Document 654NpDYBXn9OZx59yqQomM79E
ABSTRACT This book describes the applicability of vadose zone monitoring tech niques to hazardous waste site investigations. More than 70 different sam pling and nonsampling vadose zone monitoring techniques are described in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. Physical, chemical, geologic, topo graphic, geohydrologic, and climatic constraints for vadose zone monitoring are quantitatively determined. Vadose zone monitoring techniques are catego rized for premonitoring, active, and postclosure site assessments. Waste dis posal methods are categorized for piles, landfills, impoundments, and land treatment. Conceptual vadose zone monitoring approaches are developed for specific waste disposal method categories. This book was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-Q3-3090 by Kaman Tempo, Santa Barbara, under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This book covers a period from September 1981 to September 1982 and work was completed as of September 1982.
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CONTENTS
Preface Abstract
Figures Tables
Section
'
1 INTRODUCTION
Vadose Zone Description Categorization of Vadose Zone Monitoring Methods Summary of Criteria for Selecting Alternative Vadose Zone Monitoring Methods
Applicability to New, Active, and Abandoned Sites Applicability to Field Usage Power Requirements Depth Limitations Multiple-Use Capabilities Data Collection System Continuous or Discrete Sampling Point and Bulk-Volume Samplers Reliability and Life Expectancy Degree of Complexity Direct Versus Indirect Sampling Measurements Applicability in Alternate Media Effect of Sampling/Measurement on Flow Region Effect of Hazardous Waste on Sampling/Measurement-
2 GEOHYDROLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE VADOSE ZONE Requirements of Monitoring in the Vadose Zone Preliminary Monitoring of the Vadose Zone
3 PREMONITORING OF STORAGE AT DISPOSAL SITES Storage Thickness Bulk Density and Porosity Water Content
Principle of the Neutron Moderation Method Water Content Measured by Gamma Radiation Methods Water Content Using Tensiometers Water Content Using Electrical Resistance Blocks Soil-Water Characteristics Field Capacity (Specific Retention)
ii i iv x
xiv
Page
1 1 4
4 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13
20 24 25
28 28 28 31 34 35 40 45 53 57 61
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Section 4
5
Specific Yield Filiable Porosity Specific Retention Utilization of Monitoring Methods for Observing Storage Capacity Beneath a Pollution Source
PREMONITORING OF WATER MOVEMENT AT DISPOSAL SITES Transmission of Liquid Wastes Infiltration Field Measurements for Determining Infiltration at the Land Surface Unsaturated Flow in the Vadose Zone Unsaturated Flow Parameters Amount of Water Movement Below the Soil Zone Direction of Water Movement and HydraulicGradients Flux, Velocity, and Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Direct Measurement of Flux Indirect Estimates of Velocity Using Suction Cups Tracers Calculating Velocity Using Flux Values Velocity Calculation Using Long-Term Infiltration Data Simplified Method for Estimating Velocity Using Water Budget Data Saturated Flow in the Vadose Zone Sodium Adsorption Ratio Permeameters Grain-Size Distribution Test Well Methods Air Permeability Method Hydraulic Gradients and Flow Direction in Perched Groundwater Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Flow Rates in Perched Groundwater Combination of Methods for Observing Saturated and Unsaturated Flow Effect of Spatial Variability on Soil Properties
ACTIVE AND ABANDONED SITE MONITORING METHODS Technical Review Ion Exchange, Cation Exchange Capacity, and Sorption/Desorption Effects in Soils Laboratory Methods: Soluble Salts, CEC, Exchangeable Ions, Sorptive Capacity, Column Studies, and Batch Tests
Soluble Salts Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Ions Sorptive Capacity: Specific Surface Column Studies and Batch Tests Attenuation of Specific Constituents in theVadose Zone
Page
62 64 64
65
67 67 67
73 75 79 79 80
84 97 97 99 99 100
101 102 104 106 107 111 112
114 118 120
121 121
124 124
125
128 ,28 129 129 129 130
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Major Chemical Constituents Trace Contaminants Organic Constituents Microorganisms Pesticides Radioactive Wastes Field Methods for Monitoring Pollutant Movement in the Vadose Zone Indirect Methods Resistivity Methods for Soil Salinity Salinity Sensors Solids Sampling Field Implementation Range of Applications and Limitations Problems With Solids Sampling Suction Samplers Ceramic-Type Samplers Cellulose-Acetate Hollow Fiber Samplers Membrane Filter Samplers Water Sampling from Saturated Regions of the Vadose Zone Shallow Perched Groundwater Sampling Sampling Tile Drain Outflow Collection Pans and Manifolds Wells Piezometers Multilevel Samplers Groundwater Profile Sampler Well Casing Material Deep Perched Groundwater Sampling
WASTE SOURCE POLLUTANT CHARACTERIZATION Municipal Wastes Solid Wastes Wastewater Agricultural Wastes Fertilizer Industry Dairy Product Industry Feedlot Operations Oil Production and Refining Industry Oil Field Operations Petroleum Refinery Operations Industrial Wastes Iron and Steel Manufacturing Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry Textile Milling Nonferrous Metal Manufacturing Industry
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130 132 135 136 136 138
140 140 140 149 150 152 153 155 156 156 160 162
171 171 172 172 173 174 175 176 181 183
195 195 196 196 196 202 202 206 206 206 208 208 212 213 213 238 238
cn^F? 74380 CONFTOFNTrA!
Section 7
8
GEOHYDROLOGIC SETTINGS FOR WASTE DISPOSAL
Regional Delineation Generic Geohydrologic Disposal Areas
Coastal Plain Case A
Topographical Influence Geohydrologic Setting Case B
Topographical Influence Geohydrologic Setting Glacial Deposits Case A
onSite Hydrology onSite Hydrology
Topographical Influence Geohydrologic Setting Case B
onSite Hydrology
Topographical Influence Geohydrologic Setting River Flood Plains
onSite Hydrology
Case A
Topographical Influence onSite Hydrology Geohydrologic Setting
Case B
Topographical Influence onSite Hydrology Geohydrologic Setting
Interior Drainage Basins
Topographical Influence onSite Hydrology Geohydro logic Setting
Desert and Semi arid Deposits
Topographical Influence Geohydrologic Setting Fractured Rock Systems
onSite Hydrology
Topographical Influence onSite Hydrology Geohydro logic Setting
CONCEPTUAL VADOSE ZONE MONITORING DESCRIPTIONS Landfills Landfill Premonitoring Active and New Landfill Monitoring Nonsampling Methods Sampling Methods Surface Impoundment Surface Impoundment Premonitoring New Surface Impoundment Monitoring Active Surface Impoundment Monitoring Land Treatment Facilities
Land Treatment Premonitoring
Active and New Land Treatment Monitoring Nonsampling Methods Sampling Methods
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279 279 283 284 284 285 285 285 285 287 287 287 287 288 290 290 291 291 291 292 292 293 293 294 295 295 295 297 297 297 299 299 300
301 302 302 304 305 307 309 ill 313
3is
317
320 323 325
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (rtease reed tnsmtenens on the reverie be/ore completmfj
1. H6PORT NO.
EPA-600/2-83-076
4, TITUS ANO SUBTITLE
2.
handbook for evaluating remedial action technology
PLANS
3. A6CIPIENT-S ACCESSION NO.
mu 118249
9, REPORT OATE
August. 1983 ...
E, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOE
7. AUTHOfl(S)
t,, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
John Ehrenfeld and Jeffrey Bass
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO A00RES3
Arthur D. Little, Inc. Acorn Park Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO AOORESS
Municipal Environmental Research-Laboratory'--Cin.,0H Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
19. supplementary notes
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
TEJY1A
11. CQNTBACT/GflANT NO.
68-01-5949
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PIRlOO COVERED
Final; Oct, 1981 to June 1982
14. SPONSORING AGENCY COOt
EPA/600/14
Project Officer: Herbert R. Pahren, 513/684-7871
is. abstract
This report contains information on over 50 remedial action technologies. A brief description, status, factors for determining feasibility and reliability, principal
data requirements, and basic information for cost review are given for each tech nology. In addition, a general disqussion of the major pathways and associated remedial approaches and of monitoring techniques have been included.
17. KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
4. DESCRIPTORS
b.ioENTii'ieRS/oi'eN ended terms c. COSAT! Fild/Group
i*. distribution statement
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19- SECURITY CLASS /Au Atpott)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Fit* par*
UNCLASSIFIED
SPA
2220*1 (R. 4*77)
previous coition is oiiolkti
4
/
21. NO. OF PAGES 459
22. PRICE
00 07438? G0NFTDFNTTA1
ABSTRACT
There are four major exposure pathways for uncontrolled hazardous waste disposal sites:
1. . Groundwater/leachate;
2. Surface water;
3. Contaminated soils and residual waste? and
4. Air.
Remedial action technologies are designed to reduce exposure to
humans and the environment to acceptable levels by either con
taining hazardous materials in place or removing the intrinsic
hazard by decontaminating or physically removing the hazardous
substances.
.,
:-
This report contains information on over 50 remedial action
technologies. A brief description, status, factors for deter
mining feasibility and reliability, principal data requirements,
and basic information for cost review are given for each tech
nology. In addition a. general discussion of the major pathways
and associated remedial approaches and of monitoring techniques
.has-been included.
' '
.
- This- report- was submitted in fulfillment of 'Contract No.
, 68-01-5949.. by- -Arthur D. ' Little Inc.' under 'the sponsorship of
. the, ,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It covers the period
-October, 1981 to June, 1982; and work was completed as of Decem
ber,1982.
........
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CONTENTS
f
Section
Page
FOREWARD ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii * iv
viii xii
xvii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 THE NCP PROCESS 1.3 REPORT CONTENTS 1.4 DESCRIPTION OF THETECHNICALRESOURSE DOCUMENTS
1 2 3 6
9
. i 2.0 PRINCIPAL MEDIA AND ASSOCIATED REMEDIAL APPROACHES 13
2.1 GROUNDWATER/LEACHATE
_
17
2.1.1 Containment Techniques
"" v .20
2.1.2 Treatment Technologies
34
2.2 SURFACE WATER
39
2.2.1 General Characteristics
41
2.2.2 Surface Water Control Technologies
43
2.3 CONTAMINATED SOIL ANDWASTE MATERIALS
47
2.3.1 Removal
50
2.3.2 On-Site Treatment
51
2.3.3 In Situ Methods
55
2.3.4 On-Site Disposal
" 57
2.4 AIR
57
2.4.1 Gaseous Emissions
57
2.4.2 Fugitive Emissions
62
2.4.3 Odor
64
3.0 CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 GROUNDWATER CONTROLTECHNOLOGIES 3.2.1 Slurry Walls , 3.2.2 Grout Curtains 3.2.3 Sheet Pile Cutoff Walls 3.2.4 Block Displacement Method (BDM) 3.2.5 Groundwater Pumping
65 65 65 65 76 87 91 100
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0 0; COHpr
T Of,NtT
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
3.2.6 Subsurface Drains 3.3 SURFACE WATER CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
3.3.1 Dikes 3.3.2 Terraces 3.3.3 Channels 3.3.4 Chutes and Downpipes 3.3.5 Grading 3.3.6 Surface Seals 3.3.7 Vegetation 3.3.8 Seepage Basins and Ditches 3.4 SOIL AND WASTE TECHNOLOGIES 3.4.1 Excavation 3.4.2 Drum Handling 3.4.3 Encapsulation 3.4.4 Dewatering
3.5 AIR CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 3.5.1 Pipe Vents 3.5.2 Trench Vents
106 114 114 124 134 140 146 153 169 179 186 186 192 195 197 200 200 207
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES -
' 215
4.1 INTRODUCTION
' 215
4.2 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
215
4.2.1 Activated Sludge :
>
215
4.2.2 4.2.3
Surface Impoundments Rotating Biological Discs
232 242
4.2.4 Trickling Filters
249
.4.2.5 Land Treatment
258
4.3 CHEMICAL TREATMENT
270
, 4.3.1.. Neutralization
270
. 4.3.2 Precipitation
- 276
4.3.3 Reduction (for Cr) ....
..281
. 4.3.4 Wet Air. Oxidation .. 4.3.5 ` Chlorination (For Cyanide Only)
' '286 291
4.3.6 - Ozonation
296
4.4 PHYSICAL TREATMENT , 4.4.1 Reverse Osmosis
299 299
4.4.2 Equalization/Detention
307
4.4.3 Ion Exchange
312
4.4.4 Carbon Adsorption
318
4.4.5 Stripping
330
4.4.6 Sedimentation
339
4.4.7 4.4.8
Dissolved Air Flotation Filtration
342 346
4.5 DIRECT TREATMENT
355
4.5.1 In Situ Leachate/Groundwater Treatment 355
4.5.2 In Situ Physical/Chemical Treatment
363
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Section 5.0
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.5.7 4.5.8 4.5.9 4.5.10
On-Site Physical/Chemical Treatment In Situ Vitrification Solution Mining (Extraction) Biodegration Solidification/Stabilization Incineration Thermal Oxidation Systems Carbon Adsorption For Air Emissions
366 367 369 371 374 378 383 386
MONITORING TECHNIQUES
391
5.1 MONITORING PROGRAM GUIDELINES FOR REMEDIAL
ACTION ASSESSMENT
394
5.2 MONITORING FOR REMEDIAL ACTIONEFFECTIVENESS 396
5.3 MONITORING AND SAMPLINGTECHNIQUES
397
5.3.1 Monitoring and Procedures to Determine
the Setting
397
5.3.2 Monitoring Procedures for Assessment
of Site-Related Contamination
399
5.3.3 Monitoring Wells
405
GLOSSARY REFERENCES COPYRIGHT NOTICE
420 429 438
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