Document 65VYV4Oy43GyoMDZZn4apzv6

Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL JULY. 1960 (VoL 24, No. 7) 4 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 TOTH AVENUE -> PITTSBURGH 13, PA. 01 132 1053 Industrial Hygiene Foundation assumes no responsibility for statements la articles abstracted in this Digest or for material from other organisations which may be sent to members from time to time. The Digest's condensation of articles as well as literature not originating within the Foundation, are made available to our members solely for their information, by way of keeping them poeted on developments. 01 132 1054 | INDUSTRIAL Hygiene F E^TURES See Abet. No. 634 for details on the disinfection of the hands of surgeons and nurses. The use ana abuse of contact lenses is the topic of Abst. No. 636. Information on the vision, visual acuity, and ocular refraction of young men is given in Abst. No. 637. The influence of tropical weather on cardiac output is treated in Abst. No. 638. For the neurological aspects of low back pain see Abst. No. 643. A discussion on smoking and person ality Is given in Abst. No. 645. Oil folliculitis, a study of 200 men em ployed in an engineering factory is the title of Abst. No. 649. Data on an outbreak of sporotrichosis in Florida are presented in Abst. No. 650. Ozone's role in chemistry and tech nology is discussed in Abst. No. 660. Abst. No. 661 is concerned with studies on the chemical forms of urinary lead. For the physical aspects of dust count ing consult Abst. No. 671. How did the term "pneumonokoniosis1' originate? Abst. No. 674 tells you. Pneumoconiosis in makers of artificial grinding wheels is the topic of Abst. No. 678. Abst. No. 684 presents a report on dif fuse lung lesions that mimic oneumoconio sis. Abst. No. 689 gives a critique of our pre sent noise control engineering efforts and accomplishments. Abst. No. 706 Is concerned with nitro gen oxide formation in the autoignition of liquid fuel sprays. Foundation Facts DR. GROSS PRESENTS PAPER. Dr. Paul Gross, the Foundation's Research Pathologist, presented a paper on "Autocatalysis of Pulmonary Edema", on June 10, I960 at the Third Conference on Research in Emphysema at Aspen, Colorado. THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES. The Threshold Limit Values for 1960, adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, appear in this issue of the Digest. Nine substances were changed from the Tentative List to the Recom mended List and eight new substances were placed on the Tentative List. The value for chlorobromomethane was changed from 400 to 200 ppm and manganese from 6 to 5 milligrams per cubic meter. Cyclopropane was removed from the list as lack of pub lished data did not justify previous listed value. NEW REPRINT. "An Immunologic Approach to the Pneumoconiosis", by Paul Gross, M.D. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health, 2I_, 228-232 (March 1960). This reprint is avail able from the Foundation upon request. SILVER ANNIVERSARY MEETING OCTOBER 26 27 , 1 96 0 1 132 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Threshold Limit Values for I960............................................................................................... I - IV News Items........................................................................................................................................... 1 Occupational Disease Statistics............................................................................................... 2 Coming Events ................................................................................................................................. 3 Legal Developments........................................................................................................................ 3 Books, Pamphlets and Notices.................................................................................................... 4 Industrial Medical Practice......................................................................................................... 5 Skin Diseases and Burns.............................................................................................................. 11 Chemical Hazards............................................................................................................................. 13 Industrial Dusts................................................................................................................................... 17 Physical Aspects of the Environment..................................................................................... ZZ Radioactivity and X-Radiation.................................................................................................... 23 Environmental Measurements.................................................................................................... 25 Preventive Engineering................................................................................................................... 26 Community Air Hygiene............................................................ 27 Management Aspects........................................................................................................................ 29 Accidents and Prevention............................................................................................................... 30 Miscellaneous................................................................................................................... .... 32 Index........................................................................................................................................................ 33 01 132 1056 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR I9601 Adopted at the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Rochester, New York, April 23-26, 1960 Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions under which it is be lieved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. The values listed refer to time weighted average concentrations for a normal work-day. The amount by which these figures may be exceeded for short periods without Injury to health depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short periods produce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumulative, the frequency with which high concentrations occur, and the duration of such periods. All must be taken into consideration in arriving at a decision as to whether a hazardous situation exists. Special consideration should be given to the application of these values in the evaluation of the health hazards which may be associated with exposure to combinations of two or more substances. Threshold limits are baaed on the best available information from industrial experience, from experi mental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. These values are based on various criteria of toxic effects or on marked discomfort; thus, they should not be used as a common denominator of toxicity, nor should they be considered as the sole criterion in proving or disproving diagnosis of sus pected occupational disease. These limits are intended for use in the field of industrial hygiene and should be employed by persons trained in this field. They are not Intended for use, or for modification for use, in the evaluation or control of community air pollution or air-pollution nuisances. These values are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions as further information becomes available. The Committee welcomes the suggestion of sub stances to be added to the list and also comments, references, or reports of experience with these materials. Recommended Values Gases and Vapors Substance PPM Approx. Mg, per Cu. M. Acetaldehyde 200 Acetic acid 10 Acetic anhydride 5 Acetone 1000 Acetylene-tetrabromide 1 Acrolein 0.5 Acrylonitrile 20 AUyl alcohol 5 AUyl chloride 5 Allyl propyl disulfide 2 Ammonia 100 Amyl acetate 200 Amyl alcohol (isoamyl alcohol) 100 Aniline 5 Arsine 0.05 Benzene (benzol) 25 Benzyl chloride 1 Boron trifluoride 1 Bromine 0.1 Butadiene (1,3-butadiene) 1000 Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) 250 360 25 20 2400 14 1.2 45 12 15 12 70 1050 360 19 0.2 80 5 3 0.7 2200 740 Substance Butyl acetate (n-butyl acetate) Butyl alcohol (n-butanol) Butylamine Butyl cellosolve (2 -butoxyethanol) Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Cellosolve (2-ethoxyethanol) Cellosolve acetate (2-etboxyethyl acetate) Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine triflouride Chlo robenzene (monochlorobensene) Chloroform (trlchloromethane) 1 -Chloro- 1 -nitropropane PPM 200 100 5 50 5000 20 100 25 200 100 1 0.1 0.1 75 50 20 Approx, h per Cu. 1 950 300 15 240 9000 60 1 10 160 740 540 3 0.3 0.4 350 240 100 l. The Threshold Limit Values will be published in the August, 1960 issue of the A.M.A. Archives of Environmental Health (formerly A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health). 01 132 105 I. Gases and Vapors (cont. ) Substance PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu.M. Chloropicrin Chloroprene (2-chloro-l, 3-butadiene) Cresol (all isomers) 0.1 25 5 C vc Lohexane C > clohexanol Cyclohexanone 400 100 100 Cyclohexene Deciborane 400 0.05 Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy 4 - m e th y 1 - 2 - pe ntanone) 50 Diborane 0. 1 o - Dichlorobenzene 50 D i c h 1 o r o di 11 u o rom e thane 1000 l, 1-Dichloroethane 100 l , 2 - Dichloroethane (ethylene bichloride) 100 1, l -Dichloroethylene 200 Dichloroethyl ether 15 Dichloromonofluorome thane 1000 1, 1 -Dichloro- 1 -nitroethane 10 Dichlorotetrafluo roe thane 1000 Diethylamine 25 Difluorodibromom ethane 100 Diisobutyl ketone 50 Dimethylaniline (N-dimethy laniline) 5 Dimethyl {ormamide 20 1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine 0.5 Dime th vl sulfate l Dipropylene glycol methyl ethe r 100 Dioxane (diethylene dioxide) 100 Ethyl acetate 400 Ethyl ac rylate 25 Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 1000 r.ihylamine 25 Ethylbenzene 200 Ethyl bromide 200 Ethyl chloride 1000 Ethyl ether 400 Ethyl formate 100 Ethyl silicate 100 Ethylene chlorohydrin 5 Ethy lene diamine 10 Ethylene dibromide (1, 2 -dibromoethane) 25 Ethylene imine - 5 Ethylene oxide 50 Elnonne 0. 1 Fluo rot rich lor omethane 1000 to rmaldehyde 5 Fu rfn ral 5 Furturyl alcohol 50 Ga soline 500 Heptane (r.-heptane) 500 Hexane (r.-hexane) 500 Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) 100 Hexonc (methyl isobutyl ketone)!00 Hydrazine 1 Hydrogen bromide 5 Hydrogen chloride 5 Hydrogen cyanide 10 0.7 90 22 1400 410 400 1 350 0. 3 240 0. 1 300 4950 400 400 790 90 4200 60 7000 75 860 290 25 60 1 5 600 . 360 1400 100 1900 45 870 890 2600 1200 300 850 16 30 190 9 90 0.2 5600 6 20 200 2000 2000 1800 410 410 1. 3 17 7 11 Substance PPM Approx. Mg per Cu.M. Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide, 90% 3 1 Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide 20 Iodine 0. 1 Isophorone 25 Isopropylamine 5 Mesityl oxide 25 Methyl acetate 200 Methyl acetylene 1000 Methyl acrylate 10 Methylal (dimethoxymethane)lOOO Methyl alcohol (methanol) 200 Methyl bromide Methyl cellosolve 20 (2-methoxye thanol) 25 Methyl cellosolve acetate (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate) 25 Methyl chloride 100 Methyl chloroform (1,1, 1-trichloroethane) 500 Methyl eye lohexane 500 M ethyle yc lohexanol 100 M ethyle yc lohexanone 100 Methyl formate 100 Methyl isobutyl carbinol (methyl amyl alcohol) 25 X.-Methyl styrene 100 Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) 50C Monomethyl aniline 2 Naphtha (coal tar) 200 Naphtha (petroleum) 500 Nickel carbonyl 0. 001 Nitric acid 10 p-Nitroaniline l Nitrobenzene 1 Nitroethane 100 Nitrogen dioxide 5 Nitroglycerin 0.5 Nitromethane 100 2-Nitropropane 50 Nitrotoluene 5 Octane 500 Ozone 0. 1 Paradichlorobenzene 75 Pentane 1000 Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone) 200 Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) 200 Phenol 5 Phenylhydrazine 5 Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) 1 Phosphine 0.05 Phosphorus trichloride 0.5 Propyl acetate 200 Propyl alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) 400 Propyl ether (isopropyl ether) 500 8 1.4 9.2 30 1 I 40 12 100 610 l bSO 35 31 00 2t,u 80 80 120 210 2700 2000 470 460 250 100 480 1 740 9 8 00 2000 0. 007 25 b 4 310 o 4 250 180 30 2350 0.2 450 2950 7 00 1350 19 22 4 0.07 3 840 980 2100 01 132 1058 Substance Propylene dichloride (1, 2 -dichloropropane) Propylene inline Propylene oxide Pyridine Quinone Stibine Stoddard solvent Styrene monomer (phenylethylene) Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur monochloride Sulfur pentafluoride Tertiary butyl alcohol p-Tertiary butyl toluene Gases and Vapors (eont.) PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M. Substance PPM 75 25 100 10 0. 1 0. 1 500 100 5 1000 1 0.025 100 10 350 60 240 30 0.4 0.5 2900 420 13 6000 6 0.25 300 60 1, 1,2,2- Tetrachloroe thane Tetrahydrofuran Te tram trom ethane Toluene (toluol) o- Toluidine Tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate Trichloroethylene Triethylamine Trifluoromonobromo- methane Turpentine Vinyl chloride (chloroethylene) Vinyl toluene Xylene (xylol) Xylidine 5 200 1 200 5 0. i 200 25 1000 100 500 100 200 5' Approx. per Cu 35 590 5 750 22 0. 1050 100 6100 560 1 300 480 870 25 Toxic Dusts, Fumes, and Mists Substance Mg. per Cu. M. Substance Mg. per Cu. M. Aldrin (1,2,3,4, 10, 10-hexachloro- 1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4,5,8dimethanonaphthalene) Ammate (ammonium sulfamate) 0.25 15 Antimony ANTU (alpha-naphthyl-thiourea) 0. 5 0. 3 Arsenic Barium (soluble compounds) Be ryllium 0.5 0. 5 J. 002 Cadmium oxide fume 0. 1 Calcium arsenate 0. 1 Chlordane (1,2,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8-octachloro- 3a, 4, 7, 7a-tetrahydro-4, 7-methanoindane)2 Chlorinated camphene, 60% 0. 5 Chlorinated diphenyl oxide 0.5 Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine) 1 Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) 0. 5 Chromic acid and chromates (as CrCtj) 0. 1 Crag herbicide (sodium 2-(2,4-dichloro- phenoxy) ethanol hydrogen sulfate) 15 Cyanide (as CN) 5 2,4-D(2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 10 DDT (2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-l, 1,1 - trichloroethane) 1 Dieldrin 11,2,3,4, 10, 10-hexachloro-6, 7- epoxy-1,4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a-octahydro- 1,4,5,8-dlmethano-naphthalene) 0.25 Dinitrobenzene Dinitrotoluene Dinitro-o-c re sol 1 1.5 0.2 EPN (O-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonate) 0.5 Ferbam (ferric dimethyl dithiocarbamate) 15 Ferrovanadium dust 1 Fluoride 2.5 Hydroquinone 2 Iron oxide fume 15 Lead 0.2 Lead arsenate 0. 15 Lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma isomer) 0. 5 Lithium hydride 0. 025 Magnesium oxide fume 15 Malathion (O, O-dimethyl dithiophos- phate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate) 15 Manganese 5 Mercury 0. 1 Mercury (organic compounds) 0. 01 Methoxychlor (2, 2-di-p-methoxy- phenyl-1, 1, 1-trichloroethane ) 15 Molybdenum (soluble compounds) 3 (insoluble compounds) 15 Nicotine 0.5 Parathion (O, O-diethyl-O-p-nitro- phenyl thiophosphate) 0. 1 Pentachloronaphthalene 0.5 Pentachlorophenol 0.5 Phosphoric acid 1 Phosphorus (yellow) 0. 1 Phosphorus pentachlorlde 1 Phosphorus pentasulfide 1 Picric acid 0. 1 Pyre thrum 2 Rotenone 5 Selenium compounds (as Se) 0. 1 Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) 0. 1 Sodium hydroxide 2 Strychnine 0. 15 Sulfuric acid 1 TEDP (tetraethyl dithlonopyrophosphate) 0. 2 TEPP (tetraethyl pyrophosphate) 0. 05 Tellurium 0. 1 Tetryl (2, 4, 6-tnnitrophenyl- methylnitramine) 1.5 Thallium (soluble compounds) 0. 1 Thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide) 5 Titanium dioxide 15 III. 01 132 1059 Toxic Dusts, Fumes. and Mists (cont.) Substance Trichloronaphthalene Trinitrotoluene U ranium (soluble compounds) (insoluble compounds) Vanadium {V^O5 dust) (V^O^ fume) Mg. per Cu. M. 5 1.5 0. 05 0.25 0. 5 0. 1 Substance 4 Warfarin (3-(0^acetonylbunzyl)> 4-hydroxycoumarin) Yttrium Zinc oxide fume Zirconium compounds (as Zr) Mg. per Cu.M. c. 5 5 15 5 Radioactivity: For permissible concentrations of radioisotopes in air, see U. S. Department of Com merce, National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 69, "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure", June 5, 1 >69. Also, see U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 59, "Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation", September 24, 1954, and addendum of April l^, i'<5a. Mineral and Non-Metallic Inorganic Dusts Substance MPPCF Substance Silica Quartz high (above 50% free silica) medium (5 to 50% free silica) low (below 5% free silica) Cristobalite (above 5%) Amorphous Silicates Asbe stos Mica Portland Cement Soapstone Talc 5 20 50 5 20 5 20 50 20 20 Miscellaneous, including: Aluminum oxide Calcite Dolomite Dime stone Marble Silicon Carbide MPPC 50 50 50 50 50 50 Substance PPM Acetonitrile A11y 1 glycidyl ether (AGE) Boron oxide n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) butyl mercaptan 1. h lo roace taldehyde l; h lo r ob romomethane DD V P (O, O-Dimethyl-2, 2- tichtorodivinyl phosphate) UiglycnJyl ether (DGE) Lth> 1 mercaptan Clyc idol 4cc - Hexyl acetate Isopropyl glycidyl ether (1GE) Kc tene 40 10 50 10 1 200 10 250 50 too 50 0.5 Tentative Values Approx. Mg. per Cu.M. Substance PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M. 70 45 15 270 35 3 1050 1 55 640 150 59O 240 0.9 Methyl mercaptan 50 1 -Nitropropane 25 Pentaborane 0. 005 Perchloromethyl mercaptan 0. 1 Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) 50 Phosdrin n-Propyl nitrate 25 Systox Teflon decomposition product s 0. 005 1,2, 3-Trichloropropane 50 1, 1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2- trifluo roe thane 1000 Triorthocresyl phosphate 100 90 0. 01 0. 8 310 0. 1 110 0.2 300 7600 0. 1 (Signed): William L. Ball Herbert . Stokinger W. Clark Cooper Keith H. Jacobson Hervey B. Elkins William F. Keindollar Warren H. Reinhart Allan L. Coleman, Chairman 01 132 1060 IV July, I960 Volume XXIV No, 7 Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and News NEWS ITEMS 619 American Public Health Association Meeting. The 3Sth annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, scheduled for the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, October 31 to November 4, will be the largest gathering of public health specialists ever held on the West Coast. Scientific sessions and exhibits will cover a wide variety of health programs and research development. Registra tion will be open to non-members as well as to members of the Association, which is the largest professional society of public health specialists in the Western Hemisphere. Major sessions will include an opening symposium on man and his changing environment and a closing symposium on present status and future directions of work in malignant diseases. The Association's 14 sections are developing scientific sessions to hear reports on current work in their respective fields. Areas to be covered in the program include genetics, re habilitation, adolescent development and problems, medical care for children, accident pre vention among children, lead poisoning, dental programs for children, costs of pharma ceuticals, medical care and the health department, medical group practice, service to patients in the home, occupational health service in medical care and tuberculosis eradica tion. At least t>0 related health organizations are scheduling meetings in conjunction with the Association's sessions. Among them are the American Association of Public Health Physicians, American College of Preventive Medicine, American National Council for Health Education of the Public, American School Health Association, American Society of Pro fessional Biologists, Association of Business Management in Public Health and Association of Schools of Public Health. Headquarters of the American Public Health Association are at 1790 Broadway, New York 19, New York. The executive director is Berwyn F. Mattison, M.D. 620 Western Industrial Health Conference. The Fourth Annual Western Industrial Health Conference will be held October 7 and 6, 1960 at the Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, California. Attendance at this conference is ex pected to include approximately 500 physicians, nurses, hygienists and safety engineers re presenting industry in the western states. Co-spongers include: Western Industrial Medical Association, Western Industrial Nurses Association, the Northern and Southern California Sections of the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists, and the Western Region Chapter of the American Society of Safety Engineers. Further information may be obtained from Clarence L. Lloyd, M. D. , North-American Aviation, Inc., Los Angeles 45, California. -- J. Occ. Med. o2 1 Occupational Health Conference of Western New York. The Second Annual Occupational Health Conference of Western New York will be held October 27, I960 in the Rochester Chamber of Commerce, Rochester, New York. The conference will be aimed at the management and non-protessional personnel with emphasis on the health problems encountered in factories and business and the encouragement of such organizations to develop medical assistance in their solution. Sponsors of the conference will be the Rochester Chamber of Commerce and the Health Association of Rochester and Monroe County. Further information may be obtained by writing to James H. Sterner, M. D. , Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4. New York. - J. Occ. Med. 01 132 1061 Industrial Hygiene Digeit July, I960 622 Methyl Acrylate and Ethyl Acrylate. ' ',, ' .! ' \4 ' i Properties and essential information for the safe handling and use of methyl acry late and ethyl acrylate are described in a new chemical safety data sheet published by the Manufacturing Chemists' Association. Methyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate are classified by | the Interstate.Commerce Commission as flammable liquids.. They have low flash points and > their vapors form explosive mixtures with air over a wide range of concentrations. Methyl ' acrylate and ethyl acrylate-are irritants for the skin, mucous, membranes and gastrointestinal ' ' tract. Systemic absorption may lead to-degenerative changes in the liver and kidneys. Unless properly inhibited, methyl'acrylate and ethyl acrylate polymerize readily, evolving consider* able heat and presenting explosive hazards when in closed containers. Copies of SO*79 Methy'. Acrylate and Ethyl Acrylate are available at 39 cents each from the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc., 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington 9, D.C. '. ' i 623 AIHA Cumulative Index. A cumulative index of the'American 'Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly frvir. 1940 through 1957, (Volumes 1 through 18) has-been completed. This index was compiled in conjunction with the offering of complete sets of bound volumes of the Quarterly and provides . j a valuable key to ,a great deal of important information on industrial hygiene published over these 18 years. Because**of its'value as a reference source. The Cumulative Index is being made i available for purchase as ,a'separate item. The Index may be obtained in either soft or hard cover until further notice'.' The price schedule is: Members, soft cover $10, hard cover $15. . Non-members, soft cover $ 15, hard cover $20. Orders and inquiries should be directed to Executive Secretary, American Industrial Hygiene Association,14125 Prevost, Detroit 27, Mich.! OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS ! Occupational Disease Statistics. (Cases reported to the respective Health Departments.) l ,' . Conn. Apr `Pa. May-June Total Blood poisoning -. Cyanosis ., Fumes (unidentified) Dermatitis Hepatitis Irritation of eyes ,. Lead poisoning , Pneumoconiosis . Pneumoconiosis (suspected) Respiratory congestion ' Silicosis Silicosis (suspected) Tuberculosis ''V' 41 4 '' *' t , ' ' _ ; - `` 1 i \. >_ .... . 1 1 ` 1' 35 .1 1 2 17 4 1 76 20 2 1 1 1 76 1 1 2 17 4 1 76 20 2 Total ''V'v. 41,'' ' ' 162 203 * Causes are listed as. follows: '."n Connecticut -- solvents (N.O.C), 9; oils, fats, and waxes, 6; chemicals (N.O.C.), 5: soap solutions, glue, etc.., -5; synthetic resins and chemicals, 4; friction, tension, and repeated motion, 3; poisonous plants, 2; abnormalities of temperature, acids, inorganic dust, medications, miscellaneous, "protective creams", and unde;teerr1mmt0innee6dd,s,2<44 each. oi Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1963 COMING EVENTS 625 Aug, 3-5 Aug. 7-10 Aug. 7-12 Aug, 8-11 Aug. 11-13 Aug. 15-18 Aug. 16-18 Aug. 16-19 Aug. 18-20 Aug. 20 Aug. 21-25 Aug. 21-26 Aug. 21-26 Aug. 22-26 Aug. 23-26 Aug. 23-26 Aug. 25-27 Aug. 25-27 Aug, 27-Sept, Sept. 1-7 Sept, 11-16 Sept. 14-16 Sept. 15-18 Sept. 25-28 Sept, 26-30 St. Joseph's Annual Clinici, Denver, Colo. American Society of Clinical Hypnosis, Miami, Fla. Gerontological Society, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. National Medical Association, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Rocky Mountain Radiological Society, Denver, Cole. American Veterinary Medical Association, Denver, Colo. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation, 4th Annual Conference, New York, N.Y. Society of Automotive Engineers, San Francisco, Calif. Reno Surgical Society, Reno, Nevada. American Institute of Ultrasonics in Medicine, Washington, D.C. American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Seattle, Wash. American Association of Blood Banks, San Francisco, Calif. American Congress of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Washington, D.C. American Physiological Society, Stanford University, Calif. American Statistical Association, Annual Meeting, Palo Alto, Calif. Biological Photographic Association, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah. Conference on the Chemical Organization of Cells: Normal and Abnormal, Madison, Wis. West Virginia State Medical Association, White Sulphur Springs, W, Va. American Hospital Association, San Francisco, Calif. International Congress on Nutrition, International Union of Nutrition Scientists, Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society, 1 38th National Meeting, New York, N.Y. National Petroleum Association, Annual Meeting, Atlantic City, N, J. Drug Chemical and Allied Trades Association, 70th Annual Meeting, Bolton Landing (Lake George), N.Y. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Tulsa, Okia. Instrument Society of America, 15th Annual Meeting and Instrument- Automation Conference and Exhibit, New York, N.Y. LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 626 Occupational Disease -- Silicosis -- Notice to Employer. Appellee worked for Pond Creek Colliery for some 27 years, during which time ha contracted silicosis and was so advised in December, 1952. On June 1, 1955, after appel lee's discharge, the mine at which he had been employed was sold to appellant and a few days later appellee was called back to work by appellant, the new owner. He remained in this em ployment some 84 days. On January 6, 1956, he instituted this litigation by filing a claim against Pond Creek for compensation on account of his silicotic condition. Appellant was made a party by amendment. Judgment was entered against appellant. The finding of fact by the Workmen's Compensation Board that appellant had no notice and was unaware of the fact that appellee was suffering from silicosis until the compensation claim was filed against it was supported by competent evidence and therefore ie conclusive. The right of recovery may not be defeated by delay in giving notice where the employer Is not prejudiced, but In this case, since the law makes liable the last employer in whose service a silicosis victim 3. 01 132 1063 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, I960 has been injuriously exposed, it can be presumed that appellant would not have employed appellee had It known his condition. .Thus there can be no question but that excusing the delay would prejudice appellant, .which is innocent of any fraud, negligence or other con duct that could form a just basis for'fastening liability upon it in the face of the clear re quirement of the statute that notice .be given the employer as soon as practicable after an employee has knowledge of his condition. . Judgment reversed with directions. Osborne Mining Corporation'v, Barrera, Kentucky Court of Appeals. April 22, I960. -- Reproduced by permission from Workmen's Compensation Law Reports, published by and Copyright 1960,. Commerce Clearing House, Inc., 4025 W; 'Peterson Ave., Chicago 46, 111. 62T Occupational Disease--Silico-Tuberculosis--Time'of Disablement--Finding of Fact. The rule applicable herein is that the substantive rights of an employee to com pensation under the workmen's compensation laws become fixed by the law in force at the time a compensable injury, or accident occurs. Where an employee who suffers from sili cosis sustains a series of illnesses and is finally incapacitated from silico-tuberculosis, determination of the cause of the prior illness presents a question of fact for determination . by the Industrial Commission.'"Where the evidence reasonably sustains a finding that the last illness (and not the previous ones) brought.about the disablement within the meaning of the occupational disease statute and the law in effect at that time governs, the decision will be affirmed. Judgment affirmed. Kress v. Minneapolis-Moline Company. Minnesota Supreme Court. No. "37806. April 14, 1960. - -- Reproduced by permission from Workmen's Compensation Law Reports, published by and Copyright 1960, Commerce Clearing House, Inc.j, 4025 W. Peterson Ave., Chicago 46, Til. 628 Death from Starch Dust. The Supreme Court of New, Jerse> recently decided a workmen's compensation claim that had been pending almost 5 years. Charlotte Kassiski was the widow of a mu who worked for the International Paper Company. Kassiski operated a starch-mixing machine. Mrs. Kassiski maintained the dust her husband inhaled from the materials used in the ma chine caused a coughing spell, that it brought on the ruptured aneurysm which killed him. The problem was.to prove it. The paper company said there was no evidence that the dust made Kassiski cough. But Mrs. Kassiski had hospital records to establish the manner and place of Kassiski1 s injury.^ Claim allowed. Kassiski v. International Paper Company. Supreme Court, of New.Jersey, I57At. 2dl Dscember 21, 1959. - - Occ. Hazards BOOKS, PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES 629 Industrial Ventilation Manual. Sixth Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Committee on Industrial Ventilation. P. O. Box 453, Lansing 2, Michigan. ~ (1960). 244 pp. $7.00 with hardcover and $4. 00 with flexible cover, (a: a count for quantity purchases). This edition of the new, enlarged, completely re-edited edition of the industrial Ventilation Manual, contains information on low velocity systems, new hood design diagrams, pressure-volume-horsepower curves for fans, a hew table of corrosion resistant properties of plastics, revised section on testing of ventilation systems, new information on radiant heat, high and low temperature psychrometric charts, and numerous other useful features. The first edition of this manual was issued in 1951. Since that time approximately 19,000 copies have been distributed in this country and abroad. The recommended practices con tained in this,,excellent work are recognised and approved by numerous municipal, state, and federal governmental agencies. ' 01 132 1064 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1^60 630 Ecology and Chemical Pesticides. Notes of Discussions, November 16-17, 195q. Sponsored by The Conservation Foundation, 30 East 40th Street, New York 16, N. Y. (May 1960). No price given. 35 pp. This pamphlet presents two days of discussion sponsored by the Conservation Foundation in November 1959 on ecology and pesticide use. Papers on the following sub jects were given: Pest Control and an Ecological Point of View; Developing New Methods of Insect Control; Biological Control; Wildlife and Pesticide Use; Pesticides and Aquatic Environments; Getting Beyond "Rules of Thumb" in Forest Spraying; Insecticide Resistance: and Criteria for Pesticide Use. b3 1 Health Statistics from the U.S. National Health Survey. Series B-No, 16. Types of Iniuries Incidence and Associated Disability. United States July 158-June 1959. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service. PHS Publication No. 5b4-BI6. 36 pp. (May I960). For sale by Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. 30 cents. This report deals with the types of injuries sustained in accidents and the disability resulting from these iniuries. Since a person may sustain more than one type of injury in a single accident, the number of injuries shown exceeds the number of persons who were in ured during the period covered by this report. Further, since quite frequently more than one person is injured in a single accident, the estimate of the number of injuries is much higher than the actual number of separate accidents resulting in bodily injury that occurred during the corresponding period. Data presented in the report are derived from household interviews obtained in a continuing probability sample of the civilian non-institutional popula tion of the United States during the period July 1958 through June 1959. Interviews were con ducted in approximately 37, 000 households comprising 120, 000 persons. The survey includes data only on persons living at the time of the household interview. Thus the injury experience of persons who died during the two-week period prior to the household interview is excluded from the data. Although the survey questionnaire is designed to obtain reports of all injuries whether major or minor, it should be emphasized that only injuries that were medically attended or resulted in one or more days of disability were tabulated in this report. INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 632 The Practice of Industrial Medicine --What it Takes. The Sappington Memorial Lecture. W. P. Shepard. J. Occ. Med. Z_, 255-259 (June 1960). The author has summarized the consensus of authoritative sources on present-day desirable qualifications for physicians interested in devoting part of their practice to indus trial medicine. These qualifications are seldom, and need not be, attained all at once. The practice of medicine is a learning experience. The good physician never ceases learning. Industrial medicine offers a stimulating challenge for attaining new knowledge. It is no place for the static, complacent physician. The means of attaining these qualifications have been listed briefly. They are within the reach of any who are interested. The present problems in small Industry with respect to health service are urgent. On one side, small industries are largely indifferent to, or unaware of, their medical needs. On the other side, they can not always be provided with qualified part-time physicians. This leads to mediocre industrial health programs, or none at all. It increases industry's indifference to or deprecation of the physician's services. It may be remedied as more physicians become better qualified to make their services more valuable, and better compensated. -- Cond. from author's conclusion 01 132 1065 Industrial Hygiene Digest July,, 1960 A i 1 Problems in the Development of Analgesic Drugs and the Evaluation of Pain. H. S. Kupperman. J. Occ. Med. V, 262-267 (June 1960). 2 The physician must use discretion in prescribing new drugs. An avalanche of new formulations is continually appearing on the market as the pharmaceutical industry attempts to replace the old with supposedly newer, superior drugs. The alleged superiority may re present over-enthusiasm of. the original investigator supported by the pecuniary hopes of the dispensing manufacturer. Many of the newer'agent* may not show any advantage .vr the older ones -- ?xccpt to enable a particular pharmaceutical house to enter this highly competitive market. The tneoretical advantages emanating from the pens of the advertising .->nri promotion "xecutivos should not be the criterion for transferring the medication to the phy sic inn's pre emption pad until they have been supported and confirmed by well-designed and < 'ntrolled mimal and -liniral investigations. 634 Diainfectio' of the Hands of Surgeons and Nurses. E. J. L. Low bury and H. A. Lilly. Brit. Med. J. U 1445-1450 (May !4, 1960). ' . . Viable bacteria emerging through pinholes in surgical rubber gloves, and deposited inside the gloves after they had been worn for an hour.were counted. These counts were used as criteria in a controlled study of several methods of hand disinfection. Bv both criteria the mean viable counts from 5 subjects were approximately halved after 5 minutes' surgical scrub with soap and water. When the 5-minutes scrub was used as a control it was found that viable counts were reduced usually to less than one-tenth by the inclusion of 5 mg. of neomycin and 5 mg. of bacitracin per gram of glove-powder, by a 3-minutes rinse with 70% alcohol, by a 3-minutes rinse in 70% alcohol containing 0.5% chlorohexidine, and by using hexachiorophane soap or phisohex for the' scrub and for all ablutions during the week before the experiment; phisohex was distinctly; superior to hexachiorophane soap, and chlorohexidine in alcohol somewhat-better than alcohol alone; Mopping the hands with a swab soaked in indus trial spirit had a much smaller effect. The regular use of hexachiorophane soap by nurses in 2 accident wards and a burns unit was associated with a mean reduction of about two-thirds in the counts of viable bacteria and of presumptive Staph, aureus in hand washings. The use of hexachiorophane during periods of duty only, and of chlorohexidine hand cream 3 or 4 times a day, was associated with much smaller reduction in the hand flora. The combined use of chlorohexidine cream with hexachiorophane soap for all ablutions did not lead to any consistent improvement upon the results obtained with hexachiorophane soap alone. All the staphylococci isolated from hands of nurses were highly sensitive to hexachiorophane. No nurses developed sensitivity to hexachiorophane. Authors' siimmarv 6 35 Antiseptic Cream for use on the Hands in Food Establishments. Doreen L. Wedderburn. Brit. J. Lr.d. Med. 17, 125-129 (Apr. i960). An antiseptic cream containing benxalkonium chloride as germicide has been deve loped for use on the hands. It inhibits growth on agar of staphylococci, E. coli, and S. typhi- murium; it persists on the fingers, kills organisms applied to the skin, and reduces-the norm*l bacterial population of the skin. It is convenient to apply and has been found acceptable by workers in several food factories. -- Author's abst. 636 The Use and Abuse of Contact Lenses. J. A. Dyer. Proc. Staff Meetings Mayo Clinic V5, 223-229 (Apr. 27, I960). The first contact lens for a patient was made in the late 1890's in Zurich. The first trial set of contact lenses was not made, however, until about 1930, by Zeiss, and not until 1948 was a smaller, or corneal, lens developed; only in the last 2 or 3 years has a more comfortable and more nearly perfect lens been designed. . Two types of contact lenses have been made: a scleral type, which fits over a portion of the sclera and the cornea, and a corneal type which is smaller in diameter and is designed to cover the cornea only. Scleral contact lenses are seldom used now. There are some contraindications to wearing contact lenses. Any type of acute disease of the eyes, whether it be a mil conjunctivitis, an acute glaucoma, 6. 01 132 1066 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1960 an iritis, or a keratitis, is certainly a contraindication. Chronic diseases of the cornea, and chronic simple glaucoma, are contraindications, Cornell scars particularly, tend to break down if contact lenses are worn for a long time; it is safer to forget about the lenses than to take a chance of having such a reaction. Climatic conditions may or may nor influence the wearing of contact lenses. People in colder climates are happier with contact lenses than are people in warmer climates. Age is another factor. Usually children should not be fitted with contact lenses, since they are unable to handle them properly. Pregnancy may be a con traindication. If in the last trimester there is some edema of the tissues and particularly of the conjunctiva, use of the lenses may have to be discontinued. It is fair to say that anyone interested in having contact lenses, whether young or old, should have an examination to de termine whether or not he is a candidate. The desire to wear the lens is one of the prime re quisites. Another is a careful evaluation as to whether the patient can or cannot, from the eye standpoint, wear the lenses. If he can, careful fitting of the lenses, careful instruction of thepatient, and periodic follow-up examinations are certainly essential. No serious conse quences from wearing contact lenses on healthy eyes have been reported at yet. 637 Vision, Visual Acuity, and Ocular Refraction of Young Men. Findings in a Sample of 1,033 Subjects. A. Sorsby, M. Sheridan, G. Leary and B. Benjamin. Brit. Med. J. _1_. 1394-1398 (May 7, 1960). A sample consisting of 1,033 young men called up for National Service showed that some 60% of eyes and 70% of young men have unaided vision of 6/6 or better, while vision only slightly below this, 6/7. 5, is found in another 12 to 15%. In the general population, over 80% of young men can therefore be regarded as having full vision unaided by glasses. Only 4% have unaided vision of 6/60 or less. With correction the incidence of vision of less than 6/7. 5 is 3%; only 0.4% of young men have corrected visual acuity of 6/18 or less. The range of ocular refraction in this series extended between + 10D and -13D. Some 75% of eyes and of men showed refraction between 0 and +20; some 9% showed myopia of-up to 40, and 2% myopia in excess of this. In all, some 90% of the population have a range of refraction between -10 and +40. Nearly 20% of the population has astigmatism in excess of lO. The higher degrees of astigmatism were not yoked to the higher degrees of spherical errors, but were proportionately distributed over the whole range of refractions. Some 4% of the popula tion showed squint, and 0.5% showed amblyopia ex anopsia of a severe type (6/36 or leas,. The curve of distribution of ocular refraction gives little support for the widely held vie* that there is an excess of myopia as distinct from an elongation of the myopic tall. Judged against a normal distribution, there is a marked excess of emmetropic and near-emmetropic eyes -- an excess that eliminates the belief that the individual components of refraction vary freely. The eye is obviously a correlated organ. On the available data at least 15% and possibly as much as 25 to 30% of men require optical attention during early adult life. -- Authors' summary 638 Influence of Tropical Weather on Cardiac Output, Work, and Power of Right and Left Ventricles of Man Resting in Hospital. G. E. Burch, et al. A.M.A. Arch. Internal Med. 104. 553 (Oct. 19591. This article is an extension of observations previously reported. Study of 5 addi tional adults revealed a greater cardiac output in a warm and humid environment than in a comfortable, air-conditioned room. A greater stroke volume was responsible for the in creased cardiac output. Since the blood pressure tended to be lower, there was not a pro portionate increase in actual cardiac work. These observations are interpreted, however, as indicating the desirability of providing a cool and comfortable environment for the patient with cardiac disease requiring rest therapy. -* J. Occ. Med. Abets. t>39 Cardiovascular Study of 100 Asthmatic Patients with Special Reference to Electrocardiographic Changes. O. A. Robiolo, P. R. Tuero and L. Bentolila. An. cir. 24, 151-15o (July-Sept. 1959). Spanish. Asthma of long duration has frequently been incriminateo as a cause ui heart dis ease. One hundred patients of either sex with asthma of long duration were observed. Most 01 132 1067 7. Industrial Hygiene Dig e it July, i9bO of the patient* were between the age* of 40 and 70 year*, and complained.of either cardie- j vaacular or respiratory diaorder*. Twenty patient* had pulmonaty emphysema. The elec trocardiogram* showed change* of either atrial or ventricular overload in 16 of these patients: in the remaining 4 the electrocardiogram* were normal. Forty-four patient* had arterial hypertension; 9, coronary insufficiency; and 4, chronic cor pulmonale which was associated 1 with pulmonary emphysema. Roentgenologic examination of the heart showed changes proper ! of overload of the lesser circulation in 7 patients, whereas the electrocardiogram* showed j this type of changes in 37 patients. Overload of the lesser circulation showed early in the electrocardiograms by changes of the P wave, associated with elongation of the PQ interval ! by about 0.20 second. The sinusal rhythm was regular. The cardiovascular disorders, as - i shown by changes of the electrocardiograms observed in patients with asthma of long duration depend on the presence of pulmonary hypertension which results from seconday emphysema. | J. Am. Med.Assr.. Absts. j 640 Accidental Acquired Hypersensitivity to-Tetanus Antitoxin. I. B. Sneddon. Brit. Med. J. _1_. 1468-1469 (May >4, i960).' ! A woman casualty officer developed urticarial swelling of the eyelids after giving tetanus antitoxin. Despite the absence of an allergic history, a test dose of 0.2 ml. of 1 in 10 dilution of-tetanus antitoxin precipitated a severe and prolonged allergic reaction. The asthma, urticaria, vomiting, -and collapse lasted 48 hours, but subsided after adrenaline, antihistamines', and 1,900 mg. of hydrocortisone. It is presumed that the patient was sen- sitised by tetanus antitoxin entering the conjunctival sacs. The intense reaction to a test dose of tetanus antitoxin-confirmed the high degree of sensitivity which had developed. Such cases can be avoided only if a more vigorous active immunisation campaign succeeds in making passive immunizationunnecessary, -- Author's summary " - - ' 1 [ j j j i 641 A Study of-the Repeatability of' Ventilatory Tests, Anthropometric Measurements, and An swers to a Respiratory Questionnaire in Working Coal Miners. J. R. Ashford, G. D. Forwell and R. Routledge. . Brit. J.Ind. Med. _1_7, 114-121 (Apr. 1960). A study has been made in working coal miners of the repeatability of ventilatory tests, anthropometric measurements, and the answers to a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. On the first visit especially, there was evidence of a continuous increase in both forced expiratory volume (FEV) and forced vital capacity (FVC) from the first to sixth expirations at the same visit but it was minimal after the first expiration. No difference be tween the beginning and end of a shift was found. The effect on the FEV and FVC readings of the day of the week and time of day at which the examination was made was negligible. Observations recorded in Scotland were 1ST. higher than those obtained in South Wales. Be tween the beginning and end of shift there was a small reduction in weight and in standing and. sitting ^height measurements. The repeatability of the answer* to the questionnaire was good. No consistent difference was found between doctor and clerk observers. -- Authors' abst. 642 A Study of the Reproducibility of the Forced Vital Capacity of Coalworkers at Two Collieries in Scotland-and Two Collieries in South Wales.- D. P. Duffield and J. R. Ashford. Brit. J. Ind. Med. IT, ,122-124 (Apr. 1960). A study of 1,522 coalworkers at two Scottish collieries and two Welsh collieries showed that the forced vital capacity (FVC) was as reproducible a measurement as the forced expiratory volume (FEV) (1 sec.). This applied not only to replicate readings, but also be tween readings taken before and after a working shift on the same day, and also between readings taken at an interval of one week. An examination of the results of FEV (1 sec.) and FVC readings taken on the entire colliery populations at a colliery in Ayrshire, Scotland, and one in South Wales showed that replicate readings of FVC and FEV (1 sec.) were equally re- . producible and that reproducibility was virtually unaffected by the presence or absence of bronchitic symptoms or the different prevalence of pneumoconiosis at the two collieries. - Authors' abst. 8; 01 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, I960 643 Neurological Aspects of Low Back Pain. K. Frankel. J. Occ. Med. 2, 282-284 (June I960). t From the neurological standpoint, herniated nucleus pulposus is a frequent cause of low back pain which can usually be differentiated clinically from low back pain due to other causes. Since the dislodged structure exerts pressure on spinal nerve roots, the resulting pain follows the anatomical distribution of the involved nerves. Treatment should be started with simple measures: bed rest on a firm mattress and local heat at spaced intervals of time. Drug therapy should start with salicylates and move on to the use of codeine sulfate and meperi dine (demerol) hydrochloride if necessary. Reduction of associated paravertebral muscle spasm is simply achieved with isopropyl meprobamate (soma). Psychotherapy is required ir. varying amount, but a very minimum requirement in the industrial case is the avoidance of suspicion and hostility between patient and physician. Opaque myelography and surgical cor rection are reserved for cases in which conservative measures fail. -- Author's summary 644 The Employment of Epileptics in New Zealand Factories. J. F. Copplestone. New Zealand Med. J. 58, 658-667 (Oct. 1959). Eight hundred and eighteen questionnaires were sent to factory managers, who were asked to return the form within a fortnight of receipt. Three hundred and fifty (42.8%) were received during this period and only 12 after it. Since the latter were in no way atypical and counting had already begun they were excluded. The survey covered 14, 105 registered factory workers. Returned questionnaires covered 9, 153 (65. 3%) of these workers. The coverage of the survey was very satisfactory. The question remaining open is the attitude of those who did not reply. This survey seems to indicate that the stigma of epilepsy is a real entity but, as far as employers are concerned, it may not be as great as many epileptics think. There are employers in every trade who are willing to give the epileptic a trial if he compares favorably with other applicants for a job. There are many others who are undecided and for these much can be done by education. However, not all the education should be di rected at the employers. There is also need to educate the epileptic, for he often shares the public prejudice against himself. If more epileptics, even those who no longer have fits, were willing to reveal themselves, without prejudice, in the jobs that they are doing now, this would be a most valuable and enlightening lesson for employers and would tend to make them more favorably disposed to other epileptic applicants. Further investigation seems to be needed along the following lines: (1) What is the real number of epileptics employed in industry, and what are they doing? (2) How many accidents actually occur, and to what type of epileptic0 (3) How much do personality defects in epileptics contribute to the general prejudice? The solution of the problem of the employment of epileptics is dependent on a sympathetic and re sponsible approach by employers. This survey indicates that there is a reservoir of sympathy and that it can be enlarged by education along the right lines. 645 Smoking and Personality. H. J. Eysenck, Mollie Jarrant. Myra Woolf and L. England. Brit. Med. J. L 1456-1460 (May 14. 1960). ` The theory that smoking causes lung cancer has received much support. The in vestigation here reported was carried out to test certain deductions from an alternative theory, according to which both smoking and lung cancer are symptoms of one and the same under lying factor, related to genotypic differences between smokers and non-smokers. It was hypothesized that cigarette smokers would be (1) more extraverted, (2) less rigid, and (3) more neurotic than non-smokers. An emperical investigation of 2, 360 male subjects, se lected so as to conform to a predetermined sampling scheme, and stratified according to age, social class, and smoking habits, strongly confirmed the first of these hypotheses, weakly confirmed the second, and failed to confirm the third. Pipe smokers were found to be quite different from cigarette smokers from the point of view of personality, being the most introverted group studied. On the whole the data confirm the view that genotypic dif ferences exist between smokers and ron-smokers, and between cigarette smokers and pipe smokers. -- Authors' summary 9. 01 132 1069 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1960 64b A 5-Year Follow-Up Roentgenologically Detected Lung Cancer Suspects. L. W. Guiss. Cancer J^3. 82-90 (Jan.-Feb. 1960). a During 1950 cheat minifilms were taken of a total of 1,867,201 peraona, or al- moat 60% of the Loa Angeles County population over 15 yeara of age. Although the chief purpoae of this aurvey waa the detection of tuberculoaia, 3,500 lung tumor auapecta were found; these were incorporated into a tumor registry and have been followed up to determine what might be the natural history of such a group. In 1955 a paper was published summarizing the experience of this closed group during the first 3 years after the aurvey, together with certain conclusions about the effectiveness of roentgenographic screening as a lung cancer control measure. This current and final report reviews the status of the same group at the end of S years or more from the time of minifilming. A rather large segment of the original 3, 500 patients (620, or almost 18%) were lost to follow-up, and 748 (21 %) were known to be dead at the end of 5 years. The incidence of, and death rate from, bronchogenic carcinoma appears to increase annually. The salvage from this disease by surgical treatment has not improved during the past 10 years, largely because of relatively late diagnosis and treatment and, to a lesser degree, because of limitations inherent in current surgical techniques. Any improvement in cure rates for lung cancer will stem, not from extensions of scope of surgical treatment, but rather from earlier treatment of curable cases. Periodic repetitive roentgeno graphy of the chest is currently the only generally available and practical method of detecting lung cancer before it becomes symptomatic or incurable. If pulmonary screening programs are restricted to selected groups and to men over 45 years of age, the yield in lung cancer cases may be increased immensely. -- Cond. from J, Am. Med. Assn. Absts. 647 Artificial Respiration. A Guide to Current Practice. L. M. Croton. J. Inst. Sci. Technol. 5^, 16-24 (Oct.-Dec. 1959). This article describes briefly the methods of artificial respiration which are known as the Holger Nielson, Schafer, Silvester and mouth-to-mough insufflation. Interest in this subject at the moment centers on the powerful claims being made that the mouth-to- mouth method produces a far bigger tidal volume of air in the lung than is obtained by any push and pull method. In consequence there is a very much more rapid transference of oxygen io the blood of the asphyxiated subject. The author, in a written communication, tells of ar. opportunity he has had to convince.himself of the validity of this claim by giving artificial respiration to an anesthetized and curarized patient before a surgical operation. Training of first-aid workers in the mouth-to-mouth method presents some difficulties on social grounds but it is hardly justifiable to call them "obvious ethical disadvantages"--no doubt the author meant aesthetic. In any case these difficulties are being surmounted and many in England are already trained to the mouth-to-mouth method. -- Bull. Hyg. 648 Clinical Application of Large-Scale Electronic Data Processing Apparatus. (1) New Concepts in Clintcal Use of the Electronic Digital Computer. J. E. Schenthal, J. W. Sweeney and W. Nettleton, Jr. J. Am. Med. Assn. 173, 6-11 (May 7, I960). The uses and advantages of a digital computer system in medical research were explored in a pilot study of 138 records from an out-patient clinic. Information was coded with the help of the Standard Nomenclature of Diseases and Operations, the Cornell Medical Index, and other aids, and it was found possible to punch a history of 195 questions on Inter national Business Machine cards in 40 seconds. Manual punching can be avoided by a pro cedure (mark-sensing) whereby information recorded on blanks by electrographic lead pencils can be transferred directly to punch cards by machine. Data in this form can be stored easily and retrieved quickly. The study demonstrated the possibility of locating rapidly, in a very large collection of records, a group of charts meeting any desired combination of requirements. -- Editor's summary 1C. 01 132 1070 Industrial Hygiene Digest SKIN- DISEASES AND BURNS 4 July, I960 i49 Oil Folliculitis. A Study of 200 Men Employed in an Engineering Factory. J. S. Finnie, Brit. J. Ind. Med. _T7' 130-140 (Apr. I960). Occupational skin disease is a problem of major Importance in the engineering industry. Little is known about the occupational distribution of oil folliculitis and its varying degree of severity. This investigation was undertaken in an attempt to discover which occu pations are at risk and why. The study was conducted at an engineering factory where 200 men, whose daily work brought them in contact with mineral oils, petroleum products, or greases, were surveyed. The survey comprised a personal interview and clinical examination. The object was to determine the severity of the folliculitis and the nature of certain environ mental factors which might be associated with the development of this condition. It was found that in the occupations of capstan lathe operator and automatic lathe operator there was a significantly higher proportion of men with the more severe degree of oil folliculitis. It was also demonstrated that in these occupations men were exposed to oil to a significant degree. The apparent inefficiency of personal hygiene as a preventive measure was thought to be due to insufficient cleansing so that oil was not properly removed from the skin. This type of occupational skin disease will remain prevalent until machines can be to designed as to eliminate or reduce contamination of the workers' skin by oil. -- Author's abst. 650 An Outbreak of Sporotrichosis in Florida. L. Crevasse and P. D. Ellner. J. Am. Med. Assn. 173, 29-33 (May 7, I960). Sporotrichosis infections occurred in 8 workers at two separate pine tree nur series in northern Florida. In one patient the infection was limited to the site of inoculation, and the others had the localized lymphatic type; all were cured by administration of iodides. This was the first incidence of the disease at either of the nurseries, one having been in operation for 4 years, the other for 8. Bothhave used the same procedures in planting, growing, harvesting, and shipping the young trees. The only change in routine that might be related to appearance of the disease was in the source of their supply of sphagnum moss, which is packed around the tree roots before they are shipped. Whether the moss, pur chased from a different part of Wisconsin than before, contained the parasitic Sporotrichum schenckll has not yet been determined. -- Editor's summary 651 Protection from Ultraviolet Carcinogenesis. J. M. Knox, A. C, Griffin and R. E. Hakin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 34, 51-58 (Jan. 1960). The authors cite evidence obtained by other investigators to the effect that the incidence of cancer in different regions of the skin is roughly proportionate to the amount of sunlight reaching those regions, and that sunlight is a major cause of skin cancer. In the Southwest outdoor workers receive large amounts of solar radiation, and skin cancer of both the squamous and the basal-cell type is quite common in such persons. Topical sun screens have been applied to the skin to prevent sunburn in swimmers, sun bathers, fishermen, etc., but have not been generally recommended for protection from ultraviolet carcinogenesis. Various substances of the benzophenone family have been shown to be excellent sun-screening agentst therefore, a representative benzophenone, 3-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-benzenesulfonic acid (BSA), was chosen for evaluation as to its ability to prevent the development of ultraviolet-induced skin cancers in albino mice. In selected experiments BSA was compared with p-amlnobenzoic acid (PABA), the experiments demonstrating that ultraviolet carcino genesis can be reduced by the topical application of BSA or PABA. These findings in ex perimental animals may or may not be applicable to man. Physicians should probably begin by recommending a good sun screen for fair-skinned patients who are chronically exposed to 01 132 1071 11 Industrial Hyliana Dig art July, 1960 sunlight. For once die process of ultraviolet cercinogeneela la Initiated, it proceeda with out further exposure, and damage that hae already been done cannot be reveraed. Moreover, in many peraona it ia important to prevent additional damage. The earlier the protective meaaurea are inatltuted in auaceptible peraona, the leaa prone they ahould be to develop actinically induced akin cancer. -- J. Am. Med. Aaan. Abata. 652 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda and Occupation. H. Ippen. Berufadermatoaen 7, 256-266 (Oct. 1959). German. The rlaing incidence of cutaneoua porphyria in later life haa arouaed the auepicion that exogenoua aa well aa congenital factora may play aome part In ita development. The author deacrlbea the caae of a man aged 65 in whom the typical akin lealona of late porphyria occurred after 20 yeara aa an electric welder and 14 yeara aa a repairer and welder of lead-containing toola, during which period he waa expoaed to lead vapor. He had no clinical aymptoma of lead poiaoning, but a higher than normal excretion of copro- and uroporphyrin) the bone marrow ahowed increased erythropoleala and laporoacopy of the liver hemoaiderotic fatty cirrhoaia. There waa also an increaaed aanaitivlty to ultraviolet light. It waa concluded that the expoaure to lead and ultraviolet light had been determining factora. Porphyria cutanea tarda seldom causes an incapacity for work greater than 30%, but in rare caaes lealona resembling sclerodactyly may follow. A dose association between cutaneous porphyria and many Industrial conditions is difficult to demonstrate, but the author believes lead to be the moat Important underlying factor. He recommends that in such cases there ahould be a change of occupation, and in all casea, abstention from alcohol. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 65 3 Local Treatment of Burns, V. Bergonselll and A. Fontana. Minerva chir. J_4, 1535-1542 (Dec. 31, 1959). Italian. The authors report on their experience with the local treatment of burns in a series of patients observed at the clinic for general aurgery of the University of Turin. They conclude that the "open air method" is the moat aatlafactory one for the local treat ment of lat-degree, 2nd-degree, and 3rd-degree burns. The authors give first the most appropriate treatment for combating pain, shock, infection, and hemodynamic, protein, or electrolytic imbalances. The patient who haa auffered burns la considered aa suffering from multiple lasiona, each differing from the othera in pathogeneaia, pathological atructure, prognosis, therapeutic indication, and reparative capacity. In caaes of local septic compllcatlona the crust is removed, and wet therapy, by means of packa containing an antiseptic solution of the Dakin type, la applied. The proper treatment of 3rd-degree and 4th-degree burns consists in an early excision of the eschar, followed by grafting. When early excision Is not possible because the patient ia in a state of shock, surgical decompression by msana of deep incisions in the devitalised areas ia advised. Ia a case of severe trauma and collapse, it is advisable to perform excision of the eschar and to rehabilitate the patient by the method most suitable in his case. Bleeding areas are covered With akin grafts applied as early as possible, with autoplastic material. It is suggested that the application of homoplastic skin be reserved for very rare cases, especially when the patient is in a grave condition. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. Absts. 654 Burns Following Accidental Exposurs to High Energy Radiation. L. M, Cramer et el, Ann. Surg, 149. 286 (Feb. 1959). A radiation burn involving most of the abdominal skin resulted from an accidental exposure of a physicist to a Van de Graaff accelerator beam. The skin dose is estimated to be 7,200 rep of electrons with a peak energy of 0. 6 mev. No symptoms or signs of acutewhole-body-radiation syndrome wars seen. The skin developed erythema within 10 minutes, vesiculatlon and bulla formation on the 10th day, and progressive akin necrosis until the end of the 4th month. Skin grafting waa performed from 2 to 4 months after the accident. The pa tient returned to full activity 6 months after his injury. Early excision and skin grafting per haps should be considered in future burns of this type. The pathologic changes of the skin are described in surgical specimens obtained 46, 68, and 98 days following exposure. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 01 132 1072 12 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, I960 655 Measures for the Prevention of Percutaneous Poisoning with Phenol and Aniline. E. Schutz. Berufsdermatosen 7, 266-274 (Oct. 1959). German. * The greatest hazard of poisoning from skin contamination arises from phenols, aniline compounds, nitrobenzene and some plant insecticides. A table lists the substances recommended and not recommended for cleansing the skin from phenol and aniline. Animal experiments were carried out to determine which could be regarded as fulfilling the criteria of being non-toxic in themselves, capable of dissolving, emulsifying and facilitating the re moval by washing, and of not furthering absorption of the toxic compounds by the skin. The substances tested were applied to the shaved abdominal skin, both intact and abraded, of rats, after preliminary application of phenol and aniline in lethal doses. For phenol, the substances tested were water, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, olive oil and a polyethylene glycol; for aniline, the same with the exception of glycerin and olive oil. With phenol, only the glycol compound had an ameliorating effect on the symptoms of poisoning when applied to injured as well as intact skin; 40% ethyl alcohol had a protective effect with injured but not with intact skin; glycerin and olive oil were both practically ineffective. With aniline also the polyethylene glycol gave the greatest protection; ethyl alcohol prevented the death of 5 out of 5 rats with unbroken skin but was ineffective when the skin was injured; tap water was quite ineffective. -- Bull. Hyg. 656 Allergic and Toxic Skin Injuries in the Production and Use of Benzene Hexachloride. P. Behrbohm and B. Brandt. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 17, 365-583 (1959). Ge rman. Crude benzenehexachloride (BHC) is a mixture of isomers. It can be absorbed by the skin, gastrointestinal canal and by inhalation. Skin injuries in man have been almost exclusively observed in workers employed in its production. The authors have investigated 26 cases, some described as "probably allergic" and some as "probably toxic" eczema. The allergic cases occurred especially in the department where the gamma isomer is obtained from the crude product; the majority of the toxic cases where a mixed insecticide known as "cotton dust" (DDT, BHC, sulfur and a filler) was handled, particularly during the summer months. The lesions were localized especially in folds of the skin, such as the elbows, where sweating was most marked. This is attributed to the decomposition of BHC by the alkaline sweat; it is not known which component was responsible. Allergic eczema was partly assoc iated with the severity and duration of the first attack; it sometimes recurred after an interval away from work when clothes which smelt of technical BHC were re-worn. Patch tests showed no positive reaction to pure, alpha, beta, gamma and delta isomers but increased with in creasing grades of impurity, suggesting, in contrast to other observations---including those of the American Committee on Pesticides in 1951--that the cause of the allergic contact eczema is not the gamma or delta isomer but the impurities in the so-called "benzine layer" formed during the crystallization of the technical product. Protective measures which have greatly reduced the Incidence of severe contact eczema are avoidance of the production of cotton dust during the warm season; powdering with talcum after bathing; frequent changes of clothing and increased removal of dust by exhaust ventilation. Allergic dermatoses are to be expected only with the use of impure preparations of BHC.' -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. CHEMICAL HAZARDS 657 Suggested Method for Boron Determination with 1.1 '-Dlanthrtmlde. F, H. Rainwater. J. Am. Waterworks Assn. 5_1_, 1046-1050 (Aug. 1959). Sources of boron in water and requirements for satisfactory analytical method are briefly discussed. Details of test procedure using dianthrimide are given; the procedure has been routinely used by various laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey since 1951. Recovery tests indicated a standard error of 0.012 mg./liter. There are 3 tables in the text. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 13. 1 132 10 73 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, I960 658 Screening of Fluorine-Containing Compound! for Acute Toxicity. F. A. Smith, et *1. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 54-58 (Jan. 1960). * The maximal tolerated dose and the minimal lethal doee in mice are eatimated for a aeriea of 20 fluorine-containing organic compounds, 4 inorganic compounds of fluorine, and 3 nonfluorine-containing organic compounds. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 659 Zirconyl-Alizarin Chelate in Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Fluorine. R. P. Ashley. Anal. Chern. iZ, 834-336 (June 1960). The preliminary separation of the fluoride ion from fluoride-be a ring materials by the Willard-Winter steam distillation invariably yields a distillate which is slightly con taminated with the acid used for the distillation. This free acid is an undesirable feature of absorptionometric procedures requiring precise control of pH. A simplified method for the determination of microgram quantities of the fluoride ion involving a zirconium-sodium ali zarin sulfonate reagent is presented. Good precision and accuracy are obtained without the tedium of pH adjustment, and adequate sensitivity coupled with strict observance of the BeerLambert law in the fluoride range 0 to 1.9 micrograms per ml. makes possible the precise measurement of concentrations of the order of 0.05 microgram per ml. -- Author's summary 660 Ozone's Role in Chemistry and Technology. G. A. Lutz. Battelle Tech. Rev. o, 9-15 (June 1960). The author discusses ozone under the following subject headings: physical pro perties, chemical properties, ozone in the laboratory, ozonolysls equipment, analysis, in dustrial ozone generators, feed gas requirements for ozonators, auxllliary equipment, power requirements and cost data, water purification, oxidation of plant wastes, control of atmos pheric odors, bleaching, intermediates for polymers and lubricants, perfumes, flavors, pharmaceuticals, rocket fuels, miscellaneous reactions, ozone as an analytical tool, problems associated with ozone, and the future of ozone. Conflicting reports have appeared as to the actual toxicity of ozone. These discrepancies have been due in part to the use of crude ozonizers with fluctuating current densities, contaminants in feed gas, and the use of unreliable methods of analysis, and organic materials readily attacked by ozone. Repeated exposures to 2 to 3 ppm by volume of ozone induced some hemorrhage and edema in lungs of rats. Chronic exposure to ozone decreased the weight of young rats, and concentrations greater than about 1 ppm significantly affected their growth. Four factors that seem to modify the toxicity of ozone toward small animals are youth, physical exertion, alcohol, and respiratory infection. Studies on the toxic effect of ozone on man indicate that concentrations as low as 2 ppm may cause severe irritations of the respiratory tract within leas than one hour. Liquid ozone es pecially in concentrations greater than 30% by weight is extremely unstable and will explode in a most violent and, usually, unexpected way. In handling liquid osone, all the precautions for liquid oxygen, plus precautions for an extremely sensitive explosive are necessary. Gen erally, ozonides are unstable and should be handled with.great caution until reliable studies of their stability have been made. The uncontrollable decomposition of ozonides is frequently accelerated by impurities and elevated temperature. 661 Studies on the Chemical Forms of Urinary Lead. G. T. Oinischiotu, et al. Brit. J. Ind. Med. _17, 141-145 (Apr. I960). Lead in urine has been determined by an ashing technique to give total lead and by a standard co-precipitation technique to give precipitable lead. In 44 normal subjects values obtained by both methods were the same. In 72 subjects exposed to lead, of whom 57 had clinical lead poisoning, the precipitable lead was significantly less than the total lead. As much as 40% of urinary lead can escape determination by the co-precipitation methods of estimation. Preliminary findings suggest that the non-precipitable lead may be<present as a natural chelate. The significance of these observations is discussed. The danger is stressed that cases of threatened lead intoxication may be overlooked if only co-precipitation methods of estimating lead in urine are used. -- Authors' abst. 14. 01 132 1071 Industrial Hygiene Dlgcet July, 1960 662 The Value of Periodic Medical Examination* in the Prevention of Lead Poitoning in a Foundry. An Attempt to Classify the Subject* According to the Degree of Lead Abeorption. M. Oltramare. 2. Praventivmed. 4, 302-309 (Sept. 1959). French. Periodic medical examinations, including basophil granular count* aa the main criterion, were undertaken in a brass foundry in Geneva, aa aome of the meaaure* to aaaea* and control the lead hazard when several caaea of lead poiaoning had auddenly occurred. Pro duction at higher temperature* had been increaaed, though the aame bronze alloy, which con tained 25% of lead, had been made for 25 year*. Atmospheric concentrations of lead are shown in a plan to have been well above the MAC and near the furnace to have reached 12 mg./ cu.m. Additional and improved ventilation hoods were installed, a partition was built and workers were provided with masks to be worn during certain proceaaea. While improvements were being made and others planned, the periodic examinations and the trend of blood changes assumed great importance. No new caaea of poiaoning developed. Workers exposed to Lead were classified into 5 groups from safe to severely poisoned. The critical basophil granular picture, which separated those with slight lead absorption or possible unobtrusive poisoning from those with slight poisoning or evident absorption, was a quantitative or a qualitative one: a total of 5 granular cells per 1,000 red blood cells; or 2 per 1,000 with medium or coarse granules; or 1 per 1, 000 with coarse granules. By means of this examination it was possible to pick out those with marked absorption before symptoms appeared, A graph shows the corre lation between basophil granulation and lead exposure in a worker after he had returned to work following recovery from severe poisoning. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 663 Enumeration of Punctate Basophil Cells in Periodical Examination* of Workers Exposed to Lead. M. Oltramare, R. Lang and Jacqueline LeCoultre. Z. Unfallmed. Berufskrankh. 52^, 235-242 (Sept. 15, 1959). French. In examining punctate basophil cells, which though not pathognomonic of lead poisoning, are particularly numerous and characteristic, the authors classify the granula tions, according to their size, as large, medium, and fine. They consider punctate cells specific to lead absorption when they number between 1 and 10 per 1,000 erythrocytes. They prefer staining by alkaline methylene blue to May-Grunwald-Giemsa since the former makes nearly twice as many visible as the latter. They also prefer direct light to dark-ground illu mination on the grounds that the latter makes it more difficult to distinguish the size of the granulations, which vary with the severity and acuteness of the absorption. Among 50 lead workers, those with no symptoms showed almoet entirely fine or medium granulations; in those with slight symptom* of nervousness, constipation, occasional abdominal pain and a hemoglobin level not lower than 80%, some cells contained large granulations; with overt in toxication-anemia, colic and renal symptoms--the punctate count was never below 8 per 1,000, and coarse granulations were always present. It is concluded therefore that an in crease in the number of punctate cells practically always precedes the appearance of manifest clinical symptoms and that the special value of this enumeration liee in the prevention of the passage of those showing fine and medium granulations to those with coarse. A typical case is quoted of a workman who felt well and had a hemoglobin level of 85%, but who showed 10. 6 per 1,000 punctate basophils, of which 2% had coarse granulations. He was therefore removed immediately from all contact with lead. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 664 Effects of Chronic Dleldrin Ingestion on the Muscular Efficiency of Rats. M. Khalry. Brit, J. Ind. Med. 17, 146-148 (Apr. 1960). Several cases of dieldrin poisoning were reported among sprayers following re peated exposure to this Insecticide. The symptoms developed by some of the most severe cases of poisoning included epileptiform convulsions. The effect of dieldrin on muscular efficiency of rata was studied. A state of chronic toxicity was produced by maintaining two groups of rats on a diet containing 25 ppm and 50 ppm of dieldrin respectively. A third group receiving a diet containing no dieldrin acted as a control. Muscular efficiency was measured by training the rats to pull weights of increasing magnitude in a 250 cm. runway. The time taken to pull weights through the standard distance was recorded, Dieldrin appeared to have 15. 01 132 1075 Industrial Hygiene Digest I i July, 1960 j no effect on body weight; food intake, or learning, but muscularefficiency (as measured here), seemed to be affected by this compound. A progressive deterioration in muscular efficiency j was observed, and was related to tKe amount of dieldrin administered. Although the nature of the deterioration cannot be deduced from this study, the results obtained here suggest pos- , sible lines of investigating, the early effects on human beings of exposure to dieldrin. -- Author's absts. j 665 Intoxication with Parathion in ricultural Workers: Observations and Notes in 41 Cases. J G. Battiato. Minerva med. 5, 4086-4094 (Dec. 12, 1959). Italian. The author reports.on 27 agricultural.workers who were moderately or severely i poisoned by the insecticide, parathion. The' most'common symptoms of moderate intoxication,: which appeared suddenly in these'workers, were: abdominal pain; vomiting, frequently ac companied by vertigo; a slight degree of asthenia; headache; and bradycardia. Mild sweating i was present in 7 patients, and mild fever in 11. The latter symptoms are apparently I nonspecific, but to workers handling parathion spraying substances, they are a warning of ! possible imminent eruption of the poisoning effects.' Severe intoxication with parathion had : similar initial symptoms as the instances of.moderate intoxication, and the onset was sudden J and,acute. Unlikethe moderate form, however; marked adynamia, impaired consciousness I developing sometimes into coma, profuse sweating, pulmonary edema, and arterial hyper- j tension appeared within 2 hours after the onset of the symptoms. The arterial hypertension ' gradually decreased, and became normal within a few days. It seems that the same quantity 1 of parathion may produce either moderate or severe symptoms of intoxication according to < the individual reaction of the patient. Treatment with atropine is suggested at the onset of the symptoms, because initially,-it is not known whether a mild or a severe form of intoxica tion will follow. --J. Am. Med. Assn. Absts. ! 666 Parathion Poisoning. H. B. Kingman. S. African Med. J. 3.3, 899-901 (Oct. 24, 1959). i This is an account of 4 cases of accidental poisoning by parathion; the patients . were members of a family who had eaten contaminated stew. The author discusses, modern work on this condition and advocates the following system of treatment (in which pyridine-2- i aldoxime methiodide (P2-AM) is used) as recommended by Crob and Johns. (1) Terminate exposure by removal from site of poisoning, removal of contaminated clothing, copious washing of skin and eyes, and gastnc .lavage. (2) Maintain a patent air-way by endotracheal intubation or tracheotomy if necessary. (3) Apply artificial respiration manually or by the use of the poliomat, artificial lung, or bellows on closed circuit anesthetic machine. (4) Administer atropine 2-4mg. (1/30-1/15 gr. ) intravenously, followed by 2 mg. every 3-8 minutes until muscarine-like symptoms disappear, and whenever they reappear; a total of 24-48 mg. may be required the first day. . In less severe intoxications give 2 mg. intra venously or intramuscularly, and repeat at 20-minute intervals until muscarine-like symptoms 1 are relieved; maintain a milddegree of atropiiiization for 24-48 hours. (5) In severe intoxi- j cation give 2,000 mg. of 2.PAM (P2-AM) (500 mg, per minute) intravenously, and repeat the dose if weakness ,is not relieved or recurs. In! moderate intoxication give 1,000 mg. intra-. venously and repeat if necessary. ; -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 667 The Failure of Absorption of DC Silicone Fluid!703 from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rats. J. Paul and W. F. R. Pover. Brit. J. Ind. Med. j_7; 149-154 (Apr. 1960). ; The intestinal absorption .of, silicone fluid 703, a methyl phenyl polysiloxane, has been studied in the,,rat. / This silicone was chosen for the present investigation because of its lipid-like character and its solubility in olive oil. The experimental findings demonstrate that very little, if any, silicone is absorbed when fed in olive oil. No silicone was found in the lymph lipids of cainnulated rats fed the silicone, and balance experiments by recovery of the organosilicon compound and triglyceride after feeding to rats for 3'hours showed that 85% of silicone fluid,703 was recovered,from the gastrointestinal tract, whereas 70% of the fed | | 01 132 1076 t i f Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1960 triglyceride was absorbed. The unabsorbed silicone was concentrated chiefly in the intes tinal lumen. Balance experiments by recovery of the organosilicon compound after long term feeding gave recoveries of 96% of the silicone. This amount.was recovered entirely from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract and the feces. No silicon fluid 703 was found in the liver, kidneys, or fat depots. The urine contained no soluble silica. -- Authors' abst. 668 Pigments and Lacquers, the Basic Ingredients of the Paint Industry. M. Hochweber. Z. UnfaHmed. Berufskrankh. SZ_, 197-217 (Sept. 15, 1959). German. Modern painting operations require low-boiling, rapidly volatile, potent solvents with components for preventing formation of film, pigments, binding materials, solvents and thinners, adhesives, emulsifiers, and disinfectants. Solvents are usually mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, tetralin, decalin. alcohols, ethers and esters, and the mtroparaffins have now to some extent replaced the once ubiquitous turpentine. Glycol and furfuran derivatives are much used as lacquer sol vents. Binding materials have undergone much development during the last 30 years with the introduction of nitrocellulose lacquers and of synthetic resins obtained by polymerization; isocyanates and epoxy compounds and silicones are the most recent examples of this develop ment. The main hazards from all these materials are summarized according to the pro cesses in which they are used. Scraping of old paint involves inhalation of lead compounds and burning paint involves inhalation of zinc fume and decomposition products such as acrolein. Paint stripping with alkalis causes skin contact and in stripping with mixed solvents, both inhalation and skin contact occur. Sand blasting with quartz can cause silicosis. Chemical derusting and fluonzing bring contact with phosphoric and hydrofluoric acid and its salts. All methods of paint application involve inhalation of solvent vapors and volatile components; spraying carries the additional hazard of fine pigment particles, and hand cleansing with thinners, the risk of defatting the skin. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 669 Bibliography on the Biological Effects of Thorium. E. Hutchinson. UR-563. Rochester, N.Y. Univ. Atomic Energy Project. 48 pp. (Jan. 18, I960). Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. Five hundred thirty references are presented on the biological effects of thorium. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 670 Sampling Microbiological Aerosols. H. W. Wolf, et al. Public Health Monograph No. 60. Public Health Service. 58 pp. (1959). For sale by Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. 45 cents. Samples and equipment for use in bacterial air sampling are described and illus trated. Various methods for bacterial air sampling are discussed. It is pointed out that con sideration should be given to the determination of particle size when studying air-borne mic roorganisms and their relation to respiratory infections, since the amount of particulate ma terial and bacteria retained in the respiratory system is largely dependent upon the size of the inhaled particles. Some examples are included of air-borne bacterial concentrations likely to be found in various environmental situations. Factors influencing the concentra tions of air-borne bacterial particulates are discussed. - Nuclear Sci. Absts. 17. 01 132 1077 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1660 671 Some Statistical Aspects of Duat Counting, J. R. Ashford. Brit. J. Appl. Phys. U_, 13-21 (Jan. I960). t ,t / This paper is concerned with the application of statistical methods to the problem of evaluating samples of air-borne dust obtained with the thermal.precipitator. A brief description is given of the nature of the dust sample, followed by an outline of the techni ques employed to estimate the number of particles deposited. The three main sources of counting variation: systematic differences between observers, basic counting error, and random distribution of particles in the dust deposit, are then considered. The effect of size distribution oh counting errors is examined and it is shown that this factor may lead to appreciable variation in the recorded counts. Following a short description of varioia properties of the dust deposit which, although not strictly associated with the counting pro cess, have a bearing on the reported concentration, recommendations are made about opti mum procedures for counting thermal precipitator samples. -- APCA Absts. 672 Fundamental Studies on the Thermal Precipitator., Karlheinz Schmitt. Staub Jl_9, 416-421 (Dec. I,.1959). German. ' . Research is described on the behavior of aerosol particles in a thermal gradient. The device used was an ingenious, combination of a thermal precipitator and a Millikan oil drop apparatus. The effects.of pressure and of carrier gas were investigated. Mathematical descnption of the results is possible only for.particles with radii substantially larger or smaller than the mean free path in the gas. The results are discussed in terms of their application to practical thermal precipitators,. Public Health Eng. Absts. 673 Investigation of Dust Samples.with the Phase Contrast Microscope, Especially with the Use of Membrane Filters. K. G. Schmidt and G. .Heidermanns. Staub 413-416 (Dec. 1, 1959). . Gentian. A process is described for the quantitative mineralogical determination of differ ent types of dusts on membrane filters, using the phase contrast microscope. This permits evaluation of the dusts without changing their etaie of aggregation. Mixtures of cinnamaldehyde and diethyl oxalate are used; these swell the filter and make it transparent without dis solving it. The technique permits examination of samples on the membrane in media with refractive indices ranging from 1.42 to 1.62. Composition of the mixtures are tabulated as a function of the resulting refractive index for one type of German-made membrane filter. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 674 The Origin of the Term "Pneumonokoniosis". i A. Meiklejohn. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 17, 155-160 (Apr. I960). 1 Throughout the literature on the dust diseases of the lungs, reference is frequently made to the fact that Professor Friedrich Albert Von Zenker (1825-1898) of Erlangen, intro duced the term "pneumonokoniosis". A translation of the original German article in which ; the name "pneumonokoniosis" was coined is reprinted prefaced by a biographical sketch of its author. Professor F. A. Zenker. The article, entitled Ueber Staubinhalationskrankheiten i der Lungen (Diseases of the Lungs due to the Inhalation of Duat) published in Dtsch. Arch, klin. i, 116 (1867), is a general review of current knowledge of the subject. It incorporates original observations on Die Eisenlunge (iron lung) or Siderosis pulmonum (pulmonary siderosis). It is at the conclusion of this section that Zenker discusses nomenclature and suggests the generic term pneumonokoniosis. The manuscript was passed for publication in July, 1866, but: the work was not published until 18b7., These facts are mentioned because throughout the literature, the reference is usually dated 1866, when, in fact, it should be 1867. i I Id 01 132 1078 Industrial Hygiene Diget July, I960 675 The Clinical Significance of Cavitation in Anthracosilicosis. P. A. Theodoe. Ind. Med. fc Surg. 29, 238-242 (June I960). * Anthracosilicosis is the type of silicosis found in hard coal miners. It is charac terized by a nodular, coalescent nodular or conglomerate form on the x-ray. The conglo merate form is the most common and is manifested by fibrotic masses of varying sizes, generally symmetrically distributed in both lungs. When the distribution is asymmetrical or when localization in one part of the lung occurs, the presence of associated infection is generally considered to be the cause. This infection is frequently tuberculous in nature and it is often accompanied by cavitation. The presence of tuberculosis can be confirmed by re covery of tubercle bacilli from the sputum. Treatment of silicosis with tuberculosis is simi lar to that for tuberculosis in general. Chemotherapy has been effective in controlling the manifestations of toxemia but has had very little effect on cavity closure and conversion of sputum. Collapse measures have seldom produced cavity closure and their use is limited by the reduced pulmonary reserve. No specific treatment is required when cavitation due to ischemic necrosis is present. Treatment is similar to the noncavitated cases utilizing such modalities as bronchodilators, cardiac drugs, antibiotics and intermittent positive pres sure breathing. Recognition of the nontuberculosis nature of cavitation is important so that unnecessary hospitalization in a tuberculosis facility can be avoided. A miner with ischemic necrosis can be permitted to live in normal relationship to his family and community and may even be gainfully employed depending on the adequacy of his pulmonary function. 676 Dust Content, Radiology, and Pathology in Simple Pneumoconiosis of Coalworkers. Part 1: General Observations. D. Rivers, M. E. Wise, . J. King, and G, Nagelschmidt. Part 2; Detailed Analysis of the Data. D. Rivers and M. E. Wise. Brit. J. Ind. Med. _17, 87-108 (Apr. 1960). Lungs from 45 coalworkers with simple pneumoconiosis have been compared with chest films obtained within 2 years of death. The carbon, quartz, mica, and kaolin content of the lungs was determined chemically. Large lung sections were used to assess the type and severity of emphysema and the presence of fibrous dust nodules. Histological sections were used to grade the amounts of reticulin and collagen in the simple dust foci. By using averages of 4 independent readings of each radiograph, subdivisions of the 1. L.O. 1950 scale of categories were related to amounts of dust in the lungs. It was found that the mean weight of total dust in the right lung was: category 0, 4.3 g; category l, 10.5 g; category 2, 14.5 g; category 3, 26. 7g; and that the mineral and carbon contributed about equally to the radiologi cal changes but, weight for weight, mineral contributed about 9 times more than carbon. A physical explanation for this is suggested, in terms of relative absorptions of x-rays by car bon and mineral; the coefficients of absorption of the various dust components and "wet tissue" are compared at various wavelengths, and the effects on radiograph are discussed. An ex planation in terms of tissue reaction to dusts was also investigated but was not found to be plausible. "Mean ages of dust foci" (periods of dust retention) were studied from records of work underground, and compared with the radiological changes, the gradings for reticulin and collagen, and the presence of fibrous dust nodules. Observer variability in readings of x-ray films was greater when fibrous dust nodules were present. The application of the re sults to the interpretation of studies of progression of simple pneumoconiosis judged from the radiograph is described. -- Authors' abst. 677 Critical Observations on the Diagnosis of Emphysema in Coal Workers. G. Worth, et al. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 17, 442-456 (1959). German. The difficulty of defining and classifying emphysema is well recognized. This paper presents the results of clinical, radiological and physiological indices of the condition in a group of 1,521 coal miners with and without silicosis and 240 workers employed in various industries on equally heavy jobs but not exposed to dust. For their clinical index the authors accepted the classical, if unreliable, physical signs based onshapeand mobility of the thorax. The radiological index was determined by the position, contour and movement of the diaphragm 19 01 132 1079 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, I960 i and degree of radiolucency of the lung fields: on inspiration and expiration. A residual vol ume of 35% and over'of the total lung volume was used as the plfyslological index. The re sults of each index separately and then in combination are givenand from the somewhat con fused pattern that inevitably emerges the authors conclude that emphysema is commoner in miners without silicosis than in non-miners; that miners with silicosis have more emphysema than miners without and that this is to some degree related .o the stage of silicosis. . " -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. j i i 678 Pneumoconiosis in Makers of,Artificial Grinding Wheels, Including a Case of Caplan's Syn drome. . Posner. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 17, ,109-113 (Apr. 1960). Mass miniature radiography surveys In a factory producing artificial grinding wheels detected cases of pneumoconiosis, mostly of the silicotic type. All cases were traced 1 to the department where the so-called "band" lit prepared and mixed with abrasive grains of carborundum and artificial corundum. This ceramic-vitrified bond, similar in composition to English general earthenware, contained until recently a significant proportion of free .silica. The miniature film survey .was followed up by an Investigation on full-sized films, in which 92% of all workers in the bond department participated. The radiographs were subjected to dual independent viewing and it was found that 66% of the men who had worked in the bond de- , partment for more than 10 years showed radiological evidence of pneumoconiosis with a high proportion of progressive massive fibrosis. " Recently the amount of free silica in the ceramic ' bond has been reduced by the Introduction of "frits" in place of powdered flint and part of the factory hae been rebullt and new methods of dust suppression and dust extraction have been Introduced. One of the cases presented with the rheumatold-pneumoconiotlc syndrome, first described by Caplan. It Is suggested that some of the cases of pneumoconiosis, attributed to carborundum, may be due to the binding materials of artificial grinding wheels. | -- Author's abet. > 679 Increased Resistance of Sillcotlcs to Type A Aslan Virus Infection. E. C. Vigllanl and M. Finulli. Med. lavoro 5J), 517-522. (Aug. -Sept. 1959). Italian. '' Asian virus Type A influenza was prevalent in Lombardy from September 1957 to April 1958. The authors studied the incidence of clinical infection among sillcotlcs and i compared it with that among the rest of the working population of the area. They based their | diagnosis of influenza on a pyrexia above 38*C lasting at least 2 days with headache, pharyn- i geal congestion and asthenia. In the Cllnica del Lavoro, Milan, there were 5 cases of influ enza among 123 silicosis partlents, an incidence of 4%, when 100 other (non-silicotic) patients! in the same institution produced 20 (20%). The history of 334 patients who had been admitted ' for silicosis within the period of September 1, 1957 to March 31, 1958 euggested an infection with Asian influenza in 35 (10.5%), compared with an incidence of 41% in the whole insured working population of 540, 985 in Milan Province. The lower incidence of Aslan influenza among silicotic patients is statistically significant. The authors compare the increased re sistance to Asian virus A shown by silicotic patients, with a somewhat similar behavior in cases of tuberculosis. They suggest that the quarts which is Inhaled stimulates the retlculo- : endothelial system with an antibody response to antigenic agents; the quarts would destroy the : endothelial cells by which it has been phagocytised, with the liberation of llpopolyeaccharldes of endotoxin-like properties. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 680 Clinical and Roentgenologic Observations on the Silicosis-Scleroderma Association. A. Francis, G. Monarca and A. Cavallot. Med. lavoro 50, 523-540 (Aug.-Sept. 1959). Italian. Various European authors have written about the association of rheumatism with silicosis, sometimes complicated by sclerodermic manifestations. South African workers reported 16 cases of. scleroderma in 8,000 gold miners, whereas 25,000 other patients seen at the Pretoria Hospital in the course of 4 years produced not a single case. The authors of 20 01 132 1080 Industrial Hygiene Digest July. 1960 the present paper found 6 cases of scleroderma among 1,000 patients with silicosis. Sclero derma is likely by itself to impair the respiratory system and cause lung fibrosis which it may be difficult at first to differentiate from silicosis; and, in its turn, scleroderma may escape diagnosis for a time after it has supervened in a case of pre-existing silicosis. Both diseases involve more especially the connective tissue system. These authors discuss the clinical, x-ray and pathological aspects of the two diseases, and the reciprocal modification of the changes when both conditions are associated in the same patient, which they believe to be more common than is realized. They give an account of each case, including the findings in one autopsy. The onset of scleroderma in the course of pneumoconiosis accelerates the process of fibrosis and favors the supervention of tuberculosis. The authors enaeavor to fit Vigllani's immunological theories of silicosis into the picture. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 681 Silicosis: (2) Study of Sense of Taste and Pain Threshold. K. Yii-P'U Chinese Med. J. 79, 329-332 (Sept.-Oct. 1959). English. E. Yir.-Tseng. The authors report on 417 patients, between the ages of 23 and 59 years, who were hospitalized in the Union Hospital in Peking, China; 278 of them had silicosis, 56 were suspected of having silicosis, and 83 had silicosis associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. All these patients had been working in a mine in South China, and had been exposed to silicon dioxide particles for periods ranging from 2 to 36 years. Estimations of the sense of taste and of the pain threshold were made in these 417 patients and in 115 healthy men who served as controls. Estimation of the sense of taste was made by rubbing the tongue with cotton swabs which had been soaked in sugar solutions of various concentrations. Estimation of the pain threshold was made with the aid of a tubular device in which a needle, carrying a weight, could be brought perpendicularly into contact with the skin to be tested. This test was applied to the flexor surface of the forearms, dorsum of the hands, and inner aspect of both thighs, and was repeated several times. The results showed that during the early stage of silicosis, even before there is definite radiologic evidence, there is an appreciable reduction in the ability to taste sweet substances and to feel pain, or an elevation of the re spective thresholds has occurred. These observations confirm the known fact that patients with silicosis show disturbances of various types of analysors. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. Absts. 682 Silicosis: (3) Study of Vegetative Functions. K. Yii-P'U St L. Yin-Tseng. Chinese Med. J. 79_, 332- 335 (Sept.-Oct. 1959). English. The same group of patients with silicosis and the same healthy controls, reported on in the preceding paper, were studied by the authors regarding the reaction of the skin to ultraviolet ir adiation. The dermographic reactions of the silicotics and of the controls also were studied. Both groups were subjected to water absorption tests, and their oculocardiac reflexes were studied. The results of these various examinations confirmed that patients with silicosis show a drop in autonomic nervous (vegatativje) function (protective inhibition) in an early stage of their disease before a radiologic diagnosis of silicosis can be made. These findings, together with determination of the patient's occupation and his other symptoms, would be of value in the early diagnosis of silicosis. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. Absts. 683 Roentgen Study of Silicosis in Ceramic Workers Who Have Received McIntyre Aluminum Powder. J. W. G, Hannon, P.G. Bovard, and L. R. Osmond. Ind. Med. h Surg. 9, 286-289 (June 1960). The authors have come to the following conclusions: (1) The inhalation of Mc Intyre aluminum powder can help protect the worker from silicosis for more than 15 years. (2) The use of McIntyre aluminum powder will prevent or decrease the rate of severity of the usual progression of ceramic silicosis. (3) There was no evidence that the inhalation of McIntyre aluminum powder was harmful in any manner to the workmen who took this type of additive prophylaxis in the prevention of silicosis. 21. 132 1081 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, I960 684 Diffuse Lung Lesions that Mimic Pneumoconiosis. H. S. Van Ordstrand. Ind. Med. fc Surg. 29, 243-246 (June 1960). Although new types of pneumoconiosis have been reported ir. recent years, nonsccupational diffuse lung diseases have also been discovered, or have become better recog nized. Some of the latter diseases can occur in workers in dusty trades, and the roentgen appearance of the lesions may mimic the roentgen evidence of occupational diseases of the chest. Some diffuse lung diseases that can so suggest a work relationship include the Hamman-Rich syndrome, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, the collagen diseases, lymphomas,, sarcoidosis, bronchiolar carcinoma, and metastatic malignant neoplasms. Examples1 of such mimicry have been shown. At a recent conference there were presented roentgen evidence and histologic examples of diffuse lesions due to mineral oil, periarteritis, miliary carcinomatosis, lymphoma, and farmer1 s lung, along will illustrations of comparable roentgenograms of some of the occupational lung diseases, including stannic oxide pneumoconiosis, talc pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, and both chronic berylliosis and the acute chemical pneumonitis of beryllium workers. -- Author's summary PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 685 Human Cardioacceleratlve Responses-to Hypoxia In Combination with Heat. H. B. Hale. Air University School of Aviation Medicine. USAF, Report 60-14, (Sept. 1959). Human adaptation and performance'during exposure to combined environmental stresses is an Interesting and relatively unexplored field of physiology. The purpose of this study was to determine whether heat imposed either simultaneously or. sequentially with hy poxia augments or suppresses the usual cardioacceleratlve response to hypoxia. In all. ex- perlmenta the subjects were exposed to an air temperature of 49I*C (120*F) and a relative humidity of 20%. In two experiments.hypoxia was equivalent to an altitude of 18, 000 feet and in two others to 14,000 feet. In'12 of 19 subjects heat exposure augmented the cardio- accelerative response to hypoxia. In the others^ however, heat antagonised this response with a resulting bradycardia and, in som casei, frank syncope. Another unusual reaction to combined heat and hypoxia was a progressive.fall in systolic blood pressure. Adverse adaptive responses to combined heat and hypoxia in a .substantial proportion of otherwise healthy subjects thus justifies measures to prevent.heat.exposure in pilots prior to or during flights. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 686 Effect of Painting or. Sound Transmission Loss of Lightweight Concrete Block Partitions. H. J. Sabine and The Riverbank Staff. Noise Control .6," 62-66 (Mar.-Apr. 1960). Masonary partitions built of lightweight concrete block are widely used in many types of buildings, such as schools, offices, hospitals, dormitories,' and motels. Inmost cases, an adequate degreeof sound insulationbetweeii rooms is an important requirement. Experience with lightweight concrete block partitions has shown, in general, that when they are left unpainted or unplastered on both sides, their sound transmission properties are quite variable and may often be wholly unsatisfactory. This Is bn account of the porous structure of the block, which allows sound to penetrate more or less freely. It is well known that plastering one or both-sides^qf a partition having an abnormally low transmission loss will effect a considerable Improvement, and similar results have been noted when a heavy paint coating .is applied in such'a manner as to seal the surface. In the present investigation it was found that the sound transmission loss of any lightweight concrete block wall having its surface porosity thoroughly sealed with paint does not.depend on the pore structure, but is determined only by the weight and stiffness of the' wall. The transmission loss of a painted porous wall is essentially equal to that of nonporous masonary of the same weight and stiffness 22. 01 132 182 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1960 687 Report on the Consistency of Sound Transmission Loss of Air-Borne Laboratory Measurementi. R. Huntley. Noise Control 6^, 80-82 (Mar.-Apr, 1960). An attempt to answer the question: How well do 3 laboratories agree with each other in measurements on the same or similar specimens? The 3 laboratories are the National Bureau of Standards, the National Research Council of Canada, and the Riverbank Acoustical Laboratories. 688 Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Rubber-Like Materials with Reference to the Isolation of Mechanical Vibration. J. C. Snowdon. Noise Control 6, 74-79 (Mar.-Apr. 1960). This is essentially a mathematical treatise of the subject. It may be concluded from this discussion that, ideally, the real part of the complex elastic modulus and the damping factor possessed by an anti-vibration mount material should vary only slowly with frequency, while at the same time the damping factor of the material should be large.' 689 Critique of Our Present Noise Control Engineering Efforts and Accomplishments. C. H. Allen. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 21, 130-135 (Apr. 1960). Practically all of the engineering noise exposure limits are based upon the effects of long-term exposure to relatively continuous broad band noise. There is need to determine the effects of other types of noise upon the hearing of exposed persons. Pure tones and im pulsive noises are found in many industrial situations. The relative effects of short exposures to high level noises as compared to extended exposure lower level noise also needs further study. The problem of measuring impulsive noise has not yet been solved satisfactorily. A punch press noise may have a maximum level as measured with the "fast" sound level meter only 3 to 5 db above the average "slow" reading but the true peak levels actually may be 8 to 12 db higher than this. When the true peak is measured, the width and the frequency content of an impulse is still elusive. Engineering noise control should embrace cooperative effort between plant management, engineering, and medical services and should include advanced planning for noise control in all new processes and new construction. Noise control is such a complex engineering problem that in general it is not economically practical for each indus trial plant to train or maintain an engineering staff to solve these problems. However . it should be the responsibility of the engineering and medical staff to be able to recognize the existence of noise hazards through suitable monitoring of working conditions and to advise management as to the need for corrective action. -- Cond. from author's summary RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION 690 Increased Skin Tolerance to High-Voltage X-Radiation in Patients Given Methoxsalen: Clinical Observation on 30 Cases. C. M. Levin and A. J. Bajek, Radiology 74, 300-301 (Feb. I960). Skin tolerance to high-voltage x-radiation exposure was substantially increased by giving methoxsalen to patients undergoing radiotherapy. Radiation sickness was also less frequent and leas intense than in previous similarly treated patients. Induration or thickening of skin and subcutaneous tissues was also less marked. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 23. 01 132 1083 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1960 691* The Effect of Radiation Upon the Heart.Mery Cette pall. ; Brit. J. Radiol., 33^ 159-164 (Mar. I960). ; Twenty-six patients were investigated clinically,- radiologieally, and electrocardlographically, before and after radiation. The position of the heart relative to the beam of radiation was demonstrated radiologieally and the dose received by the left ven tricle was calculated. :When the left ventricle received a dose of between 2,200-and 3,200 r In 3 weeks, electrocardiographic changes limited to the T wave occurred and indicated organic Injury to the myocardium.. This injury was temporary and the lesion behaved in an entirely Innocent way. Pre-existing'cardiac disease of severe degree may possibly be permanently worsened and it may be thought better to subject such.patients to radical surgery rather than radiotherapy. From dissections, an intimate relationship between the heart and internal mammary lymphatics was seen in. the majority'of cases. In these it appeared that radiation, either by the glancing technique or by the use of a direct field over the Internal mammary lymphatics would, 'unavoidably, deliver to the left or right ventricle a significant dose of radiation if the lymphatics were treated adequately. On dissecting.some specimens, and radiologieally in one patient, a wedge of lung tissue was seen lying between the lymphatics and the heart. In,such cases this lung tissue was probably responsible for protecting the heart against receiving sufficient x-rays to cause electrocardiographic change. Nuclear Scl. Absts. 692 Radiological Haaards in Veterinary Practice. D. C. Tralnor, W. E. Foekett and L.F. Larsen. Australian Veterinary J. 9-13 (Jan. 1960). , According to the authors it is clear that there is a need for Improvement in the techniques used in private practice and also a need for a proper, appreciation of the dangers of ionising radiation. It may be stated that the danger of leukemia from whole body radiation is remote but the danger of skin cancer is very real. Reference to the radiation readings taken at the University of Sydney show that the dosage to the skin (on the basis of 20 films per week) may be easily double the maximum allowable safe' exposure of 1. 5 roentgens per week. The following precautions are recommended: (1) A cone should always be used to keep the beamof rays to the smallest useful area. (2) A suitable disc filter will cut out all the softer rays without interfering in anyway with the more penetrating ones which are useful for radiography, and should always be used. (3) Protective clothing should be worn at all times. An apron protects the body from stray radiation and the gloves save the hands from direct beams. (4) The animal should be anesthetized or held by someone using suit able protective covering (gloves and apron). If sufficient people are engaged In the practice, those holding the animal should be rotated so that no one person gets too many exposures. (5) The x-ray apparatus should be checked from time to time. (6) Special care should be used in fluoroscopy as the operator is in the dire.ct beam of rays and it is quite possible to get a large amount of direct radiation'as well as scatter. The time should also be watched as there is a tendency to screen the patient for too'long, 693 Determination of Strontlum-90 Distribution In Human,Bone. R. BJornerstedt and S. Haggroth. Nature 195. 366-367 (Feb. 6, I960). .Various methods for the determination of strontlum-90 in bone eamples are dle- cussed. . The feaelbllity of using autoradiographic methods for measurements of strontlum-90 concentration in human bones is likewise discussed. It is concluded that preeent levels of environmental strontlum-90 in human bone as the result of fall-out would require an exposure time of one year to get a weak radioautogram. This assumes a concentration equivalent to one sunshine,unit diffusely distributed and corresponds to the distribution In bones from child ren younger than 15 years. -- Nuclear Scl. Abets. 24. 01 132 108* Industrial Hygiene Digest July, i960 694 Original Signs and Symptoms in Patients Surviving Five Years After'Atomic Bomb Exposure Under 1,000 Meters. J. J. Lewis and Helen A. Patterson. Am. J. Surg. 98, 12-19 (July 1959). Atomic bomb victims who were exposed under 1,000 meters and survived over 5 years were Investigated. There were 619 patients who comprised a total sample. Mechani cal, blast, burn, and radiation injuries were evaluated as to onset, duration, severity, body area affected, and type of healing. The model patient experienced severe radiation and mild trauma. Results were compared with similar earlier studies. The possibility that patients exposed within 1,000 meters with radiation or thermal injuries have been dying at a faster rate than those with mechanical or no injuries is discussed. -- Nuclear Scl. Absts. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 695 The Efficiency of Absorbers in Industrial Hygiene Air Analysis. J. C. Gage. Analyst 85, 196-203 (Mar. 1960). The principles involved in the use of liquid absorbers for air sampling in the analytical control of atmospheric contamination have been reviewed. The effects of the volume of air sampled, the rate of sampling, and the design of the absorber on the efficiency of absorption have been studied by using test atmospheres containing ethylene oxide and chlorobenzene as examples of systems involving absorption by solution and by reaction. -- Author's abst. 696 Organic Acids in a Selected Dlalysate of Air Particulate Matter. Ethel D. Barber, ot al. J. Chromatography Z_, 615-619 (Nov. 1959), Because of the difficulty of interpreting partition chromatograms of acids from air particulate samples, selective dialysis through cellophane was investigated as a means of simplifying the elution patterns. Five samples of particulate matter collected on glass fiber filters, and 2 samples of soot from the combustion of simple fuels were analyzed. The procedure consisted of extraction, dialysis, and column chromatography, followed by paper chromatography of radioactive anilides of unresolved portions of eluate. The results are presented, together with evaluation of the technique, and recommendations for further study. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 697 Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance Development to Atmospheric Pollutants Ketene and Ozone. R. M, Mendenhall and H. E. Stokinger. J. Appl. Physiol. 14, 923 (Nov. 1959). Tolerance to oxidants of rapid onset and a high degree of protectiveness, has been demonstrated in mice exposed briefly to ketene. Exposure to concentrations of ketene in excess of 5 ppm for 10 minutes protected mice 3 to 14 days later against otherwise-lethal exposures. A pre-exposure to ketene also protected mice against lethal concentrations of ozone (crossed tolerance). Ozone produced a cross tolerance for lethal exposures to ketene. The 10-day LC50 of ketene is about 17 ppm, with production of pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema of lesser degrees resulted at lower exposure concentrations but was not present to a significant extent in mice exposed to lethal concentrations of the oxidants, provided the mice had first received a tolerance-producing pre-exposure of the oxidant. -- J, Occ. Med. Absts. 01 *32 Io85 25. Industrial Hyglsns Digest July, 1960 698 Separation and Characterization of Polynuclear Aromatic HydroArbons In Urban Air-Borne . Particulatea. ;E. Sawicki,' W. Elbert, T. W. Stanley, T. R. Hauaer and F. T. Fox. Anal. Chain. 32, 810-815 (June I960)'. I ! j A simplified procedure is described for the characterisation of polynuclear hydro carbons In air-borne .particulates.` The method involves one pass through a chromatographic j columnandsubsequent ultraviolet,.'visible, and fluorescence studies on the fraction's thus i obtained.' The,final',step then Involves a destructive method of analysis--e.g., spectral analysis - insuUjricacid.--or acolortest. ^ The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of analogous ; . fractions obtained'from different cbmmunitlea are closely similar . In the air-borne particu- i lates of aomej lOO communities pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo (a) fluorene. and benzo (b) fluorene,* chrysene,. benz4a) anthracene,:, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (e) pyrene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, perylenei .benzo (g,h, 1) perylene, anthanthrene, andcoronene are found consistently. IJ fv ' i. ---Authors' summary ( . 699 Abundance of Nitrous Oxide in Ground-Level Alr. : J. W. Blrkeland and J. H. Shaw. J.^ Opt. Soc. Ami 49, 637-638 (June 1959); The abundance of nitrous oxide in ground-level air was measured directly by a mass-spectrograph to analyse air-samples. The values varied from. 0. 25 to 0,65 ppm with an average value of 0.5 ppm. The'amount of nitrous oxide in ground-level air at Columbus, ' - Ohio, was measured; by comparing the absorption of the 4.5 micron nitrous oxide P-branch In atmospheric spectrk with the corresponding absorption in the spectra of gas samples con taining known amounts of nitrous oxide. The atmospheric absorption was found to correspond - to a nitrous oxide abundance of p. 27 + 0.05 ppm. No variation in abundance was detected over a 3-month period. ' ' ' * * '-- APCA Absts. ' -.x > I Vi 700 How to Control Gaseous Emissions to Abate Air Pollution. Anon. Heating, Piping andtAir Conditioning 31, 111-126 '.(Dec. 1959). ' Ini this report the basic methods for controlling emissions of gases and vapors are | presented. These methods include!source( control/ dispersal by means of stacks, collection ; with suitable equipment and zoning. The various types, of equipment used to collect gases, ] how they perform, and where they have been.used for air pollution control are also presented. | The following,topics are discussed in detail:., Whatgasds are conaldered contaminants. Crl- j teria for control of gaseous emissions. Control of gaseous emissions. General methods for j controlling objectionable emissions. Several aspects of sir pollution control have not been . discussed in this-report, byproduct recovery being one of these. Many examples of profitable air pollution abatement systems can'be mentioned in which the product recovered has sufficient value to pay: for the cost of control, in a previous report die general aspects of air pollution control were discussed and four possible types of controls presently practicable were given, j These included source control,, effluent gas treatment, effluent gas dispersal, and zoning. 1 There are 34.references,to thejfsubjsct. j 701 What's New in Industrial Ventilation., :G. Mj Hama. Air Engines ring 1, 43-46, 50 (May 1959). Four new concepts ih industrial ventilation aredescribed. These hielude control of | dusts from statlonary and portable grinding wheals, control of fumes from traveling foundry | ladles, and drycleaning solvent fume removal and recovery. Improvement in control of dust j 26. 01 132 1086 lndutrial Hygiene Digest July. 1060 from stationary grinding wheel* i* by a new hood design. The hood ha* a slot across the top ol the wheel that generate* a horizontal air curtain to protec? the workers' breathing zone. Two verticle slot* on either side of the wheel generate similar curtain* to collect side splash and reduce pollution of the general environment. For portable grinding wheels, a low volume, high velocity dust control system is used. The small volume of exhausted air used is applied by close fitting hoods directly to the point of generation of dust where the dust is captured with very high air velocities. Small diameter flexible hoses convey the dust away from the tool* to suitable collectors. The ventilating system for collecting fumes from traveling foundry ladles features an efficient portable hood which rides the ladle conveyor crane and effects local exhaust control during skimming, conveying, and pouring molds. The traveling hood is connected by a mobile transition box and flexible duct to a main collector duct extending the entire length of the conveyor line. For solvent fume removal and solvent recovery in dry- cleaning plants, an activated carbon adsorber is used. The solvent is recovered by passing live steam through the activated carbon. The vaporized solvent and steam is then passed through a condenser and into a separator. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 702 Coast's Largest Steel Plant Keeps Air Clean. Part 1 and 2. J. Smith. Air Engineering , 21-24 (Nov, 1959); 31-34 (Dec. 1959). An integrated steel plant creates a large variety of gaseous and particulate air- pollutants. Fourteen major sources, the pollutants of each, and solutions for each are briefly described; multiple approaches are required for many Individual problems. The organization of the Air Control and Research Department and some activities of that de partment are presented. The author discusses application of air cleaning equipment to the open hearth stacks, at the car dumpers, and at the sinter plant. A unique phase of the air pollution control activities is a premium paid to the operating employees of Che coke uvens if their ovens do not show visible smoke during frequent inspections by personnel of the Air Control and Research Department. -- Cond. from Public Health Eng. Absts. 7 03 Settling Chambers for the Collection of Grit. R. Jackson. Bull. Brit. Coal Utilization Research Assn. 3, 349-365 (Aug.-Sept. 1959). A major problem in selecting a grit collector is to achieve a satisfactory balance between cost and efficiency. One of the oldest and simplest, and cheapest type of grit collector to install and operate, is a settling chamber. Particles settle through the gas under the action of gravity at a speed dependent on the size of the particle, its density and shape, also upon the density and viscosity of the suspending gas. An important advantage in the use of settling chambers is that, being simple in design, there is little limitation on the materials of construction. Ducts that transmit hot gases, such as blast furnace gas, are made from or are lined with refractory material both to retain the heat in the gases and to protect the supporting structure. A simple chamber that is merely an enlarged flue can be made of the same material* with no engineering complications. -- APCA Absts. COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE 704History of the Air Pollution Control Association. W. G. Christy. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. H), 126-137, 174 (Apr. 1960). This article discusses the events in the history of the Air Pollution Control Assoc iation. Smoke control in the United States dates back to 1864. In 1880 the first city ordinance passed by City Council in Chicago failed, but it was adopted in 1881. By 1906 several cities 27. 01 132 1087 Industrial Hygiene Digest ( July, I960! i -. ! had amoke Inspectors and a meeting was held wife fee idea of fprmlng an association. The j active membership was limited to municipal smoke inspectors and officers were elected. Membership broadened. Smoke ordinances were : uuted. Conferences were organized. Regional sections formed as the association continued to grow during the past 50 years. V -- APCA AbstsJ 705 Aerosol Formation from Gaseous Air Pollutants. M. J. Prager, E. R. Stephens and W.. : Scott, Indl Eng. Chem 52, 521-524 (June I960). ,, Earlier research at. relatively high concentrations has yielded condensed products , in ozone-olefin or photochemical nitrogen-dioxide olefin reactions. These have been held i responsible for reduced visibilities during'smog attacks in the Los Angeles area. In this study aerosols have been formed in such reactions at parts-per-milllon concentrations only j with highly substituted or, cyclic olefins or'diolefins. When sulfur dioxide is added to irradiated nitrogen dioxide-olefin systems, aerosols were obtained with all. types of olefins. The hydro carbon and oxide of nitrogen concentrations found in fee Los Angeles area are insufficient to| cause the reduced visibility. Reactions between olefins, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur di oxide could conceivably account for the aerosol, but whether they do remains to be established. -- I. E. C. Brief> , 1 706 Nitrogen Oxide Formation in Autoignition of Liquid Fuel Sprays. G.- J. Mullaney. Ind. Eng. Chem. 52, 529-532 (June I960). ! j Formation of nitrogen oxides in complex flames has been studied using a shock tube technique. The data obtained may be helpful in considering methods of reducing nitric ; oxide, which is an important factor inair pollution. At anair temperature of 950K. before; fuel injection, air pressure of 17 atmospheres, and atime interval of about 25msec., the | nitric oxide yield varied markedly with the fuel. , 2-Propanol and ethyl alcohol, for example; because of their long ignition lag relative to the paraffins, produced much lower yields. j There is some evidence that nitrogen-oxygen reaction kinetic data at high temperature can be used to estimate the amount of nitric oxide formed in the diffusion flame following auto- ! ignition. Its exponential dependence on'temperature suggests that control of the maximum i combustion temperature in engines will have a large effect on nitric Oxide formation. ' '* -, -- I. E. C. Brief ( " .f 707 Effect of Synthetic Smog on Spontaneous Activity of Mice. R. D. Boche and J. J. Quilligan,! Jr. Science 131, 1733-1734 (June 10, I960). Mice allowed to run in a revolving-drum activity cage are sensitive indicators of air pollution. They respond to the presence of synthetic smog by diminishing their 24hour activity in.the revolving wheels. The reduction in wheel activity is comparatively greater for larger amounts of smog. "* ' -- Authors' abst. I 7 08 The Areas Within Concentration Isopleths'Downwind of Continuous Point Source. W. P. Elliott. Internatl. J.- Air Pollution 2,. 115-126 (Oct. 19S9K Emperical formulas for estimating the area covered by concentration of gas equal to or exceeding a given value are presented., These formulae are derived from regression | lines of the value of the logarithm of the area against fee logarithm of the concentration dl- i vided by the source strength and multiplied by fee wind speed at 2 m. The results are shown in the form of tables of the regression'coefficients and illustrated in a graph. The data used to arrive at fee results were taken over level prairie land wife short grass. The tracer was sulfur dioxide emitted continuously from a point source about 1/2 m. from the surface. Mea surements were out to a distance of about 800 m, from the source. The problem is to deter mine the area which will be subjected to concentrations equal to or greater than a specified , value, and to discover some of the meteorological factors influencing this area. | -- APCA Absts. 28. 01 132 1088 I Industrial Hygiene Digest July, I960 709 Control of Smoke and Dust Emission from Existing Coal Equipment, H. J. Rose. Smokeless Air (London) 3, 190-193 (1960). The major approach to controlling smoke emission from fuel beds has been the proper application of secondary air over the fuel bed to prevent smoke and soot formation at the source. An extensive program of engineering research, plus experience with many field installations, resulted in a technical bulletin as the standard engineering reference on the subject. Various city clean-air ordinances require that overfire-jet installations must conform with the recommendations of this BCR manual. Full information is given for blower jets, steam air jets, plain steam jets, and their operation. Smoke and dust emis sion are discussed in detail. -- APCA Absts. 710 Note on the Exchange of Iodine between the Atmosphere, Land, and Sea. B. Bolin. Internatl. J. Air Pollution 2, 127-131 (Oct. 1959). The deposition of 1-131 as observed in small scale experiments and also after the Windscale incident, are interpreted in the light of available measurements of 1-127 in the atmosphere and in plants. It is shown that the deposition velocity deduced from de position of radio-iodine is representative of the gross transfer while the net flux from the atmosphere to a land surface is several orders of magnitude smaller. The observations show that plants use atmospheric iodine for their assimilation and that this may be their major source in spite of the indication that a larger portion of the atmospheric iodine is present in organic form and not readily available for assimilation. Finally a residence time of 20 days for iodine in plants is deduced. -- Author's abst. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 711 How to Plan for Unexpected Disasters. F. J. Burgoyne. Safety Maintenance 119, 14-18, 47 (June 1960). In June of 1953, Central Massachusetts, a normally tornado-free area, was struck by the devasting force of a tornado. Passing through residential towns and indus trial areas, it left 10,000 people homeless, killed 94, injured hundreds, and left 60 million dollars worth of damage in its wake. In Worcester, Massachusetts, among the industrial plants badly hit was the Norton Company's new Machine Division Plant which had been opened only two months before. In a few brief minutes, important sections of the plant were immobilized and many of the employees were killed, inj'ured, os made homeless. The author discusses Emergency Measures and Emergency Planning under the following headings: The Injured, Hazards from High Voltage Systems, Danger of Fires, Communications, Sightseers, Cleaning Trees and Debris, Machine Protection, Organisation, Mutual Aid Program, Emergency Equipment, Pass System, Building Construction, and Roof Anchoring. Because of the changing long-term weather pattern, some experts believe that tornadoes and heavy winds are likely to be more frequent in the future. Whether or not this trend exists, they are cer tainly a normal part of the weather. Actually, there is no such thing as complete protection against tornadoes, but sensible planning by those who are responsible for plant maintenance and safety can save human life and protect millions of dollars worth of buildings and equipment. 712 Changing Concepts in Nutrition and Dietetics: Some Possible Applications to the Feeding of Native Mine Labors. F. W. Fox. Proc. Mine Med. Officers' Assn. (Johannesburg) 19_, 1-18 (May-June 1959). This is the text of an address given to medical officers of the mines by the doyen of South African nutritionists. The first part ranges widely over the changes in our attitude 29. 01 132 1089 Industrial Hygiene Digest July, 1960 toward the science of nutrition in the last 50 years. It is suggested that the standards of requirements of nutrients laid down in textbooks are often too higtf and could be reduced. High Intakes, far beyond minimal needs, are not necessarily advantageous. The second part of the lecture gives a brief resume'of trends in the policy of feeding miners on the compound. It is emphasized that there is need for research on the relationship between diet and physical efficiency. Enough attention may not have been paid to providing a variety of dishes and to meeting the miners' accustomed likes and prejudices. -- Bull. Hyg. ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 713 More Power for Paint. Anon. Natl. Safety News 81_, 38-39 (Apr. 1980). Advertising men many years ago discovered that color sells. Not long after, safety men learned it also protects. So industrial plants began applying strong colors freely j j where high visibility was needed--to mark fire-fighting equipment, obstacles, exits, and ; points of high hazard. The power of color got a tremendous boost with the introduction of | fluorescent coatings and pigments four times brighter than conventional paints. These daz- , zling colors have come into increasing use for advertising displays, and their eye-catching power explains the reason.' Conspicuous applications of fluorescent colors include barricades, ! "low clearance" warnings, high-voltage wires and connections, switchboxes, floor hopper areas, loading platforms, explosives vaults, first-aid stations, valves, fire-fighting equip ment, and industrial trucks, Where relatively large areas are to be covered, fluorescent colors are most effective when contrasted with regular colors. An example is diagnonal stripes of fluorescent yellow or orange and regular black. Where hard hats are p.t nted In various color schemes for safety "conspicuity" and identification of the wearer's occupation, fluorescent colors are often used. Gloves in'these colors are also helpful in occupations 1 where hand signals are used, as in crane operation. Fluorescent coatings are available in a variety of formulations for application by brush, spray, or roller. They can be obtained j j in any size container from a pint to a drum and in aerosol cans. Properly applied, fluorescent; coatings should last a year, even when exposed to weathering. The most durable colors-- ! red-orange and yellow-orange--will last up to 20 months. Indoors, even longer service may j be expected. The paints are relatively low in toxicity. j 714 A Million Fires and How to Prevent Them. Occ. Hazards 22, 23-24 (Apr. 1980). 1. Anon. .i I j Managements as a whole tend to overlook the danger from fire. They settle plants in rural areas, even in deep woods, without botheting to make sure of enough water I to fight fires. They let scrap lumber, piles of paper, even flammable scrap metal, accumu- j late in yards and grounds. They.don't worry' when weeds and brush grow close to wooden j sheds. If they do arrange for outside hydrants or standpipes, they are likely to shut off [ water flow during cold weather. The article contains a checklist of "do's" and "don'ts" for outdoor plant housekeeping. Following are some of the precautions suggested: Never store j materials within 15 feet of blank masonry wall buildings, or within 50 feet of frame buildings. ' Don't handle repair jobs inside the storage yard, unless it is done inside a masonry wall [ building. Don't let the storage yard simply peter out; keep it inside fully fenced, well-defined: limits. Don't leave empty drums, paint cans, and similar castoffs inside the storage yard; dispose of them daily. Don't park vehicles that contain gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas inside the storage yard. Don't clutter up roadways and aisles, even temporarily, with rubbish or Inoperative equipment. Leave enough 15-foot-wide driveways to let fire-fighting equipment reach all parts of the storage area. Keep down weeds, brush, and grass.in the storage yard j and In nearby areas from which fire may spread to stored materials. 01 132 1090 Indmtrial Hygiene Digest July. 1960 715 Sprinkler Syitem Inspections. Anon. Safety Maintenance 119. 39-40, 56 (June 1960). * A sprinkler system may not be called upon to operate over a period of years, but to be effective it must be-ready for operation at any time. This necessitates the use of high quality materials and devices, a high grade of installation, and good care and main tenance. The inspection in general is to check the maintenance of the system, to compile records from which determination of the sprinkler system's value in case of fire might be made, and to work out fire department methods which will obtain the fullest value in pre venting loss by fire or excess water damage. Knowledge of the water supply of a sprinkler system as to where the supply comes from, its adequacy and pressure, may be obtained from plant engineers, and in most cases the local fire insurance inspectors will also have these data. Valves controlling the water supply for sprinklers should be kept open at all times. The pressure on the system should be recorded and checked against previous in spections. Height of water in elevated tanks, water level and air pressure in pressure tanks and provisions to prevent freezing are features to be looked into. Inspection should include a check on those features which might prevent the proper distribution of water upon the burning material; these should include partitions, shelving and decking, and piling of stock too close to sprinklers. A clearance of at least 18 inches should be maintained below sprinklers. Under certain storage conditions greater clearances up to 36 inches may be re quired. All new construction should be specially surveyed as to the protection required. In locations where there is much moisture or chemical fumes, piping and hangers are subject to corrosion and deterioration and should be protected by painting with an approved material. Sprinklers should not be painted. Temperatures maintained at the line of sprinklers deter mine the type of sprinkler to be used. 716 What Type of Glove 7 J. W. Simmons. Natl. Safety News 81, 37, 64-65 (Apr. 1960). Hand protection is becoming more and more specialized. Unless the worker is provided with gloves designed for his specific job--for protection against cuts, abrasions, and toxic or corrosive chemicals --the hand program may be excessively expensive and pro vide little protection. In most cases, even the wrong glove is probably better than no glove, especially when the hands are exposed to solvents and chemicals that would cause immediate injury on exposure. But in other exposures, where skin damage is caused by prolonged ex posure, the worker might have a false sense of security. As a result he might neglect pro tective and hygienic measures. This can be dangerous if, because of premature deterioration, the gloves should develop tears or punctures that would allow toxic substances to seep thro ugh and become trapped inside. Such measures do little to reduce lost time and compensation costa resulting from injuries and occupational skin diseases. If a glove is used in a solution for which it is not intended, its service life may be shortened to the point where replacement costs get out of control. When this happens, the natural reaction on the part of the glove specifier is to blame the supplier. Fortunately, most of these complaints have a happy ending. Testing services, available from most glove manufacturers at no charge to the user, are offered in several forms. The responsibility of the glovq manufacturing Industry is to provide de pendable hand protection at lowest cost. With improved formulations, materials, and designs, today's industrial gloves are capable of providing better protection than ever before. To real ize these benefits, gloves must be selected on the basis of function. Responsible glove manu facturers retain qualified specialists to help select the right glove for the specific job. 01 109t 31. Industrial Hygiene Digest July, i960 MISCELLANEOUS 717 Mobile Laboratory for Assaying Refinery Wastes. M. T. Edmison. ind. Eng, Chem. 5_1_, 69A-70A (Aug. 1959). The Oklahoma Refiners' Waste Control Council has sponsored a mobile bio-assay laboratory operated by the Oklahoma State University Research Foundation for the on-site study of refinery wastes. The air conditioned mobile laboratory is equipped with polyethylene tanks and oxygen equipment for bio-assay operations, and chemical testing equipment. Each of the 13 cooperating refineries has permanent parking facilities with utility outlets for use by the laboratory during the periodic testing intervals. Studies thus far have shown the value of the bio-assay techniques for measuring efficiencies of refinery waste treatment methods and facilities. -- C.ond. from Public Health Eng. Ahsts. 71 a A Review of the Literature of 1959 on Sewage, Waste Treatment, and Water Pollution. Part 3. H. Heukelekian, et al. Sewage and Ind. Wastes 3^_, 763-803 (July 1959). (See IHD Abst. 618, June I860). This section covers water pollution, and includes the following major topics: biology, microbiology, slime growths, chemistry, oxygen sag, and stream self-purification, stream studies and surveys, stream standards, effect* on water supplies, abatement and control. There are 235 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 01 132 1092 32. Industrial Hygiene Digest IND EX July, 1360 Abrasive wheels pneumoconiosis in makers of 678 Aerosol(s), sampling microbiological 670 Alr pollutants aerosol formation separation of aromatic 705 698 Air pollution concentration isopleths downwind control from fuel beds in steel plant controlling gaseous emissions effect on activity of mice history of Air Pollution Control Assoc. nitrogen oxide formation 708 709 7 02 7 00 7 07 7 04 706 Air sampling efficiency of absorbers by selective dialysis 695 696 Allergy(ies), to tetanus antitoxin 640 Aluminum, effect on ceramic silicosis 683 Analgesic drugs, problems in development 633 Anthracosilicosis significance of cavitation 675 Antiseptic cream, for food handlers 635 Artificial respiration current practice 647 Asthma, cardiovascular study 6 39 Atomic bomb survival of exposed victims 694 Benzene hexachloride skin injuries from 656 Books ecology and chemical pesticides types of injuries, incidence and associated disability Boron, determination in water 630 631 657 Burns local treatment from Van de Graaff accelerator 653 654 Cancer, lung 5-year follow-up and smoking 646 645 Cancer, skin ultraviolet carcinogenesis Cardiacfs) influence of tropical weather Coal miners.ventilatory tests Coalworkers forced vital capacity 'ungs, pathology and dust Dermatitis, dermatosis(es) benzene hexachloride oil folliculitis phenol and aniline sun-screening agents Dieldrin effect on muscular efficiency Digital computer clinical application Disasters, planning for unexpected Disinfection of hands of surgeons and nurses Dust collector(s), collection settling chambers Dust counting, statistical aspects Electronic data processing Emphysema, in coalworkers Epileptics employment in New Zealand Ejre_ contact ienses visual acuity in young men Filter(s), membrane with phase contrast microscope Fire prevention in storage yards sprinkler system Inspections Fluorine compounds, screening for toxicity determination Fungus infections, sporotrichosis Gloves, what type 7 651 638 641 642 676 656 649 655 651 664 648 711 634 70 3 671 648 677 644 636 637 67 3 714 715 658 659 650 716 33. 01 132 1093 Industrial Hygiene Digest Julv, mo Grinding wheels pneumoconiosis in makers of Health Survey, U.S. National tvpes of injuries Heat, and cardioaccelerative responses J. . Parathion 678 intoxication ; poisoning, treatment 631 Pneumoconiosis * in coalworkers 685 . and diffuse lung lesions 665 666 676 684 Industrial medicine practice 632 "Pneurhonokoniosis", origin of term r>74 Insecticides ecology and chemical pesticides (bk. rev. ) 630 - Iodine - exchange between land, air and sea 710 Ketene, tolerance and cross-tolerance . - 697 Lead determination in urine poisoning punctate basophil cells". 1 . value of periodic examinations 661 663 662 Low back pain neurological aspects 643 Lung(s) forced vital capacity ventilatory tests 642 641 Mcthoxsalen, and x-radiation 690 Porphyria cutanea tarda and occupation 652 '\ Radiation (ionizing, nuclear, x-rays, ere. ) hazard(s).in veterinary practice 'Safety,' use of fluorescent paint 713 ISilicone fluid 703 intestinal absorption. 667 {Silicosis aluminum therapy... scleroderma association taste and pain thresholds ' vegetative functions 683 680 681 682 Silicotics, resistance, to influenza 679 Skin cutaneous porphyria oil folliculitis protec tion against phenol and aniline 652 649 655 Methyl phenyl polysiloxane intestinal absorption Nitrous oxide, in ground-level air Noise measurement(s) consistency of Noise control and reduction critique of present efforts effect of painting concrete walls isolation of vibration Nutrition, industrial feeding native miners 667 T 699 i Smoking and personality Sporotrichosis, outbreak in Florida Strontium-90, distribution in.bone 645 650 69 3 68? ! Tetanus antitoxin . acquired hypersensitivity 640 ... * - 689 . Thermal precipitator, fundamental studies 672 686 ' ' \ 688 Thorium- .. bibliography on biological effects 669 712 Tornadoes, and disaster planning 711 Ophthalmology, contact lenses Ozone in chemistry and technology tolerance and cross-tolerance Paint( s) fluorescent, safety applications hazards 636 660 697 713 668 Ventilation industrial ventilation manual new concepts Veterinary practice, radiation hazards Waste disposal 1 literature review, 1958, Part 3 mobile laboratory for assaying X-rays effect upon the heart. methoxsalen and skin tolerance 629 701 692 718 717 691 690 01 132 1094 i