Document 5bdD0w1RLLgJry9mmMoELNyMD

sm MW<M$8 J8i s8s*jm Bra%Ms! A lead mine in Ihe G<rnr d*Aline district of Idaho. > CPo USEFUL INFO Published b Lead Industries Cirnybar b u ild in g -- 120 New Yo "S -- - utif" TMx ---- HUs- T- =. - - - _ =. -- j . =. = " 5 '' = 7'^* r r I?! mi ill 1 = 5 " ir.l < = 5 -= ~. 'J~ 7 I crl'2 = -K -- " Lr = = -H I --t- 1*7 Ir-mU33 -- =, I i - - .-i-iHIriis- -- - i- 2` s- - = - s; x~ />.r x --r - *<* J_ t r f= /it *1V* _E_z5._^_x5* f J I' L nii ril^ * M j; S'-!T-- rS"*, r-!J HHr. s' ii, 5. - H:* * , = im- ^ I 1 ^ =T1 -- = = = s` = ~"= - 7. = - * = = s= f-sa.||r_ j5; --= ? =i_. "v:T 2 s 3- i <T .~ = = lilit : : Ti. IF? I r * 1 --- 2 2-53lsr=:zi 'UrLSi ;i.i s riSSS :/ = ;: nri'Hi Usi'rf!-H? = f iS?' -- }. s; s 2. X" T7 oTO a cn o --X zy ^z x '* 25 \--j. * yv */ X azc * ? Sf V. ^ 5 i ^ 7x zs r nx 2: 5/ H 2 X o 39 o-4 -4 c3n9 jwii w ^w wi* r-->9 --i-i ---- .- -- -: Ilrt |111111 |iiM .i< l-.i|ii w m m | .i \ iri n~|ir >i|'-i.t.>|.iim 'I l. lll |< |ll< | | M / I | I | I I (M il! 11.II. I M l . l 'l | l .11 III | l ) . 1.1 , .1 1111 .1. 11.1 ' I , I ' M | I .. 111. III. MI V. I r ! l l l l | l(.lll(\\ '.ll|l(V llll <lt(ll(i:(lll.lll.l|l -'ll X i. / n O CO Kwu*g l.inntlti dnlhnlrnl in iituihunf. n Hit f/v lemlrtt fiininu It s, ijnflcrs, parapets dm/ n*\f, ttatvs Jrutn nintwnil times. MAINLY HISTO l.i.Mi is nnc nf llic oldest metals know its modern uses have persisted through irrsiv melal was evidently well known in mentioned in H\odns and several other ment. In the days of the Pharaohs l potters, to make solder and ornamen pipes have also been found in Kgypl. lead was used as a cosmetic by women was employed for weights of various kin as a charm, and as an early monetary had many uses for lead, and the hangi were lloored w ith sheets of lead soldered moisture necessary to the vegetation lonians also used lead for caulking purp holts in the masonry of bridges, dams, tures, much as it is used to-day. 'file ancient C.haldeans of Persia wer lead; in fact, they were the lirsl. to asso the sun. moon and planets. This custo the alchemists, predecessors of modern mists used planetary signs in their wr metals. Thus their sign for Saturn, b lead. Authorities differ as to tin; reas Pliolos hy Kwiug (nillonay TltO Hu' Inn! - f'unlltron ttos lutill nearly years OtJO. with Saturn, Minir saying because I lead In lie 1 In- oldest nf llie nielals and ends; others that the dull, heavy me turn. llie must di-lanl and slowest m In 2tMMt li.i . the ( liine-e made thei later, when silver ruins came into use working the lead mines to slop cou nnmlier of industries that would lie c taken in modern limes. In ancient coinage contained from H to HO per ce and impo\ eri'lied governments have coaled with the precious metals. One of llie most important histo was it-. general use for water pipes The pipe was marie in lifleen standa foot lengths. Many of these pipes, i preservation, have been dug up in re Pompeii and Home, and in Kurland trated during invasions. Homan pub pletely lined with sheets of lead. \ r lias been uncovered ill which llie walls proofed with lead, 'l lie Homans us lead, to denote spouts, or water cond linrls its modern cmmlerpurt in our also understood the art of lead burni l.ead has always hail an importa warfare. Onr modern bullets and sho projectiles hurled from stint's, and mo the solid metal were often thrown dow a besieged town upon its invaders. wore leaden knuckles to (rive their b Many famous warriors, anion(r th Hit-hard II, as well us men promine of life, lie buried in leaden caskets, inscribed. Hil liard C.tieur tie Linn's kept in a lent I casket at Houen. A Santo Domingii ('alhedral is said t t'.ohimhus. Still another, recently lieved to be that of Kdwartl tin* Ma long been lost. It is saitl that Nero wore a plate  'infill". In preserve It is voire. There is a slm\ dial I'hilrlas. ii I earlier III I ' I < 111 11 IS I `li il;ti ||-I I ilins. was mi lliin I li.it 111 umr lead miIc i I -In ns In krr| i 1(11111 ln"ill^ Mown iimt . (irri'k p'ailllilrrs ii-ril Irail-lnadeil ilirr. Ill medieval limes lead was widely ii-imI as a malrrial iif cini si ii id ii h i. Many map'iiilieenl hnililin^s Imill in I lit* Ifilli anil llilli centuries si ill slanil iiiiiIit llieir original Irail roof-. I i-ai Ii-n ianann ills. stators. leader-heads ami ri-liTiis w it i- wiilrlv used anil ll-nl ili-lim linll III lllr all- of lllr 11|-| it 111. \||||nl|r|| lllanv III I lir-r nil I u-rs w err lia-ril nil -ninr sll| i|m-n I 111 njiri I \ n| Irail dial 11 i 11 Mill r\i-l. 11 \ 1.11 lllr majmilv ilr|irmlril mi ||ir ra-N wm kin^ ipialil irs. I In- prrmamiireaml hraiilv nl Irail. lluillC i.ttul ftiftr fnutut utnlrr thv Jltntr nf thv um icnt itutnun hnit.st- uj twin. i'ttur \ m i l. rnlnivil pim nl' Irail fjivrs slnry ronneitrd with ils | mod ml inn. lliiiifr. Ilir risk somronr nnisl liavr orr ITi>ni w liirli llir inrlal was niai millin':, llir skill necessary lo ron In Ii i lii pir i 11 s n| s n I in Mihseipienl sm mit smiir a|i|>rrrialion of llirsr ilrin apt In iniarjnr dial Irail mining, odirr inrlal mining, is a simple and ness willi few of I In* worries pla^ni following paragraphs are intruded, ll who are inleresled where lead.i* m raw malerial of emninerce. The world prodiirrs and uses close year. This Imce amount is snllici train rMriidiii" solidly from New Yo emmpdi. Ihe ipianlily of lead and lliroii'diniil Ihe world is ronpdily eq having slifihlly ihe heller of il ove where does all lliis heavy melal ou VItlioiiprti Ihe principal lead prod Slates mines only ulh ml T~> per rent I it'in I ii all s ; 111 I lii-- lead i- u~rd uidiin il> ImiiiIi'I'. In addilinn. enough |r;iil is gmrialK iin|' >i t< <I Iriini Mi \ii ii. jiiiiinU in mr mill ii ni< -1111 ill i'. In luinu' << > 11 -11M i) > I i i >i i ill It111 nri In .dmiil III | II -1 II' 111 III lilt' Wn| III till ill. Mflil ii rallk> -Iinllll. InllliWl'll II) \ il l I .ili.i. ( ;iii.ill,i, ( i i 111:111 v mnl >ilc>ia. Spain. Itmin.i mill mans >1 In i n mill i i<->. I ,<-.ii I | ii i >i 1111 I inn is -calleied iimlrr many Hi"-.. In lln- I nihil Sl,i|r>. Mi".unri minc> I In- ....... I lr.nl. with lil,ili<i. I tail. Oklahoma. I\an>a>. I '.olorado anil Molilalia adding In llir >iippl\ in I In- nnlrr nainril. I In- Ir.ul mining ilrllirl. nl | |ir I nil m lias i1 mill rihuled immra>ma t il \ In I In welfare anil |>n>-1iriiI s, nl lln ii n->pn live Slal<->. I .rail nrrin> ill nalurc iimalls a-sorialnl ssilli nllirr nielals. imlalils '-il \ rr anil /inr. Il> ai ial ii m w il Ii >il\ri is r-prrialls iinlrssni ills. anil llirre was a liinr. nn| >n mans years npi, ss lirn Irail ss in mn>idered mainly a l>\ -prudm I iil" >il\ r|- mining In In' N ill I Ini' rslirrnrls InSS prices. Mlllollgll mails minerals mulailiing Irail arr known. llir ninsl in 11 mt lanl lis lar is galena. Irail snl|i|ii(lr, all ra>ily rerngni/rd Iii'i^li11\ metallic mineral. ()l llir nllirr trail ininrrals llir railmnalr. rrmisilr. ami llir >ul|ilialr. ailgli-silr, arr ill' ronnnrivial iiii|iiirlanrr, lull air in >1 >h rrri|iirnlly Inn ml as ralrna. II is very pleasing In llir ininrr In liml ami mini- nil- rich enough ill Irail In lie shipped iliirrlls In a smeller without inlerim-ilialr processing; lull In- is ordinarily mil sn lurks. Hr is imlrnl fnrtuuale In liml any nrr as a rrsnll of i-\lriisi\r ami cosily prnspei ling ssilli diiirn drill, iliamnml drill, shafts. drills, rrnssruls ami nllirr ill'sr|ii|imrnl ssnrk. Snmrlimrs an nrr is |ilirnninrnnlly rich in trail lad rnnlains sn nnirli /.inr and copper llial special Irraliiirnl is rripiirril. More often llir niim-r ssill struggle willi a low grade of lead nrr. perhaps as Insv as il per mil lead, and nllrinpt In ininr il at a profit. One large mining rninpany lias In niilir atinnl .i.OIHl.0(1(1 Inns nl' nrr In recover KID.11(1(1 Inns nl' lead. Oils imisly. ss illi |ns\ grade nrr. large anmnnls nf ssaslr rnrk. nr gangiir, nnisl In- n-ninsril before --11ipi11n11 In a sinrllrr in order In rcdnrr I ranspia Iali<m and 'mi lling charges. Mnirnsrr. il i> necessary In remove m arly all /.inr-hrai ing ininrrals in llir mr >n dial llir miner ssill imt lie prnali/rd bv llir lead sinrllrr Inr llir /inr rnnlrnl. which is classed as an "impnril v." Iirrmisr il interferes ssilli llir lead smelling nprralinli. l lend smeller in U To cnnernlralc llir lead ore il is cru times In particles less than I mm. in one nf llir modern processes of min remarkahle flolalion process may h enough lo deserihe hill eompliculed portant and marvelous metallurgi twentieth crnlury dial il has left a lead and other metal mining industrie principally lo Ihe sulphide type of mnnrsl variety, or to an oxide ore liminary sulphiding. Ilrielly, the D constitutes taking lincly crushed on times as much water, and agitating th a lank lo wliirli a liar I ion of one pe without small amounts of other su added. As a rrsnll of the agitation the metallic ii nisi il nrnl s of llir ore is while llir valueless gangur mailer hollom of die lank. The froth Ho easily dried. I 1111.11 i< > I) | >r;u tii r h;i> iimi linl >in h a sl;ifir of priTrrlimi llial |'\I i ;nIIdiiiai il\ rllicirnl work is hriiif: illmr. mil only inexlraelima sin^'lf niiiirral limn an nrr. lull il>n in separalin" llir several minerals in sn-ralird cmnplrx mi's, I'nr r\ani|ili`, an mr cmisisline nC an inlimalr mixlure of lead, rn|i|n'i' anil /.inr minerals. 1'iir years I In* lri-alnn*nl of mans complex ores lialllril i nt t ;i 11 n tyri->l s. lull w it ll srlrrlivr llnlalinll as a luul, main mineral deposits considered prarliraliv wurlhless a lew y ears a;a> hav e dev rlnprd inin impiillanl Irail mini s. I'urlhrriniirr. many slrai"hl Irail mrs Imimily |irlir\nl Imi low frraili* 11>1 ernumniral liralmrnl have sinlilriily lirnnnr prnlilalilr possibilities, milling ^really In I In* world's a\ailalilr Irail rrsrrv rs. |-1111.11 ii>ii lia>. In a riHisiilrralilr r\lrnl. supplanted railin' nir| limls i ifi i inrrni ral ii h i nsina *.Tn v il at innal mil I mi Is of milling, llial i>. pulsalin;' ji^s, xilnalin^ lalilrs. anil many nllirr niai'liinrs. lull llir iilili'r itirt lianii .il me I Innls air n>nl ,ilimr nr w illi llnlalinll in I real in*; main mrs Inr 11il li liny air particularly siiilnl. \\ r sliall mil ilisriiss llir>r mrrlianiral nirllimls here as lln-y air ilrsrriliril in any slanilanl work mi mr drrsdnf,'. I .rail rmirrnt rules when lliry lr.nr 11 ir mill contain 10 per rrnl anil upwards of Irail. Tin- lii her I In- trail rmilrnl llir I n 11 r r. Inr il inl in rs I raiispi nl a I inn and si nr 11 inr c, ,s| s. Snirll - inr j> a mill iinmns iiprralimi rrnrrally mnilnrlrd in lilasl furnaces lull, hel'nrr llir ronrrnlralrs rail !>r charred inln llir rnrnarr, lliry nmsl lir rmislrd In rrmnvr mnsl nl' llir snlplmr rmilainrd in llir mnrrnlralrs and In aeelmneralr llir \rry linn llnlalinn prndnrl wliirli is iml a pit>sicallv drsiralilr lilasl rnrnarr malrrial. The rnaslnl rmirrnlralr, nr sinlrr. limv in till' form of lumps, is charred inln llir Inp n|' llir liralrd lilasl rnrnarr vvilh snilalilr llnxrs and rnkr. \ lilasl nl' air is admillrd In llir Inwrr pari nl llir I'm narr In aid cnmhuslimi and In rnmplrlr llir fnrmnlimi nl' nirlallir nxidrs which arr rrdni'rd In mr I al liy I In* rnkr ami rarlmn monoxide prr >r ill. llir nmi-mrlallir wa>lr forms a >lay with llir lltixiur malrrials. llir lilasl rnrnarr is llirn lappnl sn llial llir Irad llnvv > nil' inln ki lllrs nr mnlds. In this (nrm llir Irail is a srmi-liiiislird prndnrl known as liasr linllinn, emilaininr >ilv rr and impnrilirs. Inridrnlally. I Ids is llir rnrm in which mnsl i if llir Irad iinpnrtrd fnr liralmrnl arrivrs inln llir linitrd Slalrs. Specifically, liasr linllimi rnnlains small ammints uf rnld. silver, rnpprr. /inr, anli- luijlil ...... . arsenic. Iiisnnilh and nllir rrmnvrd in whole nr in pari liy rrli Irad. Tin mnsl widely n>i'd rrliuiur p Ily (Ids liralmrnl llir Irad is lils lirlnw llir I'reeziii}; pninl nl rnpprr ninvrd hy skimmiii". 11 llirn p snllrtiin^ Inrnarr where llir Irin innllrn Irad slirrr.l. \ lilasl of a arsrnir prrsrnl. lintli nr wliirli imp Irrm "sul'lndne" rnrnarr), and l Till* lead llirn "ors In llir desi ipianlilirs of zinc arr added. < inld /inr Ilian in Irad, and, roiisrip prrsrnl in llir Irad immrdinlrly \ s zinc is lirlilrr Ilian Irad. I In* wlii-n tin- lempernlme is lowered This leaves only a lii I Ir /inr rema nxidi/ed and skimmed in a rrv Irad hcmmcs mir of llir pnresl of l I his trralinrnl, and is east into pi The I'alliusmi process, now ra I.u l llml wlnii lr.nl i-cooled -|uwl\ |h iil ill iI will -ulidilv mill inn Im- -kiinmrd nil while 1111 -ihn will remain in lln- im ill i'ii It-;nI li'll IH-Iii iiI. I In- llill^ proee--. i'iii|ili>\i*iI in lun \iiilli \ I III' I ii.lll pi.Mil-. I' nil I'll il 111| \ I ir method ild\ nldngeun-lx n-rd with I it i II ii in high in lii'-innl Ii. uliiili is n-mo\rd mul rr- rii\rinl. ii-, i- uni Ifii- m-r willi lln- I'mKrs piorr--. Sunn- orr-. --iii Ii a- llio-r ul -uiilliea-lern Mi--omi. ruiil.iiu luu lillli- -ilxrr Ini | ii'i ilil nl ili- ili-ili ii i/mg. Therefore lln- lini-lnd pig-, w liili- lii i 11 um ul Inr ini|iiu il ir-. im- nuinl fur I lirir i - > 11111.11.11 i\ cl \ hit'll -ili ri mnl ru|i|iricun I rn I mul air g j\ rn lln- ili--i"ii,il imi i In-in ii si I It-i n I I m-I; u i-i - ul' wiilr n-i- in lln- rlnini- 1.11 i i it 111-I r ii-- in lln- hum ul -heel mnl |ii|n-. I lii- i- litil nnr ul' lln- ii iiiimrii ini glade- ul pig lr.nl n\.lil.ililr In lln- foii-nmer, wliirli eompri-e rounding lr.nl, runinnui lead idr-il\eri/ed nr -u|| Mi--nniii. rlirniiinl, mnl milimuni.il lead, de-eril>rd in ili l nil in I In- nr\l i 11. |>I it . In uiiln- ul' i 1111 h nl nnrr, tin- lin^r-l mnuiml ul' Innl u-nl in I In I ailed Slnlr- ^iiis ililu lln* mannlaelme ul -Image hallrrirs, followed rli i-rl y li\ I In- lr.nl ron-mued ill i nxrring rlrrlriral nil ilr-. rerenllx as l')22 I In* wliilr lead induslr\ was lln: |>rim i|i;iI unllrl for Irail. lull lln- rapid growth in llic drinand Ibr Irail in elrelrieal applications Inis relegated lln- eniisnmplinii uf lr.nl in Ilir |ii<riiii-nl industries In Iliiril plan-. lln- Following t nl ili- lia-rcl 11 pun slali-lirs ul' I In- Murriran Ihirran uf Mrliil St ill isl ics is an I'.sliinalr of lln: amount uf Irail, including sunn- scrap Irml. cnnsiimnl in tIn* linilnl Slides annually hy I In- industries show n: Tons Sluriigr linMrrirs...........................................................................................2211.000 Cillilr muling..................................................................................210.000 Wliilr Irml...................................................................................................125.000 llail.liii-................................................................................................................'>.-,.1100 A iiiiiitinil i> ,i........................................................................................................10.0410 S, .Ii In.........................................................................................................................:I5.IMI0 l'.,il............................................................................................ :i5ooo Im-;ii ile! meliil............................................................................................:I2 000 Caulking................................................................................:i2ono Ill'll Irml..................................................................................................... :i 1.000 T\ pe mrl al..................................................................................................... III.0110 Cu-ling-.....................................................................................................111.000 Mi-rrllnn*''ill- II----.................................................................................... 50.000 Ten 050,1100 GRADES OF VIRGIN LEAD Tin- Vinrrican Surirlv lur Tes rives specifications fur (lie follow ST\N0\H0 SPKGII'ICATI The impurities given below sh indiealed: Sil\i t ..................................... ..................................... (*<f|>|H*r athl Silver to- J't'lllIT .... Voriiii:.................... \r-rnir. Niilinmny mnl I'ill IliT .. Vnt iinuii) ami Tin to- jri*||n*r ... Hi'tiHilli .... I.c j h I (1 i\ (iilli'trnr**) . Currmliiut trail 0.0015 0.0015 0 0025 0 0015 0 1)005 0 0015 0 002 on:> oo o :i ;io ( c.lirniinil l.riul i- n ilr-ignnlinn nsn -ilvrri/nl Innl |iu mIik --iI fruin Sunll riinlnins fnnii 0 01 In 0.011 |nr rrnl nf (I! 2 In I! <>/ l-r lull) of -ilxer unci rnr I s:fi = = ? = = :'=: = = -vUi' " < I iL jp " = ii s s ------ 7? t ; c r ====-a Ss Si i5i * i 311 a ^ r hvm-t -- ^ - ; = = r -~ = - 15 n - r. tH= 1 ^r==-l = ; * r 5 ? =- * = -: :r - - = i* = r = :-=!.! r KIM: ~ ir -- _ n - = s r: ~ r r 7 - i- L1L ' -m a = ' rl-i= S 3 i * == = - -i sH = j 1 I'=* 2 i _-i = = irH = :=** a| = r='i? ii =|sr? ixls = r -r= ^2 * - '~ ~ - = * - = ; r- ; 2 = i. -.= =; L11-5 - Hf;f iti =- _ 7 iL " 5 = = = "2 --z. 2 ?= 2 - i s 7 Z.= i- ^-i -- r~- ~ - i7T--i -- v r*?n in * - ^ a = = 2. 2 z =. I ^!* 7- ! t fir?iri 1. " = -- Hi! = =. rr = -='.!=S'-.- aftui ~0 X -< C/7 n> | i ,nl \;i|tnr i muiinloniir. Ihinliirss, MmIi's M iili* . vi|Mr, ni\ilrn^rII 1) rill ill.ift \ i|Hr, r .ill . 1525'1:. . . . . Weight: I'llM! 1 a t i- .i.i 211 1:. 1 ill lllilf I'll . . n |iiivnlfil tu . llulleil1. (ilin-iM. 1 1.37) 4 ill . . . . 1 i'|iii<!. 1 ' t i id . >111-1-1 l.-iol 1 fl -,| In 'l l ill 1 li k \\ r \ 11 it in* nf 1 J* *11IH1 4if < il>l1 lr.nl, 20" C. , i iilf. ... . .. .. . 1. 07 mg. |*T l 11. < in. . It I(i,2 II I |Hl 1 ii in Tli;. II | Ml 111. fi TO'i II 1 pel 111 n. Mill II . pel 11 n. il | l| >11 * \. 1 lie . - It 111 in. I llliMM \l. I'ltOl'KimiiS Milling |iniiii...................................................................................1127.1 ' I7. (021 " I*.) I nerri.er ill, fur I'ill ll ill. leil-e uf I .ill III III. |II r>-.1111' 1.2 I.. Iluiling |h iviI (temp. uf \i>ililr i liiillilimi). . . . I..25 " I r.piivnlellt III ... . ..................................2777 " I*'. 1 apur I'rc.ssiirc Temp. (7. mm i mm 1200 i :iii.'i Pressure, mm. Mercury (Mill I 77 23 29 Kill. 1525 1870 21 no 7*i0. ii :i h im. 11.7 iilm. Specific Ileal Temp. (7. - ir>o -loo - 50 o 50 100 :tno (M.li.l) 327.1 (lii|niil) 7127.1 :i7 III! 150 .Specific Ileal .021105 .0211110 .02010 .07102 0:i051 .0:1155 .0:1:111 ,o:i5 .0X15 .0:1:111 .11:1:15 .0:1:15 Humic liriil, prr ilegree l`... mlc l.ntcnt Imil uf fusiun, |n r gram Fourteen (1 20 5 17 gin. ciil. Ijilrnt In-ill nf fusion, prr mull!.............. Tu melt 1 lie of Icinl, lituling from 20 (7. l-alent limt uf \iipuii/iiliuii, |n-r griiin Thermal cmclm lit it) (silwr --100)........ Tlirrimil cmuliiclixit), |H-r ili-grt-t- C.. |ie Temp- C. -217.1 -160 0 100 200 300 too 500 (iOO (iiH-llitii-iil nf lim-iir 1-\|uiii^ii 111 (-- 100 In Cocllitii-nl uf liutiir expansion (17 In 100 equivalent In................................................ Cm-llicicnt uf i-nliitiil cx|iiiiisiun (liqui.l point In 357 * 17.)............................ (7iH-lliciimt nf culiiciil expansion talc. (17 Increase in vulunie from 20 (7. In liipiii |Miint............................................. Decrease in volume 1111 snliilifying........... Increasi! in vnlimic nil inelling................. Shrinkage nn casting taken in practice as Shrinkage in volume calculated from liqu ing point In 20 0 ("7............................. Itccryslallizution, niiniiniim |iossililc tem IXKCTIIICAL Cl IA Specilic electrit-ul resisluncc: Temp. 0 C. -183 - 78 0 90.1 196.1 318 600 M Tcm|>craliirc coeIJicicnt nf eledrical resis Specific electrical cnniluctani-c: al 0 0 (7 18 C. melting |Hiinl 5.05 4 83 1.06 X 10' AI * *ini<: rlcrlriral niuliichuirr, nilr. . . . Mi l.tliw hi Iriml romliii luilrr, (ropprr 100) Mrlutiw* rtri liiral rr-'Munrr, (-<f|mt -100) IJri I rn|\I ir 'iiLlMiill iiitlxtif ML j I ions if Ml lilt.................................................. x. 1.130 111* 7 2 I2 0.3 >; Ml 1 atm. 3 0 X 10 7 'n | im . I Jrrl n m iiemu al t j mi v alrm ia: I alcnce 1 2 1 My. per otufotnb 2.1 173 I 0736 .3360 (tuihitnh per ftttf. 0.1057 .0311 I 0620 (Itn. /mt tttnp 7.7302 3 0651 1.0326 hr. nf h ail: lo ih,|H'>il our |Haitnl t*-i|nill"-' I 17 ump. hr. Molnitial of li .nl rh i Inwlr, with finmiiil < almm-l rln:trul)L* 0 115 wills with normal liNilro^ni rh t lrol> Mr.......................................0.132 wills fill fiL-'oliilr M*alr .................................. ... 0.115 wills I Lnmorlrrlrii* sln-n^lli a^aiit>( plalitium . . | tl.t I milliwill pr J L. I .rail is <|iatiia"fi<alii:. Marini ir SiiMi-ptiLilil >. |h t ^*i am. 10 In 330 (7 . . --0 12 X 10 * 300 (o 600 C. . . -0.00 X 10 I :ihn< h i:mi< \i. on \i:i i \iiv Si mix wi mi; Mu \i.s In ILL IM rarli mi'lal i> rlrrl i t tpo-.il iwa to nil Mini pirrctlr il, i.e., two iih'laL in roiilm I in lltr prrsrnrr nf an Hrrlrolx lia form a ^alsnnic naipli! lii It Irml*' LwatiNC Mu*, iiiu m* rlwtri ipo-5 ti wa |o Lr li-ssolx vit L^ rlwtroly sis: ('.nliimii Ic nth O Thallium fiitloxx-. riihinin rmltii;; < '<L<11. (-1,1 Ml.itiimm Mitll.iihimi Nil w-r Mt'irin \ < lp|Mar Al sriiir Mi-aimMi Antimony 11 > ilro^rn 1 ..cl Till \irhcl (!oLill Thallium ( lulmiiiiu 111 tii ('Inif11itim /.ilir Mim^iiinaMa Mmiiimmi Mi i ^i i i 'mi i i i i ( iilrimn Strontium Si Mliiini Miirinm MoLi'-ium 1 .il Ilium o p t ic a l r.n \u xcn.msrir.s Opliral niiislanl'., (rail, fur * nf 0.500 a (LIiii ); IL'frarliw* ituli-x ALMiipiion MWIrrtioii 2.01 3 10 62 prr rent Striven Slopping power, , for ulphft rnys is ap hipiari: nx>t of iitomin weight, w. s (air I) 4.27 \'w (air I) 3.70 Coi4li< irnt of aliNorplion of Lcla or gmnn liouul to the density* MliCHANICAL P lirinell iiiiiiiImt , I cm. lmll, 30 see., 100 It Ordinary soft lead 1'.hcinical lead 3.2 In 1.5 1.5 lo 6 Inlloence of teoip. on llrincll hardness: 25 aC. ('.hemienl lead 5.3 100 "C. 3.6 Klnstic limit (permanent elongation of 0.0 Annealed 281 Hi. per sq Wire, hard "drawn" 355 Ih. |>er s< Maximum loud in tension that lead wilt w for un indefinite lime........................ Fatigue Limits nf Lead (In Ih. |>er sq (Uunixisition Per On/ (Townsend ami t AI 50,000,000 lend Hail | I Antimony H ad | .0311 to .039 Calcium (Bcckinsalc und W Composition Per Cent Extr 99.99 H ad 4 3.0 Tin 1.0 Antimony l^ml .3 Cadmium .5 " .25 " .5 Tin 1, .25 " .5 Antimony 1, Values in the two tallies shown above v and conditions of experimentation. Hulk Mmliilii' . .......................... Oil V"ini"'i M.h IiiIh - ,,'f I ,l;nli, il > . . . l*"i"im'i i.iliu ,,f Irmi'ini.........ill i ,ict ii in X I01-- i|iHe, 11,>r ii| rill. 2.500.000 II,. |,, r m | ill. | " I ` > 11u i 11111 i 11.11 rAli-li'tilll (Hull r trn-ilr i|ri-" . I'XIIIII<--i|>ilil >, JO * . |m i mill \llllml , |n>i ii.' j.il. n 0 | I,, 0 15 2 in _ 5 > III ` I lliiimli' I~tl< -In ii^lli: Siifl |r;n| I llrlllii ii| lr.nl U ill'. Illllll "ilniH n" I 100 lii | ,ll|| ||, jM-r M| in -300 lii 2*100 lli. |,iT m|. iii. .1I.10 II,. prr ^i|. jn. I II" 1 "f '"1111 ii-l III iirr nil I rii *j|i- Jil njiri | j (l.ni.l,.........Ill'll nt 100 I;.) 7'. inpeniliirc <:. f. 20 on 112 Mill ir.o 502 IT, 5115 2o.", 51l' Tensile Mr, will. 1." 'mm.-' 1 55 .It .5 1 > Hi in 1 020 1 1 III Till 5 Til 2IIII \ i l< i, -it> ..r '" ml in Irml '|'ii> iil.-nl In Sin fin i- Ti-ii~iiiii nl M I'. . :i:>o`c. too 'i:. 5oo (:. . . . . Tilnntpilinn |irr I rill 51 21 51 2H 2H lletlnctinn | "T 1rnl nf urn Hid tun Hill Hill I 22. 00 i ni. |n-r n-r 1,020 ft. |n-r I I ||> 111-1 |M-r rill. . IIJ iljni-1 |H-r rill. . 130 il) nrs |n-r rm, . 151 tl j ill's |>rr rm. Firm .t ic s o k i,i;\d Mrlting |mini nf i-iilrrlirs if Irml with iilln-r inrlnli: Oilur Urftil Sil \ r Vr-ifnit: \ As (h .I.I An llurium 111! Umiu MIi lli 1 -111(111111111 < ill Ma^ftr'imn Ma Pall.nliiMii IM Miilintim Hi VlllmiOMN SI, Tin S11 '/Mu: Zn I'lujhtwti /Vr rent by Weight 25 2.5 15 I5 511 i: i :i 5 5 12 5 65 2.5 Temp. 501 202 215 200 125 210 250 205 200 2IT I HI 5111 ClIMI-AllATIVI 1 Ionite lleii/ht Specific Iinirity Aluminum Antimony \r-'**nic . lli ''i nit Ii . riiiimiiiiii (Itilriimi . (*M|I|MT . Iron . . \x m\ . . Nick.I . Pin . . Silwr . . Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * Mull's S. 111. 2<i *17 1211.2 71 10 209 1) 112 III III 07 65 57 55 III 207.20 511 O') 1 III 70 107.1111 0.3.30 2.70 6.76 5 75 in.5 8.63 151 8.10 7.70 11.58 8.10 7 53 10.5 7.11 Tin- I olill* mi I lie fnlliiwing |iu|'o 1 In* liisliliile of Melals, London, Ibe Department of Chemistry, Tb liain, Knglimd, enlitled, `'The Re rous and Non-Ferrous Metals and results of bis study. Tbe specime 2 fl. long anil I! g in. in diameter. air of Itirmingham, an industrial roof of the llirmingham Technica also carried on ul Weston-super-M exposed lo sea water. The relativ the last two columns of ligurcs rev soft lead stand first and third res corrosion tests and fourth and fifth only exceeded by tin and nickel, i H, WK !! ii Mu !ilii iilll II *ll 1111!! Hill mini i-Jallli liilil Ifpl 5 3 8P:.;t2 "78 'Ot M-31; Ho i'U V-J3.-US 852*5 5" * ^ i .:. BB MC 3 -a?3 M3 3 Is r=U3 I5 -5s.- ,'. = =5 k :?, -- - r. . * _ : -- -- i . : 3 -.; T - y ~ " f. S in' 5 h H ji i il> 11 li m * :::: if i ll = = ii ^ u;? i3 il = a s. ~!i v 3P :=: s- *' - it. s si *'* tf f. T< iih im i77U , t .i I =15 '/i 522 * Ilf- E i.^ i urnm5 Hi*H tStiI-- 1 nisi j-j i y i i- y. y.y.7.1' miS-P21 O (' X i u : i Mil > = -- *V* -F /Wn/v' i i i i I LEA Ij :\i> is frequently alloyed with othe properties which none of the melals mcreial forms of pig lead, tlial is, com rodiitg grades of lead are often loo s plumbing, easting, chemical equipme In fact, they are ordinarily termed alloys readily with many metals in a metal may he hardened hy the additio amounts of antimony, tin, copper, ars hardening elements may cumhinc with form either solid solutions, interinctall mixtures. Ihtrd /.cm/. In the process of re certain ores, a by-product alloy cont mony is produced, commonly called refer lo it as Mcguhis metal. There is lead that il is also produced hy allo lead. \s mentioned elsewhere, large to nionial lead are consumed in cable sh manufacturers use great quantilies taining approximately 7 per cent slieiiglh In llif grills ill storage halleries iiml In i n 11 i< \ <' I hr casting < 111; 11 i t> of I hr metal; of I per mil I in is lietpienlly aihlrtl In lliis alloy In luilher iinprine casting i|iialil\. Haul lead slirrl ami pipe arc alsu used in I lie chemical in iliisl lies wliril (lit'Miiial lead rei|iiircs additional strength. Such haul Irad most ultra contains almnl h per rrnl aliiiniuliy. I ni chemical purposes hard h ad is frnpicnlly cast in llir fiinns nl (nm|is and valves and may runlain up In 12 prr rrnl anti mony. Hard Irad containing almnl (i pri rrnl antimony is alsn n^rd in large ipiaulilirs as slirrls lur moling. and in rain water IradtTs. Iradrr lirads and nmauirnlal nltjrrls nl all sorts inadr 11<mi rolled, r\lrudrd. slaiuprd and rasl Innns. Shrapurl mnlaiiis almnl 12 prr rrnl nl' anlinmny. ('.ullapsihlr lubes for paint, colors, grease, glue, slmr pulisli and nllirr plaslit: siilislanrrs air usually drawn I rum Irad euntuiiiiug up In I prr mil nl antimony, lull 2 prr rrnl is llir anliinuny rnnlrnl generally prrlnrrd. In rare rasrs purr Irad wiihuul an I ininii y may hr used, giving a much softer. hill weaker, pri idilcl. II Min l i in \riuv i1 'oMi'tiM i Min s (in 1 *i.ii I'i.m) Antimuiiutl |*im| (luinl Irail) . . . iJjtllrr) |tlii 1 rH . . . .. Itilllrl s, >hni|ini-t . . .. ( -II1 tit* sll<`;illt 11 lit 1 ^ . . .. 1 tlln|t)t* IiiIh 'n . . iNiUrrn iiIImn . . . t.ttul iaa :! nil 'HI Mill 'lo . 1 tihituttiy a 2:. 7 12 1 II 1 II Other Metals ! | Tin II hih' Mrlal llcarinr/ Alloys ([\noini nntimmiully os "Huhhilt lh'lttl'). Sunil'n|'llir lirsl pirrrs nl' machinery with rot at ">i*f? purls w ere so constructed I ha I wood funri iunrd Imlli for slialls and licarings. Later, mrlal rrplarrd wood lur Ihrsr pur poses. In 11139, Isaac ltuhhil I invrnlrd an nllny cinilaiiiin^ 1111.9 prr criil (in, 7.1 prr mil anlimony and .1.7 prr rrnl copprr, which was used lor hearings. Similar alloys air in rrniiumiral use c\rn loday. Where slumber mrlal is ri'ipiirnl. llir copper cniilrtil is lrt*(|iiriilly increased. In many instances lead rich mi*lills art' replacing llir original Babbitt mrlals because lliry are less expensive, anil, for some purposes, superior, ('.ommoii iisatfe has now applied (lie term "Babbitt mrlal" to a wide variely of while mrlal hearing alloys dillcring from Babbit I's original formula. In modern small machinery there is a len- Turnty-hro deucy lo use rcplacealtle hearings. I sliafl hearings are now often brass o ilahhill mrlal. Hall and roller hearings used in si art ini; friction I hail hearings made fro the running liirtinn is approximately Ini'll inlernal friction of hall and rolle In considerin',; the use of roller heari cars, many people overlook llir fact entirely due lo hearing resistance hut llange resistance,'oscillation and con and j:radc resistance ruler into llir tot tangent I rack the roller hearing will s A battery of presses extruding co creasing starling resistance, hut at no advantage is only slightly over 10% w advantage is reduced to about 5% a advantage is less than 2J^%. There of roller licarings is made careful con to all the faclors entering into the pro and lubrication ltuhhil I and bronze he the same or possibly even heller serv and that with very much reduced cos l/arge tonnages of Babbitt metal, per cent lead, 4 per cent tin and 9 pe for the lieurings in a great majority United Slates. Large machines use pxxl service, low cost of inslalia!ion iiml ease of replacement. In addition to these factors. MuM.itl metals adjust themselves to the alignment of the rotating shafts in machinery and, when tronhlc occurs, for example, due to lack of lubrication, the Italibill metal max yield or melt without injuring the shaft with whir h it is used. k\ .Mowing arc a few formulae I > pit al of lead base hearing tm tids. I here is, ol course, a much wider variety of these alloys than indicated here. Compositions depend upon lire service to which the metal is to he put as well as upon the ideas and experiences of the manufacturer and consumer. The best pnde in selecting a hearing metal for a particular puriiusc is the reputation of the manufacturer of the product. I.I.Mi W in it: Mi i n. Ill Ull\c \l nils (l\ Pi n C|;m| /.rni/ .limriiiil licming linings . . n;> mi I'islnn pinking (1*. It It.) . 1`islon |>;tt'kiiig It. & O. tliin lining, . . 70.5 75.5 73 76 II \ <t llo. k linings . . < III "tt|M Ilk.' vV Ohio 1 >omlrli,,o on l,il 116 a (linin'; rroM- light ilnly *H hearings . . 'to no Trniy metal . Oil rreneli milo bearings . . jMetallie pm king Atlantic (!onst l.iue . . . IVhiisyUjinintt.ll. 75 100 70 n:, 117 'Tin 3 12 II (1.5 17, 3 7. 1 1(1 0 III III 17 Antimony 10 (.'upper Ollwrs |'jM ||IM| \,,|j_ moil) 12 It III 17, l.5 -21.3 M, k, 17, 7 55 III 12 - Ill 16 17 15 0 13 17, 13 ()| Ihirium | (ail,'iuin 2 Ifntrimi Hnmzrs. Iteming bronzes are in wide use for a multitude of purposes, such as the backing of [tuhhitt-lined hearings and lor uniform uuliued beatniks. These. bronzes generally consist of copper alloyed with .smaller amounts of tin Twenty-four and lead. The formula which best typi lined railroad journal bearings in this c 7;$ per cent copper, 20 per cent, lead an maximum of ;1 or I per cent allowable phosphor bronzes as used Tor nnlined sented by I be formula ttO per cent copp 10 per cent tin, with up to l per cen Pennsylvania Itailroad uses an alloy o cupper, 25 per cent lead and 5 per cen bearings. In general industrial use; th is probably the most representative. Similarly, in the case of bearing bron alloys which vary more or less Irom the here. \ list of a few practical bearing b Iti viiiNc Journal Heurituj Muck*: Hit t<l v\ in . . . Amerium 1^h :o - nintive . . . N. Y , i\\ II \ II. r , i i. x t). Not folk Illinois i Ynltiil . Peiiiis) l\tinin . l*sul 15 22 III 16 21 17, 211 15 22 s (is P (lit 77 75 tiT 77 7I 75 72.5 min. l*hosfilutr !lroti:v: llnlineil hearings III I'eintsyl viinin . II II Ihihlwin . . . 10 15 Anierieiin l,orn- lllnlive . . . 17, max. N. Y , N. 11. * 11. 9 11 It. &<}. . . Illinois (lentnil . *1 tl III 15 Norfolk & WYsIrrn II II Drii'iny Journal /Ituririigv: IV It. It. . . 25! j 2<! i Olliers (iiniitiniil) HI Ordinary Machiurry Hearintis . . 10 llatl-Scott Motor lirnrinys . . 25 till 77 112 ~-.M H2M 711 7' 111 77 at 75 no 77 112 65!a 71!i HO llll 75 Ty/ir l hint. A large part of I In* advancement in the nil of prifilin" tony Ih nlIrihulcd to the use of lead alloys ns type metal, lor Irml or lend alloys have been relied upon for this purpose ever since I lie invention of nio\nl>le type in tile fifteenth century. Linotype or monotype iimeliines, innr\els of in genuity. with keyboards similnr to those of typewriters, east I y pe metal kept molten in snmll pots, into I he shiipc of the I ype desired. All alloy must lie used that can lie depended upon not to clog the expensive typesetting machines. T>l ie may lie used directly or stereotype plates limy he made l.inaly/ir machines ral ii/i Inri/c ilnanlilirs 1if type metal, ami in mntlern phials rest an sheet lead la reduce vibration. Tlit* Nr Stutliu l nnrxfHiftrr nttn/nnimj room rttntli //* * itnttorittncc of lyfte metal, a lead allay, in every day life. from it. Stereotypes are usually preferred for long runs, surli us newspaper printin';. A modern newspaper plant may use 100 Ions of stereotype metal cast several times over within twentyfour hours. Stereotype plates are made by impressing (lie form of type in wet papier-mache and, after this has been baked dry, easting stereotype metal, a lead alloy, in the mold. Llerlrolypcs are formed by making impressions in wax or in sheet lead, called impression lead, instead of papier tnaelie and depositing electrolylically copper, or nickel followed by copper upon the impressed material so that u thin sheet copper replica is pro- Ttvrnly-six (bleed. This copper shell is removed, f coaled with a sheet of solder foil to ca adhere, when il is cast. The backing m niclal. Lead base type metals or electrotyp plated on the printing face so as to giv twice as much printing can be done b Tvpe metal varies in composition wi to be put. Typical formulae follow: Tier: Mi.rw.s fix I'i.ii im lttl . . . nirliil . . . I.intly|w inrlal .... inrlal (Kii"lish) . Mono! a |m* nirliil . . . Slrrrol A |M nirliil . . . T)|M* ntrlltl (.>1111111 1 > IH') . Lead . 93 . 96 . 115 . III! . K7 Ht . 112 67 . 70 T i Solders. Lead containing tin has bee many hundreds of years. I^cad-tin so soft solders in contradistinction to the solders which melt at approximately re tically no lead or tin. Hard solders solders. An alloy containing 37 percent lead a a eutectic, melting at. 358 F. (181 C.) position is the one which, of ull possible the lowest melting point.) This alloy n and is used for soldering lithographed alloys. The addition of lead to the eu melting point and, on account of spec economic reasons, is usuully preferred work with solder containing 10-50 p lend. Such metal is also used by elec dud ion of automobile radiators, lixp wiping solders should contain from 37 the balance, lead although some use tin, llA Pd cent antimony and 61 per there is need of a higher melting point tions such as 95 per cent lead and 5 p Sulilrring is c|iiito ;m art and various wnjs of applying snldor follow: I 1. \|>|ilir;ilh>ft v\ if)i -olilrrin^ iron **r Inn Ih -s . 2. *' \\ ipiii"' joinK. SoMrriii" I\ <!i|'|-in^ in un<ll<n I. SitMi-rin^ l> "s^rjilin^ ' or firntiitg of parts to In* joint'd with solder |>re\ioijs|) plmcd in pi^iliiin. |o latililalr soldering, flnxrs arc used and sonic if I he varie ties me rosin, lullow, zinc chloride, liu eliloriih*, and ammonium chloride (sil ammoniac). The finiclin of the Ihixrs is to aid the allowing ol the solder with (he metals joined |>\ rrumvmg ilirl. reducing, or otherwise altering the metal surfaces so as lo furnish intimate contact liclwcm the metals involved. In addition to the application ol solder li\ hand, various r.wititi ti.au.vs.w Inininij n Inmk In Irinl-rnrrrril ruble by means nj liipimj snider. machines liiiM' been devised lnr mcrliaiiical nr automatic soldering. Machines have also been | x-rtVa l f'd |'or sealing I lie seams in tin cans, joining metals in eli'i'l lie appliances and in a mull it ude ol other w a\s. Soinilis (in |I'r.it f.i.vr) (loiiminii . l.ufttOr , . . . Iltilf uiitl Imlf .... I'ltiml-rr's (wiping soltlt r) . . . lend (it) 50 02 511 Tin 10 o.t 51) :ia 12 Antimony o-Uj 02 Twenty-eitjtd Fusible Alloys. By using combina the metals, lead, tin, eadmimn uad b melt at low temperatures may he mad siderable use fur siali purposes us sprinkler systems, and boiler plugs. Siiiitotiiiritl itlluy Hioimllt soltlcr IVVr.rt . . Kuleelie . . Kiltrrlic . . Kiilttiit: . . Kiltrrlic . . Killertie . . (tiitlirics . . 1 .it IiIc iiIm r^'s . l.i|M>uil/, . . New hut's . . 1 )ni<ii's (># 1.1*111 III Imt ^ llos-t'S . . . H.h 's . . . \V(mm|'s . . . Knsnii i: Minus (irv I' MrII, .Mxtnl /*< ;; C. l.rml Uisinulli (>0 01 !>l .5 115 1H1 125 01 5 7(1 17 25 to 25 52 10.2 .12 57 12 10.56 50 20.7 51.25 53.5 10 25 50 52.5 51.6 58 17.38 50 50 50 2 50 35 35 71 25 50 Terne Flute. 'I'erne plate, or molin with an alloy of lead and tin. (Jncou "'black sheet," and it is first cleaned phuric acid. The plate is then passed lead and liu in which rolls are immers distributing the coating on the surfa which are required lo curry extra he Ih. -- arc redipped by hand. The, lea 10 lo 25 per cent of tin with the bal ture of Icrne plate is a large industry year are now being produced in the Un Term: plate is produced in two grad long lerne. Short (erne, used largely f ..... . iug of It to It) Ih. per package of 11 They are comparatively light in weig if painted at intervals of four or liv sheet mill product produced in large up In III x 120 in. I.uiif' lernr is utilized in the mnmifarliire of gasoline I links mill nulnninhilc Imily purls, in I >i i i l< I i 11 >rs lor frames mnl doors mill other lircpruof i imsIiinliiin. mill in cas kets. A common weight nl mating mi long lernr plalr fur I In* manufacture nf these articles is almiil II Hi.; fur ronliug, vnlli'ys, cave I ninths mill rnnduelnr pipe, matings up In II) lit. arc used. Ucasmis fur the pnpularily nf (erne plate in eertain manu facturing pri Misses are I lie prnlectinu il gives against nisi, the lubricating rller.l of I lie coating nil I In* dies used in fatiricalinn, mnl I In: ease with which llic (erne rail lie painted nr enameled. Foil. Lead foil may he classified intn I wn distinct kinds: (I) a liiiI consisting nf an alloy nf lead rnlleil generally In a thickness nf .001 to .0005 inch, nr (2) a lead foil hacked with tin which is made hy rolling under great pressure a sheet nf lead and a sheet nf tin placed together, the result being In produce a light iiiiinn. Lead ft til has the merit nf lint permit till" destructive light rays to pass through il as well as being a protection ablins! moisture. Il is used principally in the wrapping of cigars, rigarelles, chewing gum. lea, rnhlier insulating tape. Ilnwers, stencils, and in the manufacture of electrical condensers, insulaling X-ray machines and other uses. 'The foil used fur wrapping cigarettes is generally ,000. in. thick. Besides being inexpen sive, soft lead foil can withstand much bending and ahuse with out cracking. Miscellaneous. There are many other alloys of cummer- 771 irty cial importance that contain lead in the section no ammunition, is an than 1 per cent of arsenic. 'Lea casks to protect the lea from the de rays and moisture, is OH per cent lead a which is to he machined generally co lead to imprme its machining qualitie resents a few of the many miscellaneo an indication of the possibilities of the MlSI I.I I.IM.IIUS \i i.ovs (i lead ( '.ondrilMT foil . '.HI I^ inl la|n* . 05 Hint lend Ten lend . . 90 mo 'll! Bril 1.min inehd . 0 9 Pewter . . . 2 20 Tinx l ,, . . . to (>tinrc mrlul (*' 115 unit three 5V') . . . 5 Machine 1 truss . . 1.7 2.6 Tin 9.25 115 91 70 90 7.1 60 5 .1 3 Lead-covered pot ifiinm'ng machine in a pil>es and valves in this picture CHEMICAL CORROSION Tin: rnnarhahly lie'll corned.......'oisluure uf lead is a great ad\ anlngc wlii'ii lead is list'd iis a material of constmetion in Hu,sc industries producing or consuming corrosive rlirinicids. I'ur dim I conlai I with rniiiiiiini corrosive chemicals lend is mi <ild Im ori11* id I In- rlirinisl and engineer. \s early as 17 l(> it mis ill ili/cd in Imilding commercial siil|iliurir m id i-i|tii| mt iiI mid to day iiiiiiiidiirl h i rrs mid coiisomers of sulphuric m id are I Ilf |irinri|iid purchases of Irnd fur list: with < Ilf 11 ifills lull iiiiiiiit iiiis <illift cormsiv e chemicals arc also manufactured mid limulli'd in If;m I ft 11 li | >n if III. Ill addition In high corrosion ifsisl;niff Irml possesses other I>r<>|it-rlifs Yidnidili' in chemical engineering practice. Il may l>f readily rolled inlo slieels, extruded into |>i|>e or fnhricatrd into (lie nianifold forms of \al\cs, evaporators. cooling toils, digesters and oilier ordinary and special chemical ei|ui|nneiil. Il may lie used directly as commercial chemical lead, or as hard lead, where strength is paraii.....ill, or as era\l|ironf lead (elieinieal leail reinforeed will) hard lead) if a satisfactory corro sion resistance anti a higher physical strength are Ih iIIi re quired. In a few uses, for example with hydrochloric m ill, hard lead is more resistant to chemical tleslrticlion Ilian pure lead. Th irly-tmi Developments in ihc coating anti lini sleel ami copper with thin or heuvy co etpiipmenl available furnishing great capability to withstand corrosion- l-<e pipe linings ure common throughou sleel pipe is being used in paper mill sulphite solutions. Another interesting I he use of leatl-coaletl steel pipe in th fifty locomotives belonging In a large These locomotive boilers coniuiu leatl-c have been found to reduce corrosion tro boiler lubes with lime anti oilier depos water supply of Hie country Iruversetl Ilesislance lo dcslrnclion is not ihc o considered in seleding plant materials t corrosive chemicals. Aluny alloys of r highly resistant to corrosion, may be f these alloys are comparatively expen available in all forms. Likewise, Ihc In other words, length of lift: of a ma considered in connection with Ihc im eost, charges for repair anti replaceme strap when the material is finally d eminently suited to fill all these requir less expensive inelals, mill is obtain shapes. Moreover, il is easily repaire burncr who tan also t|uiekly fabricate apparatus right on the job. IJeeatist: leatl is worked und recovered its scr ccnlage of Hit: lirsl cost. A simple precaution is recommende entijmidinii with cement, concrete nr m ciable amounts of free lime, because, seep through I best' materials may Ihs leatl. Therefore it is usually advisab means of lar paper or nsphullimi. Listed below arc some common corros leatl, or leatl-lined equipment, is used. complete anti il is only intended lo lie ditions surrounding the utilization of often govern the possibility of employin Thirty-ftmr I). I*. Kelley & (,`o. template working wilh Irarl will find tageous to consult the manufacturers technical advice, and service which th Siimi: CllMMll.N ClIIMICALS WITH HII At t lit: At iti, yrlii< nil Atrlit \itlniltitl>` \liittiimifii Sulphutc Nitmidtiiii Vapor AiiiiitMiiinin Sulphate Aiitiinons Tri-I liloriilc Hlntth \ itpinrs llnmn Arid Mother Ijcjuor ('itrUtniilt s, soluble i Itlorinr (ins 11 >drol1unri<: \< id Kuril's A.id Mitlmhilr tlri t n Mother l/iquor Mixed \rids (Srilmlmiii Mixture of II--Add I'iiriMiitriiptieiiol Phosp Phosp Hedue Sodiu Sodiu Sodiu Sodiu Sodiu Sodiu Siilph Sulph Sulph Sulph Sulph Sulph Zinc C l.cad is nlsu widely used for cont nickel and zinc electrolytes or electr mium plating is becoming of ever-incre variel y of industries. Antitnonial leu antimony content is in use as lining tanks and giving satisfactory servic the tanks are put into use immediate been placed in them, or, if they arc g ment. the life of the lead can !>c extend into heating coils and anodtrs in chro I^cad is used extensively as a lining steel and other metal articles. The p sulphuric acid. Lead table lops, sink linings and extensively used in chemical laborato corrosion resistance, easy repairing a duces breakage of beakers. It mak serviceable equipment. LEAD COMPOUNDS I'.lstTUN lend compounds known ns linsir carbonate while lend, red lead, litharge, basic sii|ilinlr while lend, lend cliromates, lend neelnle nnd n number of others me produced on a large senle in llie 11 oiled Slnles; the manufacture of while lend alone requires a supply of over 250,000,0(10 Ih. ol' metallic lead each year. Lead compounds furnish the raw malerial for such highly diversified industries ns paint, storage battery, pottery, glass, rubber and inseelieide manufnclnre, oil rdiuiug and other industries. \ eoinmon designation is the term lend pigments. No reference to the indispensable role which lend plays in every <lny life would he complete without some consideration of the lend compounds, how they nre made and used. Ilydrulcd liusic l.cud ('iirlmnidi' -- 2I>1><'.Oj.l'h (Oll)j-- more commonly known as basic carbonate while lead or simply while lead, is the most widely used of the lead pigments, and forms the basis of the highest grade paint. Mono or in combination with other pigments, the use of while lend in paint is so w idespread that I his subject is discussed Thirty sir in greater detail in another sectio also used in glazing pottery and en inaiiufiK'l urn of orange mineral and Hydrated basic lead carbonate powder with excellent hiding p country from highly relined pig lea lint old Dutch, Carter and precipi In the old Dutch process, thin pe metallic lead about six inches in di ware pots with a small amount of d coveted with moist spent Ian bar Ian hark produces heat, (up to a carbon dioxide. Hvnpurnliou of produces water vapor. Meanwhile oxygen, carbon dioxide and moist tures. converts the inclullic leud Itnnalc, or white lead. In the Carter process, metalli steam to a line powder and placed i ders. The lead charge in lire cylin with dilute ucclic acid und water, dioxide are continuously passed t version of the lead is brought abou lake place in the old Dutch proc changed to whilt; lead. It will be. seen that. the. old D process are quite alike in action, b are required to convert lead by th of the thickness of the buckles, wh <lays are needed in the Carter pr purl ides of blown Carter-process In the prccipilulion process, as a litharge is dissolved in acetic acid by bringing the lead acetate solu dioxide gas. Ilest. known in the and the Sperry processes. In the solved in leud acetate solution to which pure while lead is precip contact with carbon dioxide gas. lead acetate solution is obtained sition of a metallic lead anude in bring precipitated almost insliinlsm<*<iisly from llir; lead acetate by sodium carbonate present id I In? solution. Itusic Lead Std/dude. This pigment, also known under a trade mark, "Sublimed White Lead," is a line opai|iie, amor phous while powder. It is essentially a eomhinalion of lead sul phate and lead oxide- and contains a small amount of zinc oxide, not exceeding 9%, which is incidental to the ore from which it is manufactured. Unlike basic carbonate of lead, this ma terial is made directly from lead ore by a lire process rather than by the use of chemicals. Itasic lead sulphate is manufactured in a slagrye lurnnec by feeding galena concent rules with the proper duxes directly into the furnace. The lead and sulphur are sublimed and, in tin; gaseous stale oxidized to lorm basic lead sulphate. I he gases and fume are cooled, precipitating tin- basic lead sulphate as a line powder w Inch is collected in a i lolli filler bagroom. Pure basic lead sulphate! (a proprietary name for which is "Super Sublimed While Lead") is made by atomization of mol ten lead in the presence of an excess amount of air and sulphur dioxide. The resultant, product is pure basic lead sulphate con taining tin /inr. Ih. se two w Idle pigments are extremely line, amorphous and opaipie. It is because of these characteristics, llial they arc used ext eusix el y in I lie mixed paint industry, and also as accel erators of vulcani/.alion in the manufacture of rubber. Itunic l.aid Sulphate -- Him'. This pigment, also known by a proprietary designation, "Sublimed blue Lead," is slate gray in color and consists of basic lead sulphate, lead sulphite, lead sulphide, zinc oxide, and u very small amount, of carbon. It owes its color to the small amount, of lead sulphide and carbon present. It is manufactured simultaneously xvith the production of pig lead from galena on a Scotch open hearth furnace. It rises from the furnace as a fume, which is con densed and collected in bags, permitting the gases and air to pass through, and retaining a blue fume which drops down as an extremely line pigment. The principal use of blue basic lead sulphate, is in the manufacture of paint for steel. II has established a firm position in the painting of steel as it possesses reinurkable rust inhibiting qualities. Its pleasing blue-gray color, extreme lineness and unusual hiding power Thirty-eight make it an excellent pigment for use in prevention. Litharge. Litharge, a monoxide of lea and is produced in both a powdered and by healing pig lead in specially designe beratory or cupel types, in the presence o lead. The product of I lit; treatment in <*iHirtray C ICxtrudiny lead or electrical glass a continuous melting p is usually powdered litharge; in a cupel litharge. The process generally requires litharge is also made by burning lead presence of oxygen. Litharge contains roughly 9'.\ per ce oxygen, and the numerous grades are k the use to which the litharge is to be app Glassmakers' litharge is used in powd inrllnl with nllii'i materials siii li its silica Mini polasli In make Mil exceptionally clear. lough Mini I ni Mi .1111 glass. j < 1 >1 < 1 in 1; 1 k 1 -i-. lilhaigc is suit! in powdered lorni. dissolved in acelic arid nr uilrie arid and le-ed In |n<n11111 rlirninr yellow and chrome green rnlui's. Mnlilirrmakris' litharge is finely |i<i\\drrril and is iisrd as ail arrrlnalnr, lougheuer and eunlrolling ingredient ill llir inailll- I'arl me of rubber. \ ainisliniakns.' litharge. usually in powdered form. is used in mamifaeluring \arnisli In give proper drying i|iialilirs. Pnl II I yniakiTs' and riiamrlrrs' litharge ninsl lie exeeedingly pure and is iisrd as nnr nl' llir pottery nr rnainrl glaze constitu ent s. Ilallery litharge is very pure and is iisrd willi rrd Irail in 11 ink ini' llir acli\ r plates. Oil refiners' litharge is iisrd in finely powdered form ill llir refining nf ga>uliue. kerosene and similar prlrnlrnm products, ('.anslir. smla in which litharge lias lirrn dissolved is nsrd in llir refilling nprralinn In lirrak up snnir nf llir rnmplrx organic snlplinr rninpnimds. Alter I Ins Irralmrnl Irail snlpliidr is I'nrinrd which srlllrs In llir linllnni nf Ihe lank. Hal l.ratl. This is a bright orange rrd oxide nf lead having llic fnrmnla l'l),0i, a slightly greater oxygen cnnlrnl. Ilian litharge. 11 is maiinfarl urrd liy lira ling pnwdrrrd lilliargr inidrr care fully cniilrnllrd temperature, luwrr Ilian fur ihe inanufacliirr nf lilliargr. The lilliargr lakes up inure uxygen and fumis an rrilirrly dill'errnl. rnmpuund, rrd lead. A small pari nf llir. litharge usually remains tiiirunvrrlrd in llir furni of miuule (sires in llir rrd h*ad. "True red lead" is Ihe actual I'hjO, in Ihe cnmmiTcial piginrnl. "Purr rrd trad" may contain some uiirhangrd lilliargr hut is free from oilier impurities. Next In while lead the ninsl widely used lead paint piginrnl. is rrd lead. The niileninc of many cnmpelilivr lesls and years nf experience by users has made red lead llir standard pigment lur llir prnl eel inn nf metal smfaees. a situation given rnngnilion in anulher section of I his hook. (See Page fi'i.) lied lead is also used in several industries eunsiimiiig litharge, in il aid y in I he manufaellire of storage hallery plates, high grade glassware, pottery, enamels and varnish. Orange Mineral. This compound has llir same chemical eom|Hisilion as red lead, anil is manufactured from basic car- Forty lioiiale white lead, or from litharge, llial used lor red lead. Il differs from r color and tone. Il has a brilliant ver largely by color makers and iiianiifaclur Thr I.etui Chromates -- yellow, orange for lheir color and protective properties. IMiC.rOi, is made by precipitation from or lead nilr.itc to which potassium nr s been added. The resulting precipitate color and is known as medium chrom paler yellow known as lemon elirome y acid or sodium sulphate is added In Ihe some while lead sulphate In precipitate chromate. Orange rhmine yellow is Ihe partly ba 1 obtained by dissolving an atkuli, such ' ash, in the bichromate solution before to the lead solution. American Vermilion, also known chrome rest, is basic lead chromate usua instead of from a lead acetate solution. Hot ween chrome red, which is a dee and lemon chrome yellow lie many o which are really mixtures of Ihe dillcrcn are obtained by varying the conditio scribed under the diUVrcitl lead cliruma Chrome Green, the most iin|Mrluni gre of yellow lead chromate and Prussian made by precipitating the chromate i divided Prussian blue (fcrric-ferrocyan There are, of course, hundreds of A list of some, of them with u few of the It can he seen from this list Ihul lead is vulciil, forming both plumlmus and plu rare cases is monovalent. ICxlrcmcly pounds arc rarely made or used. The o teric, i.e., they have the characteristic acids or bases to form salts. With alk and plumbates. In this case Ihe basic oxide are more marked, so that the p developed than the plunibile. F,,r,y -''"" Su p p l e me n t Any Lis t o f Le a d Co mp o u n d s Same ' formula Appearance .'tolubihl;/ ! Mil nu ion ii rr lie markt Lead acetate (plumbous' ttugar uf lead' 1'I.iC:Hj Oj i:.31IAJ White nr brow fil%h white crvstiiis Ltilnrcsreic. .'-oluble 10 water 1 Dissolve litiiarcc in diltilr ucctir and heated 1 bv strum ( nils < fvstuln/es mil alien c ih iIc iI U-itil iiirlKJiiuic u iiiv be u mO in 1 place of hUiurgc 1 sed in manufacture of other leud sulls. mordant in (|\e>. (trver in paint*, bad coating stei i Lead icrUtr (plumbic Pb(C;HsO:u Colorless cfvsiul* l)rrnrntM>e(l be Add wurtu iriaciai scene scid to red leud and wilier inn. PbOr cia.l uml nrrt ic ami Lead acetate. basic ! Hl'MCrHiU.:; IMiO.SHt O Lead acetate, basic PI.<(':Hj O: .. Lead antimonate I'lutSbOts: ! Needle* Amorphous Orsiiu'e-velii'u pnwiit-r >nlubie in water >oluilc id water , Made from 1'bO aud normal acetate 1 Made irniu I'bU and oofmai acetate insoluble in water interaction of leud nitrate ami |M>taiuni i utitimniiHir solution*, cooceiitraiioii and : er\staliilallOU l *cd us plgmrtit ill (mint, ceramics, rrmlerv and gia* indus tries Lead arsenate 1 PbitAsO*;: i \\ bile powu-r insoluble in water1 Action of arsenic and on litharge in presence Soluble in H.NOi t of acetic or nitric arm a* ratibvst. or add i solution of leud acetate or nitrate to sodium 1 arsenate laitlrr method fives mixture of 1 biisir ami dibasir lead arsenate nnd should 1 not be used tf it i> to be mixed with hair* 1 sulphur solution insecticide Lead aside : PbNt ( rvstaihm' suestance Add lead acetate or Ditratr to solution of i mmIiu b i aaide l sett as primer in piosivrs with nitro glycerine Lead beoxoau- FblGlLO: : \N bile crvstsliine Mightlv soluble in poaUer water Lead borate PbdlOk.HjO i PbOJlfcOi 1 \\ bite powder Insoluble in watrr.1 Add an excess of loirax solution to a solution >oluble in dilute t of lead salt, busion of boric acid with lead UNOi i carbonate or oxide Used as drier m paint* l sed in flaxes and enamel* Aanr formula .Ipjcoronrr Sulubiltty M unujnelurc Remark* Lead bromide ! PbBn White powder ( umparntivelv in .'same as leud chloride using bruimnr com- soluble in waicr jHiutlds instead of eliionne cotn|iound Lead butyrate PbiC.HrO: . Uoiorlc** Hakes Insoluble mi water Lead carbonate PbUb i Heavy white mass insoluble ill water Add lead nitrate to ammonium carbonute Occur* in nature as rerussiir. see page b Lead chloride i plumbous; ! PbCl: Lead chloride (plumbic; 1 PbCL ' While crvstal* or i silky needles Heavy yellow oily liquid. or with suiull quantity of water forms crytalline hydrate Mik'Miy soluble in water Treat lead oxide or carbonate with 11 Cl or odd concentrated solution of soluble lend salt to soluble chloride. Du lartre scale Diode by beating litharge w ith excess of J1C1 at 100 C and atmospheres in acid-resisling autoclave Dissolve PbClj in concentrated IIC1 in pres ence of exerss chlorine Tiers* of water decompose** it to PbO* and UUI Lead oxychlorides . Numerous. An i important one is ! PbCI,.7PbO (Cas . sei yellow i Yellow powder Insoluble in water Kusr one purt ammonium chloride with ten Most occur in nature parts massicot, w hite or red lead Pigment Lead citrate Lead cyanate 1 PtnlCULU:): 1 PbfC.NOn W hite crystalline Insoluble in water powder White crystalline >oluble id water powder Lead cyanide Pb(CN ii White powder . Insoluble in water Action of solution of potassium cyanide on lead acetate Laad dichromate PbCnOi Brick red powder Insoluble in water Lead dithiolurate (CJiaOCSShPb i Accelerator in manu facture of rubber Forty-three A'omr Formula A ppearanre Suiubiitly Man utnrin r, ileihark . Lead elboxidc |-blOCJI Light yellow fri able powder >ulublr m and hv- .**u.|>rnd thin sheet' of b-ml <*'.r nhilute droiysed by water ateohol through which u 'ire.un ozone i i |Mtcd. tlien an*li with uhoiiol utul iiry 10 i vacuo over sulphuric anil Lead ferroc.vaiude lV:Ke (C.NU.allHi Yrlloaiob while Insoluble iu water powder | Lead tluoboruic PbtUF<i: : MMile bv t In- union of in lirolioorie un.l 1 'i-ii HI electroplalilu.* i Ijoric and' ou while lend with lend Lead liuoridi l*bl: While powder insoluble id witter 1 Made u nre otlo-r linlou'i-n <<>iii|w >iiih U of ie.ol lining proper lliioron eoni|MMiiiti * Lead HuoiiluuU' 1'bSiF* i Action of liiMh* un hlburgt >oltiiion of about H' , PbMl. nod )|'.r 11m|- U'-ii m' elrctroKte III eleel rol.Vtic fetlliilik' of Ie.ol Lead formate rbiCHo> Lustrous white >olublr in water rhutnbii* pn>ui> or oeedlr* Lead hydroxide I'biUll,, While amor* pbou* powder Yrrv wliarliliy iJ* never been pn-puri-o in pure eotniiiion ulde in water. >ol*. Illde III excess ' NaOll | .Vii'orb' ( ( h from 11.. air ionium: wbn> Ie.ol At r- ( i. i ooitio'i-' into I i 4 l mid I'M! Lead I'b^rOi "hyposulphite '' (thiosulphate - ' While rrystulhnc powoer insoluble ID water Precipitated from lend mt-lult- un<l v h Imh ii tiytiwsulpbde i thiosulphate 1 t<-f*oni|Mi'i-' miln ai-i "oiiietiioe' ll'iil a* to eeleralof m xuliaoi/. Mu.' riibin-r. ami (le|Hi'il lenil mirror- Lead Pb>:0*.4ll:0 "hvpnsulphuti " (dilhionulc' W hile erystaU Vi-rv soluble m water Lead ioduir 1'bl: (loldrfl crystal* insoluble IU Water Mailr a nre oilier balos'en < tilii|iUllds of or powdrr , lead using proper ioduir (ouipoumi' jSame Formula jAppearance SolubiiUy Manufacture ! Uemarkt Lead lactate I Hb(CJ1.0.h 1Heavy, while. Soluble in water t crystalline powder; 1 Lead bnoleatv PbfCiaHnOih Yellowish brown 1 Soluble io acids plaaterdike mass 1 Add litharge to mw linseed oiland rui'e I temperature tobetween 6UU* and OOP0 1. | 1 1 i Principal m*e as drvrr : m puint and \aruih. i hor tins piiriNJsr a i dissolved in turtien! tine while warm Lnd malitr | I*b(C.H.O.)-SHiO W hile powder Slightly soluble io| water | j | Lead molybdate 1 PbMotb ! Yellow powder 1 Insoluble in water.! Add lead nitrale solution to solution of i soluble in but i ammonium molybdate and concentrate j j picric acid I j Lead nitrate | PbfNUits White crystalline Soluble in water | Dissolve lead or litharge io nitric acid alt I 1 Lied m manufacture | of other lead salts, i matches. breworks, i insecticides Lead mtnle Lead oleate 1 Pb(NOh i j Pb(CisHOi>* Yellow crystals Very soluble in 1 Decompose silver nitrite with lead chloride j water i and concentrate the solution in vacuum ! While ointment* Insoluble in water. Action of oleic acid on a lead salt like irranuies or Soluble in alcohol man or ether i Used as dryer iu j varoisb, used in rul>i ber and lubricant* Lead oxalate j PbCiOi l Heavy, white powder Insoluble in waterj j Lead peroxide PbOi Brown powder Insoluble ia water 1 Action of strong oxidizing agent, as HiO. on 1 Strong oxiduiog 1 solution of lead acetate or nitrate in presence | agent 1 of alkali. Also bv making lead the anode in | dilute sulphuric acid solution, and scraping I the peroxide off the lead as it is formed ! Lead pbenolate (phenate) Pb(OH)oau. Yellowish to pray* Insoluble io water! Boil phenol with litharge isb white powder ! I 1 Uad pbeool-sul- 1 Pb|CdL(OH)SOsb White, lustrous Soluble in water ori pbonale j .5HsO needles alcohol- | Forly-five I'fir ty - s ir S amr formula . 1 i>i>farant t .SiiluLlllfy Manitioetiiri Uemarkt Lead phosphate Lead propionate Lead resioatc Lead uhevl.il> l^ruii srlriml larud kilicute la-mj iiieotluoridc Lrad klrufuti Lead subuiide Lead ftoi|dia(flpiuuibou-> i Lead luipliale Ipiuinbu) PbilHO. : White poihr Insoluble in water 1'reripnule pnro of b-nd metnle with small iiuantitv of soUluui pliosphule at UKJ L Pb.CditOt : i ( oli>ru- rr> >iui- lui,iubie in water i hue |Miin r Pb(C:OHrA>- : 1 Yl'iillW l ll wlllli- 1 n-olubh- in water Heat litnurge witli refill | |llu<illC CUlll|K>lU,li or iiuisi solvent. 1 i Principal ue h a dryer , iu pmuix hof this i u*c diMolvc in pe* > iruhiuii snivt-nt or i mixture of lurpentioe < and |M-troleum tbinoer 1*1, < :11-th-; ll.-tl \\ hilt- cr\ ,|,u 'oinl.li- in wall r .Util ukxdliil Pb^-u. Pb.-.< K pow.i.r 1 W III! rv ,tiilillic 1 j h iu t 1 ii,oiiii,lr in water In-Mtiuhie in wuler Made bv fii'ioii id lit Puree and du >>r >r alcohol inlion d leml acetate uiul ,,dimti m|m.iI>- 1 MllutlOU'i l M-i iu k'luzinc. eiiatn* t iimc mid nre-prooDOg fuhrn> Pt^lKaJlsO 1 W Inlr crvbluhin. 1 |M<irr Soluble ID wulrr 1 Meat k'nlenu or Other lead citiuptiiimu wilt, i hv<iri>llno*di< m id. air hnmr blown i through mixture mid Water udded Pb>< idluth . ; \ tiiow ion crumb* I ii-.olulilf iii siller i Ileal *olulioli> of leml mi lute and v mIiiu ii . 1 M-,i ii> u ilrvrr in i |V |MI*'Srr >>iubi<- in ideoiiol < olearute > xiirnioii umi iscqurr I'M) 1 trav powder | 1 Art ion id w nter gu* oil lit luirk'e or >v hralliik* 1 irml oJidute at ulMillt <*' t Willi prr-,,ur< || below J ini. of mereurx . Toward, end of | pmet-*,. when prronire i. iiown aiiim-,1 to i refn. leni|H-rul ufr rail In- rm-i d It, .H.i.*4' (_ . or , (uglier PbH h Pin*: JI.-.M C. H Ilf.'. prmpit.ii' : \\ litir rr\ l;dliur i olllloiUlM ' Jro.thiM,- h i m.-iI'T A< (loti of ,<dlMe *ii]pliule or Alilp/lUflc irnJ "xhil.i.- in uimi">iii- Oil leml uertote or Uiirale h im uretiii,' [ Kleetrob of concfutriited lh><) in a 1 divided eel! with lend aiiodi . '1 elli|MTatUfr i i inii't l*e ke|t below .'II < If dilute acid i or htchcr triiqwruture i ii*cd. I'ltU* will be . loruu-d I Forty-seven Same formula Lead aulpliide IgaieoaJ 1 PbS Lead sulphite PbMh Lead sulphorvun* Pb(C.V-v: ate Lead tanoate Lead lartrale Lead tetraethyl PbCJU), Pb(cmj. Lead tetramethyi ' Pb(CH*i Lead thiosulphate Pbs^b Lead tungstate PbWO. Lead vanadate Potassium plumbate Pb(VO,h KiPb(OB Sodium plumbate NaxPbfOHj* Sodium plumbtte NiPb(OHb | .Ippeoranrr So/uhi/dji J }Jonu/aeture JUmarii 1 l-rad-emv crystal Insoluble in water Hubble hydrogen sulphide throukdi lead salt ' Most evmmou lead 1 line solid with 1 i solution. Tin* i* delteslr lest for prrsence t mineral, swre page 8 i1 metallic lustre i 1 of leml. a* a Mtiull amount w ill culor solution 1 1 trrav <r black i (.rumble white i Insoluble in watrr, i |M>der t | 1 Yellowish micro* ervstailiuepowdrr i ! i'rmpitatrd from solutions of lead nitrate l ed as primer in n* l and sodium suiphocyanate ! plosive* |1 Hrownish yellow, i Slnrhilv soluble ini odorless, taslrle-,*. ` a ater or alcohol | amorphous powder. - 1 White powder Insoluble in water . liquid 1 Produced by acliuo of ethyl iodide on lead* Lsed as antiknock : sodium alloy, or by action of lead chloride ingredient in motor on zinc alkyU fuels Volatile liquid Produced in same manner as Pb(C:IL)i See lead hypo* j sulphite I Yellowish powder 1 Insoluble m water ! Yellow powder Insoluble in water Interaction of solutions of lead nitrate and sodium tungstate White crystals , i Dissolve lead peroxide in boilinr concern 1 trated potassium hydroxide and allow to stand over strong sulphuric acid j Anodic oxidation of solution of lead bvdrox* ide io sodium hydroxide, using platinum aoode. Crystallizes out without evapora* lion . 1 soluble in water Ij Add litharge to solution of caustic soda, Widely used in oil re agitate by blowing in compressed air and lining. referred to as raise temperature to 10UK Podium "doctor solution" plumbite solution results j Forty-ciijhl This hnndsum r m in ia lu re farm in the suburbs o f ,liiin ilrti> liiti is p n tn lrtl ir ilh p u r r t r liilr Irw l iw ii o il.l LE Th e: manufacture of paint is an indu and consumes such a great variety of e pounds that I lie uninformed buyer is lik trying to ascertain just what constitu cunnol cuter here into u technical disc istics of the various paint pigments o from lead. Suffice it to say that the pr do well to consult his painter when in paint, to use. Hotter yet he will make purchases and uses contains a high higher the better. This is especially tru a Held in which unfortunately, innume to be found, some of merit, and othe Therefore, unless the buyer exercises acquire a paint containing paint adu give satisfaction. In this connection i that United Stales Government. Maste paint und tinted paints on a white bas I mixed rull lor n minimum while lead content of nut less I linn hO |ier cent. WHITE LEU) IN PAINT Winn: Lend, tlie oldest while paint pigment known to man, was first, employ'd lij the Kgvptians, (ireeks and Homans. Several descriptions exist, dating from before the Christian era, of the method of making it from metallic lead with vinegar, or wine. The old Dutch Process, by which the pigment is most "lien made today, is essentially the same in principle as the method used by the ancients. While lead continues to make the best and simplest white paint. The earl) history of paint itself antedates any reliable w rillen records. It is known to have ..... .. used by the Kg) ptians as far back as 2500 lie.; the ancient Hindus and the Hebrews before the lime ol Moses also were well ncipiainlcd with the art of painting for decorative purposes. The (ireeks wen- probably the lirsl to recognize the importance of protecting their strucI ores w it h paint. It cumins of their edifices are often found show ing ev idence of its use. Fifty Thrifty farmers hare made irhite lead /mint afarorite in painting their homes and farm buildings. Paint is now called upon to serve m of course, it. is to protect and to heun increasing responsibilities and greatly serviceability. Well painted buildings hand in hand with improved sanit colored paints arc important aids in o tion and reducing the costs of lighti used to make houses or rooms look larg bright, cheery, sedate, or what you wi hospitals the proper use of color now ami the elfects of diirerently colored been found to lie often quite marked. protector against weathering and r millions of dollars annually, but the functions is not so easily measured. It is profitable, then, to keep buildin paint should be selected to do the jo economically':1 It is safe to say that used regardless of cost, for the labor about 75 per cent of nearly every pa paint is a secondary item. What is the best paint? It should which it is applied and remain attract period. i\o paint will last forever. must lie repainted no mailer what pai paint will last, the less will be the co lead paint, that is while lead and li paints containing a high percentage peatedly demonstrated their ability, paints made from other while pigmen ments. Like many meritorious article imitated and adulterated with othe Although advantages are sometimes of these adulterants, they would not b low cost compared with while lead. There is another important, side When it is time to repaint in what co lie to receive the new coal? White away, leaving an even, slightly chalky for repainting. It docs not crack or do, must be entirely scraped or bur This adds another expensive labor item to the repainting hill. Moreover, paints made with inferior pigments often deteriorate l .iI>iiII>. I lic hiding power nl while Irail paint is extremely high. The same amount nl' il will therefore ailnpialrly cowr a larger anal Ilian painls of lesser liiilin*' quality anil naturally lower tin; (list nl llii' paint prr unit nl arra covered. Ill house paints, llii' liipiiil, or \i-lii<-11 part nf tin- paint is principally linst-ril nil. While lead has a natural all'mily I'ur this nil possessed hy no other while pigment. A film of while lead paint is extremely tonsil and elastic. \s surfaces to he painted will expand or routracl as they absorb or give oil' moisture and as the temperature i linages, hard, hrillle paint lilms will crack and fail. Tough elastic while lead paint will stretch and coiilracl as the surface under il changes. While lead paint also possesses a properly which is loo often appreciated hy painters only. It works very easily under the hrush, i.e., spreads readily, while application is not a tlillii-nlI and tiling operation. Of course, this is desirable for the painter hut henelils the owner loo, lor the painter can apply more paint in a day and tin- cost nf labor is thus reducer I on a given job. Moreover, the paint is more likely lu he brushed nut properly, thus giving a heller jolt and covering more area than painls of poorer working qualities. All these factors, and not merely the lirsl cost per gallon, determine, the. true, cost of paint. No elaborate theories are necessary to justify the use of white lead paint. Performance alone dictates its choice. Almost uny painl will look well a year after application -- or even two years. The real lest of a paitd only begins then. Whit a* lead paint, or paints containing high percentages of while lead, properly applied, will usually remain in excellent condition at least four or live years. Itasic carbonate while lead has pre served many colonial landmarks through the rigorous climate of the Atlantic seaboard for many generations. In colonial days it was the only while pigment generally used. Practically all good painters use while lead because their reputations and livelihood depend upon doing satisfactory jobs for their cus tomers. lint, aside from technical reasons, the great prepon derance of evidence in its favor has been gained from actual ex perience and is being increased daily. Fifty-two U'hile leml poiid is widely used/o Public buildings, such as this lead painl an actual ec 11 s field of usefulness does not slu|) with outside paint. For interior decoration while lead is again called upon Tor I he best results. The advantages ahead) mentioned lor outside work also appl) In interinr work. In addil inn I he pain I can lie washed many linns. While lead plaslic painl can he used In obtain interest in;,' low-relief wall lexlnres, hlended, niollled and figured elleels. Objection In while lead is snmelinics raised llial il is more expensive Ilian necessary Inr interior work where exposure conditions are not as severe as outside and when* re decoration is eonslanll) desired. The slightly higher cost is largely eipiali/.ed li) I he greater ease in applieal ion and increased spread, which often makes il possible to have a while lead job done for practically the same, price, as with cheaper material. Where while lead paint is used the painted surface will retain a solid unbroken paint lilm. In conclusion, il is of ('real importance to I lie home nw ner, as a protection for his pocket-hook, to see that cither pure while lead paint, or the best grade readv-mixed paints containin'; hip'll percentages of while lead are used on lii.s home. Il is also im portant that the painter only use a paint which will insure hav ing a .satisfied customer. And, linally, il is important that, the manufacturer make only such a painl that his product will earn him goodwill and satisfaction. Fifty-Jour K*iiift (Sh IIh w *) (`rent hriih/es the u'orltl over are /tmtccteti Jro/n rust and destruction by lead /mints. This is the Brooklyn Bridge being refurbished. Kon more than a century pure red sidered the. standard protective paint corrosion or rusting. It is u mixtur oil which, when applied to the. surface adhering, unbroken, impervious (ilm, corrosive gases, and air. The red lead pigment content is ge the weight of the painl. The hcsl m 26 to 211 Ih. per gallon hut even heavie Red lead painl resembles white l characteristics. For one thing it len more tenac iously than any other pai applied to a dean metal surface, for a rust nr scale may come olf through no or scale loosens. Moreover, red lea strong natural allinily for oil. Red leud makes a very lough, elas and contruct as the metal under il e changes of temperature. 'Phis elimin <niiik in llii` |i:iiiit lilm which would allow wplcr anil air In reach llir nirlal ami In lie-in iiif?- Ibisl, even though il idarli ill unr small spot may conlinim In spread undcrncalh Ilu- I min I. \ great advantage nf nil lr.nl painl is llial il greatly retards I In spread nf nisi even wlmn I In- painl lilm is I ir< ikt'fi. Ini |iainl jobs 11 ill i niiisl lm i-i h i I i 111 ii il I \ iimlrr vvaler, sinli as ship lint 11mis anil oilier sinTai i's in nnilm'l willi wain', il lias I h im liiiiml advi-sihle In mill a I i III - litharge In llm nil trail | n ii 111 In give a lianliT snrfarr, as mill inual snaking by walrr Irnils In snlli'ii even llm ninsl 1111 lit I ill* painl. ( iil111ii IiIi\ < li sts rninlin lnl by llm \uierieau Swirly fur lesling Materials mi llm railroad blidge ill Havre 111 (irari', \I;11 \ I;11nI, as urll as nllmr li'sts mailc by companies anil in- ili\iilnals, lia\i' <li-i in h i >1 Mill'd llm superiorit y nf ri'd Irail paint I'nr llm (imli'i'linn nf iron ami steel. Alter seven years exposure in llm IlnM'i' (In (bare lest, llm painl made with llm ninsl II iKI > I > oxidized ami pun's) mil lead si null al llm Imad. in ii class liy itself, and llm imxl lust painls were llmsc which contained high percenlages nf red lead. Mailrnmls am large consumers nf red Iciid fur I lie painl ini' nf bridges, ears, signal lowers and iniiltitudinniis nllmr steel railway structures. In painting railway curs and ulher eipiipnienl, red lead is an exeellenl painl fur a priming eu;il and as a hase lor linishing coals of nllmr colors wlmn desired. Highway bridges such as the huge Philadelphia-) '.anideii bridge, Itmuklyn Bridge, llm new Hudson (liver bridge and hundreds of others depend upon red lead painl as a prolecliini against nisi. Il is also favored in Imildin^ nnd maintaining ships. Si eel work I'nr sky scrapers and ol Imr buildings receives a shop coat of red lead shortly after lining fabricated, (ipon erection llm steel is given ndditioiuil coals of red lead painl. Sleel gas tanks, penstocks and nllmr sleel struclums are also commonly painlcd with red lead painl. A comparatively remit develnpmeol is the use of red lead painl as a haked priming coal on underground nil and gas pipe lilies. Alter application to the pipe llie red lead painl is haked at a temperature of alioul .`100 l\, and llm secondary coal of an asphall or hilumiimus hase then applied. Kor decora live purposes llm linishing coal of red lead painl may hit tinlcd In various pleasing dark colors, such as hruwii, or hlnek. If a light colored finish is desired the top coal muy he Fifty-air while lead paint tinted lo soil. A obtained with a very small amount o great opacity of while lead paint, o pletely hides the brilliant red color un Hlue Lead Painl -- In more rece ment -- blue basic lead sulphate or earned Ibr itself a place in llm man Metal pruleclire lead /minis co of modern skyscr paints. Competitive tests by impa performance in actual use, have es purpose. Its blue gray color is ver due lo the fact that it is manufacture the particles are extremely line, giv thickness without brushmarks. It is and exhibits the same affinity for li other lead pigments. LEAD STORAGE BATTERIES Tin: lend .-loi-ago battery is mi much ;i part of our everyday lives tlial we are scarcely aware of our dependence ii|ion it. 'i H in iilinosl every industry iiml home the inconspicuous finirlinning of storage batteries is It*lI. IVrlecled in the short period of seventy years to a high degree of dependability, ser vice and economy, there is pracl i<-;illy no substitute lor I In* storage battery in its hundreds of applications. More than 25.000,000 automobiles in this country are equipped will) storage batteries for starling and lighting, a phenomenally rapid growth when we consider that it was only a few years ago, in 1011, that storage batteries were first used in automobiles. Automobile manufacture now consumes about seventy-live percent of the total weight of storage batteries made in the country. Hundreds of other uses, most of them older than the employment of batteries in automobiles, con sume the remainder. I.ead storage batteries, of whose total weight lead comprises about f>()-<>5 per cent, consume about 220.000 tons of lead annually -- ordinarily the largest single use of lead. bifty-viufit Plante, credited with the inve battery, made his first successful ex metallic lead plates which gave h "Forming" these plates to give the usefulness look many mouths. Th method of pasting perforated plate vented the result, was to raise ba `forming" lime to a few days. Th then occurred. Immediately follo 1882, the Pennsylvania Hailroad use senger car lighting; a central pow standby and peak loads in 1885; a r.hicago in 1889; and the first, succ pelled by storage batteries appeared A lead battery consists of a min gether, each cell producing approxim contains a number of positive and in a solution of dilute sulphuric acid the positives all connected together the cell; the negatives similarly conn The plates are perforated grids cast taining about 7 to 12 per cent antim tin. Antimony and tin give additio and heller casting qualities. The plate are pasted with litharge, or a lead up to 25 per cent, made into a p dilute sulphuric acid. The positive a higher percentage of red lead. Co tained in a hard rubber, composition of large stationary batteries, where in lead-lined wooden tanks, separat partitions or a combination of both closer together without danger or plate coming in contact with that o is filled with dilute sulphuric acid. After the plates have been pas assembled, the plates must be "form condition to store electrical energy. the positive plates to the anode, an cathode terminal of the electrical containing sulphuric acid. Forma 21 In III hums. Wli.il liiki's 111ii<'i* is sliotwi by iin examination of represent al i\ e compositions til I lit* aclixe material mi llie plates before anil alter formation as in I lie lahlr. below. In the po-alivr plain the ml li'ail, l'li,l>i. is taken as two parts I'lil) anil one part I`b0j. Tin: lead formed mi I In: negative plain is sponge Irail. Nnarin: I'lari: h itml Inilitil t-ormnl l.'iiru/iiMl/liiri (."ni[n'sill"il Hid I'liSII, I'll '>% III Vc 2a 'I.', i)2 I'nsi i n I. I'l l 11. I'lill I'M I I'liSII, h'iniil Inititil I'ltrincl f ii'iiifHisitiim f ."inpitsilittii 20% .Vi 27, Illi 711% 7 7 17, \s iin' nh iipiiiiii<Is making up llir liiial i ninpnsiliuii am nf higher specific grav il y Ilian llir original rutiipumuls, llir malrrial Iriuls In shrink nu forming. making a porous anil Irss ilrusr plain, n hith allnii s I hr rlrrl inly In In prnrl rain In llir malrrial hrlira I II llir surface. Pnrnsily is an iinpnrlanl rssrnlial of plain raparil y. W hen a storage hallrry is fully charged tin: arliir malrrial nil Iin: positive plain is largely lead peroxide, Pbt)., and that on tin: negative plait: spoiler lead. These stihslanees, when placed in closed rlrclrical circuit, are unstable in sulphuric acid and are coin ri led In lead sulphate. As every chemical change manifests ilsrlf in some display of energy, this particular clump- produces an rlrclrical current, ('.hurgiug llir liallery is just llir reverse, llir lead sulphate bring rrrnnvrrled In lead peroxide and sponge lead. Of course llie design of Imllrries varies rather widely among mamifacliirers and with the services lo which llie ballery is In he pul. Iliil I cry rapacity is either rated accordin'' lo llir length of lime of discharge or al u definite current rale of discharge, und is shilrd either in ampere-hours nr wall-hours, llie former lining more usual. Ihillery outputs per unit of weight and volume vary so widely that il is impossible In generalize. Kverynue is familiar with stinting and lighting batteries fur automobiles. In this country they are usually the It cell, 6 volt type, although (> cell. 12 volt batteries are also used. 'Che jars are made of a composition material and wood separators are customarily used, although rubber is nflru substituted alone or in conjunct ion with the wood. Forly standard sizes are used Siily Three-pourr locumutires nre among llie lat battery's field of us compared with (>2I) sizes before 191( accomplished. Automobile ball eric al ImiIIi 5 ampere and 20 minute ra they must perform of providing lar for starling and smaller currents fo r.apucilies commonly used in passe 117 ampere-hours at the 5 amper expensive classes of cars they run a Total weight varies between -10 and 'Ihe first electric industrial I ruck Fleets of electric trucks are common wi delivery wo Minin Itailmad in I`)0I anil mm suiiir 17,tint) arc in operation in I his count ry. Almost every industry now finds a place lor them. 'I lie advoutages uf storage buttery (rucks me that lliey increase. Ihe Cii|iacily of men engaged in materials handling mid release laborers Inr mure productive work. They speed up manufac turing hy culling down the idle lime of machines; lliey increase (nailable storage and manufacturing space; lliey nil inven tories, and are also responsible for savings in overhead. Theorelieally, Ihe rat in of handling costs of eleclric Iruck and manual labor is I to 21 as Ihe eleclric Iruck moves about eight limes Ihe load at lliree limes Ihe speed. The theoretical ssi\itifj is nearly readied in practice. The equipment, therefore, pays lor itself in very short order, usually in four mouths to a year, often less, ami it has a Ion;' life. It is estimated that `Ml per cent of the i i ii 11 is I rial truck equipment installed in the past twenty years is still operating, whereas the batteries themselves have a lile of about II to y ears. Willi two set s of bat I cries, one charg ing while the other is in use, Ihe Iruck can operate 21 hours a day. There are endless \ arialions in the design of iiidiisl rial trucks, depending on the service Ibr which they are intended. They may be const moled to handle almost every conceivable com modity from pi" lead to paper and from molten class to meal. 'I bey range in weight from 1 ,">00 to 12.01)0 pounds and have a load capacity of I to I7]2 Ions. The lirsl cost varies from $1,500 to over 7.000, and operating costs, including all lived charges such as deprorin lion and interest on investment, based on figures from nearly 100 plants, vary from $.:15 to $.50 an hour based on 400 eight-hour days a year. It lias been staled by one of the leading authorities on indus trial trucking that "110 per cent of trucking on city routes is eleclric Iruck work." Wherever Irallic is congested and Ircqucul slops lor delivery are necessary, trucking routes total usually less than 15 or 50 miles per day and the electric truck is an excellent mode of transportation. Although the lirsl <osl is higher computed with "gas" trucks, Ihe dilferential decreases as the size of Ihe Iruck increases. Klerlric trucks, however, have a life of 20 years or more and lead-acid batteries are usually guaranteed for 10 months and last longer. De preciation, then, is exceedingly small. Moving parts are few and when the electric truck is not actually in motion no fuel Si/ty-tu'o is consumed. Operating costs and m exceedingly low, one mechanic Ireing ns many electrics as gas trucks. Kle space than either gas or horse-dra rales are considerably lower than on faster and more Ilexihie, than horse d less parking space.. In addition they transportation. Klcclrie power costs The silent operation of eleclric tru consideration where early morning d Storage batteries for the operation and street trucks vary w idely in size d tienerally 12 or II cell batteries are Submarines rely on dependable lea . their sole source of pouter w cause they can lie charged from the circuit. On industrial trucks 12 or common. The same type of battery switching locomotives. A recent de ball cry oil-electric locomotive which railroads for switching service. Th several hours on batteries alone, an and oil engine cun exert greater pow than any other kind of locomotive ha unit. Courtesy Au. S*\ ( Vi-ulilutiitM /,<*(!(/ moves htul when this sturntje buttery truck easily lifts amt tuners b(HH) fmtimts uf the metal. Court?*? Imlu<ilri:il Truck Assn. riir|v Walker Vehicle Co. The mmlrrn electric ileliveey truck may be tis attractive as its metier ties ices. Sixty-four Farmers iinil others not contiguous central power stations have greatly lw ment of isolated electric current consist primarily of a small gasoli generator, and storage batteries. Th generated intermittently by engine plies current on the farm, when need As these batteries are usually disch are gi\cn a 72 hour inlermilleul cap customary II hour continuous ratin about TO per cent of the 72 hour rat C.enlral power stations are also a lead storage batteries. Formerly th the generators lake peak loads and as of emergencies. Now they are princ use. They may lie idle for months a power fails, the dependable lead batte carries the entire load of the power s ing, elevators and electric trains run ruption lo the millions of users of Stand-by batteries iniist lie able lo rents for a short lime. A few years the emergency discharge rale, for s station stand-by batteries in New amperes at 125 volts. These huge cells and arc contained in lead-lined batteries arc used in many other p and places of public ussembly. Lea sible for (lie reliable o|>eration of lig and railway signals. In central telephone slulions stor to the operation of the transmitting cuits. In an emergency they carry generally 11 cell batteries with a se w ith the first for loll or long-distance capacities up to 15,000 ampere-hours the two are used in parallel. Simila used for telegraph operation. Scores of other uses for lead stora of some of them is ap|H-nded. The economically, and (he number of use <lisaslr<ms speaks einpliatieally for I lie dcpendahilil y and ruggedncss of (he lead storage hat lery. Aiming mid firing l.n^c ^im-s Airpliincs (shirlin*', ignition) Airplntir hrucons Aim h i and mil s\ struts AiiImiiimIh Ii's . ^iisolint* (stnrlin^. li^lilinj:, i^iiilinii) Axintimi lirld lights Hunts (nil kinds) Hi id^r lift s (lent rid li^lit mill trlrptiunr stnlimis Coal (lilting Ktnrr^riii N li^lilili^. rtr. Farm (ins drlrrlinii in mini's Indiislrinl (lin ks mid tractors IdilMirntnrirs Lightships Minr !>: >itM*f \rs Mine vriit ilution Mutuilnis lii*htiii Mndiu Itnihuad tar li^htiii" llnilrund signals ILm^r lindin^ Stork lirkris Slrrrt tnn ks (rlrclrir) Siihiimrinrs Sw it riling locomotives "Talkies" Telegraph I inir i'lm ks Kwiug (inllowiiy These tanje butteries .vn/i/dv litjht <1/1tl /warn* on a rurut vshtle. Sirty-siz LEAD C Th e growth in I lie application o electrical cable has been little sh years ago consumption of lead in covered cable was negligible, wherea lead are used annually for the purpo per cent of the domestic mine produc is still growing by leaps and bounds lead used in cable construction was 70,000 Ions. It is estimated that mo covered cable are now made yea enough to wrap more Ihun once aro forming a salient role in the distrib I^cad is used in the construction o trical cables, i.e., cable for voice tr lini's (low voltages), and cable for power delivered by public utility voltages). A peculiar fealure of Im and industries selling electric power industries may, and do, predict acc for their services. Telephone com telephone demand as much as 15 to planning of future equipment lea I'ulilir ul ilil \ companies likcw i>* niii'l ;iiilici|)iili' |n >| Mila I ion growth and il> prospective cIVcct upon electrical output and distribution. I.cad-eoviTi il i aides arc used Imlli in overhead ard under ground line constrnclinn hut the modern trend in the practice of telephone and public uI ilil > companies is, in spite <1 higher liist cost, to bury current can tint! wires in the (.'round when' they will be nudist tubed and out of the way. Overhead wire systems are expensive to maintain because they ate at lint mercy of the elements - wind. snow, rain and ice- and are subject to mechanical injury. Imposed high tension cables arc Ewing (jalloway I.cml-corered telephone cobles carry ninny more talking circuits Ilian open wires in much less Sfiace. also dangerous, and in congested cities overhead win; systems ore unsightly. Underground cable must be protected from moisture of the soil or its insulation quickly deteriorates, with consequent short circuiting and interruption to service. Kven overhead tele phone cable, with myriad small wires insulated from each other, must be similarly protected. Therefore, underground and exposed overhead rubles are commonly lead sheathed. Cable sheath metal must be pliable so it will not interfere with the easy unreeling of the cable. Moreover, it must have a melting point low enough not to damage the insulating material Sixty-eight \ of the cable -- in telephone lines, p is being formed. When in use the rosion and failure from fatigue a and eerl.liu of its alloys, meet thes .V tensile strength of about 1000 lb cable sheath lead. Ideas which seem grotesque to u of the lirsl lead-covered cable make was constructed of 20 bare wires e lubes and then pulled through a lead and rosin added under pressure. W the glass bloke but the wires were s by I he resulting glass com|>ound. I'ure lead was used to make the still principally employed for power contained alxml it per cent of tin 1007 experimental research w as und which would satisfactorily replace experimentation with leatl alloys copper, nickel, and bismuth, an five years later containing 1 per been used extensively ever since still' core, does not need Ihe addit antimony so that aiilimonial lead is but is generally preferred for teleph A recently devclo|ied lead-calci 0.01 per cent of calcium, cooled fro of 225-250 C, is reported to make (Sec page 17.) In Fngland alloys o cent tin and 0.25 per cent cadmium and 0.25 cadmium have licen dcve For submarine cable and cable tha the ground, insleud of conduits, Ihe tar-impregnated jute roving. In wrapped with galvanized steel wire ground is wrapped with steel tape. always, finished off with another lay with an asphalt compound. Present telephone cable consists of 26 A. W. gauge wire enclosed in outside diameter sheath. This is t been Iniiii(I dc>irublc induct work, mill the problem has been to in< it iim' (lie number of wires Ilia! the shealli may hold. 'I'll*' progress that lias liei'ii made is shown by the tael dial the numlier of pairs of wires has increased from 50 in lllllll to I It I ft in 1930, with the possibility of 2100 in the future. As tlie.se wires are first wrapped witli paper insulation, iniprmemeu) in both paper and insulating machines lias made it possible to use thinner paper, thus economizing on space. The insulated wires are Iwisted into pairs which tire stranded inlo groups of 101 pairs and these strands inlo a compart core. In the early days the core of wires was pulled inlo a lead sheath which had already been made, but il was soon found possible to extrude the sheath directly around I lie core. The principle is the same as that used in the manufacture of lead pipe, except that the. fixed mandrel or core which makes the hole, in the pipe is replaced by a hollow mandrel through which the cable core passes moving w ilh the lead. Molten lead is placed in a chamber of a hydraulic press and rnnlcd under pressure to the proper temperature for extrusion. When power is applied the lead is extruded through the die and carries the cable along with il. As the filling of the lead chamber and cooling mpiircs more than half the lime of operation, the tendency lias been toward presses with larger lead containers, which has materially increased the speed of the operation. The pressure on the lead is about 51,000 pounds per square inch, ('.mislaid study of temperatures, speed of extrusioii and contour of the extrusion chamber have led to marked relinemeiils in the quality of the product. The completed cable wound on reels, a familiar sight to e\ eryouo, is flexible enough In be conveniently handled when il goes, inlo place. Splicing together of lengths is accomplished by the use of two other lead products, a lead sleeve and solder. Thejoinls are wiped with solder forming the well-known strong and durable plumber's joint. The first longdistance lead-sheathed toll cables in the United Stales were placed in service in lOOh between iSew York and Philadelphia and between ('.Imago and Milwaukee. Facli was about 93 miles long. In 1911 an underground toll cable was completed between Itoston, New A ork, Philadelphia and Wash ington, a distance of fail miles. In 1925 the New York-f.hicago line was completed and a year later extended to St. Louis. Seventy It is expected that during the nex ^ will span the coni inenl and extend th and Pacific Uoasls. C.nnvcrsatinus Francisco via Salt Lake City; San Die C.hirago to Ualvcston via Joplin and Fla., completely over loll cable lin Kven though the development of most intensive in the more thickl United Slates, on some of I he establ telephone Irallic is rapid enough to r intervals of one or two years. In the late summer of 1950, a 1 between litis Angeles and San Francis of this line is that 13 miles of il a under pressure and the cable, is di proof dams. Should the cable shea Three types of tead-coecred cable. They a cable, armored single conductor pouter ductor poiver c sure (Imps in that particular section, sounding ail alarm which locales the Imulilc approximately and allows "trouble shooters" to make repairs liclore any serious damage occurs. The contrast lielwcen tile capacity id the familiar telephone pole containing several cross arms and the modern toll cubic line is particularly striking. A typical open wire line carrying him fully eipiipped ten pin cross arms, or 10 pins, provides whal is known as 20 physical telephone circuits and ten phantom circuits, a tidal of lit) voice frequency talking circuits. Toll cable const nut ion furnishes at one lime a number of circuits equivalent lo 7 or II open wire lines. A cross sectional area of less than () sq. in. can can y 100 InilOO voice frequency currents. Power cable does not contain so many wires as telephone cable. lor transmitting alternating current at moderately liigb voltages up to, say, Oil.0(10 v. lead-sheathed cable contain ing three stranded copper conductors is frequently used. I'or higher voltages it is customary to employ several lead covered cables each containing a single stranded copper conductor. When only one stranded conductor is used in a cable the linished core is heavily insulated from the surrounding sheath. If more than one conductor is used in u single sheath as in the common 0 core cable, the conductors musl be insulated from each other. Kneli conductor is frequently of an elliptical or segmental shape lo lit belter inside the lead sheath. Where high voltages are used the insulation must be wrapped with copper or aluminum tape to eliminate a corona elfecl. Although a patented process, all manufacturers of paper insulated cable urc licensed to use it. 1 bis tape is, in turn, surrounded by a lead sheath. Power cables ate of many sizes and kinds. They vary from small lead-sheallied wires for the operation of signals or for use on ships, to II- or -l-in. diameter cables containing a single con ductor for high tension transmission. Itecenlly insulated cables using aluminum instead of copper conductors liave been de veloped. The highest commercial voltage transmitted today through underground power lines is 1112.000 v. over a 12 mi. line in INew 'f ork ('.ily from Hell (iale to Dunvvnodie, which is now being duplicated, and a six mile and two one-mile lines in Chicago. The cable contains a hollow conductor lilled with oil and con nected at intervals lo oil reservoirs. The oil eliminates voids or air spares in the cable which decrease its elliciency al high Scvrnty-tmt C Installing power cable und voltages. Other cities contain unde operate al high voltages. Cleveland six years old. Underground cables w anything that bare overhead wires these cables is usually oil-impregnat ('.able is made in varying lengths, factory for the utility companies into l from one manhole lo the next. Howe in which lead shealli is extruded il c sections of great length if desired. LEAD IN PLUMBING Pk iiiia I'S llic Icasl nolireablc pari of a building, cvccpl when il is mil of order, iiiiiI ycl (lie most important lo llir lirullli and comfort of |In- DiTiipanl, is I he plumbing system. I'roin llic lime of llic amiriil Kgyplians, who were I In* lirsl In liml load cssci iliaI In good, I rouble-free plumbing, In I Ini present, Irail lias been an iniporlanl plumbing material. \l llu- M'ry beginning of llic water supply fur a building, llial is. in llic s it v in' pipi' which must convey waler from si mil main In house, lead plavs a mnsl imporlanl role. "This pipe must t.flen pass I....call) lawns and pavenicnl.s where repairs are expensive, and deliver a elear and iindimhiislictl supply nf water al all limes. The residential plumbing Inses ils ellrclivciicss if a pimr serviee pipe is seleeled. (If wind use are beautiful ehrnme-plaled brass lancets if lliey can only discharge a thin I rick le nf riisl-disciilnred vvaler which may slain llic pmeehiin linvvl i11111 which il rims? The licsl material in a waler serviee, though it may lie slightly mure expensive al lirsl, is really an eeiniiimy, and the bcsl mulerial is usually lead. Il is only when the waler is very snfl, nr of swampy nr peaty origin, that lead should uni he used, lull under I hose enndilinus other melalsare also soluble, so lead may he used hy adding a little sodium sili cate solution In llu: water, as is done occasionally -- or using I in-lined leud pipe. Lead service pipe, with its Ihick walls and remarkable resistance to soil corrosion, will almost invariably oullasl the Seienfy-fvnr building it is called upon lo serve. Le dog. Therefore, a smaller pipe may he constructed of oilier materials, as ind In Cou Wa t c h Lin 3 2 i. leud |ii|H! may lie used instead Jt in. leadpi|ic may lie used instead 1 in. lead|>i|ic may tie used insleud 132 lead|ii|ic may lie used instead 2 in. lead|>i|ie may lie used instead Highly resistant lo soil corrosion, lead other meluls whose walls most lie ma prohibitive expense and lo give a flexib lead. Ils pliancy allows lead pi|u: lo lie and In lie bent around obstacles, thu greal source of weakness in most pipe ttomparalive sizes of lead unit iron service pipe actual size. pipe inusl lie made, they are "wiped" durable and Irouhle-free lyjH: of joint similar In those used loduy have liecn perfectly preserved, dating back to r.oimcclions in lead pipe may also lie m fillings, which arc slipped over the end Hanged, and the fillings screwed togeth nection has been widely used hy wate yeurs with I lie utmost satisfaction, and by unskilled luborers. Another advant lead pipe is that il can adjust itself to gro setting up uny internal stresses in the m pipes of other metals are a source of ra |)j|irs arc subjected I<1 any \ihraliuii, as from passing IruHie. |,rad pipe is particularly advantageous where i-xiiosun* hi freezing temperatures niiisl In' met, l"i' lln' pip1' ''an expand w lini I 111- wall r freezes. I .cad |ii|ic, willi an exceedingly ........Ill lime, oilers less resistance In tin- Mow "I water Ilian tin oilier materials, a particularly important item when city water pressures are low. The rale of i i.iu miiii of lead liininl in the .'round will \ary in dillereiil localities and under dillerenl soil conditions. A sillily ol this subject has I.... .. made and the following general eoneiiisions may lie of assistance in Hi lling maximum service from linried lead pipe. 1. The rale of corrosion of lead in soils decreases in the following order: (a) muck, (li) cinders, (c) sand, (d) clay. 2. In general, the rale of corrosion increases with the amount of organic matter in the soil. il. Corrosion is more rapid in poorly drained areas than in places where the drainage is flood. I. I.ead tends In form a protective coaling and in most soils its rate of corrosion decreases greatly with lime. Inside the house. Tor pipe, liends and traps in water supply, waste and soil systems, I he {.'real durability ^nd ease of installing make lead highly desirable. It may lie strung like wire, and Seventy-sir joints are few. This is particularly and home ......Icrniz.ing, for the pipe stacles, such as beams, easily and w thus saving lime and expense. On cut in doors and walls to allow long le It is especially important, us a sa and waste systems use only the be allow the entrance of noxious gase installing plumbing in a mode lead pipe and wipetl joints, an with caulking le lead (bids wide use in pipe und traps in making joints where cast iron pip Imh and spigot joints should lie join lead or lead wool. This is ulso true mains, because lead is soft and pliab expansion ami contraction of the p changes, us well us any distortion th uneven settling or other cause, an enough to make a good joint. Furth roded away. Where iron pipe mu lead wool makes this dillicull feat e Substitutes for pure caulking lea purchasers misled into believing that substitutes, while they may be as st are generally hard and brittle and, u adjustments of alignment. Therefo pipe must give way. Fortunately most up-to-date plumbing codes require the use of pure lead. Tile application of lead in plumbing goes far lieyond its use in pipe and joints. Where pipes pass through Doors and roofs and the joints iniisl he made water-proof, lead llangcs and Hashings are used. Ilolhmnm Doors under tubs and showers, as well as kill hen and laundry Doors, are usually lined with sheet lead to prevent water seeping through and ruining the ceiling below or causing heams to rot away. In lad, in the hist installations entire bathroom Doors and walls are lined with lead, furnishing an invisible protection against the damaging eireet of moisture that would otherwise work through the walls. Often an entire ceiling or a wall has to he done over, lieeaiise false economy was practiced in omitting the protection of sheet lead in the bath room above. \s pointed out in the section on "( heinieal ('.orrosioti Re sistance of I .rail," seepage water coming in conlael with A leiul slmtt'er ;mu installed. underside nsjihall netted and (np ready to reevin' tt similar eouhtuj. cement, concrete or mortar may he corrosive to lead, making it advisable to use tar paper or usplialtum paint to shield the lead from this possible source of attack. This precaution is often required by building code specifications. Sarnty-vitjld AMMUNITION If you have ever gone home with your marksmanship on clay pigeons sport of skeet, or brought, a buck c understand why Americans use JO.OO linn in a peace-time year. In the every section had its shot lower a every where in grocery, hardware an advent of the hreecli-loading shot-gu loaded in shells, and ammunition m were quick to realize their opportun the country gradually disappeared, historical reasons, such ns one in Ph and probably the first built in this co ness passed to ammunition manufa are now the only active ones remain The method of manufacturing sho liecn invented in I7B2 by a plumber Watts, who one night dreamt he w I lull it was mining lend instead of w ater and the drops of lead were perferlly spherical like rain-drops. The neJl morning lie derided to I in the experiment, and ponied molten lead from I lie low it ol St. Mary Hedclille t lunch into some w at er below. The trial was siirressfnl, and he is said to have sold I he in wn I ion for a considerable sum of money. Lead's great density has always made it the ideal melal lor bullets and shot. It permits the attainment of the high mo mentum necessary to maximum striking power and accuracy', and decreases the siulaee against whieh the air resistance rail art. Shot up to 0.25 iueli in diameter, nearly ) j of an ineli. is made in shot lowers. .Molten lead is poured from the lop of the tower through a pan perforated with holes slightly smaller than the shot desired. The neeessaiy height of the pouring Hour in the lower depends on I he maximum si/e of the shot to lie poured, the larger the shot to lie made the higher must be the pouring Hour. The bottom of the pan is covered with a sludge of oxidi/ed lead, so that the molten metal will on/e slowly through and form round drops. Small nuiumils of arseuie, up to one per rent, are added to the lead to inerease lluidily and allow it more easily to assume the perfect spherical shape de sired. Vs the drops rain down the lower they solidify and are caught in a lank of water at the bottom so that the spheres will not lie flattened on landing'- In order to decrease the height, of shot lowers, an upward blast of air sometimes blows against the falling lead, which has the same effeel as a longer fall. The maximum height Used in modern shut lowers is ulmut 125 fret. After the shot is collected in the water, it is dried and mixed with graphite to polish it. It is then screened In eliminate odd sizes. It is next rolled down sloping glass tables which have a narrow trough running along the bottom. The perfectly round shot (milter enough momentum to leap this (rough, but those, slightly llallened are slowed in their descent so as to fall into the trough and subsequently are remelled. The grading opera tion is repealed four limes. 'Die shot is then loaded into shells and becomes ready for use. Shot greater than 0.25 inch in diameter is loo large to manu facture hy this method, and is cast in revolving split-ring molds. The molds are placed around the circumference of a vertical ring several feel in diameter. The lead is poured in at the top, and solidifies us it passes down one side, until the split-ring h'ujhiy opens und drops it out at the bottom. factured is 0.01 inch in diameter, alxt pin-hole, and I5<>5 weigh an ounce. 0.11 inch in diameter und three weigh Ihdlets, as usually made, are first c and tumbled alsmt in a barrel to sm then pressed into the finished form. with eupro-nickel or other hard mela from punched discs, the. lead inser crimped snugly together. Soft nose The moss of nuptial ilielts on the i/rmim of Ihe J/xvt of trap-sh stop liefore they reach the nose of Ih lead nose flattens out on striking Ih for these strong jackets, lend bullets w the rifling in modern rifle-barrels at th travel. The modern pointed bullet, has Originally, round hulls were fired fro but the pointed bullet offers much less consequently more desirable. Howe from a smooth bore would simply t would not stay on its course. There part spin lo lIm bullet, so rifling was tried 1ml was not really successful for many years, os liullrts capable of gripping the rilling when tired could not le easily loaded down I lie. muzzles. Various types of expanding bullets and bullets with rings around them to fit I be rifling were tried unsuccessfully. It was not until tin.....rly part of I be eighlcenlb century, at wliirb lime I lie in vention of the pal< li in America made possible the remarkable shooting or such men as |)aniel Boone and Davy ('.rocket, that rifles attained any real measure of success. The invention of the patch brought forth tin; famous Kentucky Billc made in Pennsylvania, and called "Kentucky" because of the great demand for it by settlers of the then newly opened territory of Kentucky. The deadly accuracy of the American marksmen with the long Kentucky Hifles played a very decisive part in ruining the morale of British hoops, as tin* accuracy attained by these backwoodsmen was far ahead of that attainable by tin; use of any other available weapons of the lime. The patch, a greased piece of doth or buckskin, was inserted ahead of tin: bullet and cleaned the powder fouling from the previous shot, lubricating the bore sufficiently lo allow the bullet to be sealed home. Breech-loading arms, also invented about this time, are responsible for the great modern development of rifles, but it was sev eral years before accuracy comparable with the best of the mu/./.le-loading arms was obtained vv ill) breech-loading lilies. After the shot or bullets have been manufactured they need lo be inserted in shells or cartridges before use. Shot gun shells consist, of weatherproof paper lubes, capped at the breech end with a brass cap into which the primer is placed. Powder, wads and shot are loaded into the open end which is then closed by turning the paper over onto a " lop wad." Rifle bullets are inserted in brass cartridges containing powder and primer, and the cartridge firmly crimped lo the base of the bullet. 'Ibis is, of course, all done automatically by machine. Today there are scores of types and sizes of bullets and shot manufactured for cartridges for the many kinds of guns, rifles and pistols that exist. About live Ions of shot are made in the United Stales for every Ion of bullets. Most people are probably not aware that guns and lead bullets are used industrially also, for this is a development of only the last few years. In the manufacture of cement, huge rotating kilns, often 150 feel long and 6 to 10 feet in diameter, are used. Eighty-two Clinker rings often form around the ins old way of removing them was to bar cooled rod wielded Ivy live lo seven me much lalvor and a great loss of time, as lo cool .somewhat before the barring Recently a cement kiln gun and sp veloped and proven highly successful man and a lew minutes to remove The gun is mounted at the etal of th clinker ring. A shell, loaded with u used. It delivers an extremely powe Ions, when it hits the clinker, and only necessary lo cut a keyway through th dropped. 'I here is no danger to the shots arc lired at such a flat angle an are made of pure, soft lead. I.ead compounds are now quite wi for cartridges and other explosives. lead azide arc such materials. I-ead arc also used in the mumifuclurc of Firing n cnnenl kiln clin ARCHITECTURAL AND ii. ie ORNAMENTAL I( QUALITIES |LJJ V'ir? Dic mi ii:i> beauty and permanence have, fur centuries, made lead a desirable working' material id' the architect ami builder. I 'nr <ini' thing, lead's unsurpassed easting qualities make il possiIde In execute in lead I In* linesl decuralive ell'ccts, and with no >lher inelal ran eipial Miriness nf design lie allained. Further more, I he gray enlnr nf ihe heavy inelal is ipiiel and distinctive. Lead dues mil slain masnnry nr paint-work adjaeenl In il. In addilinn, as menliiined elsewhere, ihe extremely high corrosion resistance nflead drives ihe inelal nnexeelled dnraliilil y. Ilecent independent tests made in F.nglund * mi the resistance nf ihe varinus rnnnmin melals In almnspherie and sea-water corrosion give lead a high ranking. In lesls nf alninspherie enrrnsinn, hard lead was al Ihe head nf Ihe lisl, Ihe piiresl I in was seenml. and snfl lead third after seven years' expnsnre. Other melals sneli as ennimnn tin. copper, ahiminmn and zinc were farther dnwii ihe lisl. In sea-waler enrrnsinn lesls. lead's resislance In enrrnsinn was only surpassed hy llinl nf Ihe expensive melals, I in and nickel, over a period nf four years. Ollier independent lesls have verified lliese results. VI. Newlnii Krirml llcliitivr (airroililiililies of Ferrous mill i\uu- IVrrnus Mrluls anil Alloys. 1929. Insliliile of Metals. Izinilon. See |>it|te ' Eighty-fimr ( '.lassie architecture has many exam roofed with lead. 'I he Pantheon in venerable gray head after weathering eighteen centuries largely because ils r lasting lead. The leaded roofs of S Mark's in \eniee, St. Peter's in Ho Moscow ami scores of oilier buildings years of service. The uiMpicslioncd p Ihe only factor in Ihe choice of lead lo mnmunenlal buildings, for Ihe charm pulina of Ihe leatl, unalterable throug so smoollily with the magnificent arc (lie architects an added incentive in low heat conductivil y of lead is also a lead moling. And so today, where a will nut leak and need constant repa he Ihe aim of every Imilder, and whe also a factor, hard lead is a desirable Leaden gutters and leaders have Many famous buildings, such us Win with leaden leader-heads (luting back still serviceable. An almost endless li tions might be cited. The l>csl mode use. Aside from ils remarkable durab wise unattractive appurtenances on a made to add distinctly to the beauty lead's decorative possibilities. Until the introduction of hurd lea was soft leud. While |>osscssing ma lead has the disadvantage of low phys its use fur general roofing piir|M>scs les a much greater tensile strength than s pheric corrosion resistance, which pe tively thin sheets making il thorough to modern building const ruction. Il or cast in any shape desired. When exposed to I he atmosphere ha nun-staining pulinu that brings out t materials and gives a balance to these obtained with other melals. Il will l to any structure where permanence a iCighiy-tir Hard load can he used for all Imild practical lo use sheet metal, and il ha definite and important plucc in archite larly where utility and inviting up|>car us in roofs, leader-heads, downspouts, nices and Hashings. Lead flashings ar ingly popular in this country. The character, combined with the softnes make il easy to install and take up covered, desirable features of a satisfa When rain-water gutters and downs rodible material they require freque repainting. Moreover, they often leav walls of the building. Hard lead gutt spouts and flashing eliminate these dif is more expensive, il is true, but once require no attention or additional exp Often hard lead is used for purely de ings. Hoof crestings, finiuls, spandrels lie made of hard lead to advantage. their origin many years ago, and each more widespread. Many of our fines noteworthy contributions to architectu in the numerous forms mentioned. Hard lead for roofing is generally ma ing weights: 2^, II and 4 lb. to the sq flushings is usually slightly heavier. commonly weigh I lb. to the square fo Lead also plays a distinctive but in the foundations of large buildings susc passing trains or surface cars. Adv property, unusual lo a common metal dampening vibration, by using il in " mattresses interposed between the colu work and the building foundations. T of two sheets of tt lb. lead on top and b ? jj in. asbestos board in between and a s iron in the center. The edges of the turned over the sides to make a tight an hundred tons of lead arc contained in tresses beneath many of the huge busi 4 S %? ET " " ~ = r sT4j: 1 5' = mn^iu i- r If < ^ "s 2 3 r -- n L?3= = 7j -2: r; r = i V. = ^ -* 1 lilri i-i; fli I f u H- s-.s-S's-sZ- 2 S' a -3 S, = = - Z IT S5M(U 2= 31 *^27 -2 --~ -. i L r--- - --z r S y. - = = =--. t_-- 7s= ?==.===:' z Ik >: I ^ 2 =" 2-5 -- V 7 -s = = ~--J 5- 3- = = 5- - =' srn-7 === L S, 2 . 5 5; The Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, uiilh hard leadfinial. cresting and flashing, lead-cvrered glazing bars in its skylight and * miles of lead pipe within. Imisst*ss I Ik ; disadvantage of being susceptible lo dctorioraI it mi w(III age nr IVi mi contact with nils timl greases, always fniind near moving machinery. Moreover, they cannot sljind I In; it In I i \ i-lv high mill I.....I which lead is i-;i| tulilt* of carrying. Ilrlii'i' a mtui' rlalinralr anil rnslly Iniilidal inil is f'ri|iiiri'd w llt'li weaker materials mv used sn dial die. load will lie distributed lo nilliin Ihe r;i|Ktri I \ nl' die malerial < -tnnprisiiiK I lie m.it. I.eail canies, wliii li are exlruded liars of lead having ail II- Stone concrete o Cinder concrete ,'No TOgoqe steetl s tu, Section rf .m., Lead end asbestos < ''Stead Column Bstc \Wt \ mat k -g. i| | Slot* 3"tone seated, fete *t tS emterhftft after bolts Jt i are set with J M tapat* Detail of Mat Sion joint filter O o O CD ri a . r\ . . r\ n___ uu u1 1 O u O i i t i cfehiri KJ u Oo O J o o CJ A>9i- Drhiit if It'fut-tishvstos jnuis nnilrr m'lt's/ui/tcr /tress cnhtnms. shaped ernss set linn, are widely used ill artistic glazing nf \\in flows, (Itmi's, linnk-cases, t liilia-elnsels. ele. These llexihle strips nf lead hold (lie seeliuns ul' glass together and they are often math; with sleel enres sn dial no nllier suppnrl is necessary to mar die lieauly of tin; leaded window. Modern lead canies reproduce mechanically many hand wrought ell'ccls, such as rustic, antique and other finishes. Sheets of lead are frequently cut nut in artistic designs and soldered to the canies over the Ninety . t liulf dozen uses for lead on this house--gaiters, leaderhauls, downs/iouls, flashing, lay window roof, sun-dial, ami leaded windows. A lead-roofed lay ita'iit/oiti and leaded windows blend /drasingly with Ihe architec ture of flu's modest home. W glass. Tin- linrsl examples dl' I lie j ii'I nl' glazing liaxr been ii( ('omplishcd llirnugh till- iiirilimii of lead anil glass. Lighting fixtures an- also sometimes xirniiglil nl Irail, In hranl ilul effect. (i I; i / i in liars made nf |rrl air nal urnllx sub jet I Ini lie rax ages nf nisi anil imisl nrdinarilx lir kepi painted as a protection. In nnlrr llial no trouble iiit iI lie \|h ii'ik i-iI xxilli llicni anil In I'liminalr painting, Irad-roxrrrd liars liaxc been dex eloped anil have found ready acceptance. anil ii]i|>li(-;ilion mi many linn buildings. Slirl "'1"' liars, nil In proper lengths, air cniil|>lr|rly rilrasril in sramlrss extruded shrallis nl' purr trail, llir mils nl' xxliirli air ul'lcrxxnrd lirrmrlirally sealed, llirrrliy prii\ iilrnn airtight |irn|rrlinn Ini' llir slrrl which is al nn point exposed In llir lirslrnrlixr arlimi nf llir rlrinnils. A Irail xxrli, Standard steel'Tcore-.. Lead glazing web---.* Glass held on lead by lead prevents breakage....... --........... Deep condensation ^ gutter oflead --- .......... .--Seamless lead sheath . lead corrugations form / perfeet air sea/ ..-Deep dnp gutter of lead t "Knife edge lead cushion ' for glass " Heavy lead cushion withstands pressure I Mail iif Irni/riirrrril slirl glazing bar. an integral pari nf llir sheathing, pmviilrs a rusliiniiril snppnrl for llir skylight glass anil anollirr llrxilile xxeb uliovr il furnislirs a cnrivrnirnl nirans for sraling llir glass against llir rnlrunrr of air anil mnislnrr. (Sri; iliagram.) Thus, skylights and xx iminxv.s may hr constructed xxilli llir iitmnsl ilnrahilily requiring no upkrrp all nil inn or rrplarrmrnts. These lead-covered slerl glazing bars have been used extensively in railroad terminals, schools, auditoriums, industrial and public buildings of all sorts. Another inlrresling application nf lead along similar lines is llir insertion of a double strip of lead in xvindoxx frames. One side of llir pliable strip is brill doxxn, the glass inserted in plurr, and the ship brut bark firmly against llir glass lo hold il. 'I'liis is a (|iiiek and nral method nf glazing xxliirh rlitniiialrs llir necessity of painting right up to the edge of (hr glass and there fore the necessity of scraping paint off the glass later. It is also much simpler lo replace the xvindoxv panes, when necessary, than is ordinarily the case. Ninety-two Frmik Kliivtifuril 7rfulnl window, Hirertide Church, New York. Ninety-four Lead wedges find lead wool arc widel to adjust and align the stone. This columns, monuments and tombstones. to compensate for the irregularities o courses of corrugated sheet lead are oft large brick or stone buildings, replac allow for uneven settling or movement injury to the masonry, as the movem flexible lead. I.ead is particularly sui cause its color is approximately the In the garden is another place where to beautify and decorate. Statues, f dials, and bird-baths made of lead add a garden without being obtrusive. T itself, find yet retain decorative featur In short, wherever architect oral be desired, lead should receive careful con especially Kngland, has long realized ornamental quality of lead, and Ame experience. Where a first cost more moderate tha lead-routed copper or steel is availabl tensively for roofs, leaders, gutters requirements. Lead-coaled steel is f mand from industrial building constru dential structures. It is particularl culverts and other purposes where hig where corrosion is a factor. These advantage of exposing a coaling of low-priccd metals, giving steel or coppe Wurls Brm. W SOME . MISCELLANEOUS USES Fvn Innn being a new use Tor lead, the recent development of an all liaril lead casket in this country is merely a resumption of iio application Ili.il prevailed for centuries. As pointed out in llir historical section of this hook, lead was one of the foremost materials of the casket maker in the middle ages. It is so widely considered as the standard metal for casket trim that hard lead for this purpose is simply designated as c. I. (casket I rimming) metal. Modern lead caskets are east ill only two pieces, one casting being the entire Ixidy of the casket, the other the lop. There are no soldered or hurried joints or bracing, and they ore liuill of nothin}' save the most durahle of the common metals. Mcprc.srnlalitc of lead's great versatility is its tise in the manufacture of molded rnliher hose, such as ordinary garden hose. The method followed hy one large company is typical of this process. A rnliher (nlie is first extrudes!, around which is braided one or more plies of .strong cord, and a rnliher cover applied. The lead is then placed in a huge press which exerts a pressure of 6.000 Ih. per sip in. and the metal extruded around the hose through a Holed die, forming the mold. The process is similar to that of manufacturing lead sheathed ealile. From 12,000 to 111.000 ft. of lead-covered miv ulcunized hose, depend ing on si/e, are wound on huge reels and vulcanized at a lime. This is accomplished hy the application of high pressure steam Ninely-six on the outside and water under high tem through the inside of the hose pressing it agai Air under pressure is sometimes used inslea hose lakes a permanent form corresponding on the inside of the mold, w hich is either corr After viilcanizalou the lead is stripped off, r again. Lead is often used in an unrecognizable gasoline. In this case tetraethyl lead, PbfCj pound of the metal, removes the knock from W hen combined with small amounts of ethy prevent the formation of lead oxide, lialowux valve lubricant, and a red aniline dye, merel from other gasolines, ethyl lluid is formed. this are added to various commercial gasolines Cbrands of ethyl gasoline. Only aboul 2 in a gallon of gasoline, hut scvcral||nilIio are used annually for this purpose, so gre this unti-knock motor fuel. In the field of sport there are also many uses because of its great weight. Lead tape, pain for markers on the l>cst tennis courts as it eli of constantly renewing lines marked with lim of tripping over canvas tapes. Lead is used Courtesy Sterling Csskct niotlcrn hard lead casket. balance to golf cltihs, baseball hats, decoys sporting accoutrements. Its use for ammun elsewhere. In fishing, lie it for sport or indus of lead sinkers hold lilies and nets down. sounding lead is an nll-impnrlaiil piece of equ boats of many kinds and sizes carry tons of le It is also used for clock weights, dress weights, in short, wherever great weight and compact s Lead washers arc widely used where il is important to prevent I he seepage of moisture and where (he wear is too rough for non-mctullic washers. They have been widely used iu the. con struction of freight cars. Along similar lines are the lend-hraded nails for use in sheet metal work or with slate rooting. The nail head is completely covered with lead so that when the nail is driven home tin* hole is completely tilled and is water-tight. step from wear. When the lead has w useful, il is removed, remelted, recas Lead is also employed as a backing fo slip stair treads us it gives a slightly cusicr to walk on than perfectly rigid I^ead is also sometimes applied as floo In one manufacturing establishment drugged u Ih miI continually on the c ubruded rapidly. When sheet lead wa crete floor the hose no longer wore o Court?*)' II. F. (mk h Imi H llnll*r Co. Extruding rubber Iwse in its mold of lead. Thin sheets of lead are frequently used as gaskets in machine construction. The lend lends itself easily to slumping and by virtue of its softness and corrosion resistance, makes un excellent gasket material. For many years one of the country's largest transportation companies has used rildied strips of lead along the edges of street-car steps. These strips, uliout 2 in. wide, 18 in. long and in. thick, are used for the dual purpose of presenting a slipproof tread in all kinds of weather and protecting the edge of the Ninety-eight Many tuns of lead are used fo addition a slipless und practically no obtained. Lead finds a large use in explosive pipes and fittings, primarily for its a An ability to be easily fabricated into adds to its value in such operations whe sirike a spurk is required. Where floo corrosive liquors that are readily absor causing deterioration or the creation of unhcallhful conditions, the use of lead assists in the general cleanliness of op Lead is used in making many kinds is particularly interesting at this time in consumption. It is known as lead, is used fur Noon signs, and in radio lubes and lamp lxilli stems. This special glass contains about 22 per cent of lead introduced in the Inrni nf litharge and iscxtnnlcd from a continuous melting lank in lengths np to 200 ft. it is drawn from the mandrel on rollers and automatically ml into short lengths. I.cad glass is generall) evlremcly tongh and capable of standing wide temper ature ranges without injury. It is impossible in a short space to review all the many uses of lead, but the foregoing paragraphs give an idea of the great variety of these applications and the widely dilferenl reasons for using this versatile metal. One hundred I'mMic Srfvirr (Numlitmlril Trnii-|N'M t street car equipped with lead safety treads. INDUSTRIES USI An idea of the wide diversity of in lm gained from the following list. It for scarce!y u ii industry of any imporlu one form or another. Perhaps the reader other purposes for which the p suited in his own industry. Air conditioning equipment -- taail coated fa Aircraft -- Storage tiallcries, bearings, solde lubricant Ammunition -- bullets and shot Anodes -- Huting, electrolytic production of Arliliciid leather -- In rubber, oil cloth, enam Artists materials -- ('ullnpsihlc paint tidies, p Assaying -- litharge and lest lead Automatic signals, railway -- Storage batterie Aiilomoliilt'S -- Storage butteries, solder, heu llidihitt metal - bi-urings Hearing bronzes lloiler tidies -(suitings bolls mid washers Expansion liolts and lea bools and shoes -- blocks on which leather i bronze and soft metal eastings -- Alloys building -- Point, plumbing, roofing, orname joints, unti-vihrution mats, stair trea room tiling, lenders, gutters, sash weights, Hashings, runlking, spandrels (`.able Sheathing Canning Sililrr ('.tirs, millimil mill sired Hearings, batteries, |iiiiiit, solder, noise re- ilm ers, safel y I mills Caskets I s ail anil lead lilleil. trim Cast iron pipe Coating or lining < 'milking - Mullen leail nr leail wool ('.eluent - - Litharge with glycerine, elr. riiemieals - - ICquipment. |ii|H s, ........ . \lilies, liiliks. ilrnitu, ele., nil leail nr leml-lineil Clieinieiil In I h ira I triers Lquipmenl. lalile-lo|is I '.hewing I'm" Foil Chinn tilu/.e ('.links ('.link weights ('.lathing Dress weights Coalings, melalli/eil - Corrosion resislanei; I*iip|KT anil iron slieels l-eiid coatings Dinas, skylights ami windows ('.nines. piitlylcss frames, sasli weights, putty, leail eoyereil glu/.ing liars, expansion joints. I >ie easl ings Divers Lend slinrs anil la'll* I)yeing Dye liyer Llect rival -- Storage lialleries, ealtle slieallis, fuses, licnrings, li^lil liullis anil insiilalor gluze, snider LlUIUlelillg Lnumeled iriui near Kxplosixes - ls.'ail sidphocynnulf. lead azide, lead nilrale, lead |icro\idc I'ire sprinklers, aiilnniatie low Mailing alloys to keep valves closed Fishing Sinkers, net weights Ilia trine Fxph isixe plaids, eheniii al plants, ele. Foil Tea, tolwieen, ele. Caskets Maeliinery (iasoline Tetra-cthyl lead (anti-knock eom|aaiud) Class - Litharge and red lead in high grade class Clue Collapsible lula'S Hammers loir removing deals in sheet metal Industrial trunks Storage lialleries, Itcurings Ink, printing - Pigments Illseelieides I said arsenate Jewelry Ismil ftlies for imitalinu cents I .end acetate I .end ('.Itromale Lighting lixlures, nmameiilal t Linoleum Dryer und piemen! Litharge Isieoinolives Hearings. coaling for latiler (ilia's, puinl Lubricating crease Collapsiltle lulies Mnrlile and slone work loud wedges One hundred tiro Machinery -- Rearing*, noise reducers, gr metallic packing, nnli-vilirution inu Mulches -- lied lead und teud tliiosulpliutc Motion pictures -- Leud glass lenses Molor-lNails -- .Solder, paint, Itenrings Mucilage, paste, etc. -- Collapsiltle (lilies Musical instruments -- Orgun pipes, pluyer p weights Navigation --Sounding haul Oilcloth -- Dryer und pigment Opticul goods -- l<cud glass Orange Mineral Packing -- Metallic Paints mid Varnishes Pigment mid dryer I'uper -- Litharge cement, lead-lined erpiipm Petroleum relining - U'ail uud leud-lined eq I'hotogruphic apparatus - loud glass lenses Pickling -- load and leud-lined equipment Plumbing -- Pipe, suldcr, bends, trups, ferru leud wool Pottery -- Cluzc Printing -- Ty|ie metal, printing inks Pumps-- Caul mid lead-lined for bundling lladio -- Tultc cups, solder lladium -- lycud-lincd cuse's und rooms Iteil load llegaliu, badges, einltleins -- Die cast lead m Pooling -- Sheet lend rDoling, lead-coated m llublarr - Lilhurgc, lead thiosulphate, while lluhlter Hose, molded Seales mill huhinccs -- I .cud weights Seals - Freight ears, etc. Shipbuilding - Paint, Itcurings, shaft sleev keel weights, solder Solder S|Mirtiug und athletic goods -- Weights in de etc., ammunition, tennis court ma Statuary and art goods -- Statues, garden fig tablets, etc. Steel treating -- Hardening anil tenqtcring Steel barrels, kegs und drums -- lend lining Storage batteries Structural mid ornamental iron work - Pain Submarines -- Storage batteries, paint Sulphuric and mixed acids -- lead or lead-li Telephone -Storage batteries, lead covered Tin foil -- I .end coated Tin cans -- Solder Tcrncplatc -- loud and tin coating on steel Tobacco -- Foil wrupping on cigars, cigarette /j iiu