Document 6437GXw4EYwxngO4zk9Opgp1

THE VOICE OF AN INDUSTRY Anew dimension has been added to the Association's communications program this year. For the first time we have embarked upon an advertising effort di rected to college engineering students. We want them to know the positive role lead plays in our technological society: lead's contributions in ultrasonics, piezo-electrics, emergency stand-by power, uninterruptible power svsterns, sound attenuation, x-ray shielding, sound explora tion, communications. The current ILZRO project at the Rhode Island School of Design on the concept of a lead/ zinc house is the theme of one such ad. It is appropri ately headlined: "A House for the Future in a Lumbershort World". We believe that many changes for to morrow are incubating in the colleges of today. Not to address ourselves to these engineers of the future would be a serious oversight. N 1191 QUIET JUSTICE REIGNS AT QUEBEC JUSTICE BUILDING . presiding over court proI' J d11m2 j,, Montreal's new Palais de !lUildin2 issues an order for "silthe court", he can do so know- he is hearing is coming thUait-idne`iehis court,room rather than ail [Hit'ide sources. In fact, all work injn-as of the gleaming 17-story steel. m| marble building's w orking ' J.jh.-courtrooms, judges' offices, jury 1 m ,Tt'neral offices, conference rooms, -- ire designed so that noi-e from ;irea will not pass through adjoin.vri11s or partitions. The result: the r;,u. Je Justice, which houses the Deutmeiit of Justice for the Province : Ouebec, is probably the quietest i|ltirt building yet built. Erwin Cleve. of the Montreal archi- t [ brm of David & Boulva, who dethe building, says the Palais de ju-tice represents a classic example of dre wide variety of noise control tech niques that can be designed into a wuildinz to insure that its working areas ire as quiet as possible. He added that this could only be accomplished by arefullv selecting materials that will .ulve each noise control problem that niaht be encountered when the buildins is completed and in use. John Hillenbrand, project coordina tor for Franz Patella, Inc., Montreal, partitions contractor for the Palais de Justice, reports that sheet lead solved the most critical sound control problems encountered in constructing the build ing. He says sheet lead was used to soundproof the tops of partitions and walls, as one of the materials used to construct soundproof multi material partitions, and to build sound barriers in sections of the building's heating and cooling system. The use of sheet lead to construct a sound barrier for the build ing's heating and cooling system is one of the most unusual applications. The system extends around the per imeter of the building and is enclosed in an open sheet metal housing that runs along its entire length. The sheet metal housing and the pipes, vents and con vectors it encloses provided a sound channel for noise to travel up and down the length of the building and into each room. The architects therefore decided to install a series of acoustical baffles at the partition line of each office to stop noise in one room from traveling into an adjoining room. Hillenbrand reports that 2 psf sheet lead was used for the several hundred heating and cooling sys tem acoustical baffles required for the Line drawing shows how sheet lead sound-barrier was installed in building's heating and cooling system. project. Each baffle measured about 2'h ft. high and 15 in. to 18 in. deep. The sheet lead acoustical baffles were in stalled in conjunction with the parti tions that form the walls of the various offices. A combination of the sheet lead acoustical baffles and the material used to construct the partitions provided an installed Sound Transmission Class i STC ) rating of -15. There also are nearly 90 courtrooms in the Palais de Justice. Sheet lead plenum barriers for the partitions of these rooms are about 2 ft. hiah and total about 80 ft. long when installed over the top of each wall. One of the most unusual applications for sheet lead was its use in building a sound barrier above the walls of the Palais de Justice Grande Court, it is a large, dramatic room that features stepped spectator seating; a court that is arranged around landscaped curved and rectangular tables rather than in a traditional judge jury box arrangement; and sweeping, curved walls. The sheet lead plenum barrier installed above the curved walls is nearly 1 ft. high and about 175 ft. long. Approximately 100.000 square feet of 1 and 2 psf sheet lead were required for the Palais de Justice project. The new Palais de Justice in Quebec incorporated lead soundproofing. INDUSTRIAL NOISE APPLICATl LEAD HELPS UTILITY SOLVE TOUGH COMMUNITY RELATIONS PROBLEM: NOISE While only a trained acoustical engi operating temperatures of the eqUj,, neer can fully understand the highly ment; and it had to be capable of pr^ complex noise control situations en viding an adequate degree of countered at LlLCO's Xorthport plant, attenuation for both high and very hj^ it can be simply stated that they evolved noise levels since they were not co,, around the following causes: sistent throughout all sections of ^ equipment to be enclosed. Induced draft fan equipment that was being installed to improve the ef ficiency of the first two power genera tion units. The equipment and its ac cessory ductwork was so big that it Tf>erma//acous?ica/ panel contains 1 ost sheet leao in LILCO plant. could not be installed inside the power plant of either unit and for that reason When the Long Island Lighting Com pany decided to build a new power the exceedingly noisy sounds emanating from the equipment were traveling generation plant at Xorthport. X. Y., itthroughout the community. look particular care to insure that the To help solve the multiple problem encountered in meeting the noise con. trol requirements for the new equip, ment being installed at its Xorthpon plant. LILCO turned to Tratisco. a lead, ing manufacturer of thermal insulation panels. Transco. which has installed thermal insulation panels at more than 50 electrical power plants throughout the country, worked with LILCO ensl. installation was one of the quietest in the utility industry. The reason: The utility's .Xorthport power plant is sur rounded by a residential community that is country-Lk: quiet ... so quiet that sound levels that would be accepted without question in most residential areas adjacent to industrial sites would seem excessively loud. To solve the problem. Long Island Lighting Company developed strict noise control specifications for the first two power generation units that were in stalled at the plant. Not only were the walls, ceilings and floors inside the two power generation units covered with sound-deadening materials, but the buildings housing the equipment also Power unit #3 at LILCO plant uses three types ot composite material for noise control. were enclosed in similar materials. Induced draft fan equipment that neers to develop the combination ther It was for these reasons that the utility was being installed as original equip mal/acoustical panel system. It was encountered no community relations ment for the third power generation unit used for the first time at LILCO's Xorth problems involving noise resulting from that was being built. Because the power port plant and the manufacturer reports operation of the plant. The company, plant design for the third unit was it has since been specified to solve known locally by its initials, LILCO, basically the same as the first two units, noise control problems for other utilities. wanted to continue its good neighbor its induced draft fan equipment and its The ductwork and induced draft fan policy when it decided to add new equip accessory ductwork also had to be in housing for the first two power genera ment to improve the two existing power stalled outside the unit's main power tion units required about 20.000 sq. It. generation units. At the same time, plant. Exceedingly noisy sounds were of panels. They were delivered in pre LILCO was building a new, third power emanating from the equipment in much cut sizes ready for installation. This generation unit and the utility wanted the same manner as in the first two considerably reduced installation costs it to be as quiet as the first two units. units, but the noise was intensified and and decreased equipment downtime In doing so, the utility spent many amplified because the third unit included while the two units were being modified. hours monitoring noise levels, locating the addition of a massive electrostatic Use of the pre-cut panels also pet' noise sources and investigating solutions precipitator adjacent to the induced mitted the third unit to be readied for to the overall noise problem. It was draft fan installation. operational testing quicker than would eventually solved by using single and Several additional problems had to be have been possible had the panels been double layers of sheet lead for the pri overcome before the noise barrier to cut-to-size in the field. Approximated - mary sound barrier of a newly de enclose the noisy equipment could be 53,000 sq. ft. of panels were required t veloped combination acoustical/thermal installed: the panel system used to en to enclose the third unit. The accon- panel system that enclosed the various close the equipment had to be able to panying line drawing shows how thu noise sources. withstand the approximately 450F was accomplished. > pAND t h e u s e o f l e a d f o a m/l e a d MACHINERY ENCLOSURES HELP MEET OSHA NOISE STANDARDS Industrial management is directly rc-ponsibfe for seeing that plant noise |eieis meet standards set by the 1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act. Presses, automatic riveters, screw ma chines, lathes and many other machines remmonlv used in metalworking run at eoise lesels above the 90db standard set in OSHA. Now machinery enclosure ex perts are offering a range of products to help solve the problems. The machinery enclosures can achieve reductions of up to 50db, depending on how carefully the enclosure is installed and the original noise levels encountered. The enclosures ran be custom-built to enclose any type of machinery regard less of size and configuration. Ports can tie designed into the panel enclosures to permit stock input and output and, if needed, a specially designed door can tie installed to permit operators to enter the enclosure. Standard-size panels are also available to facilitate do-it-vourself noise control machinery enclosures. The panels, available in standard 2 ft. x 4 ft., 2 ft. x 8 ft. and 4 ft. x 4 ft. sizes, are supplied with the aluminum extrusion ) framing to permit construction of the -ides and roofs of machinery enclo sures. In many cases it is not possible to enclose the complete machine because it must be accessible to the operator. Here, it may be possible to >hroud the gears and other noise producing elements and still have the work station accessible. If this is not possible, the entire unit can be isolated in a "room'' or "tent" made from leaded vinyl plastic cur tains. One typical sound enclosure system consists of 11A in. thick lead foam ma terial; an extruded aluminum framing system; and flat aluminum sheets, in gages ranging from 0.049 in. to 0.062 in., for the exterior face of the panel. The lead acoustical foam material consists of two sheet lead septa, each weighing psf (.0078 in. thick I, that are sandwiched in acoustical foam. Se lected because it meets l L-94 regula tions for fire retardancy. the acoustical foam will not ''dust out" or delaminate from the sheet lead like some other material. In addition, the lead/acousti cal foam tends to be self-healing should workmen have to drill holes in the panel, e.g., for electrical conduit. The material encircles the cable and tends to seal potential openings through w hich sound could travel. LIA26665 ELECTRICS REPLACE DIESEL-POWERED VEHICLES IN DEEPEST U.S. SALT MINE ((([Jack to the salt mines'' is not just U an expression, but a way of life for the 225 employees of the Morton Salt Company at Painesville, Ohio. They uoik in the ileepest salt mine in the United States and thev produce about 1.5 million tons of rock salt a year. The 2.000 foot-deep mine, located on the shore of Lake Erie about 50 miles east of Cleveland, taps a vast bed of rock salt--an estimated 100,000 square miles of it--that is believed to be the largest deposit of its kind in the world. At Morton's Painesville mine, rock salt is mined by the "room and pillar" method. In this mining technique, about half the rock salt is removed from the working face of the mine while the remainder is left in the form of pillars to support the mine roof. To accomplish this, a 10 ft. deep undercut is made at the base of the work face and a series of multiple holes for explosives are mechanicallv drilled the same distance into the face of the wall. The work face is blasted at the end of a work shift, pro viding about 500 tons of rock salt to be processed by the next work shift. Supervisory personnel play an im portant role in the safe, efficient opera tion of the mine. One of their most important jobs is to constantly check the work face to see that it has been properly undercut at the base, and to in sure that the holes for the explosives have been properly drilled and placed. Just as important, the supervisors also check to see that the explosives have been properly set before the work face is blasted. Since the work face being blasted can cover as much as 4.000 ft., it is essential that supervisors be quickly transported from one point to another along the work face. Until recently, supervisors at the Morton Company's Painesville salt mine were carried to and from the work face areas by diesel-powered personnel car riers. A maintenance crew, operating from an underground shop on the mine's working level, also utilizes the carriers. In addition, the carriers were used to deliver small parts to and from the mine's store room and the bottom of the shaft, located about half a mile from the maintenance shop. The diesel units have now been re placed by battery-powered cars. Assis tant mine manager John J. Harkins re ports that one of the main reasons for making the replacement with batterypowered units was to improve air qual ity at the working level of the mine. "The new vehicles are quiet and pro vide a somewhat more comfortable ride than the diesel tractors we still use for our work force," Harkins said. "And we especially like the fume-free aspects of the electric cars since they reduce the amount of diesel fumes our mine ven tilation system has to contend \v u l -, he added. A total of five battery-powered u,,j are now in use at the mine. All fu> p transport four supervisors. One ,,[ carriers, the largest of the live, feature-, a rear-mounted compartment that can ^ used to haul parts and supplies. The vehicles are standard industry models that have been fitted with nj,j turf tires in order to insure good trac tion on the floor of the mine, which f, covered with a thin laver of coarse roof salt creating the same resistance to trac tion and sand. "There will continue to be a need f0, diesel tractors to perform a number 0i heavy hauling and pulling jobs involve^ in the everyday operation of the mine" explained Harkins. "However, it is pected that the electric vehicles provide us with an economical and bene ficial means of replacing a number of our other diesel tractors." The batteries used to power the small est of the new vehicles are 6-volt. The batteries range in amps from 190 to 225 and, unlike automobile batteries, take repeated deep cycling, or charging and discharging. The largest of the five ve hicles is powered by a ,36-volt. D.C. traction-type motor which transmits power to a worm gear differential through a matched set of three drive belts: THIS MOTORBOAT IS NO STINKPOT ensure boat can travel at 5 knots ''.tad-act a batteries. ' 0t the Eleotra are rated at ",,D hrs . 24 volts. %/ L~J| ,M - mm j j Ifl Q. 1_LML The designer of a new, battery-pow ered craft, called the "Electra-18'', The Electra is powered by two heavyduty marine batteries. The two 200 lb. thinks his boat offers a practical and batteries, each delivering 272 amp-hours pleasurable solution to the pollution at 2 I volts, are contained in a box keel, problem. It promises to put more plea- which also contains the boat's electric .-ure for more people back into pleasure motor and an automatic bilge pump boating. This is a timely development, that prevents the motor from Hooding because the "trowing popularity of boat from excessive rainwater. The total ing has brought wit it increasing com weight of the boat, including the keel plaints about noise and water pollution. box and its equipment, is 1.100 lb. Be "A lot of waterfront communities are cause the weight is at the craft's center- outlawing standard power boats. Con line. the boat is unusuallv stable. servationists and naturalists are pressing The inboard power system for the hard for tougher laws prohibiting noise craft, a permanent magnet electric mo tor that delivers '^-horsepower, can run the boat for about 30 miles at 5 miles per hour cruising speed. At 3 miles per hour, the boat can be operated for 12 hours. A solid-state controller permits variable speeds down to below 1 mph. To recharge, dual automatic marine battery chargers plug into any 115 volt 60 cycle outlet. The cost to recharge the batteries is but a few cents. A tran sistorized circuit prevents overcharge and. with good care, the batteries will last several years according to the com pany. In addition to being designed to pro vide optimum stability, the hull and keel also provide protection for the boat's heavy-duty propeller and rud der. The craft has a 5V> ft. beam and a draft of only one foot, making it especially useful for shoreline exploring. Company president Branson reports that work is in progress for a mold to produce a 30 ft. fiberglass electric boat. He says the boat will be known as the "Electra-30" and it will have an 8 ft. and pollution of the waterways by inter beam and a draft of 18 in. The boat nal combustion engine craft. Our boat also will have 2.000 lb. of lead acid is designed to eliminate these prob batteries in the box keel and it will have lems', comments Norman Branson, pres a total displacement of between 5 to 6 ident of the boat company which pro thousand pounds depending on the num duces the Electra. ber of people aboard. Designed for trolling, the. fiberglass The battery capacity of the newly de boat is also gaining acceptance for veloped Electra-30 will be over 30 kilo leisurely sightseeing, picnicking and watt hours and the boat's maximum cruising in light traffic waters. The com speed will be about 6 knots. At a speed pany reports that the boat is easy to of 5 knots, the boat is expected to run maintain and is so safe and simple to for more than 12 hours for a total dis operate that a novice sailor can handle tance of about 60 nautical miles before it. recharging. LIA26667 Airlines are now required by the FAA to inspect all carry-on luggage. As passengers preparing to board a jumbo jet. Tests conducted by Western Airlines a result, an intense competition has de and Pacific Air West Airlines at Los veloped among manufacturers of lead Angeles International Airport have de shielded X-ray devices designed to speed termined that with the new X-ray sys the inspection process by eliminating tem, the average bag inspection takes the need for hand searches. about 10 seconds, indicating that rela The new inspection svstems make it tively little delay is encountered by possible to view the contents of carry- boarding passengers. on airline luggage or packages without Lsing a proven medical diagnostic opening them, thus providing a quick, tool, the device produces visible images efficient means of inspection and deny of the contents of luggage or a package. ing a potential skyjacker a favorite The images, which are viewed on a means of carrying concealed weapons screen seen through a specially designed or explosives aboard an aircraft. porthole, are similar to those seen in a One typical X-ray surveillance system three-dimensional photograph negative. has been successfully tested by Western The images consist of shadows of vary Airlines and Pacific Air West Airlines ing density and a specially trained op at Los Angeles International Airport erator of the new device can detect and by Delta Airlines at New York's weapons and explosives by their shape. Kennedy International Airport. Despite its advantages, the new air The Delta tests conducted at Kennedy line passenger security device has one International Airport over a three-week potential hazard. Excessive radiation period were highly successful in demon from the system's X-ray unit could re strating X-ray capability in rapidly and sult in genetic and physical damage to efficiently providing a visual inspection the human body. Therefore, an effective of all hand luggage. Airline officials esti radiation shield had to be built into the mate that widespread use of an X-ray new system. This was accomplished by fluoroscopic unit throughout its system using sheet lead, one of the most effi would reduce from minutes to seconds cient radiation barriers known. The the time required to process an indivi metal lead plays a critical role in the dual's carry-on baggage. For example, it successful and safe use of the new bag could take as long as five man-hours to gage inspection system, just as it has manually inspect carry-on luggage of for years in guarding against harmful radiation from medical X-ray appara, tus. According to the manufacturer, tht , equipment is "ultra safe ' in terms of radiation hazards. The unit's entire Xray generator system is enclosed in 5/32-in. thick, 10 psf lead except (or the X-ray tube slit which directs the beam. Lead also plays a critical role in the unit's fluoroscopic viewing system. In direct viewing of the screen is accom plished by use of a mirror so that; primary radiation from the X-ray tube; will not strike the viewing port. To in-. sure complete shielding from any sec ondary radiation, the viewing port con-.. sists of Li'in- thick leaded glass. IOne major airline announced early in the year that it will spend over }1 million to buy and install up to 25 X-ray -: machines at the airports of its system.. ' The first installation was scheduled in Xew York in March and most machines i are due to be in operation by early summer. This particular machine will ' permit inspection of an average passen-: ger's carry-on items in five seconds, the airline estimates. The X-ray machine*! are sensitive enough to show the level of shaving cream in an aerosol can but. are harmless to contents, including uflexposed camera film. 8 LIA26668 NUCLEAR MEDICINE... BASIC TOOL IN CANCER TREATMENT The detection aiul treatment of cancer through nuclear medicine is highly lin,|j|e\'. but it can be simply stated hJt jt involves the injection of minute ,mounts of radioisotopes into the hu man bodv. Their combined or individ- I effect on cancer areas is then remded and studied by a variety of spe- alized techniques. The science of nuclear medicine has ,ne major disadvantage. Radiation from the radioisotopes that are inherent in nujear medicine can endanger the human hodv. Improperly used, radiation can m-uk in genetic and physical damage mid even death. Therefore, every effort < made to avoid exposing the human : odv to excessive radiation when radioisi11opic medical techniques are used. Cancer patients being diagnosed or treated with nuclear medicine techniques are not likely to be exposed to undue radiation. Doctors, technicians and ther specialists in nuclear medicine (nmever. must work daily with radio-otopes. and since the effects are cumu, -alive, they must be constantly shielded uainst radiation. \arious techniques have been dedoped. One of the most effective is to J -around the radioisotopes and all ac- ; e-sry equipment such as X-ray instalJtlr,ns with a protective lead shield. ^ bile such shields are designed to pro- personnel from the three sources 'I radiation--alpha, beta, and gamma :3,s--they are primarily used to shield -'3mma rays which are the most dan- rous because they are the most peneSiting. ^ _ Protective lead shields are provided ra<ffopfiarmaceuticals from the time eV are shipped from the manufacturer Spray painting radioactive isotope shields alter re moval from casting molds. until they are injected into the body. Lead is the foremost material to be con sidered in designing for efficient shield ing against X-rays or gamma rays, the two most common types of radiation encountered. According to the Atomic Energy Commission, when other shield materials are considered, "comparisons are usually expressed in terms of lead because it represents the best practical gamma shield for most applications". Although lead's primary shielding property is mass, its use invariably saves weight and space. Lead's low cost and the ease with which it can be cast, extruded, rolled, machined or otherwise formed, combine to make it one of the most efficient and economical shielding materials. Lead radiopharmaceutical shields and shipping devices are typical products supplied to this market. To produce the devices, pig lead is melted and poured into round, cylinder-shaped molds with a solid core. When the lead has cooled and the desired shape of the shield or shipping device has been formed, it is removed from the molds. If required, the sides of the devices are machined and then painted. A typical radioactive shield or ship ping device that would be used to ship a radiopharmaceutical is about 3 in. high, has lead walls about l3a in. thick, a 1 > in. diameter hollow core, and weighs about 2 lbs. Because each tvpe of cancer requires a different tvpe of radiopharmaceutical, literallv thousands of shielding devices are required bv the radiopharmaceutical industry. They are used by the more than 3,000 hospitals throughout the country that have radio isotope facilities and bv various can cer research and detection facilities. Pharmaceutical companies also use the devices to ship radioactive materials to the various hospitals and cancer re search and detection facilities. Safes and glove boxes are custom de signed according to specification. A typical safe might have 6 in. thick lead walls and weigh several tons while a single-station glove box might have inch-thick walls and weigh as much as live tons. Glove boxes are equipped with lead glass ports so that technicians will have a clear view of the interior. In addition to its advantages of being the densest of any commonly available material and being available in a wide variety of forms, lead has another, more meaningful advantage with regard to its use as a radioactive shield material. Be cause lead does not become contam inated by neutrons or gamma rays, it may be used continuously without fear of its becoming a radioactive source it self by emitting harmful rays. COMPUTER DEMAND FOR MASS-PRODUCED SOLDERED JOINTS RESULTS IN INCREASED USE OF LEAD ALLOY PREFORMS It wasn't too long ago that many solder joining operations used only the timetested. hand-held, preheated soldering iron and a soldei1 wire or bar. While still in wide use today for such applications as roofing and gutter systems, water proofing. etc., the continuous effort bv many industries to either partially or completely automate production lines has wrought lor brought about) many changes in soldering procedures and techniques. One soldering innovation that is find ing increased use is the solder preform. Preforms have been made economical and practical as the result of a number of developments: the availability of high quality solder alloys, faster-acting fluxes and techniques for the proper heating of parts. Just what are lead alloy solder pre forms? Simply stated, they are manu factured solder configurations contain ing a fixed quantity of metal alloys-- with or without a flux core. Preforms are designed to produce perfect solder fillets for specific joints in an assembly. They can be manually placed on the area to be soldered or they can be dispensed automatically by a variety of mechanical devices that are usually custom-designed to perform a specific solder preform in stallation. Once in place, solder pre forms can be joined by any conventional heating method compatible with the as sembly. This includes infra-red lamps, induction resistance, natural or propane gas torch, oven or hot plate. Depending on the specific requirement, one or a combination of these heating techniques can be used to make joints with lead alloy solder preforms. There are thousands of preform shapes available. Each shape is a deriva tive of one or more of the following four most common shapes: Wire: Round, square, oblong and oval shapes can be made from either solid wire of flux-filled wire. As a general rule, wire shapes can be cut and formed into straight or curved segments, made into rings and coils, or stamped into continuous loops and other odd shapes. Punched parts: Solid wire of flux- filled ribbon can be used for punched parts in the form of discs, washers, sleeves and odd shapes. Flux-filled discs must have a solid portion to hold the top and bottom of the disc together. Spheres: Spherical shapes are avail able only as solids. Solder-coated metal forms: These are precoated metal punchings that contain a specific thickness of solder alloy. Because of their ease of installation, the speed with which they can be as sembled and the highly effective joints they provide, lead alloy preforms are being used by the thousands to join computer components. To keep up with the demand, a number of companies that specialize in producing solder products, have established separate divisions whose sole product line is geared toward ser vicing the computer industry. Some of these companies have lead solder pre form specialists who work directly with computer manufacturers and their sub contractors when the components that use the preforms are at the design stage. A typical example of the thousands of mass-produced lead alloy solder pre forms used in the electronic data proc essing industry are tiny chains of wash ers that are used as grounding elements for the hundreds of wires installed in a computer terminal block. The terminal block's job is to sort out signals that direct data to and from various parts of the computer and there are as many as 200 to 2,000 such terminal blocks in an average computer. There are literally hundreds of ap plications for lead solder alloy pre forms. They range from air filters to wire mesh components and in all cases, their use results in time and money saved in assembly, elimination of solder waste, and an improved soldered joint. Perhaps just as important, their use also permits the joining of a wide vari ety of micro and subminiature assem blies that could not otherwise be effec tively jointed. Typical electronic circuit board showing preform alter they have been melted into place. U.S. UTILITY RELIES ON LEAD-SHEATHED CABLE; 1 CONDUCTS MAJOR TRAINING SCHOOL I I I I J i i Consolidated Edison Company is the nation's largest electric utility. It lines, or cables, are constantly being re routed, expanded or otherwise modified provides electricity to the five boroughs to provide additional service required School which, because of the extensive use of lead-sheathed cable in the utility's underground electrical distribution sys of New York City and part of West by the thousands of new homes, apart tem, specializes in splicing and joining chester County ... an area of approxi ments, office building and commercial this type of cable. The school is the most mately 660 square miles and a popula and manufacturing facilities that are be extensive of its type in the country and tion of nearly 10 million people. The ing added to the city's roster each year. is, so far as is known, the only one of utility services more than three million In addition, existing underground lead- its kind operated by a utility on such a customers ... all the way from the sheathed electrical cables must also be large scale for trainees of other utilities. world's tallest buildings to multi-story constantly serviced, maintained and re The school instructs trainees of other apartment buildings that house thou paired. electrical utilities--some as far away as sands of people, to single family dwell As part of the enormous effort re Hawaii---and, in addition, has at one ings and the thousands of New York quired to insure that its underground time or another instructed military engi City metropolitan area industrial plants power distribution system operates as neers from all the Armed Forces. that account for an impressive 10 per efficiently as possible, Consolidated Edi The school is divided into a three-part vent of all the nation's manufactured son has developed what may be the util course. The first course, during which products. ij The key element in providing electri ity industry's most comprehensive train ing department. The department has de veloped a number of highly specialized the students learn to make 26 different kinds of lead-sheathed cable joints, runs from 8 to 10 weeks and it is designed cal power to the utility's vast number of training schools designed to train Con to teach the basics of underground power customers is Consolidated Edison's enor solidated Edison employees in the art of distribution cable splicing. The second mous underground electrical power dis installing, repairing and maintaining course is a six-month field training pro tribution system. It consists of 5,000 volt the wide variety of components that gram where cable splicing techniques 27,000 volt electrical cable; most of make up the utility's electrical distribu learned during the first course are prac it lead-sheathed, and it contains nearly tion system. ticed during supervised on-the-job as `0.000 miles of electrical lines . . . signments. The third course is a three- enough to extend from New Y ork to San One of the training schools is the week advanced program and it is given Trancisco 12 times. The lead-sheathed Consolidated Edison Cable Splicing at the Cable Splicing School. Rendering of the toppling of King George's statue in New York City by angry American Colonists AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARIES RE-CYCLE KING GEORGE III A 20-lb. fragment of one of the most famous pieces of sculpture in read to the citizens and soldiers of New York for the first time at the site of American pre-revolutionary history has what is today the City Hall for the City been unearthed in W ilton, Conn., where of New York. That evening, a group of it has been buried for nearly 200 years. enthusiastic patriots angrily attacked The fragment is from a 4,000-lb. eques the statue. trian statue of King George III, the last Not content with attacking the statue, king of the American colonies, that stood the patriots placed a rope around His for only six years after it was erected Majesty's neck and toppled him and his atop a high marble pedestal in 1770 at horse from the marble pedestal. The Bowling Green Park on the Island of angry men then attacked the lead statue Manhattan. with axes, cutting the head from the The statue was made in London-- oddly enough in the light of later events by a man named Joseph Wilton--and shipped to New York where it was un veiled in the summer of 1770. The lifesize statue, like other classical Roman statues of the day, was complete with toga, sandals, and a wreath of laurel. The king and his horse appeared to be made from gold, but both were cast from lead and coated with gold leaf. The statue was never popular among the majority of the Colonists. In fact, it had been up only a year when the British erected an iron fence around it (the fence still stands today) and threat ened to levy a 500 pound fine on any one caught defacing the statue. body, disfiguring the nose, and prying the laurel wreath from the King's head. Within a matter of days, as the Amer ican Revolution got underway, the stat ue was hacked into pieces of approxi mately 20 pounds each. With British forces encircling Manhattan and the American Revolution only five days old, the decision was made to make good use of the lead by turning it into bullets to fight the British. The valu able lead was loaded into wagons and carted off to a military depot in Litch field, Conn., where at least half of it was melted down and cast into bullets for the Continental Army. According to detailed records still preserved in Litch field, women of the town made 42,088 cartridges from the scrap lead. On July 9, 1776, a courier arrived Bullets cast in Litchfield account for from Philadelphia bearing a copy of the only about half of the two tons of lead Declaration of Independence which was in the statue and the fate of the missing pieces has been a matter of speculation for many years. While it isn't known exactly how the pieces of the King George III statue wound up in and around Wilton, it is assumed that men driving the wagon to Litchfield stopped off at a tavern in the area and left it unguarded while they rested and ate. Some local Tories are believed to have discovered the pieces of the statue and stole several pieces to keep them from being turned into bul lets. The 20 lb. fragment of the statue that was recently unearthed at Wilton ii the only piece to have been discovered in more than 100 years. Louis Miller, i native of Wilton, found the piece in i small swamp that is only about two miles from his home. He located the fragment with an electronic metal de tector and as soon as the water that now covers the swampy area evaporate*, sometime this summer, he expects to return to the area and continue hi* search for additional fragments that art believed to be in the vicinity. Mr. Miller loaned the lead fragment to the Museua of the City of New York where it was ' displayed early this year along with * t rare engraving depicting the statue ol| King George III being toppled from it*f pedestal by patriots on July 9, 1776. f lie Vi 12 LIA26672 BATTERY-POWERED VEHICLES APPROVED FOR HAZARDOUS AREAS mnortant section of the new Oc- Ancupationai Safety and Health Act ncerned with the use of industrial is,Cl e- in hazardous areas. Basically a '^"rdous industrial area exists where hdZJiUi i2nitible or explosive gases, va'jrlt jiuit5 or fiber particles are present atmosphere in sufficient quantiI", tl, cause tire- or explosions. :i'p|u>-e conditions are commonly found -hemical and petroleum plants, flour in , orajn niills. underground mines and ensased in the production of ^mmuniti0'!- paint and varnish products. pitree classes of hazardous locations jre defined by OSHA: Class I locations--those in which jnimable aases or vapors are. or may present in the air in quantities suficiit to produce explosive or ignitible Mixtures. Class II locations--those which are hazardous because of the presence of mbustible dusts. Class III locations--those where easignitible fibers or flyings are present ,i not likelv to be in suspension in jantities sufficient to produce ignitible mixtures. The first section of the OSHA powered nJu-trial truck specifications states that ril new vehicles must meet design speci:ications established in the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Powered Industrial Truck publication B56.1-1969. Part II. ANSI is one of several nationally-known organizations whose materials handling equipment fire protection recommendations become law when adopted for powered indus trial trucks. The regulations also state that all ma terials handling equipment to be oper ated in hazardous locations must be clearly marked w ith a label or some oth er identifying mark indicating their ap proval for use in one or more of the three hazardous locations. OSHA regulations specify batterypowered explosion-proof vehicles as the only types permitted to operate in all three classes of hazardous industrial areas. A key factor in the ability of materials handling equipment to qualify for the EN l explosion-proof) Label is the re quirement for an explosion-proof bat tery. Lead acid battery manufacturers have played a leading role in helping the producers of lift trucks and other types of materials handling equipment to qualify their vehicles for the EX Label by working with them to develop speci ally designed explosion-proof lead acid batteries. From a fire protection standpoint, the most critical component of EX Label ve hicles is the electric power system. The batteries of such vehicles are enclosed in special trays that have ,j(5-in. thick hinged steel covers. Ventilation for the trays is provided by a design that pre cludes the accidental insertion of foreign object; through the vents in such a wav that a short could occur across the cell terminals. The housing for the battery tray con sists of a 'Ac-in. thick malleable iron compartment. A fuse block for control and power circuits is built into the hous ing. A tumbler type lock is fitted to the fuse block to prevent unauthorized per sonnel from engaging or withdrawing the connector plug. EX Label vehicles also are provided with explosion-proof enclosures for the lift pump and traction motors and all electrical components. As added safety precautions, electrical conduit from the battery to the drive and pump motors is covered in flexible woven wire. Rules and regulations listed in the new OSHA requirements also establish 12 specific safety steps to be followed when changing or charging the lead acid batteries of electric-powered vehicles op erating in hazardous areas. They include a requirement that battery charging in stallations be located in specific non hazardous areas designated for that pur pose and a ruling that battery compart' ments and/or covers shall be kept open to dissipate heat while charging bat teries. sanery-oowered lilt truck of the type approved Oy OSHA tor operation in all : uses ot industrial hazardous areas. Batteries tor the explosion-proof truck are installed in specially designed heavy steel housings. LEAD QUIETS NEW JET-POWERED SAN FRANCISCO BAY FERRIES 14 Roar 0/ new set-powered San Francisco Bay commuter terry will be silenced by leap acoustical barriers The population of Marin County, which is across San Francisco Bay from the City of San Francisco, has ex panded to the point where there is a daily morning and evening commuter rush-hour traffic bottleneck on the bridge which connects the two points--the fa mous Golden Gate Bridge. To solve the problem, the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway Department have developed an integrated transportation plan that in cludes the use of special buses and a San Francisco Bay ferry system that, un til the Golden Gate Bridge was built, provided the only direct route between Marin County and San Francisco. The first phase of the ferry plan was completed a little over a year ago when ferry service was initiated between San Francisco and Sausalito, a small Marin County community just north of the bridge. The second, and far more dramatic phase of the program is scheduled to begin late this summer when residents of Central Marin County will be literally "jetting" to work on board one of three new gas turbine driven, water jet-pro pelled ferries that are now being built. Each designed to transport 750 passen gers at maximum speeds of 28 knots, the 165-foot ferries will cost about $7.71 million. It is estimated the ferries will be able to transport more than 11,000 passen gers during commuter hours, thus po tentially eliminating at least half as many cars on the Golden Gate Bridge and its approaches during rush hours. The ferries will be powered by three aircraft type gas turbines which will in turn provide power for the three water jets that will propel the vessels. Each turbine will develop a maximum speed of 2,500 ship horse power (SHP) while the water jets will each be capable of a maximum 16,000 lbs. thrust. Just as passengers have to be isolated from the high-pitched roar of jet aj, craft engines, passengers aboard th( ferries will have to be isolated from the high frequency sounds of the sas turbine engines that will drive the watpt jets. The turbines produce sounds that are close to the threshold of pain for the human ear and, in order to protect paj. sengers against such discomfort, the en. gine rooms of the three ferries will he enclosed by an acoustical barrier. To be installed over the top of firt zone insulation to meet U.3. Coast Guard A-60 requirements, the barrier will con sist of 2 psf I'a-j-in. thick t sheet lead laminated to a 1.4-in. thick insulating board. The sheet lead/insulating board laminate will be installed over all engine room wall areas of each of the three vessels. Designed to provide the utmost in commuter comforts, the ferries will have a passenger and cocktail lounge on the main deck and a forward observation lounge and another cocktail lounge on the upper deck. The engine room of each of the three vessels is located aft and abuts the main deck and upper deck cocktail lounges. Therefore it would not be possible to carry on a norm' conversation if these areas were n" being covered in the combination lea insulating board noise barrier. Speaking of lead's use as a noise bar rier aboard ships. John Weiks of Phili F. Spaulding and Associates reports th lead's acoustical properties have bee used to advantage in marine vessels 1 the past 20 years. For example, lead h been used for noise barriers abo minesweepers as well as a variety high-speed, water-jet propelled G Navy experimental ships. In additio manufacturers of pleasure boats also lead to silence engine noise. LI A 266 74 CONCEPT OF LEAD/ZINC HOUSE EVALUATED ^ ,r,. U iffijvs something new under T .:;e it' . '-u are innovative enough. .a i. ai) zinc house ' Working j ,,r,assignment from ILZRO ,, r-jtiunai I.ead and Zinc Research j/.jtion >. the Rhode Island School ,,,,,n has orat up with just that. ilr.icn w'irk is completed. Next step huildini t a prototype. n iddition to demonstrating tradi...a! jnd nvbrid applications for lead Inc in housing, the prototype will ;Mle -uch new developments as a .rietv iif lead composite materials, ,: ,_-ht zinc roofing systems, new dies and improvements for zincg.-d 'teel building panels, and zinc die Hinas produced with recently ina rmed 'lie casting techniques. Such rela ..>iv new housing applications as sheet lead for sound attenuation also will be included. Although the metal house has been designed for factory-built mass produc tion anywhere in the world, the basic prefabricated design is so flexible that it can be finished in many ways to satisfy individual tastes and require ments, using classical as well as con temporary materials, finishes and tech niques. A basic aim of the design is to convince the architect and specifier that lead and zinc products should be con sidered for a variety of new applications. The metal prototype house also will emphasize several specific advantages of critical importance in today's ecology. The availability of lumber, for instance, has become a major problem due to in sufficiency of land reserves, particularly in Asian countries. This has resulted in erratic supply and rising prices. The ILZRO design incorporates a novel core and service module that centralizes service facilities. Such units a: kitchens and bathrooms are positioned in a core area to minimize costs and to increase efficiency. Rooms requiring fewer ser vices, such as bedrooms, are attached, like annexes, to the core area. Comparative cost data are not too re liable at this point of development, but one estimate puts the cost of producing 10.000 lead zinc houses at $11 to $10 per square foot. This compares to 318 to $20 per square font for conventional wood-constructed housing. Progress on the lead/zinc house will appear in fu ture issues of Lead Magazine. i I $ j * i NEW LISTINGS Lead Keeps Classrooms Quiet Rec- "'t I'us:-ates new sreet lead was ms plenum burners between ,-:ums in j jreer.awn. N.Y. school. Lead shielded a j 3'Cmet me -com wH provide accurate hea r^g tests. J-13 A Crackling Market for Electric Forklifts n ,5,; jf e;ectr'C fcrk|-ft trucks n comchance with str-cter Fecerai jnd other j n' .j ;i:'jt'On rfgj I j 11 ons. U-16 Electric Truck Stops Corrosion Problem 'Replacement of a propane-powered Lft ' rc k wtn a battery driven one solved njostriai plant corrns.on generated by Publications and Films .e-oage catalogue listing the publica tions rj ` ; m s available from The Lead incuSt- es isscciation. me M-13 Stained Glass Artist pt'on of the work in :ead vr: glass of artist M^s -Roberta Katz i'-ansas, M-25 ARCHITECTURAL Lead roofing and flashing Detaned instructions on the Simplest and most usual methods for forming or ]Omrg .ead for -cofing and flashing appli es: ons. Complete specifications. Dia- ma:ic dr3wings. Sixteen pages. PAINTS Follow the safety line with chrome yellow pr-nijiations and suggested applications for pnrome yellow safety paints. Illus trated. E ght pages F-5 Soec-hcations and details for the use of 'ead <n plumping. Waste connections, snower and safe pans and chemical lab oratory drams are covered, "our pages D-2 CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Corrosion resistance of lead in chemical applications A chart presentation :f the corrosion re s.stance of lead and its ailoys against cages. H-3133 chemicals from j' to JCCO'F. Six BATTERIES A primer on the lead-acid battery A condensed story of the principles of the lead-acid battery and its chemistry, in cluding some of the `undamentals and definitions of direct-current electric en ergy Two pages. L 6 Electric trucks are the choice Repnnt from feev'ed '"tfustr* Operat cnai and maintenance experience of ma,or company with battery powered ir punt vehicles. Four pages. L-10 Lift profits electrically Provides performance data on electric battery powered vehicles for 'industrial use. Cost calculators are designed to help buyer estimate depreciation, operating and maintenance costs. Sixteen pages. LU CERAMICS Facts about lead glazes for art potters and hobbyists Detailed information on the proper formulat-on. firing techniques, handling, etc. of iead fluxed glazes used by art potters and hobby ceramists, illustrated. Sixteen pages. S-ll Lead a major factor in new machinery noise suppression systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise levels with lead and lead composites. L.sts machines that normally erceed noise evel allowed by WalshHeaiey Public Contracts Act. Two pages. Controlling sound with lead Reprint cites three installations where lead is being used as a noise and vibra tion barrier; John Hancock Building; Baldwin-Wallace Cciiege: and New Eng land Medical Center. 3oston. Four pages. J-12 Sheet lead plenum barriers Detailed description of acoustical plenum barr-ers and how to install them. Mate rials and installation procedures described and illustrated. Eight Pages. J-10 ANTI-VIBRATION PADS Ways to reduce press vibration Two installations of lead asbestos pads to reduce heavy machinery vibrations. Sec tional drawings and loadings are given. Two pages, illustrated. G-l Lead asbestos anti-vibration pads Specifics on lead anti vibration pads in cluding design and sizing, specifications `or the sub-contractor, and list of pad manufacturers. Three pages. G-3 Primary lead production area* in the U.S. For schools, libraries 'wvv mg locations m U.S. of most and refineries, and lead mme* M I Lead--A Modern design material Summary of properties forms of lead for raoi?tl5n J'i"^ soundvitaration cont'ci. oiom-t sources, soidenng jnq -o-' * pages M-15 The new lead belt oeuticrj ,,Reprint of article details new lead belt m Misso scribes activities at `cur mmes'-"-" centrators and th-ee cages. M-16. Use of lead in the automobile Red lead based paint systems P-Cvides details on general properties and suggested uses of recommended paints. 1 nstructions on surface preparation for a va-ety of applications. Listing of LIA recommended formulations. Thirty-two pages. F-l