Document 6Bw3GQrq3ZKe45E0Gg6qXXq41

314 CHAPTER 16 1948 Guide smoke. The installation of a Dutch oven which will increase the furnace volume and raise the furnace temperature often produces satisfactory results. In the case of new installations, the problem of smoke abatement can be solved by the selection of the proper fuel-burning equipment and furnace design for the particular fuel to be burned and by the proper operation of that equipment. Constant vigilance is necessary to make certain that the equipment is properly operated. In old installations the solution of the problem presents many difficulties, and a considerable investment in special apparatus is often necessary. Lower rates of combustion per square foot of grate area will reduce the quantity of solid matter discharged from the chimney with , the gases of. combustion. The burning of coke, coking coal, and sized coal from which the extremely fine coal has been removed will not as a general rule produce as much dust and cinders as will result from the burning of non-coking coals and slack coals when they are burned on a grate. Modern boiler installations are usually designed for high capacity per square foot of ground area because such designs give the lowest cost of construction per unit of capacity. Designs of this type discharge a large quantity of dust and cinders with the gases of combustion, and if pollution of the atmosphere is to be prevented, some type of catcher must be installed. FIRING METHODS FOR SEMI-BITUMINOUS COAL The Pocahontas Operators' Association recommends the central cone method of firing, in which the coal is heaped on to the center of the bed forming a cone, the top of which should be level with the middle of the firing door. This allows the larger lumps to fall to the sides, and the fines to remain in the center and be coked. The poking should be limited to breaking down the coke without stirring, and to.gently rocking the grates. It is recommended that the slides in the firing door be kept closed, as the thinner fuel bed around the. sides allows enough air to get through. FIRING METHODS FOR COKE Coke ignites less readily than bituminous coal and more readily than anthracite and bums rapidly with little draft. In order to control the air admitted to the fuel it is very important that all openings or leaks into the ashpit be closed tightly. A coke fire responds rapidly to the opening of the dampers. This is an advantage in warming up the system, but it also makes it necessary to watch the dampers more closely in order to prevent the fire from burning too rapidly. In order to obtain the same interval of attention as with other fuels a deep fuel bed always should be maintained when burning coke. The grates should be shaken only slightly in mild weather and should be shaken only until the first red particles drop from the grates in cold weather. The best size of coke for general use, for small fire-pots where the fuel depth is not over 20 in., is that which passes over a 1 in. screen and through a in. screen. For large fire-pots where the fuel can be fired over 20 in. deep, coke which passes over a 1 in. screen and through a 3 in. screen can be used, but a coke of uniform size is always more satisfactory. Large, sizes of coke should be either mixed with fine sizes or broken up before using. Fuels and Combustion 315 SECONDARY AIR When bituminous coal is hand-fired in a furnace the volatile matter in the fuel distills off leaving coke on the grate. The product of combustion of the coke is COi and under certain conditions some CO may arise from the bed.. The combustion of the volatile matter and the CO may amount to the liberation of from 40 to 60 per cent of the heat in the fuel in the combustion space over the fuel bed. The air that passes through the fuel bed is called primary air and the air that is admitted over the fuel bed in order to bum the volatile matter and CO is called secondary air. This process of combustion is illustrated in Fig. 2 4. The free oxygen of the air passes through the grate and the ash above it and burns the carbon in. the lower 3 or 4 in. of the fuel bed forming carbon dioxide. This layer noted as the oxidizing zone is indicated by the symbols COi and Oj. Some of the carbon dioxide of the oxidizing zone is reduced to carbon monoxide in the upper layer of the fuel bed noted as the reducing zone and indicated by the symbols COj and CO. The gases leaving, the fuel Fig. 2. Combustion of Fuel in a Hand-Fired Furnace bed are mainly carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and a small amount of free oxygen. Free oxygen is admitted through the firing door in an attempt to burn carbon monoxide and the volatile combustible distilled from the freshly fired fuel. The division of the total into primary and secondary air necessary to produce the same rate of burning and the same excess air depends on a number of factors which include size and type of fuel, depth of fuel bed, and size, pf fire-pot. ' Size of the fuel is a very important factor in fixing the quantity of secondary air required for non-caking coals.- With caking coals it is not so important because small pieces fuse together and form large lumps. Fortunately a smaller size fuel gives more resistance to air flow through the fuel bed and thus automatically causes a larger draft above the fuel bed, which draws in more secondary air through the same slot openings,' but, nevertheless, the smallest size of fuel will require the largest second ary air openings. For certain sizes of fuel no secondary air openings are required, and for large-sizes, too much excess air may pass through' the fuel bed. ' In general, the efficiency of domestic hand-fired furnaces and boilers burning either anthracite or bituminous coal can be increased for an