Document 5z251pLoRMzV5kBN2nkMyye4

FILE NAME: Kohler (KOH) DATE: 1934 DOC#: KOH114 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the National Safety Council Castleman File: National Safety Council wC/Dc-R= OwMithDcoovceurmleetntet#r:oNrSmCem51o If DATE = 0, undated DATE / 9 : J y ' c~ f \/ exhibit # ..J *' __ exhibit index from # ________ to # _______ __ __ published article from peer reviewed journal published__ article from trade journal _ published__ article from NSC Transactions of the NSC (entire issue) _ published conference proceedings _ unpublished presentation from conference _ unpublished internal report _ newspaper article letter __ memorandum _ industry warning labels O R __ sales literature _ industry recommended practices _ meeting agenda __ minutes __ attendee list _ legal depo O R __ legal testimony of: ____________ o th e r :____________________________________ o ' S .7. :^JSI.N b OCC'Jr *S ~ - S - T>.- " C T ' 'i Mi !F: r ' ~N O P-NSC-3 -i \ o V, 1934 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated T , -V ' _ TWENTY-THIRD A N N U A L SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland, Ohio October 1 to October 5, 1934 The Cleveland, Carter and Statler Hotel Cup>rijht, J9J5, NT:..- Safety Cuaiw;:. /-.c. ism m %m0 ,vM ^;v. ~ Publication Plan T H E T R A N SA C TIO N S of the Tw enty-third Annual Safety Con gress, National Safety Council, 1934, are published in two volumes. T he first, containing the General Sessions, the Special Subject Sessions, and the Industrial Section Sessions, is presented herewith. It is sup plemented by a smaller volume containing th e sessions of the Street and H ighw ay Traffic Section, the Child E ducation Section, and Home Safety. The large volume is being sent autom atically to the Industrial m em bers of the Council; the sm aller volume is sen t autom atically to m em bers who are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It may also be j>ecured_ on request by other Council m em bers. , F or the benefit of m any m em bers who have found it advantageous to distribute copies of these TRANSACTIONS to supervisors, fore men and others among their personnel, who m ay keep them fer contin uous reference, the following quantity prices are quoted: 1 to 10 A ll copies of the large volume, 51.50 each; 11 copies and over, Sl.25 each. Copies of the smaller volume, $.50 each. T H E PL A N O F .P U B L IC A T IO N is the same as that followed for the last three years. It is a condensed record- The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to eliminate extraneous m atter and abbreviate the less essential portions, and the concise rem ainder is presented for study and reference. Although not "complete" in the sense that every word is reproduced, It is an interesting and valuable record which em phasizes the memorable parts of each paper or address. The original m anuscripts are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference as desired. Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from discussion at its conventions m atters which are not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot ac cept responsibility for the views expressed either in the pacers pre sented or the discussions thereon. N A TIO N A L SA FETY COUNCIL, INC. . 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago -on- .ons, supmeet ome .cm* may :ous are.tin- 10 ach. for iach 'th ;c tor cry :nai nal Dm its acTC* 200911 ^ \.% tr\tib C O N T E N T S J' Council Officers and D irecto rs.................................................................. Council Purposes and P olicies............ : ................................................... Annual Meeting of M em bers....................................................................... Annual Banquet ............................................................................................. Subject Sessions-- __ Dust in In d u stry .................................................................................... Fire Prevention in In d u s try ................................................................ Fusion W elding and C utting'.............................................................. Industrial Nursing ............................................................................... Industry and Its Motor Vehicle A ccident P ro b le m .................. M aintaining Interest in S a fe ty .......................................................... Mechanical Methods of H andling M a terials............................... New W orkers ........................................................................................ Poisonous Fum es and V a p o rs.......................................................... Safety Equipm ent ................................................................................. Safety Organization and P ro g ra m .................................................... Safe Use of Chemicals in In d u s try ................................................... Safe Use of Electricity in In d u s try .................................................. T he Injured W o rk er............................................................................. W hy People F a ll........................................................: ......................... All Ohio D a y ................................................................................................... FE R A Safety Conference........................................................................... Industrial Safety Lectures-- Selling the Safety Id e a ......................................................................... The Psychology of the Safety M ovem ent in C hanging Tim es Accident Prevention Equipm ent M anufacturers' S ection................ Aeronautical Section .................................................................................... A. S. S. E.--Engineering S ection............................................................ Automotive and Machine Shop S ection.................................................. Cement Section ............................................................................................. Chemical Section ......................................................................................... Construction Section .............................................................. .................... Delivery, Taxicab and Bus S ection......................................................... Food Section ................................................................................................. Marine Section ............................................................................................... Meat Packing, Tanning and L eather Industries S ectio n .................. Metals S e c tio n ................................................................................................ Mining Section ............................................................................................... t aper and Pulp Section.............................................................................. I etroleum Section ....................................................................................... lo w e r Press Section.................................................................................... fublic Utilities Section................................................................................. C'uarry Section ..................................................... '........................................ f efrigeration Section ..................................................................................... l ubber Section ............................ .................................................................. Safety Section, ARA--Steam R ailroad Section, N S C ........................ te x tile Section ............................................................................................... tra n s it Section .............................................1 ............................................... W ood Products Section................................................................................. Iidex ......................................................................................................... PAGE .. 4 .. 9 . . 11 . . 21 .. 23 .. 31 . . 41 .. 45 . . 51 .. 59 .. 67 .. 73 .. 79 .. 85 .. 93 .. 99 .. 103 . . 113 . . 121 .. 127 .. 131 . . 135 . . 140 . . 149 .. 153 . . 159 .. 163 .. 177 . 187 . . 199 . . 209 .. 219 . . 227 . . 24S .. 255 . . 269 , . 289 .. 307 .. 325 .. 337 .. 349 .. 357 . . 365 . . 383 . . 413 . . 419 . . 435 . . 445 National Safety Council Incorporated HONORARY MEMBERS A ssociation of I ron and S teel E lectrical E ngineer Robert \V. Campeell A rthur W illiams OFFICERS (1934-1935) J ohn E. Long. President. Robert I. Catlin. \ ice-Prcsidem for Public Safety. D. D. F ennell. Vice-President for Public Relations. L ew R. P almes. Vice-President for Safety Councils. Albert S. R f.cula. Vice-President for Engineering. C. W. S m it h . Vice-President for Industrial Safetv. R. T. Solenstex. \ ice-Presider.t for Membership. D r. C. H. W atson. \ ice-Prcsident lor Health. A. V . V hitney. \ icc-Prcsidcnt for Education. M . E. W orth. Vice-President fur Finance and Treasurer. \V. H. Cameron. Managing Director and Secretary. ' EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1934-1935) A. L. A rmstrong. Lastman Kodak Company C. B. A uel, P at: President. J. I. Ba xash , Past President. C. W. Berc.ouis:. Past President. F. V . B raun. W e d Products Section. V . H. Cameron. .Vational Safety Council. Robert W. Camprill. Past President. T. H. C arroiy, .-.nterican Railway Association. R obert I. Catlin. Aetna Casualty St Surety Cumpanv J. E. C ullinev. Bethlehem. Steel Company, Lewis A. D f.Blcgs. Past President. Marcus A. Dow. Past President. D D. F ennell, u insulting Engineer. D. L. Ff.nnell. Kansas City Safety Council. Capt. E. W. F isee. J r.. Marine Section. R. E. Fortuin, Lehich Valley Safety Council. H arrv GutLnERT. . lie Pullman Companv. M f.rlf. C. H ale. Automotive V Machine Shop Section. G. T. H ellmutii. Chicaco. North SItore & Milwaukee Railroad Co H on. H arold G. .--.'Ut m a n . Street ^c Higiiway Traffic Section T homas P. K f.a:-.ns. Industrial Commission of Ohio. V altfr G. K ing. Past President. 4 F ranklin M. Kke: : l J ohn E- Long. Tire i Tuo s. Hi M acDonald. p,, J. M ehren. Pert.a: I W. M illard. A cc: w i:j H arold L. M iner, a. . Arthur T. Morey. ? : l Lew R. P almer. Par. t C. E. P ettibone. Par. C. E. Ralston. M e r e r Albert S. R egula, inn { Lt. Col. H. A. k i n :: George E. S anford. r- Robert L. S chmitt. L H arry A. S chultz. V C harles B. Scott. P o Lester D. S eymour. A C. W. Sm it h , StanCsr W alter D ent S m it h . R. T . Solensten. F.P.i Clarence P. T ayi.gr. C. P. T olman, Pa;; P J. A. Voss. Metals S-. George H. W arffl. L D r. C. H. W atson. A A. W. W hitney. Hat: W. E. W orth. Intern:. Arthur H. Y o u n g . ? F rederick A rcher. PL v ELLtAM F. AlUlEFN, r A. L, A rmstrong. E a r A iluam H. Baker. P J. I. Banash , Consult: H- D. Banta, Paper ,\ Ernest W. Beck. I'r.n. " A. Bennett. W.tc C. W. Beschulst. Daytd S. Beyer. L i ' -.t E- F. Blank, June;-it ' C F. Borkeniiagen. F. W. Braun. Wu-.d Col. P hil H. Br;.-;-,:- P reston D. Ca u .v .t . 1 " H. C amf.ron. C- J. Carney, Chicaro Lfyry^y, .Vr-AcTu Franklin' M. K aeml. Evanston Safety Council. Jou.x E. Loxc. The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp. T hos. H. M acD onald. United States Department of Agriculture. E. J. M ehrex. Portland Cement Association. I. \V. M illard. Accident Prevention Manufacturers' Section. H arold L. M ixer. E. I. duPout dc Nemours & Co., Inc. Arthur T. Morey. Past President. Lew R-. P almer. Past President. C. E. P ettiboxe. Past President. C. E. Ralstox. Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. Albert S. R ecula. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. H. A. R exincer. Past President. Geosce E. Sanford. General Eletcric Company. Robert L. Schmitt. Louisville Safety Council. Harry A. S chultz. United States Steel Corporation. Charles IT Scott. Past President. Lester D. S eymour. Aeronautical Section. C. W. S m it h . Standard Oil Company iTndianal. W alter D ext S m it h . Delaware Safety Council. R. T. Solexstex. Elliott Service Company. Clarence P. T aylor. Massachusetts Safety Council. C. P. T olmax. Past President. J. A. Voss. Metals Section Gecrcz H. V artel. Union Pacific Railroad Company. ' 35) Dr. C. H. W ats ox. American Telephone & Telegraph Company. A. W. W ititxey. National Bureau of Casualty ft Surety Underwriters. V . E. W orth. International Harvester Company. Artiius H. 5' " no,. Past President. DIRECTORS (1934-1935) Fxede:-:ck A rc r.zn. Child Education 5 tetinn. Will:. .m F. A r.:iRX. Fniety i)i\\. Milwaukee A. L. A>?ocinrion W ill:. M H. L .her. Qu arry Section. I. I. IA.VA-H. _ .n<uitme Knsinccr. H D. HAMA. Faper vV Pulp Section. F.kxr.- w r - Uniteti States R u b h:-r Pr-ducts. ine. 'A'- A. Benne- 7. \ \ `ree?:er Saietv Go ::,C11. G. W P ero. v: \ \ extern IZJecirie.. C:i:p i ;v. .. Dwte S. R evs :. Liberty Mutual In<;:r w'.cc O impune. K, F. ':.AKk\ . v5 vV L.v.wuiin Steel d rp. C F .:-:n . Kvtv-iia Safety 1 nini';:. L::a i-" -d Pr- ' i n a < Pedi' : . . t k'- W. .witi- " :iui;. i.Muturi:. ( V .:.k ' 1c;.: vu- re S.n't ' dene-) Andie G-unci:. m ant 1$. 7y.v OOoo W & .:r<K K j fipEasa tTe'r>i ''p"'*^* t ^ i ' -a v r . ' ^ : j S - u ; -- - ' S M ^ k ^ . ".-;~"v..-..-j">m?7>r 6 Txvcnty-thirJ Annual i>\: Coiiarcss~X.:r:mtal Snrrr: Couv.c.i Rocep.t I. Catlin, Aetna Casual;;' .n Surety Co. C aul C. C lements. Refrigeration section. Roscot D. Conli.n. Rahway Satety Council. _ H. H erbert Corson. Safety Dept.. Nashville Chamber vt Commerce. J. E. C ullixey, Ecthlehcm Steel Company. E dward D ana. Boston Elevated x a ilw a ;. E. A. D avidson, Consulting Engineer. R ichard H. Davis, Elackstonc Valley Safety Council. C harles D. Dawson, Grand Rapids Safety Council. L ewis A. D eBlois, Consulting Engineer. J ay E. D ecker. Mason City Safer;- Council. J ames B. D ouglas, The Philadelphia Gas W orks Company. Louis I. D ublin. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. C harles H. E ames, Textile Section. D. D. F ennell. Consulting Engineer. D. L. F ennell. Kansas City Safety Council. ^ D onald A. F inkdeiner. Toledo Safety Council. C apt. E. ML F iske. J r., Marine Section. _ ^ H oward B. F onda. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (X. o. A.I Inc. R. E F ortuin, Lehigh Valley Satety Council. E. X. Goldstixe, Construction Seaton. O tho M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co. H arry G uilbert. The Pullman Company. I saiah H ale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc Railway Co. M erle C. H ale. Automotive S: Machine Shop Section. M ajor Bolling H. H andy, Richmond Satety Council. D. T. H arrington, United States Bureau of Mines. G. T. H ellmuth. Chicasofi North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. C has. E. H ill, New York Centra! Lines. H on. H arold G. H offm an. Street & Highway Traffic Section. C laude J. H olding. Albany Safe.; Council. J ulius ML H orre. Hudson Count;.- Safety Council. H arry D. I mmel. Pennsylvania Dept, of I-alxir & Industry. Lex J ensen, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission. E dgar P. K adle, York County Safety Council. _ T homas P. K earns, Industrial Citr.mission of Ohio. K. T. K eller, Detroit Industrial Safety Council. I ra V. K epner. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. E. J. K reti, Public Utilities Section. F ranklin M. K reml. Evanston Safety Council. C. L. L aF ountaixe. Great Northern Railway Co. F rank J. L anahak. Fort P itt Malleable Tron Co. J ohn L auermaX. Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industries Section. S imon I-azarus. Safety Council. Columbus (O hio! Chamber of Commerce. TosErn LtLLtcn, Rochester Safety Council. ' Dr. FT M. Little, New York Department of Education. G. 0 . L ockwood. Petroleum Section. T. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp. ML R. Loyd, Safety Div.. Birmingham Chamber of Commerce. X. McARTitur M:u.rR McC u x t - (I, McK enne \ 1. McW hort [j. T. Martin. F I 0 . M artin, E E. ML Matson. u. I. Mehren, P X, 0 . Mu s x e r . 1 W m. G. Metzger I, W. MlLLARD, ' H arold L. M ines 11KNKY J- M in e u : Lawrence M. Me R, B. Morley, In J ohn A. 0 artel. George C. A. O ff Lew R. P almer. John C. P arker. David A. P atton. C. E. P ettibone. G f.n . George E. F j. B. P ower. Sear C. E. Ralston. X' A lbert S. Regula Lt. Col H enry a .Marixus R iter. f G. E. S anford, Go H enry G. Schaff T. A. Schendf.l, 1 Robert L. Sen mix H. V. S chreider. ' H arry A. Schulti C harles B. S cott, Lester D. S eymou: E arl S. S hartzer. R ay H. S heets, M D r. L. A. S houdy, E rnest L. S imoxds Lee E. S keel, Clev C. W. S m it h , Stai W alter D ent S mi R. T. SolENSTEN, I E- C. S pring, Lans Georce R. S tephen Gucius S. S torrs, ,7f c t y Council Co. c> Section. cit Commerce. Officers and Directors a E L und-teadt. Delivery, Tax icab & Bus Section. T 1I0,. H .' M.acDu.nald.. United States Dep artm ent ot Agriculture. L T. McArthur. Peoria Safety Council. \(n.LER McC lintock. H a rv a rd University. T H McK esnev. Illinois Steel Company, I d McW horter. Safety Div.r Memphis South \\ Clumber orks. ot Commerce. H T M artin. Fisk Rubber Company. t ' o ' M artin, Employees' Publication Section. P w . Matson. Minnesota Safety Council. J Mehren. Portland Cement Association, x. 0. Meisxer. Power Press Section. !V W GM i a " T ^ Equipment Manufacturers' Section. H arold L. M ine*. E. I. duPo.it dc Xe.no urs & Co.. Inc. H enrv J. M ixee-r, Elizabeth Safety Council I awrence M- Moore. Eastbay Safety Council. R. B. Morley. Industrial Accident Preven tion Associations. John A- 0 artel. Carnegie Steel Company, George C. A. Ore. The Detroit Edison Company. Lew R. P almer. Equitable Lite Assurance Society. J ohn C. P arker. Brooklyn Safety Council. D avid A P atton, Newark Safety Council. r C. E. P ettibone. American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. Gen. G eorge B. P illsbury. W a r Departmen t. J. B. P ower. Seattle Traffic & Safety Council. C E R alston. Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. Albert S. Recvla. Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc. Lt. Col. H enry A. R enixger. Lehigh P o rtla n d Cement Company. Marine' s Riter. Paterson Safety Council. G. E. S nford. General Eletcric Compan>. H f.xry G. Schp.ffxer. Erie sa fety Council. T, A. Schexdel. Food Section. Kuhf.rt L. Schmitt, Louisville Safety Council. H. V. ScsiREiEER. Transit Section. 1 A. Schvltz. United States Srieel Corporation. C harles B. Scorr, Bureau of Safety. Inc. I.ester 0. Sevmocr. Aeronautical Section. Earl S. S hartzer. Utica Safety Council. Lav H. S heets. Madison County Sa:cty Council. Dr. L. A. S iicudy. Bethlehem Steel Company, Ernest L. Simoxds. Kew H av en i a : e t y Cuuncil. Lkf. E. S xeel, Cleveland Safety Council. r W. S mith. Standard Oi: Company (Indiana'). U At.Ttrj Dent Smith. Delaware Sateiy Council. I;- T. S.;.en Elliott Service C.cr.ynny. 1-- C. S print,. Lansdalc.-F v - ' '-f. I;, p riatiEN?.. Safctv Bureau. Cuiialu Chaml/cr m commerce. i i! 3 ,v; 7 '; .v /v - -/'r r .: Amtn.ii S u r e t y ; '.?,/r,vv -- A'.//;.;,//' S,: v . D r. F. M. F ulz ua.v. Truy biuuty Gjuncii. Alfred H. Su \ yne. Gvncral Motors CUn>urmi,n. Clarence P. T ayl M.-i.-indm-ctt- Safety Council. A rthur M. T cde. c .c.-uhim: Marine Engineer. V M. T rench. zccenectiuiy Safety Council. M . D. 1 urbf.ville. can Antonio gaiety Council. J. A. \ oss, Metals Section. H. A. \\ ac k er . Rubber Section. George H. M artel. 'Ciiion Pacific Railroad Company. D r. C assius H, W atson. American Telephone & Telegraph Coiucar.y H arry M. W ereer. Illinois Bell Telephone Cunipanv. Albert C. W hite. J r.. Springfield Safety Council. S. E. W hiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Companv. A. W. W hitney. Manorial Bureau of Casualty & Surety UnderwriterM . H. W in ans. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. D r. C.-E. A. W inslow. Yale Medical School. H arry W ise. Sr.. Chattanooga Safety Council. J. M. W oltz. Young-town Sheet & Tube Company. W. E. W orth. International H arvester Company. E. J. Z auft. Safety Eurcau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce. E arl W. Zimmerman. Safety Div.. Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. J. B. Zook, Cement Section. Council y;-c fundamental pu'pv ,.c 'h rccki his '.`l-M-tiuidc ui .'cope, npp-ie- recuy reaches our entire c:: ,veC from political arri' ia::- r. w c.-5e:uial national msrtSf-c- 'cond(iiit'iOonpsaraabnldc pfrroevmentaicncgm' e: Today there arc AN*' tjlc Canadian Province: includes industrial corners; commerce, clubs and c-\ ccriu. including the hip stv t:- the L'nited States, the auu ,,ur national industrial he.c The history of the Cue detailed here. Suffice to under auspices ot the A? waukcc. in 1912, and. as a : York the following year v.-.t >hip increased to 971. The pioneers ot Amcrx" denis were an unnecessary proper remedial measures theory, and to develop the could be prevented. The ; convinced that accident? or? vented. Striking example' tiou. r- Since the National Safe: death rate in all holds exet motor vehicle accident prer.slight decline in fatalities a slight increase, and the ri ot 1934 that the year will average results in motor \ t in commercial vehicle Rec*.: laws and in cities wtih an spots indicate that the nat:c cation at the methods win:: The National Safety Cand tiie best results are *. i ments have been made. The rate among employees 75 largest steel industries have scores ot industrial estabi:.-;-. abling injury a m o u n t he Along with these redur Hnipioycr and employee h.y/they did some two decades TTY'zT.tVt-.r ^ V - v `. -' TifAA- j .AjNv w as'f Sr3S8M ]!'E S 7 Y - T H I R D A N N U A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S N A T I O N A L SAFETY COUNCIL iW ? 5* 5vv^ia&- y>At Dust in Industry FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1934 . The session devoted to a discussion ot Dust in Industry was called to order by Dr. E. 3. Meiter, Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual L ia bility Insurance Co., Milwaukee, who presided. Dr. Meiter briefly welcomed the delegates and then introduced the first speaker. Types of D ust T h at Cause Occupational Diseases By L E R O Y U. GA RDNER, M.D. ' Director, Saranac L aboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, of the E dw ard L. T rudeau Foundation, Saranac Lake, N. Y. ' The speaker said in part: Experience has demonstrated that the lung tissues can tolc rate very large amounts ot most kinds of foreign dust particles without serious merrcrcncc with function. The lung may be intensely pigmented by colored dusts w in no evidence that respiration is impaired. But dusts composed, in whole or in p in. of silica have been shown to be dangerous because they stimulate the gTGWth of the connective tissues ot the lungs and bring about the formation of scar tissue, This destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary for respirat an and it thickens the delicate membranes so that a free interchange ot gasses is impeded. Fortunately, these results only follow the prolonged inhalation of very large quantities of silica. . ... . Exp< nrr.cnts have demonstrated that the injection of silica into the tissues ot animals kids the cells where the substance lodges and excites an inflammation, When [ caiir.g takes place a very dense and characteristic kind of scar tissue forms, Most nt tn-fi-iceous dusts produce no inflammation and very little scar. It has been shown hat iuch changes do not follow the injection of silica unless the particles arc ver-' fine, three microns or less in diameter, and unless enough of them localize in one rea. W ith larger particles the rate of reaction is so slow that little change occurs ' ' ithin a year. As a general rule, the finer the particles, the more rapid the cellular "tm.onse. The reaction to fine silica begins within four or five hours and contit mes for a period of years. If tf silica is combined with bases in the form of silicates, it rarely produces such ac tive and progressive changes. The silicate of magnesium, asbestos, does cause tf mmm-tion o i-set.--tissue in experimental animals and in the human lung, but mo: \ ether silicates are not generally recognized as irritating. Recently it has been ci; 'mtd that a hydrated silicate of aluminum and potassium, called scricitc. j3 respo W '.c for most of the cases of silicosis. This silicate, a transformed feldspar, is often associated with quartz and it has been identified in the lungs of persons sut- 23 . li -! s1v5p*. .i t s # m 24 Tu'cutv-third Animal Safety Congress-National Safety Council ferinff from silicosis. However, at least two types of seriate have tailed to excue significant changes when injected into animals. Experiments with this substance arc still in progress. Kaolin, an alumina-silicate of potash, has also produced quite cliaracteristic changes in the lungs of rabbits. But our present knowledge does not permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage. Most observers now believe that uncombincd silica, or quartz, is poisonous to the tissues because it is slowly dissolved in the fluids of the body. Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury, but it is dim- cult to understand how enough of such an insoluble substance as quartz could be dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked, acute inflammation. I: solubility were the only factor one should discover a more active response after the injection of the more readily soluble silicates, but such is not the case. F or merly it was held that silica produced its effect mechanically. The hard sharp quartz particles were i>elievcd to abraid the lung surfaces and excite the forma tion of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing. This theory is no longer tenable for when animals are injected with other hard, sharp particles like diamond, carbo rundum or aluminum oxide, there is no inflammation and practically no formation of scar tissue. Ultimately it may be shown that the irritation of silica is due to some unrecognized property possibly related to its atomic structure. ' ` When quartz particles are inhaled they produce three specific effects which are not excited by any other type of dust yet studied. They alter the behavior of the pulmonary phagocytes: they stimulate the formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue; and they subsequently increase the susceptibility of the lung to infection, espe cially tuberculous infection. Phagocytes that ingest too many quartz particle* arc killed by this irritating substance. As the ceils die they liberate their burden and several new phagocytes come out to take it up again. By a repetition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so that many of them ingest only a .few particles. Under such circum stances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill hut merely accelerates the motility of the cells. They naturally tend to leave the air spaces, enter the lymphatic ves sels and accumulate in the lymph nodes. This process Ikcoujos more rapid under the influence of the irritating silica and very considerable numbers of particles are consequently localized in the nodes. - After six or eight years the quartz in the nodes has caused a marked over growth of the fibrous elements in these structures. Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node is entirely replaced by a mass A coarse, glassy sea.: tissue fibres, often several times as large as the original node. Such nodules cm . croach upon and compress the lymphatic vessels. The drainage -ystem of the lung is clicked and effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually diminished. Dust now accumulates around the lymph vessels and sheets of scar tissue devel- p in this location. These preliminary changes do not constitute the disease, silicosis; they involve only the lymphatic system. The respiratory tissues arc not :e preciably affected. In good stcro X-ray films these preliminary chances may be vitalized as a thick ening and beading of the shadows cast by the blood vessels U'-cr.r.er with a` widen ing of the shadow of the root of the lung. The blood vessels are thickened because the most important lymphatic vessels' course through their walk. The beading is due to the minute nodules of silicotic scar tissue in the lymph, nodes within the lung. The root shadow is widened because of the silicotic reaction in the lymph nodes in this location. If still more dust is inhaled it can no longer lie effectively carried off through the lymph vessels. The phagocytes now carry it into the wail: ->i the air spaces. Often the cells croup themselves in nodules Inn sometimes they are scattered. I- these locations the silica again stimulates the formation of scar tissue. The result is a general thickening A the septa between the spaces ami r. .ulation through.ut the functional ;.rti*n of the lung. This change seriously imen-rres with functitu ns interchange un- cannot take place through the thickened v.zll* of the air .-peer: and the tissues their normal elasticity. Loss involved air y ecS dilate and rn.t.r walls stretch, pr-.dweine the condition known as cmphy-cma. v. ::cL is also, sr.uzjr- patible with elective respiration. With the formation of silicotic mKiules in the functioning " e h of the lung ir.c / '/ / in l Hit 'ry 25 ' ciiica^e. silicosis. is aid to begin. On the X-ray film such nodules cast ciear cut. ; : jund shadows. As they increase in number and size they blot out the formerly a reejnuated linear shadows of the blood vcr.-wls. In a \\ c-Il marked case both lung ne.ds may be thickly seeded with hundreds uf -licit sharply debited, rounded. nodtilar , shadows. _ M here there is emphysema, often at the bases, no markings arc visible a id the him appears black. . The conditio^ of^ silicosis is a progressive one anch it continues to develop after { f- man has ^CIt his dusty occupation. Serious results only follow, however, when he : ics.vcs with many nodules in the lung tissue itself. As such nodules increase in size ; ^ rcP^acc important functional dements. Obviously the continued growth ot oniy a Iew nodules situated in the lymphatic system could have little cncct other : than to increase the obstruction already present. Tlie_ serious part of silicosis is its frequent complication by tuberculosis. This j rra>' a r|se. Irom reactivation of a prc-cxistam latent infection or it may resuit from j a ncX! infection from without. The danger of infection increases with the amount | o: silicosis present. The course of the infection in the silicotic is usually chronic t and it often fails- to produce characteristic symptoms for months or years after its J onset. Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine X-ray examination of g oups of active workmen. However, evidences of disability arc much more marked j T silicocic individuals with infection than in those with uncomplicated disease. Occa* i sionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject but this is J also true in other persons. The cause of the susceptibility of tile silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood, but it would seem that the action of the | si.ica on the tissues creates a medium favorable for the growth of the bacteria. If T ic tubercle bacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, but the usual clinical symptoms of tuberculosis are often held, in abevanee for a long tunc because the chances for absorption of poisonous products of infection are mini- m.zcd by the obstructed lymphatic system. It is also possible that some of these pcisons may be absorbed on the silica particles, as Cummins has suggested. Ulti mately the injection gains the upjicr hand, symptoms develop and death from tuber culosis ensues. . - The only other type ot du*i whichcU * a catme ot. severe | pulmonary m jw ft This substance is fibrous i 3 ,n character and is more readily soluble than quartz. Apparemlv the protective \ upper respiratory mechanisms .seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation of many such fibres and even quite long ones may penetrate into the finer bronchial tulies. f T.:csc structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous l dusts. In this location the asbestos particles are surrounded and ingested bv phago- { cytes. The cells do not seem to be particularly irritated for they are not espe- { cia.Iy numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into chimps as in the case of phngo- j T ;es dealing with quartz. Apparently most of them carrv their burden of asbestos j tenements directly into the walls of the tubes in which they lie. The miidlv irri ta ing dust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue cells in the wails result ing in collar-like thickening of the tubes. Contraction of the new connective tissue narrows or closes the tube and thereby shuts off the ingress of air to the more pc iphcrai air-spaces. These spaces then collapse, a condition known as atelectasis. I h o in itself is a cause of fibrosis or scarring of lung tissue. The result is a fibrosis i J numerous relatively small areas in the lung due to the coliar-like constricting I nbrosis about many small terminal bronchial tubes. The lymphatic svstem seems to \ P ; y httle Part in disposing of asbestos dust and very insignificant amounts of this \ du>t are found in the lymph nodes. f Xot a few cases of aslicstosis die of tuberculosis or bronchopneumonia but the \ prevalence of the former infection is probably much less common than in silicosis. i -Lrveys of large groups of asbestos workers fail to reveal such a high incidence of | tuberculosis as found in similar studies on silica workers. ` F inhalation of unusual amounts of non-siiiccous dusts apnarcntlv fails to pro - u.c significant alterations" iiY the lung. It is of course possible that injurious ones f uhiniatciy he discovered, but 'none are recognized today. The non-siliccous | `1C cs cuter the lung and are ingested by phagocytes as in the case of quartz. : A /c ce' Is are not stimulated to move very rapidly and as a consequence manv of : rcmam within the air spaces for a long time. Some, particulnrlv those con- 0 r- <\ ( 26 Tweniy-tlurd Annual Safety Congress-National Safety Council mulate in the lym pT nodes^ltn " s u i f e i u 'c o '^ thC lyn,Phatic system and accr- mixed with small amounts of s f c d e s " T ? * 10" ' r, perhaps bccau^ he- inflammation. But this reaction result- n , P " > r? dc' " "-progrcssivc chrome nodes and about the lymphatic vessels ' t i^ ' m ,.a llttie Sickening in the h - i Y black from coal or red from iron hut there -iSSUC m a-v be variously pigmer-rc. feres w ith function. The mcem'iWH t v t,`,K " !0rn'a tlo ", of scar tissue ihat m entation is not increased but it is7 L r o r ^ i " ' S'S 1he pcrson witlt such unduly prevalent in coal m iners and th a /e h \ qUltl - dcfi'm e that Pneumonia k tion of cement. The X -raTfiTm , nf TM ?!" C bronch,tls results from the i ~ ^ . nothing a t all o r a more o r^ e s s m arked ''_rking t`.n " '-siliceo u s dusts shows en ter the blood vessels. This, of course is t h l to ` n 0 A 6 lm car shadows cast is the lym phatic trunks in t r ^ b I o UVessse Chr0mC changcH ^ defined and shouldTM7ceiv?m o r^M rio u w tt'* 1 f,011' 5lllceous materials arc less ciecrir as has been done in the past 'ti4t Z " T l "TMu,d 5cem ""wise to a ssu re diluents and that only the quartz comDonrnf51 `f C US> subsUn<;<:s serve only as teg mental and clinical data arc. acmmulatrni- dUSt `S 0t s 'Snificancc. Expert 1 ' dusts may materially modify the action of ' m Sli?ScSt- tila at lcaat sonie 0- c r nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to increa ' b `h ltS caPacicy to procare example, animals inhaling heavy c o n c n t i thc_susceptibility to tuberculosis. F :: silica and hematite dust for J - h t h o u r^ a a m ,xture. equal parts of pare shown not even the slightest ind.YathsnJ d j / * pF lod of 14 months hare pure quartz dust, inhaled for oniv two hoursl!0dVe forrnat,i' m the lung, whercas also seems to be true that animals inhaling s u rh ^ 7' Produccs dcfinite "adulation. 1: to tuberculosis than tliose exposed to pure quanz miner, some lungs show definite ^ ,lcSS, suscep'J l': , the alsc of tllc human r r and many no nodules at all AI exhThh h a`' a U'-rS 0,' ly a vcry fcw nlyj- cenular connective tissue reaction Whin \ ;Vy dcp,oslts 01 iro" P r i d e s with a chemical analysis of the lun- tissues a,,H ,|these findlnss can he correlated e which these miners have performed s o l 'Ci aPPro:'c!lra,tc amount of rock work silica and the fibrous nodule'^ormatmn 1 hi ' ? m 'Pu T ' " TM thc exposure == iron miners is apparently less pr^alent i i d m cs' abI'shed. tuberculosis in ties; to pure silica. W hat has bee, said oT ;. " mucil lcss scverc than in expo-; workers and coal miners. It js 1i " miners is also probably true of to u r:- have less tuberculosis than the average "io r^ h e '^ that mT ' tilc latter occuPa:x= ihcy have the infection but that it h so a t i c L ? ' Vfr}adi Cummms believes :ri: that it escapes diagnosis. at\pica! and benign m its manifesta;:::.! Mention should also be made of mixed du-ts tu.. _ . , containing large amounts of free silica in rnmhin,l - ,ccrain s,atcs and grar.nf these substances behave atvpicallv and rin no't^ 'Vlt l Sllicates-. Expcrimenm::- is complicating infection. 'T h e same mav a l s n ^ ^ f 135 n.odldar fibrosis unless there tjonablv such dusts are capable l i l w ' bc true 1,1 hum an beings. U n q u -- dispose to tuberculosis. From a the^reti-al r a n d L ' ^ h 3 nodulcs and they rremore intensive studv to clarifv our views on t h e 3" ^ ' 01 ub' y sbou,d receive rr.uea it appears that the'ac tion of their quartz rn l,r h `C Sub,C<;t At !hc Present trahzcd by the other substances which they Tonw'm ' ' m Cd a " d P3rtiaIly r' ; '" rp ,, - --zxccpn atory Equipm ent o Protect W orkers Exposed to D ust By ST U A R T W. G U RN EY and DA V ID S. B E Y E R Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston - - elimination in tliei'r ' a b o r k w ^ f o ^ a ^ o c r i ,," f , " / '" 'j0 had reIere" c to c : thoroughly enforced these law" The cod - / k -v iars' but ,no * 'as as ; provide that grinding, buti'mg and polWiin'r' v - w i!'* "VO of the states exempt mom h ^ e 7 i" 'n,cll "'C mvc5t,?av eXlUUS,Cd' alt' ^ itr"'. :V . ht. m onnn D u s; in Industry 27 This <cms ill-advised, since a study of wet and dry grinding in Connecticut by WinsiO'v and Greenburg has sliown that the application of water docs not bv any means tiiminatc the dust hazard. ' It nay be remarked that, with everything else equal, a high static suction will rive a higher velocity at the point of origin of the dust, fume or gas than a low one; b; i this aione is not a measure of the effectiveness of any exhaust system. Wiscon.n has adopted the principle of specifying a limit to the number of dust particle., of rcsptrable size per cubic foot of air. After all, this is what we arc primarily interested in, to keep the dust contamination down' to a point where it will no be harmful. . . . These variations and conflicting provisions in state codes merely reflect the gen eral lacs of authoritative standards. It is accordingly fortunate that definite steps arc no" being taken by the American Standards Association to develop the proper basis fer such codes. There arc two committees working on this problem; the Ventilation Code Committee, sponsored by the American Society of Heating & Ven- mating Engineers, and the E xhaust Code Committee, sponsored by the In te r national Association of Industrial A.ccident Boards and Commissions. It is also arranged to appoint sub-committees to take up five specific subjects; Abrasive cleaning chromium plating, granite cutting,, rock drilling, and spray coating. Ilf addition a Sub-Committee on Fundamental Principles of Design and Operation and Maintenance of Exhaust Systems wiil be appointed. The two most important considerations in an effective exhaust svstem a re : 1. Velocity of air flow; 2. Arrangement of the inlets (from the standpoint of near ness to he dust source, shape, etc.). Many an installation that is otherwise all right fails to remove the dust success fully rmrely because there is not enough air being drawn through the system. In a scries of tests that were conducted under actual working conditions by Theodore F. Hatch, Department of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of Public Health, a machine used in dressing stone was employed, and it was noted that with an air flow through the hood of 230 cubic feet per minute, there were over one hundred uillion oust particles in the surrounding air. When the air flow was increased to a little over 2:0 cubic feet per minute, the dust concentration had dropped to forty pillion, a marked improvement. A.s the air flow was further increased, the drop p dust concentration was relatively slower, and it took a volume of about 3S0 cubic feet per minute to bring the dust concentration down to ten or fifteen million particles per cubic foot, which was considered reasonably safe for this tvpe of dust. _ It is accordingly possible sometimes to ' take an installation that is not satis factory end, if the remainder of the system is well designed, by merely speeding up the Mower or adding a larger cr.e. to bring about the desired results. " Anot.icr very important consideration is to get the inlets of the exhaust system as close as possible to the source of the dust. The drop in efficiency as we get further away from the inlet is really surprising to one who has not studied the prin ciples involved. It should be remembered that if wc have the open end of an ex haust pine or air duct in operation, the air tends to flow in from all sides, even from behind the opening. As wc move away from the end of the pipe, the velocity drops very rapidiy, so that even at a distance of five inches from the hood the velocity may be ess than 10 per cent of that right at the hood inlet. This is the most important consideration to keep in mind and one which is frequently lost sight of in designing exhaust systems. It is not uncommon to see an exhaust inlet a few nehes it diameter with which the person making the installation hoped to draw dust iron a distance of several feet, but the air flow even a foot or two away from the entnnee to the inlet may be negligible. ' ' Still mother Important consideration having to do with the design of the iniet. 15 the addition of a flange. The effect of this flange is to cut down the air that pould flow in from behind the opening, thus drawing it nearly all from xhc front. Thus the efficiency of the system is substantially increased and the scope of the ex haust extended appreciably, without increasing the power consumption or otherwise adding to the expense of keeping up the system. . There are also other considerations of perhaps lesser importance. For example, air canntd be ";x!led" from a distance hv merely directing an exhaust pipe toward me point in question, but it can be "rushed" or blown, directionally, for a consider- 28 Twenty-third Annual Sa fe ty Congress-- National Safety Council able distance. This principle may be used advantageouslv in directing the du toward the opening ot the exhaust inlet and thus getting the desired rLuhs wi a lin , , r'XhaU3t j ' j0 0 '-' and 4,0'vcr consumption than would be required it suctu alone "e re depended upon. This principle has been applied effectively in drillir material containing asbestos, where the exhaust inlet is placed at one' side of tl drill and a small air jet at the opposite side of the drill, blowing across the tabi turns the particles that would fly out from this side and direds them c k im the exha1list svstem. It is also being applied to foundry shake-out work. Other considerations in designing exhaust systems include the elimination i unnecessary bends or curves, the provision of clean-out doors, and the proper cot struction ot joints. \\ here there is a general ventilating installation and one or raor exhaust systems, care must be taken to see that they do not conflict with each oihe: After an exhaust system has been installed it should be tested bv taking acme dust counts to see that the dust is really being cut down to the desired-point an such counts should be taken at intervals after the installation has been marie, t see that it is sail functioning properly. The fact that the dust particles that cause the trouble are so small that the are invisible under ordinary conditions (less than 10 microns or 1/2300th of a inch in diameter,i often makes it har d to convince the practical plant manager th.a there is any dust present; it also makes It impossible to tell, without the use'ot spe cial instruments, whether the completed exhaust svstem is actuailv removing t h It might seem like an insult to one's intelligence to say that after an exiaus system has once been installed it should be maintained in good operating rto ic o ii However, the numerous cases one encounters in the plants where thi< obvious --`-es sity is not earned out, indicates that it is really one of the major considerate^ u connection with the elimination of dust or fumes. Cases are not unknown when a a-irVer 135 m some manncr become reversed so that the air is being e;--tec and diffusing t.-.e dust, rather than drawing it in: other instances where'the cm- ctcncy oi the system has been lowered or its value nullified by ciocrginc tr\ dis connection or wearing out of the piping, etc., are all too common. One concern, of which the writers have knowledge, has a "U" tube permar.er.tiv installed in one of its main exhaust systems so that the foreman or safety mar. car tell at a glance^whether there are any chancres that would indicate a break-Wum in the system. A., such installations should have regular inspections bv some c'.t d o tent person as a routine part of their upkeep. " * ` . ^ ^e ^ c ie n t here to discuss respiratory equipment very briefly. "The simplest torm y: this equipment is the filter respirator. Such re.mirator> hiv* a definite value i .r temporary use such as sweeping up. denniutr ou: bins sV-ve'm' materials, etc., out they require careful fittimr and constant supervWon to"* iia t they, are bcincr properly used. It is our opinion. after watching the sincere efforts in a number of plans to enforce the use oi these respirators, that it is rather impracticable to require -Jrcm to be used on ull-timc operation. One notices the men. under these concr.; as. surreptitiously pushing the respirator aside and gaspintr in free air like a fish* out ot water. Certainly, u they arc to be used any considerable leneth of time, fre quent rest periods should be allowed where the men can tret out w*o the air tor a few minutes refreshment. ` There arc a.so the larc'c air-fed helmets, with which most of us are 11rriAar. used for sandb.aiunc. etc., which have been carried to a hich state of perA-m jr. tor the purpo-e- to which they are adapted. \\ c believe. i.owevcr. thru much more use could he made advartaecousiy - We t\pe of apparatus tiiat lies midway between the filter respirator helmet, namely. :nc liebt. a:r-ied respirator whicii covers the .... _ leaves the rest ot the race exposed. With a lieht hose actaciu: otters considers.,.e freedan of movement, and if air outlets were hose could be ouuckly transter re d from one outlet to another it w practicable to u ;e them over a considerable area. Thev a fiord the pure air supply y. uimut excessive weicht and withoui the rv-uric: and tr bud m.nup ;.nt. tins 'Unplieti ? u:d seem idvamnev' -:eo und that is impose. ,y the niter respirator. 0000 .0 rj Dust ir huiuslry 29 .ne Medical Supervision of W orkers Exposed to Dust By w . j . M cC o n n e l l , m .d . Axszcsraarrt; Medical D irector, M etropolitan Life Insurance Co., New Y ork City The 5-eager said in part: The harmiulness of dusts vanes widely m accord unce witl ' sothlueblpehyosricasllictahntdlv cshoelmubilceal innatthuerebsodoyf felaucihds iannddivitdnueailr shuaormstafunlceefteCctesrtaairne du5Xu xrc sal to the toxicity of the compounds formed. Lead; mercury, and arsenic are exan tjiatleasndofmupcooiusosnmouesmbdruasnte. s aOntdhetrhroduugshts irerxitearttionthetoir thnearrmesiupliraetoftreyctsPaslocSally. rC.nar,:ncicskacid and alkalies arc examples. Attention recently has been called to the gruiably harmful c licet of dusts arising irom radio-active ores. A lourth group 0 StS which arc insoluble or very difficultly soluble m the body fluids pathological lung conditions. These may be subdivided into may TM Uatc nou-fibros. baxxrrl =is producing dusts. The organic dusts, mainly the vegetable fillers, sticli ajad brc as o-'Ctor ' jute, hemp, etc., are non-fibrosis producing dusts. The fibrosis producing dos^ a r :-hlimasitefdr,eesosilifcaar, acsrywsteallhinaeve sielivciodne,ncqeu, atrotz,a antedw ceoritatihne cionmorbginaendic smiliicnaetreasl, ds=5- su brosis producing dusts, those having a high percentage ot tree_ si tea are Gr e 1 a d t e t l v the most important because exposure over a period of years to such dnsri di; linctlv predisposes ihc individual to tuberculosis. , , I h c nftcbcetivdcenteesrms inoei dduosutlvcobnytroclaremfuelasuprheyssicinal perxevamenitniantgiondisoetasethse pwroodrukceerds bsyo dus ca CX?red. under the guidance of competent medical supervision. The benefits wil d izarse ti , the employer and employee, alike, as a result oi the physical examination ex n a{ piicants for employment, as well as periodical examination ot those already encoged, would indicate very careful consideration by industry ot a program lor cotrrul at sickness. Such a procedure protects the employer irom engaging an 7p3JV "ndailtrieoandyeitphheyr sincoatllyassoorcimateedntawlliyth imempapilroeydmewnhto.orlatceorntrmacaytedcldaiumring a pre- %1 . tjor xas; ceci rplovmcnt The applicant's physical and mental condition is established and 5y seeping record of his subsequent illnesses and accidents, the question of re- apccsibil itv lor injuries and sickness need never arise. _ . . , . , .<, ' The applicant is protected from encaging in work tor which he is physically 31 adap ed which if undertaken, might easily bring about serious impairment ot Hs ha t'h For example, an applicant with an arrested tuberculosis who seeks -* r a k in a certain dustv occur.ation, if allowed to engage m such work might readily couTcrt an inactive tuberculosis into an active one: thereby endangering hie or at r.eat seriously Impairing the applicant's future etticicncy and earning capacity, Wbitrc; i the same applicant if assigned to a position tnat involves no such ex posare, might be expected to continue for years as a useiul and productive work- T-<i.T.. 'he" examination of aoplicants or employment likewise protects those that axx aire adv employed from the risks of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and vai ions acute respiratory and other infectious being introduced into their midst by a nt % lan vVo M h c avounger individuals who seek employment have never before rc- cerrad 1 thorough physical examination and consequently are unaware of tile de ' eco ir ans which thev suffer. As a result of physical examinations, many defects are loe;.led which mav be removed or corrected beiore they have caused irreparable era thereby increasing the efficiency of the worker and often averting definite and fin.ally chronic diseases. Furthermore, incipient tuberculosis, unsuspected dis . cas oit the heart, kidnevs. and a host oi other diseases of a similar nature are discove ,:d and the applicant referred for proper medical care ami treatment which Gthenviise might have been postponed until too late. . ,. , str Of tven more importance than the initial physical examination ot applicants is the per iodic examination ar.d care oi old employees hy an industry, bucli a pro cc*xre serves to check the efficiency of preventive measures designed to prc'ent ocnrpai ional diseases It oners the most effective way ot controlling the health ot &-T 30 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress-National S a fe ty Con '= , as, i s - r s m a s . The information obtained from phvsicai examinations afford- ,h,, j n so r the oppor.nnttv to make certain' that employ, are e n ^ 'J Jn 'll s i "J" w posure to ^ ^ `" '" '^ m e n T a T ' c o n d itio n ^ a n d 0 se^erailv"'^ ' t e " n a," ' depends upon the" immber ^ "employeTM i t o i l e T l n d i d ^ T 1 ^ ^ ^ prclicnstve account ot the organization and m m TM , ,, -Uect cine, su es a c:=.- p s " s Sh o L T ^ r n e S t ^ . `v i ! * 7 i t t ^ oyT r classified under fa) diseases f childht^d n ) ' T ' ^ *?d acrid" respiratory diseases, (d) venereal disease* and fe T a r '? ,mcc`l0us diseases. :- defects. A detailed his,on- of p r S o c c u l t 0I . ' an d - rCsultin? P ^ - s i- ^ K T I Z noted and information ascertained as,'! r t h r p r o r|nh!lc leu" h '' Ccl,pat,on shouid ous substances. After the lu'storv In hi ,, 1a ,lc l,cn' tl'1 0! ^^Posurc to hszarf- to determine the applicant's physical condition. P as considered nece=-a_- U the applicant has been or will be exposed lo dtisK u-lt.Vh a ^ - eases, an X -rav picture of th^ ri^cf ;c ,,,, ? 10 nusts " h i c h induce June im part of the examination mav be re fe rr e d "^ 0' ? 11* ^ -f thrC cxamination. " X the value of this method of diagnosis rirn*nrf ^ e^ ncric,lccci roent:renclo::i>_ r - the experience of t h e T c a t t v h o i n t e r ^ , Z " t L ' ^ - i '-'' " T able when desirable. Z T - z " f e z : ' ' ----is h should )k provided or made department, the pnlicant^shonl'd h^ rM cd'^nd'phIc|C ,T r o n f n " ' r thC -pcr'''~ ~ ' be the confidential rronerty of the medical'd Jp artm U "' 4'> Periodical phvncni cxamimfionc tk i r cxammat.on sh W : nsuecchesseaxrialmy i_nmatuisotnsdea-e, nddetuepromnineIdndivl,,i-dua,il,,,l ir acr,uZnsrn.acncccTs aicccroorHdiinn'-^ 'itno tti?lXeamn,e're"c-" -_r examinations are made TorTM c f i r " i t , ! " . i " " T TM " 1' Z ^ i a n . W her e n h ,- ,-_ eivrn ample explanation of the benefits V ' J ! 'P,.0} *** "/ ances that their join are secure. uc cxam,nat,ons a,;fl 'I'om- '' siven ,re course of cmp1.wmrn:,X .iM , ^ r e - a 7 - i r d ^ n " h0 ' K-vc,op c!isnnilitic= riun.-r -/- - H or acornvnte ,1, d i s n h i h t y Z Z v ' Z Z & S ' ^ i u V . Z S ^ ' ! D J o r p : : \ [ E \ ~ r S6 Tzi'cnty-tkird Annual Safety Congress-National S a fe ty Council be permitted; the code must siw ifv t\ ^ a co<^c .tJiat certain hazards must h.izard. PeC1I> thc actual (>'PC 01 safety device to diramate cnefne" ? ^ as it is possible. Ss T h ere is n n ^ " .* UP by competent and p e n e specifications should be largely uniform so fmr "I r^ e^ ment. f ^ a t TMc statcs a^Pt a unitomi standard in saicry e c x r - T guarded shop. T o illu s tr a te ^ v e 'are Drone"'? f rac,lon of 'i10 employee m a ihr^in'r^c^Tt'o? r pCieSSlyb "S " '-- ^ HCId d?h" ! S g l noth ibey n5b: * * " * * TM b T th e " o b , TM o S ii A S ,, 'L) , t 'S-s-Jg* *=- lated to the effectVh,f ,u , ; ^"STCss ncld last winter, statistic 9 000 ?n ?h. '? ,h r 035 ,0f an cyc entailed a monetary loss of anproxima; S12.000. sured a In the possible instance I speak money savin? of of, tile wearing some $432 000 of thirty-six nairs P cof- pgro0XgIg7lTe^s ' ra- >< e\pcct{^\rcaM o\\m sS in^B ^rr'^h'* f a 5 !11 cxpccied a^ e n t s just as surelv as = f z J f t & S S S f r t t ik i i '^ "`3 U - S T eXn'&sta saiety devices j s to imagine what industry would be like to d ay V al o u r% -X former U mY TM , , " ' a"d manuf turin= P'TM returned to Protecting the Feet and Legs, Hands and Arms, Face and Head of Industrial Workers \ r By H. R. B IX L E R Industnal Relations and Em ploym ent Department, Union Carbide Company. New York City * g The speaker said in part: , 1 a rcccm publication of the Industrial Comm SIX of Ohio, under the heading "T;..c Destructive Big Six." I find thc following: "An analysis of occupatio:::a. injuries in Ohio in 1933 shows that a farce f' centagc '' th e total of all mish^aps in industry are directly traceable to six pr:: causes. T.-.c most proiihc sour: i objects. This cause is c h a r g e e 'C.mu' with v Ur'C3 j per t0 'nd4itriai wor cent of the total kers inju is ry that of ha: claims for s six causes tor thc year 1933. - ext in accidenr^Kfjnnu,,^- jg machinery, with 3 t. i Safety Equipment i 87 9 -err. Hand too]} next. per cent. Falls oi persons, while totirth in order of rw :'::`.cy with 1- per lead in severity. Stepping upon or striking against j ooee:. are fifth null Id - ;r cent; and the operation of industrial motor vehicles , <tte< tilts is not directly -eiated to our subject) is sixth with S per cent. In sum- ,-nmr ip the 1933 totals ::r these six causes, it is found that they were accountable 4 i r over 73 per cent of ah injury claims filed, for over 4-4 per cent of all fatalities, x r approximately SO p ercen t of all permanent disability cases: and were charged xms a time loss of over per cent of the total for all causes." One of the major ccr_s:dcrations in the design of protective clothing for special uses- is addition to the mechanical features of such clothing and equipment, is that ax the materials with wr.:ch they arc made. A specialist in the design of safety sgrtare offers the following comments: " ^Primarily, three types of material are used in the manufacture of safety ap parel. These are leather, asbestos., and fireproof duck. Duck of this kind should "ready be called "flame-pr:at." Flame-proof duck when exposed to flame or fire, even at high temperatures, will not ignite. There will, however, be a process of oxidation which will eventually consume the cotton in the duck. Fireproof duck I is- tac cheaper of the three substances ordinarily used and is suitable where the - fcsxird encountered docs rot require impervious protection. Asbestos, the second I nssrfci. _is also common!- used in the manufacture of protective clothing. Many pecTjlc think that asbestos :s a heat insulator, while actually it is a heat conductor. Astesns can be comparer in this relation to any other mineral and while it will not * canine: heat as readily a; metal, it certainly will conduct some heat. Such equip imt etnat adsbicersctfoosrcg.losvheo.uldAshbeirsetoss,oomfecohueraste, inissualbatsioolnu,tealys ffiorerpreoxoafm. plTe,hea thciortdtonmaltienriinagl % ccomonly used in the marrufacture of protective clothing Is leather, which for most stery apparel is horsehlie or cowhide. Leather can be cither grain or split terro r ' The grain leather is comparable to the tough outer layer of skin, while the split leather can be ettnpared to the bottom layer of skin. In tanning leather fit es necessary to use cl'_ W hile there must be a certain amount of oil in the terser the buyer of nrct grave apparel must be careful that there is not too much ou in it, since such leather, when used near hot operations, deteriorates rapidly." in he estimation of tri- specialist, leather is the best article for all-round wear and hard usage. He believes, for example, that a leather legging should out -wear ;.t least three fireproof duck leggings, and from two and a halt to three asbestos leggings. This same comparison applies to leather gloves. He recommends . ratergather for all ger.rral purposes except those where its weight will defeat its onroose by tiring the user or making him too hot while working. Mary types of specially designed protective clothing arc made of rubber, or of a composition of some ct.rtr material with rubber. Such equipment is usually de signed for protection in irnncction with operations involving hazards because of `.add;, fumes and vapors, work in wet areas, and those operations involving the handling of liquids. Special rubber protective clothing and equipment has been ecsteef for electrical kzrsrds and include rubber gloves, boots, overshoes, sleeves coos, hats, and line covering material, such as blankets, line hose, insulator hoods .. sod prttcctors. Feit is used in some r pes of protective clothing as a protection against heat, "mere heuse of clothirn made from fireproof duck, asbestos or leather is not de rivable. One industrial ttneern having electric furnace operations uses paper- pressed felt to make trotectivc jackets and trousers for its furnace operators, because of its protective i-itures, comfort of the wearer, and relatively low cost! THi material is pure wo:! felt and offers good protection from radiated heat on Jcr.m t of its low thermal-conductivity: while it will burn, it will do so very steady jnd without flame. 7-efcrring to the firs: two sections of our subject, without attempting to go sec the physical detail; :: material requirements and mechanical design, let us say that protective clothing for the feet and legs of industrial workers V ould incterle s toes, toe guards, mats, leggings, knee pads, thigh guards, and aprons, for c=0s- operations. In prcty.-.ing the hands and arms safety gloves, hand pads, mit tens. firger cots, arm prelectors, sleeves, jackets, and the' like are commonly'used, w addition, for complete 'tody protection, are found protective suits, consisting of J*x,3 " t T t i " ! ! 1!' 8S Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress---National S a fe ty Council jackets and pants, or complete jumper suits. Protective ointments are also used for the skin in operations involving acids, fumes and vapors. The third division of our subject, for protecting the face and head of industrial workers, is `one which is receiving increasing attention because of the hazards in. volvmg the eyes and respiratory organs. While eye protection has long been . part of industrial accident prevention work, the necessity for the use of goggles is not fully recognized since we learn from the National Safetv Council that theTt were 300,000 industrial injuries to the eves in the United States last tear each re suiting in at least one day of disability. Of this number 70,000 were compensable cases, which mcans_ seven days or more of lost time, for which the average ost was $375, and $123 additional for medical cost. In 2,000 cases there was com plete loss of vision in one eye. while 75 persons lost the vision of both eyes. The total estimated loss of 3,600.000 days per year from work was attended with a toM cost m time lost, compensation and medical bills of approximately fiftv millions dollars. ' ' 1 . Perhaps the most authoritative source of valuable information for safetv end neers at this time concerning the protection of face and head of industrial worko-j is the head and eve safety code, which is now being revised under the supervision of the American Standards Association. The title of this code is being changed to the "American Standard Safety Code for Protection to Heads. Eyes and Rcspira- ' tory Organs." A study of the code's revisions, even in its present tentative form, will be of great value in the individual's consideration of our subject; and in its final form, when published, will be of inestimable value. ; Of speciaHntcrcst are the following requirements for respirators and gas masks, as proposed in the revised code; Requirements for Respirators and Gas Masks The respirator, gas mask, with mechanical filter, or hose mask is permissible. "The respirator shall be so designed and constructed that, when it is worn in its proper position, it will permit only air which lias passed through the filter to enter the mouth or nostrils of the wearer. The material used tor the bodv of the respirator shall be such as to combine mechanical strength and lightness of weight. The respirator shall be comfortable to wear and shall not impede fret action by the wearer. The facial contact edge of the respirator bodv shall not irritate the skin of the wearer and shall not allow leakage of uiifiltcrcd air If . rubber is_ used, the rubber compound shall be free from Jcad and mineral sulphates. It used in work requiring goggles, the respirator when in place on the wearer shall permit the use of various types of goggles without impairing the effectiveness of either the goggles or the respirator, or the goggles rr.av be pcrmancmlv attached to the respirator. An automatic exhalation valve is optional. ' "The gas mask is permissible for limited exposure. For higher concentrations and for longer exposures to any gas. a hose mask, or a hood with positive air supply may be used. The hose mask shall be of such design and construction as to complctelv protect the respiratory organs of the wearer from toxic gas and dust, and make a gas-tight fit when in its proper position on the wearer. Canister type gas masks shall be of such design and construction as to protect the e>es and respirators organs of the wearer from acid and organic vapors, am monia. carbon monoxide. smokes, and mists, either single or in combination, where the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere is not kss than 16 per cent. In places where only non-irritant gases, such as carbon monoxide, are present the c> es need not he covered. Gas masks shall be of such design as to insure gas-tight fit \\ lien in proper position on the wearer. Cartridge-u pc masks shah meet all requirements for tr.e canister type except as to canister, connectin'7 tube, and body harness.'' D Among tlie devices designed for ;.ne protection of the individual worker attaint dusts. b\ far the most important is t::c positive pressure respirator. In particularly <lu<t\ operations, such as sandblasting and metal grinding, where the particles msv injure the face, the helmet type of respirator is air r&m c -vs,, OCCCk  ,-wa`W ' - r^v>.-v>-T'- '** -. Safety Etiuipine;:: ., ... ,. ^in;, it is essential that the apparatus :, ; rovihed with an adequate air r;-- drawn iram a pure, dust-free source. tr.n c authorities recommend as :ai a.' -.x cubic tcct per minute, while others are c: the opinion that respirators r_~ac:t'c. on modern principles arc efficient v. r.ea used with hut one or two c_: oi air per minute. The source of air surpiy is cquially important. 1 he i : frequently made of taking the air direcr.y front a compressed air line izlmz .roviding the air intake to compressors with a filter capable of removing ; i:\c dust particles. Sometimes the air ot tite compressed air line is wet and v xr.d mere may be a possibility ot carbon mcr.vxide poisoning due to oil being -r-r: d y burned in a reciprocating piston-type c*. mnressor. The air, under these aicdoit:. is unsuited tor use in the respirator ar.a it becomes necessary to install r.ah rotary compressor blower, supplied from a clean source of air. This m r mc;iud is applicable particularly to plants r.jt equipped with compressed air. Icspiiators should be selected for their comfort to the wearer and tor their omciivc efficiency. The manufacturer should be required to submit a laboratory p.rz of the efficiency of his device, for the purpose selected. Although respirators f-.-n d never be regarded as substitutes - for local exhaust ventilation, they provide uncticnble means of protection fo r' workmen engaged in dusty operations carried i :ciy occasionally or for short periods ot time. The positive air pressure type of 5TLra:of. unfortunately, cannot be worn by workers engaged iu operations requiring trx m to move about unhampered by air hose. The only available protection r theworker under these conditions is to wear a respirator with a filtering ecrrrr. zi fibre or tissue. Only those types which have been demonstrated to the necessary filtering medium to give sufficient protection against fine i o should be selected. Tie importance of the use of the positive pressure respirator in dusty work rarrdon; is illustrated by the results of an analysis conducted by Dr.^ Leonard neerburr and Charles Pierce, of the Laboratory of Hygiene at \ a l e Uni\ersity, cinr.et tion with the study of the subject of " \ er.tilation and Its Relation to the -jrrrol of Dust, Gases and Fumes."' They found that air drawn from a cabinet TT-ihln-r (31 millions of dust particles per cubic :oot retained four anc^ one-half n"-n particles per cubic toot when drawn through" a respirator; two million 77--fries were drawn through helmet and respirator: four-tenths of one million ot asr panicles per cubic toot were drawn through r.elmet with positive air pressure, > id hut two-tenths of one million were drawn through a respirator and helmet puitivc air pressure. This demonstrates conclusively that a respirator alone as iimititious in effectiveness when used in heavy concentrations. The reason tor :is kick of satisfaction arises from the fact that the fit of the respirator to the face : tnzide hv soft rubber which, even though the bt:t available, is not air tight when ic -vearcr is workincr. \\ here dust exists whic.n cannot be otherwise controlled, rr--r.[ [ rotcction can be obtained tiirough the use of resp irato rs; however, if nuntcab.c. a positive pressure helmet system h.'.tuld be installed, since it gives -.zzjii complete protection. i \_ Sa::e P rotective Equipm ent as Related to Accident Prevention ' By R. B. R O A P E'RO Saicty Engineer, Hum ble Oil & Refining Company, H ouston, Texas The speaker said in part: I am convinced tr i: a combination of education and -x'trv equipment is essential tor accident prevent :;n work. The use of protective -n=;-mem cannot prevent all accidents, nor can the training of employees prevent kl Occidents. N`o m atter how proficient employeei may become iu the performance r-t i duty, they must not lose sight of the fact :-.2.1 certain hazards and conditions ^vratre protective equipment. Et order to determine just what equipment mu be used, it is necessary to study 3art experience in each class of work- if it is : t-nd that men engaged in certain r.~ss of work are prone to receive injuries to ctrtain parts of the body, even in 'vl m p f -va.-:riyt;., Tl M V. : b . A . . ' / /." ^ !w'k, 1 ,'A-v "'.' P iS i ooco J r i the vision to avoid e.vole of liuman nature a_-.d ivc to us ant we can w .ds oi leaders needed for them. TU'EXTY-THIRn a n n u a l s a f e t y congres n a t io n a l safety council Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers5 Section ' Officers 1933-34 " C a i n , " , , - B ulll M'. X utt. Safety Equipment Service Con,,,any, Clevc.a, Tice Chairman I. \ \ M illard. Industrial Gloves Corporation, Danville III W ta r j- G e o B O F S. S hull, Safety First Supply Companv, Pittsburgh Pa p. , H. W . B ullard. E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco, Calif Ch" " f - KH G ,,LERT' PU,T a" SafCty Corporation, Brooklyn. N 1 C harlls H. G allawav. An.cr.cai. Optical Company, Sou,1,bridge. Mass. ' ' b u sin e ss se ssio n September 30, 1934 -JL.-V: B rT|5u ^ 5C:ion " I l f !ed'T o" '(i-Cicr a f i e r ^ r 'n i T a - a ^ 'H '11' ' 011, Equipment Mamtfa : Bell Nutt. Safetv Equipment Gcneral Chairm; Ports were heard from the G cneralV haffiTM ? P a 7 C i i eland- 'vho Pr idcd. R ? ' ' on activities during the p a^ ThcVen *')' Ch? irTM n ? f Standing Con Js .M- lwoctnvs:call'd for. and new officers5 Hfo,rr Uthlec S^etcitoionn^ vweerre' Nnoommiinnaatet'd"SanCdomemleictttti M ilianl- S ecreur-V' Industrial Gloves Corporation. Da, Pi^burgffi'J p r ' ' ' ' ~ G00rgC Si'UlL Presi<,el''- Saietv FirP' Supply Co., Brady Bldg Sc E ^;L ?;'n7 x ; U^ m U'ahkTt- Pul,,,osan Ss,'e,-V S hipm ent Corp.. 76 Johnso ` treasurer __r t? t~v r , r-, ^ W 'D rT v c arioco l i r S' ] U`S r c """i_tt,-r-,U-/Mnii-:-- JeM- Standa^ 'S a f e t y Equipment Co p ^ r c h .- 'p a . ' `PrCS" M"'C a:'tty '^i'Pbancv; Co.. 201 X. Braddock. Puts Citw 'iCm' aV" K- B f e f e i - n c n t Co.. 35 Van yggf ./* :r - I p ooocyA V- Mai' l i l i rf&? ryUyr's| i -.A A.'::: v t' r : fc. v i ;' i: :r -L; 150 Tii'cnty-third Annual Surety Congress--- National S afety Council B - y - Solcnstcn, \ -Pres.. Elliott Service Company, 2-12 \V. 55th St Jork City. " cu B. . Xutt. President, isiety Equipment Service Companv, 122S St C-.y Ave., \ E , Cleveland. 0. lr ADJOURXMEXT Accident Prevention Equipment M M anufacturers Who Made Exhibits at the Twenty-Third Annual Safety Congress and Exposition. Statler and Cleveland Hotels, Cleveland, Ohio, October 1-5, 1934 Amcrican-La France &.* Foamitc Industries, Inc., Elmira, New York Fire protection equipment . American Optical Company, Southbridge, Massachusetts Industrial eye protection service Bcndix Products Corporation, couth Bend, Indiana . Automotive testing equipment Robert A. Bernhard, Rochester. Xcw York Saf-X-top applicator bottles :or antiseptics Binncy & Smith Company, Xe-.v York City Emulsified carbon black for concrete pavements Bishinger-Ivoehler Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh, Pcnnsvlvania Oxygen equipment products " ' Bradley Washfountain Company. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Group washing equipment . Brown Shoe Company, St. Lou:;. Missouri Safety Toe Shoes R. H. Buhrke Company. Chicaco. Illinois Safety belts, straps, buckets.' and tool guards E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco, California Safety equipment for mines ar.d industry Burroughs Wellcome & Company (U. S. A.), Inc., Xesv York City First aid and medical equipment Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc.. Boston. Massachusetts Emulsified carbon black for concrete pavements Chicago Eye Shield Company. Chicago, Illinois Head and eye protection equipment - ' . H. Childs & Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Safety footwear Cunningham-Hall Aircraft Corporation, Rochester, Xcw York Sand blast helmet ar.d suit -- Davis Emergency Equipment Company, Inc.. X e \J First aid, gas _paaks and safety equipment *' m 000023 J"T 0 i JA, A ccid en t Prevention P.::ii['incut M a n u f a c t u r e r s ' Section , Si gnal Corporation. Moline. Illinois ^ _ . '"rafiic signal equipment and industrial timing equipment Fll'ott Service Company, New \or.< City Elimination oi waste, promotion oi efficiency and safety Fvsns Products Company, Detroit. Michigan Railroad grade crossing and ba..ier and traffic signals The Gerson-Stewart Corporation. Cleveland. Ohio Soaps, disinfectants and cleaners tor planned sanitation Ha'-ley-Davidson Motor Company, Milwaukee, \ \ isconsin special police motorcycles and equipment 'if. Hu iter Auto Equipment Company, Inc., New York City --'lcct specialties, rubber mirror?, stop and tail-lights Hyuson. W estcott & Dunning. Inc.. Baltimore, Maryland Mercurochrome and Thantis lozenges Industrial Commission of Ohio. Commons, Ohio . . Accident record charts and graphs, educational satety literature International Shoe Company, St. L ouis, Missouri Safety shoes Jui kin Safety Appliance Company. Louisville, Kentucky Safety guards for punch presses W aiter Kidde & Company. Inc., New \ o r k City . Permanently piped fire systems and portable extinguishers L o ig h Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pennsylvania Safety shoes and boots Lima Cord Sole & Heel Company. Lima, Ohio Non-slip soles and heels for ic-r.wear Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Fumigant for infestation cont. M icwnyte Company, Kenosha. \\ isconsin W ire rope and braided slings Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio Protective masks, safety roadway signals Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New \ ork CityInsurance, industrial group, c::. Mine Safetv Appliance Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mine arid industrial safety equipment National Automatic Saicty Signal Company, Chicago, Illinois Safety flash signal for rear c: trucks National Safetv Council. Gricagc. _Ii.tnois . , Poster, Library, Research a rc -oucation Divisions T ic Patent Scaffolding Company. Chicago. I.unois Ladders and scaffold; for industry and construction Portable Lamp & Equipment C:rr.pany, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Electric mine lamps and sa.it:;-' equipment __ _ The Positive Safety Manufacturing Company. Cleveland. Ohio Power press safety devices Frotectoseal Company, Cv.icaeo. ...inois - Safety can; tor washing, bc-v:.-.. storage, etc., tank nttin~. Fuimosan Safety Equipment Co ra n d o m Brooklyn. New YorkRespiratory protection and S e q u i p m e n t - P'Vffi-u. 'M t &?. SS ^CSP^JS !p r i'.r-vi- ; !:;/ r : j ^3*}-'^I74 j J & M r fcjv -r1Cf ; (; 3 t'i3 JKJ# ***! I c& fg*a: <3 :*5U V>p rS.i^ TiVirt:;! V^>^-t5' r:.*f*-^trH'%l !' ri4i^'7t.'-' S.-ir i-.-i,-U**i,r-'-'-aS k.!i o.-C ni! v*4t:Cfif 4^ mi ^ v ?T' r ,,iS 55/d: '--**' nis.-0^-'v : \m wl 152 Tccnty-third Annual S afety Congress-- Xational Safety Council Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Xewark. Xcw Jersey Hand fire extinguishers and systems Recce Wooden Sole 5hoe Company, Inc.. Columbus. Xebraska Wooden sole safety footwear The Safety Clothing Company. Cleveland. Ohio Safety clothing and equipment The Safety Equipment Service Company. Cleveland. Ohio Goggles, safety clothing and other safety equipment Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston. Massachusetts Safety shoes Safety Signal Devices. Inc.. Chicago, Illinois Safety stop-light for cars, trucks and buses The Service Recorder Company. Cleveland, Ohio The Servis Recorder for trucks and buses Shepherd Safety Shoe Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Safety shoes . The Sight Light Corporation, Xew York City Instruments for measuring light in industries, etc. Standard Safety Equipment Company. Chicago. Illinois Dust protective equipment and general safety devices Stonehouse Signs, Inc.. Denever, Colorado Metal accident prevention signs The Surety Rubber Company, Carrollton, Ohio Rubber safety equipment tor linemen and industry Weaver Manufacturing Company, Springfield. 111. Automotive testing equipment W est Disinfecting Company, Long Island City, Xew York Disinfectants, insecticides and sanitary supplies Willson Products, Irx.. Reading. Pennsylvania Eye, head and respiratory protective devices W il-X -M Tg Corporation. Brooklyn. Xew York Fire extinguishers and equipment T W S -V . 3 w Cirititin - T ricc-dn:- York Secrete.''': Co une: I -V& $ m e . the Ante: Mr. Johr vention t The that is e and a (it sight an learn to (act that pilots w:. 'S\r3f* branch c or instr: hooded c w. cannot 1 Prob modern ines the six wee idi American !.' helium shin TWENTY-THIRD a n n u a l s a f e t y congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL American Society of Safety Engineers-Engineering Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--S. E. W itm x c . Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Vice-Chairman--E. E. Bla nk, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman-- A. S. R egula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.. New York, X. Y. Secretary--\Y. D ean K eefer. Xational Safety Council, G ucago, 111. Members at Large-- C yril A insw orth. American Standards Association. Xew York, X. Y. ; C. B. A c e , Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co.. East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Ba n a s ii. Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. E. W. B eck. United States Rubber Co.. Xew York. X. H. R B:xler. Union Carbide and Carton Corp., Xew York, X. Y. (M etro politan Chapter). C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. J. E. C ulliney . Bethlehem Steel Co.. Bethlehem, Pa. R. E. D onovan. Standard Oil Company of California. San Francisco. Calif. W. M. Graff, Xational Bureau of Casualty fit Surety Underwriters. Xew York. X. Y. H arry G uilcert, Pullman Company, Chicago, III. A. P. H uckesteix. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Pittsburgh, Pa. (W estern Pennsylvania Chapter Y R. McA. K eown. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin. Madison. Wis. G. A. K uechexmeister, Dominion Force & Stamping Co.. Limited. Walkcrvillc, Ont.. Canada. M. G. L loyd. United State? Bureau of Standards, Washington. D. C. J ohn P. M cC a n n . Xew England Power Engineering ar.d Service Corp., W or cester. Mass. (Boston Chanter). W. S. F a n e, Aetna Life Insurance Co.. Hartford. Conn. G. E. S anford. General Electric Cu., Schenectady. X. Y. C. W. S m i t h , Standard Oil Co. (Ind. . Chicago. 111. s-- National Safety Council rks, Inc., Niagara Falls. X. V. Co.. Xiagi.ra Falls, X. V. nacturing ..a., Menominee. Mich, ridge, Mas ' & Co.. M iimington, Dei. abor, Trenton. X". J. inc_. Boston. Mass. ' Cilmington. Del. ; Co., Linden, X". J. :ce Co., Boston. .Mass. liscussiox. program sets a general Round Table s to the Hands and Feet of Workers -X- Armstrong General Supervisor tik many, Rochester. X. V. This md ....nougii interesting and of 'value 71 A T K, , V * U a n n U A L S A F E T Y r r W O K A L S A F B T V i c r " : l - c C, [ Construction Section Xetvark, X. J. ^ Officers 1933-34 R'-iSEU- J R- United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.. Co.. W G> or E,ujuwrmc] York, X. v . Elnldi"= T r*< Employers' Association, XVv ProJ, rU_ p ' ' f F - R - M-s.vf.tta. J r.. Thompson Starrett ' hMC!!a in "TM !r C,M,y Construct,on~C H , mfr CorP- Boston. Mass. ` ^ ^'C h a ir m a n for [' \ rs p Ll-K e f nLWK* Ston< & W\'b;:cr E ,, ?1,, 0, r . SH;: Mi * CNCiiCN'iiiCC vTM TM . c * AfWf ^-llcr a!l,,r~ F z, r KK v r ,,, ,, Cali,-.). San Francisco. Calif.' Insurance Fund of . 5 : ^ ............. -- ` ^ R * Myers O , Chicago. ^ h'i ^ ' C " m,/lV a " " ''" '" '~ W ' AX " ' * " * * . Kooth Fling Ltd., Pitts. ^ - r c M C f c M 7 a n MRS X` ^ r r 'JrQU[ Coi;uni,r.-//n, i L/'"'.iiiruimi-- J? r n>r . . 4 COn::- ' '' <<ify Coi/i:i"-\- - r ; . -- ' ..... u ^ N' _ L Adjustment Bureau C ions. X"etv c t Phi.- *w * ! ' \v r;. /..; r v _ A' SV," V- ' ^ ' " CialCd i i *m f rA,r,,:._ M ; | h: 5 ............... c I t t r Marble C. rn.. XV. . * v 'i "tlfiK*;.. rvt.ii oi Contract 1 r ,'IKt!., ! , f c . fer '-Ts and M antnaatt-rr-- ....... ...... f m \ v ; J00 ~ : C .. tractors 'o M OCQr r n s-- National Safety Council rks, Inc., Niagara Falls. X. V. Co.. Xiagi.ra Falls, X. V. nacturing ..a., Menominee. Mich, ridge, Mas ' & Co.. M iimington, Dei. abor, Trenton. X". J. inc_. Boston. Mass. ' Cilmington. Del. ; Co., Linden, X". J. :ce Co., Boston. .Mass. liscussiox. program sets a general Round Table s to the Hands and Feet of Workers -X- Armstrong General Supervisor tik many, Rochester. X. V. This md ....nougii interesting and of 'value 71 A T K, , V * U a n n U A L S A F E T Y r r W O K A L S A F B T V i c r " : l - c ,C[ Construction Section Xetvark, X. J. ^ Officers 1933-34 R'-iSEU- J R- United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.. Co.. W G> Elnldi"= T r*< Employers' Association, XVv or E,ujuwrmc] ProJ, rU _ p York, X. v . ' ' f F - R - M-s.vf.tta. J r.. Thompson Starrett ' hMC!!a in "TM !r C,M,y Construct,on~C H , mfr CorP- Boston. Mass. ` ^ ^'C h a ir m a n for [' \ rs p Ll-K e f nLWK* Ston< & W\'b;:cr E ,, ?1,, 0, r . SH;: Mi * CNCiiCN'iiiCC vTM TM . c * AfWf ^ - l l c r a ! l ,, r ~ F z, r KK v r ,,, ,, Cali,-.). San Francisco. Calif.' Insurance Fund of . 5 : ^ ............. -- ` ^ R * Myers O , Chicago. ^ h'i ^ ' C " m,/lV a " " ''" '" '~ W ' AX " ' * " * * . Kooth Fling Ltd., Pitts. ^ - r c M C f c M 7 a n MRS X` ^ r r 'JrQU[ Coi;uni,r.-//n, i L/'"'.iiiruimi-- J? r n>r . . 4 COn::- ' '' <<ify Coi/i:i"-\- - r ; . -- ' ..... u ^ N' _ L Adjustment Bureau C ions. X"etv c t Phi.- *w * ! ' \v r;. /..; r v _ A' SV," V- ' ^ ' " CialCd i i *m f rA,r,,:._ M ; | h: 5 ............... c I t t r Marble C. rn.. XV. . * v 'i "tlfiK*;.. rvt.ii oi Contract 1 r ,'IKt!., ! , f c . fer '-Ts and M antnaatt-rr-- ....... ...... f m \ v ; J00 ~ : C .. tractors 'o M OCQr r n ^ ' V E NEC- THI RD A N N U A L S A R E I CONGRESS Cs.V 1 NV A4TT!! nO NV. -IL S A F E T Y C O U N C I L A Marine Section * -m sN ,v Officers 1933-34 ''General Chain::.!!!--Frank H. Cocan, Railroad Marine Service. Xew York. X. Y. 'Vice-Chairman in Char,/a of Pasters and Slides)--R oam F. H and, Standard Ship . ping Co.. Xew 3 ork, X. \ . Vkc-Clminmv. in Chan,,- Publicity)--Arthur M. Tope. Consulting Marine Engineer, Xew \ ork. X'. 3. Vice-Chairman -far the Pacific Coast)--A. 0. Won. General Petroleum Corp. of Calif.. Terminal Island. Calif. Secretary-- E. C. Holden. Jr. United Stales P. & I. Agency, Inc., Xew York. K. Y.' Xr.cs Litter Editor--H exkv 0lackstone. United Slates P. & I. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, '-.alii. Enginccrinn C n-.mittec Chain,,,,,,--?.. C. Edwards. Consulting Engineer. Xew York. X. Y. ' ' i Membership Committee Chairman--W. F-. Stfavakusox. Colombian Steamship Co.. Xew York. X. Program CV::<i:iiU\' Chairman--J. 5. Hl'n'tkh. The Atlantic Refining C-.-.. Phila delphia. F:.. Statistics C -untie, Chairman--B e n j a m i n H. S ele. Travelers Insurance Co.. Xew York, X. Y. Slrccaonu, inaliti, e Ch a i r m a n --F. C. CltF.UMKV. United States Employees' Compeusation tr.tmssion. 3\ ashiuatou. D. C. Mcmih'rs a: kewe-- Fha.vk F.. Amt;. Lvkcs. Bros.-Riplcy Steamship Co.. Xew Orleans. La. W. P. r . X a v v Department Safety Engineer, Washington. D. C. C. F. Elacktox. Erie Railroad Co.. Jersey City, X. j. A. U. International Flare-Sienal Co.. Xew 33 rk. X. Y. F.. W. F:-:-cn. la.. Standard-Vacuum Transportation Cm. Xew York. X. 3. Chaiils.- H. FLATHERS. Eastern Steamship Lines. Inc.. Boston. Mass. F. P, F Shipping Federation of t!;e State of Washington. Seattle. Wash, f. M. F::-:er. Alabama Dry Dock X Shipbuilding C... Mobile. Ala. W,.1 it \mvAmu. L mon Oil C". oi Calif.. Lm< Auctues. Calif. W m. F r 'NES, Gulf Renr.mg Co,. Xew 3 ork. X. 3. W . r F '.:.v. M ar in e Surveyor. X e w 3 ork. X. 3 . R. K. F olv. Tide Water Oil Co.. Xew York. X. OPT fjtfep p'-tljefb. 0 0 0 C3 ^ ' V E NEC- THI RD A N N U A L S A R E I CONGRESS Cs.V 1 NV A4TT!! nO NV. -IL S A F E T Y C O U N C I L A Marine Section * -m sN ,v Officers 1933-34 ''General Chain::.!!!--Frank H. Cocan, Railroad Marine Service. Xew York. X. Y. 'Vice-Chairman in Char,/a of Pasters and Slides)--R oam F. H and, Standard Ship . ping Co.. Xew 3 ork, X. \ . Vkc-Clminmv. in Chan,,- Publicity)--Arthur M. Tope. Consulting Marine Engineer, Xew \ ork. X'. 3. Vice-Chairman -far the Pacific Coast)--A. 0. Won. General Petroleum Corp. of Calif.. Terminal Island. Calif. Secretary-- E. C. Holden. Jr. United Stales P. & I. Agency, Inc., Xew York. K. Y.' Xr.cs Litter Editor--H exkv 0lackstone. United Slates P. & I. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, '-.alii. Enginccrinn C n-.mittec Chain,,,,,,--?.. C. Edwards. Consulting Engineer. Xew York. X. Y. ' ' i Membership Committee Chairman--W. F-. Stfavakusox. Colombian Steamship Co.. Xew York. X. Program CV::<i:iiU\' Chairman--J. 5. Hl'n'tkh. The Atlantic Refining C-.-.. Phila delphia. F:.. Statistics C -untie, Chairman--B e n j a m i n H. Sele. Travelers Insurance Co.. Xew York, X. Y. Slrccaonu, inaliti, e Ch a i r m a n --F. C. CltF.UMKV. United States Employees' Compeusation tr.tmssion. 3\ ashiuatou. D. C. Mcmih'rs a: kewe-- Fha.vk F.. Amt;. Lvkcs. Bros.-Riplcy Steamship Co.. Xew Orleans. La. W. P. r . X a v v Department Safety Engineer, Washington. D. C. C. F. Elacktox. Erie Railroad Co.. Jersey City, X. j. A. U. International Flare-Sienal Co.. Xew 33 rk. X. Y. F.. W. F:-:-cn. la.. Standard-Vacuum Transportation Cm. Xew York. X. 3. Chaiils.- H. FLATHERS. Eastern Steamship Lines. Inc.. Boston. Mass. F. P, F Shipping Federation of t!;e State of Washington. Seattle. Wash, f. M. F::-:er. Alabama Dry Dock X Shipbuilding C... Mobile. Ala. W,.1 it \mvAmu. L mon Oil C". oi Calif.. Lm< Auctues. Calif. W m. F r 'NES, Gulf Renr.mg Co,. Xew 3 ork. X. 3. W . r F '.:.v. M ar in e Surveyor. X e w 3 ork. X. 3 . R. K. F olv. Tide Water Oil Co.. Xew York. X. OPT fjtfep p'-tljefb. 0 0 0 C3 " S T" ` Annual Safety Congres. T mTM \ T T r"TM " Xew V-rfc. X. y E vron- 0. P-CKW(D' Pa" T " \ C k' & Co" P1"'lade,Phia. ? a. ' ' F T CK- ,<D- ac dc American Steamship U-,, c. r r Xicewsv Va' N - AC'VP" r ' XC'VS Shil'b" |lrf"'? - d Dn'- Dt p "7 "' As C'^vPM-t I. c r r t W' - SmClair V?vi!ra"'on Co.. Xcw York. X y H j I"' ' ' Standard Od Companv 0f Calif qan rrJ. ' , H. L. iEU'Asp, Vale L'niverdt v \ W Hat V f , "-:c:icn- kain. ApTTifn n v _ . ' Wa\en. Conn t i ^ 7 'w T | CX - c ! v y ' ' PL'n Tamp3' Pii>- U a-shipcrton. D. C. l.iidmevrxj.V Mr uVnoitriko-nsy BiYds., J o u x U"mr,7iT. American Export Line. Xew York X y ' G. D. Zen. Associated Oil Co.. San Francisco. CaiiL ' TUESDAY MORNING SESSION ' October 2 , 1 934 Chairman T 'Jink i T c o J n . he D e k n ^ T a T Ca,lcd v ' order ^ General Hoboken \ . J.. who nrc?;dc(| A l a ir n V f I-ickawa.ma a,,,| \ y c,,crn Railroad Co son. oi the Interiakc Steamship Co Clcve^T ?" 'j'trodl!ccd -Ur. Herbert C Jack-' TChhaa'ibr-mnaAn rCVmcCan0,t'h, ethne nCreist>mt^<urf C_lctvdam i ` . C rri,aily ' " ' ' " ' l the dcic- men 'o T d'"ri" S' '`i,C past >'car- ncl.Kh'n^theAfork " T prC' ic"' of Marine Section m" ' T,1C d '" d- ^ o Z i d l r f i r i r s p ^ 5 Cl,a' r` The Economics of A ccident P r e v e n t s in HandiingM arine Cargo By H. W. H E IN R IC H Assistant Superintendent, Engineering t , TMm . c = c : s H ^ T S n ; . Th' T m i'-" ntcut of or P o r t and import in the Cnited C a |,ro'*',lnl 1c die f e Oniarl- "m ?1 10H25.000 were lundled MS8 000 OfJOrs F lakcs 35 " el1 'ls ocean part's A ' l ' ,i',cl::dcf carFo handled .188.0)0.000. Estimated payments tor conn,-,/ , T,lc F1.'TM1! required was S - - , " o r k is -- as . OI` C i!l '" a-' '* Press! in terms X tons ami pavroll. ^ r f c " m 1d ^ o - ; V ^ % o n T noatl c , n 4 r i 7 1,$ , ^ of pay- IP - . V per S 00 m payrr.ll no, covered by .nsurmice' S ' " " - Pa" It 1. i.nr tr. Compare accident costs with l i e ' ,, , dime cargo in Trier that a true ,uct,, of Stcvcdorins 'operators in ,|K. p ort 'of 4 S a I L T ` cnllH overhead W ative importance Overiiead .cgS; labor costs, -f'S ^ - !''L . '<"a' costs in hnnmay he hail. estimate:* brun:i me : ruht a;;id aiu ;n:cli a? ian^-r m the. '\ n>. !' nIdle. To !iw .\ ft:rtiic' ance rat e>. dig Inc iicr. per cent. known; hem ever. ' C i s r X o . ;. hatch. The rai?ed clear or ;-/ piuaiihtic tfe 1'on: piaccd iron; ti-.e : the riiip. a to the ermine. : : The direct ::`;n insurance company Propcrtv damaze SjOO. The iota: : viousiy, however. Ctjsc X o . 2. L man. a hatch :c:y man to hoist :; c started zminc mo The job was ; tint ing d ear of th.c he wa> tiirown m* and various mher the acciticnt partial disability. There was r.'' additional cr':*. ! rate of 50 tm-.s pand immediate'" 1 goods skid .ft the ambulance pa got under v ay a: the next lion: ~-1 work there - i s 00 tons, and the was paid by the 1 It has her: c and medical artd dent. T'ne reman other heads. The prevent!** is not dime::.: accidents. : 'tuna An acrid-.": f basic cuiuiitn ` or mechanical c-i .are to he y r r er. T 'ne un.-ao "1 and there! ' det ermi ne Once it has must be m.v " S T" ` Annual Safety Congres. T mTM \ T T r"TM " Xew V-rfc. X. y E vron- 0. P-CKW(D' Pa" T " \ C k' & Co" P1"'lade,Phia. ? a. ' ' F T CK- ,<D- ac dc American Steamship U-,, c. r r Xicewsv Va ' N - AC' VP" r ' XC'VS Shil'b" |lrf"'? - d Dn'- Dt p "7 " ' As C'^vPM-t I. c r r t W' - SmClair V?vi!ra"'on Co.. Xcw York. X y H j I"' ' ' Standard Od Companv 0f Calif qan rrJ. ' , H. L. iEU'Asp, Vale L'niverdt v \ W Hat V f , "-:c:icn- kain. ApTTifn n v _ . ' Wa\en. Conn t i ^ 7 'w T | CX - c ! v y ' ' PL'n Tamp3' Pii>- U a-shipcrton. D. C. l.iidmevrxj.V Mr uVnoitriko-nsy BiYds., J o u x U"mr,7iT. American Export Line. Xew York X y ' G. D. Zen. Associated Oil Co.. San Francisco. CaiiL ' TUESDAY MORNING SESSION ' October 2 , 1 934 Chairman T 'Jink i T c o J n . he D e k n ^ T a T Ca,lcd v ' order ^ General Hoboken \ . J.. who nrc?;dc(| A l a ir n V f I-ickawa.ma a,,,| \ y c,,crn Railroad Co son. oi the Interiakc Steamship Co Clcve^T ?" 'j'trodl!ccd -Ur. Herbert C Jack-' TChhaa'ibr-mnaAn rCVmcCan0,t'h, ethne nCreist>mt^<urf C_lctvdam i ` . C rri,aily ' " ' ' " ' l the dcic- men 'o T d'" ri" S' '`i,C past >'car- ncl.Kh'n^theAfork " T prC' ic" ' of Marine Section m" ' T,1C d '" d- ^ o Z i d l r f i r i r s p ^ 5 Cl,a' r` The Economics of A ccident P r e v e n t s in HandiingM arine Cargo By H. W. H E IN R IC H Assistant Superintendent, Engineering t , TMm . c = c : s H ^ T S n ; . Th' T m i'-" ntcut of C a |,ro'*',lnl 1c die f e Oniarl- or P o r t and import in the Cnited "m ?1 10H25.000 were lundled MS8 000 OfJOrs F lakcs 35 " el1 'ls ocean part's A ' l ' ,i',cl::dcf carFo handled .188.0)0.000. Estimated payments tor conn,-,/ , T,lc F1 .'TM 1! required was S - - , " o r k is -- as . OI` C i ! l '" a-' ' * P r e s s ! in terms X tons ami pavroll. ^ r f c " m 1d ^ o - ; V ^ % o n T noatl c , n 4 r i 7 1,$ , ^ of pay- IP - . per S 00 m payrr.ll no, covered by .nsurmice' S ' " " - Pa" V It 1. i.nr tr. Compare accident costs with l i e ' ,, , dime cargo in Trier that a true ,uct,, of Stcvcdorins 'operators in ,|K. p ort 'of 4 S a I L T `cnllH overhead Wative importance Overiiead .cgS; labor costs, -f'S ^ - !''L . '<"a' costs in hnnmay he hail. estimate:* brun:i me : ruht a;;id aiu ;n:cli a? ian^-r m the. '\ n>. !' nIdle. To !iw .\ ft:rtiic' ance rat e>. dig Inc iicr. per cent. known; hem ever. ' C i s r X o . ;. hatch. The rai?ed clear or ;-/ piuaiihtic tfe 1'on: piaccd iron; ti-.e : the riiip. a to the ermine. : : The direct ::`;n insurance company Propcrtv damaze SjOO. The iota: : viousiy, however. Ctjsc X o . 2. L man. a hatch :c:y man to hoist :; c started zminc mo The job was ; tint ing d ear of th.c he wa> tiirown m* and various mher the acciticnt partial disability. There was r.'' additional cr':*. ! rate of 50 tm-.s pand immediate'" 1 goods skid .ft the ambulance pa got under v ay a: the next lion: ~-1 work there - i s 00 tons, and the was paid by the 1 It has her: c and medical artd dent. T'ne reman other heads. The prevent!** is not dime::.: accidents. : 'tuna An acrid-.": f basic cuiuiitn ` or mechanical c-i .are to he y r r er. T 'ne un.-ao "1 and there! ' determine Once it has must be m.v ,v V0 cmc -.own the yA y . >ci*v'*.". the >* r4r;* :' ..-..--...able :o in : 5c r. bisigr. a not uftcrations of Col.-.r at. loeir.i which are ht.p. corrc part -,f ;he oi>- , L" ; l'" l) IC- '' tether tl'.e product whid, it ncv.-} tlireuerh mental .use ; the irresistible -in? media is it not ' w:-_i all Occidents--- ; car- bc accomplished oun-. to perform their to Uieniscli cs :: they lent prevention. This lildren to my Lungs tent her of the' .Marine mtiuir.ee the workmen e notice of the timely :icc which Jr: hr,5 been I ccd omc where, 'cc. nndcr went some derwent tlic sintering', to take." He will be c c ~ :cicnt \ or.kcr bemake him nr )re feietylie a; tribute of iafety'055C5 which 1 0 'l-`,w all :fable it is t ".at -sfety lime held as a la c boarc such ean be the $ candare s:lapping re in operat: on today. * are ever c<nspicuous ot tc see the se boards adcau;iicly ii urnboated. teat a:ad clear1 1':oking. a r c :naturals rcuisi- peal:. :r>r we :ks witn- >n. r n this w n y. ap- cy | --mrc th : i''ards. ard.- almost un- a . am- i "entd items POr ` .thereof These hull?:*in he,nr }<. !ect< :indoubt .'Mi;v. can v he re >lCVCf|<- FC:: per0 ) ! H - r action :r under KT c ' 'tccivnlw uarinc Cl r r : colorfu o=tcr? .11 tinent \ h :eh is ding 'Piety UC:;sagos \ v c r v.- lilies. \Lm nc Sr:lion Some men's minds. 01 ccurse. are more sluggish than others :u absorbing mens 0j this nature: b ut safety can be visualized and is being visuaiized_ every nay in almost every shop, plant, dock, ship and quarry in the country. It is being fold to the workmen throuch the medium of posters as certainly as by verbal instruc tion and every other means, such as the Safety Instruction Cards obtainable tnrough the National Safety Council. It- must be borne in mind, however, that the rasters should not be allowed to become common-place. R eport of the N om inating Committee At tliis point Chairman Cotran called for the report of the Nominating Com mittee, and new officers for t::c Section for the ensuing year were nominated and elected as follows: . . . General Chairman--E. \Y. Fiskc, Jr., Scouy Vacuum Co., Inc.. New York. N. 1 . FiVc-C/iain/iim mji Charin' of Posters and Slides)--'Robert F. Hand, Stand.i.rd Shipping Co., New York. N. __ . . Vice-Chairman (in Charge of Publicity)---Arthur M. Tode, Consulting ..[antic Engineer, New York. N. Y. ,, Vice-Chairman (for the Pacific Coast)-- A . O. \Yull, General Petroleum Lorp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. _ Secretary-- John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining; Co., Philadelphia, Pa. i\Te~j.'s Letter Editor-- Henry Elackstonc, United States P. & I. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, Calif. _ _ Enoinecring Committee Chairman-- B. C. Edwards, Consulting Engineer, acv, Membership Committee Chairman-- Xu. C. Holden, Jr., United State P. -Y L Agcncv, New York, N. \ ... _ ,, Program Committee Chairman-- Frank E . Ames, Lykes Bros.-Riplcy steam ship Co.. New Orleans, La. , _ Statistics Committee Chairman-- Benjamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Com pany, New York, N. Stevedoring Committee Chairman-- V. C. Gregory, V aterirom Employers Union, San Francisco. Cain'. Members at Larae-- . . nr \V. P. Biggs, Navv Department Safety Engineer. Washington, L). D. C .F .B la c k to n , Eric Railroad Co., Jersey City, X . J. Frank H. Conan. The Delaware, Lackawanna and \\ cstern Railroad Co., Hoboken. X. J. . ... , F. P. Foisic. Skipping Federation of the State 0 1 \\ ashmgton, Seattle. Wash. J ,\[. Griscr, Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Co., .Mobile, Ala. W ill,' Groundwater, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles. Calif. Henry J . Heidorn. Standard Shipping Company, Xew York. Willard F. Jones, Gulf Refining Co., X ew York._ X . Y. W . P. Kain, Marine Surveyor, X ew Y o rk , X . ^ T . F. Kavanaeh. Grace Lines. Inc., X ew York, X. \ . R K Kcllv, Tide Water Oil Co., X ew York. X . \ . Stewart Lee, Jr.. Xew Y o rk Shipbuilding Co., Camden, X. J. J . L. Luckcnbach, American Bureau 01 shipping, Xew York, X. Y . Daniel J. Murphv. Murphy. Cook & Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Carl E. Petersen,' Newport Xew s S. B. & D. D. Coinpany._ Newport News. \ a Byron 0 . Pickard. Pacific American Steamship Assn.. Sail Francisco. Laid. H. \Y. Proom. Black Diamond Lines, X ew Y ork, X . Y_. ~ J K Robison. Sinclair Navigation Co.. Xew Y o rk . X. Y. J. C. Rohlis. Standard Oil Company of Calif.. San Francisco. Calif. Arthur R. Savase. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co.. Port Tampa, Fla. H. L. Seward. Yale University, Xew Haven, Conn. _ A I ' Smith. Marine Office of America. Xew York, X. Y. J. H. Tomb. Cant. USX Rtd.. Xew York State Merchant Marine \cadcmy. Xew York. X. \ _ E. Storm Trosdal. Jr.. South Atlantic s. S. Line, bavannajWgjigr.oji. - m fir ocoo M S :- tbstsS E '1 - nraw im nW tW virr 1w -w-v ,v V0 cmc -.own the yA y . >ci*v'*.". the >* r4r;* :' ..-..--...able :o in : 5c r. bisigr. a not uftcrations of Col.-.r at. loeir.i which are ht.p. corrc part -,f ;he oi>- , L" ; l'" l) IC- '' tether tl'.e product whid, it ncv.-} tlireuerh mental .use ; the irresistible -in? media is it not ' w:-_i all Occidents--- ; car- bc accomplished oun-. to perform their to Uieniscli cs :: they lent prevention. This lildren to my Lungs tent her of the' .Marine mtiuir.ee the workmen e notice of the timely :icc which Jr: hr,5 been I ccd omc where, 'cc. nndcr went some derwent tlic sintering', to take." He will be c c ~ :cicnt \ or.kcr bemake him nr )re feietylie a; tribute of iafety'055C5 which 1 0 'l-`,w all :fable it is t ".at -sfety lime held as a la c boarc such ean be the $ candare s:lapping re in operat: on today. * are ever c<nspicuous ot tc see the se boards adcau;iicly ii urnboated. teat a:ad clear1 1':oking. a r c :naturals rcuisi- peal:. :r>r we :ks witn- >n. r n this w n y. ap- cy | --mrc th : i''ards. ard.- almost un- a . am- i "entd items POr ` .thereof These hull?:*in he,nr }<. !ect< :indoubt .'Mi;v. can v he re >lCVCf|<- FC:: per0 ) ! H - r action :r under KT c ' 'tccivnlw uarinc Cl r r : colorfu o=tcr? .11 tinent \ h :eh is ding 'Piety UC:;sagos \ v c r v.- lilies. \Lm nc Sr:lion Some men's minds. 01 ccurse. are more sluggish than others :u absorbing mens 0j this nature: but safety can be visualized and is being visuaiized_ every nay in almost every shop, plant, dock, ship and quarry in the country. It is being fold to the workmen throuch the medium of posters as certainly as by verbal instruc tion and every other means, such as the Safety Instruction Cards obtainable tnrough the National Safety Council. It- must be borne in mind, however, that the rasters should not be allowed to become common-place. R eport of the N om inating Committee At tliis point Chairman Cotran called for the report of the Nominating Com mittee, and new officers for t::c Section for the ensuing year were nominated and elected as follows: . . . General Chairman--E. \Y. Fiskc, Jr., Scouy Vacuum Co., Inc.. New York. N. 1 . FiVc-C/iain/iim mji Charin' of Posters and Slides)--'Robert F. Hand, Stand.i.rd Shipping Co., New York. N. __ . . Vice-Chairman (in Charge of Publicity)---Arthur M. Tode, Consulting ..[antic Engineer, New York. N. Y. ,, Vice-Chairman (for the Pacific Coast)--A. O. \Yull, General Petroleum Lorp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. _ Secretary--John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining; Co., Philadelphia, Pa. i\Te~j.'s Letter Editor-- Henry Elackstonc, United States P. & I. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, Calif. _ _ Enoinecring Committee Chairman-- B. C. Edwards, Consulting Engineer, acv, Membership Committee Chairman-- Xu. C. Holden, Jr., United State P. -Y L Agcncv, New York, N. \... _ ,, Program Committee Chairman-- Frank E. Ames, Lykes Bros.-Riplcy steam ship Co.. New Orleans, La. , _ Statistics Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Com pany, New York, N. Stevedoring Committee Chairman-- V. C. Gregory, V aterirom Employers Union, San Francisco. Cain'. Members at Larae-- . . nr \V. P. Biggs, Navv Department Safety Engineer. Washington, L). D. C .F .B la c k to n , Eric Railroad Co., Jersey City, X. J. Frank H. Conan. The Delaware, Lackawanna and \\ cstern Railroad Co., Hoboken. X. J. . ... , F. P. Foisic. Skipping Federation of the State 01 \\ ashmgton, Seattle. Wash. J ,\[. Griscr, Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Co., .Mobile, Ala. Will,' Groundwater, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles. Calif. Henry J. Heidorn. Standard Shipping Company, Xew York. Willard F. Jones, Gulf Refining Co., Xew York._ X. Y. W. P. Kain, Marine Surveyor, Xew York, X. ^ T. F. Kavanaeh. Grace Lines. Inc., Xew York, X. \ . R K Kcllv, Tide Water Oil Co., Xew York. X. \ . Stewart Lee, Jr.. Xew York Shipbuilding Co., Camden, X. J. J. L. Luckcnbach, American Bureau 01 shipping, Xew York, X. Y. Daniel J. Murphv. Murphy. Cook & Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Carl E. Petersen,' Newport Xews S. B. & D. D. Coinpany._ Newport News. \ a Byron 0 . Pickard. Pacific American Steamship Assn.. Sail Francisco. Laid. H. \Y. Proom. Black Diamond Lines, Xew York, X. Y_. ~ J K Robison. Sinclair Navigation Co.. Xew York. X. Y. J. C. Rohlis. Standard Oil Company of Calif.. San Francisco. Calif. Arthur R. Savase. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co.. Port Tampa, Fla. H. L. Seward. Yale University, Xew Haven, Conn. _ A I ' Smith. Marine Office of America. Xew York, X. Y. J. H. Tomb. Cant. USX Rtd.. Xew York State Merchant Marine \cadcmy. Xew York. X. \ _ E. Storm Trosdal. Jr.. South Atlantic s. S. Line, bavannajWgjigr.oji. - m fir ocoo M S :- tbstsS E '1 - nraw im nW tW virr 1w -w-v  * :< v ' :_\VC - . V / .*V C o inri! treated from' it . twccn 'he doctor it r. - fus pu 'on of dis. ccivc c nipcnration ary human nature into ion : boun J to occur. by the con pan\ he omp ioyee an d in iavor ust TOUnd: for suspj. !OCC:r to kc :P his eyes iny unfair i Jvors from co toratiot Physician com -cnsatio: cases, he IS Cents. simply be- 'timiim. Exaggeration d due to ti e patient's xtentional exaggeration tion or prolonging the ext those paients who mo;; difficu t and tryucn is _e.xpc:ted of its time tor ; thorough eue and obscure comn< sees. In many c 1 . -y tloctor. before cult tor us to tell the ht develop. A few of vi ut their vatious aches patient resignation to and expect something le and cast away the or even tragic mistake tal part of <ur efforts are really i| or about To an extent necesexamme these patients, appearance aid human ter, we can l:c of some seek infort r:tion and routine com >nny Misi5 concerning not only t relatives at I friend?. annot afford ic nccesc child into lic tonsil sician lo cm : for bis 'r k and asks to call i operated umu. The a: nil tin ics to act . -'\1I tins coi ics to us <-'e. it is u- uallv not ' ri- Tlic dee r is open f i r E X T y - T H I R D A X X U A L A F l- T V c o x g r e s s X A T I OX AL S A F E T Y COU X CIL aiti TV-, Metals Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman-- E. F. Blank, Jones i Laughlin Steel Curp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman-- ] . A. Voss, Republic Steel Corporation, Youngstown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman-- H. \Y. Darr. Bethlehem Steel Company, Johnstown, Pa. Secretary and .Veter Letter Editor-- A. E erqltst, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, East Chicago, Ind. Engineering Committee Chairman-- J. E. Ccluxey, Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethelehem, Pa. Health Committee Chairman-- D r. R. C. E xcel, The Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Membership Committee Chairman--R. A. C h a ffin , Continental Steel Corp.. Ko komo, Ind. Poster Committee Chairman-- \Y. D. Speight, Keystone Steel & Wire Co.. Peoria. 111. Program Committee Chairman--C. M. A llen. The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman-- A. M. Lytle. The Newton Steel Company, New ton Falls, 0. Statistics Committee Chairman-- C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman-- J. A. 0 artel. Carnegie Steel Com pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman-- F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Com pany, Columbus. Ohio. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman-- P. J. B rand. Pullman Car & Manu facturing Corporation, Pullman. Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- L. S. A dam. Hubbard Steel Foundry. East Chicago. Ind. . J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corporation. Juhustown, Pa. H. M. Croghax, Inland Steel Company, East Chicago. Ind. G. A_, Davis, -Illinois Steel Company, Chicago. 111. J ohn P. Eib. Illinois Steel Company. Joliet. 111. E. A. E llis. Wheeling Steel Cirm, \\ heeling. V . \ a. W. T. F ilmer, The Youucstt hcct and Tube Co.. Y o u n g ^ i w he01iio. Company. Iu.c.. Pittsburgh, ~~~-- ""U- 255 WC An ' aXS-X h " ' O O C C i.i li * rnm tm m m tB m m m m m m m m t " T?;'i*i5S; -tfijp  * :< v ' :_\VC - . V / .*V C o inri! treated from' it . twccn 'he doctor it r. - fus pu 'on of dis. ccivc c nipcnration ary human nature into ion : boun J to occur. by the con pan\ he omp ioyee an d in iavor ust TOUnd: for suspj. !OCC:r to kc :P his eyes iny unfair i Jvors from co toratiot Physician com -cnsatio: cases, he IS Cents. simply be- 'timiim. Exaggeration d due to ti e patient's xtentional exaggeration tion or prolonging the ext those paients who mo;; difficu t and tryucn is _e.xpc:ted of its time tor ; thorough eue and obscure comn< sees. In many c 1 . -y tloctor. before cult tor us to tell the ht develop. A few of vi ut their vatious aches patient resignation to and expect something le and cast away the or even tragic mistake tal part of <ur efforts are really i| or about To an extent necesexamme these patients, appearance aid human ter, we can l:c of some seek infort r:tion and routine com >nny Misi5 concerning not only t relatives at I friend?. annot afford ic nccesc child into lic tonsil sician lo cm : for bis 'r k and asks to call i operated umu. The a: nil tin ics to act . -'\1I tins coi ics to us <-'e. it is u- uallv not ' ri- Tlic dee r is open f i r E X T y - T H I R D A X X U A L A F l- T V c o x g r e s s X A T I OX AL S A F E T Y COU X CIL aiti TV-, Metals Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman-- E. F. Blank, Jones i Laughlin Steel Curp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman-- ] . A. Voss, Republic Steel Corporation, Youngstown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman-- H. \Y. Darr. Bethlehem Steel Company, Johnstown, Pa. Secretary and .Veter Letter Editor-- A. E erqltst, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, East Chicago, Ind. Engineering Committee Chairman-- J. E. Ccluxey, Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethelehem, Pa. Health Committee Chairman-- D r. R. C. E xcel, The Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Membership Committee Chairman--R. A. C h a ffin , Continental Steel Corp.. Ko komo, Ind. Poster Committee Chairman-- \Y. D. Speight, Keystone Steel & Wire Co.. Peoria. 111. Program Committee Chairman--C. M. A llen. The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman-- A. M. Lytle. The Newton Steel Company, New ton Falls, 0. Statistics Committee Chairman-- C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman-- J. A. 0 artel. Carnegie Steel Com pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman-- F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Com pany, Columbus. Ohio. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman-- P. J. B rand. Pullman Car & Manu facturing Corporation, Pullman. Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- L. S. A dam. Hubbard Steel Foundry. East Chicago. Ind. . J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corporation. Juhustown, Pa. H. M. Croghax, Inland Steel Company, East Chicago. Ind. G. A_, Davis, -Illinois Steel Company, Chicago. 111. J ohn P. Eib. Illinois Steel Company. Joliet. 111. E. A. E llis. Wheeling Steel Cirm, \\ heeling. V . \ a. W. T. F ilmer, The Youucstt hcct and Tube Co.. Y o u n g ^ i w he01iio. Company. Iu.c.. Pittsburgh, ~~~-- ""U- 255 WC An ' aXS-X h " ' O O C C i.i li * rnm tm m m tB m m m m m m m m t " T?;'i*i5S; -tfijp  W ,\v: v H -;XKn: Pll' - I,urin ? , " i C"" '! > - . -c,,. Pa. H .u a M . American Car and Fuuncrv Lu \> w y,,,L. MaeVhyte Company. Kcn,,sha. U'T rA - H f.\>el, 1 he \ utingsu,wn Sheet and T hIh' (' I kkl.w h . Knhler Co.. IC.Jilcr, W-;. ' Thc Chasc Companies. Waterhnrv, Conn v v `V V - (_1" ca"<i. Hi M c K r ^ 'v r ' n r Ubl,C / " fi Cur|wa,M" ' Somh Chicago. f; w ' Illm0l;' Steel Company. South Chicago III Medals Interlake Iron Corp.. Chicago. III. L \iECR; ' " ` H ' H - Rol>ert_son Company. Pittsburgh, P a. isvillc, l - y M,TT' LoU'iV' ,,C Car ' Vheal ad Railway Supply Compaq ptaffcihd. -Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co.. Decatur. III. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1 , 1934 man E. D Blank-Hones & L a u H d ' h f ^ c ^ r 0" "'ai callCp t0 ordcr h>' General Chair- Uiainnan Blank introduced Mr. Dona'd E GD??`'"'V P " ,>l,rirtl- Pa- who presided. Stee Co.. Cleveland, who made a brief addr? V W " ' TM ' ' C- OTri^ " - McKinnev 1viition City. DncI addrC5a 01 welcome on behalf ot tile Con General Chairman Blank then presented a brief "P - , :. <>t thc Metals Section, eiviim i ^ I ?iii nK' lhc W 's AM- ciiairman ot standing committees, whose work r , ' c act,v,t,cs 01. offi f s and I'' Chairman Blank then introduced the first speaker0 ' C ' cctI0rl 'vil5 bicrhly valued. 'f i Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint By G. D. T R A N T E R General Superintendent, Middletown Division TP a ,, m jj, n' The American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown, Ohio The speaker said in part: If we -el- ,i,,, . . , . pie same methods used for operating'control wmi'n ' ` ' C accident problem by p.ant satety record. For example Gafetv n..-' 1,0re 4Ulckl>' prove the manner as operating roles and practice ' k , , , , ' / .n' " St Je regarded > the same installed in the rear of open hearth iuniare^ tVr ;'|CarS a s \ ?alet.V fates had been tap holes and runners in a certain nlam V i ' *'f protection of men working oil wholeheartedly bv ,he furnace me ,, a i . W -n' f ,a,,M " as ,,ot taccoptcd :atal!v injured. Cut after this a cc id c m th e W ' C" 0l7 hc Here is another case. A gas maker 7 f,rc .alu'a-vs 111 pace. a"d '* 'A a gas producer. Investigation if* ~cr,0V^j MWircd during the burn-out 'J5l- weened a number of''minor injuries "w hile'w'rkS0<l thn,t .,l,c man h.id previmrther developed that he was unsuited io , C , k"'-fr 0,1 ,th' s P;'rticul.ar job. It previous training, [f this man's foreman hwf J,'f- 101 ' , ' 7 l,ocase of ace and tmc^JiS'hi:--of a danger signal and transferred , c0"si<icred these minor injuries in accidcin would have been prevented. 10 3 lcss hazardous job. this Discipline in accident prevention ns ,,...it , . , y when other cans fail. Men , W i l v sl,m,ld '* resorted to id leadership. In case of a violation ot s a , V , ^ ^ r f ngl> '!?. J'roPer inspiration ndent to the person who committed the net " ord from--tlie-^Mpcr, 'X*y' " 50inK ahout M . p or - r:':;;uion ot me ^ - allowed to c (,v-r.< iiue to ui ...r an accidcm -."toicn." " Indtiftry is n j-xr^ncnccd u ori .'xkI through mo On the uiiicr ha any previous nia jva work throu xrsonal injury t * We- cannot si: Section and expe yaperintendent ai training, not from the standpo arc closeiy relate Tiorc experienced The question vidual instruction :hc hazards conn instruction by th :i his long exper vet by thc torem; have a great inr groups of new n Lhe new empio\'c- addressed by the tivc. In addition for advancement, cive the new me: When thc nev as to the liazard; a printed slip or 7"opcriy nstructi remed to thc Sa ::cns. Training an c- cre required to d training be accot: expectation of sn A"d direct appeal .earn to work in or other piece of jftfety problems :art and ask que Satety catnpai movement, it is v f-Aicn is over. T c-rnt record. First aid trai c: the patient at- '-ught to c\'er\'" r';emly''in order aid training prne Health plays par in this r vhich can be n: renditions u Inch. Ay. ' 3^ 3., ' -.i "  W ,\v: v H -;XKn: Pll' - I,urin ? , " i C"" '! > - . -c,,. Pa. H .u a M . American Car and Fuuncrv Lu \> w y,,,L. MaeVhyte Company. Kcn,,sha. U'T rA - H f.\>el, 1 he \ utingsu,wn Sheet and T hIh' (' I kkl.w h . Knhler Co.. IC.Jilcr, W-;. ' Thc Chasc Companies. Waterhnrv, Conn v v `V V - (_1" ca"<i. Hi M c K r ^ 'v r ' n r Ubl,C / " fi Cur|wa,M" ' Somh Chicago. f; w ' Illm0l;' Steel Company. South Chicago III Medals Interlake Iron Corp.. Chicago. III. L \iECR; ' " ` H ' H - Rol>ert_son Company. Pittsburgh, P a. isvillc, l - y M,TT' LoU'iV' ,,C Car ' Vheal ad Railway Supply Compaq ptaffcihd. -Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co.. Decatur. III. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1 , 1934 man E. D Blank-Hones & L a u H d ' h f ^ c ^ r 0" "'ai callCp t0 ordcr h>' General Chair- Uiainnan Blank introduced Mr. Dona'd E GD??`'"'V P " ,>l,rirtl- Pa- who presided. Stee Co.. Cleveland, who made a brief addr? V W " ' TM ' ' C- OTri^ " - McKinnev 1viition City. DncI addrC5a 01 welcome on behalf ot tile Con General Chairman Blank then presented a brief "P - , :. <>t thc Metals Section, eiviim i ^ I ?iii nK' lhc W 's AM- ciiairman ot standing committees, whose work r , ' c act,v,t,cs 01. offi f s and I'' Chairman Blank then introduced the first speaker0 ' C ' cctI0rl 'vil5 bicrhly valued. 'f i Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint By G. D. T R A N T E R General Superintendent, Middletown Division TP a ,, m jj, n' The American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown, Ohio The speaker said in part: If we -el- ,i,,, . . , . pie same methods used for operating'control wmi'n ' ` ' C accident problem by p.ant satety record. For example Gafetv n..-' 1,0re 4Ulckl>' prove the manner as operating roles and practice ' k , , , , ' / .n' " St Je regarded > the same installed in the rear of open hearth iuniare^ tVr ;'|CarS a s \ ?alet.V fates had been tap holes and runners in a certain nlam V i ' *'f protection of men working oil wholeheartedly bv ,he furnace me ,, a i . W -n' f ,a,,M " as ,,ot taccoptcd :atal!v injured. Cut after this a cc id c m th e W ' C" 0l7 hc Here is another case. A gas maker 7 f,rc .alu'a-vs 111 pace. a"d '* 'A a gas producer. Investigation if* ~cr,0V^j MWircd during the burn-out 'J5l- weened a number of''minor injuries "w hile'w'rkS0<l thn,t .,l,c man h.id previmrther developed that he was unsuited io , C , k"'-fr 0,1 ,th' s P;'rticul.ar job. It previous training, [f this man's foreman hwf J,'f- 101 ' , ' 7 l,ocase of ace and tmc^JiS'hi:--of a danger signal and transferred , c0"si<icred these minor injuries in accidcin would have been prevented. 10 3 lcss hazardous job. this Discipline in accident prevention ns ,,...it , . , y when other cans fail. Men , W i l v sl,m,ld '* resorted to id leadership. In case of a violation ot s a , V , ^ ^ r f ngl> '!?. J'roPer inspiration ndent to the person who committed the net " ord from--tlie-^Mpcr, 'X*y' " 50inK ahout M . p or - r:':;;uion ot me ^ - allowed to c (,v-r.< iiue to ui ...r an accidcm -."toicn." " Indtiftry is n j-xr^ncnccd u ori .'xkI through mo On the uiiicr ha any previous nia jva work throu xrsonal injury t * We- cannot si: Section and expe yaperintendent ai training, not from the standpo arc closeiy relate Tiorc experienced The question vidual instruction :hc hazards conn instruction by th :i his long exper vet by thc torem; have a great inr groups of new n Lhe new empio\'c- addressed by the tivc. In addition for advancement, cive the new me: When thc nev as to the liazard; a printed slip or 7"opcriy nstructi remed to thc Sa ::cns. Training an c- cre required to d training be accot: expectation of sn A"d direct appeal .earn to work in or other piece of jftfety problems :art and ask que Satety catnpai movement, it is v f-Aicn is over. T c-rnt record. First aid trai c: the patient at- '-ught to c\'er\'" r';emly''in order aid training prne Health plays par in this r vhich can be n: renditions u Inch. Ay. ' 3^ 3., ' -.i " UK c '.tn c il -.--Group B ) i -j Divisioi-- Heavy ~s Divtsioi--. "Vour Hou :-ci Co., South ? ciiaractcris ic f :r, by all tie 'cccrd of it is TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL S A F E T Y COUNCIL Mining Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--P. M. A rthur, American Zinc Company of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership Coal Mines-- F r_v.\-k B. D unbar, Pickands, Mather & Co., Mather, Pa. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership MelaI Mines--]. \V. Alt, Calumet & Hccla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Mich. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Engineering-- W x . G. M etzger, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Secretary and N eztes Letter Editor--D aniel H arrincton, United States Bureau ol Mines, Washington. D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T. R van, Mine Safety Appliances Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--J. J. F orbes, United States Bureau ot Mines, Pittsburgh. Pa. Program Committee Chairman-- R. X. H osler, Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspection Bureau. Harrisburg, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman-- M. R. E udd, Explosives Engineer, Wilmington, Del. ' Statistics Committee Chairman--\V. W. A dams, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Members at Large-- W. H. Co m ix :. ."National Lead Co., St. Francois, Mo. M. F. F airlie. The Mining Corporation of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Out., Can ada. C. W. Gians, Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. H. C. H exrie. Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz, T homas E. L mnitfoot. Koppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. L ee Loxx. Cli.cchncld Coal Corp., Dante. Ya. G eoroe M artinson. Pickands. Mather & Co., Hibbing, Minn. D. D. M offat?. Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah. M. W. P rice. "eddo-Highland Coal Co.. Jeddo. Pa. L. T. S icka. it. Joseph Lead Co.. Bonne Terre. Mo. H 0\v.c*o I. A'ovxc. American Zinc. Lead & Smelting Co.. St. Louis, Mo. 269 ----- oooc j??? mm. m > m ly li c li 1 Ir.-ti-SfiC " t,;.:ts|S [;S S l m p f i m I UK c '.tn c il -.--Group B ) i -j Divisioi-- Heavy ~s Divtsioi--. "Vour Hou :-ci Co., South ? ciiaractcris ic f :r, by all tie 'cccrd of it is TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL S A F E T Y COUNCIL Mining Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--P. M. A rthur, American Zinc Company of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership Coal Mines-- F r_v.\-k B. D unbar, Pickands, Mather & Co., Mather, Pa. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership MelaI Mines--]. \V. Alt, Calumet & Hccla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Mich. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Engineering-- W x . G. M etzger, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Secretary and N eztes Letter Editor--D aniel H arrincton, United States Bureau ol Mines, Washington. D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T. R van, Mine Safety Appliances Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--J. J. F orbes, United States Bureau ot Mines, Pittsburgh. Pa. Program Committee Chairman-- R. X. H osler, Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspection Bureau. Harrisburg, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman-- M. R. E udd, Explosives Engineer, Wilmington, Del. ' Statistics Committee Chairman--\V. W. A dams, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Members at Large-- W. H. Co m ix :. ."National Lead Co., St. Francois, Mo. M. F. F airlie. The Mining Corporation of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Out., Can ada. C. W. Gians, Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. H. C. H exrie. Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz, T homas E. L mnitfoot. Koppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. L ee Loxx. Cli.cchncld Coal Corp., Dante. Ya. G eoroe M artinson. Pickands. Mather & Co., Hibbing, Minn. D. D. M offat?. Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah. M. W. P rice. "eddo-Highland Coal Co.. Jeddo. Pa. L. T. S icka. it. Joseph Lead Co.. Bonne Terre. Mo. H 0\v.c*o I. A'ovxc. American Zinc. Lead & Smelting Co.. St. Louis, Mo. 269 ----- oooc j??? mm. m > m ly li c li 1 Ir.-ti-SfiC " t,;.:ts|S [;S S l m p f i m I V v Minina Section it i> nUo to be realized that a safety program or method that is suitaoie for one company or location may not be desirable tor another company. For example in ou* two New York state mines, which have the same regulations regarding safety ha'.;', shoes, goggles, etc., and where the primary rnie is also enforced that_ each ani every man i s . responsible for his own saiety and tor the safety o; his fellow w<rker. great emphasis is placed on housekeeping or cleanliness about the mines ani mills. Each department of the two divisions has a metal sign, ru.ed in three co unins; one being for the month of the year, while the other two are for the house keeping rating and lost-time accidents. If the conditions arc good, a coid star is placed on the sign: if only fair a green star is awarded, while for poor cleanliness a -:d star is given. A gold star counts ten, a green five, and no score is given tor r e ! These scores are posted monthly on the bulletin board, and the basis of com* pa'son between the two mines is thereby made possible. If a score is not perfect, or at a reasonably high figure, the department which is negligent receives consider able adverse publicity. If there are no lost-time accidents, a gold star is placed in the accident column. The results of our New York safety program are reflected by the ^achievement of operating 162.912 man-hours with only one lost-time accident ( which incapacitated a worker tor two days), and this record resulted in the 1932 award of tr.e Sentinels of Safety Trophy." THURSDAY MORNING SESSION " October 4, 1934 The D ust Problem in Mining O perations ? | - By D. E. CU M M IN G S Assistant Director, The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Michigamme, Michigan The speaker said in part: Refuge can no longer be taken under the shelter of ignorance that the prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to serious disease, lor the medical, technical and lay press is filled with accounts describing the dangers associated with breathing certain dusty atmospheres. What, then, scould be the p; oper course to pursue in meeting this problem and dealing with it in a satisfactory manner ? Both industrial and laboratory studies prove that only certain dusts are danger ous when inhaled, and that quartz or other forms of pure crystalline s h e a are most dangerous, constituting a specific tissue poison. \\ acre men arc exposed to a sumcicnt quantity of very fine pure crystalline silica dust only, a true .uazard always exists. The dusts of silica in combination with other elements generally give rise u puimoiiarv reaction's which differ in many respects from those caused by pure sicca, and which vary rather widely among themseives in their liarr.-.nilncss. As a class, and with the notable exception oi asbestos, silicates are mss dangerous than pure crystalline silica. Not only are certain dusts apparently incapable of P oducing a specific harmful reaction when inhaled by themselves, but when assocated with silica favorably modify the usual response to this dangerous dust. The elective size range of particles causing disease is now regarded as t.nrec microns aid smaller, while the qualities oi hardness and sharpness are no longer regarded a; of significance. The term pneumonokoniosis is intended to describe the changes a-ising out of the nrolonged inhalation of any dust, harmful or otherwise, and does nit necessarily imply the" presence of disability, r.or a predisposition :o pulmonary infections. The term silicosis refers specifically to the disease which results from t ie prolonged inhalation of harmful silica dust, and is characterized b.. a pjgstro^wcd nodular fibrosis in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes, and increased .su4jpjg|p6r to pulmonary infectious. Pure silicosis should be regarded as a gir.iui^j V v Minina Section it i> nUo to be realized that a safety program or method that is suitaoie for one company or location may not be desirable tor another company. For example in ou* two New York state mines, which have the same regulations regarding safety ha'.;', shoes, goggles, etc., and where the primary rnie is also enforced that_ each ani every man i s . responsible for his own saiety and tor the safety o; his fellow w<rker. great emphasis is placed on housekeeping or cleanliness about the mines ani mills. Each department of the two divisions has a metal sign, ru.ed in three co unins; one being for the month of the year, while the other two are for the house keeping rating and lost-time accidents. If the conditions arc good, a coid star is placed on the sign: if only fair a green star is awarded, while for poor cleanliness a -:d star is given. A gold star counts ten, a green five, and no score is given tor r e ! These scores are posted monthly on the bulletin board, and the basis of com* pa'son between the two mines is thereby made possible. If a score is not perfect, or at a reasonably high figure, the department which is negligent receives consider able adverse publicity. If there are no lost-time accidents, a gold star is placed in the accident column. The results of our New York safety program are reflected by the ^achievement of operating 162.912 man-hours with only one lost-time accident ( which incapacitated a worker tor two days), and this record resulted in the 1932 award of tr.e Sentinels of Safety Trophy." THURSDAY MORNING SESSION " October 4, 1934 The D ust Problem in Mining O perations ? | - By D. E. CU M M IN G S Assistant Director, The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Michigamme, Michigan The speaker said in part: Refuge can no longer be taken under the shelter of ignorance that the prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to serious disease, lor the medical, technical and lay press is filled with accounts describing the dangers associated with breathing certain dusty atmospheres. What, then, scould be the p; oper course to pursue in meeting this problem and dealing with it in a satisfactory manner ? Both industrial and laboratory studies prove that only certain dusts are danger ous when inhaled, and that quartz or other forms of pure crystalline s h e a are most dangerous, constituting a specific tissue poison. \\ acre men arc exposed to a sumcicnt quantity of very fine pure crystalline silica dust only, a true .uazard always exists. The dusts of silica in combination with other elements generally give rise u puimoiiarv reaction's which differ in many respects from those caused by pure sicca, and which vary rather widely among themseives in their liarr.-.nilncss. As a class, and with the notable exception oi asbestos, silicates are mss dangerous than pure crystalline silica. Not only are certain dusts apparently incapable of P oducing a specific harmful reaction when inhaled by themselves, but when assocated with silica favorably modify the usual response to this dangerous dust. The elective size range of particles causing disease is now regarded as t.nrec microns aid smaller, while the qualities oi hardness and sharpness are no longer regarded a; of significance. The term pneumonokoniosis is intended to describe the changes a-ising out of the nrolonged inhalation of any dust, harmful or otherwise, and does nit necessarily imply the" presence of disability, r.or a predisposition :o pulmonary infections. The term silicosis refers specifically to the disease which results from t ie prolonged inhalation of harmful silica dust, and is characterized b.. a pjgstro^wcd nodular fibrosis in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes, and increased .su4jpjg|p6r to pulmonary infectious. Pure silicosis should be regarded as a gir.iui^j Tii'cniy-thlrd Annual Safety Congress tional condition, but it should also be understood that uncomplicated silicosis ^ seldom disabling to any significant degree. Disability usually results from pulmonarr infections, generally tuberculous, which the silicotic contracts or reactivates mort readily, and handles less successfully than the normal person. Every effort should be made to prevent silicotics from contracting infecticcswhich will later prove disabling-, and to protect those who have pulmonary infec tions from being dangerously exposed to harmful dusts. In order to determine which workmen in a hazardous industry have silicosis or pulmonary infections, all em ployees should have a thorough physical examination including the taking of i complete occupational history and satisfactory stereoscopic roentgenograms of th; chest. Since the rate at which silicosis develops depends upon individual susccptibilffr and the degree of exposure, it follows that these factors should be determined u accurately as possible. Individual susceptibility to a dust hazard can be estimate fairly accurately from a single examination, and can be defined quite exactly H repeating these examinations at regular intervals. The degree of exposure for 'cace individual should be evaluated by determining the length of service, and the eery- ccntration. size distribution, and composition of the dust suspended in each workior place during each operation. The method generally used to enumerate dose jwrticles is that accepted as standard practice by the U. S, P. H. S. with the addi tion of dark field illumination as suggested by Fchnel and Cummings. . Size dis tribution studies can be made by any of the several satisfactory techniques. The com position of the dust can be studied by the usual quantitative analysis, supplemented, by petrographic and rational chemical analysis to determine the amounts of f r e and combined silica and the other minerals. A medical and technical survey should be supplemented by an analysis of the mortality records in and about the locality under study, and by the informatiov obtained from carefully performed post-mortem examinations on employees wh: have been exposed in the industry and who have died from any cause. If these pro cedures for recognizing and defining a hazard are carried out under the supervisinr of an organization competent to deal with the many complex and contusing aspect of the problem, the investigation will be worth while regardless of the condition which arc discovered. Where the findings of such a study fail to disclose a sig i nificant hazard, both the employer and employees will gain the protection whid this knowledge affords; and if a health hazard is discovered, the oriental investicz- tion will serve as a guide to the program which should be inaugurated to over come the dangers disclosed. ' . The most severe dust hazards in mines or in plants can be reduced as succcs.*fully as were accidents by the Safety First program, and the chief requisite t: success lies in establishing adequate control procedures. The physical condition :r all the employees must be determined at regular intervals, and wcil interprets roentgenograms provide a most satisfactory control procedure.. Men applying i.r work should not be hired until they have passed a thorough physical examinatim. including chest roentgenograms. Reliable records should be established to show tit exact time, place ana duration of employment for each person working in hazardou.- positions. Policies of employment should be worked out for each mine or plain based upon an accurate knowledge of the physical. condition of each employee, s; that all of the workmen may be protected from contracting occupational disabilities. Occupations should be selected whicli are compatible with the physical condition > the employee. Care should be taken to protect the silicotic from infection, or ;:u case of infection from harmful exposure to silica, ur the normal individual frjn contracting either silicosis or pulmonary infections. Engineers should be especially trained to recognize and deal with dust hazsre.in mines or plants, and it should become accepted practice, where a hazard ex:.~.-. to maintain a constant check on the amount of dust present in the working atm pherc. The method of dust counting accepted as standard by the L". S. P. H. r. should be adopted by all industries having a hazard, not only to determine the armour of dust in the air. but more particularly to maintain a control over the ness ot the procedures adopted to reduce the <lusC T gte*yds .should.be .da^uovr.;, will disclose the amount of dust present in each rvnei the peeve: measures which arc in use. 0C0CG8 Tii'cniy-thlrd Annual Safety Congress tional condition, but it should also be understood that uncomplicated silicosis ^ seldom disabling to any significant degree. Disability usually results from pulmonarr infections, generally tuberculous, which the silicotic contracts or reactivates mort readily, and handles less successfully than the normal person. Every effort should be made to prevent silicotics from contracting infecticcswhich will later prove disabling-, and to protect those who have pulmonary infec tions from being dangerously exposed to harmful dusts. In order to determine which workmen in a hazardous industry have silicosis or pulmonary infections, all em ployees should have a thorough physical examination including the taking of i complete occupational history and satisfactory stereoscopic roentgenograms of th; chest. Since the rate at which silicosis develops depends upon individual susccptibilffr and the degree of exposure, it follows that these factors should be determined u accurately as possible. Individual susceptibility to a dust hazard can be estimate fairly accurately from a single examination, and can be defined quite exactly H repeating these examinations at regular intervals. The degree of exposure for 'cace individual should be evaluated by determining the length of service, and the eery- ccntration. size distribution, and composition of the dust suspended in each workior place during each operation. The method generally used to enumerate dose jwrticles is that accepted as standard practice by the U. S, P. H. S. with the addi tion of dark field illumination as suggested by Fchnel and Cummings. . Size dis tribution studies can be made by any of the several satisfactory techniques. The com position of the dust can be studied by the usual quantitative analysis, supplemented, by petrographic and rational chemical analysis to determine the amounts of f r e and combined silica and the other minerals. A medical and technical survey should be supplemented by an analysis of the mortality records in and about the locality under study, and by the informatiov obtained from carefully performed post-mortem examinations on employees wh: have been exposed in the industry and who have died from any cause. If these pro cedures for recognizing and defining a hazard are carried out under the supervisinr of an organization competent to deal with the many complex and contusing aspect of the problem, the investigation will be worth while regardless of the condition which arc discovered. Where the findings of such a study fail to disclose a sig i nificant hazard, both the employer and employees will gain the protection whid this knowledge affords; and if a health hazard is discovered, the oriental investicz- tion will serve as a guide to the program which should be inaugurated to over come the dangers disclosed. ' . The most severe dust hazards in mines or in plants can be reduced as succcs.*fully as were accidents by the Safety First program, and the chief requisite t: success lies in establishing adequate control procedures. The physical condition :r all the employees must be determined at regular intervals, and wcil interprets roentgenograms provide a most satisfactory control procedure.. Men applying i.r work should not be hired until they have passed a thorough physical examinatim. including chest roentgenograms. Reliable records should be established to show tit exact time, place ana duration of employment for each person working in hazardou.- positions. Policies of employment should be worked out for each mine or plain based upon an accurate knowledge of the physical. condition of each employee, s; that all of the workmen may be protected from contracting occupational disabilities. Occupations should be selected whicli are compatible with the physical condition > the employee. Care should be taken to protect the silicotic from infection, or ;:u case of infection from harmful exposure to silica, ur the normal individual frjn contracting either silicosis or pulmonary infections. Engineers should be especially trained to recognize and deal with dust hazsre.in mines or plants, and it should become accepted practice, where a hazard ex:.~.-. to maintain a constant check on the amount of dust present in the working atm pherc. The method of dust counting accepted as standard by the L". S. P. H. r. should be adopted by all industries having a hazard, not only to determine the armour of dust in the air. but more particularly to maintain a control over the ness ot the procedures adopted to reduce the <lusC T gte*yds .should.be .da^uovr.;, will disclose the amount of dust present in each rvnei the peeve: measures which arc in use. 0C0CG8 '.w*-.TW Mining Section 2S3 ^hortlv aiter the iunuguraiion of a program designed to control a known dust hazard, it will become evident that marked improvements can be effected without incurring an impractical expenditure. Personnel problems will arise, due to the reluctance of labor to accept new procedures, and in the end. these problems must he dealt with bv educating- workmen to recognize the necessity tor introducing meth ods to cuntrol dust hazards. The question of what men should he told regarding ihcir phvsical examinations should follow the practice adopted by any reputable physician in dealing with individual eases. As industry becomes more familiar with this problem, it will discover the serious need for further research. Since silicosis is a true occupational disease, disability resulting trom_ or at tributable to it should be compensable in the same manner as other injuries sus- rained as the result of employment Only the intelligent cooperation of industry will bring about the formulation of reasonable occupational disease legislation and its fair administration. ^ Silicosis from the O perators' Standpoint By G. C. B A T E M A N Secretary, Ontario Mining Association, Toronto, Ont., Canada The speaker said in part: It is important to know what causes silicosis, hut ur.icss a knowledge ot the cause leads to a cure, it is not nearly as important t'rom the operators' viewpoint as the knowledge of how to reduce the incidence. \\ ith all the research work that has been going on throughout the world for many years, we itill do not know the cause and we still have no cure, but we have learned a lot about how to reduce tiie incidence. " ^ The silicosis provisions of the Ontario Mines Act and the Compensation Act were passed in 192b. These provided tor the examination of all men employed in positions in mines where thev were exposed to silica dust, for all such workers to be the holders of medical certificates certifying as to freedom from tuberculosis of the respirators- organs, and also tor compensation to men affected by silicosis. This legislation was introduced as a result ot a survey in Northern Ontario mining camps which indicated that silicosis had made alarming progress among the miners. There being no reason at that time to question the results ot this sur rey. the operators agreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperated iu!I\ with the Government in the steps considered necessary to meet the situation. When this legislation was first introduced in Ontario, we were advised that men with a moderate deemcc ot silicosis, while not physically disabled, were better out of the industrv and that they should he paid a lump sum which would assist them in rehabilitating themselves in some other occupation. We were further advised that it we took active steps to clean up the situation then existing, pension the more serious cases and remove men in the eariv stages silicosis from underground, the situation would lie well in hand, the first ex- reiisc would he the heaviest, and that from then our liability would be practically limited to the anteprimary eases as they developed. When the 192'i Amendments were approved hy die mines it was our under- fir,tiding that men in the anteprimary stage had sutiered no impairment of working pacity and that the r r 'd payment -was a compassionate allowance for rehahili- 1011 and not fur disability. We further understood that with the payment ot W to these men our responsibility in respect to them would he practically ended, dcvci'-ned. however, final the legal position was different. The Compensation aril cannot make a:; award except for disability and here disability has once eti established the claitr.aiu can gome back for review oil evidence .({ further ,-G general! accepted that siiieosis predispn-es a man to tubersu.osis. therefore. at with -ccm'larv silicosis as deline' -fiicotic at auv future time ami from any cause in- comfit:- a wus considered t" he the result -a ' entitled ! ' :al di-ability compensation at an av< ifSf-t . UVjlic iilSJ ' Jef-g V'CrJiiil Mm " ; T-'Till-v -fiofodj . \;CW | -if r v"V., l..ou.^e-TCCTrrm 1 9- 9fi -' ' ' . " twPf'fi' 0 C0 CG9 rJPrf, .!v-/ '.w*-.TW Mining Section 2S3 ^hortlv aiter the iunuguraiion of a program designed to control a known dust hazard, it will become evident that marked improvements can be effected without incurring an impractical expenditure. Personnel problems will arise, due to the reluctance of labor to accept new procedures, and in the end. these problems must he dealt with bv educating- workmen to recognize the necessity tor introducing meth ods to cuntrol dust hazards. The question of what men should he told regarding ihcir phvsical examinations should follow the practice adopted by any reputable physician in dealing with individual eases. As industry becomes more familiar with this problem, it will discover the serious need for further research. Since silicosis is a true occupational disease, disability resulting trom_ or at tributable to it should be compensable in the same manner as other injuries sus- rained as the result of employment Only the intelligent cooperation of industry will bring about the formulation of reasonable occupational disease legislation and its fair administration. ^ Silicosis from the O perators' Standpoint By G. C. B A T E M A N Secretary, Ontario Mining Association, Toronto, Ont., Canada The speaker said in part: It is important to know what causes silicosis, hut ur.icss a knowledge ot the cause leads to a cure, it is not nearly as important t'rom the operators' viewpoint as the knowledge of how to reduce the incidence. \\ ith all the research work that has been going on throughout the world for many years, we itill do not know the cause and we still have no cure, but we have learned a lot about how to reduce tiie incidence. " ^ The silicosis provisions of the Ontario Mines Act and the Compensation Act were passed in 192b. These provided tor the examination of all men employed in positions in mines where thev were exposed to silica dust, for all such workers to be the holders of medical certificates certifying as to freedom from tuberculosis of the respirators- organs, and also tor compensation to men affected by silicosis. This legislation was introduced as a result ot a survey in Northern Ontario mining camps which indicated that silicosis had made alarming progress among the miners. There being no reason at that time to question the results ot this sur rey. the operators agreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperated iu!I\ with the Government in the steps considered necessary to meet the situation. When this legislation was first introduced in Ontario, we were advised that men with a moderate deemcc ot silicosis, while not physically disabled, were better out of the industrv and that they should he paid a lump sum which would assist them in rehabilitating themselves in some other occupation. We were further advised that it we took active steps to clean up the situation then existing, pension the more serious cases and remove men in the eariv stages silicosis from underground, the situation would lie well in hand, the first ex- reiisc would he the heaviest, and that from then our liability would be practically limited to the anteprimary eases as they developed. When the 192'i Amendments were approved hy die mines it was our under- fir,tiding that men in the anteprimary stage had sutiered no impairment of working pacity and that the r r 'd payment -was a compassionate allowance for rehahili- 1011 and not fur disability. We further understood that with the payment ot W to these men our responsibility in respect to them would he practically ended, dcvci'-ned. however, final the legal position was different. The Compensation aril cannot make a:; award except for disability and here disability has once eti established the claitr.aiu can gome back for review oil evidence .({ further ,-G general! accepted that siiieosis predispn-es a man to tubersu.osis. therefore. at with -ccm'larv silicosis as deline' -fiicotic at auv future time ami from any cause in- comfit:- a wus considered t" he the result -a ' entitled ! ' :al di-ability compensation at an av< ifSf-t . UVjlic iilSJ ' Jef-g V'CrJiiil Mm " ; T-'Till-v -fiofodj . \;CW | -if r v"V., l..ou.^e-TCCTrrm 1 9- 9fi -' ' ' . " twPf'fi' 0 C0 CG9 rJPrf, .!v-/  \ '. - j y r . -> - . x*r' - * v ,;: `TOi'MiS*-;--. 5 - *;'*_vv '~Vj 'V - ->**-^-. ry; r:'^ v <ivv'rKi.m^uj'triZd??r r:. i# M illie ;n.' -:iS>5 sir. 3^ it: :m II! J& 3 iil& ii i U- Chr>r 234 Twenty-third Annual S a fe ty Congress---S e.::oual Safety Council When therefore. an award of S500 was made ir.c > o n ,p e n s io n Board i.nmediatcis- up a prospective reserve lor progression oi an aonitional -U.aOO. with the reult that we had an estimated liability to the end oi 19a-' o. several million dollars, most oi which was outstanding. With the passage of time it also became apparent that die removal oi the men from underground employment m the early stage; oi silicons_did not hate the result anticipated. The pavmcnt oi a lump sum award did not in most cases sene the end expected As a general rule this money wa? expended tor other things and the men made little effort to rehabilitate themselves. A certain number oi nien rem elassihrf " s silicotic continued in their underground employment and we lound whe nracticaiiv no difference in the rate of progression in tjwse who continued as com- sour nared w;ih those who were taken out ot the mines, home oi this mat bale been r.iirn due 1o the altered economic status, but even it the economic status had renamed the < a 4 we were forced to the conclusion that there was little .. any bcncht to the men bv removing them from underground wont, unless oi course, there was evidence of an onset of tuberculosis. ; wiic'rif m t underground were most favorable. we Onr experience also indicated that the carlv stages of silicosis do not necessarily the s s S h s a i a n . s n r y w a s a cs hici- 4 ' o d a a u o n - b e tw e e if tlic pre-anteprimary and .the - 'e p r u n a r y or be ween jsm sho^ r ^ n 4 , ^ 4 4 4 m t a ^ ^ 4 ; ! e ad i 4 ^ r 4 4 S i 4 h 4 t h e * 2 & Z are'willing to admit. The determination is largely a matter ot personal jucUmcit care and t'-c-efore subject to error. ,. ,, quir ' 4 -reat deal of what mav be read into an X-ray him depends upon the tcclwm lion ,i,c film Certain other diseases and cr.est condition.- ntll_ also -n c thei- ' w" appearance simulating that of silicosis and we believe it is sale to >a phy lliat' w"hout a'1definite knowledge of occupational^ history the diagnosis of siiicom t ,,' it earlier stages would be practically impossmie. !s)rmec in view of 'and 4 4 4 S s T T vvitb S - v c TM tide 3 n , n e n on 4 s made payable only for disability, which mem liie tube 4 4 h e 'n S ;!4 4 ,4 e f4 m were a:'0Y l n p v i 4 4 s p e c -to progression hv providing that the claimant must s r a s & i s ir Sirwiav > i= TM "- - J - c c c - i m ifs c : 4 " a 4 n 4 K r i t 4 4 o f mexpensCe0?` iT thecniployer* simply leaves the matter m 1 4 r - 4 of 4 e doc ors he will have no one to blame hut hmisclt over h i . f s . S ' S t C h l C s L a r t s TM ' W i k i t l l i TM ' w , .......... cannot be accepted in all cases. _ .... of tllc medical n v do not sav this with any intention of criticizing the members o : the nrofeWon. bn, where the matter is so important am cost y o im ' > ^ t " h e - oi little 4 actuallv known about the disease, and tv ere there > > cannot It :" ncces=arv The best results can only he obtained by the cmplov ers T"d tjc,,|ar tors working together, but the employer must c o n w t a y t as of .. P . problems. . muck more imports' . i I have also stated that in the absence oi an 0G004G  \ '. - j y r . -> - . x*r' - * v ,;: `TOi'MiS*-;--. 5 - *;'*_vv '~Vj 'V - ->**-^-. ry; r:'^ v <ivv'rKi.m^uj'triZd??r r:. i# M illie ;n.' -:iS>5 sir. 3^ it: :m II! J& 3 iil& ii i U- Chr>r 234 Twenty-third Annual S a fe ty Congress---S e.::oual Safety Council When therefore. an award of S500 was made ir.c > o n ,p e n s io n Board i.nmediatcis- up a prospective reserve lor progression oi an aonitional -U.aOO. with the reult that we had an estimated liability to the end oi 19a-' o. several million dollars, most oi which was outstanding. With the passage of time it also became apparent that die removal oi the men from underground employment m the early stage; oi silicons_did not hate the result anticipated. The pavmcnt oi a lump sum award did not in most cases sene the end expected As a general rule this money wa? expended tor other things and the men made little effort to rehabilitate themselves. A certain number oi nien rem elassihrf " s silicotic continued in their underground employment and we lound whe nracticaiiv no difference in the rate of progression in tjwse who continued as com- sour nared w;ih those who were taken out ot the mines, home oi this mat bale been r.iirn due 1o the altered economic status, but even it the economic status had renamed the < a 4 we were forced to the conclusion that there was little .. any bcncht to the men bv removing them from underground wont, unless oi course, there was evidence of an onset of tuberculosis. ; wiic'rif m t underground were most favorable. we Onr experience also indicated that the carlv stages of silicosis do not necessarily the s s S h s a i a n . s n r y w a s a cs hici- 4 ' o d a a u o n - b e tw e e if tlic pre-anteprimary and .the - 'e p r u n a r y or be ween jsm sho^ r ^ n 4 , ^ 4 4 4 m t a ^ ^ 4 ; ! e ad i 4 ^ r 4 4 S i 4 h 4 t h e * 2 & Z are'willing to admit. The determination is largely a matter ot personal jucUmcit care and t'-c-efore subject to error. ,. ,, quir ' 4 -reat deal of what mav be read into an X-ray him depends upon the tcclwm lion ,i,c film Certain other diseases and cr.est condition.- ntll_ also -n c thei- ' w" appearance simulating that of silicosis and we believe it is sale to >a phy lliat' w"hout a'1definite knowledge of occupational^ history the diagnosis of siiicom t ,,' it earlier stages would be practically impossmie. !s)rmec in view of 'and 4 4 4 S s T T vvitb S - v c TM tide 3 n , n e n on 4 s made payable only for disability, which mem liie tube 4 4 h e 'n S ;!4 4 ,4 e f4 m were a:'0Y l n p v i 4 4 s p e c -to progression hv providing that the claimant must s r a s & i s ir Sirwiav > i= TM "- -J -c c c - i m ifs c : 4 " a 4 n 4 K r i t 4 4 o f mexpensCe0?` iT thecniployer* simply leaves the matter m 1 4 r - 4 of 4 e doc ors he will have no one to blame hut hmisclt over h i . f s . S ' S t C h l C s L a r t s TM ' W i k i t l l i TM ' w , .......... cannot be accepted in all cases. _ .... of tllc medical n v do not sav this with any intention of criticizing the members o : the nrofeWon. bn, where the matter is so important am cost y o im ' > ^ t " h e - oi little 4 actuallv known about the disease, and tv ere there > > cannot It :" ncces=arv The best results can only he obtained by the cmplov ers T"d tjc,,|ar tors working together, but the employer must c o n w t a y t as of .. P . problems. . muck more imports' . i I have also stated that in the absence oi an 0G004G ite Minina Section 2SS 'I imme00. with ! million "''"H ' k" W thC bcli< - " ^ ie , t J h n d T G n T G ? . iu',<JamenUl " orkil,S conditions in the matter of vc.itila- the men have Uie ses serve :in$ and ' of men vc found as cornave been remained benefit to here was rts were this tiic ' to proonditions vcessnriiy it on acnn sharp between there is heal men judgment technique si. .is an uu.fair iassificach means silicosis cd from ant must employ- 2. A rigid initial examination to keep out of the industry those men whose ph.tsical condition would indicate a type most susceptible to silicosis and tuberculosis. witrhh` whhonmm ?thlieeyv1ceo,UmbeCrCinU 0cSoInStacnt0.t nl>' am0Ilg employees, but also among those It goes without saying that if silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust, the removal of dust will remove the cause. This means ventilation and lots of it and where possible the wetting down of dusty places. In mining operations the chief source o. dust ts believed to be. from blasting, therefore the time interval before men return to a blasted face is important. \ entilation and water will remove the visible dust front the air. but it is not the visible dust that causes the damage. It is the dust that ranges between one- hall and rue microns that is dangerous and is ,,so difficult to remove, and the quail-' my m the air can only be determined by some method of sampling. \\ e would consider it a mistake to have either the type of sampling apparatus or the permissible dust count defined by law. This may be all right on the Rand in -yuth Africa where conditions are more or less standard, but it is not advisable m the Limed States or Canada, where conditions vary so greatly. For one thin" we do not know what constitutes harmful dust and there is no standard practice for the treatment ot dust sample slides. The untreated slide of a sample taken near a carbide lamp in an otherwise dust-free atmosphere, would show an apparent verv hieh dust count. . Dust sampling, however, should lie a part of the regular routine usiue the type ni apparatus best suited to the particular conditions, and this will show whether the atmosphere is good, fair nr poor. Text to ventilation and the laying of dust, the most important measure is to carciui.v select the type ot men to lie allowed to work in the industry This rc- timrcs a rigid initial examination which should include a complete physical examina tion and X-ray P,y this means men with the type of chest which would indicate their susceptibility; to tuberculosis and silicosis can be eliminated The complete physical examination should also have a beneficial effect on the accident rate l-.complicated silicosis is not a big problem. but silicosis and tuberculosis com bine., represent a very real problem. i he measures for the control ot tuberculosis are well known. Particular care should he taken that men with tuberculosis be withdrawn from the industry and giver proncr care and treatment Places where the employees live should also he supervised to see that thev are not exposed to uihcrcular contacts. * ' 1 in ninny decree matter in ver what :c r^ente opinion --is from opinions e medical where ' ment o c cannot - 1- n i n ; r :hc d-T'.rticuiar Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem By DR. H. H. MQOP.E and DR. M. J. K E L L Y Medical Staff, Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines. Ltd., Timmins. Ontario, Canada . The speaker said in part: In 1923 the Ontario Mining Act was amended to nrovi-.e physical examination on employment and vcnrlv thereafter or twice vearlv 11 mr.wnted. ot all underground men. To lie cmnioved the workman .... . K.h.i A, 1 cincir.. certificate -to<x1 for twelve tiK'- lis. stating that lu j the r?.m mli-ry 'remis. Tins certificato must be renewed T:i the vmeantime. an amendment to the W o r k m e n ": \ KiC'". :-*r the apri'tntnK'iu nf medical ".cot? workincr und1er the supervision of the r . - n r f n a t i o n icard to conduct these `rxanunatinn?. Ca-ses of -ilicosis arising at liiC'i examina: : are submitted to ' ^ "rkm ctG O mpensatinn Board if the ! i.tat exnoM ire 'dica or five yearn Ontario niinc^ :> verified. In to j ;h;- - v.':t -nicotic?, tlu-re i< a c. : check kept on G:e possible ur.dTM n tre s.hrO'-M any case and if neem- '-.rv slops arc take i armful crT'.tact with silica. n-yv:'"--o' : o`/. *.w ::v e : 1ly-y'vTT J W r: 0 C0 : i|f;3 :'<m Ml! Ap-ip-'"'-' -o1-' ite Minina Section 2SS 'I imme00. with ! million "''"H ' k" W thC bcli< - " ^ ie , t J h n d T G n T G ? . iu',<JamenUl " orkil,S conditions in the matter of vc.itila- the men have Uie ses serve :in$ and ' of men vc found as cornave been remained benefit to here was rts were this tiic ' to proonditions vcessnriiy it on acnn sharp between there is heal men judgment technique si. .is an uu.fair iassificach means silicosis cd from ant must employ- 2. A rigid initial examination to keep out of the industry those men whose ph.tsical condition would indicate a type most susceptible to silicosis and tuberculosis. witrhh` whhonmm ?thlieeyv1ceo,UmbeCrCinU 0cSoInStacnt0.t nl>' am0Ilg employees, but also among those It goes without saying that if silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust, the removal of dust will remove the cause. This means ventilation and lots of it and where possible the wetting down of dusty places. In mining operations the chief source o. dust ts believed to be. from blasting, therefore the time interval before men return to a blasted face is important. \ entilation and water will remove the visible dust front the air. but it is not the visible dust that causes the damage. It is the dust that ranges between one- hall and rue microns that is dangerous and is ,,so difficult to remove, and the quail-' my m the air can only be determined by some method of sampling. \\ e would consider it a mistake to have either the type of sampling apparatus or the permissible dust count defined by law. This may be all right on the Rand in -yuth Africa where conditions are more or less standard, but it is not advisable m the Limed States or Canada, where conditions vary so greatly. For one thin" we do not know what constitutes harmful dust and there is no standard practice for the treatment ot dust sample slides. The untreated slide of a sample taken near a carbide lamp in an otherwise dust-free atmosphere, would show an apparent verv hieh dust count. . Dust sampling, however, should lie a part of the regular routine usiue the type ni apparatus best suited to the particular conditions, and this will show whether the atmosphere is good, fair nr poor. Text to ventilation and the laying of dust, the most important measure is to carciui.v select the type ot men to lie allowed to work in the industry This rc- timrcs a rigid initial examination which should include a complete physical examina tion and X-ray P,y this means men with the type of chest which would indicate their susceptibility; to tuberculosis and silicosis can be eliminated The complete physical examination should also have a beneficial effect on the accident rate l-.complicated silicosis is not a big problem. but silicosis and tuberculosis com bine., represent a very real problem. i he measures for the control ot tuberculosis are well known. Particular care should he taken that men with tuberculosis be withdrawn from the industry and giver proncr care and treatment Places where the employees live should also he supervised to see that thev are not exposed to uihcrcular contacts. * ' 1 in ninny decree matter in ver what :c r^ente opinion --is from opinions e medical where ' ment o c cannot - 1- n i n ; r :hc d-T'.rticuiar Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem By DR. H. H. MQOP.E and DR. M. J. K E L L Y Medical Staff, Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines. Ltd., Timmins. Ontario, Canada . The speaker said in part: In 1923 the Ontario Mining Act was amended to nrovi-.e physical examination on employment and vcnrlv thereafter or twice vearlv 11 mr.wnted. ot all underground men. To lie cmnioved the workman .... . K.h.i A, 1 cincir.. certificate -to<x1 for twelve tiK'- lis. stating that lu j the r?.m mli-ry 'remis. Tins certificato must be renewed T:i the vmeantime. an amendment to the W o r k m e n ": \ KiC'". :-*r the apri'tntnK'iu nf medical ".cot? workincr und1er the supervision of the r . - n r f n a t i o n icard to conduct these `rxanunatinn?. Ca-ses of -ilicosis arising at liiC'i examina: : are submitted to ' ^ "rkm ctG O mpensatinn Board if the ! i.tat exnoMire 'dica or five yearn Ontario niinc^ :> verified. In to j ;hn;-tre- s.hrO'-Mv.':t -annicyotcica?s,e talun-dre ifi< naeecm. - '-:.rvcheslcokpskeaprtc otnakGe:e possible ur.dTM i armful crT'.tact with silica. n-yv:'"--o' : o`/. *.w ::v e : 1ly-y'vTT J W r: 0 C0 : i|f;3 :'<m Ml! Ap-ip-'"'-' -o1-' 2S6 f u r n t y t h i r d A,nun,I \:/.vv C o n a r c s s -X a lw n A S c f A y Co,,,,dl "A The act in its !>=*> " ,rm V f {Jf <!" Iw-e *unts'oimce.ey in reserve :*.:nd> which had become involved b> ' X u d - c d ,,hectic previously, hut un, ' '.-.ad : n.-. 2TM - - - - - - ^ 3 m,,,,n.... ; " From the workman's j05 allows a man to continue at h n 11' al , work Without any serious degree regardless* *0! hi S * t - r y .9. 4 il "^uiderprouud 'ir/^.-ncr as lie is =V.C, l, A, m i o n Previously, a workman w;v -d- libr05;i had Itccn.rsjaciu.'il. i ho sacrificed his rights to compensation co~nti`nued` to work. ., , - ti._ ?m7 men eMmUppllooyyeed at the H*. .. In the X -rl^ 3Cj iad"t"rm"a? L t r a r c graded as'follows: XXoorrmmaall is aa eciltiecsit ii'.OWmuiinnce-sa d..u...r.i.n. .g. -l-'a-o. u . , . conditio-mn o,ul tnhce livuutiivsi ^ better than the <verage \w tiie iS littlc or 'V '1? 0^ "More Fibrosis" is a chest which }U[. F. P,, "More ""'rniii ,h` S i , i s TM h *' TM kTM " . ar age. Plus" is --a CUCS.t sumui'S TM;...r..pn . ; TM - - f S X * wMWtnMrv more MU. Fr. Pr .- PP-. oorr "''M^ oorrec Fibroits PlXusc oPtliucs stage. Silicotics arc that group which fibrosis tihtan normal and is. a J P'TM"",1 consideration the mining htstorv and show a great deal ot fibrosis and taahm mt d iMctU disability may -T may consequent exposure to silica, re thus tc.mca. ... . ,, . ..... T .u m ot r^ S . ` % ...r. " TTUr^ie -net^ f*rt" - g e s = ne ^ ^ ^ disahil i:v at\d dability <o the late tuberculosis. It must be added t t o w i . n l l c r T h o w ' c h e ' t s of M .F .F . rating. men at the con,me '.cement prcvjous mining experience or O' -utact c examFollow,,,g arc the results c,, ,1m i j t ^1 ji ! j I ! j- ' i j J i 1 J , . <j . 1] J ' 1 ' nation : Xormal . ... 33..-. ...920.... . . . . 1.47" ...40.89c M. F. . M. F. P . .. 9 3 2 ......................... ..41.49-0 . . . 98......................... . . . 4.39F M. F. P. Silicotics . . . 24......................... . . . l.lTr Average contact with silica o'. ticii working and M. F- PSilicotic. ? years. rears. Xcxt is an analysis of the changes in chest rating in 1933. Xormal Xormal M. F. M. F. P. to M- Fto M. F. P. to M F. P. to -\u F. P. M. F. P. P. to T Mi Fi Pi P. to A. P. A. P. to P. 231 M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. T P. - Xormal ........................................,\.] \ P. to M. F. .. ................ ... 1 P. P to M. F. P.P-to -u. F. P. ? lo M. F. t' b ? M- F- P- i . V p. ' to M. F. P. ................................ x J . . ,, 26b Total 497 P to A. ......................................... cbanKe These figures cover approximately aTM men.j in chest rating hiring the year a d 1 ` T h e ' m m f 'M It will he observe: oat - iiiXei'F ^ n , - n i i ^ r % h tW h ia lJg l coinplica ted Ihe picture at me previous annual 4 ?. U' m ' aide n r c rate h cu and dust wor OUbt air. rca. tern obj und >yin <iua Ixo; Air cici to wh dr: wo thr thi pre 2S6 f u r n t y t h i r d A,nun,I \:/.vv C o n a r c s s -X a lw n A S c f A y Co,,,,dl "A The act in its !>=*> " ,rm V f {Jf <!" Iw-e *unts'oimce.ey in reserve :*.:nd> which had become involved b> ' X u d - c d ,,hectic previously, hut un, ' '.-.ad : n.-. 2TM - - - - - - ^ 3 m,,,,n.... ; " From the workman's j05 allows a man to continue at hn 11' al , work Without any serious degree regardless* *0! hi S * t - r y .9. 4 il "^uiderprouud 'ir/^.-ncr as lie is =V.C, l, A, m io n Previously, a workman w;v -d- libr05;i had Itccn.rsjaciu.'il. i ho sacrificed his rights to compensation co~nti`nued` to work. ., , - ti._ ?m7 men eMmUppllooyyeed at the H*. .. In the X -rl^ 3Cj iad"t"rm"a? L t r a r c graded as'follows: XXoorrmmaall is aa eciltiecsit ii'.OWmuiinnce-sa d..u...r.i.n. .g. -l-'a-o. u . , . conditio-mn o,ul tnhce livuutiivsi ^ better than the <verage \w tiie iS littlc or 'V '1? 0^ "More Fibrosis" is a chest which }U[. F. P,, "More ""'rniii ,h` S i , i s TM h *' TM kTM " . ar age. Plus" is --a CUCS.t sumui'S TM;...r..pn . ; TM - - f S X * wMWtnMrv more MU. Fr. Pr .- PP-. oorr "''M^ oorrec Fibroits PlXusc oPtliucs stage. Silicotics arc that group which fibrosis tihtan normal and is. a J P'TM"",1 consideration the mining htstorv and show a great deal ot fibrosis and taahm mt d iMctU disability may -T may consequent exposure to silica, re thus tc.mca. ... . ,, . ..... T .u m ot r^ S . ` % ...r. " TTUr^ie -net^ f*rt" - g e s = ne ^ ^ ^ disahil i:v at\d dability <o the late tuberculosis. It must be added t t o w i . n l l c r T h o w ' c h e ' t s of M .F .F . rating. men at the con,me '.cement prcvjous mining experience or O' -utact c examFollow,,,g arc the results c,, ,1m i j t ^1 ji ! j I ! j- ' i j J i 1 J , . <j . 1] J ' 1 ' nation : Xormal . ... 33..-. ...920.... . . . . 1.47" ...40.89c M. F. . M. F. P . .. 9 3 2 ......................... ..41.49-0 . . . 98......................... . . . 4.39F M. F. P. Silicotics . . . 24......................... . . . l.lTr Average contact with silica o'. ticii working and M. F- PSilicotic. ? years. rears. Xcxt is an analysis of the changes in chest rating in 1933. Xormal Xormal M. F. M. F. P. to M- Fto M. F. P. to M F. P. to -\u F. P. M. F. P. P. to T Mi Fi Pi P. to A. P. A. P. to P. 231 M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. T P. - Xormal ........................................,\.] \ P. to M. F. .. ................ ... 1 P. P to M. F. P.P-to -u. F. P. ? lo M. F. t' b ? M- F- P- i . V p. ' to M. F. P. ................................ x J . . ,, 26b Total 497 P to A. ........................................... cbanKe These figures cover approximately aTM men.j in chest rating hiring the year a d 1 ` T h e ' m m f 'M It will he observe: oat - iiiXei'F ^ n , - n i i ^ r % h tW h ia lJg l coinplica ted Ihe picture at me previous annual 4 ?. U' m ' aide n r c rate h cu and dust wor OUbt air. rca. tern obj und >yin <iua Ixo; Air cici to wh dr: wo thr thi pre *?3S5aSs MB** .: me situation reserve fund; hut who had miinnnn or nn icrward, ns i: he is able to mmn was sd- been reached, 'cnsation it lv: the Hollimiea chest showni the average . found in th: ` More Fibrosi ; narticular age. -idcrably mor: ; croup which g history and . may or may a minimum o: disability and commencement nee or comae; of this exam- .Id year: .15 year: Mining Sedioli 287 advanced ratine to be given. The second explanation is that constant improvement in radiological technic is - making diagnosis more accurate. It would seem, therefore, that on the whole the situation is showing consider able improvement from this viewpoint. During 1933 no ease progressed from the prc-silicotic to the silicotic stage. In the years up to 1933. 120 men had been rated silicotic and the total cost to the Hollinger involved a sum of $915.950, which figure includes the progressive and contingent funds set aside to cover future costs and possible future claims. Two objects have been kept in mind during the many years of study of the dust problem at the Hollinger Mine. 1. The collection of complete data regarding the nature of air breathed by workmen in different occupations, its chemical composition, temperature, humidity, dust content and rate of flow. . ' 2. Working tests of all practical methods of improving the condition of such air. . * In searching to adapt a method for the determination of air dustiness, it was realized that no instrument lias been devised which would measure the dust con tent of the air with scientific precision. Furthermore, it was felt that the principal object of making determinations was to ascertain if the dust count of the air was undesirably high, and if such a condition was found, to devise a method of reducing it. Hence, for practical purposes, the instrument which possesses a high efficiency in the range of desirable concentrations and gives a quick indication of dangerous quantities of dust is most desirable. The circular Kouimeter, invented by Sir Robert Kotze and introduced to the Miners' Phthisis Prevention Committee of South Africa in 191b. has therefore been used in the Porcupine District lor the past eight years. A summary nf nur investigations along this line may be given as follows: 1. About 900 of the underground force arc engaged in work which will pro duce dangerous dust it measures of control arc not applied. 2. Of this number n little over 400 arc engaged in shoveling broken ore into cars and tiie average dust exposure does not exceed 300 particles it the muck piles arc kept thoroughly wet and blasting carefully restricted. 3. The remaining 500 men arc engaged in drilling and blasting operations and arc subjected to severe potential hazard. Men engaged in stopcs who do not have to return to the working faces have an average exposure of about 1200 particles, while using the ordinary type drills. It is felt that the use of the "dustlcss'' type of drifter wiil reduce the concentration of dust to somewhere near 300 particles. 4. The men engaged in development drifts are exposed to the same concentra tions of dust, namely. 1200 particles. Where possible, two development drifts are worked simultaneously by the one crew, so that the men do not have to go back through the dense dust after blasting the cut. There are only a few exceptions to tins rule and when necessary to go back to load the remaining liles, the men are provided with the special respirator. 5. The high dust concentrations in the vicinity of stopers we hope to deal with by the use of compressed air masks. Also the practice of driving adjacent raises simultaneously has reduced the hazard after blasting. With the constant improvement and maintenance of general health conditions kept always to the fore as most desirable and necessary in aiding in the solution of the siheOMS problem, the men at the Hollinger Mine are cared for under a contract medical system.. The facilities and service at mine, olhee and hospital are most cumete and cirimem and in combination with the annual or semi-annual check made by the medical start "of the Compensation Board, health of the workers is under crr.stant supervision. Men wn report with -men conditions as non-tubcrc;;Mu' or noiwiiicotic chest trouble, w: ;h local imectu.-n teeth, tonsils, onuses, etc., are singled out ami treated and observed ami whet necessary changes in occupation are made or rest and vacata. n periods nuvised. At the ;mite, constant inmr ements have l.-vn made and at present the follow- ing is the rumine. A w r k e i coimng olf shift remove* all his m.iuiilg clothing. UMialiv v.et. rind racks ;.w:n *.-n wet ciot-u- are pued w to a height <*i 15 tu 2M icvt and hang t! l o i . 'Vfty'f TT'srt : C. ' . 1 " '.'/ -V ' -i'-*s}rC.-rMz ocoo M. -i&r. ' " 1 cAMT I . m A id"] *?3S5aSs MB** .: me situation reserve fund; hut who had miinnnn or nn icrward, ns i: he is able to mmn was sd- been reached, 'cnsation it lv: the Hollimiea chest showni the average . found in th: `More Fibrosi ; narticular age. -idcrably mor: ; croup which g history and . may or may a minimum o: disability and commencement nee or comae; of this exam- .Id year: .15 year: Mining Sedioli 287 advanced ratine to be given. The second explanation is that constant improvement in radiological technic is - making diagnosis more accurate. It would seem, therefore, that on the whole the situation is showing consider able improvement from this viewpoint. During 1933 no ease progressed from the prc-silicotic to the silicotic stage. In the years up to 1933. 120 men had been rated silicotic and the total cost to the Hollinger involved a sum of $915.950, which figure includes the progressive and contingent funds set aside to cover future costs and possible future claims. Two objects have been kept in mind during the many years of study of the dust problem at the Hollinger Mine. 1. The collection of complete data regarding the nature of air breathed by workmen in different occupations, its chemical composition, temperature, humidity, dust content and rate of flow. . ' 2. Working tests of all practical methods of improving the condition of such air. . * In searching to adapt a method for the determination of air dustiness, it was realized that no instrument lias been devised which would measure the dust con tent of the air with scientific precision. Furthermore, it was felt that the principal object of making determinations was to ascertain if the dust count of the air was undesirably high, and if such a condition was found, to devise a method of reducing it. Hence, for practical purposes, the instrument which possesses a high efficiency in the range of desirable concentrations and gives a quick indication of dangerous quantities of dust is most desirable. The circular Kouimeter, invented by Sir Robert Kotze and introduced to the Miners' Phthisis Prevention Committee of South Africa in 191b. has therefore been used in the Porcupine District lor the past eight years. A summary nf nur investigations along this line may be given as follows: 1. About 900 of the underground force arc engaged in work which will pro duce dangerous dust it measures of control arc not applied. 2. Of this number n little over 400 arc engaged in shoveling broken ore into cars and tiie average dust exposure does not exceed 300 particles it the muck piles arc kept thoroughly wet and blasting carefully restricted. 3. The remaining 500 men arc engaged in drilling and blasting operations and arc subjected to severe potential hazard. Men engaged in stopcs who do not have to return to the working faces have an average exposure of about 1200 particles, while using the ordinary type drills. It is felt that the use of the "dustlcss'' type of drifter wiil reduce the concentration of dust to somewhere near 300 particles. 4. The men engaged in development drifts are exposed to the same concentra tions of dust, namely. 1200 particles. Where possible, two development drifts are worked simultaneously by the one crew, so that the men do not have to go back through the dense dust after blasting the cut. There are only a few exceptions to tins rule and when necessary to go back to load the remaining liles, the men are provided with the special respirator. 5. The high dust concentrations in the vicinity of stopers we hope to deal with by the use of compressed air masks. Also the practice of driving adjacent raises simultaneously has reduced the hazard after blasting. With the constant improvement and maintenance of general health conditions kept always to the fore as most desirable and necessary in aiding in the solution of the siheOMS problem, the men at the Hollinger Mine are cared for under a contract medical system.. The facilities and service at mine, olhee and hospital are most cumete and cirimem and in combination with the annual or semi-annual check made by the medical start "of the Compensation Board, health of the workers is under crr.stant supervision. Men wn report with -men conditions as non-tubcrc;;Mu' or noiwiiicotic chest trouble, w: ;h local imectu.-n teeth, tonsils, onuses, etc., are singled out ami treated and observed ami whet necessary changes in occupation are made or rest and vacata. n periods nuvised. At the ;mite, constant inmr ements have l.-vn made and at present the follow- ing is the rumine. A w r k e i coimng olf shift remove* all his m.iuiilg clothing. UMialiv v.et. rind racks ;.w:n *.-n wet ciot-u- are pued w to a height <*i 15 tu 2M icvt and hang t! l o i . 'Vfty'f TT'srt : C. ' . 1 " '.'/ -V ' -i'-*s}rC.-rMz ocoo M. -i&r. ' " 1 cAMT I . m A id"] ?r H r i 'il u! . Ur 4 . |i r Ei mm ip l ?ss T;, , Ilfv.lhird Annual Safety C o n g r e s s i o n a l ^.refy L atmosphere tor ^ undressine tne TM' PJ ^ r" drv,,,g he proceeds .to hi. locker wne mg irocn hot to c o l d - . b ;nning ot the shut. ,..berculo<i'. a clinic his street clothe, betor e B in{ection oi sil.cot.cs with ; employ,ed With a view to reducing has been established m Tin, ^ experienced public bcatuii . an con- aU luberculos.s suspec s ^ P ^ examina,ion full time and it `W s W contacts with s.l.cot.cs to a r r a n p ^ ^ hd{J at hicn tacts with these ca neccS5arv tor treatment. ' ' " V . k-cteriological and bio- and supervision " ^ ' ^ ,, c a l l y . radiolog.cally and b> b.u.er S such patterns are eNaminca lub<-rCulosis have logical tests. Since January of approxim ately 30 dangerous 3 )ess sevcrc cases ?ct lQ a sanitarium and n - j- ;t that bv removing been removed iron; thc, * or on restricted activity. It `htivelv short time placed on bed rest w;th sillcotics. sincc tuberculous intcction is k " ^ A - s & r w r t t A i - - . necessary to precipitate sc . is an excellent one. ADJOURNM ENT Mi gfF 't! !:.qX'5,C 5. '.f<'.?( '"V- ?r H r i 'il u! . Ur 4 . |i r Ei mm ip l ?ss T;, , Ilfv.lhird Annual Safety C o n g r e s s i o n a l ^.refy L atmosphere tor ^ undressine tne TM' PJ ^ r" drv,,,g he proceeds .to hi. locker wne mg irocn hot to c o l d - . b ;nning ot the shut. ,..berculo<i'. a clinic his street clothe, betor e B in{ection oi sil.cot.cs with ; employ,ed With a view to reducing ^ experienced public bcatuii . an con- has been established m Tin, aU luberculos.s suspec s ^ P ^ exam ina,ion full time and it `W s W contacts w ith s.l.cot.cs to a r r a n p ^ ^ hd{J at hicn tacts with these ca neccS5arv tor treatm ent. ' ' " V . k-cteriological and bio- and supervision " ^ ' ^ ,, c a l l y . radiolog.cally and b> b.u.er S such patterns are eNaminca lub<-rCulosis have logical tests. Since January of been removed iron; thc, ap p roxim ately 30 dangerous 3 )ess sevcrc cases ?ct lQ a sanitarium and n - j- ;t tha t bv rem oving * or on restricted activity. It `h tiv e lv short time placed on bed rest w ;th sillcotics. sincc tuberculous intcction is k " ^ A - s & r w r t t A i - - . n ecessary to precipitate sc . is an excellent one. ADJOURNM ENT Mi gfF 't! !:.qX'5,C 5. '.f<'.?( '"V- :lic it rkcrs. both hem to aid ry or noniv commitity, it the in the past urancc pee ve an paper . to criticize may still be id. there arc actions and h recognizes oration with ncitieer has, i to anaiyze ot the operoi operating T IVEN T Y -TH I R D AN X UA L S A F E T Y CONGRESS NATIONAL AhE T l COLEGIE TV*. Petroleum Section Officers 1933-34 General C hairm an-R. VO B l a c k , Standard Oil Co. o X. J.. Elizabeth, X. J V tec-Chairman-- A. W. E ref.l a .k d , Lor.e Star Gas Co.. Dallas Texas. Chairman. Atlantic D , A s t o n - J. H. Erowx. Tide V a t e r 0,1 Co.. N ew |o r k . X . Chairman. Great Lahes Division- J . H. H erbert, Stancard 0,1 Co. (Oh,of, Oese- c G L a S u i d . C o n t i , , eut Division A. A. O dell. Barn.-dall Refioerics, Inc., Tulsa. ChiTM ,a,,. Culi W. D ivision- P. Raymond, J*.. Standard Oil Co. of Louisiana. ii - V. O sb o r x . Standard Oil Co. (Ind.). c C n a n S l N Division-]. K." Rr BERTS, T he T exas Co.. Los Angeles Caht. v Letter Editor-- G. 0 . Lockwood. Tne Empire Companies, Bartlesville. OUa. E,S e r r i n a Committee C hairm an-*. B. R o.u -er. Humble Oil and Remng Co., Houston. Texas. ,_ . n . Health Cem,ni,tee C hairm an-D r. R. A. J f. wf.t t . General Petroleum Corporator, o. California. Los Angeles. Calif. _ . Poster CommtUee Cha:rman-H. J. WttlOJC. Assoc,ated 0,1 Co.. San Franc,seo. Pro,,ram Committee Chair,nan-C. L. HtcnTOwr.R. United Gas Company, Houston. Puhl inly Committee Chairman-- ]. Ristxcr.R. Magnolia Petroleum Co., a s. Texa* r . Statistics Committee Chairman-]. V . Mvers, Standard 0,1 Co. (X. J.). Xcvv Yorx. X. V. fVr/ Cc::c'\ii Chtiintia:-~ _ _ _ R. 5. Donsib. Standard Oil CX. X. J ). X"c\v \ .rk. X. V. R . C urrie. The Texas Co., nouston, Texas. ^ R. E. D o x o v a x . Standard Oil C.tnpany of Calm, nan Francisco. Calif. C. L. H iciitowf.r. United Gas n mpan>`, HomKtt. i cxa.. ^ G eo. ?. P russixo. Union Oil Cn.pany of Cali,.. _0i Angeles. Cain. E. J. S e x x f . Sriconv-Vacuum C rn.. Xew Vork. X. V. C. \Y. S m it h. Standard Oil C: Ind.f. Oueggo. 1.1. D. 1. V allacf.. Petroleum Sain;- Council. Tul.- Okla. decretar- " H. X. Blaxeslee. Amert.-an Petroleum I tn.tue. Dallas. T 307 :lic it rkcrs. both hem to aid ry or noniv commitity, it the in the past urancc pee ve an paper . to criticize may still be id. there arc actions and h recognizes oration with ncitieer has, i to anaiyze ot the operoi operating T IVEN T Y -TH I R D AN X UA L S A F E T Y CONGRESS NATIONAL AhE T l COLEGIE TV*. Petroleum Section Officers 1933-34 General C hairm an-R. VO B l a c k , Standard Oil Co. o X. J.. Elizabeth, X. J V tec-Chairman-- A. W. E ref.l a .k d , Lor.e Star Gas Co.. Dallas Texas. Chairman. Atlantic D , A s t o n - J. H. Erowx. Tide V a t e r 0,1 Co.. N ew |o r k . X . Chairman. Great Lahes Division- J . H. H erbert, Stancard 0,1 Co. (Oh,of, Oese- c G L a S u i d . C o n t i , , eut Division A. A. O dell. Barn.-dall Refioerics, Inc., Tulsa. ChiTM ,a,,. Culi W. D ivision- P. Raymond, J*.. Standard Oil Co. of Louisiana. ii - V. O sb o r x . Standard Oil Co. (Ind.). c C n a n S l N Division-]. K." Rr BERTS, T he T exas Co.. Los Angeles Caht. v Letter Editor-- G. 0 . Lockwood. Tne Empire Companies, Bartlesville. OUa. E,S e r r i n a Committee C hairm an-*. B. R o.u -er. Humble Oil and Remng Co., Houston. Texas. ,_ . n . Health Cem,ni,tee C hairm an-D r. R. A. J f. wf.t t . General Petroleum Corporator, o. California. Los Angeles. Calif. _ . Poster CommtUee Cha:rman-H. J. WttlOJC. Assoc,ated 0,1 Co.. San Franc,seo. Pro,,ram Committee Chair,nan-C. L. HtcnTOwr.R. United Gas Company, Houston. Puhl inly Committee Chairman-- ]. Ristxcr.R. Magnolia Petroleum Co., a s. Texa* r . Statistics Committee Chairman-]. V . Mvers, Standard 0,1 Co. (X. J.). Xcvv Yorx. X. V. fVr/ Cc::c'\ii Chtiintia:-~ _ _ _ R. 5. Donsib. Standard Oil CX. X. J ). X"c\v \ .rk. X. V. R . C urrie. The Texas Co., nouston, Texas. ^ R. E. D o x o v a x . Standard Oil C.tnpany of Calm, nan Francisco. Calif. C. L. H iciitowf.r. United Gas n mpan>`, HomKtt. i cxa.. ^ G eo. ?. P russixo. Union Oil Cn.pany of Cali,.. _0i Angeles. Cain. E. J. S e x x f . Sriconv-Vacuum C rn.. Xew Vork. X. V. C. \Y. S m it h. Standard Oil C: Ind.f. Oueggo. 1.1. D. 1. V allacf.. Petroleum Sain;- Council. Tul.- Okla. decretar- " H. X. Blaxeslee. Amert.-an Petroleum I tn.tue. Dallas. T 307 p. ,<yi-k TH'HNTy.Tl[!RD A X K l NATIONAL S 4 * r r t L As ETV / CONGRESS council Public Utilities Section . ' Ucncral Chairman_p \r p Pc,Ky,va, l Vice-Chairman lor ToloCarl, P one Co. of l -cc-C!,a,n,,,,,, jnr Gas / Officers 1933-34 PT J d T ^ c l T Bc!< TcI,pl,o,,, "" f.a- . -, Co., Chicasro. The HI Eel, T#le. r PV ; - I icc-Lliam nan j,,r E icd ric . Phi''1Cldph'a Company. Pi.tSb,,r? l, ' - E,ccmc Co- Philadelphia. Pa . *'* ccrctary-- Joirv T r* , _ T Prn'!rn"'~R<'v M. Gomvix-, Philadelphia " AVr" U,U-r E,U,a,CKC \ Co.. San Dietjo. Calif. Br.amoor,,,,, Conn,nil,;- Chain,,a,,~W C" St` Ma S j " D 'CIro Consolidated Gas and Electric H \r Toronto. n,,t.. Canada. ' ` 1 LUfiAN'- Hydro-Electric Potvcr Com- C tm uniucc Chair,,,,, ,, - 0 * H m F r O uc^o. in. - H U s n . Chicago Rapid Trans,, Co - n n h rsln f- C nanainn- C l,,, ir,, ,,, ,, ^\ j , - Denver. Colo. K u :' . Public Service Co d r , , fUO"T' ^B.uenild. \V. Va. ` .... .......... .... TM" ' " ' ' ,Eno- Appalachia,) Electric p,AVCr Cn ^ n ir Vr,, ,a! Vori-rsoiitnliiYs-- ,<v a - ' v ....... . **,,,*. .vnrfhorn Pmvn s - C Dicktn; C x i r i J ^ ' ' r C a ' d 'Vf. Pmver Corp" Frnn. Calif. P.u-L R KT-n.y. Penn Central Uelu a n d ' p , ^ " r " Fra"Cisco- Calif. R. Lnvn. Alabama P,AVer Co Pi ' . ' " r Eo" Altoona. p a H ' A. P tolkw . Pnhlie Scrnce O 7 v "* G .,,sol,dated Gas C , 7 / v T ' l '" '0!'' a , i r a *o. HI. tr V J'-v c u -\x.w. Appalachian Eicctric 7 " "-T"* -V V. --" 2 5\y- Dr.u-\,n\T. The ProoR,, f : ,. , , , _ . n o' P'" 'u :t' ibWitSv-rviro''. 11 'U-u.nri,. r : > , r e a , ^ ^ f c (.. P" Ul''aiWe. U ffj&V -a ' r 1- 'T-Trrr~rt^4u_ -I.,/ 0 0 0 C .II v g p. ,<yi-k TH'HNTy.Tl[!RD A X K l NATIONAL S 4 * r r t L As ETV / CONGRESS council Public Utilities Section . ' Ucncral Chairman_p \r p Pc,Ky,va, l Vice-Chairman lor ToloCarl, P one Co. of l -cc-C!,a,n,,,,,, jnr Gas / Officers 1933-34 PT J d T ^ c l T Bc!< TcI,pl,o,,, "" f.a- . -, Co., Chicasro. The HI Eel, T#le. r PV ; - I icc-Lliam nan j,,r E icd ric . Phi''1Cldph'a Company. Pi.tSb,,r? l, ' - E,ccmc Co- Philadelphia. Pa . *'* ccrctary-- Joirv T r* , _ T Prn'!rn"'~R<'v M. Gomvix-, Philadelphia " AVr" U,U-r E,U,a,CKC \ Co.. San Dietjo. Calif. Br.amoor,,,,, Conn,nil,;- Chain,,a,,~W C" St` Ma S j " D 'CIro Consolidated Gas and Electric H \r Toronto. n,,t.. Canada. ' ` 1 LUfiAN'- Hydro-Electric Potvcr Com- C tm uniucc Chair,,,,, ,, - 0 * H m F r O uc^o. in. - H U s n . Chicago Rapid Trans,, Co - n n h rsln f- C nanainn- C l,,, ir,, ,,, ,, ^\ j , - Denver. Colo. K u :' . Public Service Co d r , , fUO"T' ^B.uenild. \V. Va. ` .... .......... .... TM" ' " ' ' ,Eno- Appalachia,) Electric p,AVCr Cn ^ n ir Vr,, ,a! Vori-rsoiitnliiYs-- ,<v a - ' v ....... . **,,,*. .vnrfhorn Pmvn s - C Dicktn; C x i r i J ^ ' ' r C a ' d 'Vf. Pmver Corp" Frnn. Calif. P.u-L R KT-n.y. Penn Central Uelu a n d ' p , ^ " r " Fra"Cisco- Calif. R. Lnvn. Alabama P,AVer Co Pi ' . ' " r Eo" Altoona. p a H ' A. P tolkw . Pnhlie Scrnce O 7 v "* G .,,sol,dated Gas C , 7 / v T ' l '" '0!'' a , i r a *o. HI. tr V J'-v c u -\x.w. Appalachian Eicctric 7 " "-T"* -V V. --" 2 5\y- Dr.u-\,n\T. The ProoR,, f : ,. , , , _ . n o' P'" 'u :t' ibWitSv-rviro''. 11 'U-u.nri,. r : > , r e a , ^ ^ f c (.. P" Ul''aiWe. U ffj&V -a ' r 1- 'T-Trrr~rt^4u_ -I.,/ 0 0 0 C .II v g f i Safe/ y Cvit /cil isconsin : no disabling cgon ; no disabling in-. 111c. Missouri . no dis . . B.; no disabling in- ;g injuries w liic work- ;ig injuries while work10 disabling injuries iiuncsota: no disabling Mabling injuries while ; no disabling injuries Michigan; no disabling .bee, Canada no dis *: no disablin z injuries hrec disabling injuries iisablir.g injm ies while injuries whiir working TlV e x T V -T H I n D A N N U A L S A F E T Y COX C R E S S N A T I OX XL SAFET Y COUNCIL Quarry Section Officers 1933-34 C orral C h a in ,m n -O ru o M. G raves. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. V U - c - C h a i n i i t w -- W i l l i a m H . B a k e r . J. E. Baker Lo.. \ ork. Pa. s e c t a r y ami . V . t L e t t e r l i d i l o r - X . P. A u e a e n . .N at io n a l Sand a n d Gravel \ssociation. Washintgon, I). C. Poster Cn,,,miller C h a irm a n -H . V. Y otteii. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. publicity Committee Chairman--J. 1C Bov. National Crushed S t o n e A s s o c ia t i o n . Washington. D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman-- \ \ . W. A dams. I rated States Bureau oi Mines. Washington. B. C. .embers al Lai/e-- . . ... . . NoK.tr AN G. H uit,it. T h e National Lune A-; .nation. \ \ ashing*. D. C. H. V. O w en s . Eastern Ruck Products. Inc.. Luca. N. 3. J ohn P rince. S te w a rt Sami and Material G .. Kansas City. M A. L. W oktiif.x . The Connecticut Uuarnes G... Lie.. New Haven yuim. I W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 The openin'-' session ot the Q u a r ry Section w a idled to order hy John Caiupil. Ijjreetur. Bureau ot Inspection. Pennsylvania at artment ot Labor and Industry. arrishure. Pa., who presided. This was schc-.v. :d to be a join: session with . (Jemviu Section. Chairm an G im pl'dl introduce, P. A. Mori. Weak- Manager, eveland Quarries Company. Auiher-t. Ohio, who r ade a bnet address ot welcuine the deieeates on the part oi the city ..i U c v t l a i t : In lieu "I the annual report "i the eeiieral cm. - able to lie present, -a lengthy wire-was- read :r a Oth" M. Gr him e.vpr who was ; regrets. lairiuau Campbell tlieii introduced tile r.rst 3-9 occc f i Safe/ y Cvit /cil isconsin : no disabling cgon ; no disabling in-. 111c. Missouri . no dis . . B.; no disabling in- ;g injuries w liic work- ;ig injuries while work10 disabling injuries iiuncsota: no disabling Mabling injuries while ; no disabling injuries Michigan; no disabling .bee, Canada no dis *: no disablin z injuries hrec disabling injuries iisablir.g injm ies while injuries whiir working TlV e x T V -T H I n D A N N U A L S A F E T Y COX C R E S S N A T I OX XL SAFET Y COUNCIL Quarry Section Officers 1933-34 C orral C h a in ,m n -O ru o M. G raves. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. V U - c - C h a i n i i t w -- W i l l i a m H . B a k e r . J. E. Baker Lo.. \ ork. Pa. s e c t a r y ami . V . t L e t t e r l i d i l o r - X . P. A u e a e n . .N at io n a l Sand a n d Gravel \ssociation. Washintgon, I). C. Poster Cn,,,miller C h a irm a n -H . V. Y otteii. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. publicity Committee Chairman--J. 1C Bov. National Crushed S t o n e A s s o c ia t i o n . Washington. D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman-- \ \ . W. A dams. I rated States Bureau oi Mines. Washington. B. C. .embers al Lai/e-- . . ... . . NoK.tr AN G. H uit,it. T h e National Lune A-; .nation. \ \ ashing*. D. C. H. V. O w en s . Eastern Ruck Products. Inc.. Luca. N. 3. J ohn P rince. S te w a rt Sami and Material G .. Kansas City. M A. L. W oktiif.x . The Connecticut Uuarnes G... Lie.. New Haven yuim. I W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 The openin'-' session ot the Q u a r ry Section w a idled to order hy John Caiupil. Ijjreetur. Bureau ot Inspection. Pennsylvania at artment ot Labor and Industry. arrishure. Pa., who presided. This was schc-.v. :d to be a join: session with . (Jemviu Section. Chairm an G im pl'dl introduce, P. A. Mori. Weak- Manager, eveland Quarries Company. Auiher-t. Ohio, who r ade a bnet address ot welcuine the deieeates on the part oi the city ..i U c v t l a i t : In lieu "I the annual report "i the eeiieral cm. - able to lie present, -a lengthy wire-was- read :r a Oth" M. Gr him e.vpr who was ; regrets. lairiuau Campbell tlieii introduced tile r.rst 3-9 occc dm .'&c:- : si i p ; fes|% ! ilfe -- . : -V'.%r'- : m :-" : : 350 7 .. u i i t y - t h i r d A n n u a l S a f e t y C o n g r e s s ' -- ' M o t i o n a l S a f e t y C o u n c i l The D ust H azards in Industry By DR. R. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in Charge, Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation, United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. The speaker said in part: Realizing the importance of the dust problem in *iSr-r'"' k nl?ec* States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Bureau oi Muici oegan its first study of the health of workers in dusty trades in 1914 m the mines ot Joplin, Missouri; and later, in 1923, the Public Health Service inaugurated a series ot dust studies. These later studies were all conducted in the same manner in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the different investigations. Briefly, these methods of study may be divided as follows: (1) examination to determine the general' physical condition of the workers under observation; (2) special physical examination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of the respiratory system and the lung pathology resulting from exposure to the particular dust hazard; (3) record of the nature and severity of die disabling illnesses; (4) analysis and detailed study of the occupational environment; (5) occupational mortality^ statistics relating to the specific dust; and (6) autopsies. The first six intensive investigations carried out by the Service dealt with the health ot workers exposed to dusts in a cement plant, granite cutting industry, anthracite and bituminous coal mining, silverware manufacturing plant, cotton cloth manutactu. ing, and in municipal street sweeping. Brief studies were later conducted in certain slate, granite, marble and talc quarries, while more recently a rather extensive study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed. These six dust studies showed that the workers in the granite cutting plants who were exposed to the highest dust concentrations were found to suffer 'from an excess of pulmonary tuberculosis after 15 years or more of exposure and developed silicosis :rvm 2 to 10 years. In the group exposed to a lesser amount of dust, silicosis cevcioped only after prolonged exposure, with no excess of tuberculosis. It was ic-nd that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure and the extent and $e\crity of the pulmonary damage. Anthracite coal miners suffered ,,'Hi dyspnoea and other signs of pneumoconiosis and experienced a high rate of respiratory sickness; in addition, an excessive mortaiitv from influenza' pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis was found. Bituminous coal miners experi enced a =...cralized fibrous of the lungs and an excess mortaiitv from influenza and pneu...enia._ Cement workers showed some signs of early pneumoconiosis with an excc?: oi diseases of the upper respiratory tract. On the other hand, workers m the cc--n cloth and sil\erwarc manufacturing plants and municipal street sweepers were ne^a.n.e for respiratory conditions and other illnesses when compared with the genera: industrial population. Rock Drilling. For fivej-ears. the United States Bureau of Mines studied lead and zinc ....ners m the Tn-tstatc District. Oklahoma. The ore here is high in free silica. 0 : flic 7.722 men examined, a group of 1,647. or 21.3 per cent. was definitely diagnosed *s ha\ing silicosis, not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis. All the men diagnosed as having first-stage silicosis r.ad worked an average of 13 years. Fat those men starting in the mines after JO years of age worked an average c: only 3 years. The verst of rock drilling in subway and tuunei construction in New York City is :r. some respect: ; similar to that of some of the activities in the hard rock mines, a: Cast in so iar as the manner in which is evolved, the type of dust and the resultant r.nzard. Recently the result r.\ a study of rock drillers, blasters ar.d excavators was -reported by the New York Tuberculosis and Health Associate r.. An exam:: tation of 20S rock drillers, blasters and excavators showed that IIS. :r 57 per cen : of the men had siiicosis various stages oi progression, The cxpc:sure of most c : these men ( per cent) had been for 20 years or more. Sauce' Xo s: udy of the health of sandblasters ^reported in the United fit Hits: however. a study of the dust exposure M IPTcccftdy.. completed the Unin :d States Public Health ration : with the dm .'&c:- : si i p ; fes|% ! ilfe -- . : -V'.%r'- : m :-" : : 350 7 .. u i i t y - t h i r d A n n u a l S a f e t y C o n g r e s s ' -- ' M o t i o n a l S a f e t y C o u n c i l The D ust H azards in Industry By DR. R. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in Charge, Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation, United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. The speaker said in part: Realizing the importance of the dust problem in *iSr-r'"' k nl?ec* States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Bureau oi Muici oegan its first study of the health of workers in dusty trades in 1914 m the mines ot Joplin, Missouri; and later, in 1923, the Public Health Service inaugurated a series ot dust studies. These later studies were all conducted in the same manner in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the different investigations. Briefly, these methods of study may be divided as follows: (1) examination to determine the general' physical condition of the workers under observation; (2) special physical examination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of the respiratory system and the lung pathology resulting from exposure to the particular dust hazard; (3) record of the nature and severity of die disabling illnesses; (4) analysis and detailed study of the occupational environment; (5) occupational mortality^ statistics relating to the specific dust; and (6) autopsies. The first six intensive investigations carried out by the Service dealt with the health ot workers exposed to dusts in a cement plant, granite cutting industry, anthracite and bituminous coal mining, silverware manufacturing plant, cotton cloth manutactu. ing, and in municipal street sweeping. Brief studies were later conducted in certain slate, granite, marble and talc quarries, while more recently a rather extensive study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed. These six dust studies showed that the workers in the granite cutting plants who were exposed to the highest dust concentrations were found to suffer 'from an excess of pulmonary tuberculosis after 15 years or more of exposure and developed silicosis :rvm 2 to 10 years. In the group exposed to a lesser amount of dust, silicosis cevcioped only after prolonged exposure, with no excess of tuberculosis. It was ic-nd that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure and the extent and $e\crity of the pulmonary damage. Anthracite coal miners suffered ,,'Hi dyspnoea and other signs of pneumoconiosis and experienced a high rate of respiratory sickness; in addition, an excessive mortaiitv from influenza' pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis was found. Bituminous coal miners experi enced a =...cralized fibrous of the lungs and an excess mortaiitv from influenza and pneu...enia._ Cement workers showed some signs of early pneumoconiosis with an excc?: oi diseases of the upper respiratory tract. On the other hand, workers m the cc--n cloth and sil\erwarc manufacturing plants and municipal street sweepers were ne^a.n.e for respiratory conditions and other illnesses when compared with the genera: industrial population. Rock Drilling. For fivej-ears. the United States Bureau of Mines studied lead and zinc ....ners m the Tn-tstatc District. Oklahoma. The ore here is high in free silica. 0 : flic 7.722 men examined, a group of 1,647. or 21.3 per cent. was definitely diagnosed *s ha\ing silicosis, not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis. All the men diagnosed as having first-stage silicosis r.ad worked an average of 13 years. Fat those men starting in the mines after JO years of age worked an average c: only 3 years. The verst of rock drilling in subway and tuunei construction in New York City is :r. some respect: ; similar to that of some of the activities in the hard rock mines, a: Cast in so iar as the manner in which is evolved, the type of dust and the resultant r.nzard. Recently the result r.\ a study of rock drillers, blasters ar.d excavators was -reported by the New York Tuberculosis and Health Associate r.. An exam:: tation of 20S rock drillers, blasters and excavators showed that IIS. :r 57 per cen : of the men had siiicosis various stages oi progression, The cxpc:sure of most c : these men ( per cent) had been for 20 years or more. Sauce' Xo s: udy of the health of sandblasters ^reported in the United fit Hits: however. a study of the dust exposure M IPTcccftdy.. completed the Unin :d States Public Health ration : with the Quarry Section 55 L National Safety Counc:I. This investigation indicated that, judged by the nature of the dust and degree of the exposure, a real hazard exists in this occupation. This study also brought out the fact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety, provided properiy designed and well maintained equipment is used. _ Diatomaccous Silica Urorkcrs. Most of die data on silicosis have been gathered trom studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing free silica in the form of quartz. Such studies have been made in the granite industry, pottery trades, hard rock drilling, etc. There are other free silica minerals in existence that are not crystalline in nature but of an amorphous composition. In Santa Barbara^ County. California, there exists the largest and purest diatomaccous silica deposit 'in the world. This substance consists of about 85 per cent free silica. Recently an examination was made of 108 workers selected among those employed less than I year, 1 to 2 years, 2 to 5 years, and more than 5 years. All of the workers were Mexican laborers and the examinations consisted of x-ray determinations, social and medical histories, and clinical examinations of the chests. Dust determinations were also made but these were not reported. The outstanding feature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men. , Eighty-four per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition. It was found that 60 rr.cn showed signs of early pneumoconiosis; 15 were in the moderately advanced stage and 6 in the advanced stage. This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of more than 5 years. Dust Hazard in the Granite Quarry industry. It is a common belief that granite quarrying is not so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed sheds; quarry work is done outdoors and hence may not be attended with very much dust exposure. However, certain quarry operations require the use of pneumatic tools, which arc usually associated with the formation o f . considerable quantities of dust. It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem. Accordingly, a study of a clinicoradiographic nature of 6o quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained. The dust determinations show that nearly 3S per cent of the workers 6drillers) were exposed to many times the amount of dust considered safe at the presenr time. Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes. Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis, and 4 of t h e 5 men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition. This study suggests that quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate from milmonary tuberculosis as do pncumatic-tool workers in granite cutting sheds. ricct of Inhaled M'arble Dust. Thepulmonary fibrotic changes due to the inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused by stone dust containing a high percentage of silica in the form of quartz. A recent study made by us among marble workers showed that although marble dust, when inhaled in concentration? averaging about 25 million particles per cubic foot of air. produced a mild bilateral, linear fibrosis in a certain number of the 80 men examined, no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disabilitv due to the dust, even after many years of exposure (more than 40 years in some cases). The marble dust under consideration consisted of 98 per cent calcitc and 2 per cent dolctnite. with no silica present. Dust Hazard in Abrasive Industry. Artificial abrasives are widely used in industry and for this reason the cttect ofthe inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is of great importance. In 1925, !929 and again in 1931. Dr. Clark of the Morton Company at WcTrctrster, Mass., made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the manufacture of grinding wheels, which showed that during a period of 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber- cuiosis among those working in the abrasive dust departments as in departments 'here no abrasive dust occurred. In 1931. Kessler, of New Jersey, reported the occurrence of over 100 cases of alleged silicosis in the abrasive powder industry, in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent free silica. j Exposure to Silicate Dust. It has been the belief that the inhalation of dusts composed of silicates (combined silica), in comparison with silica (free silica in the form of quartz), was innocuous. Of many._investigators have become cognizant of the hazards of silicate dusg^pbstrrc. AsBcstosTs.'TT"fi 'grtt'A occ '.ya' w ; 000049 i. v e v a nr f i& w r ' j v u r j v v " - y n w - ' Quarry Section 55 L National Safety Counc:I. This investigation indicated that, judged by the nature of the dust and degree of the exposure, a real hazard exists in this occupation. This study also brought out the fact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety, provided properiy designed and well maintained equipment is used. _ Diatomaccous Silica Urorkcrs. Most of die data on silicosis have been gathered trom studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing free silica in the form of quartz. Such studies have been made in the granite industry, pottery trades, hard rock drilling, etc. There are other free silica minerals in existence that are not crystalline in nature but of an amorphous composition. In Santa Barbara^ County. California, there exists the largest and purest diatomaccous silica deposit 'in the world. This substance consists of about 85 per cent free silica. Recently an examination was made of 108 workers selected among those employed less than I year, 1 to 2 years, 2 to 5 years, and more than 5 years. All of the workers were Mexican laborers and the examinations consisted of x-ray determinations, social and medical histories, and clinical examinations of the chests. Dust determinations were also made but these were not reported. The outstanding feature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men. , Eighty-four per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition. It was found that 60 rr.cn showed signs of early pneumoconiosis; 15 were in the moderately advanced stage and 6 in the advanced stage. This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of more than 5 years. Dust Hazard in the Granite Quarry industry. It is a common belief that granite quarrying is not so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed sheds; quarry work is done outdoors and hence may not be attended with very much dust exposure. However, certain quarry operations require the use of pneumatic tools, which arc usually associated with the formation o f . considerable quantities of dust. It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem. Accordingly, a study of a clinicoradiographic nature of 6o quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained. The dust determinations show that nearly 3S per cent of the workers 6drillers) were exposed to many times the amount of dust considered safe at the presenr time. Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes. Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis, and 4 of the 5 men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition. This study suggests that quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate from milmonary tuberculosis as do pncumatic-tool workers in granite cutting sheds. ricct of Inhaled M'arble Dust. Thepulmonary fibrotic changes due to the inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused by stone dust containing a high percentage of silica in the form of quartz. A recent study made by us among marble workers showed that although marble dust, when inhaled in concentration? averaging about 25 million particles per cubic foot of air. produced a mild bilateral, linear fibrosis in a certain number of the 80 men examined, no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disabilitv due to the dust, even after many years of exposure (more than 40 years in some cases). The marble dust under consideration consisted of 98 per cent calcitc and 2 per cent dolctnite. with no silica present. Dust Hazard in Abrasive Industry. Artificial abrasives are widely used in industry and for this reason the cttect ofthe inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is of great importance. In 1925, !929 and again in 1931. Dr. Clark of the Morton Company at WcTrctrster, Mass., made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the manufacture of grinding wheels, which showed that during a period of 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber- cuiosis among those working in the abrasive dust departments as in departments 'here no abrasive dust occurred. In 1931. Kessler, of New Jersey, reported the occurrence of over 100 cases of alleged silicosis in the abrasive powder industry, in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent free silica. j Exposure to Silicate Dust. It has been the belief that the inhalation of dusts composed of silicates (combined silica), in comparison with silica (free silica in the form of quartz), was innocuous. Of many._investigators have become cognizant of the hazards of silicate dusg^pbstrrc. AsBcstosTs.'TT"fi 'grtt'A occ '.ya' w ; 000049 i. v e v a nr f i& w r ' j v u r j v v " - y n w - ' 352 Twenty-third Annual S a fe ty Congress-- National Safety Council of the lungs caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust, has already been deserbH both in its clinical and roentgenographic manifestations by investigators m C-^L countnes. but to date no studies have been reported in the United States. Ccm~er~a dust, which contains about 22 per cent combined silica, has been studied and the effects. of the inhalation by workers has been discussed here, fit March. ytt Drecssen, of the United States Public Health Service, reported the results c-i study conducted among tremoiite talc and slate workers. The slate dust to w-jch these workers were exposed consisted mainly of silicates, there being less 51. 3 per cent of quartz in the dust The talc was a hydrous calcium-magnesium silicate, beingper cent talc and 45 per cent tremoiite. with no quartz present. f s c results of the study seemed^ to indicate a relationship between the amount inhaled and the effect ot this dust on the lungs of workers. 1 of car Statistical Studies. Recently, _Lanza and Vane estimated that there arc 500,000 workers cntraced in the mining, quarrying and manufacturing indufcies in this country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is rS- tailcd. Their analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance comp- for the period 1915-1926 showed that the actual mortality from respiratorv ru>~- culosis among the silica exposed personswas about three times that of a silica dust group. If one considers their data for certain occupations in mrxj tunics and granite and sandstone quarries, occupations known to be exposed- to high concentrations of hazardous dusts, then the comparison is more striking, shet the actual deaths among these workers was found to be ten times that of the ex pected deaths. More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported br -Se Registrar-General of England and Wales H921-1923), and summarized by Bffr.in. show the high rate of 1.886 per 100.000 for tin and copper miners, while the --:e for all occupied and retired males ' was only 150. Other occupations with s5ca exposure showed an excess. * From the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced Vr the inhalation of certain dusts, it is apparent that a knowledge of the properffes of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology is essential. Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate " zz these properties are the chemical and mineralogies! composition of the dust, hs concentration in the industrial atmosphere, and its particle size. In an earlier portion of this discussion evidence was presented which indiccied that close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rates from va ries respiratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry. In the srurr of the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry, it was dcfinitciv proved hz: there is a direct relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sickness and death resulting from tuberculosis. It is quite evident, as a result of Lues; studies, that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the effective'removal or suppress:;" of the dust to concentration considered safe. However, no set rule? may be estab lished for the mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt u, control indus trial dust. Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determine the tvpc of protection to be employed. ' . protection of workers against certain dusts known to be toxic mav a: times be accomplished oy the substitution of a non-toxic material iTr tiie toxic iue. Onc example of such a procedure is the possible use of a metallic or other of artificial abrasive tor sand in the sandblasting process in those operation?, ex which it is not essential to use sand, a substance high in quartz content. A--r--. the mechanical enclosure of the dust-creating process also serves to protect' h i worker. An excellent illustration of this type of protection is afforded by he modern sandblast barrel used in the cleaning of small objects. 5 .metimes it :s possible to protect the worker by the substitution of wet for drv processes. a- --r drilling instead of dry. In one instance, in the granite cutting r.vAv previous *-* i mentioned, an operator using a diamond. 2oint tool worked the -.one wet: ut? resulting dust amounted to 22 million particles per cubic foot. The fame opera:" was then requested to work the stone dry: as a result, the amount h dust rcachtc ; the high figure of 45 million particles per cubic foot. In the weavmg of ashes::? : cloth itjia? been possible to reduce the amount the air i.v wet weavrt; I to one-iourtl^ni_thc amount present when the pr^^^T$VcondhctCd' nv-'-dfcv. met:: "' Another cxagfcftSgfr iA.Allayi^, use of ;a ixav; o f " w ~ v ^ ' ' 352 Twenty-third Annual S a fe ty Congress-- National Safety Council of the lungs caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust, has already been deserbH both in its clinical and roentgenographic manifestations by investigators m C-^L countnes. but to date no studies have been reported in the United States. Ccm~er~a dust, which contains about 22 per cent combined silica, has been studied and the effects. of the inhalation by workers has been discussed here, fit March. ytt Drecssen, of the United States Public Health Service, reported the results c-i study conducted among tremoiite talc and slate workers. The slate dust to w-jch these workers were exposed consisted mainly of silicates, there being less 51. 3 per cent of quartz in the dust The talc was a hydrous calcium-magnesium silicate, beingper cent talc and 45 per cent tremoiite. with no quartz present. f s c results of the study seemed^ to indicate a relationship between the amount inhaled and the effect ot this dust on the lungs of workers. 1 of car Statistical Studies. Recently, _Lanza and Vane estimated that there arc 500,000 workers cntraced in the mining, quarrying and manufacturing indufcies in this country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is rS- tailcd. Their analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance comp- for the period 1915-1926 showed that the actual mortality from respiratorv ru>~- culosis among the silica exposed personswas about three times that of a silica dust group. If one considers their data for certain occupations in mrxj tunics and granite and sandstone quarries, occupations known to be exposed- to high concentrations of hazardous dusts, then the comparison is more striking, shet the actual deaths among these workers was found to be ten times that of the ex pected deaths. More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported br -Se Registrar-General of England and Wales H921-1923), and summarized by Bffr.in. show the high rate of 1.886 per 100.000 for tin and copper miners, while the --:e for all occupied and retired males ' was only 150. Other occupations with s5ca exposure showed an excess. * From the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced Vr the inhalation of certain dusts, it is apparent that a knowledge of the properffes of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology is essential. Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate " zz these properties are the chemical and mineralogies! composition of the dust, hs concentration in the industrial atmosphere, and its particle size. In an earlier portion of this discussion evidence was presented which indiccied that close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rates from va ries respiratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry. In the srurr of the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry, it was dcfinitciv proved hz: there is a direct relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sickness and death resulting from tuberculosis. It is quite evident, as a result of Lues; studies, that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the effective'removal or suppress:;" of the dust to concentration considered safe. However, no set rule? may be estab lished for the mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt u, control indus trial dust. Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determine the tvpc of protection to be employed. ' . protection of workers against certain dusts known to be toxic mav a: times be accomplished oy the substitution of a non-toxic material iTr tiie toxic iue. Onc example of such a procedure is the possible use of a metallic or other of artificial abrasive tor sand in the sandblasting process in those operation?, ex which it is not essential to use sand, a substance high in quartz content. A--r--. the mechanical enclosure of the dust-creating process also serves to protect' h i worker. An excellent illustration of this type of protection is afforded by he modern sandblast barrel used in the cleaning of small objects. 5 .metimes it :s possible to protect the worker by the substitution of wet for drv processes. a- --r drilling instead of dry. In one instance, in the granite cutting r.vAv previous *-* i mentioned, an operator using a diamond. 2oint tool worked the -.one wet: ut? resulting dust amounted to 22 million particles per cubic foot. The fame opera:" was then requested to work the stone dry: as a result, the amount h dust rcachtc ; the high figure of 45 million particles per cubic foot. In the weavmg of ashes::? : cloth itjia? been possible to reduce the amount the air i.v wet weavrt; I to one-iourtl^ni_thc amount present when the pr^^^T$VcondhctCd' nv-'-dfcv. met:: "' Another cxagfcftSgfr iA.Allayi^, use of ;a ixav; o f " w ~ v ^ ' ' in leyner and jack-hammer drillin'-.' in hard rC'Ck. although the new type oi K'-dl> (iint trap 15 new finding much favor fur this kind ot work. The Ikellv trap consists, ot a metal chamber designed to enclose the drill steel at the rock surface. Xo attempt is made to secure a mechanical seal with the rock or between the trap and the drill steel. The dust is removed by an air stream and is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap. Lscape ot dust particles through openings between the uneven rock surfaces and the trap is prevented bv the atr seal produced by the inflowing air. Tests made on this trap under actual working conditions show that the dust concentration at the worker's breathing zone may lie kept down to less than 10 million particles per cubic toot with a 00 cubic foot per nttnute rate ot air flow through the hood. 1his trap is a step forward in the program of dust removal; however, m underground work, such as in mines and subways, there is still the need to solve the problem ot compact dust disposal equipment. In certain cases, such as in the sandblasting ot large castings in sandblast rooms, the practical safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet of the positive air pressure type. In the sandblast investigation previously men tioned it was found that when front 5 to b cubic feet ot practically dvist-iree air tie- minute arc supplied to the helmet, the worker receives ideal protection. How ever. one must always hear in mind that the ultimate criterion ot protection should be the dust determination of the air within the helmet during blasting and not the quantitv of the air supply itself. , ... In most dustv processes, however, the most etlcctive means ot dust elimination are bv the use of propcrlv designed exhaust ventilation systems. Since m mans instances it is difficult, costlv. and at times an unnecessary procedure to remove all the dust in the vicinitv of a worker, we need first to determine the minimum amount of a certain dust which the worker can apparently tolerate with tnijumnj. Such information can be made available by the type of studies TM rlcd Public Health Service. For example, m the granite study already m erre d tn dust at the breathing level of about 10 million particles per cubic toot (on per cent Studies'*"*!' dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time this work was conducted showed that a linear velocity ot 1..-00 teet l,cr " measured bv an anemometer at the lace ot the dust-removal hood, would >|'eP . tlie dust at the breathing level to an amount less than 10 million particles per cubic toot. A word should be said concerning personal respiratory protection against (lusts. It has already been shown that m the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblastin'" it is important to have a well-designed device supplied with about " cubic feet of dust-tree air per minute to give tull protect,on to the worker. With reference to respirators of the filter type, there is still much to lie acc<m,p .she. in the desi-n of an efficient and comfortable mask tor continuous use. Ut .,,rent "4lue are standard methods fur the testm.g of the effioency ot respiratory pro tection devices. Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular tlitst which the respirator is to encounter, these tests to be made both m the laboratory and under a c S .ulus.rial conditions. H e. further suggested that some -p a rtiM a,,encv should conduct such tests and certny the devices tor industrial use. the work being done on a cost basis. The C. S. Bureau o. Mutes has prepared such a schedule tor testing and approving respirators. ...... . , I wish to stress the iinixjrtaiicc of good housekeeping m the citort to combat the dust hazard. Good housekeeping should not only imply the removal ot accumu lated dust about a workroom but should also embrace efficient maintenance o dust removal devices and respiratory protective eumnmcnt. . Svftcntattc inspection of all dust 'impression equipment should he an axiomatic principle m c\er> s . industry rather than the casual attention which it now receives m many instance.. R eport oE the N om inating Committee The chairman called md new officers fnr the the report of the Nominating Comrav to ser.^c (.hiring the onsnin ^.thiiT'pomt-... * nominated . 00000 1 N # ! 8 y: .. 00c in leyner and jack-hammer drillin'-.' in hard rC'Ck. although the new type oi K'-dl> (iint trap 15 new finding much favor fur this kind ot work. The Ikellv trap consists, ot a metal chamber designed to enclose the drill steel at the rock surface. Xo attempt is made to secure a mechanical seal with the rock or between the trap and the drill steel. The dust is removed by an air stream and is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap. Lscape ot dust particles through openings between the uneven rock surfaces and the trap is prevented bv the atr seal produced by the inflowing air. Tests made on this trap under actual working conditions show that the dust concentration at the worker's breathing zone may lie kept down to less than 10 million particles per cubic toot with a 00 cubic foot per nttnute rate ot air flow through the hood. 1his trap is a step forward in the program of dust removal; however, m underground work, such as in mines and subways, there is still the need to solve the problem ot compact dust disposal equipment. In certain cases, such as in the sandblasting ot large castings in sandblast rooms, the practical safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet of the positive air pressure type. In the sandblast investigation previously men tioned it was found that when front 5 to b cubic feet ot practically dvist-iree air tie- minute arc supplied to the helmet, the worker receives ideal protection. How ever. one must always hear in mind that the ultimate criterion ot protection should be the dust determination of the air within the helmet during blasting and not the quantitv of the air supply itself. , ... In most dustv processes, however, the most etlcctive means ot dust elimination are bv the use of propcrlv designed exhaust ventilation systems. Since m mans instances it is difficult, costlv. and at times an unnecessary procedure to remove all the dust in the vicinitv of a worker, we need first to determine the minimum amount of a certain dust which the worker can apparently tolerate with tnijumnj. Such information can be made available by the type of studies TM rlcd Public Health Service. For example, m the granite study already m erre d tn dust at the breathing level of about 10 million particles per cubic toot (on per cent Studies'*"*!' dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time this work was conducted showed that a linear velocity ot 1..-00 teet l,cr " measured bv an anemometer at the lace ot the dust-removal hood, would >|'eP . tlie dust at the breathing level to an amount less than 10 million particles per cubic toot. A word should be said concerning personal respiratory protection against (lusts. It has already been shown that m the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblastin'" it is important to have a well-designed device supplied with about " cubic feet of dust-tree air per minute to give tull protect,on to the worker. With reference to respirators of the filter type, there is still much to lie acc<m,p .she. in the desi-n of an efficient and comfortable mask tor continuous use. Ut .,,rent "4lue are standard methods fur the testm.g of the effioency ot respiratory pro tection devices. Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular tlitst which the respirator is to encounter, these tests to be made both m the laboratory and under a c S .ulus.rial conditions. H e. further suggested that some -p a rtiM a,,encv should conduct such tests and certny the devices tor industrial use. the work being done on a cost basis. The C. S. Bureau o. Mutes has prepared such a schedule tor testing and approving respirators. ...... . , I wish to stress the iinixjrtaiicc of good housekeeping m the citort to combat the dust hazard. Good housekeeping should not only imply the removal ot accumu lated dust about a workroom but should also embrace efficient maintenance o dust removal devices and respiratory protective eumnmcnt. . Svftcntattc inspection of all dust 'impression equipment should he an axiomatic principle m c\er> s . industry rather than the casual attention which it now receives m many instance.. R eport oE the N om inating Committee The chairman called md new officers fnr the the report of the Nominating Comrav to ser.^c (.hiring the onsnin ^.th iiT ' pom t-... * nominated . 00000 1 N # ! 8 y: .. 00c r ' f- -J+V- ' ' hr "' ' ~` h . Im n iu i S o l e l y Coiitjrsss-- o\. ivM Ci.inuc1 0 . ';.-.'.',:/ cV.-ji'rmjii--William H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co.. V.-rk. Pa. Cunii!*'*'"*" " illiatn E. Hilliard. New Haven Trap .Tel.- Co.. New Haven, E a . X r ' p a i' !" " " " ,V C,u,irma" ~ H - F - The Uv-ncral Crushed Stone Co., wS a c "" " R- Eoyd' C n u W Stone Assn., a ,a ir ",a" ~ XV- Ada" *s. E. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash- Members a: Large-- \ . P. Ahern. Xational Sand and Gravel Assn., Wash-niton. D C Xornian G. Hough, The Xational Lime Assn., Washington, D C ' U. M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa ' A. L. Corthcn, The Connecticut Quarries Co., Inc., New Haven. Conn. The Forem an's D uties and Responsibilities in Preventing Accidents By GLENN GARDINER Forstmann Woolen Company, Passaic, New Jersey Z 1 uA!frtSP? kCV aid part: 0,1 n,y ririt J'ub "> tl,i: chtv -.it of a brick works Mtncsscd a disastrous cave-m which so injured one oi mv fellow workers that he was totally disabled for life. The accident was so plaiulv fault of the an Z e l i b Z Z f r ^ "* "'aS dlid,ar?cd ioT llis carelessness. That accident made ccootutlldd whhaat ttih.e^ rreesZpoInOsni-b| irli't0y" ot" hthemt-o"rde'maaln,<lislcitn macCciduenn<lt<-'rpir'e-~v:e,tnl tion. nothin- else for the Z r l ' m - i 13 rcsp0.ni,hl<i lor getting out the work is also responsible 1, A, C01itr'jl 01 `hose conditions immediately surrounding the worker on his job He has an unexcelled opportunity to observe his workers anti their habits If hi is c r ^ r z T r - c cai,' thse urkins i'ai,i,i >av ^ acd- worries a n d '" '- l- 'V "TM , 1 " S u orkers 50 "'cl> that he will understand when He nnv A `1 d problcms arjc ,ax`g their minds and powers ot concentration, he can a - O Position always to do much about the -.inside problems, but 1C i ^ n* ,at ``ait. trovern conditions on the job. cauw inh0rinl3-:,-iS thC C" f 'Vl, !S ni0SrtTiikc!>- 10 ^ "P condit: :::s on the job which h- k e e n m A Z ^ ` r the , lvorkcr- can do much to ea-e the worker's mind b> keeping h.m imormcd about conditions which affect his i , and the steadiness o. emp oyment. He can Ik-1,, to reduce the fatigue his men txpeZnce a Z in Z diry directh ,,itiucncc accidents which arc rciated to tatitrue. tliat s a Z i m5thr.',M1'h !0rc" 'an rcajizcs ll'e importance ot the safety functions, and h i f job 'ncludes W ^ P ' IP" ,1C Sa'" C P a"C ' importan" 25 'he other duties If the worker is indifferent to safety, it is usually mere:-.- a reflection of the foreman s attituae. On the other hand, if the foreman wX stand for nothing but sate working habits, the worker will proceed very raH-ilv to develop safe r e i k H s Z e Z '- 5' 4 P C0`irSe,l 1 recognize that certain workers have an attitude of IthiZe daaAngTer-s/ oTi ,t|hberaj'oubd. BDbu0tUti-t lheism upu'tholcl'then,atkocrsemtallncmtoslA't'ihndcyturceontthemisntautotititsudeof and bring such workers down to earth. r attituae 'A m ', company employing 6.600 workers I- heated That 48 out of the j,600 hau nad 10 per cent or all the lost-time accidents v-r the entire or^aniza- non. Inc ncci-jent ircqtiencv among these 48 men was fiftv times as great as that ot the average ior all workers. " The record also indicated tiiat tliose men having the larcn: mimbcr of minor accidents were also the same men having thelargcslgffCmibcr ii lost-time accidents. Thus minor ..ccidcnls are of real significance to *Muttm!ia because they point out to him tiic men who will most probjg^ggaji! the lost-time accidents^ feren Failure t crenfcs a a iVrenia Here of rnorc 1. A' one of iv 2. n* whom I 5, D< workers - 4. H their prk 5. D. accident. In :h. of its iA' be traceforeman manaccni junction. Thcj Cross ri .civen in be sccurf ever th.n' iurth-cr 5 any thm just as Rome with his busy wit bafninc c fatal res immedia: secured, the lifele but oul > There herself th.rouqlic taucht. ' each cict cency h able to I w. r s T T T r : " ',"'' 0000 52 r ' f- -J+V- ' ' hr "' ' ~` h . Im n iu i S o l e l y Coiitjrsss-- o\. ivM Ci.inuc1 0 . ';.-.'.',:/ cV.-ji'rmjii--William H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co.. V.-rk. Pa. Cunii!*'*'"*" " illiatn E. Hilliard. New Haven Trap .Tel.- Co.. New Haven, E a . X r ' p a i' !" " " " ,V C,u,irma" ~ H - F - The Uv-ncral Crushed Stone Co., wS a c "" " R- Eoyd' C n u W Stone Assn., a ,a ir ",a" ~ XV- Ada" *s. E. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash- Members a: Large-- \ . P. Ahern. Xational Sand and Gravel Assn., Wash-niton. D C Xornian G. Hough, The Xational Lime Assn., Washington, D C ' U. M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa ' A. L. Corthcn, The Connecticut Quarries Co., Inc., New Haven. Conn. The Forem an's D uties and Responsibilities in Preventing Accidents By GLENN GARDINER Forstmann Woolen Company, Passaic, New Jersey Z 1 uA!frtSP? kCV aid part: 0,1 n,y ririt J'ub "> tl,i: chtv -.it of a brick works Mtncsscd a disastrous cave-m which so injured one oi mv fellow workers that he was totally disabled for life. The accident was so plaiulv fault of the an Z e l i b Z Z f r ^ "* "'aS dlid,ar?cd ioT llis carelessness. That accident made ccootutlldd whhaat ttih.e^ rreesZpoInOsni-b| irli't0y" ot" hthemt-o"rde'maaln,<lislcitn macCciduenn<lt<-'rpir'e-~v:e,tnl tion. nothin- else for the Z r l ' m - i 13 rcsp0.ni,hl<i lor getting out the work is also responsible 1, A, C01itr'jl 01 `hose conditions immediately surrounding the worker on his job He has an unexcelled opportunity to observe his workers anti their habits If hi is c r ^ r z T r - c cai,' thse urkins i'ai,i,i >av ^ acd- worries a n d '" '- l- 'V "TM , 1 " S u orkers 50 "'cl> that he will understand when He nnv A `1 d problcms arjc ,ax`g their minds and powers ot concentration, he can a - O Position always to do much about the -.inside problems, but 1C i ^ n* ,at ``ait. trovern conditions on the job. cauw inh0rinl3-:,-iS thC C" f 'Vl, !S ni0SrtTiikc!>- 10 ^ "P condit: :::s on the job which h- k e e n m A Z ^ ` r the , lvorkcr- can do much to ea-e the worker's mind b> keeping h.m imormcd about conditions which affect his i , and the steadiness o. emp oyment. He can Ik-1,, to reduce the fatigue his men txpeZnce a Z in Z diry directh ,,itiucncc accidents which arc rciated to tatitrue. tliat s a Z i m5thr.',M1'h !0rc" 'an rcajizcs ll'e importance ot the safety functions, and h i f job 'ncludes W ^ P ' IP" ,1C Sa'" C P a"C ' importan" 25 'he other duties If the worker is indifferent to safety, it is usually mere:-.- a reflection of the foreman s attituae. On the other hand, if the foreman wX stand for nothing but sate working habits, the worker will proceed very raH-ilv to develop safe r e i k H s Z e Z '- 5' 4 P C0`irSe,l 1 recognize that certain workers have an attitude of IthiZe daaAngTer-s/ oTi ,t|hberaj'oubd. BDbu0tUti-t lheism upu'tholcl'then,atkocrsemtallncmtoslA't'ihndcyturceontthemisntautotititsudeof and bring such workers down to earth. r attituae 'A m ', company employing 6.600 workers I- heated That 48 out of the j,600 hau nad 10 per cent or all the lost-time accidents v-r the entire or^aniza- non. Inc ncci-jent ircqtiencv among these 48 men was fiftv times as great as that ot the average ior all workers. " The record also indicated tiiat tliose men having the larcn: mimbcr of minor accidents were also the same men having thelargcslgffCmibcr ii lost-time accidents. Thus minor ..ccidcnls are of real significance to *Muttm!ia because they point out to him tiic men who will most probjg^ggaji! the lost-time accidents^ feren Failure t crenfcs a a iVrenia Here of rnorc 1. A' one of iv 2. n* whom I 5, D< workers - 4. H their prk 5. D. accident. In :h. of its iA' be traceforeman manaccni junction. Thcj Cross ri .civen in be sccurf ever th.n' iurth-cr 5 any thm just as Rome with his busy wit bafninc c fatal res immedia: secured, the lifele but oul > There herself th.rouqlic taucht. ' each cict cency h able to I w. r s T T T r : " ',"'' 0000 52 i