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Copyright, 1906 BY The Babcock & Wilcox Co. STEAM ITS GENERATION AND USE WITH CATALOGUE OF THE MANUFACTURES OF THE BABCOCK & WILCOX CO. 85 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK AND / BABCOCK & WILCOX, Limited ORIEL HOUSE, FARRINGDON ST., LONDON THIRTY-FOURTH EDITION SECOND ISSUE NEW YORK AND LONDON It is Durable. The wonderiul record of over one hundred thousand horse-power of these boilers in use from two to twenty years, many of them driven day and night, on which the average cost of repairs has not exceeded FIVE CENTS YEARLY PER HORSE-POWER for the boiler proper from all causes, speaks volumes on this point. What does it mean ? It means that the wear and tear, including accidents, on the average is about one-half of one per cent, per annum upon the cost (not including furnaces and masonry), w.nile that of a tubular boiler is rarely estimated at less than ten per cent. As to the liietime oi a Babcock & Wilcox boiler, Side View of Vertical Header. Front View of Vertical Header. experience so far fixes no data for a limit. Thirty years' use has developed no single instance of a boiles being worn out in legitimate service, and when worn or damaged small repair has apparently restored them to their pristine youth. We see no reason to suppose that at the end of fifty years, with the occasional re placing of damaged parts, they may not be " as good as new." For many years we published in this book a list of the users of the Babcock & Wilcox boilers but the list has become so large that we are forced to omit it. To anyone desiring references we shall be glad to furnish as many as desired. The following summary will give something of an idea of extensive use of Babcock & Wilcox boilers in different industries : -- Horie~Power. Agricultural Machinery.............................................. i6,88g Bolts, Nuts and Screws,....................................... . 8,6*53 Bricks and Cement...................................................... 63,385 Carpets and Oil Cloth,............................................ 13.742 Can, Wagons and Bicycles, . . .... 26,088 Chemicals, Glue and Fertilizer.................................. 89,799 Clothing and Furnishing Goods,............................ 9.629 Confectioners, ........................................................ 10,838 Copper, Brass, &c.,.................................................. 57,900 Cotton and Linen Mills,............................................. 199,449 Destructor Works,.................................................. 24,492 Distillers and Brewers,............................................ 60,624 Dye Works and Bleacheries...................................... >9,054 Electrical Engineering and Supplies...................... 50,179 Electric Lighting,........................................................ 9x0,683 Electric Railways,........................................................ 798,397 Export (not included under any other heading), . 156,053 Fire-arms and Ammunition,.................................. 11,701 Flour Mills and Bakeries,....................................... 47,523 Foundries,................................................................... 32,203 Gas Works,............................................................. 76,064 Glass Works,............................................................ 28,856 Government Works,.................................................. 66,9x2 Heating and Power forBuildings,............................. 260.906 Heating (Central Stations)......................................... 37,552 Ice-making and Refrigerating,............................ 37.224 Iron and Steel,.............................................................. 466.145 Jewellery....................................................................... 2,175 Leather Works,........................................................ 11.966 Locomotives, Boiler Makers and Engines, . . . 43,060 Lumber and Wood Working,.................................. 33,788 Machinery, Tools and Hardware,...................... 91,505 Mining,..............................................................................384,008 Musical Instruments,............................................ 1,440 Oils, Paints and Soaps,............................................ 62,703 Packers and Canners,............................................. 49.576 Paper Mills........................................................ 79.445 Printers and Printers' Supplies................................. 15.298 Rope, Hemp. &c.,................................................. 6.4^6 Sewing Machines,.................................................. 22,497 Silk Mills, . . io,373 Steam Roads,....................................................................137,468 Sugar Plantations,.........................................................134,119 Sugar Refiners,.............................................................. 222,624 Tea, Coffee and Spices,........................... 5,958 Tobacco and Snuff,.................................................. 6,736 Tube Works,.............................................................. 21.491 Unclassified,.................................................................... 122,269 Water Works,............................................................. 94.220 Wire Works, .............................................................. 31,226 Woolen Mills,....................................................... 41.487 Total Horse-Power, 5,202.000 119 AVERAGE COST OF REPAIRS OF BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILERS IN THE PAST SEVENTEEN YEARS. The following facts are gathered from a large number of answers to a ctrcular of inquiry sent to all our older customers. Sufficient replies were received to include over roo,000 horse-power, the repairs to the heating surface of which, due to all causes, have averaged less than j cents per horse-power per year, ofJOO days at T2 hours per day ; boilers which have rur. night and day being credited with the extra running time. The list would have been more complete, and made a still better showing, but for the fact that a number of our best customers declined to give facts pertaining to their business for publication. Decastro & Donner Sugar Refining Co. 28S0 H.P. Average time, 13.6 years, night and day. Total repairs, 6c. yearly per H.P. Singer Manufacturing Co. (Case Factory), South Bend, Ind., 900 H.P. Average time, 12 'A years. Total repairs, ^c. yearly per H.P. " Very bad feed-water.... carry heavy fires and force them beyond their rated capacity-----in one instance we had to replace two heads and four tubes that were broken and blistered bv a careless fireman heating an empty boiler red hot. and then turning on the feed-water !! Instead of a disastrous explosion that would have followed with other boilers, we lost the above parts and two days' time." Lbighton Pine, Manager. American Glucose Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 3050 H.P. Average time, 9.8 years. Total re pairs, 4c. yearly per H.P. New York Steam Co. 13900 H.P. Average time, 3.92 years, night and day. Total repairs, #c. yearly per H.P. Rosamond Woolen Co., Almonte, Ont 360 H.P. Average time, 8K years. Total re pairs, i^c. yearly per H.P. Bound Brook Woolen Mills. 600 H.P. Average time, 8.1 years. Total repairs, 2c. yearly per H.P. Raritan Woolen Mills. 1060 H.P. Aver age time, 6.7 years. Total repairs, nothing. E. C. Knight & Co., Philadelphia. 2000 H.P. Average time, 5% years. Total repairs, ic. yearly per H.P. Conglomerate Mining Co. 1800 H.P. Aver age time, 3 years. Total repairs, nothing. " The boilers in every way come up to our highest ex pectations." Henry C Davis, Pres't. Boston Sugar Refining Co. 1250 H.P. Average time, 8% years. Total repairs, 4yVc. yearly per H.P. " Were put in early in tSSo; have been in constant use night and day ever since." C. Gilbert, Des Moines, Iowa. 488 H.P. Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, 3r^c. yearly per H.P. Brooklyn Sugar Refining Co. 3464 H.P. Average time, 7^ years, running night and day. Total repairs, i%c. yearly per H.P. John Crossley & Sons, Limited, Plantation, Louisiana. 1260 H.P. Average time, 3^ years. Total repairs, nothing. Portage Straw Board Co., Circleville, O. 1472 H.P. Average time, 334 years. Total repairs, 3/jC. yearly per H.K " These boilers have been worked hard a great portion of time and have given good satisfaction." Jno. L. Taflin, Manager. Bay State Sugar Refining Co., Boston. 798 H.P. Average time, 7.3 years. Total repairs, TVc. yearly per H.P. "These boilers have been constantly driven at their highest capacity ever since their installation, until the present winter, and the cost of repairs to heating surfaces in that ume has been J. F. Stillman, Supt. Wheeler, Madden & Clemsen M'f'g Co., Middletown, N. Y. 244 H.P. Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, nothing. " We think this a very good record, and are very much pleased with the boilers." Joel H. Gates, Burlington, Vt 244 H.P. Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, nothing. Rumford Chemical Works. 279 H.P. Aver age time, 5 years. Total repairs, nothing. " No expense on account of repairs to heating surfaces for either of them, since they were put in." N. D. Arnold, Treas. Tytus Paper Co., Middletown, O. 650 H.P. Average time, 6 years, night and day. Total repairs, 6#c. yearly per H.P. Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. 3456 H.P., from 6 to years. Average time, 2.6 years, night and day. Total repairs, i#c. yearly per H.P. "The only repairs we have had to make are for new tubes when they have been burnt out. As you are well aware the water which we use at Syracuse is very hard upon boiler tubes, and we suppose we have buret out more on this ac count than if the water bad been good." F. R. Hazard, Treas. " I believe our. repairs would have been greater had we used the tubular type of ordinary design. " W. B. Cogswell, Manager. The Wardlow Thomas Paper Co., Middletown, O. 600 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, nothing. " Easily managed, economical in coal, attendance, and repairs; and the element of safety under our hard firing is a source of much satisfaction to us. " O. H. Wardlow, Pres'L W. A. Wood, M. & R. M. Co. 360 H.P. Average time, 4/5 years. Total repairs, i^c. yearly per H.P. "We consider them as good as new to-day, and can recommend them as economical both in repairs and fuel." J. M. Rosebrooks, Sup1!. 128 Marcus Moxham & Co., Swansea, vVales. 104 H.P. Average time, sH years. " It has not cost us a penny (or repairs." Laing, Wharton & Down, Electricians, London. 85 H.P. Average time, 2.3 years. " As regards repairs they have got to come, as they have not yet cost anything." Carnegie Brothers & Co., Pittsburgh, 900 H.P. Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, i-iVc. yearly per H.P. " The total repairs to heating surfaces in that time have been S50." Carnegie Bros. & Co. Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies, L'd, Ipswich, England. 35 H.P. Average time, 4)4 years. Total repairs, nothing. " The repairs appear to have been about ,1 for brick work.** Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies, L'd. Crocker Chair Co., Sheboygan, Wis. 225 H.P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, ic. yearly per H.P. "The total cost of repairs to heating surfaces in that time has been not to exceed f15. We do not hesitate to say that it is the best boiler we have ever used.'* Eagle Paper Co., Franklin, O. 250 H.P. Average time, 4^ years. Total repairs, 22c. yearly per H.P. " We are well pleased with them.** D. B. Anderson, Manager. Fieldhouse & Dutcher Manufacturing Co., Chicago. 75 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, n Ac- yearly per H.P. " Consider your boiler to be the most economical and best made. " Louisiana Sugar Refining Co. 960 H.P. Average time, 5# years. " The cost of repairs is very moderate." John S. Wallis, Pres'L North Bend Plantation, Louisiana. 400 H.P. Average time, 10 years. Total repairs, ti%c. yearly per H.P. Francis Axe Co. 136 H.P. Average time, 5A years. Total repairs, nothing. Welham Estate, Louisiana. 240 H.P. Aver age time, 2 years. Total repairs, nothing. " 1 have used the boiler with perfect satisfaction. ** wm. E. Bricksll, Agent. Joseph Schofield & Co., Littleboro, Man chester. 156 H.P. Average time, 2^ years. Total repairs, 1 J4c. yearly per H.P. Seth Thomas Clock Co. 125 H.P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, nothing. " The only cost has been the amount spent on account of burning up of fire-box furnace brick." Wallace & Sons. 400 H.P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, Ac- yearly per H.P. " They are apparently in perfect condition now.** Foss & Barnett. 125 H.P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, nothing. " Have not cost one dollar for repairs--simply new grate bars. Think they are good economical boilers.'' Cortland Wagon Co. 82 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, nothing. "No outlay for repairs. We consider this remarkable because we have forced the boiler from the beginning. Eagle Square Manufacturing Co., South ShafLsbury, Vt. 200 H.P. Average time, S'A years. Total repairs, nothing. " Have purchased a few fire brick to go between tubes. We have found no other repairs necessary." F. L. Mattison, Treas. Paine Lumber Co., Oshkosh, Wis. 416 H.P. Average time, 4 years. Total repairs, nothing. " Have been using the ordinary boilers with both large * and small tubes for thirty years past, and regard your boilers as more economical." Paine Lumber Co.--A. B. Ideson. P. P. Mast & Co., Springfield, O. 85 H.P. Average time, &A years, night and day. Total repairs, 3Ac. yearly per H.P. " We regard it as the best boiler ever used by our Com pany, and think it has no equal in the market. Alter all this hard usage, equal to 14 years, we find it still in good con dition." P. P. Mast & Co. Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Piqua, O. 100 H.P. Average time, s'A years. Total repairs, 4Ac. yearly per H.P. Hallet & Davis Co., Boston. 104 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, 5c. yearly per H.P. " Our.repairt to boiler have been for new nipples in mud- dram in Aug., 1887. which is certainly a very creditable showing." Hallet & Davis Co. H. D. Smith &Co., Plantsville, Conn. 75 H.P. Average time, 8 years. Total repairs, nothing. " We know of no other boiler that would do the work that thia is doing." H. D. Smith & Co. F. A. Poth Brewing Co., Philadelphia. 400 H.P. Average time, 4 years. Total repairs, 1 Ac- yearly per H.P. J. L. Clark, Oshkosh, Wis. 107 H.P. Aver age time, 6)4 years. Total repairs, Ac. yearly per H.P. " Develop at least one-third more work than rated. We cannot speak too highly of your boiler* They are simply perfect" J. L Clark. Societa Generale Italiana di Elettricita, Sistema Edison, Milan, Italy. 1476 H.P. Average time, 3)4 years. " The repairs have consisted in the changing of 4 tubes and about 230 rivets (not counting the last accident due to carelessness of the firemen)". L'Amministiatore Delegito--J. Columba. Union Iron Works, Johnstone, Scotland. 104 H.P. Average time, 5 years. Total re pairs, 3c. yearly per H.P. P. & P. Campbell, Perth, Scotland. 146 H.P. Average time, 2 years. "The boilers have cost nothing for repairs themselves, but the doors and furnace have cost about 4 las. pat annum.'* P. & P. Campbell, 44 4 Cheney Bros., So. Manchester, Conn. 350 H.P. Average time, 7 years. " Running steadily for seven years, and during that time they have not cost us anything ior repairs to the heaung surfaces.1* Cheney Bros. Toledo & Ohio Central R. R. 120 H.P. Average time, 7% years. Total repairs, i2T',,c. yearly per H.P. " The boilers have given entire satisfaction in every respect." J. B. Morgan, Master Mechanic. McAvov Brewing Co., Chicago. 832 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, 10c. yearly per H.P. " Our experience with them has been to our entire satis- faction.'* Gso. Dickinson, Sec'y- (Note. -One-half of total expense was due to broken headers caused by low water, because of water combination becoming shut off.) Cornwall Bros., Louisville, Ky. 227 H.P. Average time, 8'4 years. Repairs, nothing. Maginnis Cotton Mill, New Orleans. 624 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, i^rC. yearly per H.P. Pioneer Mills. 150 H.P. Average time, 9^ years. Total repairs, " slight." " Cost of repairs comparatively nothing. No leaking of flues or boiler at any time." J. A. M. Johnston, Agent. Lawrence Rope Works, Brooklyn. 250 H.P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, 4c. yearly per H.P. James Martin & Co., Philadelphia. 208 H.P. Average time, 7A years. Total repairs, 16c. yearly per H.P. " There has been but little cost for repairs to them, those we have made being for a few new tubes that became clogged or coated with scale on account of the very hard {well) water we are using. We cannot speak too highly of them." Jas. Martin & Co. Fairmount Worsted Mills, Philadelphia. 400 H.P. Average time, 7.5 years. Total re pairs, 6Ac. yearly per H.P. Wm. Whitaker & Sons, Philadelphia. 480 H. P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, nothing. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. 200 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total re pairs, 4c. yearly per H.P. " Cost o! repairs to heating surface on all the above during that time has been $48.25. The boilers during that time nave given entire satisfaction." Oun H. Landrbth, Dean of Engineering Dept. Arlington Mills Manufacturing Co. 500 H.P. Average time, S years. Total repairs, nothing. Somerset Manufacturing Co., Raritan,N. J. 720 H.P. Average time, 7.5 years. Total re pairs, nothing. New York & Brooklyn.Bridge. 600 H.P. Average, 2 '4 years. Total repairs, nothing. " The boilers have done excellent service and have given entire satisfaction." C. C. Martin, Ch. Eng. & Supt Church & Co., Brooklyn, E.D. 584 H.P. Average time, 4.2 years. Repairs, nothing. Economist Plow Co., South Bend, Ind. 150 H.P. Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, nothing. " We believe it to be the most durable boiler made." Lbigkton Pine, Pres't. Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, Conn. 276 H.P. Average time, 4^ years. Total repairs, nothing. " The cost of repairs to heating surfaces of said boilers in that time has been nothing. We carry from 75 to 80 lbs. all the time." A. C. Hobbs, Supt. Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Co. 650 H.P. Average time, years. Total re pairs, 4/5C. yearly per H.P. " The boilers are giving us the best satisfaction." Chas. A. Baubr, Gen*l Manager. Chicago City Railway Co. iooo H.P. Aver age time, 7 years, night and day. Total re pairs, 4-i^c. yearly per H.P. " The boiiers have worked well and proved very satis factory." C. B. Holmes, Sup't. Sheboygan Manufacturing Co. 333 H.P. Average time, 8 years. Total repairs, 4c. yearly per H.P. " We have found them economical, easily kept in run* ning order, and in all ways entirely satisfactory, and should we need additional power would use no other boilers." G- L. Holmes, Pres't and Gen'l Manager. Jackson & Sharp Co., Wilmington, Del. 467 H.P. Average time, 5A years. Total re pairs, iAc- yearly pier H.P. " Have cost nothing for repairs to heating surfaces, except through the carelessness of our fireman, who, soon after starting the first boilers, allowed the water to get too low and burst three or four headers, but doing no other damage. We consider them safe and economical steam generators. '* The Jackson & Sharp Co., by Chas. S. Robb. South Bend Toy Manufacturing Co. 61 H. P. Average time, 4 years. Total repairs, 2)4c. yearly per H.P. " We consider these boileis the safest and most econom ical in the market." F. H. Badbt, Sec. & Treas. Columbus Buggy Co., Columbus, O. Soo H. P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, 1 Ac- yearly per H.P. "We consider them the best boiler in the market and we are now evaporating 9 lbs. of water to one pound of pooT slack coal.*' Fred. Wradon, Supt. Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of N. Y. 900 H.P. Average time, 7 years. Total re pairs, nothing. " They give plenty of dry steam and have been abso lutely tight at all times. The boilers have shown unusual ability to carry a constant pressure under the extreme and sudden fluctuations, which are unavoidable in an electric light station. " C. E. Chinnock, V. Pres. Kennesaw Mills Co., Marietta, Ga. 200 H. P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, 2Ac. yearly per H.P. " You will see that the repairs on our boilers have not cost very much for the last 7 years." J. R. Buchanan. 4+ E. Greenfield's Son & Co., Brooklyn. 160 H.P. Average time, 4 years. " They show no signs of wear, therefore probably will sot oeed repairing for some time to come. We consider them the best boilers we have ever used." Black & Germer, Erie, Pa. 92 H.P. Aver age time, 4 years. Total repairs, nothing. " Is easily cared for and economical in the consumption of fuel." Planters Sugar Refining Co., New Orleans. 292 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total re pairs, nothing. " The onlv expense attached to them has been new grate bars and fire brick work. " John Barklzy, Pres't. S. S. Hepworth, Yonkers, N. Y. 104 H.P. Average time, 4TV years. 44 During a)] this time it gave no trouble whatever, and did not cost one penny for repairs." Wilson & McCallay Tobacco Co. 300 H. P. Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, 4 '4c. yearly per H.P. John Collins, Denny, North Britain. 425 H. P. Average time, 3^ years. " The repairs to heating surfaces have been slight, and caused by an unfortunate admission of grease to feed water in the case of my 140 H.P. boiler. With this exception, which of course arose from no fault of yours, the boilers have done good and heavy work and given me satisfaction." John Collins. Singer Manufacturing Co., Kilbowie, Scot land. 2106 H.P. Average time, 4# years. Total repairs, $c. yearly per H.P. 44 We have much pleasure in sending you particulars of boilers as requested. . . . Total repairs, 3. 19. 3, which we consider highly satisfactory." Nova Scotia Sugar Refinery, Halifax, N. S. 800 H.P. Average time, tU years, night and day. 600 H.P. since 1880; 200 in 1885. Total repairs, 1 yearly per H.P. 41 We have pleasure in saying we consider them first* class boilers in every respect." J. A. Turnbull, Man. Kennedy's Patent Water Meter Co. L'd., Kilmarnock, Scotland. 51 H.P. Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, nothing. 44 Repairs confined to re-expanding one tube. The cost was trifling." Thos. Kennedy. Bent Colliery Co. L'd. Bothwell, Scotland. 480 H.P. Average time, 4/5 years. 44 The cost of repairs during that time has been trifling. I think two short tubes were renewed. The boilers have been constantly at work." Jas. S. Dixon. Corporation of Aberdeen Gas Works, Scotland. 93 H.P. Average time, 3 years, night and day. Total repairs, nothing. 44 The boiler continues to give great satisfaction." Alex. 'Smith. The Square Works, Ramsbottom, England. 136 H.P. Average time, 4 years, night and day. Total repairs, 9^c. yearly per H.P. 44 Since Feb. $th, 1884, night and day work, 16/6 except the breakdown through being short 01 water, which cost jsi.i7.4 to repair." Hepburn & Co. Whitmore & Sons, Edenbridge, Kent, Eng land. 100 H.P. Average time, 3 years. " Have not spent one penny on the boiler " Miller & Co., Foundry, Edinburgh, Scotland. 240 H.P. Average time, 3 years Total re pairs, nothing. 44 Only expense has been some repairs to the brickwork in connection with the stoker." Miller & Co. Carthness Steam Saw Mill, Wick, Glasgow. 146 H.P. Average time, 2% years. Total repairs, nothing. "We are well pleased with your boilers, and can wwa confidence recommend them to any firm wishing to econo* mi*e their working expenses." Alex. McEwbn. Georgie Mills, Edinburgh, Scotland. 146 H. P. Average time, 3J4 years, night and day. Total repairs, nothing. " Neither boiler lui required any repairs to heating surfaces." J. & G. Cox. J. & T. Boyd, Iron Works, Glasgow. 208 H.P. Average time, 2Tj years. 44 One of these has worked nearly 5 years and the other about half that time without any repairs whatever." Dubois & Charvet-Colombier, Armentteres, France. 476 H.P. Average time, 3 years. " These boilers have worked to our entire satisfaction since sd November, 1885, without as yet any repairs what ever. " Arrol Brothers, Bridge Builders, Glasgow. 146 H.P. Average time, 5% years. 44 Cost of repairs to heating surface is as yet nothing. It gives us pleasure to hand you this information, which ib entirely at your own disposal." Arrol Bros. James Eadie & Sons, Tube Works, Glasgow. 64 H.P. Average time, 5 years. 44 Repairs to heating surfaces, none." Hughes & Son. Meole Brace, Shrewsbury, England. 61 H.P. Average time, 4 years. 44 Has up to now cost us nothing whatever for repairs. We can only repeat that we are very much pleased in every respect with your boiler." Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Pittsburgh. 92 H.P. Average time, 4K years. Total re pairs, 4c. yearly per H.P. 44 The repairs have been merely nominal, being coo* fined to the re-expanding of a few tubes and the replacing of two or three hand hole covers, at a total cost probably not exceeding $1$. The boiler has given entire satisfaction.n H. H. Wkstxnghouss, General Manager. Carthage Water Works. 122 H.P. Aver age time, 6J4 years. Total repairs, nothing. 44 They are practically as good as when we put them in ; there is not a blister or scale on the tubes. The fir* has not been out since we first started up in Jaouary, 1883." C. S. Bartlett, Manager. J. Pongs, Jr., Newerk, Germany. 120 H.P. Average time, 3 years. 44 Has been running 3 yean without needing any re pairs up to this time." J. Pongs, Jr. Carron Co., Carron, Stirlingshire, N.B. 416 H.P. Average time, 4 years. Total repairs, nothing. 129 < Page Priming or wet steam,......................................................... 77 Properties of saturated steam,........................................... 73 Proximate analyses and heating values of American coals, 5a Quick steaming,................... .... ...... 43 Page Heating liquids and boiling by,..................................... 97 Making, theory of,.................................................... 15-19 Pipes, loss of heat from,............................................. 103 Superheated steam,................................................87, 88 Record of Babcock ft Wilcox boiler,........................1x^119 Relative efficiency of different types of pumping engines, 50 Relative value of non-conducting materials,......................103 Repairs of Babcock & Wilcox boilers, .... 46,123-139 Requirements of a perfect steam boiler,........................ 7 Riveted joints,........................................................................... 3 Rules and practical data,.......................................................... Saturated steam............................................................................ Satuated mixtures of air and aqueous vapor,................... 97 Saving of fuel by heating feed water,.............................85 Scale-making mineral*, table of solubilities of....................... 75 Site of chimneys with appropriate horse-power of boiler, 71 Standard horse-power for different nations, .... 61 Steadiness of water level,................................................ ..... Steam, heating by....................................................................... Temperature of fire, ......................................................... 55 Testing steam boilers,............................................................xog Tests of Babcock ft Wilcox boilers...................... 109-115, 121 Calorimeter trial,........................................................... 1x3 Engine trials,................................................................ 1x3 For moisture,.................................................................. 79 Table of thirty tests,....................................................lax Theory of steam making,....................................................15-19 Water at different temperatures,..................................... 75*77 Water tubes an element of safety.............................................xx Water-tube boiler, brief history of the............................... 27*29 Erection of the Babcock & Wilcox,............................39 Evolution of the Babcock ft Wilcox,....................... 31-37 Weight and volume of air,............................................... '65 Wet steam, . 77 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page American Surety Building........................................................ 66 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler:-- Cross drum type, side view,.......................................... 30 44 44 44 front view............................................ 1x7 Standard front,...................................................................4* Front view showing superheater,.................................87 Vertical header double deck.............................................. 68 Vertical header, side view..................................................40 Wrought steel construction, side view,....................... 38 Babcock ft Wilcox Boilers at-- Atlas Portland Cement Co.'s Works, Northampton, Pa..................................................................................... Back Bay Station, N. Y,, N. H. ft H. R. R. Co., Boston............................................................................ 10 Baldwin Locomotive works, Philadelphia, .... 34 Bethlehem Steel Co.'s works, ..................................... 16 Boott Cotton Mills, Lowell, Mass................................... 96 Chavanne, Brun et Cie, Chamond, France, .... 47 Chelsea Electricity Supply Company's station, Chel sea, England,................................................ .... xx$ Harvard Square station of Boston Elevated Railway Co., Boston, Mass.,.................................................. x6 Imperial Continental Gas Association's works, Vienna, Austria,....................................................... 134 L. Street station, Edison Electric Illuminating Co., Boston, Mass.,........................................................ 90 Manhattan Elevated Railway Co.'s station. New York to8 Memmac Manufacturing Company's works, Lowell, Mass............................................................................... 26 Metropolitan Street Railway Co.'s 96th St. station. New York,..............................................................8, 20 Metropolitan Street Railway Company's station, Kansas City, Mo.,.................................................. 114 Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad power station, Chicago,........................................................ 76 Nikola Tesla's laboratory, New York City, .... 106 Northwestern Elevated R. R. Company's station, Chicago,................................................................... ..... Open Hearth Steel Plant, Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa.,........................................................ 62 Pacolec Mills, Gainesville, Ga.......................................... 73 Pascagoula Street Railway ft Power Co., Scranton, Miss.,............................. ......................................... x to Pittsburgh, Plate Glass Co., Ford City, Pa.,.... xx8 Ponce de Leon Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., .... 97 Prudential Insurance Company Building, Newark, N. J............................................................................... x8 Page Singer Manufacturing Company, South Bend, Ind.................................................................................. 45 Solvay Process Co.'s works,.......................................... 85 South Side Elevated R. R. Co.'s station, Chicago, . 28 Spreckels Beet Sugar Factory, Spreckels, Calif., . . 78 U. S. Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, front view,............................................................................ 48 Yngenio Central Hormiguero. Cuba,............................ 56 Babcock ft Wilcox Marine Boiler, dredge type, .... 44 Babcock ft Wilcox Boiler, with Kennedy burner, for burning blast furnace gas, . . . .................................63 Babcock ft Wilcox Marine Water-Tube Boiler, .... 128 Babcock ft Wilcox Patent Steam Superheater, ... 86 Babcock ft Wilcox works,......................................................4 Bank of Commerce Building and New York Clearing House, .................................................................... 104 Bethlehem Steel Company, works of,.................................64 Chaparra Sugar Co., Chaparra, Cuba,................................ 60 Chimney at Bird Coleman's Furnace, Cornwall, Pa., . 69 Colliery of the Lehigh Valley Coal Company, .... 8s Cook's automatic apparatus for burning green bagasse at-- Yngenio Central Hormiguero, Palmira, Cuba, . . 56 Yngenio Isabel and Teresa, Manzanillo, Cuba, plan of.....................................................................................58 Yngenio Loqueitio, Cienfuegos, Cuba, front view, 59 Yngenio Senado, Nuevitas, Cuba, side view, ... 57 Coronado Beach Hotel,............................ xas Empire Building, New York City ......................................74 Exchange Court Building, New York City.......................... xoo Fuller l44 Flat Iron ") Building, New York City, . . 98 Hotel Ponce de Leon, St. Augustine, Fla.,....................... 97 Manhattan Hotel, New York City........................................ xoa New York and Brooklyn Suspension Bridge, . . . ita New York City Hall,.................................................... - 84 New York Clearing House,..................................................*04 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Logansport, lad., . gt Riveting drum heads,......................................................... ..... Roman Catholic Protectory, Flatlands, Fa.............................. St. Paul Building, New York City,....................................126 Shipment of Marine Boilers for the Pacific Coast, . . . 95 Spreckels Sugar Refinery, Philadelphia............................ 12 Tube Shed, ..........................................................................105 United States Capitol, Washington, D. C.,..................... 220 Vertical Headers,................................................................ 1x9 Vienna Opera House, Vienna, Aus.,..................................... u Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. New York City............................. ..... Washington Life Insurance Building, New York City, . 60 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 5864 H.P. Babcock A Wilcox Boilers.