination of message, "Don't Let Fire Put, You Out of door suspensions,- counterweight movement, Your Job I" or "Don't Let Fire Destroy and .the condition of fusible links to insure Your Pay Check 1" 'Some employees may their workability during a possible fire. Box* take this admonition lightly but my thoughts ing in counterweights with a sheet metal were forcefully directed to the baric reason enclosure is a simple but effective method ing behind this thought when 1 saw, during of guaranteeing their freedom of movement Fire Prevention Week tins year in Chicago, The survey should include an examina a long lint of -employees, on' the morning tion of fire escapes, where they exist Due after a serious fire in their one-story plant, to their outdoor location, fire escapes are waiting to sec if they were going to get in subject to extensive weathering and cor to go to work. The fire was otit, but . one rosion. . A thorough annual inspection of of the fire engines-was still there and the the structural members and their building employees were lined up writing to get in? supports, together with an annual main it was on a Friday morning; and they could tenance and painting program, will insure have been writing for their pay: checks, their long life in sound condition. As the which were probably their1 last ones' for a lift sections are particularly vulnerable, a while, as the inside of thev plant was gutted quarterly inspection of these sections seems by fire and the rebuilding of the interior justified. * was still in progress nearly: three -weeks . The physical plant survey should include after the fire. a periodic examination of fire pumps, where When your plant is involved in . a catas they exist A fire pump is valuable only if trophe which is caused by an' external ex ready to operate when needed. As this equip plosion,* it- makes the headlines -just as ment is so important in a fire emergency, quickly as. if if had happened within the the physical plant survey should call for confines of your firm's plant property. Such weekly or at least monthly test operation of an explosion took place about two yean these pumps. The test should include an ago here In Chicago on October 18, 1961, examination of the pump and its driving when there was an explosion within the mechanism (electric motor, steam turbine or plant owned by a cosmetics manufacturing gasoline engine), the production of the firm. The devastation within this plaint in rated amount of water at the required pres cluded demolition of the building where the sure, driving speed, suction, and all other explosion took place and also the roof col pertinent performance requirements. lapse of an adjoining warehouse along with some bl others i But w is part large pfc televirio extent 1 one- deal beyond their ov ated. T Ope.dot It xmi taadar. reason i as then bilityan . "Hi emerg Final! lariy m inspectu even wi .appears stives v Qf bufll . catastro X. Kail Btuc i "up and Has Pub >: 3i nn 4. *Tjn . VoL ftrdi bur .An* 5. "CM City * 'Vs *' TJnd : 7. Slf and oil . Ia9604 8. kit 3 * tioa 10. Alla and Am 11. DAmui : \ V.- 'r y r;. it MurtriaJ S*bfrcU Sessions some blowcrpqt-concrete ' block, walli aod- others which-faeffc'badly- cracked ' ' , 'National ..) ? (NBB'Haad . ards Association. 1 But what happened right acrossJhe street it part and-aa^atojy^VA large plant owned by a proqiinhLradio and television manufacturer wis affected to the; ^ extent that- there were multiple injuries, one death, and plant destruction which: was beyond anyone's wildest: imagination when, their own^exposures;tytl?reguhrly. evalu- . ated There were 390 persons, injured and one.death,. It must be.'realized .that ,^is is. the spec* . "Building Salts Code : ...(NFFABldg,Bxits,Coc. _ : National Ffie-Protection SHodatV Batterymareh Bt, Boston UX Km . . "Aj^iLB/Power BoHer Code." AmHea Society ot' Meehen[cel^BngneOT. ___ _______ _ Center. 845 USntimtedt Nqw.YorklT, N. Y. ;, "Building Code Requirements tor MtaimuaDesign Loadsto Buildings end Other ,Structure,". A58J.--196&TAmerican Stead* . ards. Association.' ' ` . "American Standard Pmetlcflrfor Indus- : . trial. Lighting," 1953. niirmlnettnc Sn-, 345 E. 47thStre New tacular and -unusual,;but. there is mte good reason for.including this as an example just as there u In any other catastrophe pcssiKlity.and.thatis: \ ; ` "Have you evaluated your first aid, emergency and fin fighting proceduresT Finally, let us . agree that when we regu larly make bur physical plant surveys and inspections, we should be ever mindful that even when we overlook some little or trivial- , "Specialist on Sick - Structure 8peaka Out," by Jacob Feld, from. Engineering - New-Record otNov; 9.196L . "Protective CoatW" Oct Uet_(An en tire issue ota magaafoa derotodto articles .. on concston resistance of protective coat ings end paints}. Maintenance by^Oe- worth PtttoUahing CoH Inc., .One Btrer . Bd., Coe Cob, Conn. , Kemper Insmamce Publications Consolation 8hMt'#lg tlUed '' . "Public Liability Inspection Check list" Consolation Sheet #29 titled .. Inspection. to Determine Condition - ot .appearing.situation, we may be setting ourselves up,for any one of the major causes q{ building collapse, .which can .lead to a "ConsuEHoh Sheet #30 titled . "Plant Inspection-Cheek-List" Consolation Sheet. #840 titled . catastrophe.' L "Bunding Failures" toy TtoomMH.ldeKaig. McGraw-Hill Book Co.. 1963 (Case : Studies in Construction end Design}. J. "Modem BuUdinglnspectioq" toy* K C. '' aH- na1dnH_d_sb_loCokq.)U__l_^lThefe_g__d_t_ogln__s_^__^_i_g . Publication Co., Lbs Angel^*CidlZ. "Floor Loading" Form ZA 63U . `Physical plant Survey" . Comet on request -from: Robert UMor- ~ Lumbermans Mutt_ 4750 Sheridan Road . Chicago, Illinois 60640 . ... 30i `Safety ft'Health*Standards tor Federal ertng Structural' Failure/* 1688; %ew it York, N. Y. philosophical, Library* _ '*UnlfORn Building Code." 1981, Edition. VoL I end 33 (TJmfonn Bldg. Code Btandards). International Conference ot Bond ing Officials. 619 8. Broadway; Los Angeles 14,-Calif.' Register of Oct L-1963. . - SL> National Safety CoundTe-4`Acrident, Pre vention yanuid for Industrial Operations/* 4th Ed. (6th Edition to toe available in into 1964.) 8L - 5. "City of Chicago Building Code,** 196L City Hall. Chicago, HL ft "National Building Code,*' 1S6BL Rewa- mended toy The National: Board ot Tin " Underwriters, 85 John Street; New York : .88, N. Y. . 7. Safety Code-for Elevators, Dumbwaiters end EKsUtora. A17.1--19te end Inspection of Elevetors unspecton'/ifanuaD. A17.3-- . i960. American Standards Asmdatlon, 10 B. 40th Street, New York 16. N. Y, 8. Kathode ot Fin Vests of Building Cbniriuctlon end Ketariele L All--1966. American Stand N. Y. ,; "Blasting Claims--A GuldeJtor Adjustms" (Has good ooverage on building 40 causes of cracks to walls and eeUtogs). National Board of Fire Duderwrlters* .36 John St, New York 88, N. Y. "Local end State Building Codee/VCpnsult Building Commleeloner or BuQdlng Department Code Requirements for Excava tions and Foundations," (ASCB, Q) 1963. AmericanTBunuras Assoriatlo 9, Safety ^Code, tor Building Construction. Ami-1944. (Now under extendte revi sion) American Standards Association. ID. Allowable Concentration ot Toxlo Dusts end Oeiee-X3? (Various EST Codes). American standards Association. 1L Dust Explosions, ZU (Various 13.Codas). American Standards Association. National Fire OodeaVjNFPA BtondMds and Recommended Practices), ffettbau Flrw -Protection Association, 68 BattaiymiM) St.. BMt^B IQ> KaSS. "Also Manual," th Ed. (1968) (New de sign ideas and updated apedfleaticBB). inntcu Iiutttnt* ot St4_Ot>n^ocUon. lac.. 101 Puk ATonus, NovToric IT. N. T. ` 25 Evaluation of a Safety Program The i now ffl or **wb A SAFETY CONTROL PROGRAM IN A CHEMICAL PLANT from t actions 1. T1 weekly ByJ. L. RICHMOND the* sec General Supt, Miscellaneous Manufacturing Dept, E. L da Pont de Nemoan 9t Co* Inc* Deep Water, NJ. 2: G area tn over-all The elevation of a safety program can employ-'many approaches. It may be based on injury statistics, special inspections, or even individual contacts. These approaches are all valuable In maintaining a feel for the safety effectiveness and morale of a group. They have certain weaknesses In that they lack continuity and, when based on Injury 1. The plant was divided into sections of approximately equal activity and of a rise that could be Inspected in IS minutes. 2. The frequency of inspection was es* tabllslad os once per week for some group of thm lections to be selected at random. 3. The inspection team was aide up of 3/ In morale her of a. Sa men. b. W other. statistics, are after the .fact and do not serve one senior supervisor and three member* to anticipate or predict unfavorable trends of lower supervision to be selected at ran in safety performance. dom. cMe supervi organlx The. approach which I wish to discuss this 4. The day of the week and the time for morning, while using some of these tech the inspection was also to be selected at niques, is based,primarily upon injury causes random. d. Si mtmica and includes the feature of control in addi tion to evaluation. We believe that this method of evaluation can predict trends in 5. In addition, the area superintendent or his assistant accompanied the group, to' sepport the program but to make personal con e. Sp letins. The safety performance and thus, by anticipating injuries, assist in preventing them. We have tacts only. POO.T1 U to ll called the program the Safety Control Pro 6. A meeting of the group after the in gram, or more simply, S.C.P. spection permitted a review of items ob Then The S.CP. program was developed sev eral years ago by one department of the Chambers works as an attempt to establish a quantitative evaluation of safety perform ance and safety effectiveness. This program is an adaptation of typical quality control technique used in production and makes lib eral use of statistical quality control methods. The program was established on the major premise that every unsafe act' or condition represents a potential injury. We then went on to make these assumptions: served, the resolution of any questionable observations, and the.development of the average number of observations to be re ported 7. The statistical clerk' then entered this number on the safety control chart. After a number of inspections, it is pos-: stble to establish upper and lower control limits based on previous experience. Of course; perfection would be "no observation." What is a permissible number of deviations the S.C This t reviews its decs tiacu may n make,. import* the ins area dr can be obsera 1. Safety is one product of the production effort 2. Each potential injury is a defect in the safety product can only be established' by experience or correlation with the units* safety performance; If the plant has been properly sub-divided and if the inspections are well carried out ` It is prograr of the ness of hy per \ 3. The number of safety defects found and the rules faithfully adhered to, then a in a sample of the work area is a measure meaningful control chart is developed This of the effectiveness of the safety effort control chart can be watched by the area lected | be care check i Based upon these assumptions, a statisti management and it will signal significant team, j cally based method of sampling, inspecting, changes in the safety attitude or morale be the ob and analyzing was established. fore serious safety problems are presented action i 26 " "-'C'V ='" - -"-T Industrial Snb/ects Sessions The most significant part of the program dow foUowVand that is the second phase or "what is done in: response to the signals from the control chart" There are many actions to be taken: 1. The specific conditions noted in any weekly inspection' are promptly reported to the'section head and immediately corrected. 2. Conditions which are indicative of the area trend should receive full publicity and crver-all area correction. - 3. Indications of lessening of good safety morale should be faced promptly and a num ber of actions are possible, such as: a. Safety pledges to be signed by work men. b. Written publicity of one type or an other. c. Meetingswith, department heada or group supervisors to develop action through tine organization. , d. Special training courses in safety com munication. e. Special safety programs and safety bul letins. . The solutions used are familiar to all of yon. The chief ftmctioo of the SCP program is to signal the need for the special action. There is one ground rule with respect to the S.C.P. inspection team that is important This team, , after making its inspections, reviews its results, and at that time makes its derisions concerning questionable observa tions -- in other words, those that may or. may not be a safety statistic. The team iwt-r its iWinwi that and there- It is dw important that a Idas is not introduced into the inspection team as a result of a local area drive or some {articular condition. This can be cheeked by reviewing the specific observations reported by the inspection team. ' It is equally important, as in any control program, to run a check on the effectiveness of the method -- in this case, the effective ness of the team as observers. This is done by periodically sending out a specially se lected group of persons who are knows to be careful and thorough observers to run a check on the regularly selected inspection team. At times, this unoovers a defect in the observations technique and corrective action is required. There are .a number of- cautions to be considered in the use of mch a safety control program:. .. . * 1, It it not a substitute for the traditional safely or housekeeping Inspection. 2. ' The rules must be faithfully followed in order that the results ere statistically significant : 3.,The S.GP. program will not of itself improve safety morale or performance or eliminate injury unless the results are studied arid promptly acted upon. 4. It does not take the placed many of the well known: safety techniques -- it is merely an analytical tori which can shed some light on the effectiveness of the tradi tions! programs or any other program. The strength In the S.C.P. approach Is ; due to several fsetorst . . 1. It is based on "hi the field inspections." 2. It provides numbers and graphs which make for good publicity, are easy to fellow, and generate interest in the wage-roll people. 3. In the course of the S.C.P. Inspection, a certain number of safety contacts are possible, 4. Since jt must be done oa schedule, i slackening of Interest or activity is qmddy apparent. ' 5. It is an excellent administrative tool which gives the plant manager a simple summary of the performance of his out In' setting up such a control program the following points may serve as a gride: 1. Initially, work out thoroughly your mechanics as to just bow tire program is to function. Z Include a statistician or quality control person on your task force. 3. Adequately explain the basic funda mentals of quality control, random sampling, and simple control charts to all those who wffl take part 4. In advance and as a port of your reg ular safely work; describe this program to all personnel hi tire, department Stress the fact tint the inspections are designed to yield only a numerical rating of the safety health of a department 5. Allow at least an 8-13 week period for "break in" before establishbig control  \ 1963 National Safety Congress limits. As in any new quality control pro tion Do. not permit .interference .with the gram employing *V darts, drastic changes random selections,-etc; qpce.established. will occur -- probably during this initial 11. Later add any innovations you deem phase. worthwhile. Try out or discard as yoar need 6, Establish control limits and modify may-be. Eventually, as-qualified and-in the limits only on a statistical basis. terested wageroll personnel are available, in- 7. Publicize widdy the results of each . dude them in the.program to widen partici inspection. pation. 8. Take immediate action when the pro gram begins to. get out of control or an un desirable trend becomes apparent 9. .Retain as a management tool only for a lengthy'period. I bdieve.that if care is taken in organizing, the S.CP. program and. in training all the partidpante,a valuable. evaluation method is obtained which has the additional feature of continuity.' It enables the' manager not only to determine where the plant is in-its.safety 10. Avcrid politics and bias on.the inspec effort but also in what direction it b moving. SAFETY PROGRAMMING IS MY RESPONSIBILITY By F. A. DUDDERAR General Supti, U.S. Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. My task is to report a method of evaluat ing our safety program so that I can assure myself, as general superintendent of a steel plant, as well as demonstrate to my superiors, that we have an effective safety program. First, I would like to give the background. In United States Steel, safety is a line re sponsibility. Using the.safety department as technical advisor, I must accept, implement and audit the safety program to make sure it is effective: United States Steel has had for many years a unified approach to the safety program, and as such, all steel plants in the corporation are operating under- the . same general plan. The particular plant that I represent has, as a. matter of record, op erated more man-hour? without a . injury than any' other plant in the' steel industry and we proudly call ourselves,' at Gary steel works, the "safety champions of the world .of steel." This record is in excess of 17 million man-hours. While we made this record in 1960 and have not yet ex ceeded it, we have in slightly less than three years exceeded right million man-hours at least five times. When I talk about evaluating a safety program, what do I mean? Basically this is an audit of our safety activitiesand perform- ances. An audit, by definition, is an examina tion in^general: producing,the records and examining the substantiating data in general to prove that certain standards or goals have beai met If you would: perform an audit,, then it presupposes that certain limits,, guideposts, or requirements: have been prepared and published and the audit will, then prove, that your activities meet, exceed, or. fall short of your various measuring units. To establish these standards, or require ments, we must have a safety program, but how do we know if we have an affective safety .program ? Let me' illustrate this with a story I read the other dayr a sculptor working on a statue"of an elephant was asked by a curious young lad, "how do yon expect to get an elephant out of that tig piece of rode?" . The. sculptor answered, "that's easy, son,. every ,time. I lode at this rode and I see a piece that doesi't lock like an dfyhant, I knock.it off. WbensiH the pieces I don't want are knodeed off, HI have an elephant" In a way, an effective safety program is just that -- a work plan fiat has the extra pieces "knocked off": until-.it becomes a safety program. 28 :Tote haf 15A review';! have'be* In IW grans w shot-goo (Erect'a juries', devetope ufet,.- .''This's experieh We ren each <k specific: - the injtr year'se tafcahtie were sp for % t occtqati specific Vnowied astndy the sued -training awartne By tlr ; 1 Go sheets; 2. Sp werethi > A De start to 4. to job. on program trained deterrmi and it < of a"ir . This] ever, as was "af had to tO SPOt! By 1! that.are tential i take act (fitkcal brought gram tt * Industrial Subjects Sessions : To better understand the safety. program nition that Over- 85 per cent of all; injuries that isjn effect at U.S. Steel, let me quickly occurred from cue of; three actions: revicwthcdcvdopmentof the pieces, that have been retained. . - In IMS, recognizing that our safety pro gram Was iopeiating- m the manner of a 1. A man warstrode by an object. -. 2. A man strock agamst an object; .'. ' 3. A plan was eausfit between two objects. shot-gnn patttyn,' we felt we needed a more In describing .these objects we included direct approach - to those areas where in- solids,liquids,and gases er-.vapore. :From. jurieswereoccurriiig.so a program.was this knowledge We were:able-toTraiu oar developed which was called "single objective .supervision: to; anticipate proable injury , by saftty* ; ' describing everything which could contribute 'This approach was a review of bar injury to injury..and taking measures te^riiminatf. experience : over the preceding 12 months. guard against or highEght these objecta to ; ,We recorded onto a jsin&e .tally sheet - for tbe workmen. each department the orxupatioa arid the By 1956 bur audits indented that there spedfic act that was being done at the time was still something missing and.we felt .that die injury occurred. .When we examined one the misring link was employee partidpaticn yesujs-experience: Bn:a sm8le:slieet, these and:-attitude. Ourr'next devdopment.was talnhtioiu showed that; in'each plant-then called "operation attitude.* This program in were specific occupations which accounted volved training our sapervisloa to lead cooforfi to ff of the injuries, and within each ferences with three to five men in attendance, occupation there were .anally one or two where we drew upon their .background and specific acts which perdominated. With tint experience to develop safe job'procedure*. knowledge,itwas relatively easy to make This approach was 'designed, to do three i study of die job on'the:job, and correct- die method of .doing die job or establish a training' sequence to increase the workman's awareness! . By tins method, we: First,-and most important, by. inviting poiticqation of die men actually doing the job, .we hoped that they wookl be wining to assume their, responsibility in making the 1. Got the facts: this was on die tally sheets; 2. Spotted the ethical situation: these were theoutstanding injury jobs; .. 3. Determined objectives: where do are start to work; 4. Took action: this was a study of dip job, on the job. This was a very effective program, for now our supervision could be trained in a method by which they could determine where to concentrate their efforts, and it ontihwd a method of approach: that of a "study of die job--on die job," jobs safer. Secoril, hr taping heir expe rience, we would gain the best P06sible analy sis of vrays of preventing injiny.T am sure that *H .recognize that any. group of people doing any. specific job knows the details of that job>. better than the, supervision. Third, the least important at die beginning bat the one-with die kngest-rsnge benefit, we' wanted a written- safe job procedure, developed by dm sroikmeii, and dwn retnewed by area superririori and approved by top management, to guide odr future training of employees 'doing similar jbha: This has. been i very 'effective' program--<e dot will be This program had ooe major failing, how contimied and wie expect' it to cuiiiitiue to ever, and this was that all the information yidd benefits. ' " 1 ; was "after die fact* and lo be effective, we had to wait unS injuries occurred in order to spot the critkal situations. . By this tirpe we, as top management, bad devdbped and'trained oof supervisors-and workmen in the baric teehmqnes: of safety. By 1952; four yean later, it was apparent dot.are needed an indicator, of .where po tential injuries conld occur so that we. could take actkn before die injury happened Ad ditional review of corporatibo Injury reports brought our next management training pro gram the three CVof safety, with* iccog- jKbw, .bur ahiEts again: showed that there sras,eoosdaable.deviadtxi from area to area and 'plant -tb' plani; more deviatioujtbtn could be. justified tty. {the differed local working conditions! Field contacts and in spection trips porntedotif'titaf'there was considerable variaticricansed by the various 129 w 1963 National Safely Congress interpretations of pur programs. Most of. the status of various elements of the phot As the this was traced.back to the lack of a uni program. We are particularly Interested in podAig form written guide that could be distributed the method used .to determine dot the men' men at to every management member. on the job are perforining mfriy, How do are progras The next step in our program was the evaluate this? Certainly not by looking at When establishment of "minimum, requirements for frequency records aloooTbe fact.that soy ' him fo < an effective safety program." In this ap given area has a low frequency, experience proach, we defined, on a corporation basis, is . not enough ,to. assume dot everything la Is doing - employe! the safety requirements for each level of OJC. One of thensost misleading thoughts oppose* management, including the staff- responsibil any .supervisor' can :tave is that our safety can -he ' ities as weU u the Une responsibilities. - ' One of these requirements for'general superintendents spelled out in the "minimum ..requirements"- as a control feature is to make necessary Held audits with the general supervisor of. safety to appraise the pro gram's effectiveness at departmental level;. imiUiiiiiP iiiiinl we haven't had as injury . for twoTyeara (or some inch length of time)'. Tto tra good record^, but It can be broken in an. Instant !by-sin.employee .who has de veloped bad hsddts andja* not been;observed on the job regularly addle die safety record' wasbfxhg established approve some*) to imp!; safety p knoivr it when-di wfaatlH in other words, an audit of ihe job on die One of: die greatest problems faring m ' joby not Just a review of statistics or injury today is communications; and tins a partieg- that he property frequencies. lariy tree in ofe& How do/wc khpw the WhQe man understands what1 we are saying? The In addition, we described and defined each of the elements of a safety program that we expected management to carry out on a planned basis. A year's experience with "minimum re quirements" indipated that due to the make up of our management forces, seme with 48 .to 50 years' service and some with just recent: college graduate training, we were not getting the understanding we needed to mA* a truly effective safety program. It was derided that we must- develop a baric truth is that we <knt, antes by actual observation of Ids work habits, we see that he performs in a manner that dcnwnHrate dds nrnfrrttnnrtmg. Ttdl dwgjht b the grid ing force on our-frequent and repetitive safety.;audits carried on by mysrii or my assistant superintendents. Our overall pbs calls for an aurit by myself ooce each month and.additional audits by every dndrioasuperintendent also each month. A major portion of our daily safety activhy involves the foreman* in pkmned observations of tbe to deter of the* . veyor I after a toots, la come tr andit i part of fitted tc safety ; attitude visors, s training program and that all members of management would thus ..be exposed, to the gam*- background tralrihgand program -in terpretation. "Principles, of Accident Pre vention in United States Steel" was written in 1958-59 and training classes for all su pervisors started in July, 1959. This program completed the standards or measuring devices we needed to make better audits. I would like at this print to take as men on die job. ' At UritedJStatet Sted each employee has an jbxfividnal record card and by random spot' checking of these records during an audit, I can see If be is bring contacted on a planned basis or if the contacts are general or repetitive without covering tbe entire job requirements. THs same card tells me the injury experience of die employee as well as the record of. unsafe acts or rule viola rispbye physical of the ] What I renei and wb> I ootitn reaching gram. \ ity, die x a typical example one of my. regular audits and explain how I do it and what I am looking for.* A ample of months ago .I audited the sinter plant at the Gary Steel worieri-The date had been picked by my general super visor of safety and he and I were scheduled to be three hours at the sinter plant Herat as in all audits, ..we start with the super intendent reviewing Ids records.of foremen's and wage earners' activities.. tions observed by his foreman. A few ends from each occupation and each tarn, will print up any.deficiency that may be present Conversations with. the .superintendent and general foremen while we are ciaminlng the cards , reveal their attitude and. at the same time give met a due-to the safety attitude to be expected as'we cover the second phase jof.ouraodxL- Tbe second phase of our audit is s& actml field.infectionvof .die woridng areas, and ' to do a We I all inju: progran Intended training show,! over th schedok develop! blank sj At tHs time, we ask general questions on observations of men actually doing thelr jobs. 30 *. P PPB? 1* m iafcrtrvrf SBJfcv t , As the rid n^ng goat "Ac proof of the when the ooopkfte review.- and dbcuatioo ft poAfinglstbe toting/* so the action of tbs with area supervirion Is completed, ft ' men at work Is the proof of tbettfety yuiieuy, 1 new rapes as anses n ft program. our pool won me-receae-.caaagei as oar t Whim 70a cm wife op to a man and ask. - labor totrifiahi^g ia pkrit-wide sen* him to explain.whit be Udaing sod why he wrey group at wear wreak, warn weaves is doing itfaaipieific micaert nd that the shifting of-mas- frost one area* ts ah * employed can .not oofr tdl 700. wbri he Is o- m1. e- r-`a---n- Ma .mg- _e* -n--m-t-o-n-- a--Ws epnag Qe--~n- -V--l I r supposed-to do but ctn explain bow he ovuiuxcd h the can he-injured if he does not do St In an has ices ~n 'tsemendoen ~flow of empbjosa T approved mmnrrytbcn btBeve we hm op- Oe nk to higher jobs dnrmgpeek some-*frretty: good podding.** I doert wank cptfilkwt tnd hA (Vmp ipii With cjt<> to imply that we hare solved aQ of oar . 1inn uc ififaciA -- safety problems^ for tins jest isn't * and I Tins Inn pointed oat s pute need for 4' know it Bat wt_.bave come a lebg way a mote complete record of cverymaift wfaen tbe nan doing the job not only knows srfety training In sdrStinn to das; thd'lda what he is expected to do bat mho knows . are beCnmingmore esngfac'.ln Ihestedin- that he cm be Injured if be frih-todo it dnstry way dry and nee igicfifir training properly: b needed. "" ~77': e WHfe we are ia tbe field, we are also* As we sJnfrmen tip aa( doanrintbejob * uTtfmwing the physical of thepbut progtuslcai. wuhln a depsrtmmt er tow a to determine if unsafe ffonrfitiorti exist Some department*, hear does die foreman locar. :;. a. of tbese coold be missing guards on con the nan's background or training? Host can ' ; s' veyor belts or a coupling guard missing he timcmtrate on die man's needs' so be an 1- after a repair job, and the contfiwn of hand heJp tram hmt properIjr instead of feeding e tools, ladders or access platforms. AQ these. him the same old safety stuff? This b test y come under very dose sammy during an of what see arc looking far-during a safety a audit Each of the observations >*+r***+ a aodit I fed sure that by talking to seperri- b part of a jigsaw pnrrle, and when all are ska and by rbecking with the men on the i- fitted together, they make a picture of die job, we win devdop the key to die problem : r safety program in the area audited. The of what a man actually needs in training to s attitude of the superintendent, of the super enable him to work saftfy. e visors, and die attitudes and job knowledge . One approach b being tried now, and that displayed, by the workpen along with the b when a foreman asks the woekman to physical conditions of the area are die pieces show and tdl him how a job is supposed to of die pozsleT be done.. If the non understands the job What do I do as I finish an audit? First, and can dmasutiate die proper way to do I review die finding with the superintendent it, then the foreman can justifiably hold him ' and where there are weaknesses or failures, responsible for doing die job correctly cadi I outline proposed activities to assist them In time in the fotnre. _ reaching full compliance of the safety pro Tins method of approach gjvts die man gram. Where the audit indicates good activ a chance to ^how off," so to speak, and die ity, then the rfisccstion is centered 00 bow foreman 1 to coopEntot the mail cn to do a better job.- . hb knowledge and at the same time bo3d We know today we have not eliminated all injuries. In the instance where the safety program, is functioning properly hi a super intendent's area, we ati^, wist additions! training or additional toms are needed to show Improvement? We have recognised over tiie pest few years tint these regularly the man's sense of responsibility far Ids own ' returns. It gives die man a chance to demonsttate die level of training he has readied; dds gores die foreman the dance to. drop many repetitive cneitaftB where he b always inslnrling a wocter and never kndwieg the level of acceptance. scheduled audits are oar best method foe In the itcest anfit of the ikilalng plant,. developing the necessary rid to cover the while we were "*H"g oar impiilw^ blank spots in the supervisory activities. The areas where more can be done show up IK~ fausek--llePindgon^KeaM^oOdf^B.thneowme^dnb^ oo the job at die |iucun mmw.iT ). a n a n s a n a j. j } w i i J i st a*a i 'jSfe:- . : . ..J... *. * X 196$ Katiaul Saftty Cmgrtu while. changing screens. Hisianswer demon- . mustbe>"by: regular-perkxBeobeervatioo," strated to me: hisiknowledgeand recognition for I :beliew thls4t atbdstejretulfemcht at of tbebasards of toejohr-Sinee jkniewtoat all levtlsof rupervirioi lf we wsnt to control - toil area waa. ooe where we bad tried the injuries. . ... . .. 'Wd* approad), J^uesticued the manoii <he ; Ihave tried to point out aematthingi. ' safetjr.;ecotacta recently;made .by -the iatr FirsVhasagenetalauperinteafoot, base a .fmoraenm..a,Hni.sasinlcsswmere.wtaaashvoerwyhriemyehaollwng.t.orT.dhoe remimsibiUty't-Jao.^teoe ttbTit-laTh-erfifferct^ivSe: sSafeSty : - : the iob:correctlylniteadof.assuming,I;ara the scope indgtneruloutHneofthelWted - dumb;and teiling -me the. same .first-grade- ..f safetycootactabehaj.told.meforyears. this fhave providedthemanagemeatkimy I knOT .mj job and I lmowilll be the cne plant. through the coeporatfcn programs and . -to suffer if I get hurt but. itV-only, been since this near program that .the.foreman -u M^Rvam. , ever gave "me :.a chance to show what I n.^ .h.^ ..rf. w. .i " . With this recognition lor a. Trorkraan,. I am sate toe -foreman knows he needs no longer teU the workman toe repetitiye safety contacts bnt,hy regular observation of the cinan'a.working habits, heican assure himself that the man is waking safely. However, it ptsined to aD-perabna- concerned. Third, a periodicreview'cfcoeiditkme in the field U a contbinlng tenidrement to amige tbs^tbe program is being carried oat'o thatbar ultimate gad offrcquenQr seto csn be ao- complisimd. by;.a weU-trained managernent and vmge earner gnatp.'-;.' T..;. V ' . V N 12 a* \ i i Ik - 32 m A.'  V M r d S M * * K R i A& " -M S National Safety Congress Transactions I2a (Insert) - ADDENDUM The Morning paper, omitted ]from the pubOehad tranaactlone of the 1963 National 8afaty Congmaa, ahouMbe Inserted after page 32 fn volume'12 Mamger.Safety Service^ Allte-Chslmcr* Manufacturing Co, Mihntula*, Wb.'-r(A talk delivered at tht Slst National Safety Congresi, Qctobtr 29, J963) Much of my discussion tins morning re-, ment and facilities maintenance, accident fiectsthe deliberations of the Committee on investigation and thorough safety Inspections. Government Regulations. of the National Safety Council's Industrial Conference. Others may word these factors differently, but I thmk we can all agree tint these are This Committee was formed to determine ' typical of the basic ingredients of a con how the Industrial Conference might be structive safety program. It would be tm- concerned with the promulgation of state usoal for any one of these factors akne to and federal safety regulations. Most of our bring aboot effective ^empkrytfe protection. work, so far,; has centered-ohoot the U. S. Efficient accident prevention if dependent on Department of Labor's Walsh-Healey regu stimulating each of these factors. It tt also lations. . . ;.-.v 1devpd ,tiat an over-emphaas of aqy one In its analyses, the Committee tias rec of these may mislead people into beflering ognized the responsibility of governmental that the ethos are not important An over groups to proride safety leadership, and to emphasis by the government or any other carry out their legal safety responsibilities-- , group on the control of physical conditions using enforcement measures where autbo-. may have eventual adverse effect on the rued. To support tins I quote from fee , safely roovetnent - National Safety Council summary report of August 31, 1962 on the Walsh-Healey regu- White. I recognize the need for govern ment regulations ~and their enforcement I believe alio in strengthening the' effective "Sound policy has been expressed ht the use of tiie voluntary system which has Walsh^Healey Public Contracts Act brought us a long way and whkh recognizes which requires that supply contract work, that control of physical eondifinm is only be performed under conditions which are a part-of the total safely program. safe for employes." I believe tint we are all sincerely seeking, The Committee is exploring the practical the same objective--the marinumi safety use of performance standards as a govern compatible with ennent soeial demand, mental safety enfonnement tool and as a technical knowhow and economic capaMBties. device to aid government leadership in the Some people, however, seem to befieve that promotion of balanced safety programs. safety varies in direct proportion to the . The Committee, in its approach, is trying number of rigid governmental regulation to reflect the importance of the two major and codes, disregarding the fact that a accident causation factors--unsafe acts of primarily voluntary safety inoimeut has people and unsafe conditions--as well as the brought this country top safety success. need for the acceptance of their respective safety responsibilities by management and non-management people. We all recognize that ingredients of a program to reduce unsafe acts and control physical conditions include: Management . leadership and support,'acceptance of super visory responsibility, employe cooperation, adequate safety education amd training of On the other hand, there axe a good number of people who think that .we can over-regulate with rigid codes and that such. a situation has a stiffing effect, leaves little room for creativeness--for alternatives. Yet, we tend to go on milting more such regulations in our laudable desire to protect .people--our. fellow man. The safety pro all, a sound record-keeping system, adequate fessions! has contributed to this situation as plant, tool and methods engineering, equip much as any cither groap. kwh /fasttriaf SnbtatsSruiciis i?&&r f m Fr';8 *ffrw m r;,? s e m m s T O m iii : Perhaps the true appal of doe tegor mdicate rtliahiy that.all of the safety prolaiioas bu. other btia. Pethapt toy ro gram factors (that I mrwrimed pccviouiiy) .. pe*otol'the need far eouSdeneefa other are so wtB metimf witit cme anotiier tot ptosis allow a to dtitte oar m rara- a good program exias. The mcet ;pcpol*?*v sibaitysnd noccuntoMity, gi** or scratch system for, such meuoremestis tbp.ASA to lent oo whoa we faafaomecne who doesn't ZltU standard-- and frprovfaet foc at least reedBy agree with oor ideas, analyses and two, measwts, ^nrj ftetpeney and mjmy - 'severity* * ';.i= : Bat dee it a Hottingaspect to rigfa Kgahtians diit;iMi he given much cni- sdentkfL , We may forget that n we control by ntfiw of specific teqniraawfilii we iatdrexteafly pnt t. criBng- oa perform .faance- The so-called tepinmcoti contimed nsthtui provide t-rtmoi pointfcwpeqplewho are looking for an . easyway.out. GradiaEy, what ru intruded rm not bere to stusnp fcr Zl&l or any otter measuring, systeuv Ihavt used it he- casne.au far,itis faefadynitinaatly accepted system. Furthermore, I have nqfMntf .cbe : tbat l can use tritib greater practicality or cestSiVnre. Tin' bopefui tint icene thy we .. will refine it further or even find a better measure. It tcihafv it tat the' perfect tobearnmnniun,be<ixnestbeaccepeedfaty-- . The per fomanee principle of Kgtdatiom. and safety progress mffen. Rdyit* solely might well be bcSt sroond ote'*H *ifetj 00 specification type rtgnlaticnt waters down performance rmfiratnra sudi asfrcqotncy - responsibility because they provide a set and severity. As a better roeasarc or roearK of rides that one can follow and tben wnb ores, are developed, fame: n^kt'k' S- `; Msbands of. the whole badness, even though stituted. ' they nay not produce the desired accident Under such a system.tafcccancritprcH| prevention results. Experience in some of - grams would be guided hy: overa&.phat the regulaticns-vttldded European countries perfornaace--apertonnancemtasureor supports tifa opinmi. measnres tiat woold reawraMy reflect the .. Safety requirements which are set, by the Soundness and egectivenut of'theplant government should he flexible so that they safety program.- Thus a gnatar:tote'of will readily accommodate increasingly higher the enforcement effort won] be : directed . safety performance as our knowledge, desire toward the poor'performer*. Sadi a system and economic capability faoease. Ultimately, provides an incentive-far good peitoniwcwc. safety performance--by this I mean results and at to same tim* enforeement nwasarts and accomplishments in terms of Hfe and are nsed where they hive tbepotrotiel of property protection--la the measure that produemg the greatest toast ofaafety ha-. counts. provement--with the had artor. Therefore, many people have mggnieit that oor regnlatioa for safety he performance stirmilatrTig. rather titan methods Smiting. 1 subscribe to the perfacmance *fsehooL" I To some of yon thii might sound good-- but even with thesececpfe.t can hear to chaBesge, "Fine. hot how would it Worir? Be more specific." betiete that performance requirements better Although ill of the bugs haven't bear': assure the safety Tcsuhs flat we want worked : out. I think we have the makings A performance system requires that guv* eminent regulations be stated in terms of the performance required. Latitude is pro vided in the method for accomplishing the results. of a workable plan. Let's apply it to. fae safety adinmiitiatiai of. tiie Wilsh-Hcaky Act, which coocqm manufacturers lecejving government contacts in the amotmt of $1(1000 or more. Meaningful performance requirements are not easy to come by* hot they are possible and practical. They can provide either bread or specific requirements. ' For the broad irafimtor. the safetyenglneer and others have : been and'atin are looking for the one measure that would Here .it is suggoteil that the foBowmi might hold: First, use primarily the contractor's actual experience to judge ermpKanrr or aoxrafcpEanoe vritt-tfae objective stated fa the ggt; - In tha leipeet. injmy rates might he toed foe precontract dttBsdnMsau of die levd of 1963 National Safety Congress ; . " safety. attained' by coabactors; to ;detenmne ; aroundah -everchainging- set- of -indicators their.riigibility Jar contracts sabject to. tbe - and :standards.' rThe- .'measure.- of average ' Walsh-Healey-Act- >vTliink ofthemceirtive to keep records, improve;'-odr izKHyiduid peri(^inance$. Theo^ . the ;ispur: to initiate' programs,-, to trials sdf- - retically, we would-neyeT catch npiuntil- the evaluations., average became rd.: -T^ : automati In additicBi, iDitny rates we^ be use^ cally, pressure-is on~cvcrb6dy to'imprdye.' direct' enforcement presstirc- dnto high acci- Further,- the voluntary stand^uds teferred tfent rate operations.-' to are continually:'changing as-our know- ' Now,.With regard toregulatiqm govern how. matases;. .. Tf^ ihe needed levds -.ol. ing physical' conditions. therewould be the performance,: in: this-respect^ grotn i.ton* fbfiqwing: ; : . ; *'* v- tonallyhigher,tba * 1.. Recognitionof that portion of the. Act. that xnalces reference to. state codes. . TKs j ;a tirimibnail sketch of a perform^ ance oriented system. V& . Wbere.it is determined that state requirenients. are-inadequate, and .if there is ; .Fve given' tbe Walsh-Heal^ sitiritio& 'as . an example:! In.oorcommittee'work wer;are': authority: to establish. higher. standards to conridermg riot. only Walsh-Headey hot dll attainjhe objective of the Act, there should state : and iederal safety regnlations and be -reliance on -general physical performance requirements. evahatihg-.thc applicability- of pyfomaoce standards to them. > ** In these instances, wherethere are stand ards^and codes produced by American Stand ards Association, National Fire ProtectionAssociation and similar groups, a contractor's compliance^wito.sudi codes wonid be coo; sidered to be compliance with the general performance requirement If a contractor is Should-we be able to harness performance ttaiiifatjg amt paxtknhriy ttyw that,measure and evataate: total' program cilectiv'meis-- to assist govenascatal ^e^ kadership ;and enforcement,the following benefits will aceure: '. . 1.. Promote .the keepingof records...' cot . in compliance with such standards or Z Pnxnote. mitiatioQ of new, safety- pro- codes, Jhe: contractor would be allowed to grams.. show that .an existing condition is 'not 3. Promote program sdfevaltatkn .by hazardous. x plants. - Finally, where standards and codes of die above types.do not exist, the recommendations of trade and professional associations and other'qualified organizations, and the judg ment of professional engineers would, be utilized to determine, whether a specific set of conditions is hazardous under the .actual circumstances of operation. Please notice that this system, is built 4. Direct enforeemmt procedures to poor, performing establiriimada. ' I betieve that tbese poiwble benefits to the advancement of accident prevention are so great that any. system that might bring them about should be explored with an.open sond . --not only by the^-Natiobal- Safety Council but by other groups grinding .bmmrti, V rtnVra, professionals and the goienaneat NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North IIIcNgan Avonuo CMeago, Iffiools 606U nirrta u 02243-12* i:' -. t-y^r H'::---^: ; '.v- :v;:r |HQ||S(fvQi->|9Yfl|0l|V^f- 'X. - * - I l- . 'jea--tbtej;heif. ^hyj^yw1fifawiwiw^?tijjai/ilto>^ of .u'Awlilal' '|M^M`'-Il*llltol^ Wctf-'M^fltfcihbld' Spit '; itSmi^ai-akiinatafcwaUyaiccepfafe or \ |fiiwam^WWawliHirti^tawiiwwily7:^h' ferrcif tbaaMAC tUna. ' ' - ^ 'iv -Sincc-acmiUugtiriatxtipmiat,--! hs4 . ..'^?^fmle^e^'oti;*pori^!l%v^apBl^l.w.'k. .. siiRiitelhf-'x;'.eetei:'dVdx--t!iii- lasted Hit are.pennittibte i*xteiingSrst| . SarietWnod ggdcTthciin*r ofthc.USL .mil: bjeBncvc& ------ PuhDc^HalthSerTiai. Oqr porpcae ana fe-atadyf Soria 'Cnethoifa ttedfa ludumlal ' *f*! ,*?/*? "WZn~,rr-,,.,,-----^,,--ra!_,^-__. . the rente in Adr fodojtrial woek. Id** hc^Xinte^lDsn^^ tbtt',t&s mk* *?**> fr* . JW' bttfa^*ow o Me ofthepceb- ^:>vijiidi}.rat:,afeliflsatV)K' . areM aea&i wlsfe f*4&ia*tfb . meihpl! fiw-^')nC.>^flCI'lftM IK <`ttrww> rA ->*> Tyee^fafrfftit* >*TMm fewiaod a^efeetJWftSBkt ,. icyaH^tie. i hopr -tfitt tfrf trrri tfTf:*w^' lalhefirrt place, what are these ficnres the-ejrteutitfcat.the ;AGGBttafrrfawtite . oonanonly refpntd to at-.fineehctt: Bant mow. other tatmhtKei jweotpafty - gifl 'iaf rabttaaad.MAC ralae?ln*aienl,l date nat <aJy: lord*.acceptable oa.attee- interpret, theaesinloeaai (dtet .ts be nKd ' rreighledbara tntalao wiH inandemtiriaial laeootroffingihe degree of erpoaoreto err- Talaqan^.cdKrAfocetetiaupWaate; to tain aiifcgn*.^niiamrnaife'te\tbe.:cntirete ' the intelligent nre'ofioch Sgmt,-. .i >;' mertaTwod^ Bade in tbe ilte MOi aadeady SCTt tb* hora po tefc Sen itji.jmimA. iv jAemoty rrifli which In.**aod*ted<8d iate&BC* period** teWtdr te a-gmt dealof taxieologknlworirnr n- aot repruent a fines Hnebetweeriaafe and enl c^ tte ceaazutt'diVxteidedfaahata. heeanjoea cooceiilralicui. jv.r. ^.. Tlvi'ieilc canintdiMtelitejloaBfo^ ~ ;:Erea tboegftterapdacai'W cal peopcrtjtaof- thcae matcrMfieewaimUf.' . l^.lii^vidm;ji^l(AGWlDMta.te.0K diSert^aadt.tlatrae cpald.ncifieaprai^la asK, Ii teinofc .Thia l* a Sercnce ta a.aingle 6gore..-tl*:'.BQtail..iajf<aaK tbSoKfkj. atbkh l b^era to be. fascia- wefdvfi* ;intettial<n]^o^ nee*di^.-. mortal; ::-5.'->.:;.;.: .': proper!;a?>*tefi*<tar&^*:g^&^' - The fintrfaoldfiailtTtlacsaapntfifiirdby t*00-' , ? file Ccnfercbce of GimRainitd JateKral Jn an attea^t to meproce ccemeieifcatiB^ -. Bra>out>,.in: MMDc^ refer: tb edota ol^ ew.'ptopeeed'aitwo-Tdaailrn^edftjIaaiBfi - 33 ' K :< ~*r~. w. < 1963 National Safety Congress consisting of a. maximum figure and a time* <frthe severity- of the consequences of over* weighted average figure. The maninumtats .<pc^mftjOwgfderigning>i expensive and defined as the. concentration below which . unnecessary. .. : .there/was-.little lBceEbood of.any significant;. awlt*-jfor^hete ^rcas^itfaai!?anvtak-any acute bf\chrocSc effect The mayfaanvfig-: , opposed tp!i co^value system of hygienic ure-was fairly easy, to .determine from.the-'' stabdirds; I believe /tout' whenever possible, results of anijml ejcperin^ts and observa- values. should be given mriirating: (1) coo- . . tioos od human subjects bat- the-- time-! . ceqjbatioos dangerous jto lifejvh^^ex^sures. wdghted'.avttige' figute Iwasjmore:diffidiIt<:!^are?tfoi!>':ifiM to 30../ because m.reality,/it v^.;an"c3^ression tof/.' jninptw)^T(2^vah>es (MAC values) which opinion as to how rim&./hetatf the, maxi* casH^ ^bb^toceeefed for! mote than short mum the average should be. p>nib^/iritbj^./<auKng. an ..adverse effect; . Tins' opinion must be based on^several :!and/1(3) tin^wwghted towage (TLV) . ' factors. FirsVztich an average concra{ration/! values which should npt.be weeded for. a shotfid .be' one which:mall pit^xahi^ty^ will\ .tonot cause significant adverse effects even thoughexpogaretef^ period!-; ofSecondly, it 'should indude /some - appropriate margin of; ^ety and.thb.shbuld * `be '.based. :on . .the ajtecqud^ ': exposure: A material which. Causes. injury - the central nw'vpns. syste^ the^. eyes,. bode marrow, gonads,/or. other.vita! organs In / addition/ the tabulations shbold give ..the;approximate.odor/titres^U,- the-.conse- queoces; of. overexposure fromboih ;acute aMchrmucrCxpe^ detail: but insiinjfe: languages mdustf&Ahygfemtt-er. W wfflkxibw wdai toexpect- ' i . / /. should be accbrded a wider inargin thaxt/bbe .-. I knowthtsis a- departure .!ram ; oar . whichcauses slight merima'tiba or reversible. .present!'daiy: ccocept o sods control .stand* functional'/changes m `.the: centra!.' nervbco. ... ards,'but we need titis- information;.badly:. v system pr^other organs; ! 1 - /I'.:- tibw.and^wewiBneeditmcrein^to ''/.It shockT be'' noted - that/', there. are' 'jar" number .of valnes,m/the table/of threshold Emit values .:`whidt ^ . twon' toxidty, but 'upon ' objectionable odor. or T:do. noifgb akog iiri&:thbK^rho:say!that vremustketp^th^ hygiene standards oabWae^tabkst for/ tbe sake of rimpGcity: 1-/::^!.:Jv,-:/J; simple' reversible''eye or upper resjpiratoiy . I say tbfr:pne*value fabler -are-fax'too irrilation. To me, a value. based upca:uch complicated; vThe 'ofdmary/pttacii- doing consequences of overexposure , must be'used . safetywork took* at such figures as `law. in a manh$r.<pnte-ffere&t thanpnewhich He cannot be expected to' know thebosu is based bn frank toxic injury. ! haveUno uppnwhlch -tiiey were derived: Therefore objection to establishing permissible levels . he cannot/,be expected tomake judgments; * in the worknm on'the basis of objection: nor.should:he., / J- .-i . able odor or irritation,--but ! do believe that .. Even-some-of-;us who aie/practicingiin- - vrfcep such is done; itishotfidsihe so desig- dustrial* toxidplc^y. and hygkoe every day. . nated. * ! cannot keep up on all the vsdnes pr-the rea- 1 fed, from practical experxence, that there . sous fof~tijetn. Tbey need so much interprei are.times when -a'Httle unpleasantness tan tatim tiut bpinkm fonnedrcoe wtric may be tolerated, and even permitted;' if 'it is he.dzmged td wede when new information .- known that no hazard to health is involved becomes -avaUaMe This is the-;avowed' re-. in such exposure. True hazard''to: health , sponsibUity' pf the ' hrfnstrial 'toxi^ . cannot be compromised; ornegotiated,' and mdu5tria]'hygieust-- --- whereas discomfort is, in :my opinion,: a There. are those'wbo `say' that/^the data negotiable item: to make multiple entry tables are hof avail- .. Furthermore, it should.be remembered,that able and/hence there .would be a'preponder hygienic standards are being used by design ance of empty' spaces; Tl^t sir^ly means . engineers and safety engineers in designing that tbere is more: work to be dotie It is plants. The degree to: which' the engineer; . ho reason why; the information available . must make certain that normal operation should - not; be given.^Furthermore, T -see - can-be carried on within generally: recog im reason for notTttaldng.educated guessd; , nized hygienic standards will depend upon calling: titem. just ;tb^t; rmd: then, revise.the . - tabk - ar~* 5is*i w **It - gfen Wd to'g cent -fitid veto rite ft ft how roccs :JO . 'r.tfc 7cm tint pot* ,but Kfnte -he;. r vU Xthe yen /* bs -It gies yah dim coo is -T -tion 'tiut pci ;K=i Mis-i ;OTJ eSe II mammmw mmmmu im m .rs m m m .... i? 3' - istst , thC , ^/adtubritt^^tcU iSetriout.. : tibleseaidii m'it*.'CBvDyOVP!epD.'.E.tI.m>U.".>w_wiK|-Ejj.vfBcyl*tiVr-lDaCOi{lStC*9C- ?_-9t-w---8-fl^KfbT-- - a*:.T.jew;rolmonaatieo>. .____ may occur. The resfifstsft.frccn.two.cr.three - i..iS>Swtena><*i.9fr'<Gofi peeksatxxnrring:wfUrffcardtortitlim* pin-be- , gienlstsititiDvt.ikingwith thrirtibolition yeapectsd mg.U ysmA'^Bibi%.:*etiDei>ata if: tiiese'ypeidcs.rnoatfe''at.'SWl^sepefided;.: -: : 41t>.mM;'lwv'<lKa0ktd iB^intatrid'^' intervals. tX.- vief, i: Xir. y:.- .': gfaworic,hoacvcrvthat eHmitorstJu>d-y :I thinlc it is mo5t important to emphashf * , Lant..i*ji*i^V*aa^svfkhM^-?Jbtit^tf-ra.--soide-'..; tbednvortaiaxjdfisanip&iC'pedoedtn^S^ot ~ .. to*goixlloperating'.coodftions...Every poaciio*;" ':sampdns :iii<ay;'pdortt'Wity:^tayasaetS: SotaL y ing'iuJmtiUl hygienistknows Ihat-ttie coo*1 : esporiaep if.sitjtodK:as^^toVrnSsi''diJd*. *****1~** V fct.ll* ... : .eipoaufeJ/^faadriih'i.'flieiybmittiSfof'yflieitW1 ^ : AidaM'Bi'^Tpioe^t'.cjdeii. u'Jote de* trahediinvdtiga&.itlnapybftaoayeasyoto vtiepf';** iaifc(ratkn'Ment%;''ti>m .'than* '.-sin^yVid^^cMaiis^^ediK^^oe^tes.' rite to'?',*t<aafycoKtntCTtfcia.--U.&tbese' ' Sernfleit:italceh-ydytrvaketgyperkstymayrbe/ - 'peak" igo .aboe.the acrrp^mairitmgTV 'adeipiade^twUatinatiiiffitp^yexpbwre^^^ . itiaimpattant to iittvbow hith goipd . yfliq^<ailyt.givgtflie':'vtroeleonceiitrt>co : how.jfttqnrotly,J-they;esO sbe;- espcted,SO: !.atHy.flaVpun^ag^pieri6^'ira7flds>nay';be v-. Occur. ;.'.:si." ,ihadequat<ii<Siiy^vtoYooeI^eo^kyys'co*r . tiiBKVlsySatnpling:- proceduresywhichy-recoed- y<3w:^ak.o tbeitiaxkeIo^>t<d/r:.ibjQh> the coocentratian yai-.'riiechriveysbdftrrin^ : igknat to- evahi*le.L.tbe;sig?ufiant;to Ifhe', yoverattroptStv^ ;tijii^,.,cany.S(d--.*ebS*- .-Isirhy.s.tio'siucaiisyjeiiSiinpie'nssiguuicntrrdit.-is quite r:possible:Y!for..t;:;*ing^ :'v.<KowspefaiptJ;::doi^Sy^2ferlioed*\ :pqesre vwiiiJrtt.-Jer. .abotfl-.Vritat'- vnflsaW''.in;flie'-.Siriwt TXoariat. bat a few insntn. vdy pet provide: a.total i As manyrofyaif Iniow.oflieiiiiisiHtiiiiriallow-. intensity,of..exposorein.excess of.what can ;ahlc coneentratkais: in: the.thSjSJR.::are:l- n|irt..shift,, If.' flu*.. raost allvcoirisideiahfy:below; oofs and lower iiC^,tj^jeffipk^j^^.<ajwrpoamtl .. bci.ii.itTiMpen*. '-W-VTliit'yJresdspei * great tradition -d^ of rigmScaTO to rhy 'dat^cwheflieV ... fimitioeali'ibiorfHTnH^-'w^ - :ff,:-y^paic^? jiitg...Mpcrjii^<iei.-.atbB ;aa~ cravberietectediiti:expdsedmirn^ lm> esposruC'-leTCi.vtbich is1afrearhrcrowditsg man beings. By tfns l mean'that if they cah ., ytoe nickrc^tbci flop.become wry stgnih* ' detect any change 'tfaey:'ccsi3iticr::thiS .to.be .... leant and-may becxpcctcd tbtayeanyad. a detrimaital effect eveh 'if ; the change 'is vent, effect -If they arc- soperinspesed. opon readily reversible or if acclimation radDy , a base ford which is well bdbw die accepted occurs. ;.y.vv.:ijfti;;.; limit, then they may. bave Htlle sigrrifiranre. We saw electroencephalograms taken from ; Itisnct nnnvpmon atnostg indtwtrial hy nwwal which1 showed changes foe a few1 gienists to average or to time-weight the days after the start of a riyBfled eaptiiuie vahjrx they chain in a plant Survey and to and then the charts 'were entirely normal ^ - draw cnodusiccs as to the safety of such - even though exposure1continned. Even such ccexfitKos frornthc resultant figure- .Tins changes were' conndered/ adverse and flie- ' 4 . is not a.validprocedure..; , limits1 promulgated were below 'those cans* - ;: Timc-virighling assumes that concentra- .ing such effects I have crarsiderable diffi* - tion-titne (CT) values areyecostaat and ctrlty justifying such low levels co the basis' -thisiatrneoulyifthe skrpeof tbe re^ of such observatitxis. -- > spouse curve is wet itassumes flat CTe=' y Inr aijothcr^ nuliuiMv we saw cntjres rtepe .. K for al] rangesof coocentratioo and this 'resenting the effect upon certain conrEtioried yis ;not true' because of variations and/or reflexes which indicated quite cbnchrsively - tfigcrenoei. in factors soch as rates of:ab- - that ; ptblbngtd dailpfl ektashn. :<Siiad; a sorptkn and efiminaiion and tbe nattrre of progressive change which conld onlyibe coo- . effects produced.: : .. ' isidoed adverse Ttds .was St ai stated ccn- v It also does nbttake into' cendderatioa centtaflon below .thaf eoosidered.to-Se.witb- 'A . ' <\ f- tv y X *s u !>'d - t"o*is - <r j -* P* -` r --'Y J96J National Safety Congress 5^- ' ... out effect -in the U.SiA. It this: avtdd-te.use-of.iolvetttSjioriotirermaterial*, was actually caused by the stated cooccu- wineh Smight itreata'st'.tmrie'jhuardi'iBow: .'cVS-t tratioc, tbmtheyart'rigbtahd4^ widelyltlm`ex<xllent pratiees7wiudi T:sSw. . wroag.Thnonly question inmy mind in tins' case iywhethertheir.analytical method 'are-xOUhSyijmiiiaihiag^Drily. be sunm*ed,v-.:; ' 5 y-m is rejijible and tins I have no way of-know- ; previmtiiig;sJllexilK)S^itrtJi*sXirtion*eheml^. mg. ^ '.,>1 .V ealstdtheydseettm ta^pay vBttle.i'.Mtentioa., to, .:r ' There is no doubt-that the criteria theyj aaftty.:,Tha;stej-.ia - their.,!acSorie*.. Mlfc: are usingto measure neurological changeare' . broken,; there'aieclow.j.flvefhead^iwes tali' i -.ifcj more sensitive than thosewhich hare-been:, beamSj-dhene ,is. jtmgnatded,;,f*st.-.nwvntif Vj;K routinely employed in .this country, inl ine cqnSpcnail;itiierer^ jfmibeniers atefitebes, dustrial toicicology.'On . theother handi-T and.:rsirelrv<Sd:|I^see::Sa{^i-giasset;w,;<5et .viB* ; v.rtna saw very tittle arjmytkal ejuipinent -width' ptotectiott;.:This;:ppareot;lifk:*f attendee, . ,'stioa was comparabk to^oais. Tbeyi are .dcaiia' . to'.stmimednitiGdchastr^itvindted hprd little, if any, cctitinuour analysis oftbeir. to:ratioqaEstt,-ir? \- ; wtn krln industrial environments or .of their.experia mental inhalation chambers.-They ate .umng spot sampling hut evtnhere, I was not fine pressed by the reliability of their sampling or methods of analysis. . : I dso turre the nnpresrion that in-maiqr. lIneioangISlwold:Hke:toretnraitomy' subject--thesjgnificance'*nd:'*ptlicatim -of 5 .;.v:v industrial hygiene standards. ^ Theyato^tTgardfeuri , '< + called,'.ate oat, fioe demart^tloiit.^hetinea safe - -sihd'--ansBfeiiexpOaansi they;. eahno^-a: r.-\.r emb : Hne'.n -' fram . tain fna fsto.i instances where they believe they have :dh*:- be; hod m- leoagiiw.'theJtmdelty ? of>-* Parti served-adverse effects in human'beingS-iaS .. material withr snother/ they are nottoxicity a result of exposure at levels -ainilar^t^, ratings4 nor: 'areithey-hscard-ratingi, and' ' .... acoonBJet- our standards, they really .don't know they shoddnotbemudnapart of laws where tab) the exposure" has been--because of inade interpretattofs not.posribK'-r4'- i'.;'1 -; quate sampling' and analytical procedures, - They ate. figures'! :irHAVrxpreiot': '** - : baoh dbec ' Insofar as ihdtisWal, f^w' praic^ .in' -Y aadf hrfuslry*is concerned,' I 'can bply Say that those plants which we . were pennitted to see were clean Insofar as. environmental exposure is concerned. They ; have used various methods of, achieving' these' goals. We saw plants in which' every pump was ventilated--and ventilated well. They, have employed methods - of fabricating which use thpprope^y.'dnif taist'ikBftrnot'.eoly the'facts Upon'-dmcfc 'they' *re:.besed,l>ut qjyfr |{jg q| whichtbey' areto bettsed.;Tbekaciwl<dge which enables one to/do thli,' comei. ooly from years of training'' andotperience in the field of industrial hygiene. - ' '. - " T" * * "r* , ;" K MtB8 - *& deter - dee4 parti fag.l butt bufe ' Of,-1 Klttl the! Ca retfi dear Sr aaiy. mile hjdr Ides IBSfa small Ai nali ctok and; 36 X id* low mr, 11 *t'A ' r Uft'ad? fa* W-. *3* Son Vd toy '/of toe . tco sr city fad we 'fat K- & der to- t t igAutriof ^ ^IflE^nOKIMS #1HfrAmiCA^ S&siav Dir, In*trfJ HjfSem, Lmt'iUafrwi'fli'WnHSt1Iabonttotr,-Xo Ahew4'|{rJ(aopf Sfir'-i'/ii*;''^.^rv:'-; V. '. i':--?;jv* ~'>f-f ,:Btbee^deafias(ittii.^(pRiUen^jw tliuuttiili^ woijtostfimgifwjoae rontidet^ tioa ito;the:itjn>exol proUtm-.ireorfdt to `Wbi't- hrunfi'' fa?fatafary*ra^dockfag?t;nd!tiyin*;to CTitoU?TbcrciefeIilj .fanwntibad.obt- Bfarjol atbkvhaferdaiifalch-'fa taefulrom. fatt*tiar,tfad^:tifa;.i^ fremcwotic for- onr iilrnuim. : ? -?'- v? crlliemoOt'iiiinwrodilam^erefhtirind fajatur*,*nitiitje an comtnkmly'divided tojsak1 teufeftlOSOiQyi'JC^Ital' .:, tbeprofmlaral health ,phjikifaviH,.:fatfa'-?; andthetMUoV1 vapcert piuticB)M^MedxtBni'oe'i8vMaa::^ ttchBfcaf/Cofa^ ' aoBd 'or Bqald pnrtldti fa air. .Thete'fa*; <fadft'-:^Tiy**i--'P"Tlfllffli THh^O-fHt' tT^^T:****" certain.bdutrica,^^iftiejmiiai.Ttpp'.ia?; . tetfafa Some ofrthemnrejodk^r te - cfadiemfayiforfar.of' bnctofajifafa^mcWe'..' famlnbie in bodyfhddsind ewrttbeir.effect dbeafafathetanti vrinte/otheia'.areaofabfe.- 1SaC^9&6 'aIBngMBLijTLir^nyApatpiatR; bakejp. .eo|ik..akmMadayemJiinaaBnflikn^'itSjiiiwaaAltnt|iaeC andprodoce lytoitc,poijQQn^^.; toarahtaticnj b ' Direct reatSnffaatnimatB ferthe fa*; tahpn^oQr ;btaK|N*':v!^o^finet.vf(i actable materUtate dffiadttoirak* tface' ^naM^^.^aU^'.^t^igi^j.... aoeh imtrtmema oort,'Cotei et* odte^witO'' determine the tmttber: dr QUBttitjielpettk 'lyrtt jate1 ho iidtnitiaibf-'dLatt'' {^:d.:e#a^o.'i^toBmBi^ dee mrpendrrtfaafaSotpcdtta rejartflaa hatardt-is-.ddn. twin..deiniMmfJon fa; jiidde dnini dbodaiiSbl&Direct'ttad; fat immimtwi foe tttiioyJipcie .do .edit facdceviailogic teaedooa, facetaob^^soi-.yw; h--yTItrtm --f. bot tiwy are'vety expeorive end oftiq quite . ttt^'Be^victiwitnfa'.ini' Imtmledpajl"^- botky.Ihemomallytroek .the principle ' *t* fa place of fastnnamtShr-'/i .'.. ;...,r. :.: .':;> oflfaht ecattcrfnft >peatarfeg .tbe; fifat ,~Kacw: veo^far atadly:' fa tfafa, of.mfaed. aottcrroat tight- anafaato the boon orJo otpoenrce or mnifiple farfaiea. ItfauKimed tbe farward direction. y .-... dat ttaaaea 'do', tfa; eqfadpa,:v,,adtire -Oamt and yapcta bb it dKwndoed-mbto fa. Sane, fadnis hot net sfarigri. Ateelfas rtttEly by duct' Hedut iMtniHtBti. etnca ' One itrcaa ^m^r.'.ecns^hljr, jfnpnfafaet.n-, thtf fueiu mote tapetmeidieilMiiffi eKb~ ofaet; fa; part, -- .<*<top .faroaafmay' jto- air end actual Sepaiatimria oftnrtmDceea- diifa gre^.cffect dan vofad ^e'eqwcted aaqr. This grottpincfaclce ;tndt :nawii {rttfthe:dn^sofa..tfe\lw.jb.i^KSp^--, 'Qtstcfisis m cation ocooxifasweaty h^Vi M,;a,riypoi|it^ m fardrogtacyanlde, benol, carbon tdnchlof-; ids and mas? otherfcHcin cu'ofia has to make achoicebetwem'dirtfa^ atrnmenta ofsamplei coHectedfor laboratory anafaafa-; : . -r: r.wj. Another broad, grnop aflmardanqnlrinff nelyalraje'tbephyiieil'baaaidi.' Theae in-, ilieujCii. ____ lida^\!bmi!raAisfa.'slmk :!jbinle\'-npov.^i ^ . wUhtfacfacfasdcaUend imbo.kfiifafag.jyes ddcntpraaeaca.; Sere^. no.fnatrmdeifa^oti'' giro ifaptemlnfaim ^.fae -froUtm-.. : Bnogjlpakei at. dta-hriad fartfiae' iff ; chide problem*of hn*t;aiid'eakt'faiifeiii* ad.' noe-iooiiing' mBtfieo each w micro--. *oXrhrtht'ovoUr.k8''m. J'UiaxarnoloroKt*mdrKtoyfaCkomr.malwM'riinoaM. M-! i''-;:. 37 ii m il stfri.* is i-ita i i 1963 National Safety' Congress possible-health hazards'in industryacd rdx,. carefully selected Sntarvada;;tfaatkvcrce th$ ognmng-'that some'are hot capable of bring results andwrigb^ each-hummrripcnt'accocd- evaluated by instruments or even -by;labwa^: 'tagrt6:the|^ 'totfae foncm- to^amdys^.wlat^tt be;. tratkm rquesentediy that moqstemeat.Tbe m^ wh^ tneasin^majts fcah ^ he hade? - : result U a dailywelgtatd average concaxre- How do we evaluate a'hazard? , tioa Hence. it seems obvious that a few First, of course, we must know;thata spot sarnies usually wall not give result* potential hazard exists. This is Uke. thetddi; pcniutUng a good evaluation. ............. reripe for. rabbit stew -- the first step. 2s to Haring obtained a satisfactory^average ' catch a rabbit We also must know some exposure measurement on a particular day, thing about how serious the problem could one most eonrider.Jmw thblsaffectedby be. This requires'some knowledge ;of tcad- change* from day shift-jonight shift, winter, cokjgyand the maxtamm':$owa^ to summer rwith .thrir ventihitioh difference,: tratioo or the threshold liimtvaluo-(TLV). roottae. riiabges-; in phot* operations, daSy . However, we also' nrart knbw. that benzol changes ta.' rate and Erection ofair:move-. .with a threshold ftbit value of 25 parts'per meat AlscC> her must .consider whether the tmOtocf (ppm)-is much inore dangeroosim-' presence. <if the sampler altets the rootine dcr conditions of chronic exposure1thanhy- of the operattan ta'anymanner;'i . drogen chloride with a TLV of orilyl ppm. 1 Next, ooemmt cotisidertSephysiad form . How far beyond the limit can one go for. short periods, and what is the likelihood of a few individuals bring, injured at Iess than die limit? With every threshold limit, there of the contaminant ~is itsoluble ortasofa- ble in body flmds? Wbaf is its particle sizedistribution andin what portion.of the respiratory tracti* it likdy to deposit? What u air implied: recognition that is represents is: its chemical nature? Anode as nxn*it the concentration that has thehighest' proh* quite , different from, arsenic as the oiride.: ability. of bring .the maximum' 'safe ;c6oohi- Organic merchry isdifferentfrasn mercury tration for.a large nttmber of .people. The vapor, wfcidi is different from memuy oxide. investigator recognizes that, a":few people' One also must!consider factors whkh po- requires lower concemndcn and some can s^requirea-revistanoftbestandards -- stand a somewhat Hgher ccncentratioa ln high: temperatures, .highr altitudes,-etc: Fi other words, if we plotprobaKlityof bring, nally, arethere.Enntatkra on^the peaV dose just safe against cce^tmtioo, we wiil get rates ^as.^therc; are -for- beryilumi and.aome ah appmrimatioa to ' the weH-known 'hdl other:.compounds? -These: are all.. considers-, shaped curve with a maximum value at the : tipnstaevaiuatiog ahazard. 'i-.x-V.-v;* TLV.-The' width of this dirve^' known as - Now/let ns loolc at some "ofthe/spedfic the dispersion or standard dririatica,varies types: of instruineats available/ We can ifls- from one suhstance to another. tinguish certain dasseSi ' The first'gaenl ; Of course, what we re&Ily wish to measure usually is the dosage the man receives'si- how much toxic material, does he take-into his body? Thus, duration of exposure,. as well as conreatratiop, is important For the dass i* that which gives'a reafing ana dial, frequently an riectrkal tneter Of'aome sort These usually involve: someelectronic^ drcmtry.RigtohtreTwisb to.insert a warning -- be as. skeptical as die village atheist Re concentration measurement, we must make member. the riabqrate. countdown that prethe test on the air the man actually breathes, cedes .a rocket launching.: This-is done to that is, mhis breathing' zone.' This; often check out the electronic orctuteL Doi the same presents difficulties and there anally are two- with your riectronic iostruments, aixl:if yoa. choices available. In. some cases, we.cah at have many such instruments be prepared to tach the measuring instrument directly bn hire a ftfll time maintenance man to keep die man and have him carry it throughout them, in working iorder. ^ the working day as .we do with a film badge This class of yinstrcments;includes many for measuring radiation exposure. Relatively types operating on a variety of principles. few samplers unavailable at present for The combustible gas indicator and the car-* taking such continuous samplesta the broth-. bon inoDoride tadicator art bued cfi a tag zone. The other technique is to measure measurement o-the hmt produced by oxida concentration Mn the. breathing .zone, over tion of these materials, although the method: 38 r of Yea the ft* me If: ato yoI tea and ~>r InimitrU fyiSnttStmoia^ te die ofdteng.thUiciBfferetit b the two instru- Theccforimetrte-tuhreaadinpenpreseut *ocd- ineiire.Mtroiry;;yapee^ can-be aacaewbrtdiffetentptobleffl.TbgrSre:de Smcd- measured* hy-ataorpticaloi atoariolet Ught ceptively(rimpte;'eperate^ih>cej'cile (.The " : ofaspcxifiowarelengtii. Tbesametecbniiue is'temptedto,ignortidceir<limitatiocts;rAir. ' sborW been.tjtcd.fOT cei^ istaoilly drawntbrough. the inbt,j[lthf : i far i ... fcydrocarfibfis.. squeeze: bulb so. there iano, motor,tofail ssulta. day, loilifcf radiatloit-isrntewtred by-'d or. battery;.tojte^tace..Noyeriheless,.^iey'ido amount -bf -ioj&adon produced in an ion . prddnte,marty {>n)blems;*s%*nQ }>e'c^cfirmed . dambercreitiinltigt kbawnYofane of gas. by (anytne ;whp baa ;made:-*hi<Sa. on^fliedlt;:: Highly sensidrtdetectioc of certain ltydro- uscsg.known cccncrxitratldha JofieaHtgaliocw:. cdhy 'cteAatehu beenlteiocmylisbcdtymisaznfag - u. .These batce - been and afltl; aK iyaihflga* .;- sinter thcireffcctcn the kmiiitkm produced try a framooettdieitoatSotherduelomanufactur-' renoe,- hydrogsaBamer Oajgtn U tneasurtd by the ing. condMora. wbkh?1haKt'.not,:beenuoon- daily reduction ini po&irirttiou pradneed at arson- troDedThisiibarilyautpsisiBgto:^ njovc-. shrreelectrode.Thereiremany mote such 6ddsuefcasthistrti<Tedie.rBjterSpretiB:;V tr tte deyicesyarying'widely in sensitivity; ttlnhil-- cSsccryering fadorswUdhBiqt*b*.ccitttrolled-~ ; -i ttr. and'- case- of maintenance;- All require There basrJbeeiliiuiptowtntgb'ifepaeticallr;:.. - . some reliable method of aBbratke to be alt tubes as eXperiaice basrbeei*gaBied ty "- form usoluirdde >f the What '! uiplied prior to each dme.it is'toed indie . users and mafcerv andscsneSubeshavebeen ' fiekL ! withdrawnfreorptpductioc.jTberfflmfacy'~ ; ::-The seoood date' oldirect reading Instru tntg.canbcneSt:lgdm::u>c^r:esp&ignce~^^ ments are - those which produce a color only if he bears ot d:iendtatnd:ifvthe change in a sensitive chcmkal throogh width restdts are viewed crideafly^ V --. ine is. tlwairtobc t*stedlsdrarm.Thiiisaiai - .One form of ,yarialiHtyI;whlch ,hasvbujj . numerous class -and cne which hashada troublesome,, but is obriotB ito the useru is : sicury great dcal df dodopmein in recentyears that produced by. ootHmifotuuty:'itt.'Pirtidev . oxide, These dericcs dependco a ccsnparisoo oi - die. of. the mcdW usually Bea:ge!;whic! . rpbs- -the color* produced against asetof stand-:. suppe^ta. the rooting .ebjimtal.^Tbe :rasuit . rfs -- ard colors orthe measurement of.the length in sospe:-tubes is. thrt hs tiangiortatiocfthe:- : .'-.`oftbestahj produced iniatube packed with -gel.fractionates- jntovarenisites-bygr^y&y., reacting chemical, and the En* between staag:iand'nD.rtyittJu. nob:; iderapacific; There & now avaBalfe wide assortment - shanr but stretcheeJn^nlarty .ecroea .dte of tuhesfoetuecomany eommdirehemicals tubeandmay-extend.mudiffanlsct^ade in the atmosphere, * These indude tubes for . side than the other. It is JmpoanUe to; ob . hydrogen suIfidt;rainatichydrocttbttu,lj- tain an accurate rrtufiag a&h.aacb a-tube. a dis- . dragon cyanide; carbon monoxide; ' trichlo -:-...Tbe:.txtbe*.*aiy,eosuadexa^y,ftt.;ifaeir: de--- - meial roethylene, -totyleno diisocyanate, mercury gree.of ifainical stebifity/wUcbLdsb it not , idial. :J> vapor, ant others. Manufacturers. of these tcnpriimg .m.the trained cheUit.-The,user t .sort. tubes supply lengthy tea of chemicals which' .. fij'.-,*ti^e1:life..rf.:inort tS^ujTOfbepro-'-: 5?drimtny ' may be detected by suds tubes.-Such-Beta ba^. aandembfy.bgr-.idbn^inrdaex^iig.- . adsnetimes groan exaggerated imptesnon of mlrm, Jiqweycr,,.d)e puiehaief . bat* t Be-. , tbe yemtiUty of this techniiue since edtn* nd. t>ay.of lcncrwh;h<Wrjong;,the.Ltnbrt.; . : pr*- pounds are-often included foe wirichthe haye be 'oh'.ithe suppiier'S;.tbelf..and:*fi^t oe to. same f-yoo red to keep : tubes have oufy a limited sensitivity. ' h*ve' E bcen tbe ' stecage.' rcinfflirsii, i'Becog- ` We .mist consider tbeintnnsic limitations niyfng wysyf.; pwmfiw1 ' of these various internments. We have td- pattmg'-in eqcauti^dtte^bM^ tdee*^;.! ready menticoed some of die problems with -- -Hates-of daisnicsl^ reaction are Very de- - theclectrfcaldevices -- maintrnjincr.'com- pendpit- on: tempaatme 'and, - hesi nauiy . many riples, : car at aids* pooent Unreliability, and calibration retjidranients. To these jtadd'be.added.poisqcing ofeatelysts byinterfering schstsncesiti-thc 'atmosphere, changes: in sir flow rates, and vohhnes, and battery replacement Foe these .reason*' a routine schedule of r maintenance tubes will jptye hicotTeer reafings at Ugh or lowtemperature* When tuberneat be toed in-eold k>cationt,:it:la a gaod practlce 'to carry diem''in n'indde-poclcet next'te dce body wbesie they can: be' ltept warm-Thor must be used quickly after removing them iethod: and 'cSbradoois a necessity.v from thepocketTbe alrdrawnthrawtftthe;.. 2V63 Kalionai Safity Conprtss tube is cold and, hence, resulcsobtalned fictot tnrt squires farlHtim nbt atwaya vIl- with able da .toe todsastrito: plant!: It: it'necessary caution. Extreme temperatures changethe ; totrave-toraetypeofeharnberandtoproduee volume of airdrawri through the tobei al*) ' intbe: dumber an.taatapbtra containing,-a affecting the results. known, leoneeatntocni of.' tot'cintatnhtant If. more than one sitostahro is present fa Since: a tube, once used forcalibtitiaiis . fileatmosphere; it msiy cause mterfertoee -worthless, for. further ta^.toii.tnethed dues with theaccuracy of thi'taSt; gfoing'iitlitr': not"gjto.tomphto'fto^toninto'Shiut toe an- a eotor ttolch' cannot.be: matched itoth a ctosipy to msnmeqta witobtoertabe*. simdaMoraniirahtoieiiiuig.Sdmettibei .'^footysotoi sol^':jubeimethi4. (fiffopfrqin cane with detailed instructions;for tbdruse electradc devices or eoBeetico -to! sample* including a*listof josdde interfering sub- for; laboratory, arislyili. ;The'.:;be*t that, can stances.' Unfortunately, many people fail to be done lit.to..test, askfiqite mtmber df tube* read the instructions completely or theyare irom cach lot produced by,the rnanufsetarer. unaware of toe presence of-interferences. Ifthe rramberioftnbesusto dpdinotjustify There is considerable variation' among top-, parebato of :a::Catotombte;,'Bnmber .from piers in toe amountof information which a: toven;:prodnidica;;k<r the cost of. tube* . is given. used: fdr.hsupi.;<*l>toi)ionomay.:malce;!totor The tor flow through toe tabic totally is use unjust^eij:...?; .v produced by either a squeeze bulb nr a hand The dangtos frotnimprbper toe of direct pomp. The squeeze truth is subject to vdame reading itottiantnls or-from false.teatonga variations depenrtjng on .how: tijjitiy it is on colorrindicaling tobet are fairly obvious. sqnwxed. The hand pump is less variable, Asia result ofifew measurements of high but leaks in valves or past toe'piston-can conccntratiocVan inadtqnatdyinioto matt give false results unless the air volume drawn , tntoddga.harard.evaltiatucitniy shutdown . is ducked periafitally. ; an operation resaltiugjin coosidenbie fain-- New preeision-madepumps are-atecent rial losvQntoe otherhand, mrtolntugkjfcto devdopmentwhich'is helping to lessen Itols attendonto .Htnttotinm of these iBslnunetoit. difficulty.' Many tabto'afe.affectedhjr'toe it is quite possible to. get tow, seertongly rate of tor Bow as' wdl as'Ey'toe'total safereadingalahd. stitlbaye-a .nto hsrard. volume drawn through the 'tube. This floW' leading to occupational dusase and excessive rate usually is regulated by a fixedor vari work losses. able orifice and must be checked regularly. Letuslook-at anactoal case, which 8. Dusty conditions will quickly plug such lustrates some cf the distiiictions between orifices, givingloirtor flow rates. ; directreadiogand laboraloryanalysls. There Color blindness. wbidh may be unsuspected is rio rcal qualitative distioctioo.betwren by the. operator, can lead to false results,.' these. tochmqoes, . end in ,ome cares they imperially where ctoars:mtot; be mattoed gradeintoooeanotheriAt LosAbmovwe against standards. KnaDy; die.edit of these had.an operation involving thertkaseof devices must be studied carefully. The initial hydrogen- chlorideinto the working artv In ---cost toutoly is kroasaraparto with aneleo- order to. measure- the air coKentratioa, tbe trorSclastrtiinentor a pumpand bubbler sys industrial bygUoist could havetheehoalit tem for taking samples for laboratory atoly- make up .ai solution: (attaining .known tos. The tonpSdty of sampling,htrwever, may amounts of sodium hydroxide in aaeriea.of result in careless use of tabes.br in the taking- imbblersorimpmgtrs. the ebtaaminated.sir of an excessive number of samples. It mavtoe. , cpto.d-belrhtaim ithtodghieichbubHer/jit.*. necessary to take' many samples:to Srafc measured rate for. ai find period cif.timii.aiid iniormaticn etpnvalat.to a single integrated the samplers returned to . the laboratory. sample for laboratory analysis."Unless.usage * There,; the excess sodium hydroxide Would rates are well known, many,tubes may need he back-titrated by. the chemist' withhy- to be. discarded because they have reached drochlbric.aqd and.toe tor. oaito<toadons pf . their expiration date. Careful study of these hydrogen chloride calculated. Thir then factors may yield surprising results in terms would be thc hboratory analysir.method. ' of costs... In-this partietder totuadcs^ however, toe Calibration of toe instruments is not dif- industrial hygienist decided to use a diSerent T>roduet Matnliwi-t iimlkmUfgitLnLLil- " bntioa'Jf : pthoddoes at tfae.no-" ta.tubet. Tap from E wmplw that an rof tabes ct justify ber.fmn of, tubes alee their of direct pobrioo. t of high bad mm hot down Ue I 4 hazard. toctiilie. Mdt 8between is-Tbere .between uestbey deueiof ' area.Io itkavthe icfaemitt '.known totoiof tatei.alr BerVifc a. timeand boratbry. fckwM eithhy-. itioctt of ; >ii then mr,tle different - fwdwrirjal MJtfttSfufau * tecIuifaRm:He:had:tbecbeit;ue smaller.; 'known,; ^Jtactormf mtey aiiwn^e,to pros **qnandeypofptqdiWJrhafdrmddeibKecb bubr. , bfcriondijplMe'iitiniEndtatot- m; the-solmkav; - tconigicujypflyJjTi|i^,ip panji? i ** lnotbe.-4dirtben, 4he;tlndustrial.IggjatUt;: dtem air,1h*oi<jfa..the. solution at.-a.known ranitftrom exam,, ratemxfmeasttredthe tfane.it took,in obtain. igatians. andjori)er,.pro?t^fts.tf> doted fay, aicote;jchange;in. dmbubbia,I?tmtbfr Sersenriririty^. ^ - ./ H vdmpe.of *lrpdrwatfarotitfi,IewMWe:to. ;Tbe extent of the problem is.best Uhus, determuto.theslr- coocartratioo^hjdrogea' tnte^bgh nferaxe.'to:b:eriess<df graphsini chlorideibyaiveqpjtinrfeialt^ wbkbr thewdiroto'slxmtbe.prob^^ : then, is e|ptitUy . a direct ,reading method.: a giia measuRment.bdag.ibscfaitiriy.mrmb::.. ''Both'tfaetlkdiiert'-adeqatt for-tneuttriat and tbopbtrisw OTtyteitjfWBon^ioiyof s tfmtir'txxicentritioaatthtpolntoflSm-:' cixttymjnsnt.When coe,mak| a,ecocentra\ r pHng. Itiboald be notedthat fat bothmethodi ; Son-measurement >oe. nwagee. the reagents. were prepared by a trained cuocenttatJonvthe-rsBdtibe owahu,,*tngfe: cbembt-ln meicaee^tbedaltutpeltgrgiedtt > UtthetOM having:thc.Jdghrtt, PlfiemBty.O^- tookta wunpfe:ior::xed period of time. bth.0Rict:.Bighex-ailowermgi|ies>ietO:< in1 the other he samplerf nmil he rawa eofarj lesspr^ahtebut mill PMsibfe .I{:.coe.eeobl:; ftonger;Es8entoWyrnoditreience-.m-eldll;a:' acttuOymeasnre.-Udtdegieeofiprob^hi&y^o reqnirtd.. In: ther. "cfarrctrcading";Tnctfaod, hewouid:ol>taipx^mtlirinBtar;to:}ne;jeftt he csn-now-takerto second- sampteswith . band, cum of ^%.. ].'. 2be vridthf.^l' mi* < the: facte shoot rhls'first ranltalreadyco enryeis a. measnre:of,the.aaatta<y.of^die^i hand. , sampling method- 5 , .,,1,'^ Tbisdi tbe-crucial difference between the cathodaandthleUwbereibtaMr.of.tiie L r.. 4 ' ditectmethod mast bewary.Hemaybeled en/atiaBtefieddng higher orlowtr,,*: .77.. --if; ' eentrathxia and: away from bSt.-ebjedbe:of measuring:':tfae/rnan'i .dtposutesjmdd.; truly.; typicalccoditioeiVA^ is. creitcd.Iy.igiiomBcejdf-dbefanmaKatriyism".. ccdingTesclb.:AmQre:reprcacntativeg3mplc ' y'ti .Vtm-?be;trifit4ihe4R..Ojfte?<!8iae5l!n4 #mi** ?1< ^progressively increasingknowledge ofiiesulti.: tosharpentbepredsiooof sampling. * . Safety, engfateero; have been using direct reading instruments for many years to de- .ti|- :\-V.-y. V . tectcombustible and explosive.gases and have saved mage. lives as a result.. Should amsr ".v` not this experience.qualify them for. a rim*. {Ear use of direct reading devices for lead or carbon tetrachloride? Note .that in tfae. case of explosive gases we:are looting foe peak conmtratuNU. not related to is man's exposure. Also, explosive limits are physical. 1/U constants which can be. modified oply.within ` narrow limits.. ' Threshold Unfit values must be interpreted .... *e*y` ,. . ,*T broadly, 'recogmring that thevalue really ^ ; The riidit hahd cnrre of Fim I . : varia. canridembly from coe individual to our knoMedge of the riuesbotdi&iit yahie.. another with breathing rate. Individual de for rite euhetenee tmder invtstigetinrii The1: fense mechanisms, txatriori-rate; nutrition peak of the cum; ita peint of hipest probe; factors, infection, use of alcohol, temperature ability, is the -nhie rf the TLV whkh is and other conditions, scene of which art tm- ghren in the tablet of the Amerian Oxi^ . t :. '. ::. `;-V. ,< . ;_ ' ^ / _. \ * ! iWJ National Safely Congrtss ferenceof GovernmentalIndustrial Hygien- With, a full knowledge of all of Kft ists. It & the value which is judsafe for the . facta, thetrained Industrial fcygknbtfe' hi a- lsa^^.saad>er;bf;md^^ti^:Fbr a loaer: position toutilize-direct reading fastraocats1' .. ppmbcr of individuals tite -vahie which is safe' to considerable advantage. He.cao take.more be higto or Iower than t^ yalue. iNote samples, .get doser to the ! breathing zoo^ that in this fortiadar'case there is a small' screen out', areas for. more. detailed study; : . area of^ overlap of the'areasunder these search oat specific soorces of air containise- cdr^TlwsizeoftfaisareaDf overlap tiaoand.do agoodjoboferabatiagtbe represents the probability^o the* measured workers exposure.. Under careful direction, concentration, being'excessive in this sltna- a non-profcsslccal industrial hygiene tech*, tioo. ; - . , nioaa.can bte^.vcsaHs.m'W;va!oated by Now. consider thettseof a sampling ays- ' the industrial faygjffilst-justas the bxbttnal . ten' bf lesser accuracy than this doe as rep- hygienist , can . report- possible tmnfe areas resented by the left.hand curve m Hg.:2. of poteotiri. accidente to tbejriety.oigraeer Here the carve is -broader- and' lower while - for .'his professional -.stud/ and evaluation* -. . . the TLV curve remains' die'same.- The in-., ' Insummary, die direct reading Instrument- seated concentration represented by the peak giwt a' miwitrf nf tf the remains the same btxt. this overlapinng area point and time ofsaunpling. Ifthe-sazsflet is much larger. This type of ;result may; be are collected at the right places and eons* . typical of that obtained by a color-indicating Uned with a' time .study or die worker*# tube and it'is-obyidus that the probability activity/theygive a meassre'of the average of' excessive exposure' is larger than with worker's .intake of thetttric TM*~**~~ a better tampBng method. Whether direct Rading or other tafcnfoes . On the other hand, if. a highly refined are to be . used is-a matter of profeskmal method of sampling is used, the curve will judgment and. die .results must be . be. more, sharply peaked and the area pf compared with tbrabokltimit vahjea with * . . . overlap practically eliminated as in Fig. 3; full knowledge of-the latter!* limHatknaad The toxicologist is constantly seeking to bn- consideration of other factQrt-Ja..tbesltBa- prove our knowledge of the TLV, but all dm. Urine assays add to die available facts, of his work is aimed at Improving our kncrwl* in-making an evaluation of exposurfcThese, edge of the exact location of the peak of the in turn, must bccombincdwiihfcnowledgc '! curve. He can do nothing to make this curve obtained.by. the physician-directing ait ade* narrower since that is`a matter of individual quate medical`program. AD :tirfs. serves, to. susceptibility. The width of this curve varies emphasize the basic teaniwork approach of* from one toxic material to another. . . theindustrial health program. \ 42 ..,.nu " wrto : talk; Poti rniur slip.'' '"b3t are:.< ,koo ;lja ' 'COST JOti* brb ad inth 'Be afet man (ivtl. toll , com] mrar' atal **fet ....Tl COOT imill PJje shim in'C wj]ic 'one i .flren in& W (Ne .iworl In i-wtst 1. * "llffillilSIft : -.v *' ' va-l! '* ^ Ea*aftr' me dm;, b*t, in*the kar Bch*. t lor* Sal reu jeer' 30Bc vat tbe Pie* MB* > pie* anal be. b and to uts- * rige ufe* .to, i of- r Mriti-Pkint Safety Administration ; SAFETY IN THE MULTl-OPERATION COMPANY it-'- :.x., -,.:C-:;.V :;%' By CHARLES G. WRIGHT - ~" r :Mp4 JhdnaithUIMartneis MacMillan, JMocdd ft Powell Biver, Ltd; :,, l'.;~... ;,= V:-c -iit;- 'y./; -, /Wben::I wwnsked-topartidpate lathe WehayeapproidmatdjlSOIlOeniployeeS' "Multi-plant Safety* tataoo, I .was at tone-. 129managtrsl2Superlntendents;and6iO what: of. a ton as to uthat die title of my fomuen," ; <- ^ ` talk should be. Tbeierm"mtdti-platit"woald W* fit.due.to the fact that; InadStloo to the . manyplanis operated.by.tny axnjsny, it if>' Our'groea salesin 1962 wereappnHtbpately1 $330,B0CW)00 and; out net- tamhgfciftieiiffi'.- a|bo<xiga^inthel(%^iig!lm!oen<'aie fewhoMbtSSess aijdithe shipping tnutnesaWe : Yon may tnaurprised. tot leva -tbatrjn kreevtnpartaeri ina grail flying company; qntpioiraU'.dila acthnty. we have but one ^kDOTO.aa:Foiestijtodutriia FlyingTankera nitty coordinator. .TUs'-bowevcr.jdaeapot United, Thia^conSsta taf.'aai ilrfbrceeif'one . in any. wayreflect a hde. bl. mtertt, fii. ccovetted'llatfa-Itm . safety.vOn the contrary, tfaere l a;p>od and In'^t'hpodn>ig-{drest''fires:7:Theae reason for It ' ' "'r5-' .activities I amsure youwillagr,are too broad aad diversified to be classified ai'pfcmt '. activitle3.7l^therefore chose die title "Safety in die' Maid-operationCompany1', Onrcompany.llkemanyotheninQsnada' and. theiJJ-SA.iibaa. grown: andjeapapded .; trenJendou>lyvover,,tbe. past ID to.15. ytans Thia.ia the roniltttf natural growth and alao. \ Before gett&g':hito: the `{vital. subject of oi- two Impdrtant metgets Jbx die >;<hya safety, I would like to.teB yw Just a little wboiithe.compeny taa smaller, one or.two more about ,our 'rompaiiy and;fta' varied ac i'aaitiy; m^'.could.'.ybdt .':.erob'' opermtliMar;mt. tivities I do 80, iwt ior the ptirpoae of tryblf Ttsut.once'^iittath.;^ could atpend^pbat' to impress, but rathertoinustrste theroany ^ety'; etmiiil^^^MgS' cpty^ ortyfa- completely different type* of bialneaaea'we are engaged- hr ai^ thm;' theproblems In fevi itafiago, however, iia the eocripirywaa ' establishing' ahv,OiMdt ' pcdlqy-approach to ahbstandailyJ expanded. It became omoua: safety. i :'-' {The company.' with;headipiartoa|i in -Vancomrer, B.^ ;orim aad; operata five: w mills two plywood plants three pt>Ip:and paper: nulls tcvapacljaglng phots, 1? toga that'we 'dbuld hot coOdhoe to'do the aaiety woHciromTthe head offiee. We had to orga- niae and divislonaHie roiety, aa haa been tbe case .wiffi :Other}.nianagcnKnt inactions- and set op controls . - _'<. ging cimps one.fine i^iper plaavtwo.cedar .-rThose^of .ua Involved In revieniug .our sU^tlendlls'lSaalea offices andwarehduiei saiety program for the purpose oi reconv- in Canadian .dtfes ooe towboat aubsidiary : mending changes slowly came to^ tererel ecowjdch operata ten tuga and ilxteen barges dusiotia: , ., one lUpping company, and, at I aald, before, 1. That eaiety. and effident ope^tlon were . we are partner* in a oue-planealrforCettsed coe and the same ddug- They could aot be: In fire suppression. : - _ separated. ^ .v . We hive three sale* offices in the U.lkA. (NevrYork, Birmingham and Portland) and . sgentsin.importantccmntries throughout the .raorldf1'-.^ V-'-^ -7;.:7 xxx;7x;; V In additioiy we providemarketservkesto important. wood product-nmnnfacturera in ^western Canada.; ..... ' : 1 ; 2. That safety-l.prlmatUy..a,Jhie.nBn- v agement respondUDty. .. .: . ;v - X 3. . That tbe company mast dedare companypOlicy withr^watoaafetyandwdl rt out to cpnating management who would, in' tnm,: instruct nbordhiatcs ia theirv rosponsibSCty.'ior.prodactloaandsaidyan^.':. ` :cC'X >43 MPM "S,- y \ 1963 Nationd2 Safety Congress 4. That ,pbj^yc* ;m-. ^; f fre-?.,,*: ^-flayhig ajtopte^ l^prindipkr^hat safety is quency rates'should he estahihfoi4:or^eiacb " aman^geruent lre^>onisihnity^aM mindful pf < . plant at the beginning of each yeaf^ and oar prttidc^s dedajatioo that the.key to: ' reviewed,anottaHy. ' . 5W $Ctt "eon mdaa5tne.adgTerhemapetonrcttsoonsnthcroeoluseldaincbhethnpeKre3fpioiatn^ren'sdh,ofqofwrc.inosgoh;nsoiboc^r^_;,'"Loc' nmhebxx^wtafotmhfm^Vtganq.atenofaa'ddgoieh,m\gwlyoa.t*;''.tho.d ^upcryUocfc' the develop' a safety. . -: jectives and performance, to ddtvxom-; ..!> Separate- maxugemtottotetiBgs^f various pansonswith previous periods, and-also'with ' prcKhKi^oaps'werebeliiat.whJchtirDethe -m % groups of* companies in their, class. :past. performance of each operation, within . the groupyras reviewed, mid. the -presidents 6. That the company undertake the. .. views^restated:;'-;Report^'of psjst. accidents :training of-supervitors wMch. would provide .were analysed,:IRising' workshop' procedures -no! ibd * them, with a systematic -approach -to' job .. Bial]^ emphasizing.hazards and. establish-, todefenn^ -Tnpr^csd^ titearriiVntt. determined ing correct work procedures. It. was.decided that; with'.hettm vtraining,; super?Itiodand that competent people wotild be selected froin planning, - Qreae wcadents'"need not lave oci- . each dmsioa for special training to serve as carr^C .At these-meetings, objectives were instructors for their particular operation. They, in tom, would instruct the supervisory.; grrop at-their operation.' fstahlishfd'.jorSeadi [ycaup-:-f `iccanhig^year..; - 'y. . The current iobjee^yesvqle its follows: ' ?it. ; With the objective of having the com* Frequency rate^Plywood, #5; *awmilli,9? ' .*: party's philosophy towards safety clearly, un shingle,?;, pulp &papere d; and logging; 20. derstood, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the company. The Honorable J. V. ; It might well be : argued that ,we- were Oyuet made this declaration: The company, approarftmgthe matter of -objectives! from "believes that with good management and well a .defeatist point of 'weir; and that our: fre trained and efficient sopervisors,- accidents qoency objectives sbouldi bg: estahllrfrrd -sit can be eliminated**, .i zero. While I am sure that somedaywe will .'fixoar.oyectives.it. zero;aitf,sdueVe.tbeBV >a?ti ;b -tol "tm -tfe .. With .tins philosophy established by the , st did> seem tmreaGstic.'to do.!sd in the' begm- the president then ralfHf a meeting nmg. Objectives are under review each/jj-ear, .orj of operating managers to inform them of the however, jld .tbty are' redoced where it .is company's views on safety, and to. instruct practical tbdoao. w. them in their responsibilities. He said: 'Each; operation, manq^^y^ -t :It* I "The loey to acddent prevention it tbe quality , and know-how of. management and supervision. They must accept''the responsi bility for: "(a) Training and directing theworkmg forces in production and safety. own.. Heknewwbatthe campauywipted. in safety performance and he loew, whit his objective was. He knew that Us safety record would be feviewed alotig with hU costs and productivity. He also understood that hls safety record would be' a factor far. :T v. pn : i ri >hti ..doc **(b) Ensuring that our operations and equipmat are safe, well maintained; end efficient. .consideration in'- his- appraisal for possible promotion and/or salary' review. : Oh the question of. costs;'and'as.an.aihM . ope . - tor Bos "Our company considers safety oae of the main functions of management; we cannot accept poor safety retords. Safety is a sub ject of vital concern to everyone. incentive to wrt-cbnsdoi. broductico .me^ tiie potential, sayings as .a! result of an effectiye .safety, program were pbihted:pat As we aC laww, the reduction of accident^,and thereby compensation oasts, reflects in lower .'i job . wft tnd "We must accept responsibility for the safety of the men and Women who work under our direction. This responsibility, ex tendi from the'Chairman of the Board-to every member of tire management team. If a plant can operate accident free for 100 days, It can operate accident free forever* prdmuml or assessments. In 194V the compensation assessment rate in logging was UH percent of payroll Today; tbe rate Is 6 percent On an annua] payroll of $77,000, 000;-this savings potential Is tremendous. i: In other words,;ml the .basis of each $1, 000,000 of payrolVeach one percent reduction wa (or Wl due wei Ion coil 44 H I y* lOT: t to*:. ov* . the Edy- toot tiie thin . nf* cots ires sts. aed and oproe rffi- rs: ,9; 2a roe ram Ere* . I -st win em, paw, tis Us ltwf rhSt Eety his nod for ible m Fee* As and wtr the *ss o is m *!. don - 'In&ufrkl SybjictrStindu - .fa the isstumtet rate awortir WOfMOin interesting to'observetoertnfansiBsfar.wifo.i ^tbal e^ tarings.1We M know fait toe wfadr'tese'worittiriW 'wewjMsgrfefo.'aiai ' eontpainttoifcs^S ofieddehtfare fradka-,. ;e<lflidly1^nterestfag, v ne foa^raifooagh . rirompared tn'&e actnal'^oiti; '.foretotabtamt -Trcrii fcompletdy different - ;..Attlwjoirt;'3heame fayphqtganag,i. . respcbsibBHy: to-develop. iMtj program - tailored ti> faeidsofhls partfadacopera- : .typeS'M-Opefotier^i^ba^ismhag:pbnbas compared fatftogitoig'camps'toe:principles involved were'Sieiitlcab--* gr ~1 sW tioc. Hp bad to impress on Us superinten Mow, Vfe-'frid'Wget dbwnno' foe grass dent andifotenien fail they wererispoifaNe root-^&ejriationililp.'hefweenbthfr'f<ilm- tml weoaataliIe.for.mdy, Foremen Could "and tixe inea,'jindcr ;hii; tiipfervlsktL'' -. no longer take foe vfew thatproduction- was. . foe-pffarillewe:foe`sanKiforaaid>oot^foeu,., tbdr problem and safety belonged to tcroe'ooe.dse,Foranenmere informed foat-foey ; were, in eSec^Jrantfag a bnsinett andwrre irmonritle for'aH aapecta of it ~ anrtry, vamtiotB:iaabproach,anl teri!Muo , ThavernatttraI^deTeioped.>Fot-e*fni^er,fag-`, , gbgj menVmrkfa;irrtsUgroups^oftepiniIea : awayo'fromrceach- othet xtii^Cr fhanghg : -IhepKUMget'airapotBibaityfm foe safety . pnyamdocs notend wifa'the establishment. .ofc toe,.safety organisation, and. approvalof ground and weather-conditjoofe. Baipfaierasmnst;be'.tnuned.rto;xen3seja higtvdcan*- of -imtiativei' alertness, landrgoodblpdgmMt..;-: Tits activities. ............. . -.Close.imperrisiO'V.u.vfe^ ,, is not feasible mwdeaLnQt^igl -It The nauagtt mnstt ia vit&fotwe:tcaich.focpt tdffunk safety, -v; a) Accept .foil responsibility-for the-re- .and astomajietdly.agalyaeeach, nbfrftau.for:. suhsof foe dirisiotB' accident- prevention -aetnitiea. In,all cperatkjna, the-lofompi, tagger - b) Establish a divutoml policy in rebuke with the, empIoyeea, eithg: fadi^doally. ^Mn to.foeaeacArWea;'.-'--'.-.'.'--'.:-- ,snaQ groups, aoaiyae cadr,jcbccmfag rntder^, c) Promote-inhism4nagement groupa Juarinriafiedotn The,j^fretrotea.tfawn - ` true sense of obligation,to these responsibili .under force beedinga--?St^e"r.vKey.polntf,1 ties. f^afety Isstrnetiinf*.^ .yfooi all .jo$tfa the d) Promote attitudes: at ail levels of Ms foremarff *eetiqa, are analyaed,rfoe hrea^ organization .which will contribute to'acddejit-free operations. . .' . down' sheeta at* plaeed inra Under.4,!>e- come the foreman's hWewfth, rouwd tn jpb I. -Jnstrticticnfabis^departDieiit.rIn'|rnrodnring v.e> EttabGsh.neccsnty.conpoIavto assess a new man to Us .jot^ tlds becomei^a,blue resnltsandto assist kty'persannri.lain- print for Urn to foUow^in msUog auri&at proring fodrperfonnsnees. , ail factors are eovered fa foe hdmU fistrno- . O ilnaare : adequate-training.: {or., attper- . dim." FbUoW'-tqv oPehofse, JabvftoLV'.tUs risoraandhouriyempioyeeitodevelop.good vis.done by mesns of,tofivfBsI;rdsy-to-dsy, leaderelnthefieldofaafetyaiiwellatpro- voa-theijob 'dieelcing^'.'ahd'7 Idl toeanfhof: dnetiga- ' 'periaPc area-^safety,meetings <^ondncted ;ty , 1 g).Establish controls to ensurethatthe -foe foremsa Minutes pf:ems'attdi'iiieftluts :, operation ismalntainedandguardedln ac -are, revfaRedvby either,`thevpfautt'pentsmd.: cordance with WorkmenVCompenSatloa f supervisor.^or'foe-superintendent;' at *i:eou- Board regulations. trd chedc. ^ - - = - Many of the foremen required training in Another nseful tool is. the foreman's crit-. job analysis and job instruction. This is leal factor list Under this phssevof foe where .the accident prevention coordinator program, accident. reports are dreniatedvto- and training deportment fitted ia Selected other similisr divisions of the company. The: men, usually from - the supervisory group, receiving jforemen, in groop^. anaiyse foe were choaen for special training to fit them accident report and apply the, list, of soma' for the Job of training their fellow foremen. critics! factors to sea which, of them Where foe divisions were, too small to con applies.^ By doing, they arc broefitlog by tbe duct their own training program, workshops mlttskea of ofotrs. were setup at centrally located points,when In spite of the best .of plsni. aotnitimes foremen from various, types , of operation , foe gears stip end wa find a raih of accidents could receive apodal Instruction. It was very occurring la ene operatkm or anothsr. ,TU i?5*S";, V A ' HR -X * 1963Naiional Saftty Congress is -where - the: company .safety coordinator ! briongs.-> Hev.must;-. preparer-suitable .iCQ> . iconics in. We regard Urn as somewhat of : prehhnsife reports rfor^the;irfqnnatwo .of diagnostician. .He consults with the man ijetijof. yjv eontnhs - agement group and tries to fiod out the He\ establishes Wtable itraingig.- progamap' cause.ofan-nccident. ;It nearly.always-de 1 keeps up to date/on ava2abksafety;data,. velops that somewhere alongtbelinc there :;sudi >aaytiwtnift1ety :postei^retc^- and./gen-.: has been some rehxatkxL Perh^'t^ jpro- erallyas^stsmstimulaHi^nriatst^^ gram had been going well and, as arcsult, necessary*- He' is .the haisoo son /between : bad been allowed to coast. We know from divisiaav .and Ms the^censtant -advisor: io experience that to obtain and hold good re- .camp and planbmanagers.: He;*s the number, . subs, you have to keep woridng ittlt. tone: trootiJe. shooterand,as Irsaidibeforc^ ` Eadi fiYjrian, of coaise, nses employee diagnostician.^ * ~ incentives. This is sn area where-diyiriaial . //So^farmy. talkhuooccerned Itself with managers try to outdo each'other, hi good- t progicaini. .theories, > organization, afetjstfca,' natnred rivalry. They jranote cohteatsvof costs- and' ghmtddc^- ande.faas not--touched ; all ldnds with.auitable'prizes and awards, at. aU;onthe.hunm-iactors oll of whlchare aimed at promoting employee .fcop^t^^hm^ - ..mg;to^the' .- V Under`the hiding of incentives, we:hire the Presidents Safety Award. This: is a particnlariy She and specially designed 'silver trophy -which is awarded annually to.the dmsea having the best juecpd for the'year. As the hazard factor in acxne operatiangis mnch higher than in others, we have devel ^eiaa riiat thedi^ bD^e fraitwnicy rate : ''chart''-'represent*; human,wffeifeMOn:the. contrary* we are acutriycbcudotu-of^the fact ..riaiUrepre^ a^alhardihip... : -JiiQitesfiitt brokenhbme3, vhere tfaebread- - wznner is kilkd,: It rque^ebtJ ,tars,theart- .aches spd bndoen;bcp; -0^ ' oped a system of handicapping, so that they } We are most anxioos/to;.xedba oar'-acd-. are compared on an' equal. baas-; last year, .cdent':fre!iw!icy..->'n^ serendmsSocs in thecompanycompletedthe .dqwi^ibutojygrig^^ ' year' with afrequency rate of rera 'In this 'hnman-sofferingv In ^;Gmiiiribmiaim cash the one with the greatest number of ' .accidents occur, our. .. tnanhoursuf exposure, weightedby rite - Bate'oq'.bdi^ ' hazard factor, won die trophy. I am proud m dctafltbc-.agdricrit iinvesiigat^.^repo^ . to .say that one of the divisions with a aero .TbQ: are ^.satisfied fc<atiie of frequency was a logging camp. ;idie accBehtis t^llsh^;'and7mvtbit;that ' appropriate action Is: taken.: `to years, .One of the key Sgures.ih the safety pro gram is the coorpany 'shfety.director,"or accident prevention coordinator, aswecall Km. He is responsible: for! assisting line tnayrag^fryqtf m fJarmHi'g uid *tpgawlrng-'qtl *;wev have' ;dduevi^';jBinne'' '*ucoeej^-;;bdt`'.we fctffl -.havt;a/fa^ Sometimes; in srite;ot.iw;l>est:ewts^^we sbffer temporary . fiufaxrev-'. ;Bn^i.bgr;:;^6oraal -hard > woric and. . planning ai& the ever avaQaUe bdpi from phases^of thepiogTam, \ .':,pnr(>friaias'.in the Hadaial. Safety .Coonril, *. He anttfrrnalnfain liaisonwitfathc Work- we look-forwardto&eday wfaenaeddents loafs Gompmsatioo Boardand the various .are compktefy fHminatrd from oor. opera- industry associations to whlchtbeaxnpony tions. 46 ,.A whs 'C Ut achi Slii . to e else ."SOtS :tmd cotr .- io.c vriu Tht f^o* spa -C-j, Dr. [He and Ingl - . ary spa cho lew ing has gro - Wlti ;:s and gro to! foo . toi este tpe smd stri Miita ?m*W * **t* \ mmmmmmMm :7$j m ?!* f is v im jM n M im n irn m n Audio-Visuals Pep Op Pallid Programs:! PRODUCTION AND USEtOF;VI$0AUi^| %* ' By RAYMOND W. TRIMBES , T" ,: , IMoetttoa gpocfalfat,WintliNavii;District, GreatLatae Naval Tr^pfBtttiooir.gS '> " .- . . - .- . -. - -j - ^ .... --. i- I*/",; \ As a, figure of. speech, do words mean . the: early, begumlhgvsuccCTWtad faihifes^ what you intend them to mean? , ^ and iperscosilnvotved^:wjB^tend;to;oqitni;>'r Oneof ;thegreatest;problemsin,speaking .andftumilate sudicocclulereit. ...t1..; '... .. fa.-the affusion-.: that understanding tu). been:, :Thfa motivation factor!* furtbcr.enhsnced. achieved ,, 't when the speaker fa- Hrmrlf aihrefiodnp-, ^Mostofuefeelthatwhateverisobvious pears:to :enjcyithe.subjem>dhn3pgi^vto,on :?K - : to onrsdves should alMoe.pbYiorotoanyooe dnmiatfsaticns of it ` v-, %$lr' else We.talce for granted that our own per-. And lastly, we save nt> argamenf-W- tbe sonalway of^expressionisnear andeaaOy proposition: of, inleNo. S, tbat:bemgn>eiof:..: - understood;' Anyccieof this opinion fa; of pert an the'subject is extremely helpfulJtp........ course wroug, for all people see ail things . ut may different ways. (At this point Mr. Trimble showed_rpi! I have selected five' trtte-life situations which I will use to fnrther explain tny peant' These situations involve known personalities' from, the fields of education, journalism, sports and-the military.' y, <. , `'- printeiof ltansydescrihed; bdaw.), Now^we?' ' hear from Sidney JrHamii'Wboish jour^ \ nalfat.and editonalwriterfor the C)uag<?' Dody Wtor; In bfaartickirti>e "Real Maul ing. Behind: WofdVthe;: rafae^ ^tantiej with 'Firstbf' all vre:have'~a: local personality. Dr. Daniel Q.VoSai.oi- DiPad Umyttsity. He has given us five rules, for dear-teaching aid spoking, what be calls speaking-"iaeane, ingfuffyandclearly". tll-'lhiJ '*--r-J'-' r>-* '----- -~i deprecatory; statements when we plan to ha ply or fi>e opposite. My next item was taken from Bin Veedds book,'Pr* oraiHVrck.Inhfa hook. Hr. VeedcSpedo^ofInshengiaioch great de- ; "7 htm*e* of^eedtes to groups of speech . I thmk Dr. Posm mems here to ,u^ years. He Hd- -aWSfilttMtatWW^fiemiod items levd^of the.group to winch ym-ateupcafe- fftm the fact ihat he faiheimtist hwetwtsive' 5^iafico0mry.^ ^.5SS23rp1-.-^3|^^ with equal ease,and effectiveness. fa rhy ataSty. as inlvedier: A* professor of ' Secbudly, he says:`hififise a^xnitux charti ch'Ohce.:stood-it^'bjac of ffie' hair, and vistal aid^t. In other won& show yunr. aid; gtaded iny pe>formanbd'; He sepeefed group what' you : are taUdhg about in order: that I did eveqdhmg wiais: 0iariiqr.'V(fiee:: to he interprded ycnratdy and completeiy. : was weak, my defivery pitifol'sud'myr or- ThinDy. reiato the iiAject niatter to the gadiatioo ifflpossitde. T also; I learne<h had1 fotmdefs.'eic. Thfa fa tbe modvatioa xnd iiK the'farDesfaUehaHtnftwfaimgii^rrfinjtet'. . terest-getting.iactor. Getting n group inter* through my hsir aS I taDced' and stiatchliig; erted fat the subject about which you are my snfat lf you were a stadmt of'tablet'*' speaking, fa paratnount in effedfive speddag; be sdd *Tfi tave;tt'-ftJf!>otL?-Tbe<liV5' ; Md'faanobjectivewhlchnmstconstantlybe^; tUngvI ^esn> say. for yon is. fiat' yon.been. . strfven for in any presentation. Stories on tdbe'toenjdeteiy effeetivt.^ - t? SEP '` 1 'v:'1'.: mMtA 1963Jfatfo*al Safety Congress' ' ' The^4Jc^^.;cM^;frc: ^Safie.Navy^qfficer*m-drge ciraiJaied. tHs; WittkJi iijd'Schnjferi Aniio~Piiiti^-MaUridh% --Tfceir fiihart md Use, Chapter two,^How mg/' correspoodeoce. :; ThL| particle is:. titled - : PfpIeXeui^;tdlftfie-story bifirefednra?^. .Eipi^-:.Se&^ Accu figs wfidrwtrcfispi^T#fie-same vof^l-- rate Underst*nfog*Si > <** description ofe- an^anima! vcalled.-fie ^sard' &/A/tf ofSbfrr saife?. The sfeiyraB of fie editors o&P*. fiat.lfe h^-'fcSittihvdroehlorie . rode caffiag together three of their # add good for .dcaiwng out,clogged drains.- staff srtist-iBastratoflL' These: three1 arfistA weto^expertsr-Tbey /n^vfirir~fivfig-..by '1rtplM.:; visualizhu? ideas. They were given a^gerbal/vy"Thb. .to.'description of .the aardvark,. aa&each was aricedto draw it according Ins own. inter- ' patable,' but fie. corrosive rcsidae is incom* patfitew^to /:- pirctjtfkia dittos desqrp6dh. .;T^ 'edto ...`fvTfce plran^/'tordte gbd Pdrodf rcportcdtfcat theirjurists were rather '.fie'BureanOffneed .7-^': befoddkd zn thcir effbrb.'and proved,: *that: - "To' -vffcich ; v: . even-the:most prera wdrds-dcr not oocvey an-Idea argraphically,as a single pjcthre."-;., . '' "We' ofihbt:assume!tespoonbitity-foc^fie ptodoctichoff tone and noxious reddnewifi IMy Ttnthtm ofinterestisNaTyin.origin, hjfibrfilorfc-''*dd;'airi-wgS^ 901 pozposdy and fittingly'have reserved It alternative procednie.":?r;--i'-M]:. for the last This item appewtd fi.a Navy Bonafi--of ;Slnp> information letter.--Tins article told of a parficahr .office wherejame. 'By |retain naff:fid.l-pIumhBr.wrtflff.was7 jgUtd to :grvttfincuty,ifioggtfjffi:idcadfc'y concernexisted abbot official cdrrrspnorinre . .Flnrily.'rcalufig^ to which was-going- out to die .field and being Glided infornafioQ actbsA-ito Bbjtan wrote! . nnttaterpretedJCus was obviousby fie an - "Don't. use -hydrochloric. add.3t.eatbeD swers they werereerinng backin fie office/ oatof tof8paI*'ry'-'r:-,;<' Vlyiy.'-;' BASIC PRINCIPLES IN THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF VISUALS.. & : Hgr. of Advertising, tfafiri Carbide Plastic*. Div Now YcrkCSty; V.. ''' Natisatf.Fres^-Ibdiiftridji^i^Vfand/J^^ Sift yottf y&oaU .firowgh a signification' prtsqited as individtati coita. There sboold . ieve, Keq fietn free of tmhutiae. Diteaid twtbeewngh oisderfal oofiesfidetoiBitify'. . any ddaHs-fiat aretft absolnt^r.h^^ . fieir.iwariderfng awayirdm vHrrt ybtffe *3r-` Uyoohavetoe^lainavistal-^*to ing,jtatto.tbey^ wrong, viand!..: oh toslide.'. .*'.'. /'-'; ;. ifetfdless^ol ingwriahce' of toJnfdma- Color in -vinals. is a ttal hdpk :,WWj ;a two, it is pent necessary .toJam a- slide .or jmtty twy a chart > fioddoard withan ompowering. better fian 99:per cent white reflected fight mass of fnfcnnatKan... ..... .. ^ . . from tbe screen. Teas than l per cent of - Yopi-reaQy* cacne ccctfcfidn whci^ypor w^ ficy tomfie bladcIineAis fio.tfs- vinaj has too moch on it. And, cdn&teotlR tol tint is.to aid-to speaker*. If-fie-slide fee more yonr^ wtal.has oh fie harder-fa$ j^.de^g^.oerrec^.m to .is to k^7onr.:4npheace.,Tbe^.;be,:;h^;1 to^ei^.dteav^able.^ace.azid.a.hegrave, rod^^fie.sfide-^End.aot paj^ ^-at^^ tor..fiah'ra;porffiire pxmt bad.betn toed,. tio^towhsftyo^reto^og. M-.- ' fie;^<^,coold::harc been'ccdared ly hcod ' rVtRgnres godComparisons should..hopnb* wifi-banspare^. islet: aspl -a^iPt.^alnt Innih. down into related* tetijss. or-a^gjteoces^.aad airt^cnor.did^.I^a > i ' 8 8 S 'r e < ffS y -/' t - i'S/ . ~ liiMtrUJStiitftiSaAAt, : Color.b so effective :tool, in tnai^r.a*aja ta.TbtnlvftwIett&enniliM^ but and if caa'alaO;#*!' eat mdode. Iq xisnxrJS!&i&01} uhistratidn of fear , ., anger . . . of forcefulness, the^wfiaom 'me~ot.color--> . yooare nsbg a projectiooiat ffatlie haafft^^' fuat-theadihtion ofa.ihin sheet of .colored deddedtohrightetKWJOiiritaBta^'W fflmmtib8lijfc--^^.;fiavejt^gtifenej. ideal of hi| own. t> v -v the fmpact of tbe`ihosiraficabysoecalled '<2vh'ioBr'-:Ki<3i^:a'^inda^.tt^<fiae*t?'i . ^Opr'vbnaheTeigiftponr gniBeniietoiftcob" '^By-the way,t(ffif;joa!eirer s.a ,speaJ*r: -Itaa^nr.'ahadih^poari^daul'Befdee^^Aitf-'n'. "Iodic at a elide on the screen and.sort offal- ter inbb talk ... and loolc al it for qdite . evvHld.beJore.iie;w timesbe's startledbythe actual size, never tempftodriyeBoine jodr-poiafortpointa. Ifyoa dop`tj ffe aoBrt>de:aiflr,tiffer^Bne poo not?'as they readyw -yhai^ Atft mbs the pofat joO^aienBldng., V -having: fan through m rehearsalofthetalk ,- -mnleitiA:peaoitatienJa Baaed.nujSfah : -^-4n f*ct, bc miy never bave seen the iBde becatiseof tlmsim^oftheiwm.and,^ - , projected befOf* .ii::-and can't ndfihe itein aodfene*^ raw!** J I^vt aal^ vp&Mt he"* talfang'aboot. w point ipptotoanrprnsentiUon;JMsa>ly. "Tbisleads tu to o&next point tfemaiis my.fast'pornhthat deal* CTclmiyelyjBtlyprtfr;r. jroor nsoal's important pphtt5.Uortspadccn. jfcctedrbmd.pttaBrtatioo*. .spend tod mttdi time itjddng at theft 'own Pent-have -a "Bicketing.- pieaeabti(tet: ybnab instead oftooldnarat thdr attSence WbenyoqiitteBrt^ectediV^ . AmEencesare-neverinjpressed bythehkek presentation jo that yoo done*. fare,the ^ of the speaker and' theyvranfsoa tofaDc to tone H^rtaoff^on.off.oh, througboat-sYoar: thenvr-oot the acmen,:If don'tmemorise ^crdate:an.incrtuingiyrebtebap<&encev.' - the. points,. at<Jeaat &ve; ^rexact eopr.nf that does not: Dkn :.tas:ootirixn^{afitej!Sa s> the SHde'a.caetentain fronhofyouwithjjmqr eyesto-yonr convenietidtfYdu'shonld'tnaim : nates ao job can:.talk,.abont;4e sH^e'cathe it easy for them/ ' ~ ^'T'1 MOTION PlCtURES--SILENT AND SOUND /" ByARftOLD MTDLA8H w 'i/ f*~ : Hgr, Creative Seriices,Inteniaticnil Uaeiahi A Cbandeat (^oi^ StaoU^nt..: :^ :, ( iif.-n. < \ #}(?-i$Jr0 "vAa.'a idJfir^. '. endWOvfaatllnipresalOaa : ooc of aevecal Ynocdooe l m caBed npoa . ricochrttlng^'tfaeaetiaiavirpirTitniatfiaad* to perform fot the/Mathetinirf Pfvbfan of ' J^40flj*rftTTT iff_> fQ wWf*1 : tHWl*rinMl Utfiavt:lliC'fltiawitl'Vt.r\tv|10I- ration, I am cocnpcSed to telf 'pott do ltot diaiogoe and tbete b an fcapUng aign: make amotion .picture .. :, . ptttawayifcat ; -m---e--n-sm*- fn.iriorrr inf .inunwllfmrt.i rplrVniiurrwm i#.:>..' v ^ tave the^eilort. . save jOor ^TvtPg; Yota ^fruferdraioffca V01CB PROM TAPS! But a tktun it tnrtk tDfiOO umritl > ^ r~ spramseas ^caDclntihor.to:^a^TO\ci: /tAf;: We have heard that- one before: a .> ; litre; that a: pfctore waa :e?at>it)r&;lCuOOO TAPS: T)uri-aru;M fkturtt fnjtdti M The <set 1% 1 ca^ qCWtds entry ttcoui. that10,000' !;Sum^:new foiny>-coT-;; t963NetionalSoftt3 Congrtu TAPE: Tkoft what Ihmtieen mywtf e*A X on dank o many words.. Words like lore, faith, tarty, nan. wtgan, WW r&M.nJw, - hate;., deraomcfi , mnmty, ,aiy. flow many picture* have yon i " g ^rv same snbieds? Is ny one so aanaore fintyou can say, "That -did justice ta"S wordT Wffle T am being honest let meifebmfc fttfivsr v -r *v AM.: Start"at'Ae'very beffnrdng;."What is your anfienm? Who':U Where 1^ your anrifrncr, ana iroeajyott define your wxSSuxjt, dgtft tetoo - Doift be.ovdijaradrto*, *eremay h* some other ideas. Them is. no so* Bung offers who, could'tdre kdranfagepi dm fflr? . ^notion ptctmes. Those 24 picrtreaper cbnd refleirtii ironi t5w scrn rts 7". . .ryw^-.shasveyndiad^em: TuUra vttohe reayo*^ : the riewer. the iihisKm of .m.itinniiig. mor fiSLTttS eye 'with it. built memory, roost effeefive.mtjtivdfem^m he empksr* in your film. - . , V ^ ^, , , , . yoorjlqiiiology. Si bing tricked*. .. TAPE:B* Immt n motionJicfnrt.j fdmt The pr^tiuAoj^ti) Wf mmt.b mot* AM.: Sotne pcoplc nevtr giyyutt.Ahi^ you know one word. The word u safety, More .perificaKy, safety as it apjdus to voorbasiness or situation. If l coold read -25 2wTl wordd be kxking at com- jjetdy different pictures ofeafety.Tn each of yon safety-mans someflnng-icom^et^y if outstfvis,- - _ -fa AM.: Do you know_ffloog|afert..te medmnics of motion pfctnre pmdneg?>o you have file equipmentjat .ynur.dgpoeair Have, yon the talefe^Jtnd numerate the equipment), ad m fnmt f? the laboratory know-how-t? pot ywr different. '~ ' processed film together? ' TAPE: I wont m mole a motion fiebrt. - TAPE: ActortP WhnMttit Mont. Wht. ' ' AM.: If yon insist. th*jnakeynpW ton .afford, txtorsfr j:- . . motion . jddufe. Let the, movmg hpage do MJf.i' Can yoqrafford nil to ore. adorn, . : for von: xwh^a^t anoj;otOfferi.*.mee:tf-in^mvcan.eVra* 'inrfadkrir 1 in a-good 'ieafdy-TaSrsW^dW^te.^ . . through*): emc^ons to your ,l*y|>!o8y. aMfify of. a -vietrer torprojret htas^f The modoo picture can make, yon cry, the dttmfion of .Jn05*r' fed happy and fed sad. can make yonBm ,. picture removes-the.viewer from a ptu*r anddSifce. U yott nakc-a motrat pch^ which fails .to appeal to *0 Ctoogom*->? ` ham a duff epSc-a/rndy,*"-^^^.; ms hha^vebb~ee5nmJade mmWthef,ifrirsst Piaefc' . ?; TAPE: (hinting) A motion titinrt titonti ;sgasa^ssfggs-: etHetblht tmotiomt AM.: Hsstft that be* BieproWem.right along? Isn't fids who* yreidghtbe t^Mhj* fight ' petidn--a foundatiai/ttf'* rare oecariont am fiie ylewer idcnttfy ^~ fbebeat? Haven't surveys already <arrf|dly idf with a film.character .whudopm^spmm told ns dtat-the acddent is something that So a good ador can cave, yon.money m tM happens to the other guy-ot me. : : ) .. unootS of. fim - y .dirow. away.. A tt* . TAPE: "1 *fe /"* M 1 tmtonfm. actor: (and aCttesa) cap.bring you another 1 . end 7 kaot tm timing for & interprctatioo, new nwmipenta.to .imprava ynn mitfcwt seal MU . Who petit *Mr thefifet. . , --.... - .'-. I have Hmrjmting *"ifor 2Q Jtg? stithoht eye-ptosM onti I ttill have 2^-20 . TAPE: Wt hmt.tomo eamtnt and elhtr pniuetion nptipment, ^fan rmljl --, UrM:hm:-.ePhptognphtr,pn^::^ I mouUs'l be eoaffhi dmd wilkonl Ms* kttU.even el work." -,. . - vtif.r How .do yon beak there harriers accept through the. emptipM? . '. AM.: Doee he dot mpfioo' ^ctom aU the fitne? Wodd yon tm Wm man?" :i- Cft m - cfca -cdld - effot shot cm? / - hare r. M4tfed -T. tmd wmA in fi hers ^35mi qual '..parti pritii yen-: iprin r:f. V^A. -whet it I i.Yoh add : -noun cal duh : T. jtctt ;T:A. '"tiocti ject< ...no.i't , jnid Dap' lease ..4'3Sin : f. \ftr.i -:seca ^APElAbightijIartnt'BttiuiteBm^ nypdatinnv....-- ani mlt.Mt Ihroigknh* prodtutbm of <mr *Pti-*d"Stiesiftat;,stee *offc pfctwr ' muhHiki nr amtitnaf "* ctorly speafiti Xrtj `-Ot* If pot* imkeme is to U reached ,'S?2 in themotion oictnretheater,vonr Slmmntt ...b3e5,mprmod. cuacemdeIrnas3-5amnmd..fiAlmodfjio,uamdahyechreocneet Bul **" >** "* equality you get from your 16mm venloci, TAPB But tMaf'cosf?1 & ___ ........ ... t"- " *3^ _ . TAPB:rOtir 'atHitnct <..- .=,--m^w/Tr^m..of/to.-kbo';|Arbed;';la?:Jprt; / jffoductJi^ Aba AM.i Then 16m is ad*te. Ami -whether poor Him U Mond or^slent, shoot waning for boon tt a anck JHOd toU tile h t nnmd -speed-** frames per second. iYoa can never tell when jot nay want to 8"* w?<i.tly "P?" "*& J* ,*5ttlt~ odd sound at a hter date. Your 16mm nrthwtf II you tiwtght ftafteug^e* nxnxlprfnti, notable {or ever, non-theatri- <.!. sbowing^Sn the company, -at- schools, dubs, or-what bare yea lecamrad the proper fita.Md^enmWoiri# * * ' -- Itaortr AJf .* Pine, for small aofienced and for portability. But set war 8mm Sound wo- .Jeetor where-dstractiooa ere lew. Under . no dreumsitnee-sbooM pou **onc*fJ*or *P. production of the_ original film In 8mm. Duplicates are sub-standard. Any 8ma releaseprlntcanbe madefronreitber a ld or 35mm original, u wtlw Think of the studio u pint - Inmnmee of a JobdoMwett ' TM % V?T "" ..yfff' r a foohrafot pn- .grrwsoy,-. AAf.; It aiw3rs U, It tskm,yout. time andeBortno matter wbo prodoces yotnf fita.- And tbe more asslstsnce yon'SlrO timjprOr:1 dneer, the lower the cost can be. u**- TAPE; Wt ham diciiitt *Hm Itmrn... ~ TAPBt "Da tiffladcfftim^' ` for frciachtm.., ' ___ ^Jf.r Provide thertudJo or^froedatu* AM.: to be-shot at sound speed . . . writer with a statement of the tesic peob* ' TAPE:.. . > lv>bt tkotai 24 fromtt, ftr - lent- Provide Mm with spedfie cootacis second -Do w htti for a film thAiof :- .(names: and telephone- nmhbH%>p!eaie}.vto: X & p> 3iwr;in|<iinfcv It'#' to ,-mi-^xxTaa of mfannatfm^iatvt vwtU mtt tiaLtixx intrpjlirjWa irachide all th^o W*i!> :tere;;ia< ajtflarityto torjcdo w *r?^ -;Wliy- wait nmar the', acript Jt tooqtorfbef,?fcil:^ mao'',jay, `NO." TAPE: Taki tkr&ootbig tm ttniiia fortidt,,. i: F ^j ;'rl~,~ n-rr-fituliilntiii fc : *"*! xa^^Yon -jnj& lobidag'fbr .abon factory cot anr.&fftootW-toai'wIlT -Wfa^TOWw^li^a^aaat oiore cnccnvc aid to the eotirecofnnnniicatJoca -3^rvP*ftj **Jf!Clie .aiod aabeooe io.ioiad Pnpwn.s-Wnidw-other: msSa>%IrttT. de At pdMW* for, <u t*a my ctktr dnict ^oor.ntmaitty frognm. - ' ->Hi; >`k': ;:':/ !>fe5=S in '$!#&% f#* 'VS'SS^ KtsgAki ?>S &> The titjnal'd teu :jww wtWr. ojten^i m*sa (josLot worifi *f ? ti*9-efl -The and N hap, a halil* eohied a; no -ea idtote w:'jn toe lit) not jot -.oar.-V? .tejrfere gneVgi M thSotf mw.e - In i trialtr Endrnti ;tnf)ha! tedm* duatris go. rah dhi jagnuciuiavTpd',tiioraq. . flji^Bijfc-WBSSt ^PjWtwag-.Wgjpp^g^gpB; baps n'/tatIta&tiaiii The ;ord. 'tteddW' We have chosatitodsyto psetqrt lo.poaV hasl.'btei enticbed,'^^^^ ..threej' speaketi,:: tni: of; 6b; : to&itrial ', solved in ; thepreparaBon of this: program nbysicians,andonc,anindistrial nurae-Dr.- as ......... ' '"' Bran '------ -- ` no '.one. seemi&.jto come. ^ ' pared to iBscass tbe wayi ai whkh'plimt :. utLtate word fiat would carrt tte daUeogr >plijricianf'itt:|argt induttrycaa vOric totb ' ing implication inteiaedt.^ SE-'~-**:Um: ' the title But not nrtendeJ.toa^lr t@tiiifiiiiMfcS6btSip. M__,_______ . ,................. onr.:variooi'profestiqos ;teaBy',ia?olyes;bT, ployOT Mntaali of Wanaadj irill ipeak to terfereade with: esicfcother'a fnnctioB.-No V...yy.ipiiiqi^;toB<A-jrl^Lindi^)rBmpes.>; OBfiVWWP.-.tSanyl.tamppply aspects^ofja : on cfae-desiro tp procpote bdastrial; safety, good;ipsfey prtgiam, tfcropgh tie .special utdvjby ijWiWuo^^^te^aeau^-.lotjp!^^ prstr r^tfod^to.*^ photjatrsa devtiope ; fesrioa,!>:;,speeific.'COBMbt^idi.jmalcc.ia,^ ': through,opr.spe^ial^ die ^plp^;,^,^^fMat,..tt4e ^or'imaQ. ;-; .,''-Dr;; Sotteri:ii.tototir'.^`th.f(n)eBi::n.'. 'iila fonner;da},.theempli*ls :hiindt - Occupational'. HtaWv.'irliOf tosdnets^ iir : frul medleinetned tObOon tbe twatment of;;. dastriali.ineiieal 'diidcsfOriiaianjr smalllte: in&strUiiaiaries:aad:d2aeaita> Par'gfeaier dnstriesjiniS&Iieni^iilfr^ :tmphadt .-U-.now-placedttioi.Uioae;medical howthe (fcysidinaiiidiairsecan;be.hdpfBl - tedudiitttsiiwliid^VtkKi:|i^itobptn|ent^ ; la.:tltt;devdnpneBt';at.aaafa>yiptograa:fa-, . dBstriali-.acgdcati aaddacaaca: item, hap* 'iadintrica~ttb,:aaaB\tocliiee.t^ ' pcanifr..'The'.pltyifc^ Ideally 8aet$ataC;.-Ia thcae amaUplaatsiUaliaui go into tbeplant andcoodoctthdr method wbidi jtre aai coaaca. htAOerkmaladpaf' ' S3 jV J9dl;tfaricfuJ Safety Congress try, the pbysidfia-baa special, opportunity^Ths$ ,aUjctreffldy `:ia^>rtant aspects to .grade the /safety, program- through his ofr the`control oEffim'wdfkEag :cafUaounat .medical imdersta&dtng of health -pnodples : AH power to ^yod^wbo-bavc^learoed these when the persooocl vman,; working aloog,^ i'phys^3d;4whwities of^eoatioLt: v. - /; may: iadc;sperific training; in,health and Howev<i^Me"gba to find is these safety, prcMems. '^>?v 1 4 papersV'Mt?!^';'^& wilT be'.feQdh? - After the conclusion of the'tftreepaperv more abdot tfae :htimt&^^ we hope there will'be qittstiohs,. m thU room an iacannulatioaofslans;*^ traimni^fui:;^ andtbe know-how. In the pnraulgatiqa^offv^afe-j '.hazardi to^safety ptoduced'hy^hu reactioM guard* ag^W indietrial iniary and ^sease with hif .felkw wt^r^ etK . that should- produce a lively;<fiscu$5iod.. We . vironmepy n suggest that : you' keep your: hope that yoawtH edfrte:m$Mr/.qaes? rears alert to -the dooco/ approach; of 'Our dons to-be critical and. Inqniadvt . Mojt . speakers.-.towai^ .this hrazian besng' on the of all. we bo^.tl^.a-jntri1m#ion in this jok - - d$istceus^d-ooh Iin; ftlobevmctatdKe-otofmn.b.croaaaddi'mpnrdoevi>e. o1 -ff,tf'l',ies jla^rgnelybinetfHabyf^ielHd,eofphtfyteiJ-dbaitbok:ivirfi<crl safety practices for mdustnalwotkers, : Mif . 'Before mtroducingpurspealea, I would like, to make; one. comment which may it takes two to tang6.r< We in tteifidne iie possibIyiroprove_ the understanding of;alt of:. concerned ;with';!iifpwiw ^ho 'gels: bitrt ua in the consideration: of teamwork' for somewhat moire than Wth theVphytlcal/en- safety. 1 think most ofyouinthij sudiente viromhott .'di^MifftlliiiikPtSollf.^'' JtiK have been schooled to tok upon sttfety' as portaiit So"try to';tlJce note^of the ema-matter of controlling tte phyrical wotk- ; ^fcjW'e' part -'lit; thj-jpreventioti" of ' injury jng environment.'. As safefy. tngineeni inany . wbeff.yblt lisferi'to ottthpt*repealiere. :Yod Of you ait partreolariy concerned. with 'people- dehb withV the'-enEineering of the 5atety.ppii^umt(protectnfe deYfccvtrictbods physical environment'-We''deal in human of safe-operation, Vcrtolatiorw ahjddmg: axT ensSneeririg.-; It*'takes both rtorinake ran prevention of exposure to toxic1 substances, effective team. : ' , LARGE PLANT MEDICAL AND SAFETY PROGRAM By DANIEL C. BRAUN, 1U>. ' . Aasivt Medical Dfc;Divisions and AtsoristrtignWdlsrir*,.' . Poked States Steel Ccii?, Psttabnqtfr, B&r. .j When T first saw the title of tire parrel > Certainly we are rtntitied tor our separate discussion,:! was:surprised and dismayed viewpoints, ;iif rndeed there is any: real to note the use'of the word 'ineddls? as difference between them, l am 5tire,h<rsr- apptied to the efforts of physicans-and ever, that tKe : progrim tiairtnsh simply nurses in the safety activity. After some was indulging m a little humor, expressive wedts of quid cogitation, however, I am of the warmth' of feeling and mutual ft. prepared now to admit that in all-fairness, sped that has been engendered by'thi! dose yon are entitled to list st.so--not becanse I assoaation ,whkh nie(ilcal::aiid: safety per. fed that the medical :department: has any sonnd- enjoy:in indutfry-tbday.':! think I less_tespcnsibaUy for safety, but simply might say that wc;are ccinpatibfo-and it Secausc of the fact that if tins were a UweU;that:tius is so fince in tIiis *yand medical convention, rather than a safety conference; it might wdi be that a similar pond wonld be. discussing, the. "meddling7 by safety engineers' in 'tire medical program; age, both .safety and mdustiiai.medicare are team efforts which can reach drdr igoals only by dihgmtty following tbei teun ap- preach. - : -h ' . " flUi ;i SkJix ipeetitaent. these Ihcae Beta? `or in' rdna, : t the. . tfaiu4en*' : ywr-' :wr the ttor . and ffty that ' jare --. hot..-, tn- . im*. W* ary ;.. red-- : the: : tad an : Psi Jf&Utnal Stbitfit.StiMtu ` <- How,thiavtcanx.*p$mach is*lachievednln ktpSmftfytollbrtt^nurSt eafetykngiheers, a'-Iarg* mdustriahragwiburtlouv fcSthe as- caivaod ifcmoftcairsiiavti madrfcpossibfe #mirti^vta1o:.TO`Wilt:i6ot44ipei^ - W perforin faapir be pointed"'ouhatroneel that* mlmy faryf Jtotr effeeiive/aahiwBr.^M^tatjBVB respects the fargr-organlsatlam or company been,jot jtut tatmot'nike a.jobso safe is ;merely'aivaggregutioti 61 awwli-plants,; U^'atii*. w**poartftlr ;ict,.vwOrknAh.ytOi-. the pixblcms-of-which , hate;already ,l)eo lutrt.`iiilt[seH.v: 3t, l^. ta -:thit- 4itt,vliith3nfc, dwedued.. Viewed in this-flght,fetrttL the thaMhe -irtdmtfiat doetorytndf nurserare very large eorporalfoi^Can be Tegardedjas u justified in "meddtagS. it^Safely?: vrni" tues,-'c*ccpt flat hr tins cue there-ia a* ihe'-terptenion &l4e*prene*`7^h * eamine the. nwtiyes. jif these,. t ,_.. doctors-andriurSei-Whodevote/partof their efforts'toiafety'jn- Vbrge >ndu*trfid: or4 ganlratwn. 1 *J 11 ': .To those of .'us tohoyfiave, spent-year* id tUi effort, the titthUief n4 goals of safety , b . v^ty-:-^I)9Bsed^{4cture:<:mn.iltiat of lew years ago, Because ofThe tffee- ftjtmnpBerianfrtosTOoethfapoJntv^^ KatansishoweveBiithats^^ of?ua^tnore^thnsotlyrir>pCtaoniaHyj6T -s our attenffon distracted or>wff nundirOocopied "otherwise ttifik-yitb'iibe-.saft end jnoperj-Way?to,'doT:edtteer.;-fe;;fiv^t;?we are domg iMhe motamt'-When tU hep- mftuta an acqdep^,rqganto|,9f-ftf baft; ____4.... tasikc.-lt'jthat-.vrfy Si 'most tifiditaitted.df, In fact, in my ^bvn often,yiiutrac)B ,nr/:fiamemir^#^ V&ihpany, pur mtoagement jffi.tqd|y. - iqcri^^ot> *.i jqtiMogfohtofc -W\ ~8>icra&1 rate' i'<$y ft a Wntt........... ' **....... .. eras' eoosderediahaoet .unattainable.. Now m^.aa .ejteeaave -Ugi enitenftr,aor!\im.,v wV'teic' serfonaly of "frequency rtrt,** a an.illoen which is acooopanied'.hy tt* targetwhlch opct would/hare been^ody corofortorwony.-Or^itinay; npg,\.rgui a brave slogan. some,more subtieteegee eoehuitheiamUiar Standing between us and our goal of: pec : fecthm U' Colyl-a'ltubbojro,'ilactielnh'fre- : fluency, and J.-tbink >t. U: dear tO.,aU of us that >we have -reached .a;potat,wbere en> gintering,-,.guarding.tni .tnaclunery.Bnalysis: of jobs and':areas for inherent -haeard^ and-devdoidng - safer.'-ways. of-, doing, each -job mustinevitah.ly yielddiminithmg returns ^argument with tbe-wlffl'. from,/worry about/an^ Bhws,thisffiei7fi#dlR'iie :shnply = from neglectiRg'to eatva propeiibreaWasb , In all such cases, the nwHcal department is-, a sottrce-.of hnahsabie jafetyf:aaalance r. throufdi' esamnuuicnandoounseliotvrorhes* before i.they/teachv.ffsevstacejVofi'vteMlitusd - temporary "scddcnt-pronaiess.** m companson to tbe. effort expended. Tlul, The natter-of anatomical .{hyncal^iint . of course, -does not tnean -that.tbeae apr pamnent-Hhat is to aay, a-stahirdefortmty, proafhes^sbotddibe.neglected.or.-slowed-r aa.the< lossofva iksascoctrastedtoillr on. the contrary, they shall require extra ness--is probably km important-*, iartor-m dihgence and vigilance., ibnt itrSccua obvious personal?, failnre- as- a . cnse...of: aceiilentaj . that we must: now giye .added^ttention. to hot only- if snch an-mdhidaattjB.;<lieen the ntdivilhffll, and; to tbw ' forces ^hich (diced with doe;regard for h4>phja lead Um, either occashM: or bahtnafly, handteha Tint It one-of dhe wntoimt, to,ignore,- portairtr.'.eondltlo()9--4tbe.cv|ffiAM^It?ff!^l^da|flr tbe peraotal prote&on with wKchr. he has can tnalce?fanrard:ffm' tncees*.'a.At <tf<dy- 'b-e-e--n---proy"ided* ,/ as.....a.... r_e_e_d_t''Of.tnrvt^^phi(pMa'i;]ft'ii|dB.:lo-addettr:^i|ibdffM:: to dale^ ' lebe^rti*ipbyafcatllwe<je4rie"B**jof: ttsie;.'; ...In other-, words,: tbeiftnouli element-.Of tbe remaining indnstnal accidents seems to ttf'hls- pfeaid'wtafc'ij^^ aire':.cobi^teb>e' or.j- hitoB^tMejiinSip;TMTM;:; . offer a rooet fertHe field, for additioml fu- jcdB.v:hl-4;':i:>'-`tr:v:?:-r.-,':- i 2963 NaHomai Softiy -Ctmffrtu - : 'While we are speaking of the rgbcaneot. after.- the-.fact InadditJoato dse^exanuna* of Trorfcenr p^cnlarly of tbose >vmte ;" tkn, -ielectkav'.andlplacenieot^iof: worker* . who. have-.some ahnortnaliiy*. it'-nayf-be:. previqtaty.immtioncd,;:^^ . pointed-out- that .the tendency :ofoxaoxta amine'w^E^^bvAerti^^imtwlddiiaffe^ ahd: accident boards to regainl aggravatiori theafety;Of^otheriwnr1ierVci luBoperetor of pre-existing conditums as: condensable' '-ahdvtgierat6r;-0f-. moymg>i^pBHti;an>im^ afridents, .tod to so regard'also ^teiresBltt ; ;amiiIefc-^Wpricere^;^^ of iHmss, snakes the jhysimh's iriole in . affected .-bypehanges !in'-the^#^o<nyiron- safety even-more important -." :mridsimd.Htbpm,-:w^ >:are^attaining-l'older ; But I - referred earlier to die team '^ap 'age' levirisiare valao^imderVccninmotts^sar* proach to., safety. . Ip -die large, company, . vtfflancc^Ate.the.'xame:' rime^the^ioedical , the members pfcthis'team include:the- safety.: rieedn!s:/fciriideness 'aad/aeddeaftt/are /ft*, engmeerythe treating the: in viewed hr what- may bedescribedvastbe dustrial -hygiene; engineer, i and; I-msat, epidemiological.: approachTtormjiny, preven- the. nurse.:and .the physician;These are rica the staff orgamsatia^ esmg fee term .staff Inspiteof.aB.effort^wedostillbave. in its literal sense as ' something: to :-*3ean accidental in)urjes,and oarmeduaJ/fadhties. upon." In the final analysisj ^ifcty . is .a ' are therefore sriBcocceraedwitb ^us-vafter*: line respoasibflity and the .vanons ataff mem-' th^fact?-;aspect^- m-whidr-cur/ cpnt^todon: ben of: the team formulate programs .only . is'iwiiMs^diff^ 'the as procedures, for line management, to, use* How does this team' (which includes the nurseanid^\doto)'-woA line operations management to adneye safety? In the. large . industry, - it works m the following ways: .- . the; prefehri^atyi^ of 7this' artaStty^recoustroctty^ tative jtmSf' 'does` not;,;iessfe . contribution,tp;;ibc.v batujrc - as * To beginwiih, in our corporation>the and pro^ - tnatniriit' ^ safety department, the:xnedical department tdligmt relahiUtatiod1means' loWer Seventy imd the industrial hygiene department; each rates, as :,p^;''w.;Uioiiai^; periods'-of..-hf-' beaded by'-a director, report to the vice- fering/'Accinraie diagnosis7'^ president'of health services, who is aphysi- .* disease;', hi :addition, "offa1*1' xrar; best`de dan -trained and certified-inoccupational fense agamrt-'fatme asm fz^'ther&me tnfdjrtnff and with long practical experience cmiKSs ';; in the. field.- :Each- division has. a-safety director although many do-not have tneir '"Working with lini'toanageaent :.tb';eflfect. the - early return: of. an'-^ured- man-: to. own mediral director, and in my capacity as assistant medical director, divisions a$d sane modifiedtypeofiro^ his! disability;: when iproper,'Worksirto-;the associated subsidiaries, I- work closely-wiffi these division safety experts. advantage; <tf;avttybhe.^Knowing wbenit , is wiser.-to defer;retumvto.wpric' ia equalty - In each plant there is daily confab be important- Constructxvh irotmsrilxngVcd. the tween the plant medical director and the mdividualwhile Ihe' is: recetyii^ "treatment general supervisor of safety. : The plant for .'a:rcem;:injury,;.imdu;^^ - physician attends all safety meeting at gen siderably nrewttittedai^ can eral superintendent's level, and l may say do-moregbod ihan the-samC' advke. before that, in the plant-with which .1 was' ibr? it *105 happened to'lnto*^^;"J.': v.5-;-: merly associated,' these occur daily. He takes. part in safety conferences as. well as management' training courses* and he. and die industrial hygiene engineer work with safety and line management in the conduct of engineering surveys and the determina tion of potentially toxic materials in .the work environment AD : thathas Vbeensaid' here'. pohits }vp, 1 think; die absolute n'ece5slty ':of vhd^ nurses:and pbjTndaw' who are ^y .ibdiiri trial sums, and phyiddahM. hfAliai; tre&H> bg, hmy^yer'excdlo^ doeii'lty ito^f Qualify a physician for the type of Cdhtribiition we have been talking about" The industrial physician must first of all fmego his tra- ^ Out medical 'departments take an active ditional aothoritarian' role and 'leam ^to part in accident prevention both before aid . ftmeiion. as part- of it teaa.! He must-be w3Bng~i abd"tte: niust;'-ttl x'edg&'iff Peering. ' pfurJi^ Wiiteiii `.'zm-. danawi . aWparf: .cpbiwia . .wilh ji* ; Gil'jtJrt ; *?B* '* .. '.*&&& ' sotnewl .itSfiaatlSatao stajjdab liaiU '.dans ud abJerui TO men'll btdbci . dtottic thliib oceusai ln:ai* safety fniuitrMSiibitcU Smitmi wilinTlomHjer*tDd'ttfepractiil"prd)kmj stand,- much to the diarrayofsaftsy.tod and to:objectiVe^<rf'^?l>*ratmg!peo^e.vHe operating personnel. '-`o < 1 > > must acquire at~least -'fundamental-jknowl- . heard doctori'.'jBftify'ddgtmSnde : edgi-ltfifhe 1 cheadti^*h^?Si^-'. datdhe! bids > thai they do norwbh to'?pby . steering.-tHe tntistlhinV;u^<tnnyof,:gtgfi^ God^i bw Irsuboikthidth^rtiinst-bawnk of people - instead ofthe ' itidividtlal^pa- 1. ing >*o?ghe-' an objective- ojdntav- bazedoa tieot and.be .wHiiagto:,apply,^ie.-di*dplfeo thdrproferikridkDawledgeefbotft the . 'wbricerdid hU-joiaiif'theteeny. approach - wwkv v^M'ikf) must .do aJltHswithout to-safety, we have hceaediwassing ia-to lonngjS9>giutim:nfobis primary_-,.resqndv soooeed,,. It; needs':.ta ,.hea tn*hadiedi7 1 . bihty to fbejndiYidnal patient / -ri, thwlc,iibat-:,the . physician has: thijkind/of ctheiipropeflyfiofiented.^industxuil;i>&3rsi^: respaiithility, al. with rejpect ta cc>dent chmcwiBdottiw.'idiat .aedderd:preveahoni-is detenninatfooai . Ebr . wtanqile,. the: -ZrI6 . a:part :o--his~respansilrility.and''he'WiU Osdesof thetAmerkan: StandardszAaspotr cooperate,in: every -..posriblcsway, notonly don states. plainly,thar;"m case of dooht - . with:j*iOy;:hm<iwitlrall.-othersaepartmentSi: as to:the /degree. of rSsaMily^the.dasnfi* Qncfbesutherehau#ritev;wittoat:'ahe>aame cation of an in/my shall-be hxsed npoo , tin* refoseitocompromisehiS prindpkeor the -dccjfiow cf the pttysiciag engned tor ft>ekp6Mtht;(atient:to. addcdfrijlctforid* authorized bythcrcinplcyrr.*! amenable sakes.of preserving: anaafety; *itcord.?;:;>-> t0.5pneedethat.tbe. pb^tamcai^ m good .-One- jirearn:winch:thereare'too often conscience,,, either aycidor: teEnqnuh-the son*whatvIessthanc<np!ttdy:aatiafactoxyi responsibility hens.impficd,. rt3atM 'lK^|TOn :n*<h`ciiier 8nd7 safety\h... In ./summary -if - tbe physician end mine that in which ` the physician tt- adeed to are going : to beeffioctrre member*.of-tbe decide-whether a givenindividnalean or safety team, they mast be prepared to.- tor cannot be placed in a. certain job.:Pbysi- cept their:fall share of respooi&ility. .They danam-pnyate-practiceialniostiunryersaHy mutt,welcoroe reqoerti from the salety and .= sidestep. such an issue .and-this is under*. operating people and they nmrtf identify etandahlewhencne. reahxes.thattbey have themseiyes as members of a ttamwitfae little..or.: no. knowledge of .the .pfiysical. common objective.:. If jaefa medical thned- deny-inds of spcciEc jobs or o the.environ. dlimg:.eanrceiitrihote-,lo the/tralizaticrrot mAtaf '{actors.- /Frequently, however, physi onrgoal of' frequency .xero^ tbenlam cians in industry, who shouldbe knowledge- Sure.-yoo. will agree ,1hat.:we :mpit..eqo* able -mthese areas,wiir:Q0t takt a .firm tunie to `taeddte in safety!" > THE NUR5F5 ROLE IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDICALAND SAFETY DEPARTMENTS By ClARE B. SCHWARTZ, ILN. Employe* Uotnals of Wasean, Eiver Forest, HU , "* ,, As w nursing consultant for a large work- and improve the wdthdng of people en. men'i compensation insurance carrier, !have trusted h? tMr firfr-1 > .:-i:* had oceashm to wofle^with occupational health Safety, fs lnbernit b d* ftmcdcoa-of all' muiesifgcaTarietyiof'rcaiiufacturing'fp- rmreditfcy virtue of their profesdooaliprep* . dtatriea and - burinfasi ceganlndcni; From . araUso and tbdr deflraticn `to. preserve:: ftltcperienee,f.-d- can tndiftiliy' iy ednt. ;huma Hfe.and'hehlbP'Fromwilett::trri' occupationalhealthnursettiiust'ierInvolved ing dayiimirsesattmdecogiiiiantofltfaeir in safety. ^As atmember of tthe beahh and reoa^UHty-b mslntainlng a srie,-heslthy safety teun, ft if their :ftnictiaD:to protect ettrirooment for(f)themsdves,(2)tfeBow- S7 "TMTC m x m Iff 1963 National Softly Congress worim, (3) viiiiarg, and (4) above all, . developed - on. ..the -premise, that , the . nurse. their indents. worksas.amemberofthe.healthdhdsafety . Became maqjr buiitali have no organized team. .Of. 'cotu^e,*: .tiie.-^inifse.: riwst; assume aiety program, each iufividml mine mart . responsibility forthe: application: ofthese accept respooiibiiity for safety in the afore* ..principles in border'to maintain-the? highest mentioned arena. . Uore and .more hoapitali. standards of feryiefi. . art devdoping active safety prpgramv*nd . jWhen i; .nurse Renter*" the occupational: nurtci play, an extrtmely bnporfcat role' in health- field,: she: finds -herself cobfrCrited them. with an entire^ new 'tad different concept Fmaloti of analyzing cause* of aeddenta, of her profession than Ihe was aeeuitomed evahntmg general safety conditions .and to during her yean of training and .work in studying specific problems are similar to the hospital and health agehdes. The largest those in any other industry. However, much percentage of occupational health nurses are more could be done to give student nurses' employed in a one-nurse service. Often-her a more realistic preparation for the jobs scope of activity: In the safety field-is :npt they are going to hold in other fields of clearly -tpdled. out'-Cohsequentiyi^she; gets nursing.- involved because no one^.else is specifically In public health nursings there, is as in creasing awareness of the accident situations which exist in the home, particularly among - the chronically ill and elderly patients. A recent study in New York of. 122 public health nursing records revealed 26 included information about accidents. However, the nurses had not always recorded the causes of theseaeddents nor suggested methods of assigned fo safety. When^an iwqdent hap pens* she becomes;: cansdous -ofVtim' lade 'of safety - prefmtfions '-and. tiolation,\of;-safety rules., In jFefforts to.-bring about correc tion of such cooditiops, shemnst fiiitt .con vince management ;that she is; there , to a* operate with personnel, fcfety and. production departments, winy at.times,accuse her of '^meddUrig." prevention. From this study, it was felt .that This dilemma for the nurse can be avoided a method codd be developed to help the 'if* .. ' public health nurse assess the accident" po 1. Management provides administrative tential of cadi chronically ill patient This policies for thehealthandsafety program;. plan would prevent the incidence and severity of accidents in the home. Additional suffer- ing, .expense and disability of homebousd Z' The nurse participates' in., formulating these poliaes. . patients would be decreased.' 3. The physician provides"dated and signed , School nurses have endless. opportunities medical directives. . for teaching safety to children and parmts. 4. The nurse's position hrthe safety pro/* Childhood is the opportune time for establish gram is clearly defined. ing safety, habits and making them a way of 5. - A manual for the employee health lift services , department is compiled which con In the early days of occupational health tains mCdol and-admlttistrative policies, dinursing, employee health services consisted . rectives for procedure and nursing:respon chiefly of giving emergency care to injured sibilities. "' woricers. Since World War II, there has Before, considering the. role of the ..oc been a steady growth of- these programs' cupational health nurse in her relationship from first aid to health maintenance, with, between the medical and safety departments, emphasis on the prevention of accidents and disease.' The Occupational Health Nurses* section it is important to point out that, management should, make; mreiy effort to select a well- qualified nurse.. of the American Nurses* 'Association, 'The In addition to .-the. skills and. experieoce Council on Occupational Health of the Amer associated with :muring;.the occupational, ican Medical Association, and. the American health nurse should- be a person with Association of -Industrial Nurses have pre good /health, emotional. stability, initiative, pared statements of functions, standards and resourcefulness, sound judgment .and a-sm- qualifications for nurses in the occupational cere interest in people.. Additional attributes health nursing field. These statements were indude some knowledge of woriemen's eom- 58 pensatip - 'erai^he . diseases comnun : ofd-ket ''alVlhei `Where .nurse?* .ttunet` . Placesu America meats'll as the^ tRg.uptt to yea :tai'.ma " ''nin&.fwi 'em'plpye perscHm finished sknfc'S /Bealjfc:? wmpei . the.bqji which i mentS metric:t . "*-***'$ Thei ia-the, . the plat careful conditio the/ :wd decision f meets't tbe^exa The . major ; 'i;;bi from tl toretir characfc specific juries.. V Whet . dustry virion c direetio charact . cessfd. Industrial Subjtctt StsHotu penration; lavra and lnpunmce,/state' and; itd* ' sirian who. is. responsible-fori keeping the eral -health/and `safety laws, occupaticnsil working/ forcein/optimum health, as wtll as diseases,' - sanitation, CeounB<ling techniques, the firsti:assistantfto,.,tho:safety; Sre<Sor commmiicatlofi/skHlvtcaching methods,,Wes /chargedvrithikeqdng plantenvimmneutsafe. ordkeeping, -biirinessxpractlces.'and;' above -Befon the`nurse-am perform'her/role all. the:tattfi Nut;Prsit}ce Act , -- i effectively, she `must.have 'elearknowledge 'It U' a big order:ind you may weU'ask,' of the .following: ' "Where 'wlirifittdl'WWi'a -.vyeH^itaHSed ./ 1. Background .information on the com' nurse?H' It Un't easy, with the shortage of Ounes < in iill < fields.< However, ' the -Nurse Placement ;and Counseling -Service-of-/the Anteritan.-Nurses'- Association. and adVertiseraentsinprofesslonal'mtning magadnes such as the Amtrieon Jamal of Nuriing, NuningOuthok, and' others, may be of : help to you. / Z- Froducie meitufectuied or services ren dered. - ! ( ,J ,.3. iTypee of.phys!caI,'hlOtogksliend.chems leal hasards.present. : . 4.:liaet- of responsibility. and. authority between departments. . vThe' rde of the occupational health nurse xlnthe large industryithlsittfonnaffonls ;bads. r^y, aspects; T^ted.'.to/m^ generally readily available from procedure mngrV;with :<fte; firsriatroduciiosi *ito a /new manuals - and survey repdrtau'hy-'.safiiy/shd' .eeSJjty^'wH&''usti^;:Oe^';afttf'''fihe'' personnel or employment department- his hygiene: spedalists.; Ini, the snail, plant/vuth-: out these services oi the premises, theitmriie fiidshatthar screening foraptitudejandjob sldllJ-She introduceythe employee to the may conduct her ownstudy of environmental-, characteristics.by frequent trips,tbroughthe firaTth ; sendees of the company. Next she plant and conferences with tbesafetydirec- will perforin 0 health histciyi This will be tpr. Or,, the. relics on the ,'phmt..manager, the.beginning of a permanenthealth record, foremen and winkers .for infcmtafida: re which will be kept. up. throughout employ ment She.may do a'.nmple.vinoaand audio-. metric.scrrfiuiig.ns, a part of the pre-place- garding work hazards aind turns to them for hdp. in an effort to oorrect'dangerous coaditioos.; - Mnnitnarink. Plant personnel should, eooperatewith.tbe. The physhaan will then take over, whether in the plant medical'department or outside the plant in his office. The nurse may, by careful inquiry,' discover phyncator mental eanfitions which might prediide"hmploying the. worker for'as spedfic -job.' The final derision as to whether a prospective employee meets the job's healthstandardsrats with the examining physician* ; The nurse's ; activities take place in two major areas : ' ' 1/ Dealing'with the human characteristics from the rime of die first health interview to retirement raunsriing;" ' nurse . in . giving her..' correct information, realizing that she is attempting: tov protect thehealthandsafety of ewrjone,concerned. . A well informed nurse will be alert to her duty of /reporting her,, observations oi. a change in , emnrcnmental characteristics ;to the :proper .safely. managrinent .. These ; changes , nay relate to lighting: ventilation, housekeeping or atnsaspherKconditions;Frequenfiy- an. unhealthy condition is:. brought to her attention,by employees who visit her department, because of .an injury, or/illness. They may report a had rituafien to her be fore , they tdl -/their foreman., It /becomes her duty then to tactfully discus/the prob ; Z.Being concerned' about environmental. lem with,the foreman and thestfety director. characteristics from plant housekeeping W> . The nurse wifi likewise refer for, medical specific exposure to hazards resulting in in/. attention,employees showing, changes in po- juries./' sonalcharacteristies,such as ebange in skin . Whefiwy the nursevworks In a large fa- . Uppeatwiav: gait, speech, visual acniiyor dusby under fidl timeiErectmedicalsuper- enntianal bahnce.; Both ritnatiens rnayaet visiod ortmderparfdtneand qncallmedical the stage for an-accident or occupational direefioo, she must be axteerned:with these disease*..:/- characteristics if: her program is to be suc ; When dangerous chemicals or other tcude cessful She is the first asristint to the phy- materials are hemg nsed: the mine should -S m 1963 National'Safety-Congress -' haveja~working knowledge of. hbwtheyenter the .nurse might: inform the servicing;,phy? the body and -are.absbrbed into tfaczystem. sician of: the type of-toxic'materials\bring When detecting early signs of-, harmful ac- used inthe plant;sothat he -can be prepared cnmiilatinn, she shonld refer the problem .to . fori preger-'haiidUngvof5 emergencies..She therpbysidaa for medical investigation, and ' might .print- out - to management, .the tm- to the safety.department for investigation ' portanee of- asking .the-physician.to tour the. of engineering controls.. -A. plant, in. order . to. familiarize himself; with - ^unfcs^tind . ''.iJfy&jit nur^'aatfi ets fo-hii mayaidti She most, not, however, jass. judgment total" plant..operations, Mid; particularly: the on rite situation as this is not her realm. hazardous.pnes,..-Vf.k safety.wit] For example, a. nurse working in an industry .. Perhaps- one of the most troublesome-and out etnplb. where there is a lead exposure may observe costly, conditions.rrespiting .fram/ exposure in a worker such early signs of; Suable to'irritating substances is tienaatitiv: It: is as period] lead intoxication as grayish pallor of skin mid. that- skin 'gFMeMjnV --cost - -In to (K and lips associated with vague gastro^in- testmal complaints, headache, weakness and loss of appetite. Sbe-may also notice certain blood and urine-changes on laboratory fe-. ports; . . Prompt reporting of these early signs and symptoms to the physician for.' diagnosis and to the industrial hygienist or safety director for investigation of atmospheric, dustry . close'(to.:.$^,000,000 -annually.' A worlriris attitude' and-workbabits have* a-lot to do.with lus likelihood of.developing derm atitis. Educatif^lVand.-pcrsiiasiye- eforte., on the part of the niTO^smdjsupervjgbrs will go alongway.^xc^^ Qff-ti^job'cqati^ :.ro since , about 35. per!, cent of all - industrial dennatitii/. cases are"-traced. 'to. 'noin-bccqpar V.A.l&fc jiirictahd ";4.''Froo ejrt; inimi to.correct r.^Aid eye J>rote ptotecriye conditions andwork practices may easily pre tianal' causes.;:-The'. nurse? can; do'; a; great. .kS..-Piers vent lead intoxication problems. ded m riiritihg this infonnation.by careful referral -t A common, potential health bazard'is ex (picfttlcnuig. She. can .also be most helpful posure to the hundreds of organic solvents in promoting preventive;measures hi the fol in use today. The responsibility of evaluat lowing ways:.'.... care Ufa .Extreou cate, since ing and controlling solvent exposures rests 1. Seeking out the potential skin irritants, mlnorlnju primarily with Industrial hygienists and safety engineers.' However, when controls are in adequate or workers fall to use precautionary measures, the problems resulting frequently come, .first of all, to the'nurse's attention. Recently a plant mine reported, that a 2. Assisting wlth the selection and uk of protective clothing and ikin creams, X Assisting .management In \ providing proper vksh^g' fadUties and! keeping diem In sanitary. cbndltia:' ! Irani . seen* of 'i contact In agementa solvent exposure caused a worker to have 4, Educaibg'wqrker* do. tite. importance in,. them' abdominal cramps and to -"pass out" His of keeping* themselves and the work place' dustrial o family physician hospitalised him-for treat clean. ; . ;- sjainjt si ment-and diagnosis of a passible coronary ' 5. Urging immeriateReporting to,the em- foreign be attack. It wasn't until two more workers ployee health services'department, the very Ihcoce from die same department reported to her first symptoms of skm trouble. ... ininstitut with similar mmplamfr? thaf the nurse ques tioned the foreman of die department regard ing.the work exposures. 6. Early referring of skin disorders to a dermatologist for correct diagnosis and treatmart. i health jpre less sersh Statistic \ It was revealed that trichloretbylene and carbon tetrachloride were bring used for cleaning machines and equipment Her find ings were reported to the plant manager arid to die patient's physician, who-then' understood why his patient recovered so rapidly from his symptoms. The danger, of using these' solvents without controls or 7. Assisting with proper,placement,of em ployees pre-disposed to skin troubles and with job, transfers when this' is. recommended by the dermatologist.;; \ One of the most essential phases of . an Employee Health. Program is.care of the eyes. It Inis a'threefold objective.: protection was printed oat to management U.; To assure^ that-., workers . have .'vision and die foreman. A safer cleaning- agent meeting job-demands., ; . is now bring used. 2. To protect wOrkefsf: eyes against haz It may be well to bring* out here-that ards ofthe jrit: :.: of.acdta factors ain Psychoiog place of t tfaepnehx abd fqjori Ians m pi tians.. ', Modem world, is mental ati toeseape. 0 l; tl :cv. 3.- To provide workersanstaining eye m- junc3Md'dijeasWitli.iillKiriie<l'<ait-i' expected of: them df-woH^-at- hcmeivahdih theirsoda] tife-Mountingtensionsfrequcntly. WW aaafliea wi^ rente fav iBitinhed 'tatcr- 7niay ^3;^prognm;m^^ioBtrtnag:viaj: pasaal -relations amo^'-Wyilay super- '\ti.'-.,:>r -'-ric-ii;.;`T-v- v.'i.v. . vistui and-BoiBgBnfnt. -a* rat. I^j-Edacatioim beaah.aiw .'lit lsri^penK ^'hri^t'-p*rd-|^-amsbfdcfi. safety.withnew employees as well asthrough-. out employment ;:- - - V . , constantly cane;to:a rair5fs''attenfion, She Is in a ti^he pnslfi^to blsayr'arly ri^s .' -2.; Pre-placement., yisaal acreemng as wdl = ' of stress, emidnal`instaliiUft;anxiety and . as periodic !.sereehma.!foUpwed; by referral to ^'speqa&iPaeasB^^-.;,!;'- '..`.'.''V;", eren.psjdhotlc /teidendes'rOdiichkiiiay -dead ; to aori&ntxVShe'.rcalizesltfaati the-jraihier 3.Mauttaining;a-reeord of OB eye in whoij prosocnpedfjrith.fahnly.dl^cnlfies, . juries and diseases ; -- ; . finandal'tworriesiror. personal :nnhapplnea :From thesCirttord* analyze causes of loseshlsmental alertnets and, sooner or. bier, eye; injuries'vrith'safetyi'engbeer in'otder suffers an injury!,. .. to cotTect environmental hazards. ' ' Beople,;irith:'<aetren)t emnrinrial'problcma / 5. Assist ,jn-establishing a. programof may;,Kie:rir.desire to; live^and: place; eye protection, anti .proper maintenance' of themselves msitostfads -dangerous!tofthdr protective derices. safety Odd etas life Itself. '' t v. . -Proride:tmrsing,.care.in emergencies, '.'Bedutie .iff her,traimng and .experience referral-to eye spialists,:;and. fOllow-np With side and trowed people^ .the. pnise care a* indicated. ,.. -'Y7 atodety. Jte^best'tool for belptagttiSe .. .Extreme caution isneciessaiyia giving eye caret since infections can easily develop from: emotkialIydliturbedpeoplo:ls;llftenlng.Em-. ; pJOyeeswlth these persons] snd fsinDy.prob- freai offepersento ;anothryvia ssfetygogglts,; eye jni,Vdroi9eri, !medlc*tioui, or hands. Answer hanrd h*s;mbvedonfo;the . sene of;eye. safety, trith; the. prevalence of contact lenses. .The nurse should alert.man- agement and workers to the danger of wir ing . than while '.jperfcShini.^.liaisidour'tor dustrial operatiritii" Opbthalmologlits' wafn against wearing 'idiem! .where -chemical ' or foreign bodied"are 'prevalent. lemaoftm will opdt' the *bafety'wve": to -the nurse. - They wfll pour, out rfedings of. stony, fnatrsttca, resentment :nd; hostility toward employersad ftBow-workerabeesuse, ' somehow, they fed safe in nnlhsdlng to her, . .The, sympathetic muse can help, fanmeasurr aUy, if' patient Qjtenlng. It is fdf .fftst 85 to! ^8;per cart of etnotbnalfy:stoihed'p<totons i.can! find; a sohitlon tb. thclr . pfbhlans bytahang!tldngsc>ver.' Whenthlsfalls,' die ]u^'^.fb!'liawiiniSMJ'.k'MBjii proper ^ The. occnpatioiial;health nurse who .helps 'riifertiils for spdaalized trotmebt.; in jntiihiring and maintaining a sound eye health program ;ih ihi plant performs' price less service'to employees - and .management. ` : An lncreasingly serioos problem ln .ln- dnsby is: akohOSsm. The proUem dridcer costs Indostry milUocs of dollars doe-to .Statistics prove,; that controllable causes feefliclepqr,' waste,- accidents and lossuf of.accidents cah;he 'ejirninat<ri.'.Th'e hmnan ptodtiedca. Tbe occnpatloml heslth tttirse factors are much more complex to dal With. nmy rtals a slgnlficant cnntribntlon to die Psychological. problems come up In any hleohoUsm programs in indusiryi- She ihas place of employmehtandsoan show up oo hade health inf&rmatlcio - about' cmployees the pradnedah record,' perhapson thehealth andi genoally. good fater-persooal'tdaddns told Injury record, and quite often m prob wlththem as weUasyrithmanagemmtShe lems of absenteeism andlinter-persoral rela has did uppcatunlty of early IdendGcadon of tions.'' ':[ r ' X'i- dm proUem drinker,- counselingcwilhvhhn, Modem man, living in a busy,, restless mid: ttferringvhim for pltgier^wre. - The world, is subjected to tmtsua] physical ,and mnse-'miai^r dmCs is insfrumestal in haring mental stress from wKch .he 'finds lt hard toanagcment establish a policy regarding sn to esapt Mirny workers do not haPe the alccdiolism program.' r ' ; J uwbUm if \.A m \ \ && Natitmat Softly.Congrtss. firiotionri ceidBcte often arise, duri^ ! People seen*tet hivfe:lori'fitt^fo^druga, pre-retirement years. The slot-curse:,will asevident become aware &E .this and by her counsding, from.their aus^;. T& assist the person who has developed awear- dpstdtf ' ingioot'defect such as hih blood pressure,: fceut. disease; arthritis or. symptoms , of cian's directioos/and^ "repdrtlrig to 7h&t' shy nervous disardeiv Sheshould encomage.Wm side dfects frocr medicatioa Abw^ to see hU ^yddm. Sbe may show tb5 -way ntort* adhere dosti^ to'fcttr med^directives * to/slowing down' by reasonably.: controlled regarding-this dmgs Tiiwi be? activity,.thus resulting in preserving health department to,employees on fhejobv1 and greater enjoyment of life; : . ; . Physicians and nurses, have a wealth of information available In their records.of in jury cases, occupational -diseases and general . kealth stains of employees. From this infor mation, helpful statistics-can be; compiled to assist management in. pinpointing injury treads and trouble spots ip.human relations. The nurse- should make - every effort. to make herrccords as meaningful as .possible. Not only should she make careful entry of work-connected injuries but.non-occupationa! illnesses, lyrical and mental dis orders sbould .be recorded. /A ^ailext^i^p^afrl^pcxrba^' joP'lthe. occupatiatri'h^dinaiWs''^ a teacher. Edncatidp/isttbe st^^gct'tool to. develop sale working haKts.and td maintain a healthy and safe 'Mvirohmoit^Teaching . may be done .cri an ixidmdi^ struction basis.-;Tl^-.indivu^^ employees ii.tiie;mort/eff^v^ to . get. a message across. ^opportune time for* thistypeof instruction is;duraig' the;initial healthinteHiew, during teeatmezit .of an: in jury . or illness,' or- wfaeb' the workerseeks help regarding a health problem^: '.-.-V/ '/'v A trend in an employee's health and in- . Group insthictioii may be/carried on/m jnry record may indicate, a change in gen safely meetings* m. supervisor# meetings,' or eral well-being or a specific'change in phys with adepartmcht wfaere'a specific-harard ' ical ability, such as. loss of visual acuity, exists; for cjcaihple,:in 'seang:that new oh- ' loss of. hearing, emotional instability, or a ployees;are edmated:;cu;the pfiopermethods ' disease process. Such information is helpful.. of lifting;'mir * Ss'acopribdr9tibi8`.^oa 'yplanricv* in fdkrw-up counseling and job adjustment and in^oaenting/a. first -aid instniction course for/a&ri&iy attendants: on. bight The confidentiality of health records must shifts./ ". : be carefully"guarded. The nurse must use good judgment in her interpretation of med In^tion'te-lierpersoo* ical and health information to other depart groupinstruction*. the. nurse. may. use:lfe ments. When a health condition involves a work situation, the nurse should enlist the employee's cooperation in discussing it with lets, buhetinv posters' and coiiitii^uti^.'to tiie company papery She should work; closely with the sw^y 'd^artmeht and, ideally, 'sen* as a rneimber-'bf We sdf^.comimttee. ; management . From ali- this,.it is obvious tiat'the iupo- Recently, may nurses have become con _ tions of the' medic^. departmat,.sy^ ;de-. cerned about employees, who ..are under partment, and the occupational' health nurse specific medication such as tranquilizers, anti are closely allied. They must work,together histamines, anti-spasoodics and anti-coagu as/a team to gain the gr^test benefit from lants. These may have ride effects and re actions which make a worker less, alert mid cantioos and therefore more susceptible to injury. A worker under anti-coagulant medication may be more subject to bleeding, if injured. They, should be noted on the em ployee's health record. It is also important to alert the co-call physician, who does not have access to employee health records, when their service* * __ ; / :":/v'/V'/r:! * Management.has the responsibilityofpror viding tiie, proper, climate, for. the.curse's activities.. The ..nurse has the responribiKty of developing and;mamtaimng smooth .work ing relationships anti'proper communication between health , personnel and tiie various plant groups. an employee trader certain medications is Keeping up to date on professional nursing sent to him for treatment advances, as well as oathenewer concepts 2 .A iiltheri hygiene,' lag-anfc ide~iwi stfeJjrV.'i; leisi, irai oMgmfj tobe'-eja .as.fe^; LFanila JorOt li.OuMa. Amok Ooeupc IvOott*. tor 1 4. Qtdda : v/*NtaBCeMsI A MO v Thee : dpetaSori heaJtbjn Ktnfioat A at engine*TM nurses, j other w this/Riot anthejc ganOqs' mall: Tbtiugl safetjraa assafetj statists a it b'obr pronotia health of mque;d< -eases and ;Whe XL k/~ Imhutrial SubjtcU StuiiMi -;v; . V;'T..'\i> Cl'v..;'_i-y*v. In thereiatedfieiiis;of''tafetjran4 industrial - :I{ nurses ^ootaelgilfctisly- ap^y ^atey;. hyglene,'re(iniresnttrse to'do'endless prindpies-intbeir owndsSy atthitiei^theyft ing'^^^di^^ItnKeisitato-trcfttngnig. win MfiH the fanctfad oT^aetfre'partjt^pa^ U^5W&Vftlow>iianet,f'^vjdd>iu and < tfett in safety hj; dsdr own woHc- esTriroO-' safety: sjAfedists- eoncenuntf mutariptob-. ment andln their community;1 ThiitypCof-. lems, sod|ar:;we bnolvtmentln safetyreqairescoBStsnt'tigk cwgmCBdt,most ot aU, it rtqolrts nones iaoroaixloffentmtsetTtiltatis&edoaia to be eiamples.oj goodfcaaltli and to acquire onyfegootthefe;-^ .a safety attitude themselves. services program. Kilifcixtl I. inactions,-.Standards. an# QaSlitteattans g. Ttie. Oenmattonal Health wnrae- : forOeeunaHonil-Health: Norais. -American ! :CM% lwtioBaIfloctoty.ioftba Pwraation f gnraeiiAjractitton. Occwattmul .Health : :None. Section--S-aO.':: -:', - :> 3.. QnMa for.the-DeTelopznentofiledlcal.D!- . to- rAemcmttyrieoM*1ifor .OoeapioawtutaaatWl-.'wBm^ 'QltlPi:OSSCnUa'-oC,lI'l Oocanatkmat Health; VoL S, ls-'fil : s.griaA: *"* ' . .- sane 10. No. 10, 7. Industrial1 sun XHsmsswVHattaal Samr :. - ..OanncU 3)at> fflasat -sm.- toiled;MB,* . g he.jNurao'aBoJa tn :Baattb -XSintniaca: ana Aoetdent Prereettoe; Blcnard A, Butter,' 'QrSBUBft.llHi : 4.:<taMft for th* Dereioipsft^^rt .- .far - .SC^JOiOuiMal Jbdtelna and 8nsgwry; <VoLi AJ.VUJ. SrfiB. ... . an. Exaoiorfto. Healta Pittgwni American ft-mtagsattsig,:. accident. Prerantlon lo Total. Tfoma AB^rtattanv OeCT$atiotttf -H--Ith . Patteat . we. ^anlea E. Weeteby. and '-KorMaBactlM^-'Dw^lSGL'.'-. Others, Itmshig Outlook, AMODERN MEDICAL PROGRAM JFOR THE SMALL PLANT By RICHARD A. SUTTER, M.D. Softer Clinic, St. Lends, Mo. Tberearemanydl^HnetinYoiyediathe weil trained spedalists hi aU o{ these fielda.. dpetatiod'ofSccdye:S^ety'and;occupatioaal In most small plants, we &id hot one or two bealtfa - programs;designediof accident' pro-, o tbese'gronps reprtsented. Small indtati7, ' vration and hralth maintena^' fa tadnstry.' tiOWeva is coming to the realisation that it . A list ^d idcldte: rmamgetnat, safely most: afford ;the: specialised services of. this engineer* hrinstririThygioiistv ph^cian* groopeventhou^LOoalimited scale -- : nhrses, .jfefsbnb&fdirtcti^:'^ . In iMiO the'/dserieanlfefieid'AtsodatiogfS other specialists in 'the'safety- field. 'Within "SnrreyofPhysidiin Sra^Ces inSmaliPlant this/grocift managianerit is-the cs\alway*,- : Odcttpattohal Heahh*- Pnqowniy! ' diowed onthcjob,formanagemeprisnecessary r*> that.hr'.far the1 greatest-hdfiaftro was . gardleis 'of-Whether-ftevpbnt is Jarge-or . exejtpdvhy. management-m therdevdopment ttnaJI;, Tbodgh management's responsibility, insafety and accident prevention is paramount, as safety engineers,nurses,. industrialhygieniiti and physicians employed by industry, oi maUipiant dccnpaddoaljliealdi programs . saved by phyddanS in private.practic^ eooat nsifidiy: by general pcactitiocieirW' either;part time .or ao adh rather than by- fhO -thne snefral directors. r: --i it is oar job to assist management ini the' ..' it hsia>been: r^ esroeriesieie ffnit:thoea. pri promotion of' the physical weff 'beihg and marily concerned i^th safely asit profesdoo healthof its personnel -a by the use of teds-. hare belcn.the aits Who havepreoed manage^, mqnes desiEtttd to preventoecupationab.dis- ineiit hardrat for the estabUshmot of these' teses and accidents. ; more adeqaate- shodern,- small plant- medical Where industrial plants aire large, see find programs.'.This is an important development 63 "1 ' v': ,i.`. a's.-A1-- -ft1 :virC;: v- 35:;^;V'.V........r...-.. v-` av-,: : 0WMikms i-' =. ' : -"V 1963 National. Softly, Confirm . bbe^-who faHy 75 per cent of our work force i} Z .Pre^plcyh^nb^eenmg (Healthin^ and^by; is emplpyed m so ared small industry,--., ventory) ,,. "/wla&vfor those.enjoying 500 .or less.'This develop?., &. Pre^a^eate-idiyricalr/exandiatioo, :aid?inco mentis doubly important because these email (This is tbe same as.our old pre-employment* ndtc&iH lndastrbl: firms normally. Save an accident' physical examination) J ' ' tfsat/pob frequency rate two and a. half tunes {9.91/ . 4. Health- cmmseling J -. i$4) that, of large, plants. This b according to the very latest figures available and as yet from the National' Safety ' 5, Peribdic:heaith examinations amirmticms prior''to returp tp work and'ex*^' ,- CoeodL It can be said that though the need . .6, Health education. . .. keeping. `';v:He`wi sutitatioi for trr**ra* services is greatest in .small , . ..7; Constructive medicine plants, as a' general rule, they, have afforded - .. 8. Safety. activities therasdves the least until very.'recently.' .. ; ' 9; : Records aikrepcrti , . correctec fcqSflia Modern plant medical programs, regard less of size, ideally are composed Of elements and sendees designed to maintain the health of the work force; .to- prevent or. control occupational and noc-occupational diseases and accidents.and to. prevent and lower, disaKfity anti time" loss, resulting therefrom. Our t"fl plant medical program* should, according to the.'Coandl on Occupational Health of the.American Medical Association In Its publication "A Guide to Small Plant Occupational Health Programs,"provide for: 10. of inderial acddefits & dtxases (Hnt aii:nergen6y car*definitive,m?dfcai . caie). -" '/if V-.;; ..Though alhtiiiese .services.areifcnpcrfaoV: I shall. elaborate- only cn thOse mosfdotely . allied with safest u wbid^physlc&ns may teeddle" coasirueUy^..i-:u \ i-i'> .* Plant sadwtrW.- hyg^lsnh*yv^rJ^^ - hasard inventory. Before the industrial;phy- . ridan can perform his role effectively in the operation .of .the health maintenance pro smdnai didccL'. He lei - ' InzanliV evori^i trolled;! . men u) i fie'etrtt toeorrei jitoit hSj Tent'reci 1, of healthful envircoment gram, he must have tfae proiw tedtground thetechi Z Health examinations . ^Diagnosis and treatment 4."Immunization program information.' Hemust have a dear knowledge 'of- itite* -ha2ard!0ritijm\tiiertpfa^;:and;.,ifa&fc inventory of them. To acqmre tids knbwlr edge, he must, familiarize himselfwith plant of a .ape %lfc?tKa *5. Medical records 4' : processes, j^bs aiid job requirements. . 6. Health education and counseling. ' ^nstriai'hygiene surveys rt:surveys oP How can we implement medical programs, plants made from the health and medical designed to accomplish these. objectives. In standpoints. I jefer to Ihem ns Tphot.-haralri . correctki skflls,pl Variotis.-. our-. <wT|a'fl plants? If the management of a iuvcatoiles. Ideally; the conduct of- themedi- ; phying i small,industry believes that it:cannot afford, ml aspects of these surveys is supervised h^:* ful ccndt nor closely mutate the largeplanfc supervised the occupational or Jodnstndrphyncbttor by servicieS full time, by physicians, nurses, industrial the Sadnkrial hygienist.lt b not;mmsisri for - ridmtrpx hygienists and safety engineers,;it should, these specialists, to- be,assisted,by.engineers, turn-to..a consideration, of an alternative. safety expert^ indh^ri^.iiGine^ toaDCiolds^s,; ' . `IVPW*eri vintorf;- . Under- these' drcnmstances, Iwould sag- . cheiabts,'physiologists and^private.and gov*, ' -Asnel-de gest .that yon assist your management in the ernaehtal agena Their nitent iS:to;.Jrtndy; otiedpaitio tailoring'.of your small, plant medical pro the environment and operations ofdhe /plant Employed grams. primarily.. to meet yonr individual and to discover,' inventory, predict-. and ,|r- Thftsew need*, within the framework of the pHlos- . rect all plant hazards affecting' the health ;rf;-akill ophy of your company in regard, to the ex and safety of the worker., ...Typically, .these tooperal tent of provision'of medical care for nan- work . hazards , may . indi^e : !ces. ' poise, ultimate. \ industrial conditions.. . My own compilation of the sendees con-' stituting a good plant medical program for health maintenance and accident prevention which I call my "Teh Commandments for. fanlhp lighting,' heathumidityexhaust and ventilation,sahhation,concentratiooof, dusts and toxic stibstances in exoess of. established. threshold limit Values, ,and! chemical and mechanical hazards./. ...:' npoothcJ traihiugi `r-The-fa .jnorarie'i : fcwrfwatfiy a Plant Medical Program" includes: l. Industrial hygiene, survey (Plant haz ard inventory) . TjfVtng special;;assistants,'.however, the industrial physician must, conduct `his :own survey by finding'out. all ;he ean-from .any? bqhir^-' i using sut 64 lii&uiriilSubjictiStt&Mi onewhocan feitfehim pertinent information .vrlddihjtbemselvts'mlgJitprechkJfctbe enand-hy .observertioU-andJiBqulry~'vvbeir,ho: - idOyroear'of-'an'appSeint.fOr atlpedfiejob. VMiftor dnspects>hevpJiihfr:;Tfe:tiiatierjHsts Many c>ditkvilnberartlT;m*ke tbe'man . aiddncconedfrig: the.mvltanmenlal beards '. an unsafe worker ro-certin'}ol)*.4t Is ap' nitd?Ra;.^'^^c{|ec^'l^!lcD9ikil9 > paretatthatif-aTnanitofcapatlotidlymnd thstpoochouselccapcng'testilts in bcitucd 'dir'iycotorblimVheibooldnothegiwtria *cddnU' aod^:obwWjiI thatgood hoaaee... 0pp6rtndtyto~iBjure'hlm>cif' ceothcnbo^y|H' fOTCthecc*Sriop U detected: > ' ' v-Hewitt tenlwcehis iasowledge tint proper Ukewise.hypcrtcnihre employees rosy ^tt^!;b.'or'ciciRmif'Jimjanee. hftbe Hacfc^oBt^' become'dlssy or falb break thdr maintenance ofrhealfli;'thal in-p&nidihiai. bedoor otherwise 'Injure themadvea: in'tire - ftcBiddi nmtt'be Sn^c&d 'iiscl dcfidrnde* 'ahaenbe ' of Imoridedgei of ftdr tiironitililff- corrected';- that 'proper''-waddnig: atii toilet ties? I,tethe eppKcittit'seniwecs .to' specific fedfiflra'and;lddiier;`ippn^ bsqulriess the: pitlent Stater that he hat ejd- - and maintained in a-'asiitUT and tafe'eoo- - lepsyor*fit<* uncontrolled,heiatmotqtallfy dltiotul >5V S; :'i''-pW .. for hroirthnmber'of'jobs. Ifahy employee '; He leaj^: th^'th^:e&;tnrtidilar.health ' admits haying'had va'-ramt,hast jattad^ demohstratedby dectTOeardiogAp^tC taanf eim'ti^itfi'thWInSSA^aip'aeenihigiyecb- . Ihatieh; has htd a protacgetTpakid oPtat- trolled/he tntlat'give :ipefiW pitaliatioo and ta eontitfiing-mCfaKTl'Tt ft . mm. to emplqyed reaiodabte for the: peaoamt'defarbnH. to -the'earlieSt!ehange Shdalce immediate steps rdect that aipBearo farcormtromjdoy*aent . fo'iontet' |t*vprogress;' to effect eures anth dn-KsffiddintpiaP annmtitrieted'craooipp- most important; to restorecontrolsandpro- eratdrihardlabeirer.w'perfmrfevenforifeta' 1* n y*;?. atdnbp:Jobt.;ii_ pyfib&! through' hie; of ' Altm tiwte data: dibcendng tneiHcal hJt- ` tapme imiv toiy have teen retbrSd, the maflcal 'exam- . v<y,,^ntrtnLirir'^liirnt^'withttjeoprratWTi Wtion fonn repietenta a'idrljr complete of aspedfic. plant,4ms acqmnnted himself health ; Inventary for the doctor't 'further Wflt'te';inv<ntbiy;;pf Bamiris tb healthand eattjderatioa ^ i _ ? '* -: : ,. ^fety, 'Imirtra' tOBWtijfl^Of /tlie-tiediiigaet. [:&tfccnunt'ikrilul trambuHau. Aftep ttsed'and the- disdplinesavahable for their preBmitary ereehlng.;by the;pdnointd:ffe> . aorwcUm 'OT k3feiJnatJoO): uhdersfahdsthe tartment or the 'hamsmal ltnrolv'tird 'S& skills, physical'and: mehtal'reqtdrements of pHcahtt .aro aeWdnled for exafttinatittflby tradoo jobs*^fie' fcai' the ibhckgroundfor part-tinw' plant phyddam or ` tut. tiP'to: : playing 'a mbst:ef!ectlve;role Inthe success phydejarft ofiSee for rotnpletion of the Jire ful conduct oftheethef'basIcelethentiSDd ` plabement phytieal extitilnition. Itdt tire rei* . services of:thorteaWt'mlntenauce:aad'ac- tpomdUlity of tite phyaJdan-to' tevietrand. ddmt prevention program. :' .-...: / tb oornrplde!; the health inventory lectitir of ` PriitHrwfitejtiiiiiit rfrrfnfap or Arofth ti*- the pre-employment questitHmalre xnd to rTOtfory.'is'iaedmblned function of the per- conplite theacttnl phyn'crdcatamination/He scond depirtmcnti'employftwnt office and tits may^ delegate those parts of : the--Physical oecripaticifiM i*ySidan. Enbilgh men must be exannmtidn rnrmally: dooev.by. hbtnnrses and^ednadanJ.'He mtat, however, assume . Thbse selected roust'meirt'the standards of jobildllsahd ltialth-rtquiremienti'jdedghed tbOperatethe cotn^ny moJteE6deraly;The ultimate level of thrir etSdcncy Isdependmt upon their proper,selections proper pWccment, ccssplete responntntiiy for tiiena: . >V - Ptriddic htallktj^A^alumj andbxamhtatSom pTW'to' rietuni ^O' WOih arerdoni at intervals varyfcK frotiviroSnths toyitan and artnsefdtoobfifcheddng'tosee'whctirer treatment hia^beeri obtahred'iof remediable ' The industrial ph^iidan should dedgn or . cooditiora noted oo the piepbroement'or a : procure a good preaanpldyniott physical ex- previous ^tytlcal eaamination. They are es- : amfationforo'svl&&,prbridei fdrtaetful pedally taeftd in the older age gronps,: where Jhginfy' Into'medical' history. He-, can, hy (fegertnitive rSseaaea are mort Kkely to be using such forms, discover many eonifitioni - foend. ' ' 65 : --ir j,,,rr\ X atfk .; d. m 196S Nationai Scjety Congress . For. rmtancc, changes.in an.employee*! hazards . and. unaife rwtiriong .practices^ mental: ability as a result oforgritic.change qfflridy.as.ffiey are ti4cbvere<L s - froro arterio^erosU or ot^ diseases cah; yReccrdt:and rt^oris-tra a accessary part constitate;a serious bealtHhazard, especially - of. alt'the* ;otiw-TsnQeVj;tfidces,'of':good. where thiscobtStioa results in. unsafe work medical' program.;': Comprehensive- Zrecoeds practices.Abo, changes in bearing aodin must-be kept ^nd -reports renderetihrordm* visoal freqnentiy. crar in later years, that management -be^mferined- in thelrfcon with descent to levels that make .the worker tinuing responsibility, for bealtfaandsafety, ' unsafe to himself ;ahd those about him. and the cnpkyccs kcpt . l^ .Hypertension, of course,'.Is ,adanger pot degree of success afforded by - opo9rft- only to die worker but to the satiety of tion.\'Reco^^a^':r^o^'aro necessary ito them abouthim. I. have. seen a good many direct and evahntevpreventfw. medical and men who have been injuredin,falls at floor safety engineering techniques. They.are nec levds/and from high levels `whose falls .were essary tochartprogress in the reduction of not due to missteps bpt.to.bbickbnts, un- accidents in our.plaiitsl consriocs:states or paralysis; the. remit of hypertension and certhral accidents., Recog nition of this condition,, with treatment, proper* placement or retirement-wiU help prevent sneb.accidents. Adequate recordsare- necessary for .the compilation of_ statistics. illustrative;'ofi the importanceof adequate records is.tbU.state ment found.,on-tirn:inside 'of- the', rovpri-of the -Safeti-VCounaTi bccJcldfc "Ardent The importance of early recognition of Facts," i^>diti^ C/ catenary disease, and o&er heart conditions "To those who work la .aoddett.preventioo, which may he the cause of accidents .is. self statistics are the cornerstone on .whuh,.tucb evident Diabetes frequently. is found de programs are rtnjctured. Hpw tnany aixl- veloping relatively late in life.. Its proper dents occur eadi yeari -Vvhere?: Howl.To diagnosis and treatment is of paramount im whom dp they, .occur?. These aref the facts portance to ti>e individual's health and safety. that most. be put . to/ use to help man.solye Where individuals are exposedto special cine of .his most .serious! survival' problems. hazards, the periodic examination is manda These are ^Accident Pacts." .r tory. The industrial physician who has pro : Core of industrial Occidents and ,diseases vided hirnsrif witlr the proper background can best be furnished by;a combination- of knows who .these men are, what fobs they a well trained, first .alder,, a knowledgeable are on and the hazards of those, jobs. Indnstrial nurse,, and a competent physician, Examinations prior,to return to work are assisted by those interested in safety. How* usually done following periods of time lost eyer, few.small plants fiave full time inrplant due to illness or accident and. especially fol burring service and, of course, evea fewer lowing prolonged periods of time- lost from have full time medical service. .- ;k;.:. noo-industrially. connected illnesses and ac Fortunately; yourjplant physician dob not cidents. We must assure ourselves that these need to be a specialist'& this-firid. It : is employees have recovered sufficiently, that certainly true that/most industrial.^injuries they offer no hazard to themselves or those can be cared for by: general practitioners. about them. However, where in addition to the .responsi Safety activities are properly the primary bility for rendering competent care of /in concern of those of you who are knowledge dustrial injuries,, interested physicians have able in this Add; however, much Help can taken the time to become .knowledgeable in be secured .by indoctrination of your, first . regard to the other nine elements of our ten aiders, nurses and physicians as wdl as your baric principles, an improved plant medical employees. They will soon gain an apprecia program can be expected.. * tion of the efficacy of your techniques. Your Those of you in safety can help up-grade job is to crake them genuinely enthusiastic your small plant medical programs by stinm- about safety and to malm them part of your latingyour company physicians to become ac team. quainted with and.to provide asmany.of It U the mpomShility of the snail plant these 10 dements or . basic services of a medical department to cooperate with those modern plant occupational .medical program in charge of safety by reporting serious as possible. 66 MOTIVATION STRATEGY IN INDUCING SAFE BEHAVIOR By WILLABDA. KERR Prof, of Psychology, minois Institute of Technology, Chicago Among motionless bodies there tend to be no acrideots--int'ten tends also to be little life, health, or productivity. Generally it isa body in motion which suffers an qcaieat, and usually even a body engaged in more or less purposeful motion,.even con-, stmetive motion, . An accident victim is a casualty of pr63uction much like a soldier may be a casualty of war. Accidents tends to fallow the power load in a plant; diemore we ought well give major attention in this discussion. It is psychologica! climate theory, which holds that the quality of behavior and the level `of alertness rise according to .the. rewards given for alertness.. In business and industry, this of .course; means tiot. a true opportunity. climate. elicits a high, level of operational intelligence. This'- theory1holdj that the individual must feel free and indeed, enticed, to set a wide pattern; of short and production bused out, the mote accidents. long-term.goal ambitions which he.fetlt to So, it is apparent that accidents are related to striving, ambitious, constructive behavior. Yet, .somehow, we all know that they don't . rightly belong either--that all are somehow be reasonably attainable with striving;.such striving malms for alertness if the climate truly is one .of opportunity, if. the rewards really are there and reasonably attainable;. avoidable and may be largely eliminated if we persist in our attacks'upon the problem. Let is quickly review the three major psy chological theories of arridmt causation and safe hdiariqri Implementing such a theory .to induce motivation for safe behavior follow* as bus inesslike procedure. Many existing company policies and basic assumptions in personnel relations must be re-examined to determine L The accident proueness theory, soldng over-emphasized, has now been shown to ac count for less then ten per cent of variance in the accident rate. Tins is fortunate, for it is a defeatist theory anyway. . 2. The adjustment stress them; is well documented as a major explanation; ad justment stress accounts for approximately 55 per cent of the variance in the accident rates of industrial workers. The dramatic reduction in accident rates since 1912 Is largely the result of persistent attack upon this problem, the reduction of extreme stress upon the individual; back-breaking drudgery is disappearing and the safety engineer has had tremendous impact on re ducing the stress and threat of- the work place. Disturbed biochemical equilibrium due to fatigue; illness, disease; toxic conditions, alochol, etc., remains always as .a potential stimulant to increased accidents. - 3. The iodividual-goals-opportunity-free- if they are psychologically sound, for,`ulti mately, if tiiey are not psychologicaflysound, neither are they economically sound.; Basic to this discussion is the important fact: an ac cident is merely a low quality behavior. If the tiMdent happens to materials, it is called scrappage, but the causation is the sans, and it is the same for a host of low quality hue man behaviors that are not called accident*. Low quality behavior tends to be the.result of not using tiie brain to ^lolf environmental opportunity In a high quality maimer; High_ genetic intelligence to no guarantee against- low quality behavior, including accidents; but high operational intelligence is a guaran tee. The problem, then, seems to hinge very much on eliciting high operational intelligence in the work situation. How can this be done? Antiquity didn't even try; it institutionalized slavery and allowed its main workforce to retreat mentally into operational dullness, staying just alert enough to avoid the over- dom-alertness theory is the one to which sect's whip. The slave's retreat into dullness was inward sanity.vBy i in MsSwork abouthisvf welfare .of some.imima ihg,;abdv*ii . thosehazxiei find.-Lottiieh from alerto emotional,,e Bot>* ne teninancei places.irewi afcrtporeaih of.the prot outiobksaiK to indaeeMS 'i.:,We'm mowtatyih bmations of . forbett'ovo incentives! hour, -llw ........... it ihcreaie.taki load,:btrt;sb ndtrisei IT! fion-as-toe incentives <)i prove'rthe safest.',Pay incentives g itithevyotic during' each senseof .co often.' Z Encou mobility. B of peiiount substantlali cm Jobs,' on tobeauoc l it b n "higher trai lower acrid possibility < suggests bjj become , me qualified ar tunitics. A polity is lit themocee 3. Eraph reprisals. 1 ite fiih iw fri^ was; rewarding-^fach:itpreKrrcd-hb sanity.1 By stajwqpjtatabavedbesleep.levtl . m'hh .wo^':hgiavMdtd.~to<ijmtrit'.-ttiinlrtng . about-- his ,plif^tamd-the^whereabouts,and welfare,.,-ofcUs ; lnvsdionis, :-andiobtained some-animal pleasure/cratrfsurviring, eat- ing,- Mvskctfog;- .W^ 'the tdcsccafana of .- . thoses-ancient shvralaadicaetfvx aometimta. find -ourselves- maneuvered.-into- retreating from alertness--too.b.- drder.-topreserveonr emotional -energies and.sanity. . Bat1* new -psythofogy-is straggling for . d. Toleiate and even . encourage' reason^ dominance-in the n)odtrnWnrld,--ie whkh, able nonconformity. Ccafornusts/cannot fnl placesreward'squaidy-apea> the resolts of Trot cr attain new heights-of cteadvebe- afert,-creative behavior. let as look atsome havior. Rigidconformity lowertthequahty of the prebaUewaya-in -which these new of bdamori hrvitca themental duHoesswKch . catlaaks and research-remits may be applied . jnrariaNy it accompanied by rising accident to induce safer and higher quality behavior. frequency. -Perhaps God isthegrtatetnoor. oidocr&:df..aIU'.becaoseihoVtoroi<cd!atisil notKtaty 'iinetiOTes, provMfinsr'cpfimal eom- days b the.history of.the universe have bees haiatioaj' o>'ini!tt''tate'i^'rgnttp''in(i^^ ' a)Dce,Mleflialbodics growing chid, new forbest'over-^retults.-ResearA shows dot onesKcmglonil;asdt!mtai)rse;ex[abd^ tocentives- increase;; jnodnefivity ;per -wane Mntatkmal : genetics - teaches ,ta ythe-, alune hour.' Tfceohetlcalljiy:imder`.:fhis: mertased : taw. Medieval. philosophy;-^hUh saw (todtj^tipn the atti&tf i%t^nc7 nte should natan-as-iO order: and. system, sttn^y was power l^'b^draroh'^y./theacdtotrate does ritit WseivTlijs is imin&'defianceof oqfci: ignorant of nature. To .he. a hannoaldus part of natnre, of the - cosmov-maa most- be creative and free. His - social,.teligms, and- educational phtJornphies- sfiotild coo- bonfires^dp'inera^oiotHtssriApd^itpnb;, trihdte to this. So should his political and provethe qnalityof behayior,~ mcTiyirng economic processes. -arid philosophies.,''Out safety.',Pay for time expanded mto mtaytary. ;of;.this can come daring"and. undreamed incentives gives the eunployeeahewinterest of enterprises whhdt wilt, be undertaken b in'the -work andin productjonimitsachieved ahnost.total safetyrf,V during each period of the1 day/BcKfiris: a . 'Waaima1emaodpation.of'Aihafcansfrom sCnse of/competition with tnaSelf and TSth back-breaking, hi^meddent Ubof^ has cOroe others.' " / ., /'''V not became:theyjare-anyimorf:Intelligent 2. Encourage iuterniepartraentil transfer . tban othcr peoidea -bttt becanset thdr psyv mobility. Because a high rate,of. transfers cboiafical climate tndltloaally -tecouragei of personnel among.departments./impSe** them to question,' crltidsei 'disagree,-tigu* substantlalnumher.ofliitxperienced persons debate and"prctve. a.pdnt"_ Proylngapolnt . on iobti* one would expecfliwh t. ewfitloit often. mults ln coodttpdvt 'invite- to be auodated with i/tigh. accident rite jtahliyfonrudfhefttj!frtler.''. 'But if is not in fact,; d^arttnents-with the higher transfer mobility'iates'that have lower accident rates,'apparently because the possibility ofi.:transfer'.tcfibAer. departments suggests .itfof/UKly' to emploSem, and they become more ilat ,ih.i6nittVto become qualified and awaie of.' drevspenfic oppbrr tiinitie-s. An/additional dividend from this policy is. likdy/ te/be/ah actnil .redoctioa.ra tte.'.iaciice\ejejqMiye.'AiliiBiR.'.i^iiiaacBrer. 5. Put die eo^fied rules of the game- b the hands of all participants. A mansgement which does not . provide far each employee a hamboolc of^persoand- policies :is^: faevit-ably, b the nmd of- the employee,-to tome degree a lawless management- -Ultiinattly peopte b a free aociety refnse to vroiic for a lawless managenKnt -write. thciri Ovm .nib boob call it a collective bargaining contract and compel the incompetent-managnnent--to 3. Emphasize Oe right of appeal withoot sign it Tbia is poetic justice, tint .the stock reprisal*- The employee needs-to.be temind- holder and consumer may he injured fa thls K l - Joh -/ * 0 1 : . ;. ' $. ,, I f l' 6 * '| * ? t; 'hi m9 t iiidfiii procdi-: Whether.or\not there1 asVft: ww^ . from sihgie- iedrviduab working*akefc As every management has tobhandbookTespofr-: : individuals are added tounitsbe (up to 49), ; ability; it is a:stable constitution of the . productivity declines as a straight-line func workplace; it prpttcts.toc emotional security - tion. rWbiperscqnel are:treated;ccdkdivriy' N^tHe'WOTkcr so toatfte can pet his alertness' they tend-toW^eldoiRni^hiti;^ar dolt lethargy toW&d constructive opportunities where"toe in which an accident b a-misunderstood-in- : rewards axe TeaJ, iiot in Iookmg ovtr liis trud,deteciedhla^^ shoulder to make certain that he will not be dividual statua-and .digxiity: withrewardj toe victimof arbitrariness.- We fought the ; automatic with' performance, thrir.vofame of ' American Revolution to get a government higii quality, safefchavioirrbat--:*;'. of law, not of men. Industry, managdnent rHrrfatnt pmp.prnh^t^m jn mimatTirg, amf safebehavior comes out- of .the emcitionai ' security of law.. Some management^veoQectivbtid; briehta* tioa toward :persamd' (mamfested by ,such subtle ialicatioriS'as^'pcuntiiig all.-machines asd-workspaccs Inrtentical [colors;,foridddihg -6. Delegate authority1 generously and in di^lay .on derics :of proportion to. raptiniobiHty^ as family photc^..piiupv^`^r/anun^hg accomplished properly in re organization ults- offic:and\wqrkirp!om; hi tim^Ierof^Me^ matefy must be accomplished through people; terxaneui; slave;.; therefore, authority must not be. hoarded. results 3n:peirs^snri .rpicnadsns..:f!rs|H'ai: epUfpe Delegation Of responsibility without delega- trvistic attitode. towatd maiia^mKttt. tion of -, appropriate authority encourages agement. mustabandon/tlua.'dahgerous'[bnm- "passing the' bock" and; irresponsibility at. tatioa;and[ ust;preach[ indiyidualimbut higher, levels,, so that personnel at .lower actively apply Jt .at; all levels of[personnel. levels become'demoralized or suffer in drive Lockers shmjd frrar . and alertness. '[When a man b not "running Desks and work.locations. should.reveal. the under his. own steam,", he usually b not run unique imirvidnalityof^ea^h.employee. .Wprfo ning at all---merely "walking* or,; likely; ersshould notte'tortTO.toips^^ "stumbling:* ' . but should be^as^hed'.s^iarate^cubide^labs; offices, and partitioned work' k&toxb.Jp;toe 7. Management roust maintain a valid extentlhat practical'efficiehcy- pShnitivSelf^ image of hianifest good intent Management respect, and. tofc.resjittt of qthm;opibtitute in ffte low-acddent . plant works; to build, alerting; rewards.of a 'nori-mc^ maintain, and reserve ah employee, stock* No man's.work; b; ir^ally safe ttplesshe feris holder, and public image of itself that b that both he and his-,-iroric. are;imp6rtan.t ethically good. It is "ahead of the! law* in The lowestmanfee^asjTOarid^V reasonable provisions for the welfare of sub ordinates, without .sacrificing obligations to . stockholders and consumers.' Thb requires' high intelligence, highetoics, and high states manship;-bat the result can be high quality team perfonuaace, safe and creative. " which b of ;little valae caobe Jundlfdwith little care. That; pathetically, but all too fr$- - quehtiy includes himself. * 9; Braldng m a hiw employee mustatiow far [succ^fririiutia- a; tentury of resemh'oh sitting bf'.aSjufaticn ; 8. Individualism must be actively encour levels-rcveals tiiat if a new [ta&;ofcJob"b aged. We come utterly' insecure from the * expected to be easy and found to".be easy; the womb, and at all. later ages we retain the aquation level ;and suto^ue^ performance primitive impulse to ran for gome kind'of rise. If it is expected to be Gsy and.isfotnid ,*colIectxvistic,, cover at the . first "clap of to :be difiBcult; the aspiratioii level Mrops.' If thunder.* To be a true, free individual is it b expected to be;difficult arid is fomid to difficult, perhaps the greatest- challenge b be difficult, the'aspira6wi leyd Holds steady being human; but God made the individual in' or even ris^^jj^^astdnBhhig^bdiayiqr^f . bb own image, not in that of" a mob, and it aspiration1 levels, however,; has1, to' do. witii b the individual who ultimately must conduct - toe casual, ; rather abndehtal way m whidi .. himself with safety in high quality behavior, they are initially set followed by ;the dodged " on hb own and "udder hb own steam." Re tendency toward permanence[ of -the^initial - search has shown that small groups have setting. Thb pcrmahoiee tendency-^b'so higher morals than large groups,' and, more strongandfrightem^thatmanagemeht will recently, that highest productivity comes do writ to adhere to two rules in tntrbdudbK 70 i ..5 J - under^oqifavrii bfd*job;< initial exoaito smdttioi theactint;;tl> thit, W. coocc an strong' jat tuoinf'ilcrtMi tint;. SorprU in a new job e ahi^taa^ratii htetadytniqr 10l 4nti|tfrtft ttwffle toamte have toofe acc brinmor ingei Mbfafeu earn level: tones it sdeqtatQr-sdde ftato^of'wrilintfvriauhihg;' ltih,r cdjtofm dnrdatida.eve was .that bets Medical -,.:Tbe znodenc effective cpt 'naai.`;^:Thd';pro . if;afew.:rnle* easily'recalled;. '.o6e*H?--^nie4 .couhseL^He tii chosett/He-'m :6Ccur.:;-He.-^ws . stances eontrifi ne0ds;tO:.haye;. toe mfcomatici : bjoriet;'Sre all^csvorfceesr^ prpnel'-'mjui.'jV avpiopenrity.'if< the;;inevitobl|ft. IaiotrUS*l>)KttStui<*i a.newnan:'.(t) otet*arqiiaiiierrUhet;flib - ffft factory detartment*.i.C\^^^ ' t ; of tbe job; ot tasks *pd r.(2)- aUudur* >bb ; EnphoriaunqueitWiatiyisofpHroeiin- mttal.jqmmBioe to' pprtattce for safe behavior..' And ao'is the aucxeed.-era.eaip'^'cpnfidEPtjlPPeffir towvd other cxxnpoocnt--an adequate and reasonable thewaiviry^theitria4e.r^^ pottttn of feU-with ynanjfr aisbia wilyso troyDrnHy;gafpfnrjdjhersrapegy are otrourt*wlcniilfcj^jpiriiylffwwi. wa timing alertness od safe bdarioe iu the ac tivity. Sorprisingty, i fcw soch operiesca in a new job <xmc.tr raanto JbnSd sod fixate ahi^ax^iralinleydnticiinrtijTiddtio later, adveraity andhari knocks <n thejob. mrtrScte to uuny poidtlvt wttoli^ factors sock t* a; boat 6f coldt'drinking;fowtfifaj good physical working toodi&B^ ifepate htfferim lhacfciny pldonfraft roomt,etc,aaflof these coin stitnte alertm*sbort-tenngoalMfiDmaiti, 1ft. ^uiibtiDl 'attaitun mtiit beciven to morale.'Ttainfrsiancr.;: .tow,morale' people bare niore aeeidehtalind rnwoknr'quiiity nnlalul.m safe bdanor sudholcflrig' olf fnntrahvt, trigger-happy Wntiott . ... ~ TLfatYy~w*^ <w\ SjMt'eeiifrrftaa' behavior ingeni^'ttnniugamanle people; . tibn of other abort and lotfrtism t^'flaf- Morale!* essentially the product of euphoria ethployeesat sH levels cm atriye'for. They lead tiroes indtYidual^oalaorgialaational^ want opportunity.. It ;*a amusement's job adeqaacy-adueyement1 -Euphoria . is /one?*', anil tiwiifetyfirtctoirt^jobOiIieipdein^ feeling of Well-being which ijatotalityfecl- andpcbliqrcthese opportunities.'; OppoN ing^tiesuItingTfr^ steepsfood, trinities' cause ns to ndte oiir eyes tothe health/comfort/etc. Probably the highest foture and to do flat Veryuiiptiudlivetidng- correlation ever.obtained in safety research --to (Mai, the basis of side and Ugh quality was thatbetween the average rated com- behavior. , INJURY REDUCTION THROUGH FOREMEN COUNSELING By DR. K. T. JOHNSTONE Medicd Dfe, CenfndFo^ General lfotoraCorp* Saginaw, ICdb The incidence ofinjuriescatt be^ reduced with this coacepkvlfinjtines are-to be .re- by.effective cotmseiingiofiempioyees hyfpre- dneedwe cando nure-by.correcting one^m*. t^n.: s-The. procedure.'camhevjnade; effective. jary.;pTone:man thaQ' by trying?to^improvc . ifi/a few. rules are.observed; Tbese.can.be any:nnmber of ^1ready euOy recaUed^ four W's and Quite a bit. has ibeen found -out aboUt1 die ooeH. The foreman must know: Whom: to ardent prone maruiWe`icnow-forinstance .counsel -He mnst-kiwwvWhy-;tbatinan;,was that all of them together comprises 'rather diosen^Hexmist^kn^ . ssndl: percentage:of.vtlm ''Work:- foree.^;:We bCcnr. He -wants . to *, leamciWhat circmnr know ffat.theyrcootribute'.the tnajority':of"all stances ccntributed:to the'ocajrrences.": He injuries.^: We^kiMw' that.:while.'^ is needs to havc:sOme^ideasias. to. How-to.-get quite:Con8tant:in: siTe^the men- that: malcedt the mfonnanoa fnrai the worker. -<. np-are contimBlIy.'shifting in and oot of ii Whom Up tO ' nowr we hkve been rable to^single Injuries are not evenly distributed'among all:worker*v i..We .fcUkabopt: the' `accident p^e'^maaWebster:saystimt:p^ooeDessU apropensity -for. something .that approaches out-the excessively, acrident'prone-man, one thatgetstwotothreei^ :of*various types each week^-;How. about theieSow that gets: hurt*,once^a -week; or once?asmooth,- or. the-inevitable. Iamin thorough agreement tmpt a.year? Tbe`last-one certainly isnot a 71 1963 National Safety Congress hazard. Thedifficulty has bemindetermin- . job hazard or thewotker,may be going about-' - ing where to-draw the line-'This can be bis' work -in the wrtn^j' mauoer. Ifboth answered now. : : factors operate-atthe same turuy-yon1 can Why ' be sure that tbe injury rate willbejusfshort . of-aSlroDonucaLlThe'foremSn-then'neOds to - . By Why 15-meant why a certain man is kaowWhtre his operafiorislanda'ln relation chosen for counseling. Since thesemen have to the'plant as a wbolei-rlf the injuries m ^propensity: fcvinjury,they.arereporting hUnotriibckcerfteraboutacertalnppiaa&si, injuries with a grrater. frequency than- the he- should take;ai"critical looki4t tbatdactor - average. The. logical starting pomt, then, is before hei sperids 'ilnie in -interviewing.'.- 'A : the. average frequent* This,is'-easily de few< years' agtytwhenc,we"started this; 'we termined. For.exarople,. 100/mjuries may foundthat the (pen estgagedin taking 'hot occur .in a ccrtain plaut dnrirtgaweek, and castings off a moving bdtwith thensb of during this same week there are 50,000 man- . hooks were reporting, frequentlywith ther honrs of labor used. .There haive been two, mal- burns of.the forrarmi, dne to the men injuries.fpr every 1,000 hmts of work. The touching,theiron as they,reochedacrossthc working man' will contribute 2fiQ0 man . belt-Jfo-interview.-waprneeded to.put an'.end hours a'year (40 hfs,. x '50 wlaL): ;This to.this. mythical average worker, therefore, has four ,- , ,, injuries per. year. The acracfentprone. man, What ' 1 by exceeding the average, will have more After the obvious jch factors are eptrccted, than four Tnjuries' pesjrrariand the more he the foreman wants to knqvr .what other iacexceeds this, the more accident"; prone he" is. , iotsarepresent thathave eacaf^.buni .l ath The ..determination of'the'-indnidnalVin- , sure that: we.can assume 'tbit the honest juiy rate is an easy procedure. The foreman ', .Workers'. desires ,are .the '.same. as ;maniger needs a pocket notebook with a page for eadi malt's; .nahi^TlieVafc$^ to rwprit'ill, day roan. When he sends the man to the medi every day. with as.little interrupjkin aspot- cal department with an injury, he notes on sible. Furthermore, the man who is on. the this page the date and a sentence or two re job day. after day knows thorough wots of garding the dreutpstaneq pf the injury^ Al,...hh.assigipopffjujrelj as yon. know: the dl(S- these notes accuiUutate,'-theyfvrin contains' \ cultMrtasiof yotnij'Trls this btonnaBoa wealth of Information rqsdy.at han4rThere-f .that ,thjforeman-iti after. Either there la a ' will be occasion to refer 'tb'tWs'nottibook'al "jobife'etor'in iflie'iftuatloo or the worker Is the program develops. It Is from this note going about It lii the wrong, manner. book that the foreman selects the men he; will talk to the. most; . ri'lo -..' Now ai to How beat get the information. Whtrt There U one way I am tore won't work. The foreman must know where the injuries I mention it only to dispose -of it' If the occur. As the entries accumulate, It win tie foreman - taka.; his epage; andberatestbe noted that they ..tend to cluster"about 'certain non; in effect calling himatupid forgetting groups of mw doing aparticular operatioiL hurt so often, the channel of cdmmunication A department in fee- plant is a gronp.-of Win be effectively blocked. If, oh the other men performing related jobs. -Itis well,to hand, he shows bun the page and with a. detrimine the injury.rates ofdepartments in sincere interest says, in effect,: "Joe, I don't the same way it was done for the plant as iike the injuria any more thati' ycu do.' How a_ Wilde.. Suppose that in the plant men can we get -iromd them?",- he is using a tioned above, one of the departments experi bit of honest flattery, if there is ruch a enced 16 of-.the TOO injuries and utilized thing. The foreman is asking: theworker 4JOOO man -hours. Their rate is four against to -be the teacher for a moment If-there the plant rate of two. There is a reason for is a job. hazard, -this' win bring it .'into .die.. -this. Just as some .men are. accident,proms 'open.for-solution, so too are some jobs. Where the worker a at fault the question As a matter of - fact, `whenever -too many puts hhh 'onthe defensive of coarse. He injuries occur, , it is due to one or both of win likely make allegations; that just aren't two reasons; There may'be an unrecognized trub'aud that a demonstration of-Us method 72 3 ofcWoridog iwil to suggestc ho stillietamvhlj-; Theteiaififijbj mentof'injurii natureortlicy maU^ihjurylH may'cksriyim beyoridBlpby may })d cesa departmbntj'iri fromtheperso the man's, capa As.the;proi hazards srccot are placed, tori letnamiadew demonstrating, these.arin<cott theptosi-pofUl meo-.wto-'jeani Theaccrxiritint beUghaasddati soruxisectlodl dnm-iii.tlMeigi ancedqartrnei theeaseaiwUd . and illnen-toil Thedetnrtnw . namea'withial of quettoalilt metol depart qualatedwith plalnta-of.hca slhnta.-.-Slte something baa ability to eool Thebabllltyi part of Ms.it devridpinent In individual;' Th that form'toy The develop previously, we arouse,the Ink Plants utilize finished prbdu men, mm are rive. Tim are place. The.snperni catioas of ps) gmeral.groont - apply. AU of - ,Whm these at K' j.- fwfatfrfef Smkjffti Sftrtmt of working wili.glve;the foreman achauce - ^ id>g<Brite.widL~When,oue or; more of - to sagg^ilto jl^itfe'^roi^iinMbodjMd- -mpsea at!dist<nhe^wo''<Ww>respqndbwUh still retain his .cOQpetatioa.Y.tr' ,,`t, "-* k-s, '-aberrant:behsyjorjnTpne-.upy-ws,another,. As- T6f* ^ iafirttnalswe^nuy or. mjyaotrestfe meat nrf'Mnjunefc. The-navKp^phjaail nj nattu^or'Ti^^iMy:^ sThethreebasicneedjaresecarilyifa ttP-it. nwh^i -tnlrwiT W?r>nrirjfwtJw^ffllwfftrMaTiAi aooabfyutable job); ibdter; (a hoc*); and may daffy !indiehtstial-melaistgnmei&'b" : affection andrecognitioa(a familyJ.Yiet'ui betoadbbfbv^'capid&lOi&ii^ : Shpposetiiattlie.wotkeris'Jcarful of*Iwv- mv-Ya lW*m^.fri'imit}n^Fmihllf(iiMft^. o or thata mortgage la, abopt-io-be. tone dosedf-orthgt tbertfb ifdfc qr-dnld.aeri* froratitepersoBai phyridan'aafTOroatrob^jfi ausfyAland recovery irdoobtfub-.Sltnstioiia.: the nun's capabilities. od.:tibatype:tnnJie:nb'td7ind:ibsaktO:lna::-:, As the program cdntinnes and''At:'Job haranfa arc correctcdandthcphysical misfits are pbced;tOjthe b<^jadvtutta)ft^theiStin . remami e ^feitr hldhwhtoijetorppdst' h; dcmotatratingiS high injuty-rate.'-Aj erule these -wiR ;cotSprfreabout;five.pi cent-of the.phretjxipehitiott^^erejraienareAe men Wlto catise prchlens m othtr respect*. The fm,tntiwg,.,ti*pi tni#^i>VnrtwwtK^m stability. These ire -theifypeS -of.bworia tbid tl* matt wtllbring oatbejobwitb him. (bn we be^stuprised-if,'bq :tbhi<tcabout. . these;when;he.tst ronmng:a macinne? I.iiaeft` . . <6fi* so. v,"" r,*" - / _ ;; UcasaiwheretherecordrJndiatetiiat'die . man tb:.-doing, wtilandrecctitlyhia , slipped and tberelw.beett-sioinesr.jobrnsdgas. metrtinti* picture, it sboold:awafeen safe . beingi.(sS()datedAtri&:.garetAea}titbe:iPers.- pidon on, tbepart pf thc.supcrvijor.tlat ' soanelsection hasbadrepeatedccntacts.with - ; something: dse hasbappened-Afewtactfol themiatbegrieraorepiOMdaret tbelnsur-. qnestkan^byasincerdy-mterestedforpintn ance department accnvincedsthatthaftare mayuocovertiieicorde.oftbertrotible.. If: theeases.whlchiauje the benefibforlnjuty tbtmsnean bekthto.blk.abootivbqjriH and ithiapf :trf'fTTffdi*bjy prwnhw^a.fld^fteA' g* relief. It b,nre necessary crevtnad* The, departmentauperviior aatodata tbetr . viable tint tbe foreman attemptto efferany ..: Bsma with absentedimiwhki toooftot b. suggestions,: Bow many-times,have,**! and - of qneiticsihle valViltT^rT^ I.found the antwer.to a^vtxing prdbient by nstdeal. departmentha*becoraa too w*U u>~ taiUng lt out with .a friend :evqn, though,hq:' quainted vrith'themipnd.tbdrrepeabdoom-: wssinno poaitice to oSer any asrittanca? .: plaints of, headache,-nausea.;and:associated lihaentt. - ,Situations of rthbitypn-indicatt something basically iwreng,frith-'the-man's ability to conform with accepted standards. The inability may be an apparently integral part of Us tnake-ap or it may be a newdevelopment in a previously weD-performing indhridtak These are the true problem cases that form aj subject . - The ksig-tua psoblem cares evidence,this.- type'- uf bebavior ahneht 'frdm the-titne ofhiring. I say almost afaEt ^wy'usuallycoefe form fairly wd] to lha accepted' atandarda: during- the prohartoeaty-period. Once die'. magicaldock of^ seniority b acquired, -they feel free to act just:tibocit as tbey Witht Tlda Jipoanlnn may stem from rhildhood, ; training, school experience, ar famity atti- The development of. tbb syndrome in a previously, well: adjusted worker should aroasethe interested concern of.sapervbfen. Plants ntiliie maddnct and men tn .nake n Unshed product Of die two, marUnea or men, men are the most complex and,expen sive. Men are also the moat difficult to re ttxie. .A great deal baa been written about: bow these things arise and becoene ingrained . fas the person. Regardless of bow .it . dame about, we fas faadnstry are faced witii: die:, end result, fat a worker who is not even meeting the average standard of performance, fctaiooe a superior one. place. These are the workera wJ *nd the dajr The supervisor cannot know all the rannfieations of psychology, but there are wane general.ground rules which be can profitabiy apply. AH of us have-certain lade needs. - When these are reasonably well satisfied we anticipating die partying expecled tiat inafat and return to work the next day carrying with them an aJcoboBe hangover eoupied:-. vritis eahinilinn. It is really a wooder thry don't get fasiured more aevenfy than they.do. : - v 71 1963 Naticmal Stf'ity^Congrtu A The*. arc .the 'workers who-takea_ child* the manhe-has to improve heis telHhg him . fike 2xi starve?'s^eXs{^'~otben whabWiU;happen;if he:doe*a't^Nooe-Of -os. . who ''are tbevhutrof 'their- pradical/.jolces. ; respond weflwhen -we'rffr.tcjdfwe thovtxto Tbey-srem abootthe meritalageof the foar- do-thus and aa We t^re^-mnctabetter: year-old girl who suddenly dappedheT-hands if_weare given a^chaicc;. Atfacqar^mka over the eyes of her mother who wu driving - of. ffte-period the^fcvec^.m^^comj-tnK. j . the family .car and^aid, "Guess whty If it^doesq*t\;thO:iorrmah ls ^ paperstiger. Mummy?*. He's, kstfacenotwithcn^bmv^^ In thb grot^. al^is the tra^ know-h-all We had one a few years ago who'started-to repaS>a -fork;truck with 'tfe fork ^evated As he foosehed a holt thefmVdrqpped;He thememBy the.frame; token, when<he.sao* ceeds- m:<carfto>pa,fberq -will'berix 'more who see: the'handwriting op-r'tbe--wall and > correct themselves. - l( \ . * > - r - promptly-did >- comhinatkiQ ballet split and ftffl forward ;bend at -the time. After at Summary was over, Hschiefreactiavb^ oot,was pride in HsflcnKlity. 'The foreman"caa-^-aa^effective'-job -of rihriTittting.'g^ariq^.ly^fo^ . With dns type.of zofivadtial, it seems to effective there-' is :cerijm-:baekg^^ : me that die foreman most.assume the-role : / tinn. he most ^:hay&:He` needs;-foiknbir' - of a jnst uhd:. stable parent' who says this ; where .his vopdathM^staj^' fe' - sort of thing szast ceasie now. The fact that . with' theplant;as :a.-whole'and^which?parts the problem did not occur,until after proba of it .are prednctiye ttf:io!tni^ ;. tion is a dp off that it can he contxcffled able te recc^re^ob hazard^ thatare :cQr : The xndxvsdsab who comprise -tins group mating ''and xbrtect He: . are smmatore heeaose something somewhere needs'to knbw^what^ constitirtes the average . interfered with their development It is likely frequency .ctf:j^u^'in;h^ . that.'they.never'had"the" good foitnhe to ' of; his mm~: " grow 19 .in afaimly'where rewards and iettei*.- subject -matted:.fprya'"safety,fohtsuit;.' *-. punishments' wore determined by their ac than injuries the tnm.h^ tions and behavior. Since it was not done . form die subject ofa productiveiinterriiahge'. at home, the next placeto try' is the plant of infonzatiomla^t&caserdf:chrodictnak Sdpemsioa iays, in effect show me you , performer, there-ray/be:vsre^'.thatls.'id:' dm handle respcnnlnHty mid I'D see that the ribot of it' or-it ;may .be'^a-'-persboaHty-. " : ' yoa stay on die .jots hot if yoa don't show defect rtlath^ffo: previous -^nonexistent' ' i improvement in .the next month, there iHD training. He may ^re to assmnc'the role be-1* transfer to a lower paying jolf or a of a stable and just foster parent, In-an . layoff if ooe isn't available. He isn't telling. attempt to correct: the sltuatiosL 74 Be'it' large.1 never imderestu nfetjr-prcgfaiJi " sifcty program miretbe injtiri remove and/or . redoeethehtn ultimately redot ; |Befo*;itlfa am prood to ' Sernar/WcePi a past p/csideni an activrsuppc Council, Isawtl grim:ib: 1964.V recflyrmpoosll tiapajingbotei emulrmlng-^ico - dentSj thor fei wottate'ij'-ept Furthmnore, 1 " safety imbued or`WtoIely-1 of ; beginning fa i$4 io'tiic'c nju^vi acode TheM' figtirej'i Standard metfa ing Wotk_ in]ur . At Bie ino9 in 1954,we wet rumblinga of u ing workmen's. Work maip-bou pered doe to th plpyeeaediinit and employee c ebb.. Therefort tpi were , fain patternedafter Nevr York Cli progriuh; this I ftilly'opefated . counseled with andKcelvedca gestioos-Wes safety program U-e3t^E-V>SMrsia3W.t InJmtrial SabinU Stttbma .1 Secretary, Greater ChicagoHotel and MotdAasrL, Chicago , 0Beit;'large1 industry,W'jpniaUihusmessi y.yt'iy '.'e.--''Vr-.-ViV;J . >'f-`> ; wfth.-aine: oT-ionrvnajor.;insurance itcanitrs; nCTCT tindertttmme^liiijmrposB of' a pound. representing both eur frandeflt-a>d<rerisl *afetyi*ogf^;,rhepUipose-ofcady50HDd: dential member,hotels.., Frpnl all ofvthis; safety program::is to EiWjfivt aod-vmini-:, we.compiledat, 16-page=d'HoWSafety:l?ro* mirethe injuries and loss of property; to ' graaffj'brochurefor eanaiituie Cnosiderauoo remove^ and/or .correctaidetd!liaiardsj,',to. and approval. . reducethe number ofaccident3:.aDd,totdtSmately redocelte cost of inrnrailcK. .v;; j Our next: stq> s?as to. form our general safety and - accident-reduction . committee. Before ..outliniiig: ourown ,safetystory,. 1; : ThUcosmiitteeWas composed,ofreprescutae ^;:iiTOodj:rto. .S9 v&V-Bobert^B'^Qailni tivesofmanagement-safetydirectorven- SemofVice Piesident1,ffiltpn.0^rP0rati^0* gmeervand/of ttose responsible for Safely- apast pyeadcat of our'assb&don):ndalaoi mthejrindividualbotels and molds.:'.On an active supporter of thc National Safety yourown generalcomnuttre, you wmdd want, Council, savrthe need of. our. current pro cclythoaewho coold nralce final decisions, gram.,in!964. . Credit is- doe toihosedi- .tbbsejwlip coaid underwrite the projee^and recdyrespoiislble for.safetyineach.par- thwe of key personnel or of supervisory tkipatiiig. hotel and. motd, and for (be capacity who are <Erectty.: responsible.for rrintltmlngCspcceialn the reduction of acci- saf^ /irr siottr otgmniadon. .- : dentv. thest .severities and the'rednction of /Thtientcioerie .of 'ljie geoeral conmdttetfs workmetfs ' gamyensation ^insurance :coss;.. delibera&cra brought abouttbe fomatioaof Furthermore; .these: very "safety. minded srimt 'isic pnnm to be asoend, bane hotel " safetyfmlaiedhotel-inotel people.are more safety program,- cne.tint has acted as ,a<gp- or less; soldy.rapoqfible for . the reduction of a; begmukig experience'rating '/of. 14.93 bet*em liddi:.aivl6yees'tiid employers,-and . oneithat' affords; a' factnal caotaltadan and In IffM'to'the'currenl'^epteitiber, 1963 cum-muladve aeddenf dcjieriieheeiratkig:!ot&Sla These figiiles' are;tK^ed iipoa, the Arnericaa Standard roethodofrecording and measur ing work injury experience.v- /'..!< . accident service'to both, employees' srid employeri.. The: program we set.up was In tended fcy and did, ,bKhdet; policy,. acogpet objectives; umtsofipperallav1safely, director, responiiKUtie3,;an exeentive.cariniittee; our ?At the. inccpHoo of one safety program in 1954 we were.evenat.that time, haring rumblings of unrest as to constantly mountmgworkmen's compensation insurance costs. Work nni^hbnre were heing seriously ham- pertd due to the :recurringinddence of cm- . ployee accidents. Also; working, condition and employeemorale seeroediat.a, verylpw ebb.. Theref6re, the following; preliminary steps were taken: .We proposed it program patterned after the existing, atid' uuccewful NewYork Clty Hotd 'AMddsrton safety . program, this' having already been inccesifldly/op^ted fortonr;blc.!fiveiyein.':.'We . counseled with the'ffadotial Safety Coundl safety oonh^.ond a. safely competition. < The'outccshedfaddltionalcommittea meet* ingir broo^it abbot die determinathai of primary, bbjecffvej; polides and ideas'to de* velc^j'.bidiridna! hotd-motd safetyprograms. and plans for. prodnetion of materials .and. supplies ' for uk in .coodoeting oiu- own safety .cofafctition. We also designed the following forms and materials patterned to our. own. needs:, monthly safety-competition report' forms, .Greater: Chicago Hold.: and Motel: .Associationquestionnaireand. entry blank formvemployee accident foran^.gnest accident forms,. guest accident tabdatka and received considerable asslstaneeand sug- forms add, otir own. safety hupeeffoa' chtdc gesdoos. We also researched various other . list,' designed to fit; partienlar segments of safety programs. And,urther, we counseled our operadons. Later .on, we adopted the ' ' 7S X w sppum tvL^f^ii i-'i'-'^''.' 1V M~"'mmsmi tetei 1963 Natitmal Saftty Congress use of the NafionriJtorA.of'; FiieUnder- atknumanda- andintegrity of: a writers "inspectwahlihk fbrbotela.1* - V- * * -toryis^largO'pilrM-ofitte success. of die from'imnecrasaq We then formed a fcty conndL Thii program is dependent .upoa such* a medium. was found.:!fci:'be!> working opeirWini* Itavi'ptaulipogsemwtniat,'!too.f'vo'Wonf;v;.1 It irovlihracfcj -{lg dlssemhafiw of safety in'terimtloBfld^?progtiuu?anditier ma doct quarterly luncheon KStitm to.jllKUU terial aids. Factors for ccnslderatica are the and study appiieationsof all ptoses of.Wety and accidents hi botela 'and motels,' to help ' 'deternimidon o( a format snd typd.of .gteib* , Ucatkm, s tedjfl :det?rralatfi>a of place; of advance, the cause of employee ud guest, . safety, and to help set up and assist in the,, ptemotioo of educational safety and accident training for all. owners, tnanagers, key persoonel- and .working employees.. We also publication and.it* editor. Of vital impor tance u.the'.establlsbmentpfa aafety.libtery to provide.! ioitr iralnSinanceuOf.: safety' in-; fqrmafipn.safidy.Vfa'^ .other.safetypuilie educaticoal'r materials, slides, viiusl dents,.* ted* helped insurance coat*.' In cmhig 1; have lonf thtce I we can . continue .make'everybody f dustiyawareio! must' live with back of their ml they will be pro decUionfiwy. tnal charged die safety csoncil with the responsi In case you.thin bility of asssting in the promotion of-oor . safety competition. And, as a final, assist; $tt safety council acts as a liaison in encouraging closer, cooperation between! insurance company. engineers and. the safety, director* - Tcanwtetr^^ tbovahieof a safety competition. Otu^corapetitiaajU second is'.- impdrtMKe>oitiy: tpipqr-.mpotfcly bdietiiu.iA spmd>:^t reMoo:for;' iafe^ competition' faTf-to* ' a *,; . ! STATE of participating hotel* and motels. Onr safety council is cemposed.of. officer^ and working committees, such as a safety council chairman, a vice chairman, & coun cil secretary, a safety engineers1 committee, a hmcheoa program committee, an accident reporting committee, and special committees as .required. The safety engineers! com mittee includes safety engineers of the vari ous insurance companies aridis charged with such duties as acting in an advisory, capacity to the safety council and participating mem bers, the analyration bf . competitive reports and progress made in the interest;of. better rate classifications for properties, and mak ing periodic hotel visits to assist .with' indi vidual safety problems. mimte.to.cutta^ less, 'uavrairnisItiDd thoupite. waysMri. ^hich '^ ' sccotnpUsh'; &is ,i^ by awarding* on a fair, competitive baste, suit- able nco&tion-ipr -Aiwitbet. soin^reasoq^ actisaliy Vln^ . cdmjpcosatldn ? jbo^iraibe';<oc^^-: "Oa^.'^oc^pe$r' ax te^tha'after'tite'atairt; of our 1954.'progtam*v]PrcfpCT:.idvanc-j^moti6n7and,';~prq)^tico ,,o~materials`}and factors needed.wcre.'first competitive cbyafjdttujtts'tor,luge"aodt&all partiapabts were ' tiie peculiarities M pyjar^iai.latr.rfomneay we 'had our/comi^tkm dryMed ioUF- four classification?; according; .to';'thc^guraber.of: man-hours worked. Il'At/.tii'ctose''of:`.'_each' 1 : Cotnmissioi ^ During the coni he-is Involved m which -he is not to and would .pn On tite'otiter. haiv for-wiudi yptti.we out in your.Jtrind, bees .wdrthwlule. leadership^re .stai .in a stonn, otiesin involved in ;perfq The Juncheonand program committee was year's com|p^ti(^^a^^~in^tbe..f(m . roentsin the-ixuhis ashed to assume the responsibility of pre handsomely engraved plaques were inade''to. paring die program, for quarterly "duteh- the first and second: l&ee to treaf luncheons. These programs include division. j'We- rioted' that ' tfcese;. plaques;are -S The accomplish; of'whibbweare dustrial safety' pi discussion periods with our insurance car riers, qualified speakers, sound slide films, and the various aspects of safety. prbtsfly'd^feyei !'We\ operate1 bur;!ccmpc^ titkm ona Ifcmcmthbasis, starfing jaimaiy 1 and ending Odober 31. The. b&r two ginia. Faced with.' rate for the:!state actira-Itwasevi hy i: M ' The accident reporting committee is charged with the responsibility of encourag ing alt participating hotels to submit monthly accident reports. One of die most important funcdbns'of a months are;needed :to::$phipjle: report^ de^ tennine' the .awari v^ the preparation of the;engived^plj^ues;..'' ; Today, 'afternine years,','4 hotels. and motels participate:,ini .'our.. safety, competi ti(ms:-'.and - law{etif ing the restilts des Ateut.1949, I n the state'caioitih! I cards an thVtabli sotmd'safety program is the creation!of a tion... Cto .combined experience \ rating., of : agement. of. Ithe < Monthly Safety Bulletin (or Newsletter), 6^1point3 to .a finei record,: points.io ^ODr them to; assume pi of which 112 have been published* to date! tinmng^progress... The program is, and;has. safety promotion- The' Bulletin contains monthly accident re betn, wcrth eyery.h<nir spent en it;; , tions;4 We were-a porting, special occasions and events, coun- The theme, of .our .program is "Safety,.is not he legislated, ^1 eil meeting reports," safety observances, na no accident" Our safety, program, carefully tional.and local promotions, and facts and set up.and operated, has improved tite caliber was a panacea for 76 K.' m Sfw wmrnmmmmm-- /<; -`. `-'V-l'YVV :\ e'S? 'Vf ' *i-Ml'Ks'.i rnmmm. , 'X - bu/mtlrU Svbjttb Siukmi and integrity of emjdoyees, o8ere4 protection large enough , to operate a safety program, from tmaecetsary.-hasardi leading,to acci let me aay .that iny aafitorapnab.appro& dents, .- and - helped:.property/owners tave b: mately a day and a half, per aohlb dtarbg : imurancecosta. lM* , i ,, lata, reporta.and figuring perrentagea, I pi In rioting I would tike to ssy that we courae, keepin touchwith operadoni through have lonislnMlearwdt^ themedlumof cur latety council, tad adit wo can -cootlmte to nike pngnti ii to the'aafetybuIWo. make everybody in our.owi holtl-tnotel ln- dustry. aware of aafety, . aware . that .they must live with the idea .constantly-b the Alwaye rtunctuher flak icdint preventioa -meant more doOart b your pocket; and that back of their mlnda,' and .dat b ao-doing,: they will :be properly, influenced:in every employee welfare and improved working , conditions an vital to aaeeenful buabesi decision they.xnalce and-.thihg.they do. Jurt operariona. in case you . think , ytm don't hive a-staff Safety b oo accident. STATE ASSOCIATION--STATE GOVERNMENT COOPERATIVE VENTURI By BDHOMD M. BOOOS Conuniaaioner, Vlrginia'Departawnt of Labor tad ladotry; Richmond;Vt; ' Durittg the course of a person's.life span;, From this meeting came our derision to he b involt^ b dtver^edrthmgs, some of abbut-faen b our operations! setups We . whichhe is hot pfoudtohave beat party . switched from inspector enforcement roo- to and would prefer, to forget/completely. tbe to a consultative approach.. Our -field On the odier hand, from time to time;, feats men were. redasrified as safety leprtscnta- for which yoo -werc partly Tesponsibfe stand . rives.and "given'trwnsg b be fidl of con but b ypur.mind, rnaidng one feel life hat sulting with management with regard to . beenworthwhile and: the: remits . of fl' sdfety and health problems. ......... leadership are standing! but'as abeaeon light' in a storm, pffenhg' ritfuge frdto the dahgei* involved: in performing one'sdaily assign ments in theindustnes ofVirginia.,; The adOTnplishmert.toy^ and of which we are bxtoeniely..proud is.the in dustrial bfety progt^ opto^ b ginia. Faced with andycr-ali high frepoicy .. Arbiter; went.out over my rignatnre to manbert of industry, teHmg then of the excessive number of workers bring hurt while an ,the'jof> .and asking their coopera tion b helping to curb this loss b human and material resources. We muted them cur men were dot coming m at police officers but at qualified iafety people offering a val rate for the state, vb rmiiied the need for uable" service to assirt them baccident action, It was evident our system of inSpec- " "prevention:whieKwould savethem and the tiotb and law ehfqrcanent were not obtain employees' suable sums of money, as well ing the results desired. as untold ambtmts of-human suffering and About 1949,1 invited 100 industrialists to the state capltoi; In this meeting, we put our cards oh the tnbie faceup.appriaing man agement ofthe existing condition,^ asking than to assume part of the reipbnribiUty m safety probotioii aodt to offer, aiay sugges tions.1 We were convinced that safety could not be legislated, but wasaprobtan of edn- agony.! YY,' YY Y..YY. Special iodnstrial safety programs were promulgated,, inch as laundry, foundry, mar chine shops, automotive. restaurant, etfc .This was dope to cooperation with organisations suds as the Restaurant Assodatko/Auto* motive: Trade v Aasodsflop, Institute of cating managerneht irnd workers that there Lacmderers and Qeanere, etc. Booklets on was a panacea for their fib - various phases, of safety applicable to the 77 flr ' j< fc i strations 6n>fire prevention, eye:protection; lifting/-electrical hazards,-etc. .Speakmgrrof ; demonstrations,let-me'giveywiahexample: - Down in the ^tOT part. of |:Vifginia,;the land is; Very:flabahd sa^y/with-riafy-a:hill. iti sight'. A; ycra^ .'feDow^ ^ raised-intheseparts mid-dixi^ attended ` school in 'tbe- eastera part of tiie stste/graduated and was assjgneda church, in this sarrie' flat et^tiy.'- : ; ' .We received toe cooperation,of toe indusr loiter he' "was hxvited .to la; little, town in trial commission in getting1 the .state -legisla themoimtainsof^^^ CHftoh ture to amend its laws, malting it possible Forge; tofill thepuipit ofan.dbsent pastot for the department of labor and industry to In driving toward Clifton Forge and not get two copies of the first report of injuries. being'accustontod to the .moimtaindus ';ooun- These reports art used by our statistical try, he lost control of bis automobile went . dmsioa in malting industrial analyses and over tiie mountain ^e, tunnng; <w several by the field personnel who make individual times, and landing appTpximatdy *100"' f(3i plant analyses for use in taking action riec-: belbw the roadway. Forsome rtasem; he was essary to prevent recurrence. It puts Our . iwt injuxed and inade his way bade to the man in the position of- knowing the safety - highway, hoping to catch a ride-and continue. performance of individual. plants. -Also, it his journey. A fellow traveller stopped aiid - develops a better bargaining status. These 'upon-getting out of. his car, the-;preadrer reports are treated confidentially. . could see that he'.had b^-im!utnhg: iather In the beginning of this program/we pur chased one 16mm projector'and a few safety films. This equipment was rotated , between the field mm. They would go to manage .toment trying to promote the program; asking that they be allowed to. show a -film any freely of alcoholic spirits. The young man told the driver-of the'car beny he had gone 100 feet over 'thebank and was. trying to get to Clifton Forge and could .he give huh a lift /' ' . The guy looked :ovcr the. hillside, looked group of employees. Many managements at the preacher and said, *Voa.;went,over ; were skeptical and-would not go along with thcre a^ didn't grt .burt?. Hcw;d6^^ ac the idea: others were more cooperative aid count for that?" The '^ning preacher to^ tried the change. We continued this way un him the, .only, way he .could account, for it - til now cadi field representative is equipped was the :I^rd, v^. riding with him,. and in with projectors and film. No longer do-we reply. to that, the: -tipsy. fellow.said, "By have to sell tins idea. On the centra?, it golly/yon bad better let himride; with, me, keeps our people bnsy filling requests for Dem if you won't kill him." This isaptetty cur services. good examplc of a demonstration. During 1962, 32J723 people viewed our educational film. To farther pretuote safety, our field rep resentatives are armed with 35mm slide projectors and safety lectures' on various subjects, such as attitudes, habits, falls, peo ple, accident costs, better living through safety, gambling with fire, human relations and others. We have our own camera, mak ing many scenes from individual plants as as well as drawings made by an artist for us.These lectures are designed by out safety division and are quite flexible, capable of being fitted into a meeting of any type , or duration. In promotion work, we also use demon Recoginring tiie fact tiie foretnen and. su pervisors* were the key men in any-organi- ration, we conceived, the idea of a program to better educate them in their rtsponiibfli- ties wjth regard to! safety. performance and how-they could fit'into the puzzle of acd? .dent prevention. V.''. ..Here again we':.soiight tbehelpand .co operation of another organization/ the Vir ginia Manufacturers Association.. Some people have ked how we can work with the manufacturers association. Our answer is, "How can .you work without them?" . Throughr ^negotiations with them, , they adopted our proposed satiety course, agreeing to cosponsor it, maldng it a loCal project, since: tiierdaues^ various: areas of ti nuttee-of^-rottoliers : Ji has.the tuiyilege\<^ tram^-tourse^lf is to'prdvide^pfc set tiie date abditii operating'-ibur^hoi ^d'never'has' a-'-c advaaia^ ^t,df labpemid Manttfa^urefs.,;;A dar^vto'industry jjartmentrfoUciwS't advising';tBe.totoq sonaIcpotirt: to ';? - each plaid/ and-wt ance to;,25':persou wtokito:'astoxnbl frqm;theDrtia take* oVCrteaduni Supervisory,reipce. itoWvdtage dectr Vatfpal Handling Falls' 'A".V. Fire ipevmtitinlia . HouseVtoiqng ; . -.. Eye protection, ^, Tbosecomidetin '. given1 ^.certificate play atthrir-place TJp to tifis timei . eachmonth, we. l teaching 2641 1736. completed ti* tificates^ \ ' On requei we dividual plants, .to ' for ;the -U.' S. - yirgihia, with 341 pitting the course Another:service division is the tost puts 'each,month pieces of safety n boards. ^You maj accomplished? W gettingcorrection! ards. Records too IitirntrU St&inU Sanaa since die dasse3:>treto'be-tafcn! tq.: the ,ad<gitingjlKprogram,ie&tced&equacyrate' various: anas ofthestate. Asteering com - 'from 300 to zero. Another- rtceiv|^"4SfXW mittee ofmembereof'theAssodatiotiin the credit on itrinsnrance premium.'- - ana is appointed to iworie with Our field man in arranging ior^the' dassioTheiconiiSttw!:has the privdege,of.accejifin^orrejecting the- - Increasedrmorale of people has been reported to us:which, ln tnrn, equals increased .prodoctionwith,quality, intactTheStatefre- trainmgcourse.-I. accepted^their obligation is to provide. a-pIare'.to.cuodneMhe:schoo!,i'. set the date andtimeofthe classes, and lend moral support. This isa20-bourcourse, . quency rate forT962,with 1,933 firms re; . portmg, . employing`230,948 employeevcoutinned to improve. operating: four hour-spec day forfive .days We are also proud of tbe excriknt r^a- and never has a committeedecHnedtotake tions ..existing-ivhetneen industry. and', our. advantage of it for their ana. < safety .dhriaaiiwiiidi makes It poasibie to ^reach goals not beforeattainable.. - : Theeostisiborneby fbe^VirginiaDtpart- nroent o Laborand Industry andtbe Virginia. . . <1 would: not: have .you lidieve tire saceess ManufacturersAssociation. There - is ` so othbprogramcameabouttbnj4y because charge to `industry.for.this .service." Our de< : - a .few.; ot us conceived the idea. Rather, I partment follows np a'letter, from .ti Vu> ginia Manufacturers Association to industry, tiiink .it. could beparalleledta a court caac inRoanoice,Virginia. : ..a.-::. advistngthe school wiB be:heW,'With a per " A civil case-was being tried With quite a sonal contact, to enroll one supervisor from: hh of mouey invtdved. A 12-year-old hoy. each plant and we endeavor to limit, attend-., was the principal witnesa. Try as he may, the- ance to-25-persons. It will`take about two . lawyer could'not shake: the buy*! story. . In weehs to assemble . a dasstand instructors desperation, he turned to the bey and arid, from tile Department of labor and Industry '`Young.1 man, : I" suspect-you - have been take over teaching the. following subjects: .coached:astowbat to say m tins court* Supervisory responsibility . 4hours The boyrepTied<KYes, dr.*The lawjeMays, Low voltage electrical harards 4 hours "Hmm,,jmt as I'suspected. And who coached Material Handling : Falls j- .:.-<3boun you, may l ask?" "My daddy," replied the -1 hoar young man. "Hmm, just as I suspected-- Fire prevention and ccotrol 4hoors now will1 you tdl the: court just-what your Housekeeping .. .v.2hours ' . daddy told you'to: sayintiris.court?""Yes, Eye protection .... ..- ; : 2 hour? sir. He told me to stick to the troth, and you or. no other shyster hwyer. could break my. Those completing-the 204iour`coane an story.* - . ,- given a. certificate' already-.framed -lot. dis play at their- place of employment ; rWe have stuck to our story,which is the truth and^-our110 field men . have dooe a Up to tins time, by conducting one school marvelous job ln sdling themselves,.the de- each month, we have .conducted. 91 classes partment and the program to management: reaching 2641 supervisors;`Of this number, Without their being funy-sold to the cause,' 1756 completed the course and received cer little would 'have been accomplished.- We ate tificates. . quite grateful to them for this endeavor.: ; On request, we have held classes for in dividual plants,the most recent cue in June Cor the U. S. Marine Corps, -Quantico, Virginia, with 34 persons attending and com pleting the course. . In the last sessma.of Gcogress, we opposed two bills, known as Occupational Safety Acts, H. R. 11192 and H. R. 11451, ahd will oppose any other proposal of BmSar intent because it is unnecessary and undesirable and.. Another service carried on by our safety division is the distribution by bail and hand outs each, monlh. of.approximately 40,000 pieces of safety material for. use on bulletin boards. You may say; what, has all tins accomplished? We have been snccessinl in getting correctices of numerons safety haz ards. Records show an individual plant, after -Would, in fact, prove harmful. Iitate legislation gives to the Virginia Department of Labor and Industry the.persesmd, the law and the budget needed to maintain an excellent safety program in Virginia. . Our statutes authorize the - safety codes ermmisoesi to study and investigate ail phases of safety and to formulate-roles and regulations to further protect and pro- dnq to accidents:! and-..injuries. -The .^safety ' mote fae safety and health of workers. We ; 5chools,fOT:.fa^ safetypersbnoel, . now have a safety codes cbcmnisscs with die conducted toot^^ct-Vfi^aa wjjtfeftbeftfll ' authority, to adopt safety rule* andregula- cooperation of industry .smd/cotiaty .and city tiohs fa all phases of badness. governments, have. aciiCTed~state^wide top-.; It is readHy apparent'fa Virginia that t!>e'.. port end wide acclaim., " ; Department, of. Labor and-Industry. has all - Virginia has,' over the years,, recorded : a of the law, regulation aiidcoopeiation.tbat .steady, lowering-.of injury; frequency., rates,; . it needs `fa carry bo a positive- -industrial* which is positive proof .pi tfae -over-ati ef- , safety^ program. Let .me emphasize that. co> fectiveness. bf-pur accident prevention ef.-: operation at-the local level and at the scene forts,. We maintain* fa Virginia,;a modern of the job is the roost important aspect of System of accident: reporting. Our, accident safety, and our program enjoys'ihaximum data are compled fa ,ccor<& acceptance and cooperation. Federal .inter American, standard .method of vention would hinder this program. ihdustrial injury rates.. Safety is a non-eontroverssal goal, and all The safety idivititfa cd,fae'dqartmeni' of .... involved can - work together for- its attain- : labor, ami ihdustry.fa. Vligihia layo^ tbe . mart. It is hard to bdieve ibat- any state broadest posable cbQperation..fnKn local- and! cannot afford what is required for.an effec state. governments; ~ state 'ahd joeffifafety: tive industrial safety program. In fact, no associations; and trade and c^lpyefa*,.asso^ state can.^fford not to have it The savings dations. This close working - relationship . involved.fa life and money are worth many involves many years of dedicated effort and . times what is required fa maintain a good is based-more ; oq coc^>eratian and' ppsitive . safety, program. effort than law or relation. We ai& underr Legislation being considered by the Con gress is unnecessary and highly undesirable . as regards- the. administration mid promotion of industrial safety. Not only is Federal aid not needed. It is an unwanted intrusion of Federal Government into a field of-state, stand the.nedissity'for. the law. and'.the . regulations we have forged, but.we appred*. ate that safety cannot, in fact. be legislated --that it thrives only on cooperatioa and local effort with' a mmiminn 'of outride guidance, apparent or otherwise ^ responsibility where local effort and- cooper In our state, we have *bR of the law, all ..; ation have produced steady improvements in of themanpower/all of the aufaofity^ aiid r working conditions, generally. all of fae cooperation we need to dlscharge' The operations of the Virginia Depart oar responsibility with regard to job safety ment of Labor and Industry are versatile Unneeded funds and.unnecessary interfer and complete in the field of Job accident ence, from, the United State*.Department .of prevention Our program involves direct Labor couldonly detract from, the good contact* with employers and employees and . program and the positive effortwe have: safety programs designed for different types achieved in Virginia. ! of industries as well as for individual plants. For these reasons, I hope that it will be Our. inspection, services, consultation serv the pteasure of the National Safety;- Con ices, educational- services, and enforcement gress to oppose any further Federal legisla all have the same common goat--to hold to tion dealing with occupational. safety or a minimum the economic and human losses anything similar to it 80 Ast*Dfc "I all of-us fa' deseribeaur. jdbs.: bte, we'd tikfely as line:.... _ ^ut o&imfasti public fa a puitivi V:I^3ttrxaott;i that would have* . Wtot ifJDOre, i vWeshotild begfc It's otmjobfahbb every dignified tit aren'tsomanyar let. a dandy .poe fingers,....,,.,:. Solet'stalcea: idea of an:'A**oc gram* to secljcrw' our members,*.'an for:ourselves;' ' Maybe wevobgj .picture fa our 'b 'program should b Here's1,axrjoutl: your hand's ore:: An awards pi way; pfy giving'! berod*hpanieif . ment ra 'accident Those are higt mg less will .do. should-be put ii there. There sho bend, or. yieldj' oi high plane. Lei i tiou be applied lit Distinguished/^ mony carried oul . Special; -rtyog trophy,plaque,o Ontttawfinga an -iccotsplishnv shoulders above i *v IfrY-ifrr*5* : Jndtuiritf'SiibiteitiSttnotu ASSOCIATION AWARD PROGRAMS-- THEIR LATENT POTENTIAL :, : -//.'i/''KH**? 1 By SANTO J. BARCA -"--T '.*r v Asst. Director, Can Manufectiirers Institute, Inc* ^Ta^ngton# D. C If all of us in/thisroomwere ,askedto describe :our. jobsmaa few.wcrdsas possi ble, weMhkriy answer scmevriBt.akog this line: "Put our industry's, good pginta before the. public in a positive way." -., .. ...;It sh0uld be/an -achievement that safetymen... would point to with /wy and say,/ ^^Gee^ t wish we hid deffli thattM j . . Admittedly these are tough-standards. Bot they/are necessary to-,give the program a : fsur crackat success, "the program must Last year mostoins popsed-upa program . have. fipbstance, character `and. value to keep that would.Jove-done.exactly/that' y.y it*outofthegjmmldcclass. / /".v ./ . What is inore, it looks -like,^weta: missing - a good .bet again Jhityeaiv - -v* v Lower the standards and we'U be.inviting . a,VHo Hum",or ?So What.* attitude^1 will make s mockery of the awards and may ; Weshould begmto rit-up:asd teke;zwde& : likely encoorage employees . to ;rid2cofe. the It's our: job to>:boost>;our industry^:We oeed; entire safety program. > .. :. J ^ every, dignified derice to; do so^ And There aren't so many; around-thatwe can affordsto /So, we sayr make.the-awards attractive, let a dandy one slip.. ri^it.through .our enough tq;stir the senses.. Give them that ^x- fingers.'`UvS-:): elusive touch by making -them hard to get . Present them at important gatherings cl.oar So let's take a few-tmmites-to'look at- this industry. Personalize, the handtiqg .of -an. idea o an: Association Safety: Award- Pro? awards,program as mach as possible. gram-to see how; we can capitalize on it'-for ernr members,*.'and-^;a/nice by-product--r- . Take careof theserbaries and well have , for ourselves. 11 ' a -program thatll. arouse reacrions^like -this* ' Maybe we ought to*.bcgVby. sketching^a "Heyi you ooghta hear'what our plant du!^ picture in our minds bf 'what/an ^awards. and seewhatwegot'for itr *t` ; program should be. Here's an joutiioe we'd. like to ' draw - for your mind's eye: An awards program U. a .distinguished way of giving special, recognition to Mem ber companies for an outstanding, achieve* ment in accident ,prevention work. Those are high-sounding, words but. noth ing less wiU do, foT tbe awards prograni should be put in tbe'-ebte/dass.and/kept: there. There shouldn't be. any temptation.to bend or. yield, or compromise. Keep it on .a. high plane. Let the key parts of that defint- tioa be applied literally. ^ -r! = Distinguished way means:appropriate. cere mony carried out in the best ofJaste; . r > With thethought that 'we: now. have a. working nnderstandmg. of /what an awards program should be, let's talk about some Of . the resources we carmine out oLfr. r What we said in the early part of our talk Is a good one to begin with Tit's a tool we can use to tell the public the goo^ thing*; that our member*: are dbbg. ^n saying this we're not referring :h)k a vague, formless , public sotnewhefe out there. We have in . mind a public with a flesh-and-blood shape to it--home, neighborhood, cbmraunlty? In otherwords; peopiewtthacaphalP.Safety tcflches their-lives daily and ithey, therefore; have an understandable need-to-knew what indnstryis doing, to keep-them safe every-; where; Ours is the obligatioc aoddnty of Special recognition .-.suggests handsome triling them- * 1^ trophy, plaqntor- certificate; -and... Outstanding achievement carrieswith* it an Accomplishment that/ stands head and shoulders above the crowd. / An awards program is a distinctive way. of lettmg'thon know.-:lt u also an effective way of dramatizing.the importance^of safety and the key role it pfcysiin odr members' rw? 1963 NaiScmat Sitfriy Congress operations. There is another plus to. it can; come;tip with: -events that;..will put, the . Awards are ?n eye-catching; attractive, way. spotlight ^tnpi^ people, siomocb the better.: of demonstrating-the safety job industry is- jAn awar^piogiamfs aversatilepcrformer ?! yoluntarily doing to 'make its employees for our purposes.- it.is a:program::buikter,; safer on the job. Through this we-may well ; It helps .to . makeii meetings more .livdy and - make allies of oar audiences with-the side- `interesting,;, .: `r ; line benefit of their talking up safety at : As mentidiied 'eartieivit's; % ^attirel. for . borne. home-town publicity. And it gets mofe peo- Safety also needs rooting sections in our ple into the..act, for It gives all companies-- plants. It needs an activity that can buQd large, medium ahd ftrMU--a^ equal .chance up and hold employee interest; a program, to get thrir ;4ay.;ln the sun before their In-; that can create a safety atmosphere and de . dustrial colleague*. It alio gives the officials velop safety awareness. down the safety Use a dunce to. shine tie- It requires an activity, that can drill the. name "safety" into our employees' minds, just as advertising serves' to pound, brand names in consumers' minds by repetition fore their bones.; /. We've had some exciting experiences come out of -our. awards presentationceremohies that we'dKke to share.widi you. v": then some. But firstj to explain just a we.jdan^ ' Advertising follows a- technique that. is . our awards ceremony for pur annual meet-/ given the catchy name of AIDAv Broken ing of membcrs and give it itie piTstige down it means: get attention; build interest; that tiu achievements so richly, deserve. Our. develop desire; ami promote action. companies respcriri by having tieir top offi- AIDA--attention, interest, desire, action.. dats there to acceptthe awards.: Just the very things that can be put to good . One company went a step farther. The use in maiorgg our employees want to work plant manager , was brought crow-country safdy. An awards program can fill the biU from-California to accept..the award hi be- for safety just as advertising does for prod half of the company. You: can imagine how ucts. * proud he was:to-come. front and center and Getting over into other benefits, let's ex-.. represent his .company , before, the industry. plore together the field of insurance pre We don't imagine he was hurt one Mt by miums and classification ratings to see if we standing in for. his corporate boss, who .was can find any potential guns there. there watching.tbeproceedings. . We are told that among other things car riers take into account their client's accident experiences as. they stack up against other companies of similar'operations, hazard po tentials, risk histories and size of plant Other companies brought thrirsafety of ficials along to take part in the ceremonies is a way of giving credit where credit is due. . * Appredatidn. for the !cadership,,given by An awards program sets up yardsticks for the safety committee was made a.matter, Of. measuring achievements within an industry record. One highly-placed company, officer which the carrier can crank into his calcula made it a point to calland congratulate the tions. Once he knows the standards that committee chairman. Since both are in the have been set -up for the awvds, he can fix same company we can guess that gesture the company's relative standing in assessing" didn't hurt one bit, either. premiums and ratmgs. Going beyond the presentation at associ Tb*e awards program acts to set apart the cream of the industry. Preferred classifica tions and rebate checks have come about as a result At least our members have told us 9a And as frosting on the cake, they have done so from the floor at association Which leads us to another benefit We in association work look for .dignified activities that will brighten up our meetings. If we ation meetings, companies take, the awards bade, and present them to plant personnel at an appropriate ceremony.' We know that, for we have been privileged to take part`in the . tributes. Let's recap what we've been talking about An association safety-award program can help us do our jobs. It .is a reservoir of good will that, when opened, can make. friends for our members. It Is a: distinctive - ing to our empfcy neighbor* tiw/.ihipm industry. - 4 ij It is: also1 a. cos . tool, because it.pla; safety; prbgramit It interest ih safety iu . to work safdy.Tft will. Influence, them, way of doing- i" )o choose the safe wi 'fill liflitf*--' SitEas It is a :distinetiroV&vkn\'fvrdanooatraK.. dent*. ;Tbe r(cwr ing to our. empioyeeVcthefr'^familiar.ahd'- rac^CBta.^tlie, less '. ndgftbor* the importance At'atety to oar t It1 can ':SuBd. apfindSyidutl and collective industry. - - employee pride in their company. . It is: also a - On. an association levd, it an improve: tool, because it plays . industryrelations by providing a setfeigfor safety programs, Tt,;ca: recognition of addereineuts,...'. interest' in'.'safetyi.iui3vca ' And it.cao help the person who are help- to work lafely. Wanting to ' ing tbe siiodatka .< will fafluenoe. them. Into.chooei . These are the. things we have Man 'as way of doing r job. The obre'eaptoyees awdMs program^do for us. Perhape iron can choose the safe way, the . fearer the acd- see something .there, for youu *.*..V.:-- v *" v:;Vv .1. vw-. -.j. a-,.,-/ . . r-,, v. 'r-v : .V t.J A: V.';V ' ' V. >"V. ' .-V!- i:-.V-: ` A ' /; ' \ 7^ T,:-': V^: A'-.' .' ' ....... <- -------------- r- - '' , OFFICERS OF THE * INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE 7 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1963-64 OFFICERS OF AS! NATI< ' . "' , V.- '.'.. ,v' '^ Viet President for Industry and Chairman---J/'S/Queeneb, Manager,.Safety, and Fire -. | Protection I^ E. I. dn Port de Nemom-s & Ca li^, Wiraingtnn, "Dei.. ; : . ` . .5 ChmrmaffEUct--G'. L. Gobbeix, Manager, Safety & Fire. Protection, Monsanto Chemical ' Company, St Louis, Mo. Secretary--R. G. Benson, Manager, Industrial Department NationalSafety Council, Chicago, nr Committee.Chairmen-- . i. . Associations Committee--R. Hacofian, Chairman; Si.'J. Bakca, Vice Chairman r - -a ? Audio Visual Aids Committee--W. E, Stuffing, Chairman; A. L.' Schmuhl, Vice Chaindan ' -s Congress Program Committee--Df Haskell (Congress Program)'; K/S.:Hedges (Subject . Sessions); H. Huntington (Sectional Sessions) S Contests and Awards Committee--Habtman, Chairman; F. E. Stobch, Vice Chairman Executive Committee--J. S. Queener,. Chairman; G. L. Gokbell, Chairman-Elect ;M. F. . Biancakw, Chairman of Sections Industrial Safety Training Committee--H. Riefxnstahl,.Chairman; E*J- Tukton, Vice Chairman ' Nominating Committee--C F. Schluete*, Chairman Occupational Health Hazards Committee--J. Radcuffe, Chairman; F. Sands, .Vice Chairman * C/soirmaih-^RjoBEHt 1 of Casualty & Sui : Vice-Chairman--Sas Washingtco,D. C ; Midwest-West Reg* Pulp & Paper N Coundl of the Fc tary, StedPlate Secy., Gary Inn Managing Dir7. Safety Director,; Greater. Chicago) Northeast Region--] Manufacturers, b Industry, August! veotioa Assil, X Asia, PhUadelph Middle Atlantic Ri( Warehouses, Wa Independent Meal Asst Geo. Mgr., Tbetossow, . Bite McCahsy, Assis the U. S* Wasfaix Staff Representative Coundl, 425!No. Occupational Health Nursing Committee--Anne Kloiber, R. N., Chairman; Deeka Gloves, R. N. (Staff Representative) Ofj-the-Job Safety Committee--John E. Smith, Chairman; V. J. Meyeks, Vice Chairman Physical Hazards Committee--Coa A. Alien, Chairman; E. B. LANDBy, Vice Chairman Research Projects Committee--S. F. Spence, Chairman; F. J: Dodson, Vice Chairman Standards Committee--A. L. Cobb, Chairman; H. S. Simpson; Vice Chairman ' : Technical Publications Committee--R. L. Moose, Chairman; E. O; Mattocks, Vice Chairman OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATIONS COMMITTEE NATIONAL' SAFETY COUNCIL 1963-64 Chairman--Robebt Hagopian; -Assistant Manager, Accident Prevention Dept, Association of Casualty & SurctyCorapanievNew York, N,Y. 10038 Vicehairmm--Sahto J. Bakca, Assistant Director, Can Manufacturers Institute, las, Washington, D. C. 20005 Midwest-West Rrpio*--DanAhao, Coord, of Safety Activities, Pacific Coast Ana of -Pulp & Paper Mfrs, Portland,.Ore.: 97205; W. M. Aiusos, Senior Safety Director, Council of the Forestlndnstries, Vancouver I, B. G, Canada; Eaxl A. BiATirar, Secre tary, Sted . Plate Fabricators Assn,-Chicago^-Hi. 60603; William M. Caldwell, Asst Secy, Gary Iron Founders' Society, Inc, Cleveland, Ohio 44114; Jmxistat D. Keith, Managing Dir, American MetalStamping Assn, Cleveland, Ohio 44120; A. Koeu, Safety Director, Pickiuds-Mather & Co, Duluth, Minn. 55802; J. Neil Mooke, Secy, Greater Chicago Hotel.Assn, Chicago, I1L 60603 Northeast Rrpion--James Dunlop, Director of Man Power Activities, National Assn, of Manufacturers, New York, N.Y; 10QJ7; Mamoh. E. Makim, Commissioner of Labor & Industry, Augusta, Maine; E; H. Inu, General Mgr, Forest Products Accident Preventiou Assn, Toronto 1, Ont; Canada;JoffnH. Sxnoit, Secy, Pennjyivania Mfrs. Asia, Philadelphia, Pa. 19102 Middle Atlantic Region--Joseph Hi Colquitt, Secretary, National Asia, of Refrigerated Warehouses, Washington, D. C. 20003 ; Joh* Mohay, Asst Exec. Secretary, National Independent Meat Packers Association, Washington; D. C 20036; Alimji. RoiSTACHia, Asst Gen. Mgr, National Assn, of Bedding; Mfg, Washington, D. C*20001; Gtoaci Tazvtsniw,. Bituminous,.Coal Operators'Assn, Washington, D. C. 20006; Hugh McCabey, Assistant 'Manager, Associations Service Dept, Chamber of Commerce of the U. S, Washington, D. C 20006 . Staff Representative--Paol E. Sbewaio, Director,.Associations. Diviiicn, National Safety Council, 425 No. Michigan Ave; Chicago,111. 60611 Other Volumes 1963 Congrei* Tramactlon* $32Sf VoL Stock No. No. TWO . 13 10 or rnpln : .] 02233-1 i 022333 2 3 022334 4 022333 0 022336 6 Oanarai Sessions 4 Index to aS Vohimaa Aerospace; Air Transport Aotomotftt fc fcUcftfatt Shop; Fowtf Pitu forilnc Cement Quany 6 Mineral Aggregates Chemical 6 FarttOzar CMe UadwshiK Churdv Hoim, Women, Youth, Farm $ .75 .78 .78 45 35 130 830 30 30 40 30 30 1 7 Coal Miffing . .75 '30:- 8 9 022*33*10 10 Construction: PubOe Employee Electrical Equipment . . Food A Beverage, Meat Packing, Tanning 6 Leather Products: Trades IrSenlcas .75 : 45 .n' 30` 40 30 0223311 11 Glass 4 Ceramics: Rubber. .75 30 0223312 12 Industrie! ftirtnjoct `ntutofii* Anwlitiom 130 30 0223313 13 Labor .75 30 [::-gs3tiE3 Marina 022^3-15 15 Metals .75 30 .73 .60 0223316 16 MMnc .75 30 0223317 17 Motor Transport: Transit 130 30 0223318 18 Occupational Health Nursing <45. 40 0223319 19 Petroleum . .78 .60 0223320 20 PubDe UBBtfcs ' 022.33-21 21 Pulp 4 Paper; Printing 4 Publishing .70. 30 38 .60 0223322 22 RtOroad ,45 40 0223323 23 School 4 Codecs 1JOO 30 Traffic .75 30 0223325 25 Wood Products; 4 Testae 35 30 |0223326|26 Early Morning Sessions'- "Leadership In Saw 48 >40 PubUe sefetr .78 30. 1 02513 COMPLETE SET OF 27 VOLUMES Any Quantity: *1240 I Automatic 20% dlicount to National Safety Council members; or 10..___ to government ogoncies. Please enclose check with onion law man $3.00. SHIP TO: Organization____________________________________________ _ Address.__;_______________________ :______ :__________ _ City- -State- -Zip Coda. to Attention ot_ BILL TO: Organization___ Address- CHy_ -State- to Attention ol_ Customer's Purchase Order Number -Zip Code- MAIL TO: ltwtm NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 42S North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 nimim.t.t.