Document 5kaGoY9wDrR0Jnqgbo0BmNR60

The investigations resulted in the compilation of: a series of provisional sanitary standards and regulations designed to restrict the noxious cnvironemental factors, to im prove designing and maintenance of certain plants (sleeper impregnation, electric trac tion substations, painting shops) and also included a number of suggestions on the im provement of industrial ventilation and heating. The investigation of fatiguability among the leading occupational groups of workers at the r. r. transport permitted to: obtain a number of advantages with respect to supple mentary paid leaves and pensions; to establish a standard continuous riding time for lo comotive operators, running their trains at an elevated speed rate. The emergence of approved sanitary standards for reduced noisolevel in the r. r. roll:ng stock were helpful in that they enabled the designers and plants to build locomoti ves with cabins sealed off from the sources of noise. The paper is concluded by the list of the next problems that face the hygienic science at the r. r. transport. BOnPOCbl TOKCHKOJIOrHH B XHMHH BbICOKOMOJIEKyJIflPHbIX COEflHHEHHH C. JI. HaHuuieecKuu, H. M. Eeopoe (JleHHiirpaA) HayvHO-HccviejoBaTe.tbCKHii HHCTHTyT nojiHXiepH3auHOHHbix naacTHvecxHx Macc (nocTyruuu b p?Aaiciuo 9/VI 1961 r.) PeiueHHH MaficKoro n.neHVMa (1958) UK KI1CC it XXI ci>e3/ta napthh onpe/tejiHJiH reHepa.ibHyio ahhhio pa3BHTHg xhmhh CHHTeTHMecKHx MaTepna/ioB b CCCP. Pa3BHTHe xhmhh BucoKonoAHMepHbix coeAHHeHHii Aoahcho o6ecneHHTb HyxAbi pa3JiHHHbix o6/iacTefl HapoAHoro xo3HflcTBa b hobhx CHHTeTHMecKHx MaTepnaAax, a Tanwe pacTymne noTpefiHocrH TpyAHUtHXCH b npeAMeiax umpoKoro noTpefijieHHH. Hcxoahwmh cupbeBMMH pecypcaMH, oSecneMHBaiotuHMH ea3BHTiie xhmhh BbicoKOMOAeKyjiHpHhix coeAHHeHHH, hbahiotch npoAyKTbi nepepafio-rkh npnpoAHbix ra30B h KaMCHHoro yrjiH, otxoah Het{>Tenepepa6oTKH, a TaxjKe BemecTBa pacTHTe/ibHoro npoHcxoxAeHHH. ripilMeHfleMbie B CHHTe3e BbICOKOMOAeKyAHpHbIX coeAHHeHHH XHMHHecKne BemecTBa MoryT GbiTb oTHeceHbi k CAeAyioutHM rpynnaM: 1) ocHOBHbie HcxoAHbie MaiepnaAbi -- MOHOMepu; 2) BemecTBa, HMeiomHe BcnoMoraTeAbHoe 3H3HeHHe b npouecce noAHMepu3auHH (KaTaAH3aTopbi, HHHUHaTopbt it peryAHTopbi noAHMepii3amm, sMVAbraTopbi, pacTBopitTeAii); 3) Bemecma, yqacTBviomHe b tj)opMHpoBaHHH CBOficTBa noAHMepitbix MaTepuaAOB, -- iuiacTH(j)HKaTopbi, CTa6HAH3aTopH, nopotjiopbi, cMa3KH, nanoAHHTeAH n KpacuTejiH. HaudoAee BaxtHbiM xhmhicckhm cbipbeM aah cnHTe3a BbicoKOMO.ieKyAHpHblX coeAHHeHHH HBAHIOTCH 3THACH, npOnHAeH, Apynte OAet|)HHbt H MX npoH3BOAHbie (JjeHOAbi, BHHHAapoMaTHqecKiie coeAHHemin (cthpoa, bhhiiaTOAyoji, a-MeTHACTupoA h Ap.), raAOHACOAepjKamiie neiiacbimeiiHbie cocamtteHHH, aAbAerHAw, AByxaTOMHbie h MHoroaio.MHbie cnupTU, AiiKapdoHoubie KHCAOTbl CJIOWHbie SCjilipbl BKpHAOBOH II MeTaKpHAOBOii KIICAOT, npOCTble H CAOJKHble 3(j)Iipbl BIIHlIJIOBOrO CmipTa, 3(j)HpbI aAAHAOBOrO CmipTa, HHTpilAbl aKpHAOBOft, (j)VMapOBOH H MSAeHHOBOH KHCAOT, OpraHIIMCCKHe nepcKiich -- oKHCb STHAeHa h OKiicb nponHAena, anoKcucoeAHHCHiiH, AHH3omiaHatm h pha Apyrnx BemecTB. nepeuHCAeHHbie BemecTBa HcnoAb3yioTCH iviaBHhlM 06pa30M KaK MOHOMepu. Elite CoAee bcahk cnticoK xiiMimecKiix npoAyKTOB, ynoTpeSAHCMbix b KanecTBe BcnoMoraieAbHux BemecTB b npouecce noAHMepit3amin hah b (fopMHpoBaitHH (})H3HqecKHX cbohctb noAHMepHbix KOMno3ituiiH. B nauecTBe 26 BFG35870 N0T1C6 THIS WATWMtL IfAY rt f'ROTtCTSC BY COeYWQHT LA'* (T'Tt *', 0.3. 3*W.-1 KaT3AH33TOpOB UIHpOl MeTaAAbi pa3AHMHble CTBe HHHUItaTOpOB -- H0AHMepH3auHH -- xtej COTHH pa3AHMHbIX KA3CC3M. HcxoAHbie npoAyi THHeCKH arpeCCHBHbl. nonpOBU H CAH3HCTbie MH, BbI3bIBatOT nOAI TpaxeHTa ao AmJxJnA TBopHbie opraHbi; mhi ckhx H3MeHeHHH b na TOKCHHHOCTb He OAecjlHHOB (C. JI.HaHl HX COgCTBeHHOH TOK HanpHMep, tokchhhch 3aBHCHT OT 3arpB3H51 C. JI. ZlaHiiuieBCKiiii, <J>TopHpoBaiuibie oAei TOHKH 3peHHH HX BO B3aHM0AeiiCTBiie c ki cjiocreH, no-BiiAHMo.M\ HHeM (j)TOpHCTOro BO. npeAnoAO>KHTb, mo t npOHHKHVB B JKHBOTH peaKuiisi oKiicAeHitH. np.i nirneiiimeci Topbix noAHMepoB H.ei MOHOMepa, ho ii nooc 3HaHHTeAbHO 6o.lbUI( O TOKCIiqHOCTII noAO>KHbie cyvKAeimn noAaraioT, mo bucoi tokchmhu, npitqe.M or Lueuiin TeMnepaTvpbi Bonpoc o Bpeai! Hiiii npnofipeiaeT 3H MepHbix MarepiiaAOB a TaKH<e aah npoii3i oCyBii, npeAMCTOB ; MaTepnaja aah niiui ZIo HeAamtero b uteitbi iAaBHbiM oop 3a BbICOKOMOneKVAfl II3yMCHIIIO TOKCII4HO Hc6Aaronpn>iTiioro b B Te'ieime >m BbiAe.ieime iimii pn; hum. no Llle.tToity ( peHHH npa ncpepac OKIICAUTCAbliasi ACC1 ne3anoAiiMepii30BaB b npouecce no.iHxt B bico K0 MO.IC KVA fipill nAacTiu|niKaTopi>i, nOAIIMCpilbl.X MaTcp 3ano.iiiMepii30iianui nOAIIMOp A3>Ke npii 8 K3T3JIH33TOpOB UlHpOKO HCnOAb3yiOTCH UieJlOHHbie H meA0qH03eMeAbHbie MeTaAAbi pa3JiHMHbie khcaotm h ochob3hhh, MHHepa^bHwe coah; b xaqeCTBe HHHunaTopoB -- pa3JiHMHbie nepeKHCHbie coeAHHeHHa; pery.iHTopoB noAHMepH3au.Hn-- MepKanTaHbi; ruiacTH<j)HKaTopoB h CTa6iiAH3aTopoB-- COTHH pa3AHqHblX BemeCTB, OTHOCfUUHXCH K pa3HbIM XHMHMeCKHM icnaccaM. Hcxofliibie npoAyKTa -- MOHOMepu, nan npaBHAO, peaKTHBHbi h 6hoao- rwqecKH arpeccHBHhi. Ohh ofijiaaaioT cnocodHocrbio nopawaTb xowHbie noKpoBbi h cjiH3HCTWe odoAoqKH; HeKOTopue H3 hhx hbahiotch aAAepreHaMH, BbI3blBaiOT nOAHMOpipHbie H3MeneHHH B AHXaTeAbHblX nyTHX (or TpaxeHTa ao AH(jxj)y3Horo OTexa AerxHx), oxa3biBaKvr bjihhhhs Ha xpoBO- TBopHbie opramj; MHorne MOHeMeTpu MoryT 6bm> npHHHHOH AHCTpo<pHqe- CKHX H3MeHeHHH B IiapeHXHMaT03HblX opraHax. TOKCHMHOCTb HeKOTOpbIX MOHOMeDOB, HanpHMep (J)TOpHpOBaHHbIX 0Aec|)HH0B (C. JI. XtaHHiueBCKHH h M. M. KoqaHOB), onpeAeAHeTCB HemabKo HX COfiCTBeHHOH TOKCHHHOCTblO, HO H 3arpH3HHK)IUHMH HX npHMeCHMH. HanpHMep, ToxcHqHocTb rexca(})TopnponHAeHa b oqeHb doAbiiioft CTeneHH 33BHCHT ot 3arpH3HHK)iuero ero nep$Topn3o6yTH.ieHa (B. H. BapTeHeB, C. JI. flaHHuieBCKHii, M. M. KoqaHOB h H. JI. KpbiHCxaa; 5. H- KapnoB). <J>TopHpoBaHHwe ojie(j)HHbi npeACTaBAHK>T Taxwe 6o.ibuioft HHTepec h c TOHKH 3peHHH HX B03M0WHUX npeBpameHHH; OHH 3KTHBH0 BCTynaiOT BO B3aHMOA6HCTBHe C KHCAOpOAOM B03Ayxa, npHHeM Ofipa3yeTCH (pTOpHCTblH <J)OcreH, no-BHAHMOMv, SbicTpo noABepraromiiftcH rHApojiH3y c o6pa30B2HHeM <})TopHCToro BOAopoAa. Flo aHaAorHH c peaKUHHMH in vitro mowho npeAnoAOJKHTb, hto t3khm we npeBpameHHHM noABeprayTCH 3th aeiuecTBa, npoHHKHyB b wHBOTHbifl opraHH3M, rAe AOMHHHpyiomeft peaKHHeii hbahctch peaKUHH OKHCAeHHH. ripH rHrHeHHMeCKOH OUeHKe B03AyiUH0H CpeAbI B npOH3BOACTB3X HeKOTOpblX nOJIHMepOB HeoSxOAHMO OpHeHTHpOBaTbCH He TOAbKO Ha TOKCHMHOCTb MOHOMepa, HO H no6o4HbIX IipOAyKTOB 3THX CHHTC30B, oGjia^aiOlUUX HHOrAa 3HaqHTeAbHO doAbiueii HAOBHTOCTbK), qe.M ocHOBHoe XHMimecKoe cwpbe. O TOKCHHHOeTH BblCOKOnOAHMepHbiX COeAHHeHHft HMeiOTCH npOTHBOnoAOWHbie cywACHHH. Oahh CMHTaioT hx MaTepHaAaMH HHepTHbiMH, Apyrne noAaraiOT, qro BbicoxoMOAexyAJipHbie eoeAHHeHHj? b toA hah hhoA CTeneHH TOKCHHHbi, npnqeM onacHOCTb aah oxpywaximHx B03paciaeT no Mepe noBbiuieHHH TeMnepaTypu, B03AeflcTByiomefl Ha 3th noAHMepHbie xoMno3HUHH. Bonpoc O BpeAHOCTH HAH 6e3BpeAH0CTH BblCOKOnOAHMepHblX COeAHHehhh npHo6peTaeT 3HaqeHHe b cbh3h c nepcnexTHBoA HcnoAb30Bahhh noAHMepHbix MaiepnaAOB b npoMbiuiAeHHOCTH, b rpawAaHcxoM CTpoHTeAbCTBe, a Taxwe aah npoH3BOACTBa npeAMeTOB uinpoxoro noTpedAeHHH-- oaokah, odyBH, npeAMeTOB AOMauiHero odnxoAa, nrpyuiex, Tapbi h ynaxoBOMHoro MaTepnaAa ajih nniueBbix npoAyKTOB h t. a. jlo HeAaBHero BpeMeHH TOKCHKOAorHqecKHe HCCAeAosaHHH 6wah nocBHmeHbi rAaBHbiM odpa30M XHMuqecKOMy cbipbio, HcnoAb3yeMOMy aah chhtc- 3a BbICOKOMOAeKyAHpHbIX MaTepH3A0B H OqeHb M3A0 yAeAHAOCb BHHM3HHH H3yqeHHIO TOKCHHHOCTH CaMHX nOAHMepHbIX K0Mn03HUHH H B03MOWHOCTH HedAaronpHHTHoro bahhhhh hx Ha whbothum oprami3M. B TeqeHHe wh3hh noAHMepHbix MaiepnaAOB Mower HMeTb MecTO BblACAeHHe HMH PAa COCTaBHbIX 3AeMeHT0B BCAeACTBHe npoueccoB CTape- hhh. no UleATOHy (Schelton), oahhm H3 HaH6oAee BawHhix (|)aKTopoB cra- peHHH npn nepepadoTxe h HcnoAb30BaHHH noAHMepHbix chctcm hbahctch OKHCAHTeAbHaH AeCTpyKUHfl. npH 3T0M nOAHMep 6yAyT nOKHAaTb He TOAbKO He3anoAHMepH30BaBuiHecH MOHOMephi, ho h Apyrne BeiuecTBa, yqacTByrouiHe B npouecce n0AHMepH3aUHH HAH B (jJOpMlipOBaHHH 4>H3HHeCKHX CBOHCTB BbICOKOMOAeKyAHpHbIX K0Mn03HUHH. 3tH BCnOMOraTeAbHbie npOAyKTbl -- nAaCTHtpHIOTOpbl, CTa6HAH3aTOpbI, KaTaAH3aTOpbI H Ap. -- HaXOAHTCH B noAHMepHbix MaTepnaAax He b xHMiiqecKofi, a b MexaHHqecKoA cbh3h c 3an0.1HMCpH30BaBHIHMCH MOHOMepOM H MOryT OTTOp raTbCH H nOKHAaTb noAHMep Aawe npn odbiHHOH reMnepaiype oxpywaiomero B03jyxa. 27 BFG35871 Z00Z9&frZ j Corjiaciio lllTerepy (Stager), CTapeiiHe n/iacTMacc oxBaTUBaeT Bee TcxiioKiTiiMaTH'iecKHe, MexaHiinecKHe, c|)ii3imecKiie, xitMHHecKiie h 3AeKTpnvecKne bahhiihh na nponeccu, KOTopue b vcaobhhx npoH3BOACTBa k 3KcruiyaTamiH b ciwcii coBOKynnocTH, AeficTnysi c noBepxnocTH n.nn n3nyTpn, pbiM npneM BHyTpb no.-; h mnepTpoijHiH noMemic Cepbe3Hoe BHHMam MSTepHajiaMii psiAa co< BejyT k 0K0ii>iaTe,ibH0.M\- pa3pymeHino MaTepMa.ia. Bopb6a co cTapenneM noAiiMepHbix MaTepaa.-iOB hbahctch He toabko npoS.'ICMOH TCXIIHKO-3KOHOMHMeCKOTO XapaKTepa, HO II BOnpOCOM, HMeromilM nirHeHimecKoe 3HaMemie. 3aaaqa 3aK.iioMaeTCH b tom, mtoSu bbccth b noAii- KbIX COeAHIieilHH b ycji< TepMHMecKHH pacnaA, i AfllUHX B COCTaB nOwTIIM nojiHMepH3au.nn, npoay McpHbie Ko.MnoannHH npeaynpe>Kaaioimie iix CTapeHiie 9(j)(|)eKTHBHue cTa6iMii3;iTopbi, iipeacTaB.iBiomne co6oh npaKTHnecKH HeTOKCHMHbie npoayKTbi. noaTOMy oahoi'i H3 3aaaM TOKciiKo.ionmecKHx HccjieaoBaHHH 3 o6.iacTH xhMMH BblCOKOMOaeKy.lflpHblX COeAHHCHHli fIBJIfieTCH H3yHeHIie T0KCHMII0CTH BemecTB, ncnoAb3yeMux a.in era6HAH3auHH noAHMepHux K0Mm3HUHii. HO, CTa6HAH3aTOpOB, n. TOB, npHHHMaBUJIIX J'Ma HHH CBOHCTB AaHHOTO B UHH nOAHMepOB. CorAacuo Voa (V; B (J)OpMHpOBaHHH TOKCHMeCKIIX CBOHCTB noAHMepHux MaTepnaAOB 60Ab- coAep>KaT npHMepHo -t luoe 3HaweHHe hmciot h nAacra(})HKaTopbi. B3anMoaeHCTBVH c noAHMepa.Mii, o6pa30M AHMepOB, TpH n,iacTncj)HKaTopbi TaK>Ke He BCTynaWT c hhmh b xiiMimecKyio peanmno, a Kahh (Achhammer, Tr !| lilLLIb npomiKaiOT Me>KAy 3BeHbSMH MaKpOMOJieKVJI IlO.UlMepa. rijiaCTHtpHKaTopbi, Kan h CTa6nnii3aTopbi, MvirpapyiOT H3 BucoKonoAHMepoB h b cTpyKHHH 6a3HpyeTcn 3arpH3HeHHii, xoth ,,ct I caynae hx tokchmhoctii MoryT OKa3aTb HeS.iaronpiiaTHoe bahahhc Ha aio- HHe Ha KOAimecTBeHHyi JI Aefi, no.ib3yioimixca naacTH^HiuipoBaHHbiMii noAiixiepHUMH n3AeniiaMH. aKTHBaUHtl*. ABTOpbl i. THmeHimecKoe 3HaaeHHe naacTiicjjHKaiopoB onpeaeaneTCH TaK>Ke a nanpiiwep noAii-a-Men TeM, mto hx coAepxcaHHe b KOMno3nmiflx aocTiiraeT 40--60% 11 mto 01m Type 200--250, to oih BbijejiaKJTca h3 no.iHMepHbix MaTepnaAOB i<aK npn CHHTe3e sthx bucokonojuiMepHbix coe^HHeHHH, Tan h npn hx npiiMeiieHHii. B KanecTBe n.aacTii- HOMepoB. ilpyTHe >Ke hom psiA npoAyKTOB p CjjHKaTOpOB HCnOJIb3yeTCH MHOTO pa3-BHHHbIX COeailHeHIIH, OAHaKO OCOgeHHO yrAepoAa. rioAmi30c5y'; HAOBHTUMH H3.1JUOTCH X.TOpHpOBaHHble H3(J)TaJIHHbI, AIKpeHIIJIbl H TpiIOpTOK- boJiee KpynHbie npoa> pe3HJic})oc4)aT. tob pacnaAa it ux ucn KontHoe, a TaK*e ceHCH6iuiH3Hpyiomee aeucTBiie HeKOTopux kohach- OT XHMHMeCKOTO CTpot camioHHbix cmoji b HacToamee BpeMH ywe He Bbi3biBaeT comhchhh. riocToaii- H3BCCT1CO, MTO npi HUH KOHT3KT C <{)eHOA(})OpMaAbAerHAHUMH, MOHeBHHO-C^opMaJIbaerHAHblMH, anOKCHflHblMH CM0A3MH, a TaKJKe C aMHHOnjiaCTaMII MaCTO HBJIHeTCH npn- (jieHOA H M. M. KoHaHOB npn HHHofi pa3JiHMHbix flepMaT030B. CorjiacHo JleiJjo (Zetaux), 3th AepMaT03bi (pTOpiICTOTO II XAOpiIO B03HHK3IOT BC.ieflCTBHe BbICOKOH IUeAOMHOCTH CMOJI. pacnaAe (JiToponAacTa He HHflH({)4>epeHTHbi aah kowhux noxpoBOB 11 noJiHMepn3auHOHHbie cmojih. 3pBbe h Tecbe (Hervieux, Tessier) npH oScjieaoBaHHH 145 tiejio- npn narpeBe cTa6HAH3 >kha cpeAit npoAyKTOi BeK, HMeBIHHX KOHT3KT C IIOJIHBHHHJIOBblMII nJiaCTMaCCaXHI, V 17 BHHBHAH 3K3eMaT03Hbie flepMaTHTw h pa3apaxceHHe cjih3hctoh o6oaomkh Hoca. aAbAerHAU (b tom mih B npoAyKTax pacnaAa 3a nocjie^Hee BpeMa noaBiijiHcb HCCJieAOBaHiiH, nocBameiiHue H3yMe- E. H. KoMapoBa Bbu hhk> tokchmhocth caMHX nojiHMepoB. KHTHxeii, MiiflcaKH (Ketichey, CTHpOA, AH6VTHA(})TaA Mejasakv) h coaBTOpbi H3VMaAH bahhhhc Ha KpoBb kpojiiikob (npH BHy-rpHBeHHOM BBejieHHH) nojiHBHHHJiaueTaTa, nojiHBHHHjioBoro cnnpTa, nojin- ToBopa o npoAyf AOB, MU CTaAKHBaexn CTHpoJia, MeTaKpHJiaTa 11 conojiHMepa xjiopucToro BHHHJia h xjiophctoto HOCTb BOnpOCOM, O T BHHHJUIfleHa. 30bux CMecefi HenocT BBejeHne npoH3BOAiuocb eJKeflHeBHO b TeneHHe 2 HeAejib, npn 3tom npn MexaHiiMecK Hafijiiofla.iocb HeKOTopoe oicTaBaHHe b Bece, a TaK*e HefiojibuiHe ii3Mene- o6pa30BaiiHe a3po3oa HHH CO CTOpOHU KpaCHOH 11 6eJIOfi KpOBH. BHIIMailHH. JXo ciix n> T. B. JIoMOHOBa noKa3ajia, hto nojiHMep anpiuioHUTpujia (noJumaK) hux MaTepnaAOB b 3 KyMyjiHpyeTCH b opraHH3Me, BbObiBaa H3MeHeHHH b neHeHii, nonnax 11 uui- IIOCTH HX pa30p6THBI! TOBHAHoii >Kejie3e. hum o6pa30M ninieii BepHT (Bernt) nocjie 16-MecHMHoro CKapMJiHBaimH Macjimiwx B3Beceii A3P030AHM BbIC' H3MeJibMeHHoro nojiHBHHH.ixjiopiifla, coflepxomero b KavecTBe CTa6njiii3a- cooTBCTCTByiomee bii Topa coeAHHeHiisi CBiiHua hjih miHKa, o6napy>KiiJi b M03ry h kocthx noA- TpyAiiopacTBopiiMue OnblTHUX JKHBOTHbIX CBHHeU H UHHK, & B neHeilH II nOHKaX -- TOAbKO uhhk; (npn 3arAaTUBaniin) hm x<e 6uAa AOKa3aHa pacTBopiiMOCTb no.niBHHii.Tx.TopiiAa b KiiiuemioM h MCI'O HX paCTBOpilM HteAyAOHKOM COKe. nonumaiOTCH. Kyo3 (Quoos) nojiaraeT, mto nojnmepnue MaTepna.iw neaKTiiBiibi, Tax BOAblllOC 3liaMC- KaK He noaBepraioTCsi bosachctbiiio ijiepMeHTOB oprami3Ma, BMecre c tcm BUCOKOnOAIIMl'pitUX oh npHBOAHT pe3yjibTaTbi onbiTOB MaiuMaHa (Muschman), cor.iacHo koto- Mcpnux KOMno.iinuiii 28 o BFG358n 8 pbIM npHeM BHyTpb nOJIHCTHpO^a npHBOAHA K OTCTaBaHHIO Beca JKHBOTHMX m rMiepTpo<})HH noueuHOfi napeHXHMU. Cepbe3Hoe BHHMaiuie aoajkho 6biTb vAeaeHo BbiAeAeHHio noAHMepHbi.MH MaTepnajiaMH pjiAa cocTaBHbix aaeMeHTOB. FIpii HarpeBe BbicoKono.iHMepubix coeAHHeHHfi b ycjioBHHx nepepa6oTKH hah noTpedAeHHH HadnioAaeTCfl TepMHnecKHH pacnaA, HMeeT MecTo aKTHBHoe BbiAejieHHe mohomcpob, bxoAhoihx b cocTaB noAHMepa, ho He ycneBuiHx npopearnpoBaTb npw npouecce nOAHMepH3aUHH, npOAyKTOB AenOAHMepH3aUHH AO MOHOMepa BKAlOUHTenbho, CTa6HAH3aTopoB, nnacTucpHKaTopoB, KaTajiH3aTopoB h ApyrHX npOAyK TOB, npHHHMaauiHx ywacTHe b npouecce nonHMepii3auHii hah b (popMnpoBaHHH CBOfiCTB A3HHOrO BHCOKOnOAIIMepa H npOAVKTOB TepMHMeCKOH AecrpyKUHH nOAHMepOB. CorAacHO Yoa (Vail), neTyune npoAVKTbi npH nnpoAH3e nonncTHpoua coAepwaT npHMepHo 40% MOHOMepa h 60% Apyrux ockoakob, l'AaBHbiM o6pa30M AHMepoB, TpHMepoB, TeTpaMepoB h neHTa.MepoB. AxraMep, Tphoh, Kahh (Achhammer, Tryon, Kline) cuHTaioT, uto cdo.ibuiHHCTBO hbachkh AeCTpyKUHH 6a3HpyeTCH Ha ocHOBHoft CTpyKType noAHMepa, a He Ha CAeAax 3arpn3HeHHH, xoth ,,CTpyKTypbi cacaob" h 3arpa3HeHHH 0Ka3biBaj0T bahh- HHe Ha KOAHHecTBeHHyio xapaKTepHCTHKy CKopocTefi pa3AouceHHH h aHeprHH aKTHBaUHH. ABTOpbl yCT3HOBHAH, MTO eCAH HeKOTOpbie HOAHMepbl, HanpiiMep nouH-a-MeTHACTHpon, noABeprHyTb pa3no>KeHHK> npn TeMnepaType 200--250, to ohh pacnaAaiOTCH c o6pa30BaHneM HCKAiouHTeAbHO moHOMepoB. Zlpyrae xe noAHMepw, HanpHMep noAHMeiHAeH, ahiot b ochobHOM paA npOAyKTOB pa3AOJKeHH3, COAepiKamHX OT 2 AO 5 H dOAee aTOMOB yrAepoAa. rioAHH3odyTHAeH pacnaAaercH uacTbio Ha MonoMep, uacrbio Ha fioAee KpynHhie npoAyKTbi pacnaAa. CxopocTb o6pa30BaHHH sthx npoAyKtob pacnaAa h hx ncnapeHiie 33bhcht ot XHMHwecKofi CTpyKTypbi, a TaioKe ot xHMHuecKoro CTpoeHHH (BHTHHyToro hah pa3BeTBAeHHoro) noAHMepa*. H3BecTHO, hto npH HarpeBe <peHOA(popMaAbAeniAHbix cmoa BbiACAneTCH (jjeHoA h (JjopMaAbAerHA, noAHypeTanoBhix cmoa -- cmuAbHaa khcaotb. M. M. KouaHOB np AecTpyKUHH- <}>ToponnacTa-3 HadAioAaA BbiA&neHHe 4>TopHCToro h xAopHCToro BOAOpoAa, a A. H. JKeMepAeft npH TepMHuecKOM pacnaue <pToponAacra-4-<pocreHa h cpTopucToro BOAOpoAa. B. IO. KaAHHHH npH HarpeBe CTa6HAH3HpoBaHHoro noAHamneHa hh3koto AaBAemia oduapyjkha cpeAH npOAyKTOB TepMHuecKofi AecTpyKUHH, KpoMe okhch yrnepoAa, aAbAerHAbi (b tom UHCAe (popManbAerHA) h XAopopraHHuecKHe COeAHHeHHH. B npoAyicrax pacnaAa CTHpoAbHO-HHTpHAbHoro npoMHoro nnacTHKa (CHFI) E. H. KoMapOBa BbIHBHAa OKHCb yrAepoAa, HHTpHA-aKpHAOByiO KHCAOTy, CTHpOA, AHdyTHA(pT3A3T H CHHHAbHyK) KHCAOTy. roBopa o npoAyKTax xepMHaecKoft AecTpyKUHH noAHMepHux MaTepuaAOB, MbI CTaAKHBaeMCH C HepeUieHHbIM, HMeiOLUMM HCKAIOHHTeAbHyiO Ba%HOCTb BonpocoM, o TOKCHKOAoro-rHrHeHHtiecKOH oueHKe caowhhx napora30Bbix CMeceft HenocroflHHoro cocTaBa. npH MeXaHHUeCKOH Odpa60TKe BblCOKOnOAHMepHhTX COeAHHeHHH HMeeT odpa30BaHHe a3po30Aefi, KOTopbiM ao HeAaBHero BpeMeHH He yAeAHAoeb BHHM3HHH. flo CHX nop HeT AHHHblX O pOAH a3p030Aefi BblCOKOMOAeKyAHpHbJX MBTepHaAOB B 3TH0A0THH nbUieBblX 3a60AeBaHHft AerKHX H O B03MOJKHOCTH HX pa30p6THBH0ro ACftCTBHH. HMeiOlUHeCH padOTbl nOCBflLUeUbt ruaBHbtM odpa30M rHrHeHHuecKoft oueHKe nbiAH <peHo-H aMHHonAacTOB. Aapo30AsiM . BbicoKonoAHMepHbix coeAHHeHHfi aoawho 6biTb yAeneHO cooTBeTCTByiomee BHHMaHne, h6o uacTO npaKTHuecKii HepacTBopnMbie hah TpyAHOpaCTBOpHMUe COeAHHeHHH B AerKHX (npH BAblxaHHH) H B KHLUeMHHKe (npH 3arAaTbiB3HHH) noABepraioTCH rAy6oKHM H3MeHeHiiHM, b pe3yAbTaTe uero hx pacTBopHMOCTb, a CAeAOBaTeAbHO, h BcacMBaeMoctb caubHo nOBblUiaiOTCH. BoAbuioe 3HaHeHHe aah 03AopoBAeHna vc-iobiih TpyAa npn CHHTe3e BHcoKonoAHMepnux coeAHHeHHfi, a T3K>Ke aah ycneuiHoro BHeApemiH no.inMepHbix KOMno3HUHfi b 6biT HMeeT riinieHimecKaH CTaHAapTH3amiH. fnnie- 29 *00296V 2r HimecKaa CTaHflapTH3auHfl bthx coeaHHemift .aojiwHa orpaHHHHTb coaepwaime b hhx Heno.iHocTt.io 3ano.niMepn30BaBUJHxcH MOHOMepoB, a Tanwe BcnoMoraieJibHbix BemecTB, Hcno^b3yeMbix b npouecce no;iHMepH3auHH h D (|)OpMHpOBaHHH CBOH.CTB nO.IUMepHWX MaTepHa.IOB II HaXOaflmHXCH BHUJb B MexaHHWeCKOH CBH3II C OCTajIbHbIMH 3JieMeHTa Mil BblCOKOnOJIHMepOB. rumeHHMecKaH CTaHflapTii3auHH flo^tKHa npeaycMOTpeTb bo3mo>khocti BbimejiaHHBaHHH KOMnoHeiiTOB noBHMepHbix Maiepiia.ioB b ycjioBHtix koiiTaKTa c arpeccHBHbiMH a.ih hhx cpeaaMH, a TaK>Ke B03MO>KH0CTb pacnaaa HX npn TepMHHeCKOM B03fleHCTBIIH. rurHeHHwecKafl CTaHjapTH3aitHH jojitKHa oxBaTHTb h MOHOMepu, coflepvKauiHe TipHMecn, npucyiUHe cbipbio, H3 KOToporo aaHHoe BemeCTBo CHHTe3iipoBaHO. 3th npiiMecH ofibmHo cocraBJiaioT hhmtojkhwh yaejibHufi Bee ii, Kax npaBH.io, MemaioT HopMa.ibHOMy npoueccy no.iHMepH3auHH. Me/Kay TeM 3TH npHMecn MoryT ycH.niBaTb TOKCH'iecKHe CBoftcTBa ochobhoro aewecTBa hjih npnaaBaTb eMy HOBbift xapaKTep TOKCimecKoro aeficTBHJi. ycTaHOBaeHHe CTeneHii tokchhhocth h xapairrepa AeiiCTBiia BHOBb BBOAHMblX B HapOflHOe X03HflCTB0 H SfalT XHMHVeCKOTO CbipbH H CHHTe3Hpyemhx H3 Hero BbicoKonojiHMepHbix coe^HHeHHH no3Bo.niT CBoeBpeMeHHo: I) HaMeTHTb THrHeHHaecKHe TpeSoBaHHa k ycTpofiCTBy n coaepwaHHio npoMbmiJieHHbix npeanpHHTHfi, rae ocymecTBJiaeTca chhtc3 BbicoKOMOJieKyjiapHbix coe^HHeHHfi h hx nepepaSoTKa; 2) npe;yio>KHTh opueHTHpoBOHHbie npe;:e.iL!io aonycTHMbie KOHueHTpaitHii ii3yqaeMbix BemecTB min B03Ayxa npoH3BoacTBeHHbix noMememiA h B03ayuiHoro 6accefiHa ce.iHTefiHbix 30h; 3) AaTb MaTepaaji jyia rHnieHHqecKofi CTaH,aapTH3auHH BbicoKOMoaeKyaaphhx coeAHHeHHfi, a TaKxte XHMHqecxoro cwpbH, Hcno.ib3yeMoro ajih hx CHHTe3a; 4) aaTb nfrHeHHqecicyio oueHKy BbicoKonojniMepaM c tohkh 3peHH B03M0JKH0CTH HCn0JIb30BaHHH HX B npOMUUIJieHHOCTH H B KOMMyHaJIbHOM CTpoHTe.ibCTBe, a TaK>Ke a.th npoH3BoncTBa npejiMeTOB uiHpoKoro noTpe6nenna; 5) peKOMeHflOBaTb npiiHUHnu 0Ka3aHna nepBoii noMomH h naToreHeTHHeCKOH TepaiTHH npil OTpaBJieHHH 3THMH BemeCTBaMH. JIHTEPATyPA BapreHOB B. JL, ZlaHHineBCKHH C. Jl., KoianoB M. M. h jip. B kh.: MaiepHa.ibi Haymofl ceccHH no TOKCHKonomif BhicoKono^HMepHWx coenitHemift. M.--JL, 1961, dp. 21. -- ilaHHiueBCKHft C. Jl., Kouhob M. M. Imt. Tpyjta h npoip. 3a6oJieBaHiiH, 1961, jft 3, l<rrp. 3. -- }K e m e p j e ii A. H. Tpyuu loOHyieflfiOK HayiHofl cecciiH JlemiHrpaxcK. caHHiapHO-rarHenHiecKoro Men. HH-Ta, 1958, t. 44, ctp. 164. -- K a ji hhhb 5. K). B kh.: MaTepnajiu HayiHOH ceccHH no TOKCHKO.iorHu tBucoKOMO.ieKynsipHbix coeaiiHeHHii. M.--Jl., 1961, cTp. 40. -- K ap nob B. H. TeaHChi jok.i. omeTHofi ronHHHOH HayiHofl KOHtJiepeHUHH JleHHHrpaacK. caHHTapKo-nirHeHiwecKoro wen. HH-Ta, nocBHiu. XXII cb3ay KflCC, 1961, crp. 62. -- KoiiapoBa E. H. B kh.: MaTepiia.ibi HayiHOft ceccHH no tokchkojiophh BhicoKOMoaexyanpHWx coeaHHeHHii. M. --Jl., 1961, cTp. 37. -- Ko la h o b M. M. Tpyau JleHHHrpaacK. caHHTapHo-rHnieHHMecKoro Mea. HH-Ta, I960, t. 62, CTp. 39. -- K p w a o b a M. H- Te3HCH aoK.i. HTorOBoi'i nayiHoS KOH^epeHuim Mockobck. HayiHo-iicc.iea. HH-Ta rarneHU hm. Q. 0. BpucMaHa. M., 1961, ctp. 66.--Jl o m o- k o b a f. B. B kh.: MaTepHaau HayiHOfi cecciiH no tokchkojioi-hh BhicoKOMo.TeKyanpHbix coeaiiHemiil. M. -- Jl,, 1961, crp. 4o.--Op.ioB H. H. Tiir. h caH., 1945, jvft 4--5. CTp. 17. -- PycHH H. M. Ta.M we, 1959, J& 7, CTp. 42. -- M e p k ii h c k ii ii C. H., AxyaoB K. H., Py6aeBa M. 'H. TaM we, cTp. 69; Taw we, 1961, Ns 1, CTp. 95.-- Bernt O., Plaste u. Kautschuk, 1959, Bd. 6, S. 347. -- Hervicux M. M., Tessier. Arch. Mai. prof., 1959. v. 20, p. 61--Ingle G. W,, SPE J,, 1960. v. !6, p. 203.-- McCollister D. D., Sauber W. X, Kunststoffe, 1958, Bd. 48, 5. 350.-- Schultz K. H., Hermann W. P. Hht. M. L. Truflert, Arch. Mat. prof., 1959, v. 20. P- 43. -- Quooss H., Gesundheitsgefahren in der Kunstoffindustrie. Leipzig, 1959 -- W a 11 L. A., SPE J., 1960, v. 16, p. 810. PROBLEMS OF TOXICOLOGY IN THE CHEMISTRY OF high-molecuLar COMPOUNDS S. L. Danishevsky, N. M. Egorov Summary In the synthesis of high-molecular compounds use is made of monomers, catalysis, initiators and regulators of polymerization, emulsifying agents, solvents, plastizising 30 G35^4 B agents, stabilizers, porophores belong to ditierent chemical : as a rule, are reactive and bi instance of fluorated olefines the admixtures contaminating oxygen. In so far as the toxic that this increases with the r time" of polymeric stuffs, bees ponents. Prevention of polyrm but also a hygienic one. A t; substances which may be use polymers subjected to heating of monomers and of other s', and formation of the prope. mechanical processing of highin the etiology of ciust-induc hygienically work conditions c cessful utilization in the natioi tfzation is of particular import OCHOBHblE B rOPHOflOEblBAK)) B. XapbKOBCKi; in. UeHTpajibHoif 3aaaqc 30B HB-lfieTCH pacKpMTHe qa peuiaeTCs b ^Byx acm JteScTBHH nbl.lH H ClIOXI! CKOH COeflHHHTe.IbHOU T; B Hay9H0-Hcc.iej0Ba' 3a ciijniK03a pa3pa6aTb Bee npoBeAeHHbte ao Hac KBapueBan nuab hb.ihctc HHH, HO Hit OAHO 113 HHX H KOJinacena. Hcxoah h3 toto (JiaK aKTHBHMM npOJiyKTIIBHbl.N pwTiie naTorene3a mieBM <5ocHHTe3a KO.iJiareHa nc MHHeCKOrO HCC.ieAOBaHHH Bii^ibHocTb Taxoro n[ Jl. H. CiyuKoro (KpttBo BaHHit). Oh ycTaHOBit.i, pacTBopHMbix KO-ijiareHc npoiicxoaiiT b pa mine q pa^bltbllt paCTBOpilMblfl K BBefleiiitH nw^iii. B 3tot n npejtuiecTBeiiHiiKOB awiin OflHOBpeMeHiio nponcxo; r.A^KIVyJTIOV h>>ii.ov.ro,, BcmecTBa coe Jyii..nnina--i-o--T--c---n----t--a--khcc uhocikron..ti QD rioATBep>KaeiiiieM a rtyHiOTca itcc.ieAcnaiiiiH o ^JH.niKose (M. H. Okvh o a agents, stabilizers, porophores, lubricators, fillers and colouring agents. These substances belong to different chemical groups and posess varying degrees of toxicity. Monomers, as a rule, are reactive and biologically aggressive. The toxicity of some monomers (for instance of fluorated olefines is not only determined by their own toxicity, but also by the admixtures contaminating them, and by their ability to react with the atmosphere oxygen. In so far as the loxicily of high-polymcrs is concerned, many are of the opinion that this increases with the rising temperature of the surrounding air. During the ''life time" of polymeric stuffs, because of the ageing, they may give out a series of their com ponents. Prevention of polymer ageing is not just a technical and economical problem,, but also a hygienic one. A task of major importance is the inquiry into the toxicity of substances which may be used for the stabilization of polymeric compositions. With the polymers subjected to heating there occurs a thermal decomposition with the separation of monomers and of other stuffs having participated in the process of polymerization and formation of the properties specific to polymer products. In the wake of the mechanical processing of high-polymers comes the formation of aerosols, whose significance in the etiology of dust-induced affections demands as yet further studies. To improve hygienically work conditions during synthesis of high-polymers and to promote their suc cessful utilization in the national economy and for domestic purposes their proper standartization is of particular importance. OCHOBHblE HTOm BOPbEbI C CHJ1HK030M B rOPHOAOBblBAfOmEB IlPOMbllllJIEHHOCTH HA yKPAHHE B. K. HaepotiKud (XapbKOB) XapbKOBCKaft HHCTmyT ycoBepweHCTBOBQHHn BpaueR (nocTymuia b peAamuuo 14/VI 1961 r.) \ LleHTpajibHoft 3ananeft MeAHUHHCxofi HayKH b npo6;ieMe iihbbmokohho30B HBjiHeTCfl pacKpbiTHe naToreHe3a nujieBoro <j>Hfipo3a JierKHX. 3Ta 3aAaqa peuiaeTCH b AByx acnexrax: b acnexTe 4>H3Hxo-XHMHqecxoro MexaHH3Ma aeftcTBHH ntJjiH h CHoxHMHqecxoro MexaHH3Ma o6pa30BaHHn naTOAorHqeCKOH COeflHHHTe.lbHOH TK3HH nOA BJIHBHH6M fleHCTBHH ilblAH. B HayqHo-HCCAeaoBaTejibCKHX HHCTHTyTax yxpaHHbi Bonpocu naioreHe3a CH^HK03a pa3pa6aTbiBaicrroi b ochobhom b 6HOAorHqecxoM acnexTe. Bee npoBeAeHHbie no HacToamero BpeMeHH HccAeAOBaHHH yTBepJKflaioT, mto KBapueBaa nbiAb hbahctch npnqHHoft naTOAorHqecxoro KOAAareHOo6pa30BaHHH, HO HH OAHO H3 HHX He BCKpblBHeT MexaHH3Ma yCHAeHHOTC) o6pa30BaHHa xoAAareHa. Mcxoah hs roro (jiaKTa, hto ycHAeHHe KOAAareHoo6pa30BaHHH HBJiaeTca aKTHBHbiM npoayKTHBHbiM npoueccoM, cAeviaHo npeAnoaoweHHe, hto pacxpwrae naToreHe3a itHeBM0K0HH030B 3amnoqaeTca b BbiacneHHH MexaHH3Ma 6nocHHTe3a xoAAareHa noA bahhhhcm pa3AHMHbix bhaob nnAH nyTeM AHHaMHMecKoro HccneAOBaHHa aMHHOXHCAOTHoro cocrasa AeroMHOH TKaHH. IlpaDHAbHOCTb Taxoro npeAnoAoaceHHa noATBepwAeHa HCCAeAOBaHHaMH Jl. H. Cavuxopo (KpHBopoaccKHfl HHCTHTyT THiTteHu TpyAa h npotJ)3a6oAeBaHHft). Oh ycTaHOBHA, hto noA bahhhhcm KBapueBofl nuAH HapacTamie pacTBopHMbix xoAAareHOB* (SHOAorHHecxHe npeAiuecTBeHHHKH xoAAareHa) npojfcxoAHT b paitHne epoxn pa3BHTHa tj)H6po3a. Tax na3bmaeMbtH HeiiTpaAbHuft pacTBopHMbiA xoAAareH noBuiuaeTca ywe b nepBue HeAeAii nocAe BBeAeHHa nbiAH. B stot nepHOA npoacxoAHT HaxonAeHHe npoAHHa it AH3HHa, npejUlieCTBeHHHKOB aMHHOKHCAOT-KOAAareHa OXCHnpOAHHa H OXCHAH3HHa. OAHOBpeMeHHo npOHexoAHT HaxonAeHHe MyxonpoTeiiAOB -- ochobhoto MeJxyToqHoro BemecTBa coeAHHHreAbHoft TKaHH. HapaAy c xoAAareHOM HaxanAHBaioTca Taxjxe HexoAAareHOBbie 6eAKH, 6oraTbie thp33hhom. rioATBepwAeHiieM 3kthbhocth npouecca 6HOCHitTe3a xoAAareHa hbAHKJTca HCCAeAOBaHHa OKHCAHTeAbHbix npoueccoB b AeroqHofi TKailll npii CHAHK03e (M. H. OxyHb) h ycTaHOBAeHiie poera naxonAeHHa b AerxHX 31 BFG35875 9 0 0 Z 9 8 t^ il