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DANA'S HXTBOOK OF ISIWOGY Jl'RTHEDITION By V. E.FORD JO H N WILEY AND SONS PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT WCD-421 DANA'S SERIES OF MINERALOGIES System of Mineralogy Sixth edition, entirely rewritten. With Appendices I and II, completing the work to 1909, 1333 pages and more than 1400 illustrations; and with the Third Appendix, by William E. Ford, Professor of Mineralogy in Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, completing the work to 1915, 87 pages. Complete volume, 6f by 10, half leather. A Text-book of Mineralogy With an extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical Mineralogy. By Edward Salisbury Dana, Late Professor Emeritus of Physics and Curator of Mineralogy, Yale Uni versity. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged by William E. Ford (1932). 866 pages, 6 by 9, 1089 figures. Cloth. Minerals, and How to Study Them A book for beginners in Mineralogy. By the late Prof. E. S. Dana. Second Edition, Revised. 380 pages, 5 by 319 figures. Cloth. Manual of Mineralogy For the Student of Elementary Mineralogy, the Mining Engineer, the Geologist, the Prospector, the Collector, etc. Fourteenth edition, entirely revised and rewritten, by Wil liam E. Ford. 476 pages, 5 by 7 !, 360 figures, and 10 plates. Flexible binding. A TEXTBOOK OF MINERALOGY WITH AN EXTENDED TREATISE ON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL MINERALOGY BY EDWARD SALISBURY DANA Late Professor Emeritus of Physics, Yale University FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED BY WILLIAM E. FORD Professor of Mineralogy and Curator of the Mineral Collections, Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University F. EYOLF BRONNER NEW YORK JOHN W ILEY & SONS, I nc. L o n d o n : CHAPMAN & HALL, L imited COPYRIGHT, 189 8 B y EDWARD S. DANA C o py r ig h t , 1922, 1932 By EDWARD S. DANA a n d WILLIAM E. FORD C o py r ig h t R e n e w e d , 1926 B y EDWARD S. DANA All Rights Reserved This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. F. EYOLF BROWNER Printing F. H. GILSON CO. BOSTON. Printed in U. S, A. Composition and Plates TECHNICAL COMPOSITION CO. CAMBRIDGE Binding STANHOPE BINDERY BOSTON 4 -3 6 PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION It is only a little over ten years since the third edition of this book was published. This period, however, has been one of such active mineralogical investigation that a new edition seemed desirable. The fourth edition, therefore, endeavors to present the important facts of the science as known on January 1, 1932. The changes in the book are essentially as follows: In Part I on Crystallography a section of some seventeen pages has been added on crystal structure and the methods of its investigation by means of X-rays. The remainder of this section remains substantially unchanged. Parts II and III on Physical and Chemical Mineralogy have been revised but have had only minor additions. Part IV on the Origin, Mode of Occur rence and Association of Minerals is new to this book. Part V has been entirely revised. Descriptions of about two hundred and twenty new species have been added. The attempt has been made to give a brief but complete statement of the important facts now known about all well-defined mineral species. In addition brief mention is made of doubtful species or those which have recently been discredited. It is realized that such a complete treat ment of the subject would not normally have its place in a book of this char acter. At the present time, however, there is no book available that gives such a survey of the subject and until such a book is at hand it is thought that the inclusion here of brief descriptions of all known minerals will be of value. As far as possible simple statements of the results of the investigation of mineral structure by means of X-rays have been included in the mineral descriptions. The paragraphs on occurrence have been largely rewritten. In the case of the commoner minerals a careful selection of the localities of their occurrence has been made in order to give only those of most importance either from a scientific or economic point of view. In the case of rarer species all known localities have been mentioned. As far as possible the locality names have been checked, the spelling used by the Times Atlas having been followed in most instances. In the case of the south-central European countries, alternative names for the same place have been frequently given. The mineral data presented have been gathered from the periodical litera ture, etc., and from many texts. Among the books which have been of particular value are the following: Doelter's Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Hintze's Handbuch der Mineralogie, Lehrbuch der Mineralogie by Nigglq Mineralogy by Miers-Bowman, and especially Winchell's Elements of Optical Mineralogy and Larsen's Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals. The editor is also indebted to Professor Esper S. Larsen for the privilege of consulting the manuscript of the new edition of the last-named work. He also acknowledges gratefully many valuable suggestions made by Professor Charles Palache. W illiam E. F ord N ew H aven, C o n n ., March 1, 1932 iii 676 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY Microscopic examination has established the fact th at serpentine in rock-masse been largely produced by the alteration of chrysolite, and many apparently homogeS serpentines show more or less of this original mineral. In other cases it has resulted^ 0118 the alteration of pyroxene or amphibole. Sections of the serpentine derived from chrv v1*1 often show a peculiar structure, like the meshes of a net (Fig. 997); the lines marked i!"6 grains of magnetite also follow the original cracks and cleavage directions of the chrv v ^ (Fig. 998, a). The serpentine from amphibole and pyroxene commonly shows an ana] ^ e structure; the iron particles following the former cleavage lines. Hence the nature o^0Us original mineral can often be inferred. Cf. Fig. 998, a, b, c (Pirsson). 1 ^he Comp. -- A magnesium silicate, H 4Mg3Si2 0 9or 3M g0.2Si02.2H20 = gu- 44T, magnesia 43-0, water 12-9 = 100. Iron protoxide often replaces a SIr!Cq part of the magnesium; nickel in small amount is sometimes present. Tn water is chiefly expelled at a red heat. ' tle For chemical relations to the minerals of the Chlorite Group, see p. 668. Pyr., etc. -- In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses on the edges with diffie 1+ F. = 6. Gives usually an iron reaction. Decomposed by hydrochloric and sulphurio q -Y- From chrysotile the silica is left in fine fibers. Clc*s- Diff. -- Characterized by softness, absence of cleavage and feeble waxy or oily ius,+ low specific gravity; by yielding much water B.B. terJ Micro. -- Readily recognized in thin sections by its greenish or yellowish green col low relief and aggregate polarization due to its fibrous structure. When the fibers l0r' parallel, the interference-colors are not very low, but the confused aggregates may sh^ 6 the " ultra blue " or even be isotropic. The constant association with other magnesia be'V ing minerals like chrysolite, pyroxene, hornblende, etc., is also characteristic. The presen F~ of lines of iron oxide particles as noted above (Fig. 998) is characteristic. Obs. -- Serpentine is always a secondary mineral resulting, as noted above, from th alteration of non-aluminous silicates containing magnesia, particularly chrysolite, amphibole or pyroxene; more rarely from monticellite, chondrodite, vesuvianite, garnet, talc, etc It may occur as a replacement of the original mineral, forming a pseudomorph, or it may be deposited elsewhere in the rock openings or as replacing some other mineral. It frequently forms large rock-masses, then being derived from the alteration of peridotites, dunites and other basic rocks of igneous origin; also of amphibolites or other similar metamorphic rocks which may have had a sedimentary origin. In the first case it is usually accompanied by spinel, garnet, chromite and sometimes nickel ores; in the second case by various carbo nates such as dolomite, magnesite, breunnerite, etc. Serpentine is a mineral which occurs commonly, though rarely in masses of great size. In the metamorphic rocks it is commonly found as layers, lenticular bodies, etc. Serpentine is so common a mineral and so widespread in its occurrence that only its most important and interesting localities can be mentioned here. In Saxony, massive ornamental material comes from Zoblitz; and the variety metaxite from Schwarzenberg; in Silesia at Reichenstein picrolite and chrysotile. A variety containing soda from the Zillertal, Tyrol. Austria, is called nemaphyllite. In Italy pseudomorphs after monticellite occur in the Val di Fassa, Trentino; the variety antigorite was originally described from Valle Antigorio, Piedmont. In Switzerland various types of serpentine are found near Zermatt, in I alais. Thermophyllite is found in Finland at Hoponsuo. In crystals pseudomorphic after chryso lite from Snarum in Buskerud, Norway. Fine serpentine from the Lizard, Cornwall. As bestos occurs in the Transvaal in the Barberton district and at various points in Australia. In the United States fine at Newburyport, Essex Co., Massachusetts. In Rhode Islam bowenite a t Smithfield, Providence Co. In New York from the Tilly Foster mine nia Brewster, Putnam Co., pseudomorphic after chondrodite, also in cube-like cleavage to presumably pseudomorphous after some unknown mineral; in St. Lawrence C o .,in c ite , ville and elsewhere. In New Jersey marmolite, etc., at Hoboken, associated witn magnesite, etc.; at Montville, Morris Co., chrysotile and retinalite with common serp ^ j in Sussex Co., a t Vernon and Franklin. In Pennsylvania, at Easton, Northamp ^.,irj()US pseudomorphous after pyroxene and amphibole; massive, fibrous and foliated o colors at Texas, Lancaster Co.; at West Chester, Chester Co., williamsite; a ` globe, near Baltimore in Maryland (baltimorite). Asbestos is found in Arizona from Gila Co., from the Sierra Ancha, and the Grand Canyon. .vg Vermont In Canada abundant among the metamorphic rocks of Quebec between i groiigh- boundary and Gaspe Co., at Danville, Richmond Co.; Thetford in Megantic - > SILICATES 677 ton in Beauce Co., etc.; in Ottawa Co., at Templeton. The asbestos often forms seams sevrgl inches in thickness in the massive mineral and has been extensively mined. The names Serpentine, Ophite, Lapis colubrinus, allude to the green serpent-like cloud- 0gS of the serpentine marble. Retinalite is from perivrj, resin; Picrolite, from ttlkpos, bitter, L allusion to the magnesia (or bittererde) present; Thermophyllite, from deppy, heat, and \'vhhov, leaf, on account of the exfoliation when heated; Chrysotile, from xpwos, golden, and tAo5>fil)rousi Metaxite, from pera^a, silk; Marmolite, from pappoilpu, to shine, in allusion 0 its peculiar luster. Use. -- As an ornamental stone; the fibrous variety furnishes the greater part of the heat insulating material known as asbestos. peweylite. -- A magnesian silicate near serpentine but with more water. Formula erhaps 4M g0.3Si02.6H20 . Amorphous, resembling gum arabic, or a resin. Microscopic ally fibrous. H. = 2-3'5. G. = 2-0-22. Color whitish, yellowish, reddish, brownish, index, T55- % parallel to fibers. Deweylite is usually found with serpentine as one of its jecoinposition products and commonly encloses a carbonate. It occurs as pseudomorphs nfter talc, etc. It occurs with serpentine at Kuttenberg in Bohemia of Czechoslovakia. From near K raubat in the Miirztal in Styria, Austria, including the bright red variety called eisengV>nnite- With serpentine from the Val di Fiemme, Trentino, Italy; in granular lime stone at Passau, Bavaria. In the United States it occurs at Middlefield, Hampshire Co., Massachusetts; in Pennsylvania at Texas, Lancaster Co., also in Berks, Chester, and Del aware counties. Gymnite, named from yvpvos, naked, in allusion to the locality at Bare Hills, Maryland, is the same species. Genthite. Nickel Gymnite. -- A gymnite with part of the magnesium replaced by nickel, 2Ni0.2M g0.3Si02.6H20 . Probably should be included as a variety of garnierite. Amorphous, with a delicate stalactitic surface, incrusting. H. = 3-4; sometimes very soft. G. = 2-409. Luster resinous. Color pale apple-green, or yellowish. From Texas, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, in thin crusts on chromite. Also reported from near Pragrat- ten in the Austrian Tyrol; from near Malaga, Spain; and on Michipicoten Island in Lake Superior, Ontario. Garnierite. Noumeite. -- An important ore of nickel, consisting essentially of a hy drated silicate of magnesium and nickel, perhaps H2(Ni,Mg)Si04 + water, but very variable ncomposition, particularly as regards the nickel and magnesium; not always homogeneous. Amorphous. Soft and friable. G. = 2-3-2-8. Luster dull. Color bright apple-green, pale green to nearly white. Index, 1-59. In part unctuous; sometimes adheres to the tongue. Occurs in serpentine rock near Noumea, capital of New Caledonia, associated with chromic iron and steatite, where it is extensively mined. A similar ore occurs at Riddle in Douglas County, southern Oregon; also at Webster, Jackson Co., North Carolina. Re- C' i also from the Transvaal in South Africa and from Madagascar. A nickel silicate in peat in the Ural Mts. has been called kerzinite. Nepouite. 3(Ni,M g)0.2Si02.2H20 . Monoclinic. In microscopic crystal plates with hexagonal outline. Good cleavages; || (001) and (010). H. = 2-2-5. G. = 2-5-3-2. Color pale to deep green. Optically --. Ax. pi. || (010). X _L (001). 2V very small. Indices vary with nickel content; P53-1-63. Occurs in the nickel deposits a t Nepoui and elsewhere in New Caledonia. Connarite. -- A hydrous nickel silicate, perhaps H 4Ni2Si3Oi0. Hexagonal. In small fragile grains. Perfect cleavage (0001). H. = 2-5-3. G. = 2-5. Color yellowish green. Optically --. co = 1-59, e = 1-56. From Rottis, north of Plauen in Saxony. Matjfite. Essentially an aluminum, nickel silicate, perhaps (Mg,Ni,Fe)0.2Al20 3. >Si02.4H.20. In fibrous-like sheaves. Emerald-green color. H. = 3 . G. = 2-27. Found in a small seam in serpentine near Umvukwe Geodetic Station, Umvukwe Mts., southern Hhodesia. talc. Orthorhombic or monoclinic. Rarely in tabular crystals, hexagonal J CP-LOVA U l_/ J UVAOJ- J O L'CPIJLJLJ.IC . ravage: basal, perfect. Sectile. Flexible in thin laminae, but not Percussion-figure a six-rayed star, as with the micas. Feel greasy. 1--1*5. G. = 2-7-2-8. Luster pearly on cleavage surface. Color 678 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY apple-green to white, or silvery white; also greenish gray and dark sometimes bright green perpendicular to cleavage surface, and browri ^ less translucent at right angles to this direction; brownish to blackish and reddish when impure. Streak usually white; of dark green var^f-611 lighter than the color. Subtransparent to translucent. Optically T, tive. Ax. pnil. |I|I a(11001). X _IL cf(O00O1l)L. Axial anegdle small, variabhlea, approx.; a = 1-539. /3 = U589. y -- 1'589. indices Var. -- Foliated, Talc. Consists of folia, usually easily separated, having a grea and presenting ordinarily light green, greenish white, and white colors. G. = 2-V; oee^> Massive, Steatite or Soapstone, a. Coarse granular, grayish green, and brownish in color; H. = 1-2-5. Pot-stone is ordinary soapstone, more or less impure. 5. Pinf; lar or cryptocrystalline, and soft enough to be used as chalk; as the French chalk wp a? 11' milk-white with a pearly luster, c. Indurated talc. An impure slaty talc, harder tha UCl is! nary talc. n 0l'di- Pseudomorphous. a. Fibrous, fine to coarse, altered from enstatite and trer b. Rensselaerite, having the form of pyroxene from northern New York and Canada n ^ e- A peculiar form of clay which swells when wet, found at the Hacienda Santa Luci Mexico City, Mexico, and which corresponds in composition to a hydrated talc Iiof n ear called lucianite. as bee>` Comp. -- An acid metasilicate of magnesium, H2Mg3(Si03)4 or H n 3Mg0.4Si02 = Silica 63-5, magnesia 31-7, water 4*8 = 100. One-half th " water is lost below dull red heat; the remainder goes off rapidly at aboi t 900 C. Nickel is sometimes present in small amount. Talc shows variations in composition, especially in the water content. A part of tl water can be driven off by heat without any change in the crystalline or optical characters6 suggesting th at some of the water present is out of the crystal structure. Pyr., etc. -- In the closed tube B.B., when intensely ignited, most varieties yield water In the platinum forceps whitens, exfoliates, and fuses with difficulty on the thin edges to a white enamel. Moistened with cobalt solution, assumes on ignition a pale red color. Not decomposed by acids. Rensselaerite is decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid." Diff. -- Characterized by extreme softness, soapy feel; common foliated structure- pearly luster; it is flexible but inelastic. Yields water only on intense ignition. Obs. -- Talc or steatite is a very eommon mineral of secondary origin, and in the form of steatite constitutes extensive beds in some regions. I t is often associated with serpentine, talcose or chloritic schist, and dolomite, and frequently contains crystals of dolomite, breunnerite, also asbestus, actinolite, tourmaline, magnetite. I t has been formed by tlie alteration of non-aluminous magnesian silicates, like chrysolite, hypersthene, pyroxene, amphibole, etc. It is very common in pseudomorphs; see above. Only a few of the most important localities for the occurrence of talc are given. Apple- green talc occurs at Mt. Greiner in the Zillertal, Austrian Tyrol; in Switzerland at St. G otthard in Ticino and at Fiesch, etc., in Valais. Steatite comes from Gopfersgriin near Wunsiedel, Bavaria. From near Lizard Head in Cornwall with serpentine; from the Shet land Islands. In the Transvaal in the Barberton district. Steatite occurs in large amount* in India and China. In the United States at various points in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. From Smithfield, Providence Co., Rhode Island; in New York at Edwards a fine fibrous talc (agalite); and elsewhere in St. Lawrence Co.; the so-called rensselaerite is common in northern New York. In Pennsylvania in Chester, Delaware, and Lancaster counties. Maryland at Cooptown, Harford Co., with green, blue, and rose colors. Steatite occurs Cherokee Co.', North Carolina. In Canada talc and steatite are found in Brome t o., elsewhere in Quebec and in Hastings Co., etc., in Ontario. hhoards, Use. -- In the form of soapstone used for wash tubs, sinks, table tops, switc.1 ^ hearth stones, furnace linings, etc.; the tips of gas burners, tailors' chalk, slate carved ornaments, etc.; in powdered form as filler in papers, as a lubricant, in toilet' i Gavite is apparently a variety of talc, differing in the amount of water Pre?n^ 0rite, its solubility in acids. From Gava valley, Italy, occurring as a coating on garn , titanite, etc. SILICATES 679 SEPIOLITE. Meerschaum. Compact, with a smooth feel, and fine earthy texture, or clay-like. Micror0scopically is shown to be a mixture of fine fibrous material and an amoruqUSsubstance of apparently the same composition. The mixture forms the variety meerschaum. The fibrous mineral has been called a-sepiolite or qlarasepiolite; the amorphous material has been called 3-sepiolite. H. = L-2'5. G. = 2. Impressible by the finger nail. In dry masses floats on ^ater. Color grayish white, white, or with a faint yellowish or reddish tinge>bluish green. Opaque. Biaxial, --. Indices, 1-52-1-53. 2V usually very small. Parasepiolite has a lower refraction index (3 = 1-506), 2V = 50. Comp. -- H 4Mg2Si3Oio or 2H20.2Mg0.3Si02 = Silica 60-8, magnesia 27-1, ^ater 12*1 = 100. Some analyses show more water, which is probably to be rpgarded as hygroscopic. Copper and nickel may replace part of the mag nesium. Pyr., etc. -- In the closed tube yields first hygroscopic moisture, and at a higher tem perature gives much water and a burnt smell. B.B. some varieties blacken, then burn vhite, and fuse with difficulty on the thin edges. With cobalt solution a pink color on ignition. ' Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of silica. Parasepiolite gelatinizes [th acid. Obs. -- Commonly found as a secondary mineral in connection with serpentine; also with magnesite and at times with opal. Occurs in Asia Minor, in masses in stratified earthy or alluvial deposits near Eski Shehr associated with magnesite. I t is also found at Thebes in Bceotia, Greece, with opal and derived from serpentine. In Moravia of Czechoslovakia at Hrubschutz on the Iglawa north of Kronau. Formerly obtained from Morocco where it was used in place of soap and known as Pierre de savon de Maroc. In Spain at Vallecas southeast of Madrid. Found in the United States in Chester and Delaware counties, Penn sylvania; in New Mexico near Sapella, San Miguel Co., and in Grant Co. A fibrous mineral, having the composition of sepiolite, occurs in Utah. The word meerschaum is German for sea-froth, and alludes to its lightness and color. Sepiolite is from aryn-ia, cuttlefish, the bone of which is light and porous. Spadaite. -- Perhaps M gSi03.H20 . Massive, amorphous. H. = 2-5. Fusible at 4. Color reddish. Optically --. Indices, 1-51-1-53. 2V small. From Capo di Bove, near Rome, Italy. Noted at Gold Hill, Nevada. SAPONITE. Piotine. Monoclinic or orthorhombic. Commonly massive. In nodules, or filling cavities. Soft, like butter or cheese, but brittle on drying. G. = 2-24-2-30. Luster greasy. Color white, yellowish, grayish green, bluish, reddish. Does not adhere to the tongue. Biaxial, --. X 1 to a cleavage; Z || elongation, a = 1-479-1-490, j8 = 1-510-1-525, y = 1-511-1-527. 2V small (optical description of material from Michigan). Comp. -- A hydrous silicate of magnesium and aluminum; the mineral is usually amorphous and impure. Material from Michigan gave: 9MgO. Al2CU0SiO2.15-16H2O. Pyr* etc. -- B.B. gives out water very readily and blackens; thin splinters fuse with uifhculty on the edge. Decomposed by sulphuric acid. Obs. -- Saponite characteristically occurs in the amygdaloidal openings of basic erup ts 6 rocks, associated with calcite, zeolites, etc. I t is commonly one of the last minerals o crystallize and apparently has been formed through the alteration of some magnesium Scotl e\i ^ ccurs at Lizard Head in Cornwall, in veins in serpentine; at various localities in j t l a n d ; bowlingite is from near Bowling in Dumbarton, and cathkinite from the Cathkin s>,S'1)e.ar Glasgow. In Sweden at Svardsjo in Kopparberg northeast of Falun (piotine and M[q ' United States it occurs with the copper deposits of Keweenaw Peninsula, anri and in Minnesota in amygdaloid on the north shore of Lake Superior (thulite), the no i r e Thunder Bay district of Ontario, Canada. Also occurs on St. George Island off rth shore of Prince Edward Island. )