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PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT I SH-1854
GUIDELINES: ASBESTOS HANDLING IN THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY
Edition 1 November 1978
LAM 004566
DPMC-02204
MEMBER INFORMATION REPORT 137
Chlorine InetHute, Inc.. 342 Madison Ave., New York. N Y. 10017. Additional copies of this pamphlet are available at nominal cost
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Disclaimer 1.4 Approval 1.5 Revisions 1.6 Reproduction
2. AS8EST0S USE IN CHLORINE MANUFACTURE
3.1
3.1.1 3.1.2
3.1.3 3.1.4 3*1.5 3.2 3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3. REGULATIONS
United States OSHA EPA-Air EPA-Wastewater EPA-Hazardous Wastes DOT-Hazardous Materials Canada Workplace Air Water
4. CONTROL PROCEDURES
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2
4.6.3 4.6.4
General Purchasing Receiving Storage Using-Diaphragm Depositing Sorting and Weighing Protective Equipment Housekeeplng Personal Hygiene Spent Asbestos Wash Area Disposal
Water Re-Use Landfills
5. EMPLOYEE PROTECTION
5.) General 5.2 Caution Signs and Labels 5.3 Respirators 5.4 Protective Clothing 5*5 Housekeeping
6. EXPOSURE MONITORING
6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5
Hygiene Monitoring Personal Monitoring Environmental Monitoring Records Employee Access and Notification Medical Surveillance Pre-Placement Periodic Termination Record Retention Employee Access
7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4
7. EMPLOYEE TRAINING
Operating Procedures Respirators Protective Clothing Personal Hygiene Smoking
8. REFERENCES
00L (U.S.) EPA (U.S.) Miscellaneous Other Information Sources
9. APPENDICES
9.1 Analytical Methods 9.2 Regulations (U.S.)
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I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
increased awareness of the health hazards of asbestos, coupled with regulations promulgated by governmental agencies over the past several years, emphasize the desirability of developing guidelines for the safe handling of asbestos fiber and waste products by chlor-atkall producers.
Industry and government share concern and responsibilities to Insure the health and welfare of workers and the general public that might be exposed to asbestos, especially that which is airborne and can be Inhaled, by providing safeguards to protect them from hazards associated with asbestos mining, transport, fabrication, use and disposal operations.
This pamphlet Is limited to considerations relative only to asbestos safe handling and disposal practices applicable to the chlor-alkali industry. Examples of satisfactory asbestos control practices, where given, are intended to be only illustrative and ere not to be construed either as having universal applI cabi11ty or representing the only available or suitable means of control. 1.2 DEFINITIONS
In this pamphlet the following meanings apply:
Asbestos means chrysotile, amosite, crocldolite, tremollte, anthophyl 111 te, and actionoMte and, in the case of OSHA regulations, those of such fibers that are longer than 5 micrometers. (The chrysotile variety accounts for most of all fiber used in the U.S.).
CFR means the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.
POL means the U.S. Department of Labor.
EPA means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
INSTITUTE means The Chlorine Institute, fnc.
NiOSH means the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
OSHA means the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor.
OSH Act means the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-596)*
Particulate asbestos material means finely divided particles of asbestos material.
Visible emissions means any emissions which are visually detectable without the aid of Instruments and"which contain particulate asbestos material.
1.3 DISCLAIMER
The information in this pamphlet Is drawn from sources believed to be reliable. The Institute and its members, jointly and severally, make no guarantee, and assume no liability, In connection with any of this Information. Moreover, it should not be assumed that every acceptable procedure is Included, or that special circumstances may not warrant modified or additional procedure. The user should be aware that changing technology or regulations may require a change in the recommendations herein. Appropriate steps should be taken to insure that the information is current when used. These suggestions should not be confused with federal, state, provincial, municipal or insurance requirements, or with national safety codes. 1.4 APPROVAL
The Institute's Environmental Protection Committee approved the First Edition of this pamphlet on February 13, 1978.
1.5 REVISIONS
Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the Secretary of the Institute. 1.6 REPRODUCTION
The contents of this pamphlet are not to be copied for publication, in whole or in part, without prior institute permission.
2. ASBESTOS USE IN CHLORINE MANUFACTURING Most of the World's chlorine Is produced by the electrolysis of brine in either mercury cells or diaphragm cells. In the electrolytic process, it is necessary to keep chlorine separated from the alkali metal hydroxide co-product to prevent chemical reaction. In addition, hydrogen produced with the alkali must be kept separated from the chlorine to prevent potentially violent explosions.
In mercury cells, separation is achieved by hydraulic seals which separate the chlorine and spent brine In the electrolyzer from the decomposer where the alkali metal hydroxide product and hydrogen are produced. No asbestos is involved.
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3.1 3.1.1
In diaphragm cells, separation is achieved by use of a diaphragm which is basically a porous mechanical barrier separating the anolyte and catholyte chambers. Brine is fed to the anolyte chamber where the chloride ion is electrolized to chlorine. The depleted brine and the cation percolate through the diaphragm to the cathode where hydrogen and alkali metal hydroxide are produced.
The key to successful operation of a diaphragm cell is the diaphragm material. To be suitable, it must have the following properties:
- sufficient mechanical strength;
- high chemical resistance;
- low electrical resistance;
- readily depositable on the cathode with uniform thickness and without voids;
- appropriate physical structure to permit percolation of depleted brine with minimum back-migration of hydroxyl ion; and
- acceptable service life.
These properties are of prime importance as they have a very significant effect on both capital and manufacturing costs. Asbestos is uniquely suitable as a diaphngm material, as it exhibits a most favorable combination of these properties.
Asbestos is a general term covering a group of impure, naturally occurring magnesium silicate minerals which exist in fibrous form. One of these Is the mineral chrysotlle which is made up of comparatively long and strong flexible fibers. It is a highly hydrated magnesium silicate of general composition, Mg(OH)$Sii)0]g. Over 95% of the asbestos mined is chrysotile and It Is the form used for diaphragms by the chlor-alkali industry.
A great deal of research has been done to study the behavior of asbestos in chlor-alkali ceil environments to explain its unique behavior. The deposited fibers do not merely function as a deposited mat such as is found in a filter bed. The gel layer that forms in the mat under proper cell diaphragm depositing conditions plays an important role in the performance of the diaphragm, particularly in minimizing back-migration of the hydroxyl ion.
North American consumption of asbestos for chlor-alkali cells in 1978 is estimated to be in the order of 3,500 tons per year. Asbestos consumption per ton of chlorine produced has been significantly reduced over the years through advancements in cell design, improved brine purification techniques and new anode materials. Asbestos diaphragm life has been increased very significantly. The first major increase occurred with the change-over from carbon to graphite anodes. More recently the change to metal anodes has extended diaphragm life by some three to four fold compared to experience with graphite anodes. A newer development, resin bonding of the deposited asbestos fibers. Is expected to increase the stability of asbestos diaphragms and further extend their life.
Asbestos is the universally accepted material for chlor-alkali cell diaphragms, and if handled properly, it can be used and disposed of safely both with respect to worker health and protection of the environment.
3. REGULATIONS
UNITED STATES
Currently in the U.S. regulations applicable to asbestos have been issued by the EPA, OSHA, DOT, Food and Drug Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Mining Safety and Health Administration. Only the first two are of direct concern in the operation of chlor-alkali plants. States may also promulgate standards which can be more stringent than the Federal standards.
OSHA The stated purpose of the OSH Act is to "assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions". OSHA's activities are the development, promulgation and enforcement of Federal safety and health standards; the development aspect is shared with NIOSH. The current OSHA asbestos standard was published in 37FRI1318 (June 7 1972) and is embodied in 29CFR1910.1001.
In summary, the standard:
* Establishes an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) worker exposure limit of airborne asbestos at two(2) fibers per cc of air longer than 5 micrometers. And, as a ceiling concentration, the regulation states that no employee shall be exposed at any time to asbestos concentrations in excess of 10 fibers per cc of air longer than 5 micrometers [29CFRI910.1001(b)(2) and (3)];*
* Prescribes various methods of compliance, including engineering methods and controls such as isolation, exposure, dust collection and exhaust venti1lation, and work practices including rules governing wet methods, handling of asbestos products etc. [29CFRI910.1001(c)(I) and (2)];
* Permits for purposes of compliance the use of work shift rotation (preferred) and respirators --nl.y 'n ccrta'n work situations. (See 5.1). The regulations further specify the type of respirators to be used under various conditions [29CFRI910.1001(d)(I) and (2)];
Provides that employers shall provide and require the use of protective clothing for employees exposed to asbestos concentrations exceeding the prescribed ceiling level. [29CFR19I0.1001(d)(3)J.
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Prescribes thee employers shall provide change rooms at any fixed piece of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fiber in excess of allowable exposure limits, and two separate lockers or containers for each employee to keep street clothes separate from work clothes. [29CFRI910.1001(d) (4)];
Provides for the labeling, transport and laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing, including off-premises laundering [29CFR19I0.1001(d)(4) (111);
Establishes a method for measuring the airborne concentration of asbestos. (See 9. l) (29CFRI9I0.100I(e)];
Establishes monitoring methods and frequency relating both to the work environment and individual employees, and requires that employees or their representatives be given a reasonable opportunity to observe the monitoring and to have access to monitoring records (29CFR1910.1001(f)];
Prescribes rules for the posting of caution signs in areas where asbestos concentrations may exceed the allowable limits, and labels to be affixed on raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris or their containers [29CFRI910.1001(g)j;
Establishes certain housekeeping requirements including the cleaning of the work place and asbestos waste disposal [29CFRIS10<1001(h)1;
Establishes certain recordkeeping requirements governing Individual and environmental monitoring exposure records, employee access to exposure records, and employee notification of exposure to asbestos (29CFR1910.1001(I)].
Requires preplacement, annual, and work termination medical examinations and the maintenance of, and employee access to, medical records [ 29CFR1910.1001 (j)].
3.1.3 3.1.k
Emission standards on asbestos applicable specifically to the chlor-atkal! Industry were published by EPA in 38FR8820 (April 8, 1973) and amended 40FRi8292 (October U, 1975). as part of the Clean Air Act's 112 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). They are embodied (n 40CFR Part 81, Subpart B.
In summary, the standard:
Provides that there shall be no visible emissions to the outside air (l.e. air outside buildings and structures) or directly from chlorine manufacturing operations If they are conducted outside of buildings or structures fk0CFR61.22(c)); or,
Provides, at the owner/operator's option, use of specified methods to clean emissions con taining particulate asbestos material before such emissions escape to, or are vented to, outside air [40CFR61.22(f) and k0CFR6l.23);
Requires asbestos waste generators to insure that the waste Is disposed of in a properly operated disposal site [5oCFR6l. 22 (j) and i0CFR6l .25];
Establishes reporting requirements in connection with the handling of asbestos-containing waste materials [A0CFR61.2A].
EPA-Wastewater
PL 92-500, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Ammendments of 1972, as amended (PL 95-217), requires that industrial sources treat their effluent by applying the "best practicable control technology currently available" (BPT) by July 1, 1977. Effluent limitation guidelines establish the degree of effluent quality necessary to meet BPT limits. Though not specific for asbestos BPT total suspended solids limitations applicable both to existing and new diaphragm cell chlorine -anufacturing operations are established fl|15.62(b)] as follows:
Oaily Maximum
30-day Average Maximum
kg/1000 lbs/1000
kgC12 IbsCI?
0.6m
0.8L
kg/1000
kgCl? 0.32
tbs/1000
1 bsC 12 0.32
EPA-Hazardous Wastes Regulations pursuant to Subtitle C of PL 9*t'580, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, have not yet been promulgated. Such regulations as do currently apply to the handling of asbestos-contaminated wastes are embodied in the NESHAP regulations discussed in |3>1.2.
3.1.5
DOT-Hazardous Materials
Regulations relative to commercial asbestos shipments were published by DOT in *3FR5666J* (December J, 1978). They are embodied in WFR, Parts 172 thru 177; see 9.2.1.
3.2 CANADA
Canada is the Western world's largest producer of asbestos and supplies about 35 per cent of the global production. As Is the case for U.S., both Federal and Provincial regulations are applicable.
3.2.1
Workplace No Federal regulations have thusfar been promulgated. At the provincial level, the Quebec Draft Regulations dated February 1975 propose to reduce the present allowable level from 12 fibers/cc (all forms > 5 micrometers) to 5 ftbers/cc. The workplace standard for the province of Ontario, however, is 2 fibers/cc.
3.-2.2
Mr_
Federal Clean Air Act regulations for asbestos promulgated July 13, 1977 require that air emitted to the atmosphere from crushing, drying and milling operations and dry rock storage shall not contain more than 2 fibers/cc of air (fibers being >5 micrometers in length and having a length to width ratio of > 3)
3.2.3
Water No Federal asbestos regulations have yet been promulgated but they are in process of development. At the Provincial level, it has been established with the Quebec Ministry of Environment that "Asbestos sludge must be prevented from entering the water course and can only be removed from the site after consultation with an EnvironmentaI Official".
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k. CONTROL PROCEDURES
4.1 GENERAL
This pamphlet is limited to considerations relative only to asbestos safe handling and disposal practices applicable to the chlor-alkali industry. Examples of satisfactory asbestos control practices, where given, are Intended to be only illustrative and are not to be construed either as having universal applicability or representing the only avallable or suitable means of control.
4.2 PURCHASING
While the handling of asbestos is presumed to start when a box car or truck is received at the plant, there are some earlier opportunities for minimizing later handling problems such as at the time of issuance of purchase orders. See 9.2.1.
It Is recommended that purchase orders be written to the vendor which includes two items, namely; (1) palletizing of the asbestos bags in the rail car or truck, and (2) provision for a shrink-wrapped coating of Visqueen or other non-porous material covering the palleted bags. This procedure is especially effective in preventing torn bags and minimizing the threat of loose material during unloading, in addition, the palletized, shrink-wrapped packaging procedure allows ease of movement to the confinement areas.
In plants that do not have forklift unloading, it is suggested that asbestos shipments have sufficient dunnage included to prevent movement and damage to the bags during transport.
I*.3 RECEIVING
Where asbestos is received in palletized form, whether by rail car or truck, the contents should be carefully inspected before the unloading operation begins. If broken bays or loose asbestos are in evidence at the time, a heavy duty vacuum cleaner should be used before the major work crew is called for the unloading operation. A heavy duty bag vacuum cleaner closely approximates the blower/bag system recommended by EPA for emission control. Broken bags should be enclosed in a heavy duty plastic bag before the vacuum clean up is started. That person charged with the initial inspection of the shipment should be equipped with an approved dust mask (5.3)- as well as wear suitable protective clothing (5.4). If unsafe conditions exist ail other individuals should be kept away from the area until such time as the condition is corrected.
When transporting palletized asbestos to storage, care should be taken to prevent puncturing the bags with the forks of the truck or damage by running into corners or loose objects. The plasticwrapped pallet cover makes it possible to unload even during inclement weather, if desired. The operator of the fork truck should have available a dust mask and wear appropriate protective clothing if the situation warrants. An effort should be made to keep to a minimum the number of employees used for the unloading operation, while at the same time avoiding any safety risks. Contract labor used by the plant must be protected in the same manner as a permanent employee. Workable agreements between the company and the contractor, preferably in writing, should be clearly understood and adhered to at all times.
4.4 STORAGE
An important aspect of the total asbestos handling program is an appropriate storage area. All plants require an inventory of asbestos on hand for normal operations, and careful thought should be given to the storage area design.
Ideally the asbestos storage area should have no direct interconnection with the primary work area of the cell renewal operation. The entry should be sufficiently large to permit easy access of the forklift into the storage compound. The entry door should be equipped with a rubber gasket on the sealing lip to provide for a reasonably tight system. The ceiling should be as low as possible to limit unused space and at the same time provide the clearance height needed for pallet stacking. The approach to the storage area must be appropriately marked with a caution sign stipulated by OSHA regulations [29CFR19.1001(g)].
When an access way exists between the asbestos storage area and the major work area of a celt renewal operation it should have a well-fitted door with good weather stripping. The door should remain closed at all times and should be marked with an OSHA-approved caution sign. In such cases it is recommended that the storage area be maintained under a slight negative pressure.
Another means of storage is the "assigned1* railroad car, if trackage is available near the operation area. This method not only insures improved condition of asbestos shipments but also decreases the amount of handling and the potential for spillage. The rail car must be properly marked with warning signs.
A first-in, first-out inventory system is recommended and, thus, if possible, the storage area should be designed and appropriately sized to accomodate this type of inventory control. The logic of a first-in first-out inventory control is simply that this control reduces problems associated with long term storage of asbestos bags.
The asbestos storage area should be kept clean and free of loose asbestos fiber. This can best be accomplished with a common sense approach to housekeeping. Wooden pallets should not be allowed to accumulate in the storage area. Any area or surface showing signs of asbestos, whether on floors, walls, or pallets, should be vacuumed using an appropriate industria 1-type vacuum cleaner. The disposal of the vacuum cleaner bag must be handled in an environmentally sound manner such as by enclosing it in a labeled, heavy plastic type bag or other impervious
LAM 004571
DPMC-02209
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LAM 004578
DPMC-02216
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LAM 004579
DPMC-02217
9.2.1 DOT Regulations
49CFR Parts 172 et al
PAST 173--SHIPPERS--GENERAL RE QUIREMENTS FOR SHIPMENTS AND
PART 172--HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE AND HAZARDOUS MATERI ALS COMMUNICATIONS REGULA TIONS
1. In $ 172.101 the Hazardous Materi als Table is amended by adding a new entry, immediately following "Arsine," to read as follows:
ad
PACKAG1NGS
2. Section 173.1090 is added preced ing Subpart N to read as follows:
f 173.1090 Asbestos.
(a) Asbestos includes any of the fol lowing hydrated mineral silicates: chrysotile. crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite asbestos, tremolite asbestos, actinolitc asbestos, and every product containing any of these minerals.
(b) Commercial asbestos is any mate rial or product containing asbestos
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that has commercial value because of
its asbestos content
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(c) Asbestos which is immersed or
n * 4>
siiEt
fixed in a natural or artificial binder material (such as cement, plastic, as
Ad 9 9 9
Vi x i a
phalt, resins or mineral ore) and man-' ufactured products containing asbes
tos or any materials or products whose
M commercial value is not dependent on
their asbestos content are not subject
to the requirements of this sub
chapter.
(d) Commercial asbestos must be of
fered for transportation and trans M ported in
ti) Rigid, airtight packagings such
4d as metal or fiber drums, portable
3 tanks, or
(2) Bags and other non-rigid packag-
& ings that are dust and sift proof. When transported by other than a pri.
rate carrier by highway, bags< and
other non-rigid packagings containing
asbestos must be palletized and unit
Ad ized by methods such as shrink-wrap
a ping in plastic film or wrapping in fi-
berboard secured by strapping.
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PART 174--CARRIAGE BY RAIL
/
3. A Subpart M Heading is added im mediately following 174.812 to read as follows:
Subpart Al--Detailed Requirements
far Other Regulated Materials
4. Section 174.840 is added to read as follows:
174.810 Special loading and handling requircincr.is for oslgcstos.
Asbestos must be loaded, handled, and unloaded, and any asbestos con tamination of rail cars removed, in a manner that will minimize occupation al exposure to airborne asbestos parti cles released Incident to transporta tion. (Sec 1? .1090 of this sub chapter.)
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PART 175--CARRIAGE BY AIRCRAFT
5. Section 175.640 is added to read as follows:
} 175.640 Special requirements for other regulated materials.
Asbestos must be loaded, handled, and unloaded, and any asbestos conlamination of aircraft removed. In a manner that will minimize occupation al exposure to airborne asbestos parti cles released incident to transporta tion. (See 173.1090 of this sub chapter.)
(1)
-> -*. 34
9
PART 176--CARRIAGE BY VESSEL 6. Section 176.006 is added to read as follows: 176.906 Stowage and handling of asbes
tos. Asbestos must be stowed, handled, and unloaded, and any asbestos con tamination of vessels removed, in a manner that will minimize occupation al exposure to airborne asbestos parti cles released incident to transporta tion. (See 173.1090 of this sub chapter.)
PART 177--CARRIAGE BY PUBLIC HIGHWAY
7. Section 177.S44 is added to read as follows: { 177.81 < Other regulated materials.
Asbestos must be loaded, handled, and unleaded, and any asbestos con tamination ef transport vehicles re moved, in o manner that will minimize occupational exposure to airborne as bestos particles released incident to transportation. (See { 173.1090 of this subchapter.)
NOTE: These i9CFR Regs, are effective April 30, 1979.
LAM 004580
DPMC-02218
9.2.2 EPA Regulations
40 CFR Part 61
Subpart 8--National Emission Standard for Asbestos
61.20 Applicability. The provisions of this subpart are ap
plicable to those sources specified In >61.22.
6 61.21 Definitions. Terms used In this subpart are defined
In the act, in Subpart A of this part, or In this section as follows:
(a) "Asbestos" means actinollte, amoslte, anthophylllte, chrysotlle, crocldolite. tremollte.
(b) "Asbestos material" means as bestos or any material containing as bestos. .
(c) "Particulate asbestos material" means finely divided particles of asbestos material.
<d> "Asbestos tailings" means any solid waste product of asbestos mining or mining operations which contains as bestos.
(e) "Outside air" means the air out side buildings and structures.
(f) "Visible emissions" means any emissions which are visually detectable without the aid of instruments and which contain particulate asbestos material.
(g) "Asbestos mill" means any facility engaged in the conversion or any Inter mediate step in the conversion of asbestos ore into commercial asbestos. Outside storage of asbestos materials Is not con sidered a part of such facility.
rh) "Commercial asbestos" means any variety of asbestos which Is produced by extracting asbestos from asbestos ore.
<1) "Manufacturing" means the com bining of commercial asbestos, or In the case of woven friction products the com bining of textiles containing commercial asbestos, with any other material(s>, in cluding commercial asbestos, and the processing of this combination Into a product as specified in 61.22(c).
(j) "Demolition" means the wrecking or taking out of any load-supporting structural member and any related re moving or stripping of friable asbestos materials.
(k) "Friable asbestos material" means any material that contains more than 1 percent asbestos by weight and that can be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder, when dry, by hand pressure.
(1) "Control device asbestos waste"
means any asbestos-containing waste material that is collected In a pollution
control device. . (m) "Renovation" means the remov
ing or stripping of friable asbestos mate rial used to insulate or fireproof any pipe, duct, boiler, tank, reactor, turbine,
furnace, or structural member. Opera
tions In which load-supporting struc tural members are wrecked or taken out
are excluded. (n) "Planned renovation" means a
renovation operation, or a number of
such operations, in which the amount
of friable asbestos material that will be removed or stripped within a given pe
riod of time can be predicted. Operations
that are individually non-scheduled are
Included, provided a number of such op erations can be predicted to occur during a given period of time based on operating
experience. (o) "Emergency renovation" means a
renovation operation that results from a sudden, unexpected event, and Is not a planned renovation. Operations necessi tated by non-routine failures of equip ment are included.
(p) "Adequately wetted" means suf ficiently mixed or coated with water or an aqueous solution to prevent dust emissions.
(q) "Removing" means taking out fri able asbestos materials used to insulate or fireproof any pipe, duct, boiler, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or structural member from any building, structure,
facility, or Installation. (r) "Stripping" means taking off fri
able asbestos materials used for Insula tion or fireproofing from any pipe, duct, boiler, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or structural member.
(s> "Fabricating" means any process ing of a manufactured product contain ing commercial asbestos, with the ex ception of processing at temporary sites for the construction or restoration of buildings, structures, facilities or instal lations.
(t) "Inactive waste disposal site" means any disposal site or portion thereof where additional asbestos-con taining waste material will not be depos ited and where the surface Is not dis turbed by vehicular traffic.
(u) "Active waste disposal site" means any disposal site other than an Inactive
site. (v) "Roadways" means surfaces on
which motor vehicles travel Including, but not limited to, highways, roads, streets, parking areas, and driveways.
(w) "Asbestos-containing waste mate
rial" means any waste which contains
commercial asbestos and is generated by
a source subject to the provisions of this
subpart. Including asbestos mill tailings,
control device asbestos waste, friable as bestos waste material, and bags or con
tainers that previously contained com
mercial asbestos. (x) "Structural member" means any
load-supporting member, such as bearru and load-supporting walls; or any non load-supporting member, such as ceiling:
and non-load-supporting walls.
(38 FR 8828, Apr. 6. 1973, as amended at 3(
FR 15398. May 3. 1974; 40 FR 48299, Oct. 14
1975; 42 FR 12127. Max. 2. 1977|
S 61.22 Emission standard.
(a) Asbestos mills: There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air from any asbestos mill except as provided In paragraph (f) of this section.
(b) Roadways: The surfacing of road ways with asbestos tailings or with as bestos-containing waste that is gener ated by any source subject to paragraphs (c), (d), (e) or (h) of this section Is prohibited, except for temporary road ways on an area of asbestos ore deposits. The deposition of asbestos tailings or as bestos-containing waste on roadways
covered with snow or Ice is considered "surfacing."
(c) Manufacturing: There shall be no visible emissions to the outside sir, ex cept as provided In paragraph (f) of this section, from any of the following op erations If they use commercial asbestos or from any building or structure in which such operations are conducted.
(1) The manufacture of cloth, cord, wicks, tubing, tape, twine, rope, thread, yam. roving, lap, or other textile ma terials.
(2) The manufacture of cement prod ucts.
(3) The manufacture of fireproofing and insulating materials.
(4) The manufacture of friction products.
(5) The manufacture of paper, mill board, and felt.
(6) The manufacture of floor tile. (7) The manufacture of paints, coat ings. caulks, adhesives, sealants. (8) The manufacture of plastics and rubber materials.
(9) The manufacture of chlorine. (10) The manufacture of shotgun shells.
(11) The manufacture of asphalt con crete.
(d) Demolition and renovation: The requirements of this paragraph shall apply to any owner or operator of a demolition or renovation operation who intends to demolish any institutional, commercial, or industrial building (in cluding apartment buildings having more than four dwelling units), structure, facility, installation, or portion thereof which contains any pipe, duct, boiler,
tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or struc
tural member that Is insulated or fire
proofed with friable asbestos material,
except as provided In paragraph (d) (1)
of this section; or who Intends to reno
vate any Institutional, commercial, or In
dustrial building, structure, facility, in stallation, or portion thereof where more than 80 meters (ca. 260 feet) of pipe in sulated or fireproofed with friable as bestos material are stripped or removed, or more than 15 square meters (ca. 160 square feet) of friable asbestos material
used to Insulate or fireproof any duct, boiler, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or structural member are stripped or re moved.
(1) (i) The owner or operator of a demolition operation is exempted from the requirements of this paragraph pro
vided, (o) the amount of friable asbestos material In the building or portion thereof to be demolished is less than 80 meters (ca. 260 feet) used to insulate pipes, and less than 15 square meters (ca. 160 square feet) used to insulate or fire proof any duct, boiler, tank, reactor, tur-
LAM 004581
DPMC-02219
lne. furnace, or structural member, and b) the notification requirements of pargraph (d)(1)(H) are met
(11) Written notification shall be postlarked or delivered to the Administrator t least 20 days prior to commencement
f demolition and shall include the injrmatlon required by paragraph (d) (2) f this section, with the exception of the formation required by paragraphs (d)
2) (lii), <vi). (vU). (viU).and (lx), and laU state the measured or estimated mount of friable asbestos material used >r insulation and fireproofing which Is
resent Techniques of estimation shall 3 explained. (2) Written notice of intention to de-
Lolish or renovate shaU be provided to le Administrator by the owner or opera>r of the demoUtlon or renovation operdon. Such notice shall be postmarked delivered to the Administrator at least
) days prior to commencement of demo tion, or as early as possible prior to immencement of emergency demoUtlon ibject to paragraph (d) (6) of this secon. and as early as possible prior to immencement of renovation. Such no se shaU include the following lnformaon: (i) Name of owner or operator. (U) Address of owner or operator. (1U) Description of the building, strucre. faculty, or Installation to be de-
olished or renovated. Including the se. age, and prior use of the structure, id the approximate amount of friable bestos material used for insulation and eprooflng.
(lv) Address or location of the buUd-
g. structure, facQity, or installation.
(v) Scheduled starting and compleon dates of demolition or renovation. (vi) Nature of planned demolition or novation and method(s) to be em-
loyed. (vU) Procedures to be employed to ieet the requirements of this paragraph
ad paragraph (j) of this section. (viU) The name and address or locaon of the waste disposal site where the table asbestos waste will be deposited, (lx) Name, title, and authority of the iate or local governmental representave who has ordered a demolition which subject to paragraph (d)(6) of this
ctlon. (3) (1) For purposes of determining
heiher a planned renovating operation institutes a renovation within the eanlng of this paragraph, the amount
friable asbestos material to be reoved or stripped shall be: (A) For planned renovating opera:ns involving Individually non-scheded operations, the additive amount, of table asbestos material that can be prected will be removed or stripped at a
urce over the maximum period of time r which a prediction can be made. The
rlod shall be not less than 30 days and it longer than one year. (B) For each planned renovating op-
atlon not covered by paragraph (d) (3) (A), the total amount of friable asstos material that can be predicted 11 be removed or stripped at a source. (U) For purposes of determining
lether an emergency renovating op
tion constitutes a renovation within e meaning of this paragraph, the lount of friable asbestos material to removed or stripped shall be the total
amount of friable asbestos material that wUl be removed or stripped as a result of the sudden, unexpected event that necessitated the renovation.
(4)The following procedures shall be used to prevent emissions of particulate asbestos material to outside air:
(1) Friable asbestos materials, used to Insulate or fireproof any pipe, duct,
boUer, tank, reactor, turbine, furnace, or structural member, shall be removed from any building, structure, faculty or installation subject to this paragraph.
Such removal shaU occur before wreck ing or dismantUng of any portion of
such buUding. structure, faculty, or in stallation that would break up the fri able asbestos materials and before
wrecking or dismantling of any other portion of such building, structure,
faculty, or installation that would pre clude access to such materials for sub sequent removal. Removal of friable asbestos materials used for insulation or fireproofing of any pipe, duct, or
structural member which are encased in concrete or other similar structural ma terial is not required prior to demoU tlon, but such material shaU be ade quately wetted whenever exposed dur ing demolition.
(U) Friable asbestos materials used
to insulate or fireproof pipes, ducts, boilers, tanks, reactors, turbines, fur naces, or structural members shall be adequately wetted during stripping, ex cept as provided in paragraphs (d)(4)
(iv), (d)(4) (vl) or (d) (4) (vU) of this
section. (Hi) Pipes, ducts, boilers, tanks, re
actors, turbines, furnaces, or structural members that are Insulated or fire proofed with friable asbestos materials may be taken out of any building, struc ture, faculty, or Installation subject to
this paragraph as units or In sections provided the friable asbestos materials exposed during cutting or disjointing are adequately wetted during the cutting or disjointing operation. Such units shaU not be dropped or thrown to the ground, but shall be carefully lowered
to ground level. (lv) The stripping of friable asbestos
materials used to insulate or fireproof any pipe, duct, boUer, tank, reactor, tur
bine, furnace, or structural member that has been removed as a unit or in sections as provided in paragraph (d) (4) (Hi) of this section shaU be performed In ac cordance with paragraph (d) (4) (ii) of this section. Rather than comply with the wetting requirement, a local extsust ventilation and collection system may be used to prevent emissions to the out side air. Such local exhaust ventilation
systems shaU be designed and operated to capture the asbestos particulate mat ter produced by the stripping of friable
asbestos material. There shaU be no visible emissions to the outside air from
such local exhaust ventilation and col lection systems except as provided in
paragraph (f) of this section. (v) All friable asbestos materials that
have been removed or stripped shall be adequately wetted to ensure that such materials remain wet during all remain
ing stages of demoUtlon or renovation
and related handling operations. Such materials shaU not be dropped or thrown to the ground or a lower floor. Such ma
terials that have been removed or stripped more than SO feet above
ground level, except those materials re moved as units or in sections, ghnii be transported to the ground via dust-tight chutes or containers.
(vi) Except as specified below, the wet ting requirements of this paragraph are suspended when the temperature at the point of wetting is below 0C (32*F). When friable asbestos materials are not wetted due to freezing temperatures, such
materials on pipes, ducts, boUers, tanks, reactors, turbines, furnaces, or structural members shall, to the maximum extent
possible, be removed as units or in sec tions prior to wrecking. In no case shaU
the requirements of paragraphs (d) (4) (iv) or (d) (4) (v) be suspended due to freezing temperatures.
(vU) For renovation operations, local exhaust ventilation and coUection sys
tems may be used, instead of wetting as specified in paragraph (d) (4) (U), to pre
vent emissions of particulate asbestos material to outside air when damage to equipment resulting from the wetting would be unavoidable. Upon request and supply of adequate Information, the Ad ministrator will determine whether dam age to equipment resulting from wetting to comply with the provisions of this par
agraph would be unavoidable. Such local exhaust ventilation systems shall be de signed and operated to capture the asbes tos particulate matter produced by the stripping and removal of friable asbestos material. There shall be no visible emis
sions to the outside air from such local exhaust ventilation and coUection sys
tems, except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section.
(5) Sources subject to this paragraph are exempt from the requirements of SS 61.05(a), 61.07,and 61.09.
(6) The demoUtlon ofa building, struc
ture, faculty, or Installation, pursuant to an order of an authorized representative of a State or local governmental agency, issued because that buUding is structur ally unsound and In danger of imminent coUapse Is exempt from aU but the fol lowing requirements of paragraph (d) of this section:
(1) The notification requirements spec ified by paragraph (d) (2) of this section;
(U) The requirements on stripping of
friable asbestos materials from previously removed units or sections as specified in paragraph (d) (4) (lv) of this section;
(lU) The wetting, as specified by para graph (d) (4) (v) of this section, of fri
able asbestos materials that have been removed or stripped;
(iv) The portion of the structure being demolished that contains friable asbes tos materials shall be adequately wetted during the wrecking operation.
(e) Spraying: There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air from the
spray-on appUcation of materials con taining more than 1 percent asbestos, on a dry weight basis, used to Insulate or fireproof equipment and machinery, ex
cept as provided in paragraph (f) of this
section. Spray-on materials used to insu late or fireproof buildings, structures,
pipes, and conduits shall contain less
than 1 percent asbestos on a dry weight basis.
(1) Sources subject to this paragraph are exempt from the requirements of
LAM 004582
DPMC-02220
S 61.05(a), 161.07. and 161.09. (2) Any owner or operator who In
tends to spray asbestos materials which contain more than 1 percent asbestos on
a dry weight basis to insulate or fireproof equipment and machinery shall report
such intention to the Administrator at least 20 days prior to the commencement of the spraying operation. Such report shall include the following information:
(1) Name of owner or operator.
(ii> Address of owner or operator. (ill) location of spraying operation. (It) Procedures to be followed to meet
the requirements of this paragraph. (f) Rather than meet the no-vlslble-
emlssion requirements as specified by paragraphs (a),'(c). (d), (e), (h), (J), and (k) of this section, an owner or op erator may elect to use the methods spec
ified by f 61.23 to clean emissions con taining particulate asbestos material be fore such emissions escape to, or are vented to. the outside air.
(g) Where the presence of uncombined water is the sole reason for failure to
meet the no-vislble-emisslon require ment of paragraphs (a), (c), (d), (e), (h), (J), or (k) of this section, such fail ure shall not be a violation of such emis sion requirements.
(h) Fabricating: There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air, ex cept as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, from any of the following op
erations if they use commercial asbestos or from any building or structure In which such operations are conducted.
(1) The fabrication of cement building products.
(2) The fabrication of friction prod ucts, except those operations that pri
marily install asbestos friction materials on motor vehicles.
(3) The fabrication of cement or sili cate board for ventilation hoods; ovens; electrical panels; laboratory furniture; bulkheads, partitions and ceilings for marine construction; and flow control devices for the molten metal Industry.
(i) Insulating: Molded insulating ma terials which are friable and wet-applied insulating materials which are friable after drying, installed after the effective date of these regulations, shall contain no commercial asbestos. The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to insu lating materials which are spray applied; such materials are regulated under I 61.22(e).
(j) Waste disposal for manufacturing, fabricating, demolition, renovation and spraying operations: The owner or op erator of any source covered under the provisions of paragraphs (c), (d), (e), or (h) of this section shall meet the fol
lowing standards: (1) There shall be no visible emissions
to the outside air, except as provided in
paragraph (J) (3) of this section, dur ing the collection; processing, including incineration; packaging; transporting; or deposition of any asbestos-containing
waste material which is generated by
such source.
(2) All asbestos-containing waste ma
terial shall be deposited at waste dis
posal sites which are operated in accord
ance with the provisions of i 61.25.
(3) Rather than meet the requirement
of paragraph (j) (1) of this section, an
owner or operator may elect to use
either of the disposal methods specified
under (J) (3) (1) and (ii) of this section,
or an alternative disposal method which
has received prior approval by the Ad
ministrator:
(I) Treatment of asbestos-containing
waste material with water:
(A) Control device asbestos waste shall
be thoroughly mixed with water into a
slurry and other asbestos-containing
waste material shall be adequately
wetted. There shall be no visible emis
sions to the outside air from the collec
tion, mixing and wetting operations, ex
cept as provided In paragraph (f) of this
section.
(B) After wetting, all asbestos-con
taining waste material shall be sealed
into leak-tight containers while wet, and
such containers shall be denositml at
waste disposal sites which are operated In accordance with the provisions of
161.25. (C) The containers specified under
paragraph (j)(3)(l)(B) of this section shall be labeled with a warning label
that states:
Caution
Contains Asbestos Avoid Opening or Breaking Container
Breathing Asbestos Is Hazardous
to Tour Health
Alternatively, warning labels specified by Occupational Safety and Health Standards of the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Admlnistration (OSHA) under 29 CFR 1910.93a(g) (2) (ii) may be used.
(II) Processing of asbestos-containing waste material into non-friable forms:
(A) All asbestos-containing waste material shall be formed into non-friable pellets or other shapes and deposited at waste disposal sites which are operated in accordance with the provisions of 161.25.
(B) There shall be no visible emis sions to the outside air from the collec tion and processing of asbestoscontaining waste material, except as specified in paragraph (f) of this section.
(4) For the purposes of this para graph (j), the term all asbestos-con taining waste material as applied to demolition and renovation operations covered by paragraph (d) of this sec tion includes only friable asbestos waste and control device asbestos waste.
(k) Waste disposal for asbestos mills: The owner or operator of any source covered under the provisions of para
graph (a) of this section shall meet the
following standard: (l) There shall be no visible emis
sions to the outside air, except as pro
vided in paragraph (k) (3) of this section,
during the collection, processing, pack-
aging, transporting or deposition of any asbestos-containing waste mate-
rial which is generated by such source, (2) All asbestos-containing waste ma-
terlal shall be deposited at waste disposal sites which are operated in accordance with the provisions of S 61.25.
(3) Rather than meet the requirement
of paragraph (k) (1) of this section, an
owner or operator may elect to meet the following requirements In para
graphs (k) (3) (1) and (11). or use an alternative disposal method which has
received prior approval by the Admin lstrator:
(i)There shall be no visible emission to the outside air from the transfer c control device asbestos waste to th tailings conveyor, except as provided l paragraph (f) of this section. Such wast shall be subsequently processed eithe as specified in paragraph (k) (3) (11) c this section or as specified In paragrap (j)(3) of this section.
(11) All asbestos-containing wast material shall be adequately mixed, wit a wetting agent recommended by th manufacturer of the agent to effective] wet dust and tailings, prior to deposltlo at a waste disposal site. Such agent sha be used as recommended for the partlc ular dust by the manufacturer of th agent. There shall be no discharge c visible emissions to the outside air froi the wetting operation except as specifle in paragraph <f) of this section. Wettin may be suspended when the ambier temperature at the waste disposal site : less than --9fi*C (ca. 15*F). The ambier air temperature shall be determined t an appropriate measurement methc with an accuracy of =tl*C (2*F) an recorded at least at hourly intervals dui ing the period that the operation of tl wetting system is suspended. Records < such temperature measurements shall 1 retained at the source for a minimum < two years and made available for lnspe< tion by the Administrator.
(1) The owner of any Inactive was disposal site, which was operated 1 sources covered under { 61.22 (a), (c) < (h) and where asbestos-containing was material produced by such sources wi deposited, shall meet the followlr standards:
(1) There shall be no visible emlssioi to the outside air from an inactive was disposal site subject to this paragrap' except as provided In paragraph (1) of this section.
(2) Warning signs shall be display? at all entrances, and along the properl line of the site or along the perimeter ( the sections of the site where asbesto: containing waste material was deposlte< at Intervals of 100 m (ca. 330 ft) or les except as specified In paragraph (1) of this section. Signs shall be posted 1 such a maimer and location that a perse may easily read the legend. The wamir signs required by this paragraph 6he conform to the requirements of 20" x 14 upright format signs specified in 29 CF 1910.145(d)(4) and this paragraph. T1 signs shall display the following lege, in the lower panel, with letter sizes ai styles of a visibility at least equal to the specified In this paragraph.
UGEND
Asbestos Waste Disposal Site rH
Do Not Crests Dust
Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous q to Tour Health
i Notation
^ 1" sans Serif, Gothic or Block ^ Q K" Sans Berlf, Gothic or Block
14 Point Gothic
Spacing between lines shall be at lei equal to the height of the upper of t two lines.
(3) The perimeter of the site shall fenced in a manner adequate to de;
LAM 004583
iccess by the general public, except as
peclfied in paragraph (1) (4) of this , ectlon.
(4) Warning signs and fencing are not -equlred where the requirements of laragraphs (1) (5) (1) or (11) of this secion are met, or where a natural barrier adequately deters access by the general. rabUc. Upon request and supply of aptroprlate Information, the Admlnlsrator will determine whether a fence or i natural barrier adequately deters acess to the general public.
(5) Rather than meet the requirement i paragraph (1)U) of this section, an wner may elect to meet the requlreoents of this paragraph or may use an Jtentative control method for emissions ram Inactive waste disposal sites which Las received prior approval by the administrator.
(I) Hie asbestos-containing waste laterlal shall be covered with at least.
5 centimeters (ca. 6 Inches) of com-1 iacted non-asbestos-containing mate-!
ial, and a cover of vegetation shall be Town and maintained on the area adeuate to prevent exposure of the asbesos-containing waste material; or
(II) The asbestos-containing waste laterlal shall be covered with at least 60 entimeters (ca. 2 feet) of compacted on-asbestos-containing material and
lglntalned to prevent exposure of the sbestos-containing waste; or
(III) For Inactive waste disposal sites or asbestos tailings, a resinous or petro;um-based dust suppression agent which ffectively binds dust and controls wind roslon shall be applied. Such agent shall e used as recommended for the partic-
lar asbestos tailings by the dust supresslon agent manufacturer. Other qually effective dust suppression agents lay be used upon prior approval by the administrator. For purposes of this pararaph, waste crankcase oil Is not conIdered a dust suppression agent.
18 FB 8828. Apr. 8, 1973. as amended at 39 H 16398, May 3, 1974; 40 FB 48299, Oct. 14.
975]
61.23 Aiisdeaning.
If air-cleaning Is elected, as permlted by it 6122(f) and 6122(d) (4) (lv), tie requirements of this section must be
let. (a) Fabric filter collection devices
lust be used, except as noted In pararaphs (b) and (c) of this section. Such evices must be operated at a pressure rop of no more than 4 Inches water gage, s measured across the filter fabric. The irflow permeability, as determined by STM method D737-69, must not exceed 3 ft'/mln/ft' for woven fabrics or 35
j'/min/ft' for felted fabrics, except that 3 ft'/mln/ft' for woven and 45 ft*/
iln/ft* for felted fabrics Is allowed for ltering air from asbestos ore dryers, ach square yard of felted fabric must
elgh at least 14 ounces and be at least
ne-slxteenth inch thick throughout,
ynthetlc fabrics must not contain fill am other than that which Is spun. (b) If the use of fabric filters creates
fire or explosion hazard, the admlnlsator may authorize the use of wet colLCtors designed to operate with a unit
mtacting energy of at least 40 Inches
ater gage pressure. (c) The administrator may authorlzt le use of filtering equipment other than lat described In paragraphs (a) and (b)
of this section If the owner or operator demonstrates to the satisfaction of the administrator that the filtering of par ticulate asbestos material Is equivalent to that of the described equipment.
(d) All air-cleaning equipment au thorized by this section must be properly Installed, used, operated, and maintained. Bypass devices may be used only during upset or emergency conditions and then only for so long as It takes to shut down the operation generating the particulate
asbestos material. 138 FB 8828, Apr. 6, 1973, u amended at 40 FB 48302. Oct. 14, 1976]
9 6124 Reporting.
The owner or operator of any existing source to which this subpart Is applicable
shall, within 90 days after the effective
date, provide the following Information to the administrator:
(a) A description of the emission con trol equipment used for each process;
(b) If a fabric filter device is used to control emissions, the pressure drop across the fabric filter In Inches water gage.
(1) If the fabric filter device utilizes a woven fabric, the airflow permeability in ft'/mln/ft1; and, if the fabric Is syn thetic, Indicate whether the fill yam Is spun or not spun.
(2) If the fabric filter device utilizes a felted fabric, the density In oz/yd', the minimum thickness In inches, and the airflow permeability In ft'/mln/ft*.
(c) For sources subject to f i 6122(J) and 61.22 (k):
(1) A brief description of each process that generates asbestos-containing waste material.
(2) The average weight of asbestoscontaining waste material disposed of, measured in kg/day.
(3) The emission control methods used in all stages of waste disposal.
(4) The type of disposal site or Incin eration site used for ultimate disposal, the name of the site operator, and the name and location of the disposal site.
(d) For sources subject to { 6122(1): (1) A brief description of the site. (2) The method or methods used to comply with the standard, or alternative procedures to be used. (e) Such Information shall accom pany the information required by ( 61.10. The Information described in this section shall be reported using the format of Appendix A of this part. {38 FB 8828, Apr. 8, 1973, u amended at 40 FB 48302, Oct. 14, 1976]
S 61.25 Waste disposal sites.
In order to be an acceptable site for disposal of asbestos-containing waste material under {6122 (j) and (k), an active waste disposal site shall meet the requirements of this section.
(a) There shall be no visible emissions to the outside air from any active waste disposal site where asbestos-containing waste material has been deposited, except as provided In paragraph (e) of this
section. (b) Warning signs shall be displayed
at all entrances, and along the property
line of the site or along the perimeter of
the sections of the site where asbestos-
containing waste material is deposited,
at Intervals of 100 m (ca. 330 ft) or less
except as specified In paragraph (d) of this section. Signs shall be posted In such a manner and location that a person may easily read the legend. Hie warning signs required by this paragraph hnii conform to the requirements of 20" x 14" upright format signs specified In 29 CFR 1910.145(d) (4) and this paragraph. The signs shall display the following legend In the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to those specified in this paragraph.
uamm
Asnaios Wish Doniil Srrz
Do Mot Create Dust
Breathing Asbestos la Hazardous to Tour Health
Notation
1" Sans Serif, Gothic or Block
Sans Serif, Gothic or Block
14 Point Gothic
Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of the two lines.
(c) The perimeter of the disposal site shall be fenced In order to adequately deter access to the general public except as specified In paragraph (d) of this section.
(d) Warning signs and fencing are not required where the requirements of paragraph (e)(1) of this section are met, or where a natural barrier ade quately deters access to the general public. Upon request and supply of ap propriate Information, the Administra tor will determine whether a fence or a natural barrier adequately deters access to the general public.
(e) Rather than meet the require ment of paragraph (a) of this section, an owner or operator may elect to meet the requirements of paragraph (e) (1) or (e) (2) of this section, oh may use an al ternative control method for emissions from active waste disposal sites which has received prior approval by the Administrator.
(1) At the end of each operating day, or at least once every 24-hour period while the site Is in continuous operation, the asbestos-Contalnlng waste material which was deposited at the site during the operating day or previous 24-hour period shall be covered with at least 15 centimeters (ca. 6 inches) of compacted non-asbestos-containing material.
(2) At the end of each operating day, or at least once every 24-hour period while the disposal site is In continuous operation, the asbestos-containing waste material which was deposited at the site during the operating day or previous 24hour period shall be covered with a res inous or petroleum-based dust suppres sion agent which effectively binds dust and controls wind erosion. Such agent shall be used as recommended for the particular dust by the dust suppression agent manufacturer. Other equally ef fective dust suppression agents may be used upon prior approval by the Admin istrator. FOr purposes of this paragraph, waste'crankcase oil is not considered a dust suppression agent.
(40 FB 48302, Oct. 14, 1976]
LAM 004584
BPMC-02222
9.2.3 DOL Regulation^,
29 CFR 1910.1001
fi 1910.1001 Asbestos. (a) Definitions. For the purpose of
this section, (1) "Asbestos" Includes chrysotile. amosite, croddolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolita.
(2)"Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers.
(b) Permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) Standard, effective July 7, 1972. Hie 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section.
(2) Standard effective July 1. 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed .shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section.
(3) Celling concentration. No em ployee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph Ce) of this section.
(c) Methods of compliance--(1) En gineering methods. (1) Engineering con trols. Engineering controls, such as, but not limited to, isolation, enclosure, ex haust ventilation, and dust collection, shall be used to meet the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section.
(11) Local exhaust ventilation, (a) Local exhaust ventilation and dust col lection systems shall be designed, con structed, Installed, and maintained in accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is In corporated by reference herein.
(b) See ( 1910.8 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the maintenance of a historic file in connec tion therewith. The address of the Amer ican National Standards Institute is given in 1910.100.
(ill) Particular tools. All hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers In excess of the exposure limits pre
scribed In paragraph (b) of this section, such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems in accordance with subdivision (11) 'at thi subparagraph.
(2) Work practices--(1) Wet methods. Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne libers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby.
(11) Particular products and opera tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat ing, grout, plaster, or similar material mntaininff asbestos shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of thin section.
(ill) Spraying, demolition, or removal.
Employees engaged in the spraying of asbestos, the removal, or demolition of pipes, structures, or equipment covered or Insulated with asbestos, and in the removal or demolition of asbestos in sulation or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment in accord ance with paragraph (d) (2) (111) of this section and with special clothing in ac cordance with paragraph (d) (3) of this section.
(d) Personal protective equipment-- (1) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec tion may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of em ployees, except:
(1) During the time period necessary
to install the engineering controls and
to institute the work practices required
by paragraph (c) of this section;
(11) In work situations in which the
methods prescribed in paragraph (c) of
this section are either technically not
feasible or feasible to an extent insuffi
cient to reduce the airborne concentra
tions of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this
section; or
(ill) In emergencies.
(iv) Where both respirators and per sonnel rotation are allowed by subdivi
sions (1), (11), or (ill) of this subpara
graph, and both are practicable, person nel rotation shall be preferred and used.
(2) Where a respirator is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, it shall be selected from among those ap proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart ment of the Interior, or the National In stitute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, under the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244. Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (1), (11), (ill), and (lv) of this subparagraph.
(1) Air purifying respirators. A reusa ble or single use air purifying respirator,
or a respirator described in subdivision (ii) or (ill) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in
paragraph (b) of this section, when th< celling or the 8-hour time-weighted aver age airborne concentrations of asbesto fibers are reasonably expected to exceet no more than 10 times those limits.
(11) Powered air purifying respirators A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifylni respirator, or a respirator described h subdivision (ill) of this subparagraph shall be used to reduce the concentra tlons of airborne asbestos fibers in th< respirator below the exposure limits piescribed in paragraph (b) of this section when the celling or the 8-hour time weighted average concentrations o: asbestos fibers are reasonably expects to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times those limits.
(ill) Type "C" supplied-air respirators
continuous flow or pressnre-dema.ru. class. A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand. supplied-air respirator shall be used to reduce the concentra tlons of airborne asbestos fibers in tlu respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section when the ceiling or the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers are reasonable expected to exceed 100 times those limits
(lv) Establishment of a respirator pro gram. (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American Na tional Standards Practices for Respira tory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, whicl is Incorporated by reference herein.
(b) See f 1910.6 concerning the avail ability of ANSI Z88.2-1969 and the main tenance of an historic file in connection
therewith. The address of the America: National Standards Institute is given ii 11910.100.
(c) No employee shall be assigned t tasks requiring the use of respirators ii based upon his most recent exvnlnatlor an examining physician determines tha the employee will be unable to functloi normally wearing a respirator, or tha the safety or health of the employee o: other employees will be impaired by hi use of a respirator. Such employee shal be rotated to another job or given thi opportunity to transfer to a different po sltlon whose duties he is able to perforn with the same employer, in the same geo graphical area and with the same senior lty, status, and rate of pay he had Jus prior to such transfer, if such a differen position is available.
"(3) Special clothing: The employe shall provide, and require the use of, spe dal clothing, such as coveralls or simlla' whole body clothing, head coverings doves, and foot coverings for any ezn ployee exposed to airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed th< ceiling level prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section.
(4) Change rooms: (1) At any fixec place of employment exposed to airborm concentrations of asbestos fibers in ex cess of the exposure limits prescribed lr paragraph (b) of this section, the em ployer shall provide change rooms fo: employees working regularly at the place
(il> Clothes lockers: The employe shall provide two separate lockers or con talners for each employee, so separate: or Isolated as to prevent contamlnatioi of the employee's street clothes from hl`
work clothes.
DPMC-02223
LAM 004585
(ill) Laundering: (a) Laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing shall be done so as to prevent the release ofairbome asbestos fibers in excess of the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b)
of this section. (b) Any employer who gives asbestos-
contaminated clothing to another person
for laundering shall inform such person
of the requirement in (a) of this subdi
vision to effectively prevent the release
of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of
the exposure limits prescribed in para
graph Cb> of this section.
(c) Contaminated clothing shall be
transported in sealed impermeable bags,
or other dosed, impermeable containers,
and labeled in accordance with para
graph (g) of this section.
(e) Method of measurement. All de terminations of airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X fmitgnlfWtlnn) (4 millimeter objective)
with phase contrast Illumination.
(f) Monitoring--(1) Initial determi nations. Within 6 months of the publi cation of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits pre scribed in paragraph (b> of this sec tion. If the limits are exceeded, the em ployer shall immediately undertake a compliance program in accordance with paragraph Cc) of this section.
(2) Personal monitoring--(1) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer po rosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers.
(li> Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and' pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of em ployees. In no case shall the sampling be done at Intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section.
(3) Environmental monitoring--(1) samples shall be collected from areas of a work environment which are represent ative of the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing zone of employees. Samples shall be collected on a membrane filter of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in
an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and of the ceiling con
centrations of asbestos fibers. (11) Sampling frequency and patterns.
After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph,
samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable
iccuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be at intervals greater than 6 months for
employees whose exposures to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed
the exposure limits prescribed in para
graph (b) of this section. (4) Employee observation of monitor
ing. Affected employees, or their rep resentatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring
required by this paragraph and shall
have access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Cau
tion signs. (1) Posting. Caution signs
shall be provided and displayed at each
location where airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph
(b) of this section. Signs shall be posted
at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps be
fore entering the area marked by the signs. Blgns shall be posted at all ap
proaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers.
(11) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall conform to the re quirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in (1910.145(d)(4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall dis play the following legend in the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified in this subdivision.
Legend
Notatlon
asbestos____________
Dust Hazard-.
Avoid Breathing Dust-__ Wear Assigned Protective
Equipment. Do Not Remain In Area
Unless Tour Work Re quires It. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Tour Health.
1" Sana Serif, Gothle or Block.
44" Hans Serif, Gothic or Block. Gothic.
14" Gothic.
H" Gothic.
14 point Gothic.
Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines.
(2) Caution labels--(i) Labeling. Cau
tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use. handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra
tions of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section will be released.
(11) Label specifications. The caution labels required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall be printed In letters
of sufficient size and contrast as to be readily visible and legible. The label shall
state:
Caution
Contains Asbestos Fibers
Avoid Creating Dust
Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm
(h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All external surfaces In any place of employ
ment shall be maintained free of accu-
mutations of asbestos fibers if, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration.
(2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated cloth ing, consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, dis posal, or transportation airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be collected and disposed of in sealed Impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers.
(1) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period of at least 20 yean and shall be made avail
able upon request to the Assistant Sec retary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorized representa tives of either.
(2) Emplopee access. Every employee
and former employee shall have reason
able access to any record required to be
maintained by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which indicates the em
ployee's own exposure to asbestos fibers.
(3) Employee notification. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbes
tos fibers in excess of the limits pre
scribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be notified in writing of the expo
sure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding. The employee
shall'also be timely notified of the cor rective action being taken.
(J) Medical examinations--(1) Gen eral. The employer shall provide or make available at his cost, medical examina tions relative to exposure to asbestos re quired by this paragraph.
(2) Preplacement. The employer shall provide or make available to each of his employees, within 30 calendar days fol lowing his first employment in an occupation exposed to airborne con centrations of asbestos fibers, a compre hensive medical examination, which shall include, as a minimum a chest roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV,,).
(3) Annual examinations. On or be fore January 31, 1973, and at least an nually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make available, comprehen sive medical examinations to each of his employees engaged in occupations ex posed to airborne concentrations of as bestos fibers. Such annual examination shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi..),
(4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make avail able, within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged in an occupation
DPMC-02224
LAM 004586
exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination which shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (pos terior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elldt symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second
(PEVl.#) a
(5) Recent examination*. No medical examination Is required of any em ployee, U adequate records show that the employee has been examined In ac cordance with this paragraph within the past 1-year period.
(6) Medical record*--(1) Mainte nance, Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate records of all such medical examina
tions. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years.
Ml) Access. The contents of the rec ords of the medical examinations required by this paragraph shall be made available, for Inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physi cians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physi cian. Any physician who conducts amedical examination required by thisparagraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the infor mation specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical In formation related to occupational ex posure to asbestos fibers. (39 FR 23503, June 27, 1974, as amended st. 41 FR 11505. Mar. 19. 1976]
Subpart i--Personal Protective Equipment
S 1910.132 General requirement*. .
(a) Application. Protective equipment, Including personal protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, pro tective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sani tary and reliable condition wherever it Is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical haz ards, radiological hazards, or mechanical Irritants encountered in a manner capa ble of causing Injury or Impairment In the function of any part of the body through absorption. Inhalation or phys ical contact.
(b) Employee-owned equipment. Where employees provide their own pro tective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure Its adequacy. In cluding proper maintenance, and sanita tion of such equipment.
(c) Design. All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for toe work to be per formed.
8 1910.133 Eye and face protection.
(a) General. (1) Protective eye and face equipment shall be required where there is a reasonable probability of in
jury that can be prevented by such equip ment In such cases, employers shall make conveniently available a type of protector suitable for the work to be performed, and employees shall use such protectors. No unprotected person shall knowingly be subjected to a hazardous environmental condition. Suitable eye protectors shall be provided where ma chines or operations present the hazard of flying objects, glare, liquids. Injurious radiation, or a combination of these haz ards.
(2) Protectors shall meet the follow ing minimum requirements:
(I) They shall provide adequate pro
tection against toe particular hazards
for which they are designed.
(II) They shall be reasonably comfort
able when worn under the designated
conditions.
(III) They shall fit snugly and shall not
unduly Interfere with the movements of
the wearer.
(lv) They shall be durable.
(v) They shall be capable of being
disinfected.
(vl) They shall be easily deanable.
(vll) Protectors should be kept clean and In good repair.
(3) Persons whose vision requires toe use of corrective leases In spectacles, and who are required by this standard to wear eye protection, shall wear goggles or spec tacles of one of the following types:
(I) Spectacles whose protective lenses provide optical correction.
(II) Goggles that can be worn over corrective spectacles without disturbing the adjustment of toe spectacles.
(III) Goggles that Incorporate correc tive lenses mounted behind the protective lenses.
(4) Every protector shall be distinctly marked to facilitate identification only of toe manufacturer.
(5) When limitations or precautions are Indicated by the manufacturer, they shall be transmitted to the user and care taken to see that such limitations and precautions are strictly observed.
(6) Design, construction, testing, and use of devices for eye and face protection shall be In accordance with American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, Z87.1-1968.
1910.134 Respiratory protection.
(a) Permissible practice. (1) In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors, the pri mary objective shall be to prevent at mospheric contamination. This shall be accomplished as far as feasible by ac cepted engineering control measures (for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while they are being in stituted. appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to toe following require ments.
(2) Respirators shall be provided by toe employer when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of the employee. The employer shall provide
toe respirators which are applicable and
suitable for the purpose Intended. The employer shall be responsible for toe
establishment and maintenance of a res
piratory protective program which hii
Include the requirements outlined in paragraph (b) of this section.
(3) The employee shall use the pro
vided respiratory protection in accord ance wiin instructions and training received.
(b) Requirements /or a minimal ac ceptable program. (1) Written standard operating procedures governing the se lection and use of respirators shall be established.
(2) Respirators shall be selected on the basis of hazards to which toe worker is exposed.
(3) The user shall be Instructed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations.
(4) Where practicable, the respirators should be assigned to individual workers for their exclusive use.
(5) Respirators shall be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Those Issued for the exclusive use of one worker should be cleaned after each day's use, or more often if necessary. Those used by more than one worker shall be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use.
(6) Respirators shall be stored in a convenient, clean, and sanitary location.
(7) Respirators used routinely shall be inspected during cleaning. Worn or deteriorated parts shall be replaced. Res pirators for emergency use such as selfcontained devices shall be thoroughly Inspected at least once a month and after each use.
(8) Appropriate surveillance of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress shall be maintained.
(9) There shall be regular inspection and evaluation to determine toe con tinued effectiveness of toe program.
(10) Persons should not be assigned to tasks requiring use of respirators un less it has been determined that they are physically able to perform the work and use the equipment. The local physician shall determine what health and physical conditions are pertinent. The respirator user's medical status should be reviewed periodically (for instance, annually).
(11) Approved or accepted respirators shall be used when they are available. The respirator furnished shall provide adequate respiratory protection against the particular hazard for which it is designed in accordance with standards established by competent authorities. The
TJJ3. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, and toe U.S. Department of Agri culture are recognized as such authori
ties. Although respirators listed by toe
TIB. Department of Agriculture continue
to be acceptable for protection against specified pesticides, the UJS. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, is toe
agency now responsible for testing and approving pesticide respirators.
(c) Selection of respirators. Proper selection of respirators shall be made ac cording to the guidance of American National Standard Practices for Respira tory Protection Z882-1969.
(d) Air quality. (1) Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration shall be of high purity. Oxygen shall meet the re-
LAM 004587
DPMC-02225
qulrements of the United States Pharma
copoeia for medical or breathing oxygen.
Breathing air shall meet at least the re quirements of the specification for Grade D breathing air as described in Com
pressed Gas Association Commodity
Specification G-7.1-1866. Compressed oxygen shall not be used in supplied-air respirators or in open circuit selfcontained breathing apparatus that have previously used compressed air. Oxygen must never be used with air line respirators.
(2) Breathing air may be supplied to respirators from cylinders or air compressors.
(1) Cylinders shall be tested and main tained as prescribed in the Shipping Container Specification Regulations of
the Department of Transportation (49 CFR Part 178).
(11) The compressor for supplying air shall be equipped with necessary safety and standby devices. A breathing airtype compressor shall be used. Compres
sors shall be constructed and situated so as to avoid entry of contaminated air into the system and suitable in-line air purifying sorbent beds and filters in stalled to further assure breathing air quality. A receiver of sufficient capacity to enable the respirator wearer to escape from a contaminated atmosphere In event of compressor failure, and alarms
to indicate compressor failure and over heating shall be installed in the system. If an oil-lubricated compressor is used, it shall have a high-temperature or car bon monoxide alarm, or both. If only a high-temperature alarm is used, the air from the compressor shall be frequently tested for carbon monoxide to Insure that it meets the specifications in sub paragraph (1) of this paragraph.
(3) Air line couplings shall be incom patible with outlets for other gas sys tems to prevent Inadvertent servicing of air line respirators with nonresplrablo
gases or oxygen.
(4) Breathing gas containers shall be marked in accordance with American
National Standard Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contained, Z48.11954; Federal Specification BB-A-1034a,
June 21, 1968, Air, Compressed for Breathing Purposes; or Interim Federal Specification GG-B~00675b, April 27, 1965, Breathing Apparatus, Self-Con
tained. (e) Use of respirator. (1) Standard
procedures shall be developed for respi rator use. These should Include all infor mation and guidance necessary for their proper selection, use, and care. Possible emergency and routine uses of respira tors should be anticipated and planned
for.
(2) The correct respirator shall be specified for each job. The respirator type is usually specified in the work pro cedures by a qualified Individual super vising the respiratory protective program.
The individual Issuing them shall be adequately instructed to insure that the correct respirator is issued. Each respira
tor permanently assigned to an indi vidual should be durably marked to in dicate to whom it was assigned. This mark shall not affect the respirator per formance in any way. The date of issu ance should be recorded.
(3) Written procedures shall be pre
pared covering safe use of respirators in dangerous atmospheres that might be encountered in normal operations or in emergencies. Personnel shall be familiar with these procedures and the available
respirators.
(1) In areas where the wearer, with
failure of the respirator, could be over come by a toxic or oxygen-deficient atmosphere, at least one additional man shall be present. Communications (visual,
voice, or signal line) shall be maintained between both or all individuals present. Planning shall be such that one individ ual will be unaffected by any likely inci dent and have the proper rescue equip ment to be able to assist the other(a) in case of emergency.
(il) When self-contained breathing
apparatus or hose masks with blowers are used in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health, standby men m'ist be present with suitable rescue equipment
(ill) Persons using air line respirators
in atmospheres immediately hazardous to life or health shall be equipped with safety harnesses and safety lines for lift
ing or removing persons from hazardous
atmospheres or other and equivalent
provisions for the rescue of persons from hazardous atmospheres shall be used. A standby man or men with suitable self-
contained breathing apparatus shall be at the nearest fresh air base for emer gency rescue.
(4) Respiratory protection is no bet ter than the respirator in use, even though it is worn conscientiously. Fre quent random Inspections shall be con
ducted by a qualified individual to as sure that respirators are properly se lected, used, .cleaned, and maintained.
(5) For safe use of any respirator, it is essential that the user be properly in structed in its selection, use, and main tenance. Both supervisors and workers shall be so Instructed by competent per sons. Training shall provide tide men an opportunity to handle the respirator, have it fitted properly, test its face-pleceto-face seal, wear it in normal air for a long familiarity period, and, finally, to wear it in a test atmosphere.
(I) Every respirator wearer shall re
ceive fitting Instructions including dem onstrations and practice in how the res pirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it fits properly. Respirators shall not be worn when con ditions prevent a good face seal. Such conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under
the facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker's diligence in observing these
factors shall be evaluated by periodic check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece'fit shall be checked by the wearer each time he puts on the respira
tor. This may be done by following the manufacturer's facepiece fitting instruc
tions. (II) Providing respiratory protection
for individuals wearing corrective glasses
is a serious problem- A proper seal cannot be established if the temple bars of eye glasses extend through the sealing edge of the full facepiece. As a temporary measure, glasses with short temple bars
or without temple bars may be taped to the wearer's head. Wearing of contact lenses in contaminated atmospheres with a respirator shall not be allowed. Sys tems have been developed for mounting corrective lenses inside full facepieces.
When a workman must wear corrective lenses as part of the facepiece, the facepiece and lenses shall be fitted by quali fied individuals to provide good vision, comfort, and a gas-tight seal.
(ill) If corrective spectacles or goggles are required, they shall be worn so as not to affect the fit of the facepiece. Proper selection of equipment will mini mize or avoid this problem.
<f) maintenance and care of resjArar tors. (1) A program for maintenance and care of respirators shall be adjusted to the type of plant, working conditions, and hazards involved, and shall include the following basic services:
(1) Inspection for defects (including a leak check),
(il) Cleaning and disinfecting, (ill) Repair, (iv) Storage
Equipment shall be properly maintained to retain its original effectiveness.
(2) (i) All respirators shall be in spected routinely before and after each use. A respirator that is not routinely used but is kept ready for emergency use shall be Inspected after each use and at least monthly to assure that it is in satisfactory working condition.
(il) Self-contained breathing appara tus shall be Inspected monthly. Air and oxygen cylinders shall be fully charged according to the manufacturer's instruc tions. It shall be determined that the regulator and warning devices function properly.
(ill) Respirator inspection shall in clude a check of the tightness of con nections and the condition of the facepiece, headbands, valves, connecting tube, and canisters. Rubber or elastomer parts shall be Inspected for pliability and signs of deterioration. Stretching and manipulating rubber or elastomer parts with a massaging action will keep them pliable and flexible and prevent them from taking a set during storage.
(lv) A record shall be kept of inspec tion dates and findings for respirators maintained for emergency use.
(3) Routinely used respirators shall be collected, cleaned, and disinfected as frequently as necessary to insure that proper protection is provided for the wearer. Each worker should be briefed on the cleaning procedure and be assured that he will always receive a clean and disinfected respirator. Such assurances are of greatest significance when respira
tors are not individually assigned to
workers. Respirators maintained for
emergency use shall be cleaned and dis
infected after each use. (4) Replacement or repairs shall be
done only by experienced persons with
-parts designed for the respirator. No attempt shall be made to replace com ponents or to make adjustment or re pairs beyond the manufacturer's recom mendations. Reducing or admission valves or regulators shall be returned to the manufacturer or to a trained technician for adjustment or repair.
DPMC-02226
aajpOO
(6) (1) After Inspection, cleaning, and necessary repair, respirators shall
be stored to protect against dust, sun
light, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, or damaging chemicals. Res pirators placed at stations and work areas for emergency use should be quickly accessible at all times and should be stored In compartments built for the purpose. The compartments should be clearly marked. Routinely used respirators, such as dust respira tors, may be placed In plastic bags. Res
pirators should not be stored In such places as lockers or tool boxes unless they are In carrying cases or cartons.
(II) Respirators should be packed or stored so that the facepiece and exhala tion valve will rest in a normal position
and function will not be Impaired by the elastomer setting In an abnormal position.
(III) Instructions for proper storage of emergency respirators, such as gas masks and self-contained breathing
apparatus, are found In "use and care" Instructions usually mounted Inside the carrying case lid. .. > >
e EXHIBIT NO. 1 e (Reproduction Rermieeion Obtained) e Asbestos Fiber soil e Material Safety Data Sheet
JOHNS-MANVILLE CORP. & SUBSIDIARIES P.O. Box 5108, Denver, Colo. 80217
Emergency Telephone No: 303-770-1000
Chemical Name & Synonyms: Chrysotile Asbestos Trade Name & Synonyms: Asbestos Chemical Family: Fibrous Mineral Silicates Formula: Mgj (SiaOs) (0H)4
HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS
Paints, Preservatives & Solvents Pigments, Catalyst, Vehicle, Solvents, Additives and Others
Alloys and Metallic Coatings Base Metal, Alloys, Metallic Coatings, Filler Metal plus Coating or Core Flux, Others
Hazardous Mixtures of Other Liquids, Solids
or Gases
Chrysotile Asbestos Fiber
Approx. 100%
(* For TLV-See Section V)
TLV (Units)
N/A
N/A
PHYSICAL DATA Boiling Point (F.), Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.) Vapor Density (Air = 1), Solubility in Water Appearance and Odor:
White Fibrous dry material --no odor Specific Gravity (H20 = 1) Percent volatile by volume (%) Evaporation rate (= 1)
N/A N/A
2.4-2.6 N/A N/A
m FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA
Material is non-flammable. No fire or explosion
hazard
HEALTH HAZARD DATA Threshold Limit Value
OSHA Exposure Limits Effective July 1,1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air.
Ceiling Concentrations. No employee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air. (Refer to OSHA Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust,
Federal Register, Volume 37, No. 110--Wednesday, June 7,1972, paragraph (h) (2).
Emergency and First Aid Procedures Avoid breathing excessive dust when handling, dumping and mixing. See caution label on bag.
VI REACTIVITY DATA
Stability Incompatability (materials to avoid) Hazardous Decomposition Products Hazardous Polymerization
Stable N/A
None Will not occur
SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES Steps to be taken in case material is released or spilled
Vacuum clean spillage. Repair broken bags. If sweeping is necessary, wet down spillage. Use approved respiratory equipment when required.
Waste Disposal Method Disposal of waste in accordance with OSHA Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust, Federal Register, Volume 37, No. 110-Wednesday, June 7,1972, paragraph (h) (2).
VIII SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION Respiratory Protection
Use respirators as recommended by the OSHA Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust, Federal Register, Volume 37, No. 110-Wednesday, June 7,1972, paragraph (d).
Ventilation Control with mechanicaldust collection equipment to within TLV. (See American National Standards Institute booklet, Z9.2--1971).
Other Protective Equipment Use special clothing as required by the OSHA Standard for Exposure-to Asbestos Dust, Federal Register, Volume 37, No. 110-Wednesday, June 7,1972, paragraph (d).
IX SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS Precautions to be taken in handling and storing
Maintain good housekeeping practices. Vacuum clean waste and place in closed containers.
Other precautions SEE CAUTION LABEL ON BAG.
While the information and recommendations set forth herein are believed to be accurate as of the date hereof. JOHNS-MANVILLE MAKES NO WARRANTY WITH RESPECT THERETO AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FROM RELIANCE THEREON
LAM 004590
Johns-Manville
DPMC-02228
Asbestos Fiber Sales P.O.Box 5108 Denver. Colo. 80217 (303) 770-1000 Canadian Johns-Manville Co.. Ltd. Asbestos Fiber Division P O. Box 1500 Asbestos. Quebec, Canada JIT 3N2 (819) 879-5433
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DPMC-02236
container that will be sent to an approved asbestos landfill site. Alternatively, the area may be washed into a waste asbestos collection system or the asbestos wetted down and picked up.
It is suggested that a periodic inspection of the storage area be made by a supervisor and that immediate action be taken to prevent or reduce the possibility of airborne asbestos fiber.
U.s USING-D1APHRAGH DEPOSITING
A potential exposure to asbestos in chlor-alkali operations occurs when it is being prepared for use in making diaphragms.
When handling industrial bags from storage to point of use, care should be taken to be sure that the bag Is not split or open. A supply of large heavy duty plastic bags should be available for containing any broken bags before movement Is allowed to take place. Those employees working in direct contact with asbestos should wear an approved dust mask and appropriate protective clothing.
Bags of asbestos to be added to the diaphragm bath should be moved carefully to prevent or minimize any dust emission that may arise. Bags should never be thrown or dropped as this will result in asbestos contamination of the air.
There are a variety of safe ways of handling dry asbestos in preparing for diaphragm depositing operations. Regardless of the approach used, It Is imperative that emissions of dry asbestos in the worker breathing zone or to the ambient air be controlled to within regulatory limitations. The mere weighing and dumping of asbestos into a depositing bath without benefit of a vacuum venting system to contain and trap asbestos dust should be avoided. As a minimum, asbestos bag cutting, emptying, sorting, weighing and slurry preparation should be performed under a vented hood; see figure I. A more sophisticated approach would be to perform such operations in a tightly sealed, vented enclosure into which the operator inserts his hands in gloves fastened to the inside of the enclosure.
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FIGURE 1. ASBESTOS DUST COLLECTOR
Written detailed operating procedures should be available to workers and it should be determined they are being followed. These should include information as to the types of protective clothing and masks to be worn, including their ultimate disposal; checking of vacuum and exhaust system; details of slurry make-up operations; shut-down and housekeeping procedures etc.
Sorting and Weighing Greatest care should be exercised in opening asbestos bags, especially if not done within a sealed system. A suggested technique is to use a heated knife to cut the bags. Bags should be fully slit, always under a vacuum vent system, and carefully folded over to allow emptying of the bag with a minimum disturbance of the contents. Bags should never be shaken. Any necessary delumping of asbestos similarly should be done cautiously to minimize dust release.
Empty bags should be carefully folded with slit area inside, again within the sealed or vacuum vent system. Within that system they should be deposited in a lidded, labeled container reserved for the purpose or placed in a labeled, plastic bag that is tied or otherwise fastened shut.
When only partial contents of a bag is reguired, the bag should be resealed effectively, such as with wide duct taDe. to contain the remaining asbestos.
Weighing of asbestos should be done, again within a sealed or vacuum vent system, in such a manner as to minimize dust release. The same applies to preparation of the asbestos slurry. Containers of weighed asbestos must have a lid in place as soon as the proper weight is obtained.
LAM 004599
DPMC-02237
6.1.1
Personal Hon t toring Samples for determination of both TWA and ceiling asbestos concentrations must be taken within.the
worker's breathing zone; See Figure 2.
FIGURE 2. ASBESTOS SAMPLER
6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1,A
. 6.2 6.2.1
6*2.2 6.2.3 6.2.6
Environmental Monitoring Samples must be collected from areas of a work environment that are representative of airborne concentrations of asbestos which may reach workers breathing zones.
Records Environmental and personal monitoring records required by OSHA regulations must be maintained for a
minimum of 20 years and, upon request, must be made available to OSHA and NIOSH authorities and their authorized representatives 129CFRI910.1001(I)].
Employee Access and Notification Present and past employees are guaranteed right of access to hygiene monitoring records pertaining to their Individual asbestos exposure. Employees exposed to asbestos in excess of limiting TWA and cel IIng-concentrations must be notified within five days of the finding and of corrective action being taken {29CFR1910.1001(I)(2) and (3)]. It is recommended that records be kept of any such notifications.
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE OSHA regulations 129CFR1910.1001(j)(3)1 provide for medical surveillance of workers "engaged In any occupations exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers." Required medical exami nations must be provided, or made available, by the employer.*
Pre-Placement A comprehensive medical examination is required within 30 days of a worker's assignment to an occupation involving exposure to airborne asbestos. As a minimum the examination shall Include:
*Che$t roentgenogram (Posterior-Anterior, lk" x 17")
History, to elicit symptomotology of respiratory disease
Pulmonary function tests, Including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV|q)
in addition. It is recommended that a complete smoking history should be recorded, including average dally consumption. The examining physician shall make a determination of the ability of the worker to effectively wear a respirator.
Perlodic Regulations require that employer's provide or make available a comprehensive medical examination at least annually and including, as a minimum, those elements listed in |6.2.l.
Termination Regulations require that employers provide or make available a comprehensive medical examination within 30 days before or after termination of employment Including, as a minimum, those elements 1 isted In 6.2.1.
Record Retention Employers are obligated to maintain all medical records for a minimum of 20 years.
* An administrative Interpretation is provided in OSHA Program Directive #300-16 (10/11/78); the term "exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fiber" is interpreted to mean "exposed to a minimum of 0.1 asbestos fibers larger than 5 micrometers per cubic centimeter of air." Also, that medical examinations are required for any 7 to 6-hour time-weighted average concentration of 0.1 f/cc, or for a greater concentration.
LAM 004600
DPMC-02238
6.2.5
Employee Access Contents of records of required medical examinations must be made available for inspection and copying [29CFR 1910.1001 (j)] to:
The Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA and/or to his authorized physician and medical
consultants; The 01 rector of NIOSH and/or to his authorized physician and medical consultants; Upon request of an errployee or former employee, his physician.
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4
7. EMPLOYEE TRAINING
The effectiveness of a program for the safe handling of asbestos depends In large measure upon the manner it is implemented by workers. Management has a responsibility not only to provide a safe workplace but, through detailed work practices and adequate protective equipment, the means by which employees can protect themselves In the event of excessive airborne asbestos emissions. Inherent and fundamental to the sucess of the program Is the need to provide regular worker training in the handling of routine job assignments.
OPERATING procedures
It is recommended that workers having a potential for exposure to airborne asbestos have available to them, and follow, written operating instructions specific to their job assignment. Management should determine that these instructions are being applied.
Preparatory to being assigned to a Job having a potential for exposure to airborne asbestos,
workers should be apprised of all hazards, and proper conditions and precautions concerning
asbestos use or exposure. Including personal hygiene and housekeeping practices.
DOL OSHA Form 20 "Material Safety Data Sheet," or the equivalent, should be kept on tile and
readily accessible to workers; See Exhibit No.1.
Review of the contents of HSDS's Is a
valuable tool for worker orientation and periodic training exercises. Other valuable sources
are indicated in 8.4.
Respi rators Employers are obligated to have written standard operating procedures governing the selection and use of respirators [29CFRI910.134(b) (3) and (e)(5)]. The employer respirator training program must include, as a minimum:
*The nature of respiratory hazards in the workplace and how to select respirators Use of respirators and proper fitting Capabilities and limitations of respirators Cleaning, disinfection, inspection, maintenance and storage of respirators
Dates of training and subject matter presented should be retained by employers.
Protec Itva Clothing Operating Procedures should incorporate Information on the selection, use, care and disposal of protective clothing.
personal Hygiene High standards of personal hygiene should be established end maintained. Workers should be prevented from eating In areas where asbestos is stored, processed, used or disposed. They should be Instructed to wash hands and face before eating.
S moking Employees should be made aware that it has been established that cigarette smoking gvtatly increases the risk of developing lung cancer in persons exposed to asbestos. On the other hand, asbestos workers who do not smoke cigarettes, and who never have smoked regularly, have shown no greater frequency of lung cancer than the average person who does not smoke. In any event, smoking should be permitted in assigned areas only.
LAM 004601
DPMC-02239
6.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4
8.1.5
8.2 8.2.1
8.2.2
6.2.3 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2
9.1 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3
8. REFERENCES
PHEW (U.S.)
'`Certified Respirator Equipment*' (12/15/75) and "Cumulative Supplement" (6/77) and/or later issues. Available from DHEW, NIOSH, Morgantown, U.VA. 26505
"Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Asbestos/1 Report HSM72-10267 (1972). Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, O.C. 20402
"NIOSH Manual of Sampling Data Sheets - 1977 Edition". Available from DHEW, Center for Disease Control, Cincinnati, OH 45226
"NIOSH Revised Recommended Asbestos Standard," DHEW Publication 77-169 (December 1976). Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
"Membrane Filter Method for Evaluating Airborne Asbestos Fibers," NIOSH Publication TR84 (1976). Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
EPA (U.S.)
"Electron Microscope Measurement of Airborne Asbestos Concentrations, A Provisional Methodology Manual," EPA Report 600/2-77*176 (June, 1978). Available from EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
"Evaluating and Optimizing Electron Microscope Methods for Characterizing Airborne Asbestos," EPA Report 600/2-78-038 (June, 1978)." Available from EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
"Preparation of Water Samples for Asbestos Fiber Counting by Electron Microscopy," EPA Report 600/4-78-011 (January, 1978). Available from EPA Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA 30601.
MISCELLANEOUS
'Measurement of Asbestos Exposure." J. Occupational Medicine 10:1, 21 (January 1968).
"Asbestos: An Information Resource," DHEW Publication (NIH) 78-1681 (May 1978). Available from office of Cancer Communications, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014 OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES
Asbestos Information Association, 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway, Crystal Square 4, Arlington, VA 22202
Johns Manville Corporation, Environmental Affairs Department, P 0 Box 5108, Denver, CO 80217
9. APPENDICES ANALYTICAL METHODS EPA Method for Asbestos In Water NIOSH Samp11ng Data Sheet #2.02 (Sept. 4, 1975) REGULATIONS DOT : 49 CFR Parts 172 - 177 EPA : 40 CFR Part 61 D0L-0SHA : 29 CFR 1910.1001
'
3
LAM 004602
DPMC-02240