Document 6B49JYyy2rjnK9Y6MppMJE5k3

1932 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS iI \ Washington, D. C. October 3 to October 7, 1932 The Wardman Park and Shoreham Hotels 7, Copyright, 1933, National Safety Council, Inc. CONTENTS Council Officers and Directors.............................................. Council Purposes and Policies.............................................. Genera] Sessions-- \ Annual Meeting of Members......................................... - Annual Banquet.................................................................. i; Advanced Safety Engineering-........................................ tiij.-V General Round Table........................................................ Fire Prevention.................................................................. Industrial Health Section................................................ ; 'Industrial Nursing Section............................................... i ' Safety in Foremanship by the Conference Method.. Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section Aeronautical Section................................................................ A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section......................................... Automotive and Machine Shop Section............................. Cement Section ........................................................................ Chemical Section ...................................................................... Construction Section .............................................................. Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section...................................... Electric Railway Section........................................................ Food Section ........................................................................... Marine Section ........................................................................ Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Metals Section .......................................................................... Mining Section ........................................................................... Paper and Pulp Section............................................................ Petroleum Section ........ Power Press Section....... Public Utilities Section .......................... >-i*?>#. - Quarry Section.......... ................ ,.'. >. Refrigeration Section .......-----a, .... Rubber Section ...........................................7. Safety Section, ARA--Steam Railroad Section, -NSC. Textile Section .................................................................... Woodworking and Lumber Manufacturing Section... Index......................................................................................... PAGE .. 3 .. 7 .. 9 .. 21 .. 23 .. 33 .. 39 .. 45 .. 79 .. 83 .. 107 .. Ill .. 119 .. 131 .. 141 .. 157 .. 177 .. 191 .. 201 .. 217 .. 233 .. 251 .. 263 .. 277 .. 309 .. 327 .. 347 .. 357 .. 379 .. 387 .. 395 .. 405 .. 435 .. 447 .. 455 Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from discussion at its conventions matters which are not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council accepts no responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions thereon. . NOTE: The sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section, the Child Education Section, and the Home Safety session are published in a separate -Small volume of these Transactions, available on request. National Safety Council Incoroorated 34. (M?256 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago HONORARY MEMBERS Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers Robert W. Campbell Arthur Williams OFFICERS (1932-1953) J. I. Banash, President. Robert I. Catlin, Vice-President for Public Safety. J. E. Culliney, Vice-President for Engineering. Howard B. Fonda, Vice-President for Membership. ' G, T. Hellmuth, Vice-President for Business Administration, j J. E. Long, Vice-President for the Division of Safety Councils. George H. Warkel, Vice-President for Industrial Safety. 11 Dr. C. H. Watson, Vice-President for Health. 0 A. W. Whitney, Vice-President for Education. Will Cooper, Treasurer. - J W. H. Cameron, Managing Director and Secretary. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1932-1933) Wm. F. Ardern, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Commerce. C. B. Auel, Past President. J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer. Ernest W. Beck, United States Rubber Company. C. W. Bercquist, Past President. C. B. Boulet, Public Utilities Section. W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council. Robert W. Campbell, Past President. Robert I. Catlin, Aetna Life Insurance Company. Frank H. Cocan, Marine Section. Will Cooper, Stevens Hotel. J. E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Company. Edward Dana, Boston Elevated Railway. Lewis A. DeBlois, Past President. Marcus A. Dow, Past President. Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. P. H. Glatfelter, York County Safety Council. Dr. Thomas W. Gosling, Superintendent of Akron Schools. Harry Guilbert, The Pullman Company. G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. Walter G. King, Past President. Franklin M. Kreml, Evanston Safety Council. Frank J. Lanahan, Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Company. Thomas E. Lightpoot, Mining Section. John E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. 3 4 l\-first Congress--National Safety Council H. W. Lormor, Cleveland Safety Council. W. W. Mack, Delaware Safety Council. Arthur T. Morf.y, Past President. Lr.w R. Palmer, Past President. C. E. Pettibonf., Past President. J. J. Plzak, Paper & Pulp Section. Lt. Col. Henry A. Rf.ningf.r, Past President. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Company. Charles B. Scott, Past President. Ernest L. Simonps, New Haven Safety Council. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana). H. S. Smith, ASSE--Engineering Section. R. T. Solenstf.n, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. John H. Taylor, Birmingham Safety Council. Arthur M. Todf.. Consulting Marine Engineer. C. P. Tolman, Past President. George H. Warffx, Union Pacific Railroad Company. Dr. Cassius H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. W. L. White, Jr., Cement Section. A. W. Whitney, National Rureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow, Yale Medical School. Arthur H. Young, Past President. DIRECTORS (1932-1933) Augustus L. Abbott, St. Louis Safety Council. M. S. Ackerman, Jr., Lehigh Valley Safety Council. Wm. F. Ardern, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Commerce. J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer. John Banks, Madison County Safety Council. John W. Barton, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce. Ernest W. Beck. United States Rubber Company. W. A. Bf.nnett, Worcester Safety Council. L. G. Bentley, Richmond Safety Council. C. W. Bergquist, Western Electric Company. Davis S. Beyer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation. C. B. Boulet, Public Utilities Section. W. R. Boyd, Jr., American Petroleum Institute. Thomas W. Brewer, Hazelton Safety Council. R. A. Rryant, Safety Division, Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. Ralph C. Bush, Electric Railway Section. Geo. A. Caldwell. Knoxville Safety Council. W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council. Robert I. Catlin, Aetna Life Insurance Company. Frank H. Cogan, Marine Section. Will Cooper, Stevens Hotel. J. E. Cullinf.y, Bethlehem Steel Company. Edward Dana, Boston Elevated Railway. F. A. Davidson, Consulting Engineer. Clifford Davis, Street & Highway Traffic Section. L. W. Dawi.ey, Refrigeration Section. Charles D. Dawson, Grand Rapids Safety Council. Lewis A. Df.Blois, Consulting Engineer. Jay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council. Officers and Directors Jamf.s R. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company. I)r. Louis 1. Dublin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Dr. Charles H. Fames, Textile Section. Frederic W. Easton, Blackstone Valley Safety Council. Harvey Ellerii, Armour & Company. Donald A. Finkbf.iner, Toledo Safety Council. Ralph T. Fisiif.r, liastbay Safety Council. Thomas Fitzgerald, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. P. H. Glatfei.tf.r, York County Safety Council. Ernf.st P. Goodrich, Consulting Engineer. Dr. Thomas W. Gosling. Child Education Section. Otho M. Graves, Quarry Section. Harry Guilhf.rt, The Pullman Company. Isaiah Half., The Atchison. Topeka At Santa Fc Railway Co. D. T. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines. E. M. Hf.insf.i.man. Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of C ommerce. G. T. Hf.li.muth, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. C. L. Hightower, Petroleum Section. Char. E. Hill, New York Central Lines. Harry D. Immel, Department of Labor & Industry, Pennsylvania. John Price Jackson, New York Edison Company. Dana E. Jonf.s. Manufacturers Association of Erie. Roland Jonf.s, Woodworking and Lumber Manufacturing Section. Ira V. Kf.pner, Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Co. Franklin M. Kreml, Evanston Safety Council. Frank J. Lanahan, Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Company. Thomas E. Lightfoot, Mining Section. R. M. Little, New York Department of Education. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. H. W. Lormor. Cleveland Safety Council. W. W. Mack, Delaware Safety Council. H. T. Martin, F'isk Rubber Company. F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council. Paxton Mendelssohn. Detroit. Henry J. Mineur, Food Section. W. S. Moei.lf.ring, Fort Wayne Safety Council. Urban L. Moler. Dayton Safety Council. R. B. Morlf.y, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. Miller McClintock, Harvard University. Wm. G. McCui.lam. Elizabeth Safety Council. T. H. McKf.nnf.y, Illinois Steel Company, South Works. A. D. McWhorter, Safety Division, Memphis Chamber of Commerce. Col. Bf.n P. Nicklin, Chattanooga Safety Council. John A. Oartf.l. Carnegie Steel Company. George C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Company. Tiios. E. Owf.n, F'mployees' Publication Section. Lf.w R. Palmer, Equitable Life Assurance Society. John C. Parker, Brooklyn Safety Council. C. E. Pettibonf., American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. Brainard Platt, Louisville Safety Council. J. J. Plzak, Paper 8i Pulp Section. H. B. Potter. Baltimore Safety Council. Chas. E. Redff.rn. Providence Safety Council. Lt. Col. Hf.nry A. Reningfr. Lehigh Portland Cement Company. 5 6 'enty-firsl Congress--National Safety Council C. L. Rice, Chicago Safety Council. Dr. A. D. Ristef.n. The Travelers Insurance Company. John Roach, Chemical Section. ' Char. J. Roh, Newark Safety Council. Tobias Roth, Rochester Safety Council. John Russell, Jr., Construction Section. G. E. Santoro, General Electric Company. Henry G. Schaffner, Erie Safety Council. Otto Schenk, Wheeling Safety Council. Robert L. Schmitt, Metals Section. Charles B. Scott, Bureau of Safety. Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council. Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Company. Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council. George P. Singer, Reading-Berks County Safety Council. Oliver T. Skf.m.et, Safety Division, St. Paul Association. Charles F. Smith, Rubber Section. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana). E. J. Smith, Power Press Section. H. S. Smith, ASSE--Engineering Section. R. T. Solensten, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. E. C. Spring, Lansdale, Montgomery Co., Pa. George R. Stephens, The Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce. Ethelbert Stewart, Washington, D. C. Carl Storck, Automotive & Machine Shop Section. Lucius S. Storrs, United Railways & Electric Co. Alfred H. Swaynf., General Motors Corporation. John H. Taylor, Birmingham Safety Council. Henry D. Tf.fft, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section. - Norman F. Titus, Hudson County Safety Council. Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer. W. D. Turbevii.le, San Antonio Safety Council. William F. Veech, Rahway Safety Council. Vincent Wakefield, Kansas City Safety Council. George H. Warfel, Union Pacific Railroad Company. Dr. Cassius H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. Harry M. Webber, Illinois Bell Telephone Company. Carroll V. Wells, Delivery, Taxicab & Bus Section. Albert C. White, Jr., Springfield Safety Council. W. L. White, Jr., Cement Section. S, E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. H. Whitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation. C. T. Winegar, Detroit Industrial Safety Council. Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow, Yale Medical School. J. M. Woltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. Council Purposes and Policies The fundamental purpose of the National Safety Council is to conserve human life. It seeks this goal through a continuous campaign of accident prevention that is nationwide in scope, applies to all lines of hazardous activity, and directly or indirectly reaches our entire citizenry. It is a non-profit organization, non-sectarian, and free from political affiliations. Since its organization in 1913, it has won respect as an essential national institution. Inseparable from accident prevention is the Council's work in improving health conditions and preventing vocational diseases in American industry. Today there are 4,000 members, representing every state in the Union, and many of the Canadian Provinces. There are 500 foreigh members. The membership includes industrial corporations, firms, individuals, public officials, schools, chambers of com merce, clubs and civic organizations. About 70 per cent are industrial concerns, including the big steel companies, the oil companies, most of the railroads in the United States, the automotive industry, and others of outstanding importance in our national industrial field. Thus the National Safety Council is like a fruitful tree with many branches and firmly imbedded roots that reach out in all directions, lending strength and perma nence to the organized safety movement. Pioneering in Safety The history of the Council is an absorbing story. Unfortunately it cannot be detailed here. Suffice to say that the First Co-Operative Safety Congress was held under auspices of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers in Mil waukee, in 1912, and, as a result, the National Safety Council was organized in New York the following year with fourteen members. During the first year the membership increased to 971. The pioneers of American safety went to work on the sound premise that accidents were' an unnecessary part of our social order and that through application of proper remedial measures they could be avoided. They set about to nationalize this theory, and to develop the detailed methods and materials through which accidents could be prevented. The members of the organization now are more than ever convinced that accidents are unnecessary and that they can be and are being prevented. Striking examples of reductions in many different fields during recent years prove this con tention. Results of Organized Safety Since the National Safety Council was organized in 1913, the national accident death rate in all fields excepting motor vehicle has been reduced 40 per cent. The motor vehicle accident problem is a comparatively new one, yet there are evidences of progress. Recent studies show that accidents among commercial vehicles have decreased; that grade crossing tragedies have considerably decreased during recent years; that deaths of school children have decreased; that deaths in states having effective license laws with centralized administration and in cities having community safety councils have increased much less than in other states and cities; that deaths to pedestrians of all ages throughout the country increased very slightly last year. These facts indicate the engineering, educational, and legal remedies for the highway accident problem are producing results where conscientiously applied. Since the National Safety Council started as an industrial safety organization, the best results are to be expected in this field. Here spectacular achievements have been made. The steam railroads, for instance have reduced accidents among employees 74 per cent during the past 11 years. A group of our largest steel industries have T IV F.NT V - F / A' .V 7' A N N U A F .S' A F F. TV C O N ( N A /' / (> iX A F S A F FT Y CO U N C I L ss Annual Banquet WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1932 The Annual Banquet of the National Safety Council was held in the Wardman Park Hotel, with C. W. Bergquist, president of the Council, presiding. After the invocation, by Dr. James Shera Montgomery, chaplain of the United States House of Representatives, Chairman Bergquist announced the election of officers of the National Safety Council (which had taken place that day) as follows: President--James I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago. Vice-President for Public Safety--R. I. Catlin, Assistant Vice-President, Automo bile Department, The Aetna Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn. Vice-President for Engineering--J. E. Culliney, Manager of Safety, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pa. Vice-President for Membership--Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Com pany, (U. S. A.), Inc., New York City. Vice-President for Safety Councils--John E. Long, Supervisor of Safety, The Dela ware & Hudson Railroad Corporation, Albany, N. Y. Vice-President for Business Administration--G. T. Hellmuth, General Claims At torney, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Company, Chicago. Vice-President for Industrial Safety--George H. Warfel, Assistant to Vice-Presi dent, Union Pacific Railroad Company, Omaha, Neb. Vice-President for Health--Dr. Cassius H. Watson, Medical Director, American Telephone & Telegraph Company, New York City. Vice-President for Education--Albert W. Whitney, Associate General Manager, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City. Treasurer--Will Cooper, The Stevens Hotel Company, Chicago. Managing Director and Secretary--W. H. Cameron, Chicago. The newly elected president of the National Safety Council, James I. Banash, was then introduced by the chairman, and briefly addressed the members, as follows: "Since Edison's discovery of the incandescent lamp half a century ago, the entire trend of civilized existence has been toward acceleration. This of course means that we have tremendously increased not only the speed of transportation of people and material but also the tempo of production, through the perfection of machinery and the elimination of unnecessary physical effort. "But--has the speed of HUMAN reaction been increased in direct proportion? Has the human mind been geared to respond accurately to these changing physical conditions which have introduced all the new atid complicated hazards confronting us today? 21 J 2K enty-first Congress--National Safety Council that manifests itself in the form of lap joint cracks, grooving at flanges and the failure of drum heads. 1 he general use of high pressure brought to fired pressure vessels, particularly boilers anti oil stills, an entirely new set of diseases. The exact causes, and in some cases the correction of these difficulties, are considered by some to be obscure. Without entering into a discussion of the various causes of boiler cracking, com monly known as caustic embrittlement or inter-crystalline eorrosion, the following points arc definitely agreed uikiii by many authorities: (1) Cracks develop in the riveted areas. It appears that this condition invariably follows the use of feed waters containing high percentages of sodium bicarbonate without an appreciable amount of sodium sulphate. The condition also has developed with Itoilers fed with water containing condensate from leaky caustic evaporators and boilers fed with distilled sea water treated with chemicals that produce high concentrations of sodium alkalin ity. These cracks are nearly always found below the water line and particularly where metal has been abused in fabrication. `Failure may announce itself by leakage at seams or by a sudden explosion. (2) To guard against this boiler disease, the feed water used should be controlled by the chemist who is competent and familiar with the treatment of the water. It is also important that the carbonate-sulphate ratio recommended by the A. S. M. E. Boiler Code Committee be maintained. (3) Any leakage in riveted seams should be thoroughly investigated by an inspector ex perienced and competent to detect evidences of embrittlement. When it is necessary to use water containing magnesium or calcium chloride, nitrates or sulphates or combinations of sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate or where the water contains mineral acids, careful inspection must be made at frequent intervals to determine the extent of the scale deposits and the presence of corrosion under the scale. Treatment of such feed water should be in the hands of a trained chemist. Very severe internal pitting affecting both tubes and shells or drums can result from oxygen or oxygen and carbon dioxide in the feed water. To avoid internal corrosion from this cause, all connections and glands should be kept tight and objectional gases should be eliminated through a vented open heater or some form of de-aerator. Scale Removers Are Dangerous It is not only foolhardy but definitely dangerous to use scale removers and feed water treatments without an exact knowledge of their chemical analyses and their action on the particular water to which they are applied. Feed waters vary through such a wide range that their use may result in heavy deposits of scale or internal corrosion with no scale whatever. To treat a scale-forming boiler water with the same chemical used to correct a corrosive water is analogous to treating dyspepsia with toothache medicine. Every intelligent power house man should be alive to the rapid and frequently serious corrosion resulting from moisture combined with deposits of soot and ashes. To prevent external corrosion, keep all heating surfaces clean and free from moisture. This requires not only an absolute freedom from leaks in the boiler, its appurtenances and steam piping, but also the roof above it. Boilers fed with individual stacks require s(>ecial consideration to prevent rain and snow water from entering their last passes. Boiler surfaces should also be kept dry and free of deposits of soot and ashes, particularly when idle. Regular periodical inspections by trained, experienced engineers is absolutely essen tial to the safe and efficient operation of fired pressure vessels. Special inspections in addition to regular routine inspections should be made of the following conditions: (1) the investigation and elimination of leaks. (2) The examination of defects to determine the repairs required and after repairs are completed to determine whether they have lieen successfully carried out. f3) When considering the purchase of sec ond-hand equipment, to prevent the acquisition of defective or sub-standard equipment. Advanced Safety Jinginrering 29 Dust--An Engineering Problem By LEONARD GREENBURG Yale University, New Haven, Conn. The speaker said in part: From the broadest viewpoint the dust produced in indus try may be regarded as all of the particulate matter actually used as a part of indus trial processes. It may he helpful to classify this material from the health viewpoint as follows: (1) Those dusts of a toxic nature or possessed of toxic properties. (2) Those dusts which arc chiefly irritants of the upper respiratory tract. (3) Those dusts which, when respired, produce changes in the lung tissue, that is, pulmonary pathology which may or may not be associated with tuberculosis. Powdered lead and arsenic salts and compounds may he cited as examples of the first group; wood dust and certain organic fibres are representative examples of upper respiratory tract irritants; and silica and granite dust may be cited as among the important members of the third group of dusts. The toxic dust group is composed of those materials which, when taken into the body, produce pharmacological changes of varying degree dependent on the quantity absorbed. The degree of damage done to the organism depends as a rule on the quan tity of the substance taken up by the body, its relative degree of toxicity and the susceptibility of the host. The route of absorption of toxic dusts is of fundamental importance. Ten years of research work in this field have led to the conclusion that in general the respiratory tract is the chief absorbing organ for most of the particu late poisons. Absorption through the respiratory tract, in the case of. lead dust for example, is at least ten times more rapid than that by way of the intestinal canal. Moreover, a toxic dust deposited in the lungs is removed practically entirely by way of solution in body fluids, whereas dust taken into the intestinal canal may, in a large part, at least, be excreted directly. It becomes obvious from these facts, that the prevention of poisoning in industries where such toxic dusts arc generated, consists in the prevention of atmospheric pollution, which in turn resolves itself into prevention of dust formation or of dust dissemination or the simultaneous prevention of both formation and dissemination. In fact, no matter what type of hazardous dust is concerned the objectives of the hygienist are the same and the efforts of the engineer are directed along more or less similar lines. The health problems brought about by the third group of dusts, the pulmonary irritants, are commanding the largest share of the industrial hygienist's attention at the present time. As a result of the industrial dust studies which have been conducted during the last twenty years there has emerged a small, but exceedingly valuable body of fundamental data which serves to guide the hygienist in his evaluation of the problem in a given factory or process. Briefly, we know that the industrial health hazard resulting from the inhalation of dust depends on four factors: (1) The chemical and mineralogical nature of the dust. (2) The size of the particles. (3) The quantity of dust breathed, (a) the concentration of the dust and (b) the duration of exposure. We are indebted to the British investigators Gye, Kettle, Cummings and Collis for emphasizing the importance of the mineralogical nature of dust from the health view point, and now as a result of the* studies in the United States, South Africa and Australia it is generally held that the health hazards associated with the respiration of a given type of dust, all other things being equal, is to a certain extent correlated with its quartz content. It is not to be inferred from anything said by the speaker that dust counts and quartz content bear a mathematically interchangeable position. For example, without actual proof it should not be said that a dust concentration of 10,000,000 particles of 20 per cent quartz is equivalent in hazardousness to 5,000,000 32 Twenty-firs! Congress--National Safety Council aponge or layers of cotton flannel. The filtering efficiency of paper and cotton flannel is high, hut in spite of this the use of the ordinary respirator is attended with much risk since the contact of the device with the face of the worker is a poor one and usually dusty air leaks in around the edge of the inask. The positive pressure helmet, on the other hand, completely surrounds the head of the worker and this makes it possible to provide him with a supply of clean outdoor air by means of the tube connected with the helmet. The positive pressure helmet is often cumbersome to use and is frequently objected to on the ground that the movements of the worker are limited by the length and weight of the hose which serves to convey the worker's air supply. In spite of these objections, which are often real and important, the positive pressure helmet serves a very useful function in the protection of the worker who is forced to enter the dusty atmosphere. Recent studies on the efficiency of positive pressure masks and helmets made in conjunction with the abrasive blasting research indicate that with a fresh air supply of six cnbic feet per minute the worker is well protected against the inhalation of injurious dusts. ADJOURNMENT MT IV li N T V - / / It S T ANN V A I. S A R R T V C 0 RSS N A T IONA I. S A R R T V C O V N C I I. General Round Table MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1932 The General Round Table Session convened in the Wardman Park Hotel with Frank E. Morris, Assistant Chief Engineer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass., presiding. Chairman Morris immediately introduced the first speaker. An Effective and Economical Safety Program for the Small Plant ............................................................................. By A. D. LYNCH Director of Personnel, The Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, Ohio The speaker said in part: There is a commonly accepted theory that 85 per cent V>f accident prevention is a problem of education and training, of so-called safety consciousness and real interest on the part of the people; and also that the physical protection of machinery and hazards is only about 15 per cent effective in accident prevention. If we assume the general acceptance of this theory, then we have still the task of explaining how a certain part of industrial management can so believe and still fail to act, for we still have many thousands of industrial plants without or ganized safety programs. Statistics covering performance in any individual plant may be misleading if one does not know all the surrounding conditions and circumstances. Nevertheless I want to give the experience of our plant over the past six years because this ex perience constitutes a very definite proof of the value of safety training. Our plant is today almost identically the same as it was in 1926; it is the same in machinery and equipment and makes the same line of products. Factory officials and major executives are the same, with exactly the same foremen on the job; and the employed force of workers, although reduced somewhat, is composed almost 100 per cent of men who were employed in 1926. Improvement in accident experience therefore must be credited entirely to training, as plant housekeeping and physical safeguarding have always been on a high plane. The following table shows our accident experience from 1926 to date: Year Type of Safety Work Carried on Lost-Time Accidents 1926 No safety training carried on 1927 Safety training for foremen 1928 Safety training for everybody 279 156 20 33 50 'ccnty-first Congress--National Safety Council a proper staff, and not by some enthusiastic person who has not been trained for the work. Why not use more registered nurses in the smaller plants? The registered nurse is much better qualified to interpret a physician's plan of medical service than any lay attendant. Much depends upon the physical condition of the employees. I am of the opinion that the physician, by reason of his professional attainments, is best qualified to handle ' some of the problem cases among employees. Mental symptoms, brought about by worry over home affairs, quite often produce accidents. In many cases the fear and worry of sickness in the family can be greatly allayed by a talk with the doctor or the nurse. Many of these cases have come under my personal observation. It should also be absolutely the part of the physician to say when a man shall return to his regular employment after injury, and this decision should not be in fluenced in the slightest by its possible affect on any "no-lost time accident" contest or record. These contests are proper and have brought about outstanding results in the reduction of lost-time frequency figures. However, there have been cases of Injured employees being urged unduly to return to some form of work merely to prevent the marking up of a lost-time accident. Nothing should be allowed to inter fere with the employee's welfare. The physician has every motive to return the employee to his regular work as promptly as possible, but his higher duty is to conserve both the physical and economic welfare of the employee as well as the employer. The safety director has need of the medical service, and the two should earnestly co-operate and seek to bring about a mutual feeling among the employees. Both departments are striving by all possible means to prevent economic waste chargeable to the disabilities and hazards of industry. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION ,October 4 1932 The delegates first attended an informal luncheon, and then gathered for the after noon meeting in a Joint Session with the Metals Section. This session was devoted to a symposium on the dust problem in industry. Chairman Greenburg immediately introduced the first speaker. The Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts By LEROY U. GARDNER Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Saranac Lake, N. Y. Ajs long as men have worked in stone it has been appreciated that an unusually large proportion of them suffer from disease of the lungs. It was natural to assume that such disease would be caused by the dust generated, and this belief was strength ened by the discovery of black, grey or red pigments in the lungs, sometimes accom panied by the formation of scar tissue. The term, pneumonokoniosis was introduced to describe the lung pigmented in this manner. With further observation pathologists attempted to classify various forms of pneumonokoniosis on a basis of the type of dust inhaled and such names as anthracosis, siderosis, chacicosis and even byssinosis and tobaccosis made their appear ance. It was recognized that some forms of the disease were attended by severe symptoms and result in death but there was no correlation between the clinical and pathological pictures and the causative dust. Finally, statistical study demonstrated that of all kinds of industrial dusts silica generally produced a definite type of disease with a characteristic pathological lesion and complex of symptoms. Industrial Health Section 51 Today the clinical entity known as silicosis is one form of pneumonokoniosis which is quite clearly defined. Moreover, within the last three or four years asbestos dust has also been shown to produce another specific type of reaction attended by symp toms differing in some respects from silicosis. The other forms of pneumonokoniosis still lack complete definitiort. The wide spread use of radiography has brought together a mass of descriptive data from indi viduals exposed to many kinds of occupational dusts but these findings have not yet been correlated with pathological anatomy, chemical studies of the tissues and de tailed analyses of industrial atmospheres. There is a tendency to assume that many of these pulmonary changes are due to the action of silica perhaps modified by the chemical components of the dust. We shall only be in a position to speak with assur ance about them when the pure types of dust and their various combinations have been studied in human beings or in experimental animals. For the sake of clarity no mention has been made of the infections which so fre quently complicate some forms of pneumonokoniosis. In the prebacteriological era of medicine the use of such terms as "grinders' consumption" and "miners' phthisis" reflects the popular association of pneumonokoniosis with tuberculosis. The names were justified both by clinical and pathological observation for it has been subse quently shown that, in silicosis at least, a super-imposed tuberculosis may cause death in perhaps 75 per cent of the cases. Some observers even go so far as to state that silicosis itself does not develop unless the lungs are previously damaged by a latent tuberculous infection. This is prohably an exaggeration, for typical silicosis can be produced in the experimental animal by the inhalation of silica without infection. The role of asbestos dust as an excitant of tuberculous infection is not as clear cut as that of pure silica. While there are numerous reports of death in asbestosis due to a terminal tuberculosis, nevertheless surveys of living workers have failed to demonstrate any excess of such infection. Simple anthracosis is said to prevent the progression of tuberculous infection. Statistics from coal mining districts do show a tuberculosis rate much lower than that "normal" for the age group. As yet corrobo rated experimental proof of protective action of coal against tuberculous infection is lacking. Not only the tubercle bacillus but other bacteria seem to develop with special facility in the tissues previously damaged by silica. For example, the pneumonia rate among silicotic native laborers of South Africa is many times that in non-silicotic natives living under similar conditions. In coal miners, likewise, pneumonia is a common and often fatal complication. What has been said of the effects of inhaled inorganic dusts would indicate that the reaction of the tissues is not merely a response to mechanical irritation by par ticulate matter. Today it is generally accepted that the injury is chemical in nature and that only certain of the common types of industrial dusts possess properties capable of exciting reaction. In the cases of silica and the silicate of magnesium or asbestos the slightly alkaline body fluids probably effect a slow solution of the dust particles liberating silica in colloidal form. This substance irritates the connective tissue cells which respond by multiplying. The result is an overgrowth of the sup porting framework elements at the expense of the more delicate cells specialized for specific functions. For these two types of dust the character and form of the pathological changes has been carefully worked out. In silicosis the essential tissue change consists of nodules of connective tissue which develop first in the lympoid tissues situated in the drainage apparatus of the lungs. These nodules interfere with the physiological removal of foreign bodies and subsequently inhaled particles accumulate in the framework of the lung itself. Such reaction gradually decreases the normal elasticity of the organ and encroaches upon its functional elements. As a result the cardinal symptom of the disease, dyspnoea or shortness of breath develops. Because of the excessive amounts of scar tissue formed in the lungs the right side of the heart 54 ii'enty-first Congress--National Safety Council it partially dependent upon the rate in which the dust is inhaled, this latter item plays an important role in predicting the relative danger of different environments. Hence the need for the evaluation of the quantity of dust in the industrial atmos phere is obvious. Research on the problem of industrial dust inhalation has indicated that so far as their fibrosis producing qualities are concerned, dusts may be divided into three groups: (1) those composed completely of combined silica, that is silicates, such as pure asbestos; (2) those containing free silica in the crystalline form known as quartz, (granite contains approximately 35 per cent of quartz) ; and (3) dust con taining free silica in a non-crystalline form such as diatomaceous earth. In general, it has been found that the harmfulness of a quartz containing dust is in direct proportion to its quartz content. For this reason, in attempting to evaluate the harmfulness of a dust, it is of the utmost importance to ascertain its exact mineralogical composition. It has been our experience that to determine accurately the exact mineralogical composition of a dust one should resort to a combined chemical and petrographic analysis. Ry no other method have we found it possible to determine the amount of quartz present in a given sample. In certain instances, such as when one is dealing with a mixture of quartz and pure potash feldspar, it is possible to deter mine the amount of quartz present in such dust merely by a chemical analysis. However, most dusts which come into question are mixtures of quartz and silicates. Take granite for example. The average granite is made up chiefly of three min erals in about the following proportions: feldspar 60 per cent, quartz 30 per cent, and mica 15 per cent. Chemical analysis shows that this average granite contains 70 per cent of silica. Of this 70 per cent, 30 per cent is present as quartz (free ' silica) and the other 40 per cent is present as combined silica, in chemical com bination with the other minerals that make up granite; it is possible to determine these proportions only with the aid of the petrographic microscope. We find in practice that samples of dust settled out of the asmosphere at the breathing level of the worker serve admirably for both chemical and mineralogical determinations. Table 1 presents the quartz content of dusts obtained in various industries which we have studied. TABI,E 1 Percentage of Quartz Present in Various Industrial Dusts Kind of Dust Percentage of Quartz Rock drilling dust (bituminous coal mine)...................... Granite cutting dust.................................................................... Rock drilling dust (anthracite coal mine)...................... Brass foundry dust..................................................................... Dust from raw mills in cement plant........................................ Slate mill dust (Vermont redslate)........................................ Silverware polishing dust............................................................ Anthracite coal dust..................................................................... Bituminous coal dust.................................................................... Cement dust ................................................................................. Slate mill dust (Vermont greenslate).............................. Talc mill dust.............................................................................. Marble cutting dust................................................................. 54.0 35.2 31.0 19.0 6.5 3.0 1-7 1-5 1-2 TO trace none none It is evident from this table that rock drilling occupations in the coal mining industry and certain occupations in the granite cutting industry and in brass foun dries would be in the hazardous class as judged by the proportions of quartz in the atmospheric dust. Industrial Health Section 55 It has been demonstrated that particles of dust of a size greater than 10 to 12 microns in longest dimension are very seldom found in the lungs. This absence of larger particles is partly due to the fact that the numbers of such particles greater than ten microns in size present in industrial air is, as compared with the lower sizes, comparatively small; furthermore, these larger particles do not pene trate to the terminal portions of the respiratory tract. Hence we need only concern ourselves with those dust particles that are less than ten microns in longest di mension. In order to ascertain whether or not an industrial dust is capable of gaining access to the lungs, it is necessary to know something of the size of the particles in the dust under consideration. In practice the samples for particle size studies may be obtained by the use of the Owens jet dust counter. The advantage of this instrument over other devices is that the Owens apparatus projects the atmos pheric dust in unaltered condition directly on a microscope cover-slip. This coverslip may then be properly mounted and examined by any one of several methods. In another method a microphotograph of the dust is made at a high magnifica tion ; the particles revealed on an enlarged print or screen may be measured by means of a millimeter scale. No matter which method one uses for particle-size measurements the results may be treated in the customary manner. The particles may be grouped in classes according to size, from which a percentage distribution curve is easily obtained. As pointed out earlier, a knowledge of the Quantity of dust dispersed in the atmosphere is very important, since with any given dust the rate of production of the injury will be dependent upon the total quantity inhaled. From the practical hygienic viewpoint, the particle count is at present the best quantitative index of the degree of atmospheric pollution. The decision as to the size range of the particles which should be included in the dust count is a question requiring careful consideration. Obviously the size of the smallest visible particle will depend on the magnification and type of illumination used in the microscope, the refractive properties of the dust and to some extent on the visual acuity of the observer. We must bear in mind that our chief interest in this problem is in the industrial hygienic aspect. Primarily we are interested in differentiating between the dust content in the ordinary normal atmospheres, not yet known to be harmful, and certain industrial dusts which are known to be associated with lung damage. This difference is sharply marked so far as the dust particles between approximately one-half and ten microns in diameter are concerned; but the difference between such normal and abnormal air is masked and lost when we include in our deter mination the particles of ultra-microscopic size which are present in vast numbers in all air. So far as the upper limit of particle size is concerned it has been demonstrated by the South African studies that particles greater than ten microns in longest dimension are, as a rule, of negligible importance. The data concerning the lower size limit of potentially hazardous dust is not so conclusive. Moir of South Africa, who examined microscopically 120 dust particles obtained from two specimens of silicotic lung, found that only 13 per cent of the particles were less than 0.5 microns and about 36 per cent of the particles were less than one micron in diameter. The majority of the particles, 60 per cent, were between one and three microns in size. The median size of the dust was found to be 1.2 microns in diameter. Drinker, in comparing the size frequency of the particles measured by Moir with the par ticles measured by him of the dust found in the sputum of men employed in ore mills, found a close correspondence. These findings have also been corroborated by Navrogordato. In connection with the lower limit of particle size of dust of pathological sig nificance the following pertinent question arises: Aside from the evidence direct or indirect of the non-retention of minute particles of dust by the lungs, what 56 Twenty-first Coiu/rrss--National Safety Conneil TABLE 2 Average Dust Counts in Certain Dusty Trades Industry and Occupation Dust exposure in millions of particles per cubic foot Talc Milling and Milling: Jackhammer drillers .................................................. Packers ........................................................................ Muckers ........................................................................ Crushermen and cylindermen..................................... Slate Finishing Mills: Floormen ...................................................................... Loaders ........................................................................ Disc crusher operators................................................ Quartz Grinding Plant: Mill operators ............................................................. Laborers ...................................................................... Packers ........................................................................ ' Granite Quarrying and Finishing : Leyner drillers ........................................................... Jack-hammer drillers ................................................ Hand pneumatic tool finishers................................... Machine pneumatic tool finishers............................... Plug drillers ................................................................ Attendant labor (indoors).......................................... Anthracite Coal Mining: Miners and helpers ..................................................... Attendant labor ........................................................... Bituminous Coal Mining: Coal cutters and loaders............................................. Attendant labor ........................................................... Marble Cutters .................................................................. Cotton Cloth Manufacturing: Carders ......................................................................... Weavers and spinners.................................................. Silverware Manufacturing: Dusty trades ............................................................... Non-dusty trades ........................................................ 2,160 50 45 14 1,598 1,276 312 173 83 55 144 112 59 36 37 17 232 31 112 4 33 9 5 5 2 Average per cent of quartz in dust None None None None None 3 3 3 3 99 99 99 99 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 None None None None 1.7 1.7 1.7 evidence is there that appreciable percentages of ordinary industrial dusts ever fragment into those minute sizes less than 0.5 microns in diameter ? The best answer to this question would he data of actual measurement of such dust. Un fortunately we have but scant published data on the particle size frequency of dusts in the air of industrial establishments. In 1929 Fehnel made some particle size measurements in connection with the dust study of hard rock drilling in New York City. He reported the findings on three samples, which showed the dust which was less than 1 micron in size to vary from 1 to 15 per cent. Most of the dust in these hard rock drilling operations was between 2 and 5 microns in size. Badham, in studying the dust hazard among sandstone workers in Sydney, Aus tralia, measured some 16,000 particles of dust in the air of work places and found that 67 per cent of these particles were about 1 micron in size. In a particle size Industrial Health Seetion 57 study of twenty-five samples of eleven different kinds of aerial industrial dusts made by the filar micrometer method at a magnification of 1,000 diameters, the speaker found that practically all of the dust was less than 5 microns in size. Only 2 per cent of the particles were less than 0.5 microns, 21 per cent were less than 1 micron, and the majority of the dust, 71 per cent, was found to be between 1 and 3 microns in diameter. From all of the evidence therefore, and in the absence of conclusive proof to the contrary, it is apparent that we need only he concerned with those dust particles between one-half and 5 microns in size, and from a practical standpoint the lower limit of particle size to he counted may well be taken at about 1 micron. Many methods have Itcen devised and used for the purpose of determining the quantity of dust in air. Suffice it to say that for the purpose of dust sampling in either high or low dust concentrations, the Greeuburg-Smith impinger apparatus now finds universal favor. This instrument has been used by the United States Public Health Service in all of its dust studies during the past nine years and is also being used by other workers in this field in this country and abroad. During the past nine years the writer has made numerous investigations of dust hazard in many industrial establishments throughout the country. In Table 2, a summary is presented of the average dust content of the air in a few of these dusty industries. This table .clearly shows that the highest dust exposure was in the talc mines, slate finishing mills, quartz grinding plant, coal mining and granite cutting industries. Owing to the high percentage of quartz present in the dust of the quartz grinding and granite cutting plants, as compared with the dust in the other indus tries listed in Tahle 2, quartz grinding and granite cutting are revealed to be the most hazardous of the occupations we have studied. Clinical and Statistical Aspects of Silicosis By ALBERT E. RUSSELL, M. D,, F. A. C. P. Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service; Surgeon, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. It would be difficult to estimate with any degree of accuracy the number of people in the United States who are engaged in dusty trades. It is evident, however, that more people are exposed to dust, which constitutes the greatest single industrial haz ard, than is generally supposed. Certain dusts contain poisonous elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, etc., which give rise to general conditions resulting from their absorption. This paper however will deal only with those dusts which are known to be direct factors in the production of pulmonary diseases. Economic Aspects of Silicosis The economic problem presented by silicosis is tremendous. The suffering and loss of life due to it cannot be adequately measured. In the gold mining area around Johannesburg, South Africa, during the period 1911 to 1929, more than 53 million dollars have been paid in compensation alone. The costs of medical care, hospital ization, and legal proceedings further augment this enormous figure. Mines in Australia arc reported to have been bankrupted by payment of silicosis compensation. I know of a company in our own country which has claims amount ing to more than a million dollars for disability due to dust inhalation. There are other plants in the Fast which will be bankrupted if all the claims which are filed against them are allowed. In most of the industrial states the number of claims filed has greatly increased in recent years. It is clear that dust-prevention work, like any health-promoting activity, would pay many times in money, good health, and efficient operation. Strangely enough, only during the past 25 years has dust received much attention 58 jventy-first Congress--National Safety Council as an etiological factor of disease. The rapid development of industrialization within that period partly explains the impulse toward the study ot this source of industrial hazard. The advances which have been made in all branches of industrial medicine have helped to center attention on dust and its effect upon the health, inasmuch as the number of the workers in dusty trades is larger than that of any other group exposed to a single industrial hazard; and an additional reason for increased interest in this subject is gathered from the study of mortality statistics, which reveal the fact that workers in dusty trades have an excessive death rate from tuberculosis, as well as from other respiratory diseases. The most notable studies of silicosis have been made in the gold mines of South Africa, where the disease, with its complications, has been most commonplace among the miners. It became necessary either to study the disease and' devise methods for its control or else to abandon mining. Consequently, funds, personnel and clinical material were made available for the first time on a large scale. Investigators in South Africa have become foremost in this field of research; their scientific work is widely known and has served as a basis for legislation, compensation rates, and fur ther study of the disease silicosis. There are almost 300,000 workers in the South African mines. It was because of the excessive incidence of silicosis among the miners around Johannesburg that the International Labour Office of the League of Nations selected that city for the first International Silicosis Conference. In the United States the first study of the effect of dust was made by Dr. A. J. Lanza, an officer of the Public Health Service serving with the Bureau of Mines. His observations, made on miners in the Joplin, Mo., district and published by the Bureau of Mines and Public Health Service, have been confirmed by subsequent studies. Agencies which have done and are now doing investigative work are the U. S. Public Health Service, the Bureau of Mines, and the Universities of Harvard, Yale, and Pennsylvania. Private persons have also contributed valuable information on silicosis. The word "pneumonoconiosis" is of Greek origin and means "dusty lungs." It is an inclusive term and is being used now more than previously with a designation as to the type of dust responsible for the pathology. There are few instances where a pure dust, i. e., one unmixed with other elements, occurs in industry. The intelligent consideration of the relation of dust to the etiology of pulmonary disease must include the following: 1. Chemistry and petrography of dust, 2. Con centration, 3. Size of particles, 4. Condition of worker at beginning of exposure, 5. Length of exposure, and 6. Effects produced. The dusts most frequently met with in the industries are inorganic--incidentally, more harmful. It has been shown conclusively that silica, one of the most common dusts encountered, alone produces more permanent pulmonary damage than all other causes combined. Condition of Worker at Beginning of Exposure Reference has been made to the manner in which a tuberculous infection is aug mented by the presence of silica. It follows that a worker having a tuberculous in fection, either latent or active, will suffer more from the effects of dust than a per son who is not so infected. It is highly necessary for workers to be examined thor oughly before being permitted to engage in a dusty trade. Experience with miners in South Africa has shown that a worker having a latent tuberculosis, or a worker in whom such infection was not demonstrable, or if a worker was of the so-called "phthinoid" type, he developed silicosis more rapidly and a tuberculous complication earlier than did the normal worker. _. The length of exposure to dust is evidently a great factor in the production of dis ability. It has been found that the occurrence of silicosis is in direct relation to length of service and concentration of dust. Industrial Health Section 59 Effects Produced In order to determine the effects produced by dust inhalation, a number of studies were made. These observations included a study of the sickness of workers with especial reference to respiratory diseases, physical examinations supplemented by x-ray and laboratory tests, and a study of the mortality records. I am presenting here some of the recommendations of the International Silicosis Conference on diagnosis and classification. The disease can conveniently be divided into three stages, designated "first," "second," and "third" stages. "In the diagnosis of every stage of silicosis a history must be established of expo sure to inhalation of silica dust in a quantity commensurate with the clinical and radiological findings. "In the first stage, symptoms referable to the respiratory system may be slight or even absent. Incapacity for work may be slightly impaired. There must be a de parture from the normal in percussion and auscultatory signs, and the radiogram must show an increased density of linear shadows and the presence of nodular shadows. "In the second stage there must be an increase of all the physical signs observable in the first stage, and the radiograph must show an increase in the number and size of the nodular shadows with a tendency to confluence. There must be some degree of definite impairment of working capacity. "In the third stage all the above conditions are grossly accentuated, and there is total loss of working capacity. "Tuberculosis may be present in any of the above described stages, altering the symptoms, physical signs, and radiographic appearances, and the degree of working incapacity. Its presence must therefore influence the stage classification." Patients with silicosis in uncomplicated form are usually well nourished and ap parently healthy, except, of course, in the advanced stages. Limitation of chest expansion is a very consistent finding, and unless the patient has engaged in athletics, the extent of limitation is usually in proportion to the length of service. The restriction of the chest was found (each side was measured with obstetrical calipers) to be symmetrical, in contradistinction to the assymetry occurring in pulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms Dyspnoea is usually the first symptom and most constant complaint in silicosis, and it increases with length of exposure and even after exposure ceases, if the dis ease has become well established. Dr. Lanza, the American pioneer in the study of silicosis, observed a very great amount of dyspnoea among the miners with silicosis in the Joplin District, Missouri. I do not know of any clinician who has failed to mention this finding when describing the symptoms of silicosis. It has also been my observation that pains in the chest were a common complaint. A cough, which was usually non-productive, and frequent colds were also in evi dence. Diagnosis of Silicosis Most of the physicians with whom I have worked or have discussed silicosis are prone to rely solely on the x-ray findings for diagnosis. These men had not been doing tuberculosis work, however, and were not particularly adept in the usual pro cedures employed in making physical examinations of the chest. The x-ray does give more information than any one other means. However, much can be learned by physical examination, which can usually be confirmed by the x-ray. The following are some of the principal points in diagnosis by physical examina tion; Percussion usually reveals a general impairment of resonance, the intensity of 68 Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council its personnel and the uniform high caliber of its work, the Bureau's laboratories at Pittsburgh seem the logical place for such certification to be done. The manu facturer of protective equipment welcomes definite specifications he can meet, no matter how rigorous, and expects to pay the testing bill whether his equipment is passed or rejected. No private testing laboratory would be expected to undertake this type of work without charging the manufacturer a fee adequate to give the laboratory a reasonable profit. The Bureau's fees in the past, for this type of work, have been modest, but the funds reverted to the U. S. Treasury, and not to the Bureau's laboratory. Unless an absurd and wholly unnecessary hardship is to be placed upon the Bureau, it should be permitted to do such work on a cost, or pay-as-you-go, basis. General Discussion Chairman Greenburg after delivery of the papers invited discussion, which was lengthy and spirited. This may be summarized as follows: Dr. H. K. Pancoast, Philadelphia, pointed out that while X-ray presents the best method of observing changes in the lungs and also for determination of their incapacity, most examinations are not thorough. This point is frequently overlooked. Expert evidence is very important in making a diagnosis anil grading incapacity. The point made hy Dr. Russell, of the advisability of HJWcial boards to decide the physical status of employees exposed to silica hazards, was also emphasized by Dr. W. J. McConnell, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City. In this connection Commissioner R. G. Knutson, Wisconsin Industrial Commission, spoke of the difficulties experienced in handling compensation cases. He suggested amendments to the occupational disease laws in various states for the complete coverage of occupational diseases, so that claims can be decided hy the commissions rather than hy common law. The conflict of testimony by so-called experts appear ing before the commissions is sometimes remarkable. In some cases a final decision has been necessarily withheld until after an autopsy. John Roach. Deputy Com missioner of Labor, New Jersey, advocated the appointment of a Medical Board to be paid by the State whose opinion in compensation cases should he final. There is a great difference of opinion about these cases, said Chairman Greenburg: the compensation commissions differ, the doctors differ, and on the other hand, industrialists have not been alert to the situation: but they can do a great deal in the future. Compensation Boards in the past have been somewhat arbitrary in their decisions. Some time ago I suggested in Connecticut that the commission should be made up of a lawyer, a physician specialist, and an engineer; hut this suggestion did not meet with very much favor. Asked to outline how silicosis cases are handled in Canada. Dr. J. G. Cunningham, Toronto, Ontario, said: Our laws define the terms silicosis and tuberculosis, and they further define the industries and occupations affected, but they refer to mining especially. The cases come from the individual physicians and are referred to the silirosis board. When the claim is received, the hoard examines the records and the claimants, to see if the regulations of exposure have been complied with; if so. the claimant is personally referred to the silicosis hoard; two or three of the members examine the case personally, and then each case is decided by all three members of the board. The claim is then referred back to the compensation lioard. Two other points of interest occur to me. he said further: first, we have had a number of stone cutters with 15 years exposure to limestone, contacting tuberculosis, but in every case the occupational history showed that they previously had cut sand stone : second, in an extensive examination of workers exposed to silica dust and alkaline powders, reports in the literature have shown the rapid development of silicosis, but in our experience an examination of two small groups with similar exposure has shown only a small amount of fibrosis. The iimportance of exposure to coal dust also has not yet been sufficiently realized. Industrial Health Section 69 Dr. J. P. Leal. U. S. Public Health 'Service, Washington. D. C.. emphasized the point made hy Professor Drinker concerning the use of masks, that the minimum pressure necessary to operate such a mask should be used, that a decision should be made as to what this is. and that wc should be sure that pulmonary excursion does not operate against appreciable pressure and against proper and continuous lung ventilation. It is important to find some workable protective device, said Mr. Roach, that will protect workers in sixty or seventy different industries where the exposure exists. It is (Kissible that in laboratories a well made apparatus will work fairly well, but in the various industries workers are found who have sharp and irregular features, and many times a mask or respirator will not work on these fares as on other workers with round, smooth features. The protective device thus becomes a menace rather than a help. We are also very much concerned whether the filter is satisfactory and will properly strain out the particles. It has been mentioned, said Dr. Russell, that some limestone and sandstone workers have had silirosis. We must remember that granite workers and others have shown the presence of silicosis, although they have not been directly exposed, and other workers beside cutters have shown the presence of silicosis, all of these cases being due to previous occupational exposure involving silica hazards. Recently we had a case of a man with silicosis and tuberculosis, his joh having been loading coal (not a real silicosis exposure!, but previously be had been a gold miner. He is now 50 years old, has tuberculosis, and three of his five children also give positive tuberculin reactions, which is against the ttsttal conception that tuberculosis from silicosis is transmissible. Professor Drinker said: I have been asked whether I consider a respirator a good protection if no other apparatus is available. Mv answer is that it would not be. In a high concentration of dust, if the respirator is functioning properly, it should reduce the amount of dust breathed. But a respirator is not really an eight-hour day apparatus. In other processes, however, where the work is intermittent and a work man is not obliged to wear his respirator continuously, it should function as an efficient protective apparatus. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1932 For the record of this joint session of delegates of the Industrial Health Section with the Chemical Section, see page 166 of this volume. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1932 Chairman Greenburg, on the opening of this session, called for the report of the Nominating Committee and officers were chosen as follows: For Chairman, Dr. R. G. Leland, American Medical Association, Chicago. Vice-Chairman, Dr. W. R. Redden. American Red Cross, New York City. Secrttary, Dr. C. O. Sappington, Chicago. Chairman Greenburg then introduced the first speaker. 106 Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council Circumventing Prejudice When a person harbors a deep-seated prejudice it is difficult for him to give rational consideration to a point which involves the prejudiced view. Often a preju diced person asserts himself early in the discussion and would later compromise his position if he could do it gracefully. The function of the leader is to bridge the gap or make it easy for a person to abandon a firmly held belief without sacrifice of pride. An effective approach for the leader to use is to agree with as much as he can of the prejudiced opinion and lead the group to acknowledge this. Probably a cardinal principle in reconciling the differences between any opposing views is to emphasize the points of agreement (and these always exist) in this way minimizing the differences and making it easier for persons to shift from one view to another without loss of face. A policy of this sort, if pursued consistently, tends to engender a broader toler ance of divergent views in other people and promote a more honest and disinterested consideration of the points of difference. It may be said that the person who goes through the mental process of abandoning an opinion and taking on a new one (providing, of course, that the reasoning justifying the change is sound) has received more benefit from the discussion than one who has simply placed the stamp of group approval upon his previously held beliefs. So the presenc^^f prejudice in a confer ence, while presenting difficulties for the leader, tends to enliven the proceedings and strengthen the conclusions which are finally agreed upon. W ENT Y-FIR S TAN NUAL SAFETY CO ' NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL ESS Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section Officers 1931-32 Chairman--Lawrence E. Dickson, Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago, 111. Vice-Chairman--R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company, New York, N. Y. Treasurer--Frederick Wahlert, Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Secretary--E. L. Wheeler, F. H. Wheelef Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. Chairman Better Business Relations Committee--F. Rutledge Davis, Davis Emer gency Equipment Co., New York, N. Y. Chairman Membership Committee--George S. Shull, Safety First Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Chairman Exposition Committee--I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Corp., Danville, m. Chairman News Letter Committee--J. H. Reid, Chicago Eye Shield Co., Chicago, III. Chairman Publicity Committee--R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Co., New York, N. Y. - Executive Committee--Members at Large H. W. Mowery, American Abrasive Metals Co., New York, N. Y. Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs-Welcome & Co. (U. S. A.), Inc., New York, N. Y. Ed. H. Sykes, Mine Safety Appliance Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Buell W. Nutt, Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. C. A. Partenheimer, American Optical Company, Chicago, 111. Fred H. Klein, Wilson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. BUSINESS SESSION October 2, 1932 The business session of the Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section was held in the Wardman Park Hotel with Chairman L. E. Dickson, Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago, presiding. A general discussion was held regarding the desirability of developing closer co operation with the National Safety Council and the means of bringing this about. As business conditions did not seem to justify frequent meetings of the Executive 107 118 rent first Congress--National Safety Council thing* and therapeutic exercises and steps are taken to restore them before serious consequences may occur/ The concractile power of the lens commonly experienced between distant vision and close work is of paramount importance to the pilot, who must needs watch his instrument panel, reading it accurately at a glance, and then fix on a distant beacon eight or ten or even fifty miles distant. The special sense of equilibria so intimately associated with the middle ear is of just as much importance as that of sight. Hearing is important, of course, but not as vitally so as that division of the middle ear devoted entirely to equilibria. The influence of atmospheric pressure, particularly on those mountainous divisions where ten or twelve thousand feet and back to sea level are commonplace events, produces a trauma on the eustaehian tube which demands occasional outside assistance to give relief. Focal infections are prone to influence and affect those various special senses and for that reason special attention is paid to the teeth, gums, throat, a sluggish bowel and all the usual abodes of infected foci. Some form of recreation is insisted upon and the efforts extended in obtaining active physical exercise repay more than ordinary dividends in the increased tenacity and efficiency of a normally functioning bowel. Realizing that the nervous temperament of man influences in a striking manner his ability to concentrate and apply himself, a careful survey and scrutiny of those conditions of environment, economic or physical, is made at all times. There is much of a fiduciary relationship between a medical advisor and the pilot, especially in this latter capacity. He must act in the role of father confessor and stern disciplinarian. This is meant as no reflection against the majority of pilots. As a lot, there is no more loyal, sober, and industrious type of individual than that seen in the veteran pilot. He is red blooded, to be sure, hut there is none w# the wild reckless abandon in evidence that is so commonly played up in fiction and even in everyday associated press dispatches. It is not without a peculiar significance that the majority of the old time airmail passenger pilots (men with from 5,000 to 15,000 hours in the air), are men whom you have heard little or nothing of. I know from experience that any brother medical colleague would be frankly envious of the cooperation these men give me. These men know their jobs depend upon themselves. They know it is absolutely necessary that they keep in shape, and in the rather elaborate process of selection of first pilot material now in vogue on our lines, we are dealing with a hand picked group of men. ADJOURNMENT / T W 11 NTY - F I R S T ANN V A I. S A EETY CONGRESS N A T IONA L S A E E T Y COUNCIL A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--M. G. Lloyd, U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. Vice-Chairman--H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Of. Vice-Chairman--S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Secretary--W. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Assistant Secretary--Gene S. Wood, New York, N. Y. , Members at Large-- Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. C. B. Auel, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Banasii, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, III. E. W. Beck, United States Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. E. F. Blank, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. E. Cullinf.y, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Ernest Hartford, American Society Mechanical Engineers, New York, N. Y. A. P. Huckestf.in, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Pitts burgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter) S. V. James, Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, 111. A. S. Johnson, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. B. B. McCulloch, Bureau of Safety, Chicago, 111. H. W. Mowery, American Abrasive Metals Co., New York, N. Y. (Metropol itan Chapter) E. E. Place, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. (Boston Chapter) A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. D. Risteen, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. F. M. Rosseland, Newark Safety Council, Newark, N. J. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. W. R. Smith, United Engineers and Constructors Inc., Newark, N. J. (North ern New Jersey Chapter) R. F. Tiialnf.r, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. TUESDAY EVENING SESSION October 4, 1932 The first session of the American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Sec tion was held in the Wardman-Park Hotel with General Chairman Doctor M. G. Lloyd presiding. The session, being held in the evening, was a unique idea, and 119 f 130 ^7 -vntty-first Congress--National Safety Council the influence of the machine upon human well-being. It is not surprising that the statement is being made that this depression is to a considerable degree due to the use of machinery. It is not surprising that the phrase "technological unemployment" is in daily usage. These statements are a challenge to the engineering profession. The engineers of the nation should make a searching examination to determine whether or not some evils, as by-products, have grown out of their work. Undoubt edly they have and if so, it is their responsibility to determine what they are and to eradicate them in so far as possible. As someone has well said, "the engineer has conferred many great services of incalculable value upon mankind, and he cannot afford to be blind or indifferent to their sociological effects. While the factory and the power house increase comforts and add to the amenities, they do not reach their full sociological efficiency as long as they poison the atmosphere or load it with dust. The thousand mechanisms which are employed for transportation and other useful purposes are wanting in perfection as long as they produce excessive and injurious noises. It is the duty of the engineer and it should be his desire to affect the removal it of all the objectionable features which accompany his handiwork, so that men may receive untold benefits without the loss of a single one of the comforts which were enjoyed in a tess mechanical age." May we, now, resort to the dangerous matter of making some prophecies as to what may be expected from the engineer in the next SO or 100 years? There will be witnessed railways electrified and inland waterways developed far beyond our present conception: telegraph, telephone and power lines underground and it may be power transmitted through the air. We shall have homes heated, cooled and lighted with artificial light having all the wholesome qualities of sunlight. We may anticipate homes equipped with television and movietone and supplied with numerous appli ances for relieving the drudgery and increasing the enduring satisfactions of home life. We shall have a greatly increased number of synthetic commodities. We shaft see the economic and social status of farm life markedly improved. Then may we not anticipate with confidence the members of the engineering pro fession taking a more active.part in the affairs of government, an agency defined by Burke as "a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants." Since government, according to Clay, "is a trust and the officers of the government trus tees, and both the trust and the trustees are created for the benefit of the people", it is the ever increasing duty of the members of the engineering profession to con tribute of their time, thought and effort to the- development of a sounder and more economic government in order that human wants may be equitably and fully realized. We should remember that our duty as citizens comes before our duty as engineers. The special or superior knowledge which our training gives us also lays upon us' an obligation to use that knowledge in the interest of the public. It is my conviction that the engineer's hattlefront of the future should not be alone the subduing and controlling of the forces of nature, but also the combatting of the impediments to human progress, security and happiness. Chairman I.lovd called for the report of the nominating committee whose personnel included E. W. Beck, Chairman, J. I. Banash, R. McA. Keown, W. R. Smith and A. S. Regula. The following officers were elected: General Chairman--H. S. Smith, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York. Vice-Chairman--S. E. Whiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston. Vice-Chairman--E. S. Beaumont, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company, Chicago. Secretary--W. Dean Keefer. National Safety Council, Chicago. Members of Executive Committee for three-year term--Harry Guilbert, The Pull man Company, Chicago: W. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty 8t Surety Underwriters. New York City: and R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco. ADJOURNft ENT T IV FNTY-F I R S T ANN V A I. S AT F.T V C G R ESS N A T ION A L S A F F T T COUNCIL Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--C. M. Dottf.rrf.r, Grahant-Paige Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--Carl Storck, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Midi. Secretary--E. C. Wai.kf.r, Dodge Brothers Corp., Detroit, Mich. Nexvs-Eetter Editor--K. A. Cali.am, Kelsey-Haves Wheel Corp., Detroit, Mich. Chairman Poster Committee--G. K. Savforu, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Chairman Membership Committee--W. A. Bf-cihi.l, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Mich. Chairman Publicity Committee--C. W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Wil liamsport, Pa. Chairman Statistics Committee--John Clifford, Briggs Mfg. Co., Williamsport, Pa. Chairman Engineering Committee--Dr. James H. Greene, The Studebaker Corp., South Bend, Ind. Chairman Slides and Safety Kinks Committee--Marvin A. Heidt, Budd Wheel Corp., Detroit, Mich. Chairman Health Committee--Dr. A. F. Lf.cklioer, Fisher Body Corp., Detroit. Members at Large-- I.. E. Averill, C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. FraCIIer, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. R. A. Shaw, The Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. R. F. Thalnf.r, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 In the absence of General Chairman C. M. Dotterrer, the first session of the Automotive and Machine Shop Section convened' in the Wardman Park Hotel with Marvin A. Heidt, Director of Personnel. B^idd Wheel Corporation, Detroit, pre siding. After welcoming the delegates the chairman said in part: "The sessions this year have been developed around the economic side of accident prevention. In developing this theme your program committee has built the ses sions upon the theory that the Boards of Directors of some organizations are not familiar with the entire scope of the safety functions. On the basis of this theory, a hypothetical company has been designed which has been called the Disc Manufac- 131 140 Licentv-first CoHt/rcss--National Safety Council The Employee's Plea for Safety By M. A. KROGER Chevrolet Forge Division, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich. The speaker appeared in the habiliments of a worker just out of the shop, dressed in overalls and jumper and carrying his dinner pail in hand. It should be re membered that all parts of the program presented up to this point had been in the nature of a drama depicting various phases of the safety program in an industrial plant. A little playlet entitled "Profit or Loss," presented at the opening of the first session, had depicted the plant general manager so thoroughly discouraged over hij failure to conduct a profitable business that he was upon the point of resigning. Safety work hatI been largely discontinued on the plea of economy, disorganization resulted, and accidents had become more frequent. Into this situation comes, now, an employee who charges the general manager with responsibility for all that has occurred. In a very vehement manner he tells the general manager that he is leaving the employ of the company, because of the fact that the morale of the men in the shop is all shot to pieces and because a man has been killed in an accident. He explained that the safety man has been well liked and has been doing a good job until recently, hut that nohody could do any kind of a job unless he has adequate support from the management. He wants to know why safety committees, motion pictures and other safety work have been discontinued in the plant: and when the general manager explains that it was because of a matter of economy, the employee insists that safety work has cost the company very little and that this item has been a very small contributing factor in the failure of the company to operate at a profit. The man killed in the accident, said the eiflptoyee, was his friend and he had been instrumental in getting this man his job with the company. The employee is con vinced that it was because of the neglect of safety work in the plant that his friend has been killed, and he charges that the accident has been directly the fault of man agement. He paints a moving picture of the bereaved home of the dead man, his sorrowing wife and children. "Bring hark the safety committees," says this dynamic employee, "get busy with all the old safety work again, and the men in the shop will put you hack on the right side of the ledger. I.et Jim go ahead with all his work as safety engineer, let him hold his safety meetings, and make it a point yourself to listen to him. Jim has a lot of ability. I'm leaving. I'm through, but give Jim a break in this safety work." The incident closed with the general manager, recognizing the truth of all this employee has said, telling him to go back to his job, and definite^ promising to resume all the old safety organization work and put the plant back on an accident prevention basis. FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1932 For the record of this joint session with the Power Press Sectibn, see page 354 in this volume. adjournment T IV R N T V - R I R S T ANNIJA L S A R R T V C O* N A T ION AL S A R R 7 Y COUNCIL RESS Cement Section Officers 1931-32 Genera! Chairman--W. I.. White, Jr., Medusa Portland Cement Co., Cleveland. Vice-Chairman--David Adam, Lawrence Portland Cement Co., Northampton, Pa. Secretary--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Association, Chicago, III. News-Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada. Chairman Roster Committee--A. R. Couciiman, North American Cement Corp., Martinsburg, W. Va. Chairman Program Committee--J. B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. ' Chairman Membership Committee--H. A. Reninceh, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allentown, Pa. Chairman Engineering Committee--Frederick B. Hunt, Nazareth Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa. Members at Large-- Ciiari.es P. Benner, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allentown, Pa. W. W. Hamilton, Alpha Portland Cement Co., Hasten, Pa. W. M. Powell, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Cleveland, Ohio. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 i ne nrst session ot the Cement Section convened in the Shoreham Hotel with General Chairman W. L. White, Jr., Medusa Portland Cement Company, Cleveland, Ohio, presiding. Chairman White immediately presented his annual report. Annual Report of the Chairman By W. L. WHITE, JR. Medusa Portland Cement Company, Cleveland, Ohio The speaker said in part: Speaking from personal experience, I find that one of the most difficult things in safety is to keep alive the interest in this wonderful work. You, as leaders, must make up your minds that it is going to he harder than ever before to carry on and attain what we all look forward to, that is, the complete elimination of accidents. We have a long rough road to reach our goal. 141 156 nt\-firsl Com/ress--National Safety ( ouncil In the minds of many people, a physical examination denotes the ultimate in industrial health service. Hut a well rounded program of industrial health includes also careful consideration of the previous occupational history and its hearing on the mental and physical status of the employee: periodic re-examinations to check the condition of the human machine: a correction of physical defects found on such examinations with the placement of the worker where these defects will he minimized; a study of industrial environment, including occupation poisons and other occupational disease hazards; ventilation, illumination, sanitation of the industrial environment, and other factors which contribute to the health of the employee; and an advisory health service for Imill the employee and his family. There should also be active participation of the medical and health departments of industry in community health programs. While it is recognized that management must assume the responsibility for the health and safety of industrial workers, the administration of industrial health work is a problem which must he shared and not interdicted through the medium of executive authority if good results are to he obtained. It is significant that three national move ments originated about twenty years ago; these groups are industrial relations person nel work, industrial safety, and industrial health and medicinal work. In general the objectives of all of these three types of endeavor are the same, namely, protection for industrial employees, provision of safe and healthy working conditions, and the smooth functioning of personnel relationship in industry. Subtract any one of these three types of endeavor and you leave the picture of continuity of employment curtailed in such a way that it is not complete. In working out the casual relation ships in accident and illness occurrences, it is necessary that there he good co ordination and cooperation between the physician and the safety engineer, and the industrial relations manager. Probably the ideal arrangement is to place all three departments on equal authoritative basis and make them all directly responsible to the general manager in any given plant. The condition of the health of the worker may have a direct bearing on accident production in four general ways: (1) by the occurrence of correctible physical defects, which produce a chronic sub-standard condition; (2) through the incidence of minor illnesses, which temporarily produce lowered vitality; (3) because of mental incapacity or maladjustment, which endangers good judgment; (4) on account of working environment, or (localise of processes involving health hazards; or related factors. Clearly then, since there are definite physical and mental causes, anil definite physical and mental results of accidents, the services of a physician will lie needed in both the prevention and treatment of accidents. The industrial physician should, therefore, be a party to the various important procedures related to the prevention and treatment of accidental injuries. Wednesday Luncheon Session: At the close of the Wednesday morning session the delegates of both the Cement and Quarry Sections gathered in a joint luncheon at the Shoreham Hotel. This social hour was concluded with an address by Mr. E. J. Mehren, president, Portland Cement Association, Chicago. Mr. Mehren spoke extemporaneously. Unfortunately, therefore, no record of this interesting address is available for these Transactions, ADJOURNMENT T W /: N T r - / I l< S T AN N U A I. S A E /{ T V CON N A T IONA L S A V li T V C 0 V N C 1 L ESS Chemical Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--Jolts S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, N. J. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. Secretary and News-Letter Editor--RM.rn O. Kf.fff.r, Aluminum Company of America, Masscna, N. Y. Chairman Poster Committee--S. H. McKf.nty, The Atlantic Refining Co., Phila delphia, Pa. Chairman Statistics Committee--Ira V. Kf.pNfr, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman Engineering Committee--G. H. Millf.r, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. Chairman Industrial Poisons Committci--Dr. Leonaro Grf.fnrurc, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Conn. Members at Large-- William A. Baxter, The Newport Company, Milwaukee, Wis. F. E. Clancv, Jr., Mathieson Alkali Works, Inc., Niagara Falls, N. Y, W. A. Cook, Conhecticut State Board of Health, Hartford, Conn. L. A. Df.Blois, Consulting Engineer, New York, N. Y. Dr. H. K. Howe, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C. . S. D. Kirki'atrick, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, New York, N. Y. H. I.. Miner, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. C. E. Rice, The Dow Chemical Co,, Midland, Mich. E. C. Rogf.rs, The Grasselli Chemical Co., Cleveland, Ohio. E. J. .Smith, Underwriters' Laboratories, Chicago, III. R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Stanley Warzai.a, Calco Chemical Co., Bound Brook, N. J. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION , October 4, 1932 The first session of the Chemical Section convened in the Wardman Park Hotel with Vice-Chairman A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York, presiding. The first paper, prepared hy Mr. Kepner, was read by C. E. Ralston, Safety Director, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, Pittsburgh. 157 232 P-ccnty-first Congress--Notional Safety Council with the registration of 800,000 motor vehicles. However, in 19.10, these two types of vehicles came in active contact just 1,118 times, injuring 088 persons: ami in 19.11 there were 999 such collisions, with 641 persons injured. In outlining the mechanics of safety work for the horse-drawn fleet, the speaker referred to methods pursued by his own company in a horse-drawn division com prising some 2800 miscellaneous vehicles. The actual safety program is really in three divisions, which may be called (1) Mechanical, (2) Animal, and (.1) Human. Accidents due primarily to mechanical failure or physical break-down are rare. The means for preventing such accidents is a careful and periodic inspection of all moving and supporting parts. Certain men of the stable force are given the re sponsibility for making periodical harness inspections. Each wagon driver, however, is largely responsible for the condition of his own harness set. Two lamps are provided for each wagon, one at the back showing red to the rear through a two-inch bull's-eye ami white to the front. The lam)) on the front of the wagon shows white to the front, left and right through the same type bull's-eye. At the present time, kerosene is used in a specially designed burner. The real value of the light depends upon the type of lens that is used. Passing from consideration of the wagon to the animal phase, here we certainly have a different situation. We have nature to contend with, and if it is not exactly in the raw, nevertheless if is sometimes raw enough. Training the horse is indeed a very important part of the safety program. Attention must be given to age, con dition and previous breaking-in. A horse is not really a horse until he is five years old and the preferred age seems to he between five and seven years. In communities sparsely settled, how often have we not seen some salesman taking great pride in having his horse come to his whistle? Such success may look fine to the animal trainer, but to the safety man it is a nightmare. The horse, even with his vaunted horse sense, does not seem to realize that the wagon he is pulling is wider than himself, and so long as he himself clears a parked car or an obstacle, he thinks he is all right. Other drivers, particularly when the route is being served in the early morning hours, sometimes leave the horse out in the middle of the street beyond the line of parked vehicles. So far as safety work concerns the driver, it is fundamentally educational work that corresponds exactly with the methods used among motor vehicle operators. The difference is merely in operating details. The question of rrlativc speed is a very important one in the training of wagon operators. Most men, liecause they own and drive automobiles, can estimate the speed of such a vehicle much better than they can that of a horse-drawn vehicle. Accidents, thus sometimes are caused by failure to gauge speed or to measure the distance necessary for turning. Another factor that militates against us is the long founded and well intended belief that food products must be delivered in spite of any and all conditions. This gives birth at times to a practice of taking chances with traffic in the thought that momentary speed is necessary. Any food delivery safety program should concern itself with this factor, discouraging unnecessary speed as a decided waste. Such activities as these, coupled with the customary accident prevention machinery, have brought about in our company a definite reduction of accidents in the face of a steady increase in the number of vehicles exposed. Our working morale is im proved; there is a general increase in safety-consciousness; our men are responding by preventing accidents that only a few years ago were considered linprcventable and a necessary evil of the business. This has come about through the published ac knowledgment of our executive board that accident prevention must be carried out; through the teaching that accidents are preventable and the demonstration of how this may be done; through a realization by superintendents that accidents may easily determine the difference between profit and loss: and through the acknowledgement on the part of our driving personnel that safety is wisdom, health and wealth. ADJOURNMENT T W /: N V V - F I K S T ANN U A L S AFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCI L Marine Section Ccneral Chairman--John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Shipping Co., New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Publicity)--Arthur M. Todf., Consulting Marine Engineer, New York, N. Y, Vice-Chairman (For the Pacific Coast)--Byron O. Pickard, Pacific American Steamship Assn., San Francisco, Calif. Secretary--Arthur R. Hush, International Flare-Signal Co., New York, N. Y. Ncivs-Letter Editor--Hf.nry Blackktonf., United States P. & I. Agency, IncNew York, N. Y. Chairman Program Committee--Lewis L. Smith, Mcrritt-Chapman & Scott Corp., New York, N. Y. . Chairman Engineering Committee--Frank H. Cogan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., Hoboken, N. J. Chairman Membership Committee--W. K. Stf.wardson, Columbian Steamship CoNew York, N. Y. Chairman Research and Statistics Committee--Benjamin H. Self, Travelers Insur ance Co., New York, N. Y. Members at Large-- G. Bartlett, Cosmopolitan Shipping Co., Hoboken, N. J. George H. Bates, United Dry Docks, Inc., New York, N. Y. D. R. Dunlap, Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. B. C. Edwards, Grace Line, New York, N. Y. Charles H. Flathers, Eastern Steamship Lines, Inc., Boston, Mass. F. P. Foisie, Shipping Federation of the State of Washington, Seattle, Wash. F. C. Gregory, United States Employees' Compensation Commission, Wash ington, I>. C. W. P. Kain, Shipowners Claims Bureau, Inc., New York, N. Y. E. J. Rodf.son, Jr., Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Docks Co., Newport News, Va. H. L. Seward, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., and American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N. Y. C. Story, Jr., Cities Service Transportation Co., New York, N. Y. Fern Wood, Moore and McCormack, Inc., New York, N. Y. John Wright, Export Steamship Corp., New York, N. Y. 233 262 \venty-first Congress--National Safety Council It is important that we consider onr 1931 injury experience in relation to the records of other industries. The excellent showing in severity of plants in our Tanning and leather Division deserves commendation. Their severity rate of 0.56 was very low in comparison with the average of 1.72 for industry as a whole. It gave them a standing of third among 28 major industrial divisions. The rate of meat packing plants was also low, lieing 0.99; their rank among all industries being seventh. In frequency, however, we did not do so well. The numerous hazards of meat packing plant operations resulted in a rate of 29.13, against an average of 15.12 for all industries and gave us a standing of 24th. Tanneries and leather man ufacturing plants, with an average rate of 13.73, ranked 13th. Minor injuries are important, especially in the meat packing industry. As a matter of fact, their severity is above the average and is comparable with the severity of temporary disabilities of such industries as steel, paper and pulp, and others whose operations involve some bad accidents. Numerous temporary disa bilities are quite certain to mean a high rate for permanent partial disabilities, and these are costly to the employee as well as to the employer. The frequency of permanent partial disabilities for packing plants in 1931 was 0.98, which is well above the average of 0.64 for all industries. Large organizations in both branches of the section have been the most successful in reducing accidental injuries. In tanning and leather establishments with over 500 employees, frequency has dropped from 28.25 in 1929 to 19.05 in 1931, and severity is-down from 2.28 to 0.65. The 1931 rates were sharply lowered in the large meat packing units as shown by a rate of 27.20 for frequency against 41.77 for the smallest plants and 0.87 for severity in comparison with 2.12. It has often been said of small plants that they do not realize their accident situ ations because injuries occur infrquently. But many of our small plants are getting exceptionally good results. The Doyle Shoe Company of Brookton, Massachusetts, for example, worked 261,000 hours during 1931 without a single lost-time injury. In the meat packing industry, the Winona plant of Swift & Company, which em ploys 149 people who worked 344,000 man-hours during 1931. had only one tem porary disability which resulted in three days of lost time. These company names are used by special permission. Possibilities for raising the standard of accident prevention work in the industry, however, are not confined to our small plants. Large and medium sized units in shoe manufacturing, meat packing, tanneries and manufacturers of various other products had higher than average rates for the organizations of their size. In the largest plants engaged in meat packing, for example, rates ranged from 6.87 to over 77.00. Certainly the management of these plants with high frequency rates can improve them. In conclusion, I wish to congraulate the companies whose plants made out standing records during 1931, and in doing so demonstrated to us all the extent to which injuries can be eliminated from our operations. ADJOURNMENT T IF i: N TV - T I K S T A N N U A L S A F E T V C O N G K Ji S S N A T IONA L S A E E T V COUNCIL Metals Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--F. A. Lauf.rman, Republic Steel Corporation, South Chicago, III. Vice-Chairman--Robert I.. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Company, Louisville, Ky. Secretary and News-Letter Editor--H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Company, Johns town, Pa. Chairman Program Cmnmittei--S. W. Doran, Pratt and I.etchworth Company, Buffalo, N. Y. Chairman Membership Committee--J. K. Stafford, Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Company, Decatur, III. Chairman Poster Committee--H. M. Croc.han, Inland Steel Company, East Chi cago, Ind. Chairman Publicity Committee--A. Bkrquist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, East Chicago, Ind. . Chairman Statistics Committee--T. A. Schf.ndf.l, Premier Malt Products Co., Peoria, III. Chairman Engineering Committee--J. E. Cvu.Jnfy, Bethlehem Steel Company, Beth lehem, Pa. Chairman Committee on Slides and Safety Kinks--J. A. O-artfi., Carnegie Steel Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Chairman Health Committee--Dr. R. C. Enc.f.i,, The Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Chairman Foundry Committee--F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Com pany, Columbus, Ohio. Chairman Railway Car Builders Committer--P. J. Brand, Pullman Car & Manu facturing Corporation, Pullman, Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- Harvfv G. Hf.nsel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, Chicago, HI.' John P. Ein, Illinois Steel Company, Joliet, 111. E. G. Quf.snf.l, St. Louis, Mo. T. H. McKf.nney, Illinois Steel Company, South Chicago, III. E. F. Ri.ank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corporation, Youngstown, Ohio. G. A. Davis, Illinois Steel Company, Chicago, 111. J. M. Woi.tz, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, Youngstown, Ohio. John P. Mudd, The Midvale Company, Nicetown. Philadelphia, Pa. W. E. Mf.c.raw, H. H. Robertson Company, Ambridge, Pa. A. C. Gibson, Spang, Chalfant & Company, Ine., Pittsburgh. Pa. J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corporation, Johnstown, Pa. R. R. Burns, American Radiator Company, New York, N. Y. 263 264 ''wentv-first Comjress--National Safety Council A. M. Lytif, The Newton Steel Company, Monroe, Mich. A. K. Bahr, Algoma Steel Corporation, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada. R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corporation, Kokomo, Ind. I.. S. Adam, Continental Roll and Steel Foundry Company, Hast Chicago, Ind. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION - October 4, 1932 The first session of the Metals Section convened in the Wardman Park Hotel, with General Chairman F. A. I.auerman, presiding. The chairman welcomed the delegates and then presented his condensed report of officers and standing com mittees, in part as follows: The present meeting marks the seventeenth consecutive year in which there have been sessions of the Metals Section during an Annual Congress. The News-Letter was generously supported hy the members during the year, there being 41 different contributors who submitted 71 articles on matters of safety and efficiency. An unusually large number of suggestions were received as subjects for discussion during this Congress and many of these were incorporated in the program. The Membership Committee reported 482 companies holding memberships in this Coun cil section, which is the good result of concentrated efforts to maintain the mem bership during the past year. The Poster Committee has assisted in preparing 86 posters suitable for use by members of the Metals Section and of this number 17 were on new subjects. Memliers contributed a representative group of excellent articles that were published during the past year in trade magazines. The Engi neering Committee has been working on two Safe Practices Pamphlets, one being "Safe Practices in Operating By-Product Coke Plants", and the other "Safe Prac tices in Operating Open Hearths," both of which are progressing favorably toward publication. All other committees also have been active and have done good work. Think it Over By G. A. DAVIS Manager of the Department of Safety and Relief, Illinois Steel Co., Chicago The speaker said in part: We have made wonderful progress in the prevention of accidents. I am not going to discuss accident rates, but doubt if any of us are perfectly satisfied with our safety records. None of us should be unless our records show the minimum of accidents, which of course means no accidents. If we are to make further progress in safety, it will have to be done by the department assisting in the promotion of accident prevention work. Every effort must be made to stop unsafe practices and prevent not only accidents hut near accidents. I Insafe practices will eventually cause accidents. As a general rule, the only difference between an accident and a near-accident is whether or not anyone is injured. In this connection, let me repeat, if in the prevention of accidents we mean the prevention of occurrences which might or do cause bodily injuries or loss of any kind, we are considering the subject of safety with a correct perspective. Sometime ago my attention was called to an incident which illustrates the point I am trying to bring out. In a steel manufacturing company, there was an explosion at one of the skull crackers. The safety supervisor started to the scene of the disturbance as soon as he heard of it, and as he approached he saw the assistant superintendent of the open hearth and a foreman leaving, and as they neared each other, the assistant superintendent said. "You can go on back, nobody is hurt." The supervisor replied, "What do you mean go on back, I want to know what Metals Section 265 happened." They went to the skull cracker where the supervisor learned that skull was being broken up during a rainstorm, causing the explosion. This was contrary to the operating rules and as it was discussed the assistant superintendent soon realized that the occurrence might have caused a serious injury. He was convinced that to succeed in safety work, alt occurrences that might cause injuries or loss of any kind must be prevented. The skull cracker foreman and the crane man involved in this explosion were disciplined and this department's attitude toward accident prevention changed, which has brought about a noticeable reduc tion in their accidents. The cause of from 75 to 90 per cent of all accidents has been given as care lessness, either on the part of injured men or their fellow workmen. While in a broad sense this is true, yet a close analysis of a large number of accidents under this classification shows that they could have been prevented by proper supervision. There is a tendency to place the responsibility for a large percentage of accidents on injured employees or their fellow employees; but in many instances the re sponsibility really belongs to department heads and foremen for lack of supervision and direction of these employees in the performance of their duties. We believe that this matter of supervision is vital to accident prevention work. The department heads and foremen must educate, guide, direct and otherwise supervise their men in the conduct of the work in their departments in a way that will insure the maximum degree of safety at all times. In fact, the prevention of accidents today must he classed as one of the operating responsibilities and must be placed on the same plane with production and other factors pertaining to operat ing activities. In the degree we are able to accomplish this in the companies we represent, in that degree will we be able to reach the minimum of accidents. This will not affect the identity of the safety department, but will keep it busy helping to maintain safe operations at all times. The most effective workmen's safety meetings I have known were conducted by foremen, and the safety director simply acted as a secretary. Recently my attention was called to a remarkable safety record in a steel manufacturing company employing over 2,500 men. Upon inquiry regarding their methods of attacking the problems of accident prevention, I was told that each department head was held responsible for the safety of the men in his department, who in turn held his different foremen accountable. The foremen accepted the responsibility and by proper supervision accidents were few and far between. We will get better results as safety directors if we impress the foremen with their responsibilities in the prevention of accidents and let our work be of an advisory nature. The Importance of Accident Facts in the Metals Industry By W. D. SPEIGHT Safety Director, Keystone Steel and Wire Co., Peoria, III. The speaker said in part: In a review of our experience from 1929 to 1951 large decreases in frequency rates appear in all branches of the section. The reduction was largest for copper, lead, and other non-ferrous smelting and refilling plants. These companies showed a decline of,54 per cent, a decrease which was exceeded only hy laundries, among all the industries summarized last year; the decrease for foundries, in frequency, was 51 per cent; the drop in the rate for manufacturers of machinery was 45 per cent; railway car and equipment manufacturers had an im provement of 39 per cent; and steel plants .18 per cent. In fact, each branch of our section equalled or exceeded the average reduction of 38 per cent for American industry. In severity, however, our showing was less favorable. Non-ferrous metallurgical plants, also, had the largest decrease in severity in the section--64 per cent; the 276 J^^^'cnty-first Congress--National Safety Council Heavy Machine Shop Division, Group A, Lycoming Mfg. Co., Plant No. 1, Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The same division. Group li. United States Rublier Company, Shoe Hardware Company, Waterhury, Conn. * T IV ENT V - E I 1< S T A N N lr A J. S A E E T V CO N A T 1 <) N A I. S . I E E T V ( () U N C I L /; .s' a "Your Hour" The next part of this session was a special feature entitled "Your Hour," led by T. H. McKenney, Supervisor of Labor & Safety, Illinois Steel Company, South Chi cago. Question cards had been distributed and returned with safety problems, which Mr. McKenney read from the floor, and then asked for solutions. Questions and answers were as follows: Question No. 1: "It was expected that poor working schedules would cause more accidents, but this has not been tbe case; why not?" One reply was that plants are not pressed for production. However, a strong percentage of the delegates were of the opinion that spreading the work and putting new men on new jobs was causing accidents. A vote of delegates on whether or not frequency of accidents has decreased during 19.10 and 1931, resulted in a vote showing a decided decrease. Question No. 2: "What practical means can be used to detect defects which may develop in crane wheels?" The replies included: visible inspection for cracks, flat surfaces, etc.: tapping wheels with hammer; also gauging the flanges. One well known company makes a monthly inspection of all parts of the crane. Question No. "Have any troubles or injuries been encountered due to metal caps on safety shoes ?" Several well-known companies do not permit any safety shoes except those with steel toe. Flammable material in a composition toe is considered objectionable. Practically every man went on record as favoring metal tipped toes and a vote showed unanimous approval of steel toes. Question No. 4: "What procedure should be followed if superintendents, foremen and workers do not co-operate in the accident prevention program?" The answers included the following: Our management is always with us but a good organization will also offset opposition to safety. Putting objectors at the heads of safety com mittees will often effect a cure. Safety must begin at the top. A safety engineer who cannot sell his wares to his men should move. The safety engineer must sell his wares to the management, and all executives are susceptible of being influenced if properly approached. Both the emotional approach and the discussion of safety on a cost basis are valuable to make the management listen. Question No. 5: "In the investigation of accidents and near accidents, what is the best method of procedure--through the foremen, by a committee, by a safety inspection, or otherwise?" Many delegates favored an investigation by the department superin tendent and his men, foremen, etc., with the safety engineer as secretary and assisting in the questioning. Another suggestion was bv means of a trial. An immediate investi gation is advisable, since conditions soon change, especially if someone is especially at fault. Question No. 6: "Now that we are agreed that responsibility for accidents rests with the head of the department, what is the safety department doing to lighten the load of the foreman?" It was agreed that the safety department should help the foremen in every possible way. It is important to combine safety and training. The final feature of the program was the presentation of the film strip entitled "Safety Kinks," by J. A. Oartel, Chief of Safety Bureau, Carnegie Steel Company, Pittsburgh. Mr. Oartel presented a great variety of machines and devices with appropriate remarks. ADJOURNMENT Mining Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--\V. H. Comins, National Lead Co., St. Francois, Mo. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership (Coal Mining)--Thomas E. Lightfoot, Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership (Metal Mining)--P. M. Arthur, Amer ican Zinc Company of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. Vice-Chairman--J. W. Ai.t, Calumet & Hecla Consol. Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. Vice-Chairman--Frank B. Dunrar, l'ickands, Mather & Co., Mather, Pa. Secretary and Nrws-Lctler Editor--Daniel Harrington, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Chairman Statistics Committee--W. W. Adams, United States Rureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. . Chairman Entertainment Committee--J. T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh Pa. Publicity Committee--M. R. Bunn, Explosives Engineer, Wilmington, Del. R. Dawson Hall, Cpal Age, New York, N. Y. Chairman Poster-Slide Committee--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh. Chairman Engineering Committee--W. T. Metzger, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Chairman Program Committee--Chas. F. Hazei.ton, Pickands, Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Members at Large-- M. F. Fairlie, The Mining Corporation of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Ont., Canada. H. C. Henrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bishee, Ariz. R. N. Hosler, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & In spection Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa. George Martinson, Pickands, Mather & Co., Hihbing, Minn. C. A. McDowell, Pittsburgh Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. D. D. Moffatt, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. Howard I. Young, American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co., East St. Louis, 111. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 The sessions of the Mining Section convened with General Chairman W. H. Comins, National Lead Company, St. Francois, Missouri, presiding. After welcoming the delegates, Chairman Comins asked for the report of the Statistics Committee which was presented by W. W, Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines. Washington, D. C., Chair man, in part as follows : 277 308 ^^Jt'tcrnly-first ( ongrcss--National Safety Council more remote installations, is not as widely practiced as it should he and the grounding of motor frames, switchboxes, extension light fixtures, etc. is often omitted almost entirely. Where the equipment is grounded, the ground connections arc apt to be made rather indiscriminately; that is, some may he made by burying the end of a ground wire in the bottom of the drift or in the ditch, another may he grounded on a convenient water pipe and others on air pipes or on the haulage rails. It is only rarely that attention is given to providing a neutral or ground wire with the con ductors. Of course, a water pipe should presumably make a very good ground con nection, and so it would under conditions similar to those on the surface where the greater part of the water piping is buried and lies undisturbed. With the almost constant shifting and changing which is necessary underground, the ground connec tions on a water pipe may he rendered almost useless and form a hazard to pipe men. The ideal system for grounding would, of course, he a neutral or ground wire included in each circuit with ground connections properly calculated for capacity and easily available for periodic testing. Changrd conditions such as opening of new levels with consequent drainage may cause perfectly good ground connections to In come inadequate or useless, as well as corrosion and mechanical injury, and therefore it is quite necessary to test them periodically. The rails of a trolley haulage system form a return circuit and should he properly bonded at all joints and cross bonded at reasonable intervals so that they form a complete metallic ground connection at all points of the system. It is sometimes desirable to check the bonds for excessive resistance. Excessive sparking at rail joints is an indication of imperfect bonds. A detailed inspection of all permissible equipment and of all haulage motors, motor generator sets, driving motors and controllers, and similar equipment should of course, be made only by competent electricians and mechanics, but it is advisable to have such inspections made at regular intervals and accurate records kept regard ing them. It is advisable to have regular specifications and instructions covering such work and regular forms for records. Such inspections are justified from a maintenance and efficiency standpoint alone, and when once started will generally be made without any urging on the part of the safety inspector. He should, however, keep in close touch with the situation and in some cases it may be necessary to recommend such a detailed inspection. The final session closed with the discussion of another installment of the "Question Box", led by H. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Company, Copperhill, Tenn., the sub jects discussed being: (1) What place do bonuses and penalties take in accident prevention work? (2) The uses of statistics in accident prevention work; (3) Methods of investigating accidents, and follow-up measures. ADJOURNMENT T IF E NT V - E I A* .S' T A N N I' A E .S' A E E T V C N A IION A E S . I E E TV CO V N C I E RESS Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--J. J. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power and Paper Co., Wis consin Rapids, Wis. .' Vice-Chairmen--George Roller, Rhinelander Paper Co., Rhinelander, Wis. Arthur Murray, Container Corporation of America, Chicago, III. Secretary--H. D. IIanta, Hoberg Paper & Fibre Co., Green Bay, Wis. Chairman Poster Committee--James M. McGivney, Brown Company, Berlin, N. H. Chairman Program Committee--H. G. Gilson, Oxford Paper Co., Rumford, Maine. Chairman Membership Committee--N. F. Bartle,tt, Hollingsworth & Vose Co., Boston, Mass. Chairman Publicity Committee--James J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. Chairman Statistics Committee--E. E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, Ohio. Chairman Engineering Committee--Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillicothe, Ohio. ` Chairman Health Committee--Dr. L. II. Frechtling, The Champion Coated Paper Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Chairman Contest Committee--A. Scott Dowd, The Paper Industry, Chicago, 111. Members at I-arge-- W. J. Brennan, State Department of Labor and Industry, Augusta, Maine. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Coated Paper Co., Hamilton, Ohio. W. A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. John I.undrigan, International Paper Co., New York, N. Y. W. J. Peacock, Northern Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. Samuel Pruyn, Finch-Pruyn and Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y. Ben D. Rogers, Bird and Son, East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Roserusii, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 The first session of the Paper and Pulp Section convened in the Wardman Park Hotel with General Chairman J. J. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Company, Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, presiding. After welcoming the delegates, the Chairman discussed the question, "Are We Obtaining Our Objectives?" He said in part: "In our peace abiding nation, since the year F>2(), we have placed upon the altar of economical progress a most supreme sacrifice--1,062,000 lives. Far worse than war, 309 326 enty-first Congress--National Safety Council and when a man has sufficient ex|>erience and poise to maintain concentration on that particular part of the job despite surrounding confusion. The reel shell is iron and weighs approximately 1200 pounds, and is driven bv frictional contact with the revolving iron drum. Have the fourth hand cut an end about 20 inches wide; then keep your hand on the outside edge of the sheet. Pass the paper under the shell with the outside edge clear of the shell and the hand going in the direction of the journal. Putting paper on the reel is somewhat spectacular. If you are a be ginner in the machine room, don't try to put the paper on the reel until you know your way around. A most important part of the duties of a backtender and third hand is to con stantly pass the hands over the surface of the paper as it is winding up. By this means the paper maker can detect wrinkles, cuts, calender spots, unequal finish, etc. Should the hands be wet or even moist with perspiration, they will stick to the paper and positively throw you off your balance into the reel. In this connection, it is interesting to know that the finger tips are far more sensitive and much more can be learned through them than the palms of the hands. Pressure is not necessary. When helping feed the paper over the winder, the fifth hand must turn a reel having a gross weight of 4500 pounds. This he does by means of a crank. The strength of a chain is only equal to its weakest link. The human body is subject to the same governing principle and the inside wall of the groin muscle is dis tressingly weak. When turning the reel around keep the heels together, and there will be no need to undergo an operation for hernia. The primary duty of a slitter is to cut paper; it performs this duty most excel lently when revolving at a high rate of speed. If given the opportunity it seems to display a malicious propensity to cut flesh as well as paper. If the shavings become entangled with the slitter, stop the slitter before removing the shavings; by doing this you will once again demonstrate the supremacy of the animate over the inanimate. The drums of the winder rotate in the same direction and do not form a nip. yet their close proximity makes them dangerous. If anything should be jammed between them friction would be created. Do not attempt to feed paper in the tape by inserting the hand between the drums. The winding paper. and the drums do travel in opposite rotation and form a nip. After a break on the winder, always feed the paper around the roll with a closed fist. The bulk this presented will be too great to pass the nip and the danger will be eliminated. Pro and Con Hour The closing feature of the session was a general discussion entitled "Pro and Con Hour", under leadership of Arthur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Company, Waterville, Maine. Most of the discussion centered on the question, "Is rule 6A as applied to the 1933 Contest one that may lead to misunderstanding detrimental to the present or future contests, and if so, should any change be recommended ?" This rule reads as follows: "In the event that two or more mills in any group have perfect scores (no lost-time injuries during the contest, which is equal to 1000 points credit) the winner shall be the mill among those tied having maintained that continuous record for the greatest number of consecutive calendar days prior to Itthewacsondteescti.d"ed that the Executive Committee present the choice of a number of plans to all members of the Section in time before the next Contest begins, and the plan receiving greatest number of acceptances should be that used for the following Contest. ADJOURNMENT. T WEN T r - E I R S T A N N l! A I. S A E E T Y C O lJURESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Petroleum Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of Calif., San Fran cisco, Calif. Vice-Chairman--C. L. Hightower, Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Co., Thurber, Texas. Chairman Atlantic Division--E. R. Alden, Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Chairman Great Lakes Division--J. C. Bernp, Sinclair Refining Co., East Chicago. Chairman Mid-Continent Dii'ision--Louis R. Hooell, The Carter Oil Co., Tulsa. Okla. Chairman Gulf Diinsion--A. W. Brf.fi.anp, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. Chairman Rocky Mountain Division--T. N. Shaw, The Midwest Refining Co., Casper, Wyoming. Chairman, Pacific Division--R. B. Hf.cox, Standard Oil Company of Calif., Bakers field, Calif. Chairman Poster Committee--L. W. Evans, Atlantic Refining Co., Frankin, Pa. Chairman Engineering Committee--H. E. Dtsciiinger, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Chairman Publicity Committee--J. L. Risinc.er, Magnolia Petroleum Co., Beaumont, Texas. Chairman Program Committee--B. V. Osborn, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, Wyoming. Chairman Statistics Committee--J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. Chairman Health Committee--Dr. C. M. Aves, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Hous ton, Texas. Past General Chairmen-- R. S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. V. R. Currie, The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Geo. F. Prussing, Union Oil Company of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. E. J. Sf.nne, Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. D. J. Wallace, Mid-Continent Petroleum Safety Council, Tulsa, Okla. SVcretory--H. N. Rlakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, Dallas, Texas. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4, 1932 The first session of the Petroleum Section convened in the Wardman-Park Hotel with General Chairman R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, presiding. Mr. Donovan briefly reviewed the activities of the Section 327 378 U'culv-first Congress--National Safety Council the discussion to worth while contribution and will avoid the expression of many extraneous viewpoints. 2. All views, opinions, and facts which have a bearing on the topic should be drawn out and the group must be made aware of the significance of the expressions and attempt to evaluate the importance of and give proper weight to those views that may he in conflict. Ample opjKirtunity must be provided for the careful con sideration of all of the facts and viewpoints that form part of a complete under standing of the subject under discussion, together with a chance for expression of view on solutions or conclusions that might be offered for group adoption. Funda mentally, this principle has for its purpose the building up of a composite viewpoint which measures and weighs all the collective factors as against the more limited viewpoint and factors possessed by the several individuals in the group. 3. This principle involves the reconciliation of individual views and conclusions to a point where a conclusion which properly weighs each contribution can be stated so that it is acceptable to all. This principle also involves the crystallization of the group thought as it is made and considered and its official expression for reconsideration by the group in order that a complete understanding and agreement of the meaning may ensue. This crystallization being official, insofar as the group is concerned, comes logically from the group leader. Unanimous acceptance of conclusions is not always achieved. 4. In the case of the fourth principle, a generalization is called for, which re lates the specific conclusion to other conclusions, each of which has a definite rela tion to a general field in which it, as an item, belongs. Hence, there is a need for working in the composite conclusion to form a part of a complete structure rather than to permit it to remain an isolated, unrelated conclusion. The logic of a group is that of several individuals combined, hence these support ing conclusions which are part of the whole must be fully discussed by a group when an individual through his own logic must be permitted to accept or reject them by his own decision. Therefore, it is a mistake to consider the process as covering in one application the whole range of conclusions which caused the group to be called together. To sum up, it may be said that the conference process as an educational pro cedure is primarily directed toward helping the group members organize the knowl edge which they possess, and to help them acquire the habit of constructive thinking relative to their responsibilities and problems. A conference discussion when properly directed stimulates active thinking. The conference gives group members an oppor tunity to think through problems for themselves, and when a group actually thinks a problem through and arrives at an intelligent conclusion, as a result of' their own thinking, they are sold on the ideas developed in the conference and are usually ready to cooperate in putting them into practice. ADJOURNMENT TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CoUrESS . NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Quarry Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--John Prince, Stewart Sand and Material Co., Kansas City, Mo. Vice-Chairman--WM. M. Andrews, Lake Krie Limestone Co., Youngstown, Ohio. Secretary and News-Letter Editor--V. P. Aiiearn, National Sand and Gravel Asso ciation, Washington, D. C. Chairman Poster Committee--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. Chairman Publicity Committee--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Association, Washington, D. C. Chairman Statistics Committee--W. W. Adams, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Members at Large-- R. E. Colville, United States Gypsum Co., Chicago, III. Otho M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. Norman G. Hough, The National Lime Association, Washington, D. C. S. M. Shallcross, American Lime & Stone Co., Bellefonte, Pa. A. L. Wortiien, The Connecticut Quarries Co., Inc., New Haven, Conn. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1932 For the record of this joint session with the Cement Section, see page 152 of this volume. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1932 The first session of the Quarry Section convened in the Shoreham Hotel with V. P. Ahearn, Secretary, National Sand and Gravel Association, Washington, D. C., Secretary of the Quarry Section presiding in the absence of General Chairman John Prince. Acting Chairman Ahearn welcomed the delegates, read several brief letters from the General Chairman and others regretting inability to be present and also presented a brief report of the statistics committee, as prepared by W. W. Adams, Chairman. This report in part was as follows: "Employment in the quarrying and related industries was more than 30 per cent lower than the previous year's level, according to records covering identical com panies that were active in both years. These companies represented 9,300,000 man hours of employment in 1931. Accident frequency at these plants was reduced about 379 394 enty-first Congress--National Safety Council of a conference. There is no subject matter to be taught, no news to be disseminated, no instruction to be given, but the basis of every true conference is a problem to be solved, in which the experiences of the group members are used and the result ing solution represents the group thought rather than the opinion of one individual. A conference, as we are thinking of it, is quite informal. A small group of fifteen, twenty or twenty-five persons is called together under the guidance and leadership of a conference leader. It is not the function of the leader to teach the group anything and he certainly must not lecture to them. In fact, it is generally recognized as desirable for him to avoid expressing his own opinion in most cases. It becomes his task to stimulate and organize the discussion of the group by ques tions, problems, illustrations, cases or any other device so that they will think in an orderly manner on the problem at hand. He "pulls out" facts, data, experiences, or any other matter pertinent to the discussion and organizes these contributions of group members on a blackboard so that all may see and evaluate. He guides the discussion but does not dominate or control it. It is his business to see that the conference does not degenerate into a "gabfest" nor take a sidetrack which will lead away from the main question under discussion. The skilled conference leader capitalizes on the experience of his group in such a way that every member participates and points of difference are discussed and settled by the group. Perhaps the ideal situation for conducting a conference is a group of fifteen to twenty-five individuals having mutual interests in the problem to be discussed and each of whom has had experience in it, who will be drawn together in a meeting preferably held in or near the place where the group works. It is desirable, where possible, to have the people sit about a table with the leader as a part of the group and with such a spirit of informality that the group members may come directly from their work and sit at ease with no feeling that they are being watched or checked on by the big boss. They should be encouraged to express their thoughts frequently and completely and they should be made to realize that perfect grammar and beautiful diction are secondary to the thought they are expressing. No man's thought or experience is to be barred from the group--rather he should be encour aged to give it full expression but the group opinion must prevail. On the other hand, the group must realize that everyone's thought merits con sideration and all must be weighed before the final decision is reached. Plant poli tics, prejudice, and closed minds have no place in a conference. Since this is a discussion group called together for thinking out some problems, such subjects as religion, social affairs, individuals' moral and ethical characters, reputation of firm establishments, etc., should not be permitted to become a part of the discussion. I wish it clearly understood that the conference method is not presented here as a panacea nor is it implied that it will meet all training situations. However, there are many uses to which it may be put, of which these are typical: . (1) Securing a composite opinion in order to formulate or modify a policy. (2) Modify the viewpoint of some or all the members of the group in order to get better teamwork. (3) Analyze a job, identify responsibilities and discover better ways, means, and methods. _ (4) Assist each individual member of the group to organize his experiences by coming into intimate contact with other workers in their field. (5) Analyze situations involving joint responsibilities. . (6) Discover real sources of troubles or difficulties and bring the experiences of the group to bear on elements of the causes. ._ (7) Analyze accidents which have occurred to discover not only the immediate cause of the accident but the fundamental equipment or human weakness which was back of it and thus develop needed remedies. ADJOURNMENT #TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY C R ESS NATION A L S A F E TY COUNCI C Rubber Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--J. R. Hanson, United States Rubber Co., Passaic, N. J. Secretary--II. W. Low, The Miller Rubber Co., Inc., Akron, Ohio. News-Letter Editor--Chari.f.s F. Smith, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buf falo, N. Y. Chairman Poster Committee--R. A. Bijm.ock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Chairman Membership Committee--A. M. Dietz, Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jean nette, Pa. Chairman Publicity Committee--M. A. Quirk, United States Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Chairman Statistics Committee--Roi.and Kastf.ix, United States Rubber Co., Pas saic, N. J. Chairman Engineering Committee--M. H. Kh.c.ore, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Chairman Health Committee--Dr. J. Newton Shiri.f.y, Hood Rubber Co., Inc., Watertown, Mass. Chairman Slides and Safety Kinks Committee--B. F. Gerpheidf., The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Members at Large-- E. W. Beck, United States Rubber Co., New York City. J. T. Khjnev, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. W. L. Schneider, The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1932 The opening session of the Rubber Section was called to order in the Wardman Park Hotel by Acting General Chairman J. R. Hanson, United States Rubber Company, Passaic, New Jersey. Chairman Hanson gave a brief report of the year's activities, including the reports of standing committees. Membership in the Section has been maintained at 45 companies, a very good report in view of general con ditions. With the cooperation of the News-Letter, a mail campaign has been carried on for several months to interest outside companies in membership in the National Safety Council and results of the campaign are beginning already to be evident. The News-Letter has been issued regularly and has been found very helpful to members. 395 404 fy-first Conyrcss--National Safety Council The importance of accident costs may he emphasized hy comparing them with the cost of waste material, defective work, waste time and broken equipment. Accident costs should be compiled every month and cumulative figures can be given at least every three months. These accident costs should not only be studied by the plant management, but should l>e "brought home" to other members of the supervisory group, including the foreman. Costs may be advantageously compiled for each foreman's department. They should he compared from month to month and from year to year. The costs should also he compared with these various departments, between plants, between companies, and between industries. The foreman may Ik* made to take accident costs seriously hy including such accident costs as an important element in figuring his bonus or his salary. It should be charged against his controllable expense. He should be made to explain all the details of every accident which might have been serious. , Cooperation By WALTER A. SCHAEFER President. Casualty Underwriters Ass'n of New Jersey, Newark The speaker discussed many phases of the awards made under State Compensation Laws and outlined the difficulties of insurance companies in this connection. He pointed out in particular the steady increases in percentage of money payments made to injured employer's in permanent partial disability cases. These percentages, as presented hy him, wi re as follows: . 1928 calendar year. 57.2 per cent of the whole. 1929 calendar year, 62.0 per cent of the whole. No figures were available for the first six months of 1930, therefore, the next figures submitted were for-- 1930-1931 fiscal year, 64.0 per cent of whole. 1931-1932 fiscal year, 64.6 per cent of whole. The closing paragraphs of his paper may lie quoted in part as follows: Cooperation usually demands not only courage and self sacrifice but it requires wisdom as well. It seems to he a basic instinct to lie concerned only afxiut personal needs and to shrug the shoulders as to broad issues requiring co-operation. I marvel that in a business like the insurance business there should he si little co operation. Without the collective determination of rates our business could not exist. Beyond some co-operation in making up the rates we seem to stop and revert to the secretive, jealous, competitive methods of our barbarian forefathers. The final feature of the Rubber Section Sessions was a "Court of Inquiry" pre sented by the Akron Ruhtier group, and directed hy H. W. Low, Safety Engineer, Miller Rubber Products Co., Akron, Ohio. This was an interesting playlet depicting in dramatic form tin* circumstances and progress of an investigation of an industrial accident. Those who took part ill the drama, as outlined in the "cast of characters," were as follows: Plant Manager--II. W. Low, Miller Rubber Lo., Akron, Ohio. Engineer--J. O. Lee. India l ire & Rubber Company. Safety Engineer--W. L. Schneider, B. E. Goodrich Company. Foreman--J. T. Kidney, Goodyear lire Si Rubber Company. Witness--B. F. Gcrpheidc. Goodyear l ire Si Rubber Company. (This playlet has already been published in the January issue of the Rubber Section News-letter; copies may be bail on request.) ' APJOVRNMF.NT IV RN TV- R I RST ANNUAL SAR RTY CONG NATIONAL SARRTV COUNCIL .3 Safety Section, A.R.A.-Steam Railroad Section, N.S.C. Section Officers 1931-32 Chairman--C. T. Baii.ey, Chief Safety Agent, Oregon Short Line Railroad. First Vice-Chairman--C. E. ffu.L, General Safety Agent, New York Central Lines. Second Vice-Chairman--C. L. LaFountainf., General Safety Supervisor, Great Northern Railway. Secretary--J. C. Caviston. (SOTF: The follozvini/ panes contain a condensed abstract of the records of the sessions of the Safety Section, ARA--Steam Railroad Section, NSC, as published in full by the American Railway Association in a booklet entitled. "Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Safety Section, JVasbington, P. C., October 4 to 6, 1932.'') TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 The sessions of the Safety Section, American Railway Association--Steam Railroad Section, National Safety Council, convened in the Hotel Washington with Chairman C. T. Bailey, Chief Safety Agent, Oregon Short Line Railroad, Salt Lake City, Utah, presiding. The invocation was given by L. G. Bentley, Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. Report of Committee on Relations with National Safety Council By ROBERT SCOTT Director, Insurance and Safety, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Mr. Scott said in part: Your committee finds pleasure in reporting that much satisfactory progress has been made in the direction of co-ordinating the work of both sections with the view of avoiding duplication of effort and expense and to the end that the cause of safety might be advanced. The first annual meeting of the Steam Railroad Section, National Safety Council, was held in Philadelphia in October, 1915, while the Safety Section of the American Railway Association held its first special session in Boston in September, 1921. Both of these sections have been functioning properly and well ever since they came into existence, and have been a powerful force in the reduction of avoidable accidents. On September 2, 1931, a meeting was held in Chicago at which there were present members of the committee on relations and officers of both sections. At this meeting. 405 434 Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council (10) Avoiding getting men excited by unnecessary hollering on the job, etc. (11) Have all laborers examined as to physical condition before employment. The report of the resolutions committee was then presented by J. A. Long of the Delaware Sr Hudson Railroad, Chairman, and two resolutions were formally pre sented and adopted by the Section delegates. The first was a resolution of condolence upon the death of J. Flanagin, Manager, Safety Department, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. The second resolution acknowledged with thanks and appreciation efforts of all who had participated in making the Washington Congress Session successful. Report of the Nominating Committee The report of the tellers who canvassed the election of officers for the Section, was made bv J. J. Heavey, The Erie Railroad, and announcement was made of the election as follows: Chairman of the Section--Charles E. Hill, General Safety Agent, New York Central Lines. First Vice-Chairman--C. L. I .aFountaine, General Safety Supervisor, Great Northern Railway. Second Vice-Chairman--H. A. Parish, Assistant to General Manager, Chicago & North Western Railway. Members selected for the Committee of Directions for the Ensuing Year: Fji.item Territory--F. Hartenstein. Assistant to General Manager. Lehigh Valley Railroad: H. A. Rowe, Manager, Claims Department, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. New England Territory--C. N. Woodward, Assistant to General Manager, New York. New Haven & Hartford Railroad. Southern Territory--Robert Scott, Director Insurance & Safety, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Canadian Territory--A. O. Beck, Director, First Aid & Accident Prevention, Canadian National Railways. Members of the Committee on Nomination for the ensuing year: F. W. Curtis, Supervisor. Safety & Fire Prevention, Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, Chairman: E. G. Evans, Superintendent of Safety. Louisville & Nashville Railroad; C. F. 1-arsnn. Superintendent of Safety, Missouri Pacific Railroad: F. M. Metcalfe, Superintendent of Safety. Northern Pacific Railway; J. C, Pratt, Supervisor of Safety, The Redding Company. The closing minutes of the session were devoted to the introduction of the new chairman. Charles F.. Hill, and to appreciative and eulogistic remarks concerning the services rendered hv officers of the section during the past year. ADJOURNMENT TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY C R E SS NATION A F S A F F TV CO U N C IIT Textile Section Officers 1931-32 General Chairman--E. E. Place, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Vice-Chairman--Charles If. Fames, Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. Secretary and Chairman Program Committee--Ignatius MacNulty, American Woolen Co., Shawsheen, Mass. Chairman Publicity Committee and News-I.etter Editor--Myron B. Jonsberg, H. A. Hale, Jr. & Co., Boston, Mass. Chairman Membership Committee--D. Frank Loro, M. J. Whittall Associates, Ltd., Worcester, Mass. Chairman Poster Committee--Frf.ii W. Sf.ul, Aetna Life Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Chairman Statistics Committee--F. J. Porter, The U. S. Finishing Co., Pawtucket, R. I. Chairman Engineering Committer--G. W, Cook, Travelers Insurance Co., Hart ford, Conn. Members at Large-- Arthur Barlow, Armstrong Cork Co., Lancaster, Pa, Russell T. Fisher, The National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, Bos ton, Mass. Walter Humphreys, National Association of Wood Manufacturers, Boston, Mass. John H. Southam, Sanford Mills, Sanford, Maine. Paul W. Vietz, Plymouth Cordage Co., North Plymouth, Mass. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1932 The opening session of the Textile Section convened in the Wardman-Park Hotel with General Chairman E. E. Place, American Mutual Liability Insurance Com pany, Boston, presiding. Chairman Place gave a brief resume of the activities of officers and standing committees, and then immediately introduced the first speaker. 435  454 'oenly-firs! Congress--National Safely Council possible to eliminate such occurrences. Mr. A. KoroIefT, of the Woodlands Section of the Canadian Pulp & Paper Association, Montreal, has kindly furnished me with many of the following suggestions: The physical examination of men before employment has been tried by the Ontario Paper Company with good results. Numerous cases of contagious diseases, hernia and other physical defects which might give grounds for compensation cases, if not re jected, or at least recorded, were readily detected. The next step is to impress upon the jobber, the men in charge, and the lumber jacks themselves that accidents are a charge and a handicap to their industry which affects all connected with it. One case brought to my attention was that of a jobber with an exceedingly had accident record, who was finally convinced of the needless waste it entails. He made a rule that any man injured so as to necessitate leaving camp could not come hack to the job again. A conspicuous display of safety rules and posters to show how the most serious accidents occur and how they may l>e avoided has also l>ecn recommended. Such educational measures nr publicity drives have been of great value in reducing the carelessness causing forest fires, and have a well recognized place in safety work. Minor accidents may produce major disabilities through delayed or poor treatment, and prompt and effective first-aid is generally recognized as of great importance. First-aid kits are universally recommended for all camps, with larger cabinets for headquarters and small field kits for the men able to use them intelligently. Instruc tion in their use is most essential and should he given at least verbally to hll men, with demonstrations and written instructions by a physician to the more intelligent men, such as the jobber, cook, scaler, inspector, etc. Steps beyond the first-aid bring us tb the consideration of a company doctor on full time where there are sufficient men to justify it: 500 men has been suggested as a justifiable number. The duties of such a doctor are not merely to dispense medical service. He should be employed and paid by the company to reduce the number, duration and cost of accidents by all proper and effective means. He should be able to better sanitary conditions, in the camps and hygiene among the men: to prevent many accidents from reaching the compensation stage and to intelligently follow those that do, to see that there is no question of needless expense or lost time. Discussion: Replying to a question. W. J. McCombs, manager. Engineering De partment, Employers' Casualty Company and the Texas Employers' Association, said: "One of our logging company clients a year ago had a loss ratio of fi5 per cent loss paid to premium. The rate of compensation insurance was $7.90 per $100 of payroll. In the last year this loss ratio was reduced to 11 per cent of premium. In Texas we have a State Fund, and the compensation rate automatically goes up or down accord ing to experience. Our educational program is what cut this plant's loss down. Every Monday all men were called together by their supervisor and the last week's accidents were discussed and instructions given for the following week. VVe gave twelve days intensive safety training to the foremen last year with this risk. All tools are examined weekly on this job. They quit using two-bladed axes because of the accidents they caused and are now using pole axes. Each Monday all track motor cars which carry the employees from camp to their job are carefully examined. All woods foremen have been trained and are competent to give first-aid. A bulletin board is maintained on the job in a very conspicuous place, which shows the accident record of each foreman day by day. This keeps up the interest and a foreman with a bad accident record is ridiculed. Each month the foreman having the worst record is given a large turtle to feed and care for during the following month. Posters of the National Safety Council are received regularly and new ones are posted every three days. New posters are discussed at each Monday morning meeting by the foremen. All first-aid cabinets arc also examined at these weekly meetings. ADJOURNMENT INDEX A Pieveutmg Accident* to Public Utility Em ployees on the Streets and Highways Accident Prevention Equipment Manufatcurers] Section: Minutes. 107-110. Nominating Committee Report, 108. Officers, 10R. (Prezzann), 362-363. Safetv Among Drivers in Scattered Fleets (Wells), 198-199. State Regulation of Commercial Vehicles and Accident-Prone Employee: See Personal Par lors. Their Operators (Hoffman), 196-197. ^ Successful Fleet Safety Work Without Spe Accident Statistics: Length of Service of In jured, 220. cial Personnel (Ruth), 193-195. Automobiles: Maintenance of tbe Motor Ve Lessons learned front Near Accidents (Flrydges), .110-311. Recording and Using Accident Data (El ston), 360-3(52. Unusual Accidents in Car Building (Brand), 272-273. Unusual Accidents in the Machine Shop hicle and Its Importance m Fleet Safety (Shaw). 199-200. # Automotive and Machine Shop Section: Joint Session with Power Press Section, 354-356. Minutes, 131-140. Nominating Committee Report, 135. Officers, 1.35. Group (Salisbury), 274-27*. Unusual Accidents in ibe Metals ludnstrv B and Lessons to be Learned from Them (Griffith), 273-274. Accidents--Costs: Accident Costs--A Round Table Discussion (Stearns), 403-404. The High Cost of Injuries (Magruder), 260 261. Accidents -Report Forms: Accident Statistics ami Costs (Carr), 214-213. Acids: Safety in Chemical Pumps and Pump ing Machinery (Lawrence), 172-173. See also Chemical Industry. Adams, (. J.t Report of (Committee on Haz ards of Inrunuing Nips on Paper Ma chines, 315-322. Adams, L.: Power Apparatus in Maintenance of Wav Work. 428. Adams, \V. W.: Recent Progress of Safety in the Onarry Industries, 382 383. Advanced Safety Engineering Session. 21-32. Aeronautical Section: Minutes, 111-118. Aeronautics: Maintaining Efficient Pilots Through Physical Fitness (Padden), 117 118, Maintenance A Vital Factor in Safe Opera tion of Air Transports (Lockwood), 116-117, Safety Factors in Air Transport and the Adaptation of "Blind Flight'* Training to S11c6h. edule Airline Operation (Priester), 111 Aishton, R. IF.: Address, 411-412. Aldeu, E. R.: Psychology ami Arridents --- Mental Ease During Depressions, 332-333. A. R. A., Safety Section: See Steam Rail road Section. A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section: General Chairmen's Repoit, 128. Minutes, 119-130. Nominating Committee Report, 130. Officers, 130. Report on Investigation of Accidents With Portable Hand Torches and Plumbers' Furnaces, 12R. Anderson, M.: Accident Prevention for Women Workers. 37-38. Animal Meeting of Members, 9-19. Authenrieth, A. J.: Elimination of Hazards in the Engine Room. 391-393. Automobile Driving: Accident Experience in the Delivery, Taxicab and Hus Section During 193) (Lundsteadt), 192. Delivering Food Products Safely by Automo bile Trucks (Frost), 231. Maintenance of tbe Motor Vehicle and Its Importance in Fleet Safetv (Shaw). 199-200. Methods of Safe Driving (Couchman), 151-1 "2. The Portland Cement Association's Sale Drivers League (Hamilton), 150. Rack Injuries (Roberts), 71-74. Itauash, J. 1.: President's Address, 21-22. Banquet: 21-22. 4 Harlow, A.: Textile Safety Kinks and Safe Practices, 446. Pender, II. D.: Ladder Safety-Code, 122-124. llennett, F. C,.: Health Work in the Small Plant, 49-50. Unusual Accidents in the Foundry Industry, 271-272. Bergquist, C. \V,; Presentation of Awards in tbe National Traffic Safety Contest, 193. President's Address, 9-12. Bland. T. W.: Maintenance of Power Press Equipment for Safe Operation, 350-351. Bloomfield, J. J '* Dust Content of the At mosphere in Various Dusty Industries, 53 57. Blonmsburg, R. A.: The Three Most Common Causes of Accidents in the Public Utility Industry, 363-364. Boetsma, G. S.: Effects of Competition on Morale of Employee*, 336-337. Boileau. O. C.: Kick-Backs and How to Pre vent Them, 448-449. Boilers: Rules for the Construction of High Pressure Marine Boilers (Hoover), 246-249. Bonus Systems: See also Rewards. Borak, L.: Reducing Power Press and Ma chine Shop Hazards Through Engineering Revision, 354-355. Borland. W. P.: The Accident Investigation .Work of the Bureau of Safety, I. C. C., 422-423. , Bradford, F. R.: Planning for Safety in Track Construction, 428-430. Brand, P. J.: Unusual Accidents in Car Building. 272-273. Breeland, A. W.: The Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Pipe Twine and Natural Gasoline Industry, 340-342. Bridges, M. W.: Discussion of paper by J. W. Giltner, 211. , Bridge*: The Bridge and Building Gang (Wood). 430-432. Bright. G. B.: Ice Scoring Machine Haz ards. 389-390. . Rruckfarher. F. G.: Keeping in Step with Prgre*s in Safety, 335-336. Brydge*. W. II.: lessons Learned from Near Accidents, 310-311. Buffe, F, G.: An Opeiating Executive's Views on Saletv and Accident Prevention, 202* 204. , . Bulletin Board*: Common Sense in Bulletin Board Publicity for Safety (Solensten). 252-253. ' 455 456 tty-first Congress--National Safety Council Bnab. A. JL: It Maritime Safety Profitable? 234-235. Batterwortb, A. B,: Cleaning and Gaa-Free. in| Cargo Oil Tanka, 240-241. Buxton, R. K.: Accident Prevention in the Metal Trades at the Crossroads, 270-271. c Calenders: In Report of Committee on Haz ards of Inrunning Nips on Patter Machines (Adams), JIB-319. 321. Callahan, J. J.: what the Manufacturer of Machinery Can Do to Promote Safety m the Tanning Industry. 254-255. Car Building: Unusual Accidents in Car Building (Brand), 272-273. Carbon Tetrachloride; N Carbon Tetrachfor- ide a Health Hazard aa Used in the Rub ber Industry? (Shirley), 398-402. Carr, C. L.: Accident Statistics and Costs, 214-215. Carrow, T. H.: Safety Tpday. 410-411. Cement Industry: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry (Curtis). 143-144. Good-Will ' Dividends from Safety Work (Mehren), 15-19. In the Wake of the News (Dempster), 145 146. Methods of Safe Driving (Couchman), 151 152. The Portland Cement Association's Safe Drivers League (Hamilton), 150. Safeguarding Our tyes (Zook), 153-155. , Safety from the Executive Viewpoint (Po- sell), 145. Cement Section: General Chairman's Report, 141-142. ioint Session with Ouarry .Section, 152-156. linutes, 141-156. Nominating Committee Report, 142-143. Officers. 142 143. Poster Committee Report, 144. Chemical Industrv. Accidents and Their Causes in the Chemical Industry (Ralston), 176. Activities of the Chemical Industry in Pre venting Poisoning from the Viewjioint of the Federal Government (Yant), 166-169. Preventing Poisoning -From the Viewpoint of the Chemical Manufacturer (Dennis), 169-170. ,, Report of Statistics Committee and Injury Experience in the Chemical Industry dur ing 19.11 (Keptier), 158. Safe Handling of Chemicals (Watson), 159 160. Safety in Chemical Pumps and Pumping Ma chinery (Lawrence}. 172-173. Some Causes and Effects of Stream Pollu tion (Hoskins), 174-175. , Storage and Handling of Compressed Gases and Volatile Liquids (Fetherston), 160-163. The Use of Stainless Steels in the Chemical Industry (Luger and Wright), 173-174. See also Acids. . Chemical Section: Joint Session with Indus trial Health Section, 166-172. Minutes, 157-176. Statistics Committee Report, 158. Claims: For the Defence (Hamilton), 207-208. The Relationship Between the Claim De partment and the Safetv Department (Oilt - net). 208-211 See also Insurance. Clark, M. A.: The Value of Community Safety as Applied to Industry. 138-140. Clarke, Dr. W.: Syphilis and Gonococcal In fections in Small Industries, 47-48. Codes: See Standards. Cole, W. G.: Why Do Some Employees Have More Accidents Than Others? 36-37. Commercial Vehicles: See Automobile Driving. Community Safety: See Public Safety. Compressed Gases: Storage and Handling ot Compressed Gases and Volatile Liquids (Fetherston). 160-163. Conference Plan of Education: See Education of Workmen. Construction Industry: Accident Experience in the Construction Industry during 1931 (Forester), 178. Accident Reports and How the Insurance Companies Use Them (Dearborn), 189-190. American Standards of Safety in the Con struction Industry (Smith), 120-122. The Bridge and Building Gang (Wood), 430-432. Building America's Roads Safety (Walton), 187-189. Do Awards to Foremen Stimulate Good Ac cident Prevention Records? (Piper), 186 187. 'The Extra Gang Problem (Parish), 432-434. How to Make the Construction Job Safe (Goldstine), 181-183. The Navy and Safety on Its Construction Work (Hall), 183-186. Safety Platform for the Construction In dustry, 179. Construction Section: General Chairman's Re port, 177-178. Minutes, 177-190. Nominating Committee Report, 181. Officers, 181. Content's: Awards of Rubber Section Trophies, 403. Data on the 1931-32 Paper and Pulp Section Contest, 323. > Effects of Competition on Morale of Em ployees (Boetsma), 336-337. Marine Section Contest Committee Report, 239. Marine Section Contest Winners, 250. Plan for Inter-Departmental Safety Contest, 311. Presentation of Awards in the National Traffic Safety Contest (Bergouist), 193. Presentation of Awaids to Metals Section Winners, 275-276. Public Utilities Section Contest Winners, 207. Winner of the National ('rushed Stone Asso ciation Contest (Miller), 384*385. ^ Contusions: Strains, Sprains and Contusions (Kessler), 74-76. Cooperation: Cooperation (Schaefer), 404. The Cooperative Objectives of the National Safety Council ana the Railroad Industry (Young), 407-410. . Securing the Cooperation of the Worker w Accident Prevention (Kuechenmeister), 351 353. . . _ Corrosion: The Use of Stainless Steels in the Chemical Industry (Luger and Wright), 173 -174. _. . Couchman, A. R.: Methods of Safe Driving, 151-152. Cranes: Methods of Detecting Defects in Crane Wheels, 276. . Curtis, A. J. R.: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry,^ 143-144. Cylinders--Compressed Gases: Storage and Handling of Compressed Gases and Vola tile Liquids (Fetherston), 160-163. I ndex 457 D Davis, G. A.: Think it Over, 264-265. Dawley, L. W.: Safe Handling of Ice, 390-391. Day. O. H.: Safety Instructions by the Con . ference Method, 393-394. Dearborn, W. A.: Accident Reports and How the Insurance Companies Use Them, 189 190. * Deliveiy, Taxicab and Bus Section: General Chairman's Report, 192. Joint Session with Food Section, 230-232. Minutes, 191-200. Nominating Committee Report, 197 198. Officers, 197-198. Statastics Committee Report, 192. Depiing, D.: What is Public Health Nursing in Industry? 79-81. Dempster, J.: In the Wake of the News, 115 146. Dennis, F. W.: Preventing Poisoning--From the Viewpoint o( the Chemical Manufac turer, 169-170. Denton, H. L.: The Railroad Trespass Evil, 413-414. Dickinson, J. A.: Research in Safety Engineertng, 120. Dinsmore, R.: Accident Prevention in the VVarner Company, 385-386. Discipline: Education and Discipline in the Accident Prevention Program (Voss), 353 354. How to Give the Worker Health, Happiness and Security (Thee), 195-196. Pittmer, A. J.: Accident Experience in the In *1 he High Cost of Injuries (Magruder), 261. In The Wake of the News (Dempster), 145 146. In Whv Our Accident Plan is Successful (Smith), 437-439. Is Maiitime Safety Profitable (Bush), 234 235. The Medical Department Presents the Case for Safety (Lecklider), 135-138. Successful Fleet Safety Work Without Spe cial Personnel (Ruth), 193-195. See alo Accidents--Costs. F.dncation--Engineering: Teaching of Safety at Colleges or Universities, 340. Education of Workmen: The Conference Proc ess and Some of its Features and Possibili ties (Rennie), 376-378. Education and Discipline in the Accident Pre\emnm Program (Voss), 353-354. Safety Education of New and Old Employees (Finch), 215-216. Safety in Foremanship by the Conference Method (Kane), 83-106. Safetv instructions by the Conference Method (Day), 393-394. Edwards, Coin. U. C.: Safety from an Opera tor's Viewpoint, 249-250. Egan, E. J.: Safety in the Production and Transmission of Natural Gas, .166-368. Electric Railway Section: General Chairman's Report, 201-202. Minutes, 201-216. Nominating Committee Report, 205. Officers, 705. Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Indus tries During the Year 1931, 261-262. Doak, Hon. W. N.: Address, 413. Education Will I>o More Thau Regulation to Promote Safety, 179-180. Podge, C. H.: Automatic Signal System for Mine Haulage, 302-303. Drinker, F.: Methods of Protecting the Worker Against Dust Inhalation, 65-69. Drinking Water: Heat Effect* (Engel), 70-71, Ptirfee, E. P.: Accident Facts in the Public Utility Industry, 364-365. Dusts: Clinical and Statistical Aspects ot Silicosis (Russell), 57-61. Electric Railways: Accident Statistics and Cost*. (Carr), 214-215. An Accident Prevention Program and Its Re sults (Paache), 211-212. An Accident Prevention Program and Its Results (Webb), 212-214. An Operating Executive's Views on Safety and Accident Prevention (Ruffe), 202-204. Electrical Fires--Their Cause and Prevention (Potter), 42-44. For the Defense (Hamilton), 207-208. The Relationship Between the Claim Depart ment and the Safety Department (Giltner), 208-211. Data on the Efficiency of Modern Respirator Filtering Mediums to Lead Dust and Fume (Stratton}, 164-166. Descriptive Statements of Dust Explosion Tests Electricity:. Electrical Cutouts, in Industrial Applications (Newton and LincJrs), 124-128. Electrical Fires--Their Cause and Prevention (Potter), 42-44, at Arlington Farm Testing Station (Price), 222-224. Dust--An Engineering Problem (Greenbtirg), 29-32. . Insiiection and Maintenance of Electrical Wiring in Mines (Haselton), 305-308. A tvpical Electrical Accident (Godwin), 375 376. Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Various Dusty Industries (Bloomfield), 53-57. Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts, (Gardner), SO-53. Methods for the Control of Dust in Industry and for the Protection of the Worker (Hatch) 61*65. Methods of Protecting the Worker Against Dust Inhalation (Drinker), 65-69. T\nirnl Elertriral Accidents. Their Cause and Prevention (Kuhn), 373-375, Elevators: Research on Oil Buffers and Un dercar Safeties, 120. Elstun, W\ P.: Recording and Using Accident Data. 360-362. Engle, Dr. R. C.: Heat Effects, 70-71. Engine Rooms: Elimination of Hazards in the Engine Room (Authenrieth), 391-393. Engineering Revision: Capitalizing on Our Failures (Regula), 23-26. E Reducing Power Press and Machine Shop Hazaras Through Engineering Revision Economics: An Effective and Economical Safety Program for the Small Plant (Lynch), 33-36. The Economic and Other Values of Safety (Page), 421-422. (BoraksE 354*355. Engineers--Safety; Common Sense Accident Prevention (Gardiner), 217-219. The Engineer--A Factor in Civilization (Wallace), 128-130. Good-Will Dividends from Safety Work (Mehren), 15-19. In Accident Prevention in the Warner Com pany (Dinsmore), 386. In An Accident Prevention Program and Its Results (Webb), 213. Evans, C. Jr.: Factors in Providing for Effi cient Supervision of Mining Operations, 304. Eve*< C. S.: Health Work in Small Plants. 45-47. Exhibits: F.xbibitors at the 21st Annual Safety Congress, 108-110. I;i ! i ii : t '-i f: ' f n- 458 Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council Explosions: Descriptive Statements of Dust Explosion Tests at Arlington Farm Testing Station (Price), 222*224. The Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Pipe Line and Natural Gasoline Industry (Breeland), 340-342. Eye Protection: The Industrial Nurse's Con tribution t the Conservation of Eyesight (Smith). 81-82. Safeguarding Our Eyes (Zo>k), 153-155. F Federal Government and Safety: Activities of the Chemical Industry in Preventing Poi soning from the Viewpoint of the Federal Government (Yant), 166-169. The Navy and Safety (Hobson), 244-245, The Navy and Safety on Its Construction Work (Hall), 183-186. Ferguson, Dr. C. !,.: The Accident-Prone Worker, 256-257. Fetherston, F. K.: Storage and Handling of Compressed Cases and Volatile Liquids 160-163. Finch, R. A.: Safety Education of New and Old Employees, 21S-216. Fire Prevention: Community Fire Prevention in Kansas City (Lynch), 41-42. Electrical Fires--Their Cause and Prevention (Potter), 42-44. The Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Pipe Line and Natural Gasoline Industry (Bree- land), 340-342. # Modern Methods of Teaching Fire Prevention (FrankfinJ, 39-41. . Fire Prevention Session: 39-44. Flathers. C. H. Prevention of Passenger Ac cidents and Claims on Coastwise Vessels, 237-239. t. Fleet Operation- See Automobile Driving. Food Industry: Delivering kcwM Products Safely by Automobile Trucks (Frost). 231. Descriptive Statements of Dut Explosion 'Tests at Arlington Farm Testing Station (Price). 222 224. . F.xjerience Exchange, Giving Brief Descrip tions of Serious Accidents, 228-230. Refrigerating Apparatus--Its Safe lTse and Proper Maintenance (Rabe), 224-226. The Safe Delivery of Fond Products by Horse-Drawn Vehicles (Washburn), 231-232. Food Section: Experience Exchange. 228-230. Joint Session with Delivery, I axicab and Bus Section, 230-232. Minutes, 217-232. Nominating Committee Report, 221-222. Officers, 221-222. Foremen: Do Awards to Foremen Stimulate Good Accident Prevention Records' (Piper), 186-187. . How Can the Foreman Help the Accident- Prone Man' (Zeitner), 227-228. ^ Safety in Foretnanship hv the Conference Method (Kane). 83-106. Forester, I. C. : Accident Experience in the Construction Industry during 1931, 17fT Foundries; National and State Foundry Codes in Relation to Accident Prevention (Kearns). 267-268. Unusual Accidents in the Foundry Industry (Bennett). 27\ 272. See also Metal Industries. Fourdrinier Machines: Special Hazards of Fourdrinier Machines and Their Elimina tion (Williamson), 325-326. Franklin, T. 7.: Modern Methods of Teaching Fire Prevention, 39-41. Frost, G. S.: Delivering Food Products Safely by Automobile Trucks, 231. G Gardiner, G. L.: Common Sense Accident Prevention, 217-219. . Gardner, L. U.: Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts, 50-53. #t Gas Industry: Safety in the Distribution of Gas (reden), 370-573. . Safety in the Production and Transmission of Natural Gas (Egan), .166-368. < Safety in the Production of Artificial Gas (Whitwell), 368-370. Gases; Solving the Asphyxiation Problem (Risinger), 343-346. Gasoline: 'The Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Pipe Line and Natural Gasoline Indus try (Breeland), 340-342. Safe Operation of Natural Gasoline Plants (Martin^, 329-330. Gebhart. \v. H.: The Conditions of Saws and Their Relation to Safety, 449-451. General Round Table Session: 33*38. Gilson, H. G.: Lessons to Be Learned Iro.n Paper Mill Fatalities, 313-314. Giltner, J. W.: The Relationship Between the Claim Department and the Safety Depart ment, 206-211. Gleason. W. A.: Dual Control on Guillotine Cutters. 314-315. Godwin, R- M.: A Typical Electrical Acci dent, 375-376. Goggles: Safeguarding Our Eyes (Zook), 15.3. 155. Goldstine, E. N.: How to Make the Construc tion Job Safe, 181-183. . Gonococcal Infections: See Venereal Diseases. (trade Crossing: Report of Committee on Pre vention of Highway Crossing Accidents (Rowe), 412-413. Graff. W. M.: 'The Determination and Con trol of Compensation Insurance Rales, 380 .382. . Grant, E. F..: Are We Hitting the Bull's Eye? 312-313. . Gray, Dr. A. S.: Activities of the State in the Prevention of Occupational Poisons, 170-172. Greenburg. L.: Dust--An Engineering Prob lem, 29-32. Greene, Dr. J. H.: The Personnel Depart ment's Place in the Safety Program, 133 131. . . Griffith, W. J.: Unusual Accidents in the Metals Industry and Lessons to be Learned from Them, 273*274. Guards: Camtaliring on Our Failures (Reg- nla), 2.3-26. H Halt. R. D.: Cp-to-Date Timbering for Mines, 286-288. Hall, W. E.: The Navy and Safety on Its Construction Work. 183-186. Halsey, M. N.: Building Safety and Facility into the Highway, 146-149. Hamilton, K, B.: hor the Defense, 207-208. Hamilton, W. W.: The Portland Cement As sociation's Safe Drivers League, 150. Hands: Injuries to the Hand (Marble), 76-77. Hanna, J. H.: Discussion of Paper bv F. G. Buffe, 204. . Harrington, D.: Metal Mine Fires and Venti lation, 290-302. Safety in Limestone Mining and Querying, 152-153. . Hartenstien. F.: Value of "Safe Practices' Committees, 423-424. I mlex 459 Haselton, ('. F.: Inspection and Maintenance of Electrical Wiring in Mines, 305-304. Hatch, T.: Methods for the Control of Dust in Industry and for the Protection of the Worker, 61-65. Health Hazards: Activities of the Chemical Industry in Preventing Poisoning from the View|K>int of the Federal Government (Yant), 166-169. ^ Activities of the State in the Prevcnti.'m of Occupational Poisons (Gray). 170-172. Clinical and Statistical Aspects of Silicosis (Russell). 57-61. Data on the Efficiency of Modern Respirator Filtering Mediums to Lead Dust and Fume (StrattonL 164-166. Dust- An Engineering Problem (Greenburg), 29-32. Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Various Dusty Industries (Bloomfield). 53-57. Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts (Garduei), 50-53. Health Hazards in the Textile Industry (Sappington), 443*444. Is Carbon Tetrachloride a Health Hazard as Used in the Rubber Industry? (Shirley), 398-402. t ` Methods ol Protecting the Worker Against Dust Inhalation (Drinker), 65-69. Preventing Poisoning--From the Viewpnnt of the Chemical Manufacturer (Dennis), 169-170. Solving the Asphyxiation Problem (Risinger), '343-346. See also Poisons. Health Supervision: Health Work in Small Plants (Everts), 45-47. Health Work in the Small Plant (Bennett), 49 50. Medical Aspects of Safety Aboard Ships (Wright), 235-237. Services of a Health Department to Small Industrial Plants, 49. Heat Effects (Engel), 70-71. Heiss, M. W,: Principles of Safety, 436-437. Helmets and Shiekls: Requirements for Sand blast Helmets, 67. Hightower, C. L.: Solving the Traffic Pmb- lent. 330-332. Highways: See Roads and Highways: Traffic. Hillenbach, H.: Accident Exterience in the Refrigeration Industry during 1931, 388-389. Hobson, F. M.: The Navy and Safety. 244-24'. Hoffman, H. G.: State Regulation of Commer cial Vehicles and Their Operators. 196-19/. Holmes, P. R.: Faulty Plant Illumination as a Factor in Accident Causation, 226-227. Hoover, D. N.: Rules for the Construction of High Pressure Marine Boilers, 1'16-?I9. Horse-Drawn Vehicles: The Safe Delivery of Food Products bv Horse-Drawn Vehicles (Washburn) 231*232. Hoskins, J. K : Some Causes and Effects of Stream Pollution, 174*175. . Housekeeping: Relative Value in ('leaning Plant Windows, 227. Hubbard, A. F.: Kmetgenry Illumimr ion and Signalling, 242-243. Hunter, W. E,: Outstanding Safety Features Pettaining to Mines and Allied Industries Iti Arizona, 289-290. Hydrogen Sulphide: In Solving the Asphyxia tion Problem (Risinger), 344-345. H\1aml, Dr. R. F.: The I>octnr in Industry, 205-207. i Tee Industry: See Refrigeration Industry. Itmnel, H. D.: The Economic Necessity for Community Safety Work and its Relation to the Quarrying industries, 383*384. Industrial Health: Industrial Health and Its Relation to Industrial Safety (Sappington), 156. Industrial Health Section: Joint Session with Chemical Section, 166-172. Joint Session with Industrial Nursing Sec tion, 79-82. Joint Session with Metals Section, 50-69, Minutes, 45-77. Officers, 69. ludustiial Nursing Section: Joint Session with Industrial Health Section, 79-82. Minutes, 79-82. . Infectious: Outstanding Causes of Injury' in Out Plant and Measures Taken to Pre vent Their Recurrence (Rheuby), 258*260. Insurance: Accident Retmrts and How the In surance Companies Use Them (Dearborn), 189-190. The Determination and Control of Compen sation Insurance Rates (Graff), 380-382. See also Claims. Interstate Commerce Commission: The Acci dent Investigation Work of the Bureau Of Safetv, I. C. (\, (Borland), 422-423. Investigation of Accidents: The Fundamentals of Accident Investigation (Padgett), 439 441. Who Should Investigate Accidents in the Plant? 311. J Jones, D. W.: Automatic Signal Systems for Mine Hauling, 302. K Kane. M. J.: Safetv in Foretnanship by the Conference Method, 83-106. Kastelf, K,: Accidents in the Rubber Industry during 1931, 396-397. Kearns, T. I*.: National and State Foundry Code* in Relation to Accident Prevention, 267 268. Keown, R. McA.: Safe Drum Winders, 322. Kepner, I. V.: Rei>ort of Statistics Committee and Injury Experience in the Chemical In dustry during 1931, 15R. Kessler, H. H.: Strains, Sprains and Con tusions. 7-4-76. Kintz. G. M.: Teaching of Safety at Colleges or Universities. 340. Klumph, D. A.: Rei>ort of Committee on Non Train Accidents, 424. Knutson, Hon. R. G.: Participation of Indus try in Community Safety, 324. Kroger, M. A.: The Employee's Plea lor Safety, 140. ^ Kuechenmeister, G. A.: Securing the Coopera tion of the Worker in Accident Prevention, 351.353. Kuhn, P. R.: Typical Electrical Accidents, 'Then Cattle and Prevention, 373-375. L Lalmr Laws: Education will do More than Regulation to Promote Safety (Doak), 179 180. Ladders: Ladder Safetv Code (Bender), 122 124. La Fountaine, L.: Safetv to Employees While Handling Locomotives, 426-428. Lamps: Cap Lamps Used in Mines, 282-285. Lawrence. J. C.: Safety in Chemical Pumps and Pumping Machinery, 172*173. Lead Poison: Data on the Efficiency of Mod ern Respirator Filtering Mediums to Lead Dust and Fume (Stratton), 164-166. mi 460 Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council Leather Industrie* Section: See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Leather Industry : Accident Experience in the Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather In dustries during the year 1931 (Dittmer), 261-262. See also Tanning Industry. La Per, W, O.: Fighty-five Per Cent Super vision and Education Necessary to Make Safety A Success, 358-359. Lecklider, I>r. A. F.: The Medical Department Presents the Case for Safety, 135-138. Lifting: In Pack Injuries (Roberts), 73-74. See also Strains. Lighting: Faulty Plant Illumination as a Fac tor in Accident Causation (Holmes), 226* 227. Some Data on Lighting in Underground Mines (Owing*), 279-286. Ltocstone: Safety in Limestone Mining and Quarrying (Harrington), 152-153. Litycks, <j. r. and Newton, E. G.: Electrical Cutouts in Industrial Applications, 124-128. Linemen: See also Electricity. Lockwood. R. G.: Maintenance a Vital Factor in Sate Operation of Air Transports, 116 117. Locomotives: Safety to Employees While Handling Locomotives (La Fountaine), 426 428. Logging: Safety in Wood Operations (Roth* ery), 453-454. Lorens, Dr. M. O.: Uniformity in Defining and Reporting Accidents, 414-415. Luger, K. E. and Wright, E. C.: The Use of Stainless Steels in the Chemical Industry, 173-174. Lumber Manufacturing Section: See Wood working and Lumber Manufacturing Sec tion. Lumber Yards: Safety in Retail Lumber Yards (Wilson), 451 453. Lumbering: See Logging. Lundateadt, A. E.: Accident Experience in the Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section during 1931, 192, . Lynch, A. D.: An Effective and Economical Safety Program for the Small Plant, 33-36. Lynch, F. C.: Community Fire Prevention in Kansas City, 41-42. M Machine Shops: Building Safety Morale in the Shops (Miller), 424-426. Common Hazards in Machine Shops (San ford), 355-356. Power Press and Machine Shop Hazards (Smith), 355. Reducing Power Press and Machine Shop Hazards Through Engineering Revision (Roraks), 354-355. Unusual Accidents in the Machine Shop Group (Salisbury), 274-275. Magruder, C. B.: The High Cost of Injuries, 260 261. Maintaining Interest: An Accident Preven tion Program and Its Results (Webb). 212 214. Management: An Operating Executive's Views on Safety and Accident Prevention (Ruffe), 202-204. Modem Management's Views of Safety (Winegsr), 132-133. Safety From the Executive Viewpoint (Pos- selt), 145. Manholes: In Electrical Fires--Their Cause and Prevention fPotter), 4.3-44. Marble. Dr. H. : Injuries to the Hand, 76-77. Marine Industry: Accident Experience in the Marine Industry During 1931 (Self), 245-246. Cleaning and Gat-Freeing Cargo Oil Tanks (Butterworth), 240-241. Emergency Illumination and Signalling (Hub- hard), 242-243. In Maritime Safety Profitable? (Bush), 234 235. Medical Aspects of Safety Aboard Ships (Wright), 235-237. Medical Services for Seamen (Sanders), 243 244. The Navy and Safety (Hobson), 244-24$, Prevention of Passenger Accidents and Claims on Coastwise Vessels (Flathers), 237-239. Rules for the Construction of High Pressure Marine Boilers (Hoover), 246-249. Safety from an (>terator's Viewpoint (Ed wards), 249-250, Training an Officer Personnel for the Ameri can Merchant Marine (Tomb), 241-242. Marine Section: Contest Committee Report, 239. Contest Winners, 250. General Chairman's Report, 234. Minutes, 233-250. Nominating Committee Report, 239-240. Officers, 239-240. Statistics Committee Report, 245-246. Martin, C. H.: Safe Operation of Natural Gasoline Plants, .329-330. Masks: Requirements for Paint Spray Masks, 67-68. Meat Packing Industry: Accident Experience in the Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries during the year 1931 (Dittmer), 261-262. Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section: Minutes, 251-262. Nominating Committee Report, 254. Officers, 254. Statistical Committee Report, 261-262. Medical Departments; The Doctor in Industry (Hyland), 205-207. The Medical Department Presents the Case for Safety (Lecklider), 135-1.38. See also Physicians. Mehren, E. J..: Good-Will Dividends from Safety Work, 15-19. Metal Industries: Accident Prevention in the Metal Trades at the Crossroads (Buxton), 270-27I. The Conditions of Saws and Their Relation to Safety (Gebhart), 449-451. The Importance of Accident Facts in the Metals Industry (Speight), 265-267. Think it Over (Davis), 264-265. Unusual Accidents in Car Building (Brand), 272-27.3. f Unusual Accidents in the Machine Shop Group (Salisbury), 274-275. Unusual Accident* in the Metals Industry and Lessons to be Learned from Them (GriffithE 273-274. See also Foundries. Metal Stamping: Trend of Accident* in the Metal Stamping Industry (Wallman), 348 349. Metals Section: General Chairman's Kefiort, 264. Joint Session with Industrial Health Section, 50-69. Minutes, 263-276. Nominating Committee Report, 269. Officers, 269. Presentation of Awards to Contest Winners, 275-276. Your Hour, 276. , Miller. G. H: Building Safely Morale in the Shops, 424-426. Index 461 Miller, M. V.: Winner of the National Crushed Stone Association Contest, 384 .385. Mines and Mining: Accident record, 278-279. Automatic Signal System for Mine Haulage (Dodge), .302 303. Factors in Providing for Efficient Super vision of Mining Operation* (Evans), 304. Insertion and Maintenance of Electrical Wiring in Mines (llasel(on), 105-308. Metal Mine Fires and Ventilation (Harring ton), 290-302. Outstanding Safety Features Pertaining to Mines and Allied Industries in Arizona (Hunter). 289-290. Safety in Limestone Mining ami Quarrying (Harrington), 1S2-153. Signal Systems for Mine Hauling (Jones), 302. Some Data on Lighting in Underground Mines (Owings), 279-286. Up-to-date Timbering for Mines (Hall), 286 288. Mining Section: Minutes, 277-308. Nominating Committee Report, 286. Officers, 286. Poster Committee Report, 278. Secretary's Report, 278. Statistics Committee Report, 278. Minor Injuries: In Safeguarding Our Eyes (Zook), 155. Strains, Sprains and Contusion* (Kessler), 74-76. Murphy, W. B.; Notes on Safe Operation of Pressure Stills, .334..315. Mvers, J. W.: Our Statistic* and What Thev Show, .328 .329. N National Safety Council: Directors, 4-6. Executive Committee, 3-4. Nominating Committee Report, 13. Officers. 3. Purposes and Policies, 7-8. Resolution Committee Report, 1.3*15. National Traffic Safety Contest: Presentation of Awards (Ber^quist), 193. Natural Gas: See Gas Industry. Near Accidents; Lessons Learned from Near Accidents (Rrvdges). 310-311. Neff, P. F.: Safe Versus Unsafe Switching Practices, 420. New Employees: Employee .Selection--The Logical Starting Point in an Accident Pre vention Program (Prouty), 219-221. Safety Education of New and Old Employees (Finch), 215-216. # ' News Letters: Are We Making (he Most of Our New* Letters? (Smith), 397-398. Newspaper Industry: Successful Fleet Safety Work Without Special Personnel (Ruth), 193-195. Newton, E. G. and Lincks, G. F.: Electrical Cutouts in Industrial Applications, 124-128. Nurses: How the Nurse Can Share Health In formation With the Worker (VVinton), 82. The Industrial Nurse's Contribution to the Conservation of Eyesight (Smtfh)^ 81-82. What is Public Health Nursing in Indus try? (Doming), 79-81, o Occupational Diseases: See Health Hazards: Poisons. Organization: An Effective and Economical Safetv Program for the Small Plant (Lynch), 33-36. 4 Common Sense Accident Prevention (Gard iner), 217-219. Employee Seleclion--The Logical Starting Point in an Accident Prevention Program (Prouty), 219-221. - The Personnel Department's Place in the Safety Program (Greene), 133-134. Safety Organizations in the Marketing J3e- paitmeut of an Oil Company (Smith), 337- 3J9. , Whv Our Accident Plan is Successful (Smitli), 437-439. Owing*. C. W.: Some Data on Lighting in Underground Mines, 279-286. p I'adden, Dr. E. H.: Maintaining Efficient Pilot* Through Physical Fitness, 117-118. Padgett, E. G.: The Fundamentals of Acci dent investigation, 439-441. Page, O. H.: The Economic and Other Values of Safety, 421-422. Paper and Pulp Section: Data on the 1931-32 Safetv Contest, 323. General Chairman's Report, 309-310. Minutes, 309-326. Nominating Committee Re|*ort, 312. Officers, 312. uestion Box, 311-312. eport of Committee on Hazards of Inrun ning Nips on Paper Machines (Adams), 315-322. . Paper Cutters: Dual Control on Guillotine Cutter* (Gleason), 314-315. Rotary Cutters, 321. Pajer Industry: Dual Control on Guillotine Cutters (Gleason), 314-315. Injury rates, 312-313. Lessons Learned from Near Accidents (Brydges). 310-311. Lessons to be Learned from Paper Mill Fatalities ((iilson), 313-314. Rejwut of Committee on Hazards of Inrunning Nip* on Paper Machines (Adams), 315 322. Sale Drum Winders (Keown), 322. Special Hazards of Fourdrinier Machines and Their Elimination (Williamson), 325-326. Parish. H. A.: The Extra Gang Problem, 432* 434. Pasche, W.: An Accident Prevention Pro gram and Its Results, 211-212. I'eden, If. L,: Safety in the Distribution of Ga*. 370-373. Personal Factors: The Accident-Prone Worker (Ferguson), 256-257. How ( an The Foreman Help the Accident- Prone Man? (Zeitner), 227-228. Psychology and Accident*--Mental Ease During Depression* (Alden), 332-333. Safety--Its Application to the Individual (Stevens), 416. Typical Electrical Accidents, Their Cause and Prevention (Kuhn), 373-375. Why Do Some Employees Have More Acci dents Than Others? (Cole), 36-37, Personnel Department: The Personnel Depart ment's Flare in the Safety Program (Gieene), 133-134. Petroleum Industry: The Fire and Explosion Hazaid* in the Pipe Line and Natural Gasoline Industry (Breeland), 340-342. Keeping in Step with Progress in Safety (Brticklacher), 335-336. Notes on Safe Operation of Pressure Stills (Murnhv), 334-335. Our Statistlsi and What They Show (Myers), 328-329. Safe Operation of Nattnal Gasoline Plant* (Martin), 329-330. Safetv Organizations in the Marketing De- s 4(,Z Twent v-first Congress--National Safety Couneil partniem *f an Oil Company (Smith), 337 339. ' , Solving the Asphyxiation Problem (Risinger), 343-346. Solving the Traffic Problem (Hightower), 330-332. Wildcatting and Safety (Roaper), 342-343. Petroleum Section: Award* t< Contest Win ner*, 339. General Chairman's Re|*>rt, 327-328. Minute*. 327-346. Nominating Committee Reimrt, 333-334. Officers, 333-334. Phillip*, I). : Rei*ort of Committee on Train Service Accidents, 417-419. Physical Examinations: The Doctor in Indus try (Hyland), 205-207. The Medical Department Presents the Case for Safety (l^ecklider)f 135-138. Physician*: The Doctor in Industry (Hyland), 205-207. Piper, T. W.: Do Awards to Foremen Stimu late Good Accident Prevention Records? 186-187. Plav*: Court of Inquiry, 404. Profit or Cos*. 132. Pneumonoconinsis: See Dusts. Poisons: Activities of the Chemical Industry in Preventing Poisoning from the Viewt*oint of the Federal Government (Yant), 166-169. Activities of the State in the Prevention of Occupational Poisons (Grav). 170-172. Data on the Efficiency of Modern Respirator Filtering Mediums to Lead Dust and Fume (Stratton), 164-166. Preventing Poisoning--From the Viewpoint of the Chemical Manufacturer (Dennis), 169-170. See al*o Ga*e*: Health Hazards. Pose!t, E.: Safety from the Executive View point, 145, ^ Potter, H. H.: Electrical Eire*-Their Cause and Prevention, 42-44. Power Pre** Section: General Chairman's Re port. 347-348. Toint Session with Automotive ami Ma chine Shop Section, 354-356. Minute*. 347-356. Nominating Committee Report, 349. Officer*. 349. President's Address (Banash), 21-22. Prsident's Addre** (Bergquist). 9-12. Presses--Power: Maintenance of Power Press Equipment for Safe Operation (Bland), .350-351. . Power Pre** ami Machine Shop Hazards (Smith), 355. ^ Reducing, Power Press and Machine Shop Hazards Through Engineering Revision (Buraks). 354-355. Trend of Accidents in the Metal Stamping Industry (W'allman), 348-349. Pressure Vessel*: Safe Design. Construction and Operation of Tired Pleasure Vessels (Rover), 26-28. Prezzann, F. P. : Preventing Accidents to Pub lic I'tiuitv Employee* on the Streets and Highway*. 362-363. Price. D. 1.: Descriptive Statements of Dust Explosion Tests at Arlington Farm Test ing Station, 222-224. < Priester. A. A : Safety Factors in Air Trans port and the Adaptation of "Blind Flight" Training to Schedule Airline Operation, 111 116. r Proutv. R. E.: Employee Selection--1 he Log ical Starting Point in an Accident Preven tion Program. 219-221. Psychology: See Personal Factors. Public Safety: Community Fire Prevention it* Kansas City (Lynch), 41-42. # The Economic Necessity for Community Safety Work and it* Relation to the Quarrying Industries (Immel), 383-384. Participation of Industry in Community Safety (Knutson), 324. The Value of Community Safety as Applied to Industry (Clark), 1.38-HO. Public Utilities: Accident Fact* in the Public Utility Industry (Durfee), 364-365. ^ Preventing Accidents to Public Utility Em ployees on the Streets and Highways (Prezzano), 362-363. _ The Three Most Common Causes of Acci dents in the Public Utility Industry (Bloomsburg), 363-364. , Public Utilities Section: Contest Winners, 207. Minutes, 357-378. Nominating Committee Report, 359-360. Officers, 359-360. Punch Presses: See Presses--Power. Q Quarry Industry: Accident Prevention in the Warner Company (Dinsmore), 385-386. The Economic Necessity for Community Safety Work and its Relation to the Quarrying Industries (Immel), 383-384. Recent Progress, of Safety in the Quarry Industries (Adams), 382-383. Safety in Limestone Mining and Quarrying (Harrington), 152-153. ., Quarry Section: Joint Session with Cement Section, 152-156. Minutes, 379-386. Nominating Committee Rei>ort, 383. Officers, 383. Statistics Committee Report, 379-380. Winner of the National ('rushed Stone As sociation Contest (Miller), 384-385. R Rabe, F. W.: Refrigerating Apparatus--Its Safe Use and Proper Maintenance, 224-226. Railroads: The Accident Investigation Work of the Bureau of Safety, I. C. C. (Bor land), 422*423. Address (Aishton), 411-412. Address (Doak), 413. The Bridge and Building Gang (Wood), 430-432. Building Safety Morale in the Shops (Miller), 424-426. . . The Cooperative Objectives of the National Safety Council and the Railroad Industry (Young), 407-410. The Economic and Other Values of Safety (Page), 421-422. The Extra (Jang Problem (Parish), 432-434. Planning for Safetv in Track Construction (Bradford), 428-430. . Power Apparatus in Maintenance of Way Work (Adams), 428. The Railroad Trespass Evil (Denton), 413* 414. . . Report of Committee on Non-Train Acci dents (Klumplt), 424. Report of Committee on Prevention of High way Crossing Accidents (Rowe), 412-413. Report of Committee on Train Accidents (Warfel), 420-421. . Report of Committee on Train Service Acci dents (Phillips), 417-419. . Safe Versus Unsafe Switching Practices (Neff). 420. . _ J. .. . Safety--Its Application to the Individual (Stevens), 416. Index 463 Safety Today (Carrow), 410-411. Safety to Employees While Handling Loco motives (LaFoumaine), 426-428. Uniformity in Defining ami Kef>orting Acci dents (Lorenz), 414-415. Value of "Safe Practices" Committees (Hart- enstien), 423-424. Ralston, C. E.: Accident* and Their Causes in the Chemical Industry, 176. s Keels: In Refiort of Committee on Hazards of Inrunning Nips on Paper Machine* (Adams), 319. Refrigeration Industry: Accident Experience in the Refrigeration Industry During I93t (Hillenbach). 388-389. Elimination of Hazards in the Engine Room (Authenrieth), 391-393. Ice^Scoring Machine Hazards (Bright), 389- Refrigerating Apparatus--Its Safe Use and Proper Maintenance (Rabe), 224-226. Safe Handling of Ice (Dawley), 390-391. Refrigeration Section: Minutes. 387-394. Nominating Committee Retort, 389. Officers, 389. Statistics Committee Report (Hillenbach), 388-389. Kegttla, A. S.: Capitalizing on Our Failures, 23-26. Rennie, W. H.: 'The Conference Process and Some of If* Features and Possibilities. 376 378. Resolutions: Report of Committee, N. S C.. 13-15. Steam Railroad Section, 434. Respirators: Data on the Efficiency of Mod ern Respirator Filtering Medium* to I^ead Dust and Fume (Stratton), 164-166. In Method* of Protecting the Worker Against Dust Inhalation (Drinker), 66-67, 69. Resf*on*ibilify for Accidents: Eighty-Five Per (ent Supervision and Education Necessary to Make Safety a Success (LeHer), 358-359. Rewards: Do Awards to Foremen Stimulate Good Accident Prevention Records? (Piper), 186-187. In Safety front the Executive Viewpoint (Posselt), 145. "Participation Plan" used by Kansas City Public Service Co., 203. See also Contests. Rheuby, W. P.: Outstanding Cause* of In jury in Our Plant and Measures Taken to Prevent Their Recurrence, 258-260. Risinger, J. L.: Solving the Asphyxiation Problem. 343-346. Roads and Highways: Building America's Roads Safely (Walton), 187-189. Building Safety and Facility into the High way (Halsey), 146-149. Roaper, R. B.: Wildcatting and Safety. 312 343. Roberts, S. M : Back Injuries, 71-74. Rothery, J. E.: Safety in Wood Operations, 453 454. Rowe. II. A Netmrt of Committee on Pre vention of Highway Crossing Accidents, 412-413. Royer, I). L.: Safe Design, Construction and Operation of Fired Pressure Vessels, 26-28. Rubber Industry: Accidents in the Rubber In dustry during 1931 (Kastell), 396-397. Is Carbon Tetrachloride a Health Hazard as Used in the Rubber Industry? (Shirley), 398-402. Rubber Section: Are We Making the Most of Our News Letter? (Smith). 397-398. Award of Contest Trophies, 403. General Chairman** Report, 395. Mirmte*. 395.404. Nominating Coni mi ttee Rei>ort, 402-403. Officers, 402-403. Russell, A. E.: Clinical and Statistical Aspects of Silicosis. 57-61. Ruth, Mai. C. H.: Successful Fleet Safety Work Without Special Personnel, 193-195. s Safe Drivers League: Methods of Safe Driv ing (Couch man L 151-152. The Portland Cement Association's Safe Drivers League (Hamilton), 150. Safeguarding: What the Manufacturer of Ma chinery Can Do to Promote Safety in the ^ Tanning Industry (Callahan), 254-255. Safety Department: The Relationship Between the Claim Department and the Safety De partment (Giltner), 208-211. Safety in Foremanship by the Conference Method (Kane), 83-106. Safety Movement: Principles of Safety (Heiss), 436-437. Safety Section, A. R. A.--Steam Railroad Sec tion, N. S. C.: See Steam Railroad Section. Salisbury, R. C.: Unusual Accidents in the Machine Shop Group, 274-275. Sandblasting Requirements for sandblast hel mets, 67. See also Dusts. Sanders, C. W.: Medical Services for Sea men, 243-244. Sanford, G. E.: Common Hazards in Machine Shops, 355 356. Sappiugtoii, |)r. C. O : Health Hazards in the Textile Industry, 443-444. Industrial Health and Its Relation to Indus- < trial Safety, 156. Saw*: The Conditions of Saws and Their Re lation to Safetv (Gebhart), 449-451. Kick-Backs and How to Prevent Them (Roileau), 448-449. Schaefer, W. A.: Cooperation, 404. Schulze, W. IT.: Services of A Health De partment to Small Industrial Plants, 49. Scott, U.: Report of Committee on Relations with National Safety Council, 405-407. Self, B. H.: Accident Experience in the Ma rine Industry during 1931, 245-246. Shaw, H. W.: Maintenance of the Motor Ve hicle and Its Importance in Fleet Safety. 199-200. Shirley, Dr. T. N.: Is Carbon Tetrachloride a Health Hazard as Used in the Rubber Industry? 398-402. Shoes: Metal Caps on Safety Shoes, 276. Signal*: Emergency Illumination and Signal ling (Marine). (Hubbard), 242-243. Silicosis: See Dusts. Slitter*: In Report of Committee on Hazards of Inrttnntug Nips on Paper Machines (Adam*), 319-320. Small Plants: An Effective and Economical Safety Program for the Small Plant (Lynch), 33-36. Health Work iti Small Plants (Everts), 45-47. Health Wotk in the Small Plant (Bennett), 49-50. ' Services of a Health Department to Small Industrial Plants, 49. Smith, C. F.: Are We Making the Most of Our News Letter? 397-398. Smith, C. W.: Safety Organizations in the Marketing Department of an Oil Co., 337 339. Smith, E. J.: Power Press and Machine Shop Hazards, 355. Smith, J, F.: Why our Accident Plan is Suc cessful, 437 439. i,:-n fcv' f! m Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council Snvth, M. E.: The Industrial Nurse's Con tribution to the Conservation of Eyesight, 81-82. Smith, VV. R.: American Standards rtf Safety in the Construction Industry, 120-122. Solensten, R. T.: Common Sense in Bulletin Board Publicity for Safety, 252-253. Spears, H. A.: The Relation of Accidents to Production Losses, 441-443. Speight. W. I).: Importance of Accident Facts ^ in the Metals Industry, 265-267. Spicer, J. J.: Accident Prevention in the Tan ning Industry, 257-258. Sprains: Strains, Sprains and Contusions (Kessler), 74-76. Standards: American Standards of Safety in the Construction Industry (Smith), 120-122. Ladder Safety Code (Bender), 122-124. National ana State Foundry Codes in Rela tion to Accident Prevention (Kearns), 267 268. Research on Oil Buffers and Undercar Safe ties for Elevators, 120. . States and Safety: Activities of the State in the Prevention of Occupational Poisons (Gray), 170-172. Steam Railroad Section: Minutes, 405-434. Nominating Committee Report, 434. Officer*, 434. Report of Committee on Prevention of High way Crossing Accidents (Rowe), 412-413. Report of Committee on Relations with Na tional Safety Council (Scott), 405-407. Report of Committee on Train Accidents (Warfel). 420-421. Report of Committee on Train Service Acci dents (Phillips), 417-419. Resolutions Committee Report, 434. Stearns, YV.: Accident Cost*--A Round Table Discussion, 403-404. Steel Industry: See Metal Industries. Stevens, D. F.: Safety--Its Application to the Individual, 416. ' Strains: In Back Injuries (Roberts), 73*74. Strains, Sprains and Contusions (Kessler), 74-76. . See alsp Lifting. Stratton, R. C.; Data on the Efficiency of , Modern Respirator Filtering Mediums to Lead Dust and Fume, 164-166. Stream Pollution: Some Cause* and Effects of Stream Pollution (Hoskins), 174-175. Syphilis: See Venereal Diseases. T Tanks: ('leaning and Ga* Freeing Cargo Oil Tanks (ButterworthL 240-241. Tanning Industry: Accident Experience in the Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather In dustries during the year 2931 (Dittmer), 261-262. Accident Prevention in the Tanning Indus try (Spictr), 257-258. Outstanding Causes of Injury in Otir Plant and Measures Taken to Prevent Their Re currence (Rheuby), 258-260. What the Manufacturer of Machinery Can Do to Promote Safety in the Tanning In dustry (Callahan), 2M-255. See also Leather Industry. Tanning Section: See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Telephone and Telegraph: The Conference Process and Some of its Features and Pos sibilities (Rennie), 376-378. a Textile Industry: Health Hazards in the Tex tile Industry (Sapnington), 443-444. The Relation of Accidents to Production Losses (Spears), 441-443. Textile Safety Kinks and Safe Practices (Barlow), 446. Textile Safety Kinks and Safe Practices (Trolinger), 444-445. Why Our Accident Plan is Successful (Smith), 437-439. 1 extile Section: Minutes, 435-446. Nominating Committee Report, 437. Officers, 437. Thee, W. C.: How to Give the Worked Health, Happiness and Security, 195-196. Tomb, Capt. J. H.: Training an Officer Per- * sonnel for the American Merchant Marine, 241-242. . Torches: Report on Investigation of Accidents with Portable Hand Torches and Plumbers' ' Furnaces, 128. a> Traffic: Building Safety and Facility into the Highway (Halsey), 146-149. *e Solving the Traffic Problem (Hightower), ' 330-332. . Trolinger, J. T.: Textile Safety Kinks and Sale Practices, 444-445. u U. S. Government and Safety: See Federal Government and Safety. ' Venereal Diseases: Syphilis and Gonococcal infections in Small Industries (Clarke), 47 48. Ventilation and Exhaust Systems: In Methods for the Control of Dust in Industry and for the Protection of the Worker (Hatch), 63-65. . Voss, J. A.: Education and Discipline in the Accident Prevention Program, 353-354. . w Wallace, L. W.: The Engineer--A Factor l* Civilization, 128-130. ' Wallman. E. J.: Trend of Accidents in th# Metal Stamping Industry, 348-349. * Walton, T. W.: Building America's Roads Safely. 187-189. . Warfel, G. H.: Report of Committee on Train Accidents, 420*421. Washburn, W. C.: The Safe Delivery of Food Products by Horse-Drawn Vehicles, 231 232. , Watson, W. N.: Safe Handling of Chemicals, 159-160. Webb, H. F.: An Accident Prevention Pro gram and Its Results, 212-214. / Welts, C. V.: Safety Among Drivers in Scat tered Fleets, 198-299. Whitwell, G. E.: Safety in the Production <4 . Artificial Gas, 368-370. Williamson, H. K.: Special Hazards of Four* drinier Machines and Their Elimination* 325-326. . Wilson, T. C.: Safety in Retail Lumber Yards, 451-453. Winders: In Report of Committee on Hazaras of Inrunning Nips on Paper Machines (Adams). 319-321. . Safe Drum Winders (Keown), 322. t Winegar, C. T.: Modern Management's View . of Safety, 132-133. ^ Winton, E.: How. the Nurse Can Share Health Information with the Worker, 82. Women in Industry: Accident Prevention foe Women Workers (Anderson), 37-38. ' Wood, J. P.: The Bridge and Building Gang* 430-432. i Index 465 Woodworking and Lumber Manufacturing Sectiou: General Chairman's Report, 44K. Minutes, 447-454. Nominating Committee Report, 451. Officers, 451. Woodworking Industry: The Conditions of Saws and Their Relation to Safety, (Gebhart), 449-451. Kick-backs and How to Prevent I'hem ' (Boileau), 448-449. Workmen's Comj>ensation Laws: In Education Will Do More Than Regulation to Pro . mote Safety (Doak), 180. .- Wright, E. C and Luger, K. E.: The Use of Stainless Steels in the Chemical Industry, 173-174. 'Wright, J.: Medical Aspects of Safety Aboard Ships, 235-237. Y Yant, W. P.: Activities of the Chemical In dustry in Preventing Poisoning from the Viewpoint of the Federal Government, 166 169. Young, A. H.: The Cooperative Objectives of the National Safety Council and the Rail road Industry, 407-410. Your Hour, 276. z Zeitner, J. T.: How Can the Foreman Help the Accident-Prone Man? 227-228. Zook, J. B.: Safeguarding Our Eyes, 153-155. Twenty-first Congress--National Safety Council % > Srnjth, M. E.: The Industrial Nurse's Con* tributton to the Conservation o( Eyesight, 81*82. Smjth, W. R.: American Standards of Safety ' in the Construction Industry, 120-122. i.Solenaten, R. T.: Common Sense in Bulletin ' Board Publicity for Safety,252*253. . Spears, H. A.: The Relation of Accidents to Production Losses, 441*443. : , Speight, W. D.: Importance of Accident Facts in the Metals Industry, 265*267. Spicer, J. J.: Accident Prevention in the Tan* nlng Industry, 257-258. .Sprains: Strains, Sprains and Contusions ;?/ (Kessler), 74-76. , Standards: American Standards of Safety in / the Construction Industry (Smith), 120*122. t Ladder Safety Code (Bender), 122-124. 'li> -National and State Foundry Codes in Rela* ' ' tion to Accident Prevention (Kearns), 267- < * 268. Research on Oil BufTers and Undercar Safe* ties for Elevators, 120. , States and Safety: Activities of the State in thePrevention of Occupational Poisons (Gray). 170-172. Steam Railroad Section: Minutes, 405-434. Nominating Committee Report, 434. . . Officers, 434. 1 'Report of Committee on Prevention of High* . way Crossing Accidents (Rowe), 412*413. Report of Committee on Relations with Na* , tiottal Safety Council (Scott), 405*407. , Report of Committee on Train Accidents ; (Warfel), 420-421. Report of Committee on Train Service Acci- * A., dents (Phillips), 417*419. !' Resolutions Committee Report, 434. . Stearns, W.: Accident Costs--A Round Table Diecutsion, 403*404. ,, Steal Industry: See Metal Industries. \ Stevens, D. r.: Safety--It# Application to the . Individual, 416. ' Strains: In Back Injuries (Roberts), 73-74. ' Strains, Sprains and Contusions (Kessler), r 74-76. . See also Lifting. .A, . Stratton, K. C.; Data ' | Modern Respirator on the Filtering Efficiency Mediums of to Lead Dust and Fume, 164-166. lStream Pollution: Some Causes and Effects of f . Stream Pollution (Hoskins), 174*175. , Syphilis: See Venereal Diseases. Tanks: Cleaning end Gas-Freeing Cargo Oil , Tanks (Butterworth). 240*241. Tanning Industry: Accident Experience in the Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather In dustries during the year 1931 (Dittmer), 261*262. Accident Prevention in the Tanning Indus* try (Spicfer), 257*258. Oatstanding Causes of Injury in Our Plsnt and Measure# Taken to Prevent Their Re currence (Rheuby), 258*260. , What the Manufacturer of Machinery Can Do to Promote Safety in the Tanning In dustry (Callahan). 254-255. See also Leather Industry. .Tanning Section: See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Telephone and Telegraph: The Conference Process and Some of its Features and Pos- aibilities (Rennie), 376-378. 'Textile Industry: Health Hazards in the Tex ; tile Industry (Sappington), 443-444. - The Relation of Accidents to Production ' Losses (Spears), 441*443. ' Textile Safety JUnks and Safe Practices Textile Safety Kinks and Safe Practices', (Trolinger), 444*445. ,i Why Our Accident Plan is Successful^ (Smith), 437*439. Textile Section: Minutes, 435*446. Nominating Committee Report, 437. . . Officers, 437. %j Thee, W. C: How to Give the WorkM Health, Happiness and Security, 195*196. ' Tomb, Capt. J. H.: Training an Officer Per sonnel for the American Merchant M*rin% 241 >242. Torches: Report on Investigation of Accidents with Portable Hand Torches and Plumbers*. Furnaces. 128. ,,' Traffic: Building Safety and Facility into Highway (Hilsev), 146-149. 1< Solving the Traffic Problem (Hightower)^ 330-332. ., ' Trolinger, J. T.: Textile Safety Kinks and*. Safe Practices, 444*445. - u U. S. Government and Safety: See Federal*. Government and Safety. * Venereal Diseases: Syphilis and ,----------- - Infections in Small industries (Clarke), dr- 48. Ventilation and Exhaust Systems: In Me for the Control of Dust in Industry _ for the Protection of the Worker (HatChA 63*65. .. . Vofi, J. A.: Education and Discipline in t` Accident Prevention Program, 353*354. w Wallace, L. W.: The Engineer--A Factor Civilization, 128*130. , Wellman. E. J.: Trend of Accidents in Metal Stamping Industry, 348*349. Walton, T. W.: Building America's R~ Safely, 187*189. _ Warfel, G. H.: Report of Committee on Tra Accidents. 420-421. 9 .. Washburn, W. C,: The Safe Delivery of Food Products by Horse-Drawn Vehicles, 231 232. . ' Watson, W. N.: Safe Handling of Chemicals* 159*160. ^ Webb, H. F.: An Accident Prevention P gram and Its Results, 212*214. . Wells, C. V.: Safety Among Drivers in tered Fleets, 198*199. . Whitwell, G. E.: Safety in the Production Artificial Gas, 368-370. , Williamson, H. 1C.: Special Hazards of Few*' drinier Machines and Their Eliminat* " Wilson, J.* C: Safety in Retail Lumber Yard* 4S1-4S3. . .. Winders: In Report of Committee on Hateful of Inrunning Nips on Paper Machinal (Adams), 319*321. . _ Safe Drum Winders (Keown), 322. Winegar, C T.: Modern Management s of Safety, 132*133. _ Wlnton, E.: How the Nurse Can Share Health Information with the Worker, 82. t " Women in Industry: Accident Prevention Women Workers (Anderson), 37-38. Wood, J. P.: The Bridge and Building 430-432. Index 465 Woodworking and Lumber Manufacturing Sac- tion: General Chairman's Report, 448. Minutes, 447-454. Nominating Committee Report, 451. : Officers, 451. oodworking Industry: The Conditions of Saws ana Their Relation to Safety, (Geb* hart), 449-451. Kick-backs and How to Prevent Them (Boileau), 448-449. Workmen's Compensation Laws: In Education Will Do More Than Regulation to Pro mote Safety (Doak), 180. right E. C. and Luger, K. E.: The Use of : Stainless Steels in the Chemical Industry, >173-174. right, J.: Medical Aspects of Safety Aboard Ships, 235-237. Y Ysnt, W. P.: Activities of the Chemical In dustry in Preventing Poisoning from the Viewpoint of the Federal Government, 166 169. Young, A. H.: The Cooperative Objectives of the National Safety Council and the Rail* road Industry, 407-410. Your Hour, 276. z Zeitner, J. T.: How Can the Foreman Help the Accident-Prone Man? 227-228. Zook, J. B.: Safeguarding Our Eyes, 153-155.