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tnz. fc in 4m t HWil Wp MMI f 1 im Mushtel Publications, Inc, 59 L Van Burnt Sf,, Queafo, UL -i-e*d H. SlimSue. WM. Mn)-TrHWip, feed L. W<M, Wo frwidnt and Mur I. 8. SmMi, sad Ittttrm Mi.i|ir c. L \jctr. * '- Seowan tmmtm tuny: H.rn y. baml. Maaae'*e teller; Jtmi M. Uaea. Mim tditer H. I. W. Jr.. Tioaiui r`< fwer J. C. ti--ad: Win. C. Mfltt, bum tartar L M. Mai. Bmawek. Mm* Dimwit *. A. Swam*, lawam Utoiqtr Ini in, L C. Smrtk. SS7 BUI Iheat. Jaatiaa HaiMs, L I, Hmr Tart. SatieriaXaT IMS Taartr. K*e` Caeiei (Cmffi Imial IS ClH. Oaarcnaa la SiesiT la tka CUy laaaaiy September, 1936 . VoL 89, No. 3 We're Out of the Depression And On the Way Up Clay Products Shipments Increase 79.5% Over 1935 and the Industry Is Operating at More Than 50% of Normal-- Purchases of Clay Machinery Also Rise to 50% of Normal uring u>* part six mn tam D hay* baan s great many hot stem* economists who, for lack { something constructive to do. triad *.hir hand at making foraeasts and prognostications concerning the build ing iadastrr. Among tba grataitrus opinions offarad than yrara many predicting a eompiatt revo lution ia building. Prefabricated con struction. using sa-aallad new ma terials sack as steal sheets, plywood, porcelain enamel, (lass, aad ethers, war roinp to take the place of the standard 'Id-line materials, they said. `'Brick and tile are oat of the picture because they cost too much to lay, aad modem materials ire different.'' All too often the clay products industry ha* heard :hi* pronouncement of doom, ' How true have these predictions been? Here we ire at the beginning of a revival in building, the chief market for clay product*, and we And the clay products industry accelermtinir produc tion and shipments at a pace equal to and in soma instances actually exrredin* the pace act by construction. There is overwhelming evidence that clay briek and tile are probably being used products are being used ia construction - to a greater extent than during tha ia Just as large a proportion of the building boom of tha *2Os. total building volume aa ever before. Increased activity among briek aad Ia the (told of residential construction tile plants is unmistakable. According /AW fM' 7955 BUILDING, VOLUMP IZTX Tha splendid record ef recovery whicn the clay products industry hat made in 1S3S it graphically shown here. Increases in common and <act brick snip, menu actually eaesed the increases in tne building volume. Figures from Department ef Commerce reports and F. W. Dodge. SEPTEMBER. 19U Advertisers' Indei on Pigs 119 81 The American / x Ceramic / f? Society / ** February 15,1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Brick & Clay Record, Volume 89,1936, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville. Ohio 43081. Christine Schnitzer Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville. Ohio 43081-8720 614-890*4700 TWX: 7101109409 When and How Silicosis Can Be Contracted Only Dust Containing Free Silica in Very Finely Divided State Can Cause Silicosis--Control of Dust Conditions and Periodic Examinations Esiential A. J. Lanza, M. 0. M4icst 9**?*r Uf* C*.. C>* THAT certain loads of duct catuo damage to tho lungs when inhaled haa boon known for centuries. Even tho aneienu know that there waa a definite relationahip between miaing in certain kinds of cock and a disease which eras evidenced by short-winded ness. which they called asthma. A number of other terms have been used to describe this condition, such aa min er's consumption, miner's phthisis, grinder's tot. and porter's asthma--all maaninc tho earns disease which is new generally known throughout tho world ii, iHteotia. 4 In modern times, tho introduction of tools operated by compressed sir, used for drilling, cutting, and shipping roek. has caused dust diseases of tho lungs to become fairly wide-spread and to be an important source of disability among industrial workers. There is only one kind of dust that produces a typical disease, with characteristic symptoms, which ore call silicosis, and that is dost containing free silica (SiOs) is a very finely divided stats. Ousts containing silica in combination, with tho exception of asbestos, are not, as far as wo know, responsible for say appreeisbla amount of disability. - air lobule* where the* physiological Health Service and United States Bu process of breathing takes place. Most reau of Minos is used in this country. of the dost particles which get into tho The instrument used is known ms the lungs are between one and throe mi impinger and tho results obtained art crons in sixa (a micron is 1,'23000 of remarkably accurate. Other instru an inch). At the most, ten microns ments are in use. but in this country would bo tho largest sixa which anil the impinger is standard. When dust reach tho lungs. The second important samples are taksn in industrial estab fact, therefore, to remember about sili lishments. the result is expressed in cosis is that silica dust must bo exceed millions of particles, under ttn mi ingly fine before it can penetrate the crons in diameter, per cubic foot of sir. lungs. One advantage of the impinger is that Furthermore, a silica dust is harm it can operate continuously, making it ful in proportion to tho amount of sil possible to obtain very largo sir sam ica it contains. Obviously tbs higher ples. which in turn tends to cut down the percentage of silica, tho more dan the margin of error. The insrrumsnt gerous tho dust, so that wo tee tho is simple, can bo readily moved and most aggravated, or what is sometims* sot up. and, as a rule, is placed on a called the ``classical'* form of silicosis, level with sad near the laces of the under those circumstances whtre the workmen so as to sample ths actual air dust is almost purs silica (chart, flint which they inhale. quarts). Wt base our estimation of From tho health viewpoint, we have tho severity of tho silica dust hazard no hard and fast limits of sir dusti in any given situation upon tho amount ness. with respect to what is safe or of silica contained in tho dust and upon what is dangerous. Tho various stud the amount of dust in tho air. ies which have boon mads, however, For determining tho amount of dust seem to indicate that if tho dust con in tho air, tho standard method devel tains any appreciable amount of fret oped by the United Statee Public silica, tho dust count should be kept >om Is Effective Filter The human body has a vary efficient protective mechanism against inhaling dusts in tho atmosphere. Tho construc tion of tho noso. tho aaao-pharynx, sad tho wind-pipe is such that those pas sages filter out from tho sir much of the foreign material that may bo in it. It is only when this protective mechan ism is subjected to continuous severe straining that it breaks down. SQlcosis is a disease which comes on very gradually and, in most forms of industrial exposure, takes from 10 to IS and teen 20 years to develop. This is on# of tho important facts about silicosis which should bo kept in mind. A greet deal of laboratory research has established definitely that (lust par. tides, to get into the lunr. have to he exceedingly small, so fine, indeed, thnt they can traverse the terminal air pas sages or bronchiole* ami thus reach the largely becausa so little it known about H, the subject of silicosis is creating considerable appreheewer day products manufacturers. Although day plai not (uttered from logd action to tho semo extent branches of tho industry, still thorn hovo boon a of suits and in all probability thorn will bo more. Already a number of states have adopted com) legislation for silicosis and in some instances tho r exorbitant and unreasonable and not justified by tivoly small hazard involved in day products pi Or. Lanxa, tho author of this artido, is perhaps most authority on this subject in tho country ai marks should bo road by all day plant executive..  ._ below tea aullioa p das. Even tea million particles ol jighly ' ' <u> dcst is not a safe limit. Dost i. Jg requires s careful mad accurate taeh- itiqua and considerable experience is necessary before consistently reliable results an obtained. Industries sra beginning to train laboratoiT tachnicians to do tbia work, as in order to keep a dost basard oadar control, pe riodic checking is essentiaL It was (opposed formerly that the bad effect of inhaling silica dost was doe to the hardness and sharpness of the dost particles themselves. We now know that this is not so. We do not know exactly how the dost acts in the losys bat the indications are that silica is a tissue poison. Whether it eaoses its effects by going into solution or par tial solution ia the lone tissue is still a matter for farther study. Silicosis Leads to Tuberculosis Besides its direct action upon the loaf tissue, one of tho effects of con tinued exposure to silica dost, which has been noted in the vnrions parts of the world where this diieate has been studied, is that it eaoses the individual who has contracted silicosis to become peculiarly susceptible to tuberculosis. The more severe the silica dost expos ure, the mors apt is tuberculosis to result. While silicosis may cause dis ability aad death ia the absence of tuberculous infection, it has not been frequently observed to do so in indus trial experience. While it is possible for the individ ual with silicosis to contract other types of infection, tuberculosis is the only one of real practical importance. Those individuals who die from silico sis are found, ia the front majority of rases, to have tuberculosis also. Just what is the relationship between these two diseases is as yet unknown, but it would seem as if the presence of silica ia the Ion? tissues mskes a favorable situation for tho frowth of tho term of tuberculosis. When an individual with silicosis develops tuberealoeis. the latter may be essentially chronic aad ran on for a number of years, bat if the exposure to silica has been very severe, the profress of tuberculosis may be quite rapid mad cause death in a few years after the infection has first become manifest. As would naturally be expected, sili cosis comes on gradually and insidi ously. Tho first symptom is a short ness of breath on exertion. This shortness of breath increases slowly but surely, and when the disease is well established, will impair working abil ity considerably or even cause total disability. In the early and moder ately advanced stages, the affected in dividual looks well, may show a tend ency to put on weight, and aside from the distress caused by physical exer tion. feels well. This short-wind, or dyspnoea as the doctors call it. is a very elearcut and definite symptom and in well established eases, it is notable because it seems to be so out of pro portion to the general healthy appear ance of many of tho patients. T s is apt to be s dry cough sad a tend*. .> to "catch cold" fraquently. Occaaion- ally, there may be some spitting of blood but it is unusual to have a frank hemorrhage such aa we see in consump tives. -- teristic y film. The phyxician hould k. the severity of the ex- sure and the length of time during which the individual has been exposed. A careful weighing of these facts en ables him to make a diagnosis. If the X-ray film does not show the charac teristic appearance of silicosis, a posi Symptoms ef Silicosis As the disease progresses, pains' in tbs chest are common and may give rise to considerable discomfort. When tuberculosis has become planted upon silicosis, we may see the symptoms commonly associated with the former disease, that is, profuse expectoration, loos of appetite. Ion of weight, night sweats, and aa aftarnoon rise of tem tive diagnosis cannot be made. As a rule, when the silicotie has also become tuberculous, we can determine that fart from the X-ray film. Occa sionally the examining physician will sac films from which it ia not possible to state with certainty whether tuber- eulosis is or is net present. It should be remembered that the absence of tu berculosis germs in the iputum does not rule out tuberculous infection. perature. Somctimm these symptoms For seeuratt mad satisfactory X-ray corns on with dramatic suddenness aad diagnosis of silicosis, it is essential to the patient grows rapidly worse. Even havo a good apparatus aad to uso it when H is obvious from tho symptoms properly. Ia tho some individual we aad general condition of tho patient can obtain films quits dissimilar in ap that tuberculosis is present, the germs pearance by varying tho time of ex of tuberculosis may net bo found in tho posure aad tho intensity of ths cur spatua until a relatively short tin* be rant; consequently, s correct technique fore death. is all important. Much experimenta When the exponn to silica- dust tion sad stndy have indicated that, for has not boon very seven, symptoms uniformly satisfactory results, an may not show up for many yarn; X-ray apparatus should bo used which then may bo soma short-wind, but it is capable of taking a film at a dis does not develop to a point snfidsat tance of from forty-eight to seventy- to impair working ability and with this taro inches with on exposure not slower typo of exposure, wo frequently sae than one-tenth of a second. man with silicosis still shit to carry on We cannot obtain satisfactory films their work ia good shape, many of unless tho patient holds his breath and them having reached their sixties aad the faster we can "shoot" him, the sovoatios. In other words, when tho more apt we are to get a good film. silicooia haxard is mild, it may not While a weD-advaaced case til silicosis shorten appreciably tho individual's ean generally be determined from o working Ufa, However, it should bo single film, it is hotter to obtain stereo remembered that if wo stndy tho mor scopic films. With stereoscopic films, tality figures of those exposed to what we are able to view two exposures in might be termed tho lose seven typos a suitable viewing box which gives ns of silica exposure, we win find that the the third dimension, namely depth, and death-nte from tuberculosis among greatly lessens the ehaacs of srror. es them is grtattr than that for wage- pecially ia early eases where precise earners as a whole. diagnosis is so important. ' Examination by E-Ray . It should be remembered that most of ns who are past ear fortieth year If we examine a man who is in the will show various lints and shadows in early or modentaly advanced stags of tho X-ray films of our chests which do silicosis, we may find little on physical not indicate disease aad are compatible examination to confirm tho diagnosis. with good health. Consequently, he Ho may exhibit no physical signs other who takes H upon himself to interpret than somewhat impaired breath sounds. X-ray films of dost diseases of the If tho man ia heavily built, with large long should bo thoroughly familiar muscles, it is difficult to get any defi with tho variations in tho appearance nite impression from an ordinary phys of tho ordinary, healthy chest. ical examination. For this reason, wo have to tarn to tho X-rny film in order Early Silicosis May Clear Up to establish a diagnosis. The appear If a man has early silicosis and is ance of silicosis on the X-ray film is rsmoved from farther dost exposure, definite sad clear-cut aad should not his diseosc may not progress and may be confused with other diseases of the clear ap somewhat. If the silicosis, chest. however, is well established--that is, if When making examinations of men. there is aay considerable amount of among whom it is thought that there damage to the lungs--there is s tend might be silicosis, it Is exceedingly im ency for tho silicosis to progress even portant to get a careful, accurate, oc after removal from further dust ex cupations] history. Not every man who posure. There is some question as tc. is short-winded has silicosis, even whether ia these cases the silicosis ac though ho may have been exposed to tually does progress unless ths patient varying quantities of silica dust at one is also infected, i Where there is s time or another. ' The diagnosis is marked progress, after exposure tc baaed upon a history of exposure to dust has ceased, it is probable that tu silica dust together with the charac bercle infection is present. SEPTEMBER, 1936 91 la a paper published la 1934, Lanza it is announced by Joseph B. Hutchi and Vaaa tndezvorvd to eatimata the son of Houston, secretary-treasurer of number of persons exposed-to the sil ica dust hszard ia industry, tt was aot possible to make sn accurate esti mate. but from the statistic.* avail the company. Construction has been started on Che First of two round down draft kilns which will have a capacity of 125.000 brick each. Mr. Hutchison said. able. it would seem that there are at The plant at present is manufactur least a half million persons so vxposed ing common brick only, but the quality and that this Figure is quite conserva and color sre such chat moat of the out tive. Among those trades aad indus tries having a silica hazard are found those included under the general head ing of ceramic industry in this coun try. In fact, some of the earliest put is being used for face brick. Cedar Bayou red clay bums to colors rang ing from s dark brown, gray and rod to salmon. One of the first brick manufacturing plants in Tsxas was established here studies of silicosis were made ia Eng more than one hundred years ago aad lish potteries where the disease eras tha industry has continued without in known aa "potter's rot." A compre terruption since that early beginning. hensive report on silicosis ia the pot tery industry was published ia Eng Residential Building land ia 1928. Recent studies have also been made ia Danish potteries. In For August Vfa Timas *35 the United States, Dr. Paul A. Quain- Residential building started during taace published a study of pottery August attained s level of activity not workers in the American Journal of seen since March. 1931. according to Public Health in December, 1934. Glass, porcelain enamel, pottery and refractories all present siliea dust haz ards in some phases of the work. All in all. it may be estimated that the number of persons exposed to silica dust ia the caramie industry is roughly figures just released by F. W. Dodge Corn. Not only did the August volume exceed the figure for July ay shout 41 per cent but last month's record of resi dential building contracts was 24 times the sise reported for August, 1935. For the 37 eastern states sad the District of Columbia tho figures follow: 75,000. Much of this hazard is mild or August. 1938 July. 1933 August. 1935 moderate, some of it ia severe. Is say instance, the method of dealing with the hszard is the same: L. Every possible effort must be made to prevent silica dust from get ting into the air where it can be in haled by the workman. This implies controlling the dust at the point of 51M42UM S71.933.7M S4042S4M Fart of tho current gains sre attrib utable to accelerated activities under the PWA housing program, but tJw bulk of residential work undertaken ia August represented private operations. Gains ia residential work, as compared with totals for August, 1935, were well distributed geographically, with each origin either by exhaust systems or en closing the process. It is very seldom that engineering skill cannot cope with any situation that presents itself. It may be expensive but in the long run is less so than damage suits and claims for total aad permanent disability. 2. Where the dust cannot be entire ty eliminated, respirators, of a type approved by the Government, should be supplied aad their use insisted upon. For some types of work, a positive pressure face mask Is desirable. 3. Applicants for work should be major area ia the territory east of the Rocky Mountains .(haring in the gen eral advance. The total volume of conitraction awards, covering all types of work, un dertaken ia the 37 eastern states dur ing August amounted to 3275,281.400: this was in contrast with $294,734400 repotted for July of this year end rep resents a gain of about 83 per cent over the figure of $168457400 reported for August, 1935. The decline from July was chiefly the result of decreased con tract lettings for civil engineering proj ects under the PWA program. examined to make sure that men with tuberculosis sre not exposed to a dust | U. S. A. TRIP A SUCCESS I hazard. 4. Employes who are or have been exposed to a siliea hazard should be examined from time to time to guard against serious lung damage and to j Editor. MICK ft CUY RECOR0. . Cft*4o. it*. | Sir : : detect possible tuberculosis. | **l rMcfcd Syd*y * fa* 4y qo ; The ceramic industry must attack dust sad dusty processes with the same energy, determination and intelligence with which they have attacked safety hazards. There is no reason why they should not be ss successful in dealing with dust hazards as with safety haz ards. ' | nd ft** writo to tipTMt my acarwci*. ! tioii of too ory qroot holp you *d your staff 9*o mo duriftq mY rocont to ' IAmurio*. ' "Witoout too atttstonco *d ioformo* J tion which you wry kindly pUcod Mf my d'toosol I would hvo boon conddorobly . I Somporod. Out owinq to your kind offem lighthouse Brick Co. { \ think my trip ;w Quito SiKCOuftiL ; ! **lf ovor I cjn bo of ny iorvco to , Increases Capacity | you. plooto oe not hdtto to ask mo. I The Lighthouse Brick Co- Inc. will incresse the capacity of its Cvtisr Baynu. Tvxas. plant from 25.00*1 brick daily to more chan 40,00*1 brick (laity. ! i i ' "With kind pooafdl." Yours *oft miy. . Guorj* F. CoooJand. Goediot ft Smirh, Ltd. GrinviJto. N. S. W.. AustraK-i. Sacred Cows N the superstitious religions I Of Indie meny things ere con| sidered scored end untouch- j sale. No Hindu, for instance, would slaughter a sacred cow or otherwise interfere with it's well being. Not even rhe thought of doing so would occur to him be cause. for generations, he has been surrounded with this and many other tabus and ha aceeots them as e matter of course. Prom the heights of our en lightenment we smile at the be nighted Hindu. Still, he would probably enjoy a laugh or two at our expense it he were awere of some of the customs thet are peculier to us. It's all in the point of view. . "Sacred Cows" ere no rarity anywhere. We ad have our hab its end peculiarities--things we do for no other reason than be cause we have always done them. Business, too. has its sacred ' cows, its traditions. Every fee- tory, no matter how efficient, : has some peculiar habits or meth ods of doing certain things for which there is no excuse except that "we have always done it that way.*' , The chances are good thet you ere not even aware of the sacred cows in your plant. Ulta ' the boss's habit of clearing his - throat--you don't notice it be cause you have grown accus tomed to it. It is a case of familiarity, not - in this case breeding contempt, but dulling the edge of percep- j tien. We need an outside source of Ideas to help dear up this astig matism--to disturb tha compla cence with which we view fa miliar errors. Brick & Clay Rac* ord performs this function for its readers. .Sooner or later you will reed in these pages some thing that will open your eyes | and enable you to recognize j sacred cows you have been har- 1 boring in your plant. F. L S. The American Ceramic Society February 15.1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Brick & Clay Record, Volume 89,1936, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society. 735 Ceramic Place. Westerville, Ohio 43081. Christine Schnitzer Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville. Ohio 43081-8720 614 *890 -4700 TWX: 7101109409