Document 5bDQkMkX8vM94vJKK734R9b44

22308 RULES AND REGULATIONS guards shall be provided to prevent ignition. (x) Noncombusiible walls. If welding is to be done on a metal wall, partition, ceiling or roof, precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition of combustibles on the other side, due to conduction or radi ation, preferably by relocating combusti bles. Where combustibles are not relo cated, a fire watch on the opposite side from the work shall be provided. (xi) Combustible cover. Welding shall not be attempted on a metal partition, wall, ceiling or roof having a combustible covering nor on walls or partitions of combustible sandwich-type panel construction. (xii) Pipes. Cutting or welding on pipes or other metal in contact with com bustible walls, partitions, ceilings or roofs shall not be undertaken if the work is close enough to cause ignition by conduction. (xiii) Management. Management shall recognize its responsibility for the safe usage of cutting and welding equipment on its property and: (a) Based on fire potentials of plant facilities, establish areas for cutting and welding, and establish procedures for cutting and welding, in other areas. (J>) Designate an individual responsi ble for authorizing cutting and welding operations in areas not specifically de signed for such processes. (c) Insist that cutters or welders and their supervisors are suitably trained in the safe operation of their equipment and the safe use of the process. (d) Advise all contractors about flam mable materials or hazardous conditions of which they may not be aware. (xiv) Supervisor. The Supervisor: (a) Shall be responsible for the safe handling of the cutting or welding equipment and the safe use of the cut ting or welding process. <t>) Shall determine the combustible materials and hazardous areas present or likely to be present in the work location. (c) Shall protect combustibles from ignition by the following: (1) Have the work moved to a loca tion free from dangerous combustibles. (2) If the work cannot be moved, have the combustibles moved to a safe dis tance from the work or have the com bustibles properly shielded against ignition. (3) See that cutting and welding are so scheduled that plant operations that might expose combustibles to ignition are not started during cutting or welding. <d> Shall secure authorization for the cutting or welding operations from the designated management representative. (e) Shall determine that the cutter or welder secures his approval that condi tions are safe before going ahead. (/> Shall determine that fire protec tion and extinguishing equipment are properly located at the site. (fir) Where fire watches are required, he shall see that they are available at the site. (xv) Fire prevention precautions. Cutting or welding shall be permitted only in areas that are or have been made fire safe. Within the confines of an oper ating plant or building, cutting and weld ing should preferably be done in a spe cific area designed for such work, such as a maintenance shop or a detached outside location. Such areas should be of noncombustible or fire-resistive con struction, essentially free of combustible and f.arnmable contents, and suitably segregated from adjacent areas. When work cannot be moved practically, as in most construction work, the area shall be made safe by removing combustibles or protecting combustibles from ignition sources. (3) Welding or cutting containers--(i> Used containers. No welding, cutting, or other hot work shall be performed on used drums, barrels, tanks or other con tainers until they have been cleaned so thoroughly as to make absolutely certain that there are no flammable materials present or any substances such as greases, tars, acids, or other materials which when subjected to heat, might pro duce flammable or toxic vapors. Any pipe lines or connections to the drum or vessel shall be disconnected or blanked. (ii) Venting and purging. All hollow spaces, cavities or containers shall be vented to permit the escape of air or gases before preheating, cutting or weld ing. Purging with inert gas is recom mended. (4) Confined spaces--(i) Accidental contact. When arc welding is to be sus pended for any substantial period of time, such as during lunch or overnight, all electrodes shall be removed from the holders and the holders carefully located so that accidental contact cannot occur and the machine be disconnected from the power source. <ii> Torch valve. In order to eliminate the possibility of gas escaping through leaks or improperly closed valves, when gas welding or cutting, the torch valves shall be closed and the gas supply to the torch positively shutoff at some point outside the confined area whenever the torch is not to be used for a substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour or overnight. Where practicable, the torch and hose shall also be removed from the confined space. (e> Protection of personnel--(l> Gen eral--(i) Railing. A welder or helper working on platforms, scaffolds, or run ways shall be protected against falling. This may be accomplished by the use of railings, safety belts, life lines, or some other equally effective safeguards. (ii> Welding cable. Welders shall place welding cable and other equipment so that it is clear of passageways, ladders, and stairways. (2) Eye protection--(i) Selection, (.a) Helmets or hand shields shall be used during all arc welding or arc cutting op erations, excluding submerged arc weld ing. Goggles should also be worn during arc welding or cutting operations to pro vide protection from injurious rays from adjacent work, and from flying objects. The goggles may have either clear or colored glass, depending upon the amount of exposure to adjacent welding operations. Helpers or attendants shall be provided with proper eye protection. (b> Goggles or other suitable eye pro tection shall be used during all gas weld ing or oxygen cutting operations. Spec tacles without side shields, with suitable filter lenses are permitted for use during gas welding operations on light work, for torch brazing or for inspection. (c) All operators and attendants of re sistance welding or resistance brazing equipment shall use transparent face shields or goggles, depending on the par ticular job, to protect their faces or eyes, as required. (d) Eye protection in the form of suit able goggles shall be provided where neededlor brazing operations not covered in (a), (b), and (c) of this subdivision. (ii) Specifications for protectors. <n> Helmets and hand shields shall be made of a material which is an insulator for heat and electricity. Helmets, shields and goggles shall be not readily flammable and shall be capable of withstanding sterilization. (b) Helmets and hand shields shall be arranged to protect the face, neck and ears from direct radiant energy from the arc. (c) Helmets shall be provided with filter plates and cover plates designed for easy removal. (d) All parts shall be constructed of a material which will not readily corrode or discolor the skin. (e) Goggles shall be ventilated to pre vent fogging of the lenses as much as practicable. (/) Cover lenses or plates should be provided to protect each helmet, hand shield or goggle filter lens or plate. (g) All glass for lenses shall be tem pered, substantially free from striae, air bubbles, waves and other flaws. Except when a lens is ground to provide proper optical correction for defective vision, the front and rear surfaces of lenses and windows shall be smooth and parallel. (h) Lenses shall bear some permanent distinctive marking by which the source and shade may be readily identified. (i) Hie following is a guide for the selection of the proper shade numbers. These recommendations may be varied to suit the individual's needs. Shade Welding operation No. Shielded metal-arc welding--ftB-, %2-> ft-, %--inch electrodes____ ________ Gas-shielded arc welding (nonfer- rous)--%9*. ft-. %2-inch elec trodes Gas-shlelded arc welding (ferrous) -- ftg-. %2-, ft-, %2-inch electrodes... Shielded metal-arc welding: 3ft-, %*-. ft-inch electrodes________ $ft-, ft-incb electrodes______________ Atomic hydrogen welding_____________ Carbon arc welding____________________ Soldering________________________________ Torch brazing 3 or 4 Light cutting, up to 1 Inch____________ Medium cutting, 1 inch to 6 inches.. Heavy cutting, 6 inches and over_____ Gas welding (light) up to ft inch____ Gas welding (medium) ft inch to ft Inch____ - S or 6 Gas welding (heavy) ft inch and over 6 or 8 10 11 13 13 14 10-14 14 2 3 or 4 4 or 5 5 or 6 4 or 5 Note: In gas welding or oxygen cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light. It is desirable to use a filter or lens that ab sorbs the yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the operation. BFG30497 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22309 (?) All filter lenses and plates shall meet the test for transmission of radiant ergy prescribed in ANSI Z87.1-1968-- nerican National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection. (iii) Protection from arc welding raps. Where the work permits, the welder should be enclosed in an individual booth painted with a finish of low reflectivity such as zinc oxide (an important fac tor for absorbing ultraviolet radiations) and lamp black, or shall be enclosed with noncombustible screens similiarly painted. Booths and screens shall permit circulation of air at floor level. Workers or other persons adjacent to the welding areas shall be protected from the rays by noncombustible or flameproof screens or shields or shall be required to wear ap propriate goggles. (3) Protective clothing--(i) General requirements. Employees exposed to the hazards created by welding, cutting, or brazing operations shall be protected by personal protective equipment in accord ance with the requirements of 1910.132. Appropriate protective clothing required for any welding operation will vary with the size, nature and location of the work to be performed. (ii) Specified protective clothing. Pro tective means which may be employed are as follows: (a) Except when engaged in light work, all welders should wear flameproof gauntlet gloves. (b) Flameproof aprons made of ather, asbestos, or other suitable maial may also be desirable as protec tion against radiated heat and sparks. (c) Woolen clothing is preferable to cotton because it is not so readily ignited and helps protect the welder from changes in temperature. Cotton clothing, if used, should be chemically treated to reduce its combustibility. All outer cloth ing such as jumpers or overalls should be reasonably free from oil or grease. (d) Sparks may lodge in rolled-up sleeves or pockets of clothing, or cuffs of overalls or trousers. It is therefore rec ommended that sleeves and collars be kept buttoned and pockets be eliminated from the front of overalls and aprons. Trousers or overalls should not be turned up on the outside. (e) For heavy work, fire-resistant leg gings, high boots, or other equivalent means should be used. (/> In production work a sheet metal screen in front of the worker's legs can provide further protection against sparks and molten metal in cutting operations. (p) Capes or shoulder covers made of leather or other suitable materials should be worn during overhead welding or cutting operations. Leather skull caps may be worn under helmets to prevent head bums. (ft) For overhead welding and cutting, or welding and cutting in extremely con fined spaces, ear protection is sometimes '"sirable. (i) Where there is exposure to sharp or heavy falling objects, or a hazard of bumping in confined spaces, hard hats or head protectors should be used. (4) Work in confined spaces--<i) Gen eral. As used herein confined space is intended to mean a relatively small or re stricted space such as a tank, boiler, pressure vessel, or small compartment of a ship. (ii) Ventilation. Ventilation is a pre requisite to work in confined spaces. For ventilation requirements see paragraph (f) of this section. (iii) Securing cylinders and machinery. When welding or cutting is being per formed in any confined spaces the gas cylinders and welding machines shall be left on the outside. Before operations are 'started, heavy portable equipment mounted on wheels shall be securely blocked to prevent accidental movement. (iv) Lifelines. Where a welder must enter a confined space through a man hole or other small opening, means shall be provided for quickly removing him in case of emergency. When safety belts and lifelines are used for this purpose they shall be so attached to the welder's body that his body cannot be jammed in a small exit opening. An attendant with a preplanned rescue procedure shall be sta tioned outside to observe the welder at all times and be capable of putting res cue operations into effect. (v) Electrode removal. When arc weld ing is to be suspended for any substan tia! period of time, such as during lunch or overnight, all electrodes shall be re moved from the holders and the holders carefully located so that accidental con tact cannot occur and the machine dis connected from the power source. (vi) Gas cylinder shutoff. In order to to eliminate the possibility of gas escap ing through leaks or improperly closed valves, when gas welding or cutting, the torch valves shall be closed and the fuel-gas and oxygen supply to the torch positively shut off at some point outside the confined area whenever the torch is not to be used for a substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour or overnight. Where practicable the torch and hose shall also be removed from the confined space. (vii) Warning sign. After welding op erations are completed, the welder shall mark the hot metal or provide some other means of warning other workers. (f) Health protection and ventilation-- (1) General--<i) Contamination. The re quirements in this paragraph have been established on the basis of the following three factors in arc and gas welding which govern the amount of contamina tion to which welders may be exposed: (a) Dimensions of space in which weld ing is to be done (with special regard to height of ceiling). (b) Number of welders. (c) Possible evolution of hazardous fumes, gases, or dust according to the metals involved. (ii) Ventilation. It is recognized that in individual instances other factors may be involved in which case ventilation or respiratory protective devices should be provided as needed to meet the equivalent requirements of this section. Such factors would include: (a) Atmospheric conditions. <b) Heat generated. (c) Presence of volatile solvents. (hi) Screens. When welding must be performed in a space entirely screened on all sides, the screens shall be so ar ranged that no serious restriction of ventilation exists. It is desirable to have the screens so mounted that they are about 2 feet above the floor unless the work, is performed at so low a level that the screen must be extended nearer to the floor to protect nearby workers from the glare of welding. (iv) Maximum allowable concentra tion. Local exhaust or general ventilating systems shall be provided and arranged to keep the amount of toxic fumes, gases, or dusts below the maximum allowable concentration as specified in 1910.93. (v) Precautionary labels. A number of potentially hazardous materials are em ployed in fluxes, coatings, coverings, and filler metals used in welding and cutting or are released to the atmosphere during welding and cutting. These include but are not limited to the materials itemized In paragraphs (f) (5) through (12) Of this section. The suppliers of welding materials shall determine the hazard, if any. associated with the use of their ma terials in welding, cutting, etc. (a) All filler metals and fusible granu lar materials shall carry the following notice, as a minimum, on tags, boxes, or other containers: Caution Welding may produce fumes and gases hazardous to health. Avoid breathing these fumes and gases. Use adequate ventilation. See ANSI Z49.1--1967 Safety in Welding and Cutting published by the American Welding Society. (&> Brazing (welding) filler metals containing cadmium in significant amounts shall carry the following notice on tags, boxes, or other containers: Warning CONTAINS CADMIUM---POISONOUS FUMES MAT BE FORMED ON KEATING Do not breathe fumes. Use only with ade quate ventilation such as fume collectors, exhaust ventilators, or air-supplied respira tors. See ANSI Z49.1-1967. If chest pain, cough, or fever develops after use call physician immediately. Keep children away when using. (c) Brazing and gas welding fluxes containing fluorine compounds shall have a cautionary wording to indicate that they contain fluorine compounds. One such cautionary wording recom mended by the American Welding Soci ety for brazing and gas welding fluxes reads as follows: Caution CONTAINS FLUORIDES This flux when heated gives off fumes that may irritate eyes, nose and throat. 1. Avoid fumes--use only In well-venti lated spaces. 3. Avoid contact of flux with eyes or shin. 3. Do not take internally, (2> Ventilation for general welding and cutting--(i) General. Mechanical ventilation shall be provided when weld ing or cutting is done on metals not cov ered in subparagraphs (5) through (12). No. 202--Pt. II------27 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 22312 RULES AND REGULATIONS other) that requires entrance into or close contact with the machinery or equipment, the main power disconnect switch or valve, or both, controlling its source of power or flow of material, shall be locked out or blocked off with pad lock, blank flange, or similar device. (5) Vessel entering. Lifelines and safe ty harness shall be worn by anyone en tering closed vessels, tanks, chip bins, and similar equipment, and a person shall be stationed outside in a position to han dle the line and to summon assistance in case of emergency. The air in the ves sels shall be tested for oxygen deficiency and the presence of both toxic and ex plosive gases and vapors, before entry into closed vessels, tanks, etc., is per mitted. Self-contained air- or oxygensupply masks shall be readily available in case of emergency. Work shall not be done on equipment under conditions where an injury would result if a valve were unexpectedly opened or closed un less the valve has been locked in a safe position. {6) Industrial power trucks. All indus trial power truck operations shall con form to American National Standard B56.1-1969. All forklift trucks shall be provided with overhead guards. All guards shall be designed in compliance with American National Standard B56.1--1969. Design requirements shall provide protection for the liquid petrole um tank. (7) Emergency lighting. Emergency lighting shall be provided wherever it is necessary for employees to remain at their machines or stations to shut down equipment in case of power failure. Emergency lighting shall be provided at stairways and passageways or aisleways used by employees for emergency exit in case of power failure. Emergency lighting shall be provided in all plant first aid and medical facilities. (c) Handling and storage of pulpwood and pulp chips--(1) Handling pulpwood with forklift trucks. Where large forklift trucks, or lift trucks with clam-jaws, are used in the yard, the op erator's enclosed cab shall be provided with an escape hatch, whenever the hydraulic arm blocks escape through the side doors. (2) Handling pulpwood with cranes or stackers, (i) Where locomotive cranes are used for loading or unloading pulp wood, the pulpwood shall be piled so as to allow a clearance of not less than 24 inches between the pile and the end of the cab of any locomotive crane in use, when the cab is turned in any working position. <ii) The minimum distance of the pulpwood pile from the centerline of a standard-gage track shall be main tained at not less than 8Vt feet. (iii) Logs shall be piled in an orderly and stable manner, with no projection into.walkways or roadways. (iv) Railroad cars shall not be spotted on tracks adjacent to the locomotive cranes unless a 24-inch clearance is maintained, as required in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph. (v) The handling and storage of other materials shall conform to subdivisions (i> and (ii) of this subparagraph with respect to clearance. (vi) Equipment and practices shall conform to American National Stand ards B30.2--1943 (Reaffirmed 1952) and B30.2.O--1967. (vii) Personal protective equipment for such uses as foot, head, and eye pro tection shall be required for workers on a job basis. (viii) No person shall be permitted to walk beneath a suspended load, bucket, or hook. (3) Handling pulpwood from ships. (i) Ladders and gangplanks with rail ings to boat docks shall meet the re quirements of American National Stand ards A12.1--1967, A14.1--1968, A14.2-- 1956, and A14.3--1956, and shall be securely fastened in place. (ii) The hatch tender shall be re quired to signal the hoisting engineer to move the load only after the men working in the hold are in the clear. (iii) The air in the ship's hold, tanks, or closed vessels shall be tested for oxygen deficiency and for both toxic and explosive gases and vapors. (4) Handling pulpwood from flatcars and all other railway cars, (i) Railroad flatcars for the conveyance of pulpwood loaded parallel to the length of the car shall be equipped with safety-stake pockets. (ii) Where pulpwood is loaded cross wise on a flatcar sufficient stakes of sizes not smaller than 4 by 4 inches shall be used to prevent the load from shifting. (iii) When it is necessary to cut stakes, those on the unloading side should be partially cut through first, and then the binder wires cut on the oppo site side. Wire cutters equipped with long extension handles shall be used. No per son shall be permitted along the dump ing side of the car after the stakes have been cut. <iv) When steel straps without stakes are used, the steel straps shall be cut from a safe area to prevent employees from being struck by the falling logs. (v) Flatcars and all other cars shall be chocked during unloading. Where equipment is not provided with hand brakes, rail clamping chocks shall be used. (vi) A derail shall be used to prevent movement of other rail equipment into cars where persons are working. (5) Handling pulpwood from trucks. (i) Cutting of stakes and binder wires shall be done in accordance with subparagraph 4 (iii) of this paragraph. (ii) Where binder chain and steel stakes are used, the binder chains shall be released and the stakes tripped from the opposite side of the load spillage. (ill) Where binder chains and crane slings are used, the crane slings shall be attached and taut before the binder chains are released. The hooker shall see that the helper is clear before signaling for the movement of the load. (6) Handling pulp chips from railway cars, (i) All cars shall be securely fas tened in place and all employees in the clear before dumping is started. (ii> Personal protective equipment for such uses as foot, head, and eye protec tion shall be provided, and employees shall wear the equipment when working in the woodvard. Ear protection shall be provided when the noise level may be harmful. (7) Handling pulp chips from trucks and trailers, (i) All trucks and trailers shall be securely fastened in place and all employees in the clear before dumping is started. (ii) Personal protective equipment shall be in accordance with subparagraph (6) (ii) of this paragraph. (8) Cranes, (i) Crane boom and load capacities as specified by the manufac turer shall be posted in the cab of the crane in accordance with American Na tional Standards B30.2--1943 (reaffirmed 1968) and B30.2.0--1967. (ii) A safety device such as a heavy chain or cable at least equal in strength to the lifting cables shall be fastened to the boom and to the frame of the boom crane (if it is other than locomotive) at the base. Alternatively, a telescoping safety device shall be fastened to the boom and to the cab frame, so as to prevent the boom from snapping back over the cab in the event of lifting cable breakage. (iii) A crane shall not be operated where any part thereof may come within 10 feet of overhead powerlines (or other overhead obstructions) unless the power lines have been deenergized. The boom shall be painted bright yellow from and including the head sheave to a point 6 feet down the boom towards the cab. (iv) Standard signals for the opera tion of cranes shall be established for all movements of the crane, in accordance with American National Standards B30.2--1943 (reaffirmed 1968) and B30.2.0--1967. (v) Only one member of the crew shall be authorized to give signals to the crane operator. (vi) All cranes shall be equipped with a suitable warning device such as a horn or whistle. (vii) A sheave guard shall be provided beneath the head sheave of the boom. (9) Traffic warning signs or signals. (i) A flagman shall direct the movement of cranes or locomotives being moved across railroad tracks or roads, and at any points where the vision of the opera tor is restricted. The flagman must al ways remain in sight of the operator when the crane or locomotive is in mo tion. The blue flag policy shall be used to mark stationary cars day and night. This policy shall include marking the track in advance of the spotted cars (flag for daytime, light for darkness). (ii) After cars are spotted for loading or unloading, warning flags or signs shall be placed in the center of the track at least 50 feet away from the cars and a derail set to protect workmen in the car. (10) Illumination. Artificial illumina tion shall be provided when loading or unloading is performed after dark, in accordance with American National Standard All.l--1965 (R--1970). (11) Bridge or dock plates. The con struction and use of bridge or dock plates siifl.ii conform to requirements of Ameri can National Standard B56.1--1969. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOl. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18. 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22305 (b) Carbide containers to be stored (3) Cylinders shall be located or se (c) When special welding and cutting utdoors shall be examined to make sure cured so that they cannot be knocked processes require values of open circuit Jiat they are in good condition. Periodic over. voltages higher than the above, means reexaminations shall be made for rust ing or other damage to a container that might affect its water or air tightness. (c) The bottom tier of each row shall be placed on wooden planking or equiva lent, so that the containers will not come in contact with the ground or ground water. <d) Storage areas shall be at least 10 feet from lines of adjoining property that may be built upon. (e) Containers of carbide which have (b) Application, installation, and op eration of arc welding and cutting equip ment--(1) General--(i) Equipment se lection. Welding equipment shall be chosen for safe application to the work to be done as specified in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph. (ii) Installation. Welding equipment shall be installed safely as specified by subparagraph (3) of this paragraph. (iii) Instruction. Workmen designated to operate arc welding equipment shall shall be provided to prevent the operator from making accidental contact with the high voltage by adequate insulation or other means. id) For a.c. welding under wet condi tions or warm surroundings where per spiration is a factor, the use of reliable automatic controls for reducing no load voltage is recommended to reduce the shock hazard. (iv) Design, (a) A controller integrally mounted in an electric motor driven been in storage the longest shall be used have been properly instructed and quali welder shall have capacity for carrying first. fied to operate such equipment as rated motor current, shall be capable of (8) Public exhibitions and demonstra specified in subparagraph (4) of this making and interrupting stalled rotor tions--(i) Installation requirements, in stallation and operation of welding, cut ting, and related equipment shall be done by, or under the supervision of, a compe tent operator to insure the personal pro tection of viewers and demonstrators as well as the protection from fire, of ma terials in and around the site and the building itself. (ii) Procedures, (a) Cylinders con taining compressed gases for use at the site shall not be charged in excess of one-half their maximum permissible content. (Cylinders of nonliquefied gases and acetylene shall be charged to not more than one-half their maximum per missible charged pressure in p.si.g. Cyl inders of liquefied gases shall be charged to not more than one-half the maximum ermissible capacity in pounds.) (b> Cylinders located at the site shall be connected for use except that enough additional cylinders may be stored at the site to furnish approximately 1 day's consumption of each gas used. Other cylinders shall be stored in an approved storage area preferably outdoors, but this storage area shall not be located near a building exit. (c) Cylinders in excess of 40 pounds total weight being transported to or from the site shall be carried on a hand or motorized truck. (d) The site shall be constructed, equipped, and operated in such a manner that the demonstration will be carried out so as to minimize the possibility of injury to viewers. (e) Sites involving the use of com pressed gases shall be located so as not to interfere with the egress of people during an emergency. (/) The fire department shall be noti fied in advance of such use of the site. ig) (1) Each site shall be provided with a portable fire extinguisher of ap propriate size and type and with a pail of water. (2) The public and combustible ma terials at the site shall be protected from flames, sparks, and molten metal. (h) Hoses shall be located and pro tected so that they will not be physically damaged. (i) (I) Cylinder valves shall be closed paragraph. current of the motor, and may serve as (2) Application of arc welding equip the running overcurrent device if pro ment--(i) General. Assurance of consid vided with tire number of overcurrent eration of safety in design is obtainable units as specified by Subpart S of this by choosing apparatus complying with part. Starters with magnetic under the Requirements for Electric Arc-Weld voltage release should be used with ing Apparatus, NEMA EW-1-1962, machines installed more than one to a National Electrical Manufacturers As circuit to prevent circuit overload caused sociation or the Safety Standard for by simultaneously starting of several Transformer-Type Arc-Welding Ma motors upon return of voltage. chines, ANSI C33.2--1956, Underwriters' (b) On all types of arc welding Laboratories. machines, control apparatus shall be (ii) Environmental conditions, (c) enclosed except for the operating wheels, Standard machines for arc welding serv levers, or handles. Control handles and ice shall be designed and constructed to wheels should be large enough to be carry their rated load with rated tem easily grasped by a gloved hand. perature rises where the temperature of (c) Input power terminals, tap change the cooling air does not exceed 40 C. devices and live metal parts connected (104 F.) and where the altitude does not to input circuits shall be completely en exceed 3,300 feet, and shall be suitable for closed and accessible only by means of operation in atmospheres containing tools. gases, dust, and light rays produced by (d) Terminals for welding leads the welding arc. should be protected from accidental (b) Unusual service conditions may electrical contact by personnel or by exist, and in such circumstances ma metal objects i,e., vehicles, crane hooks, chines shall be especially designed to etc. Protection may be obtained by use safely meet the requirements of the of: dead-front receptacles for plug con service. Chief among these conditions nections; recessed openings with non are: removable hinged covers; heavy insulat U) Exposure to unusually corrosive ing sleeving or taping or other equivalent fumes. electrical and mechanical protection. If (2) Exposure to steam or excessive a welding lead terminal which is in humidity. (3) Exposure to excessive oil vapor. (4) Exposure to flammable gases. (5) Exposure to abnormal vibration or shock. (6) Exposure to excessive dust. (7) Exposure to weather. (8) Exposure to unusual seacoast or shipboard conditions. (iii) Voltage. Open circuit (No load) voltages of arc welding and cutting machines should be as low as possible consistent with satisfactory welding or cutting being done. The following limits shall not be exceeded: (a) Alternating-current machines U) Manual arc welding and cutting-- 80 volts. tended to be used exclusively for connect tion to the work is connected to the grounded enclosure, it must be done by a conductor - at least two AWG sizes smaller than the grounding conductor and the terminal shall be marked to in dicate that it is grounded. (e) No connections for portable con trol devices such as push buttons to be carried by the operator shall be con nected to an a.c. circuit of higher than 120 volts. Exposed metal parts of port able control devices operating on circuits above 50 volts shall be grounded by a grounding conductor in the control cable. if) Auto transformers or a.c. reactors shall not be used to draw welding cur rent directly from any a.c. power source having a voltage exceeding 80 volts. (2) Automatic (machine or mecha (3) Installation of arc welding equip nized) arc welding and cutting--100 ment--ii) General. Installation includ volts. ing power supply shall be in accordance (b) Direct-current machines with the requirements of Subpart S of hen equipment is unattended. il) Manual arc welding and cutting-- this part. (2) Where caps are provided for valve 100 volts. (ii) Grounding, (a) The frame or case protection, such caps shall be in place (2) Automatic (machine or mecha of the welding machine (except engine- except when the cylinders are in service nized) arc welding and cutting--100 driven machines shall be grounded under or connected ready for service. volts. the conditions and according to the FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 BFG30496 22304 RULES AND REGULATIONS manifolding of oxygen cylinders, the space to be so occupied shall be sepa rated from the generator or carbide stor age section by partition walls continuous from floor to roof or ceiling, of the type of construction stated in subdivision (S) of this subdivision. Such separation walls shall be without openings and shall be joined to the floor, other walls and ceil ing or roof in a manner to effect a per manent gas-tight joint. (4) Exit doors shall be located so as to be readily accessible in case of emer gency. (5) Explosion venting for outside gen erator houses and inside generator rooms shall be provided in exterior walls or roofs. The venting areas shall be equal to not less than 1 square foot per 50 cubic feet of room volume and may consist of any one or any combination of the fol lowing: Walls of light, noncombustible material preferably single-thickness, single-strength glass; lightly fastened hatch covers; lightly fastened swinging doors in exterior walls opening outward; lightly fastened walls or roof designed to relieve at a maximum pressure of 25 pounds per square foot. (6) The installation of acetylene gen erators within buildings shall be re stricted to buildings not exceeding one story in height; Provided, however. That this will not be construed as prohibiting such installations on the toof or top floor of a building exceeding such height. (7) Generators installed inside build ings shall be enclosed in a separate room of ample size. (.8) The walls, partitions, floors, and ceilings of inside generator rooms shall be of noncombustible construction having a fire-resistance rating of at least 1 hour. The walls or partitions shall be con tinuous from floor to ceiling and shall be securely anchored. At least one wall of the room shall be an exterior wall. (9) Openings from an inside gener ator room to other parts of the building shall be protected by a swinging type, self-closing fire door for a Class B open ing and having a rating of at least 1 hour. Windows in partitions shall be wired glass and approved metal frames with fixed sash. Installation shall be in accordance with the Standard for the Installation of Fire Doors and Windows, NFPA 80-1970. (5) Inside generator rooms or outside generator houses shall be well ventilated with vents located at floor and ceiling levels. (c) Heating shall be by steam, hot water, enclosed electrically heated ele ments or other indirect means. Heating by flames or fires shall be prohibited in outside generator houses or inside gener ator rooms, or in any enclosure commu nicating with them. (d) (I) Generator houses or rooms shall have natural light during daylight hours. Where artificial lighting is neces sary it shall be restricted to electric lamps installed in a fixed position. Unless spe cifically approved for use in atmospheres containing acetylene, such lamps shall be provided with enclosures of glass or other noncombustible material so designed and constructed as to prevent gas vapors from reaching the lamp or socket and to resist breakage. Rigid conduit with threaded connections shall be used. (2) Lamps installed outside of wiredglass panels set in gas-tight frames in the exterior walls or roof of the gener ator house or room are acceptable. (e) Electric switches, telephones, and all other electrical apparatus which may cause a spark, unless specifically ap proved for use inside acetylene generator rooms, shall be located outside the gen erator house or in a room or space sep arated from the generator room by a gastight partition, except that where the generator system is designed so that no carbide fill opening or other part of the generator is open to the generator house or room during the operation of the gen erator, and so that residue is carried in closed piping from the residue discharge valve to a point outside the generator house or room, electrical equipment in the generator house or room shall con form to the provisions of Subpart S of this part for Class I, Division 2 locations. (vii) Maintenance and operation, (a) Unauthorized persons shall not be per mitted in outside generator houses or in side generator rooms. (J.i Operating instructions shall be posted in a conspicuous place near the generator or kept in a suitable place available for ready reference. (2) When recharging generators the order of operations specified in the in structions supplied by the manufacturer shall be followed. (3) In the case of batch-type gener ators, when the charge of carbide is ex hausted and before additional carbide is added, the generating chamber shall always be flushed out with water, renew ing the water supply in accordance with the instruction card furnished by the manufacturer. (4) The water-carbide residue mixture drained from the generator shall not be discharged into sewer pipes or stored in areas near open flames. Clear water from residue settling pits may be discharged into sewer pipes. (b) The carbide added each time the generator is recharged shall be sufficient to refill the space provided for carbide without ramming the charge. Steel or other ferrous tools shall not be used in distributing the charge. (c) Generator water chambers shall be kept filled to proper level at all times except while draining during the re charging operation. id) Whenever repairs are to be made or the generator is to be charged or car bide is to be removed, the water chamber shall be filled to the proper level. (e) Previous to making repairs involv ing welding, soldering, or other hot work or other operations which produce a source of ignition, the carbide charge and feed mechanism shall be completely re moved. All acetylene shall be expelled by completely flooding the generator shell with water and the generator shall be disconnected from the piping system. The generator shall be kept filled with water, if possible, or positioned to hold as much water as possible. (/) Hot repairs shall not be made in a room where there are other generators unless all the generators and piping have been purged of acetylene. Hot repairs should preferably be made out of doors- (7) Calcium carbide storage--(i) Packaging, (a) Calcium carbide shall be contained in metal packages of sufficient strength to prevent rupture. The pack ages shall be provided with a screw top or equivalent. These packages shall be constructed water- and air-tight. Solder shall not be used in such a manner that the package would fail if exposed to fire. (b) Packages containing calcium car bide shall be conspicuously marked "Cal cium Carbide--Dangerous If Not Kept Dry" or with equivalent warning. (c) Caution: Metal tools, even the socalled spark resistant type may cause ig nition of an acetylene and air mixture when opening carbide containers. (d) Sprinkler systems shall not be in stalled in carbide storage rooms. (ii) Storage indoors, (a) Calcium carbide in quantities not to exceed 600 pounds may be stored indoors in dry, waterproof, and well-ventilated locations. (.1) Calcium carbide not exceeding 600 pounds may be stored indoors in the same room with fuel-gas cylinders. (2) Packages of calcium carbide, ex cept for one of each size, shall be kept sealed. The seals shall not be broken when there is carbide in excess of 1 pound in any other unsealed package of the same size of carbide in the room. (b) Calcium carbide exceeding 600 pounds but not exceeding 5,000 pounds shall be stored: (1) In accordance with subdivision (c> of this subdivision. (2) In an inside generator room or outside generator house; or (3) In a separate room in a one-story building which may contain other occu pancies, but without cellar or basement beneath the carbide storage section. Such rooms shall be constructed in accordance with subdivision (vi) (a) (6) and (9) of this subdivision and ventilated in accord ance with subdivision (vi)(b) of this subdivision. These rooms shall be used for no other purpose. (c) Calcium carbide in excess'of 5,000 pounds shall be stored in one-story build ings without cellar or basement and used for no other purpose, or in outside gen erator houses. The location of such stor age buildings shall be away from con gested mercantile and manufacturing districts. If the storage building is of noncombustible construction, it may ad join other one-story buildings if sepa rated therefrom by unpierced firewalls; if it is detached less than 10 feet from such building or buildings, there shall be no opening in any of the mutually ex posing sides of such buildings within 10 feet. If the storage building is of com bustible construction, it shall be at least 20 feet from any other one- or two-story building, and at least 30 feet from any other building exceeding two stories. (iii) Storage outdoors. (a) Calcium carbide in unopened metal containers may be stored outdoors. BFG30495 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22313 (12) Barking devices. When barking protective clothing, in accordance with (6) Conveyors. The requirements of drums are employed in the yard, the American National Standard Z87.1-- paragraph (c)(15)(iv) of this section requirements of paragraph (e) (12) of 1968. shall apply. this section shall apply. (2) Clearance. (i> When materials (7) Circular saws (not slasher saws). (13) Hand tools. Handles of wood are being piled inside a building and Saws shall be provided with standard hooks shall be locked to the shank to upon platforms, an aisle clearance at guards, in accordance with American prevent them from rotating. least 3 feet greater than the widest truck National Standard 01.1--1954 (Reaf (14> Removal of pulp-wood, (i) The in use shall be provided. firmed 1961). ends of a woodpile shall be properly (ii) Baled paper and rags stored in (8) Barker feed. Each barker shall be sloped and cross-tiered into the pile. Up side a building shall not be piled closer equipped with a feed and turnover device right poles shall not be used at the ends than 18 inches to walls, partitions, or which will make it unnecessary for the of woodpiles. To knock down wood from sprinkler heads. operator to hold a bolt or log by hand the woodpile, mechanical equipment shall (3) Piling and unpiling pulp, (i) Piles during the barking operation. Eye, ear, be used to permit employees to keep in oi wet lap pulp (unless palletized) shall and head protection shall be provided for the clear of loosened wood. be stepped back one-half the width of the operator, in accordance with para (ii) If dynamite is used to loosen the the sheet for each 8 feet of pile height. graph (b) (2) of this section. pile, only authorized personnel shall be Sheets of pulp shall be interlapped to (9) Guards. A guard shall be installed permitted to handle and discharge the make the pile secure. Pulp shall not be around barkers to confine flying parti explosive. An electric detonator is pref piled over pipelines to jeopardize pipes, cles. in accordance with American Na erable fqr firing; if a fuse is used, it shall or so as to cause overloading of floors, tional Standard B15.1--1953 (Reaffirmed be an approved safety fuse with a burn or to within 18 inches below sprinkler 1958). ing rate of not less than 120 seconds per heads. (10) Stops. All control devices shall be yard and a minimum length of 3 feet, (ii) Piles of pulp shall not be under locked out and tagged when knives are in accordance with Safety in the Han mined when being unpiled. being changed. dling and Use of Explosives, IME Pam (iii) Floor capacities shall be clearly (11) Speed governor. Water wheels, phlet No. 17, July 1960. marked on all floors. when directly connected to marker disks (15) Belt conveyors, (i) The sides of (4) Chocking rolls, (i) Where pulp or or grinders, shall be provided with speed the conveyor shall be constructed so that paper rolls are of uniform size, cribbing governors, if operated with gate wide the wood will not fall off. should be constructed to keep rolls from open. (ii) Where conveyors cross passage moving. (12) Continuous barking drums. (i> ways or roadways, a horizontal platform (ii) Where rolls are pyramided two or When platforms or floors allow access to shall be provided under the conveyor ex more high, chocks shall be installed be the sides of the drums, a standard railing tending out from the sides of the con tween each roll on the floor and at every shall be constructed around the drums. veyor a distance equal to 1/2 times the row. The face of each chock should be When two or more drums are arranged length of the wood handled. The plat formed on a radius to conform to the side by side, proper walkways with stand form shall extend the width of the road average roll size in use. Where pulp and ard handrails shall be provided between plus 2 feet on each side and shall be kept paper rolls are stored on smooth floors tn each set, in accordance with paragraph free of wood and rubbish. The edges of processing areas, rubber chocks with (b) (3) of this section. the platform shall be provided with toe- wooden core shall be used. (ii) Sprockets and chains, gears, and boards or other protection to prevent (iii) When rolls are decked two or trunnions shall have standard guards, in wood from falling, in accordance with more high, the bottom rolls shall be accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of American National Standard A12.1-- chocked on each side to prevent shifting this section. 1967. in either direction. (iii) Whenever it becomes necessary (iii) All conveyors for pulpwood shall (iv) A supply of portable roll chocks for a workman to go within a drum, the have the inrunning nips between chain should be available to be used where driving mechanism shall be locked and and sprockets guarded; also, turning there are gaps in the bottom row of rolls. tagged, at the main disconnect switch, in drums shall be guarded. These should be as light as possible while accordance with paragraph (b) (4) of (iv> Every belt conveyor shall have an still proriding maximum blocking effect. this section. emergency stop cable extending the length of the conveyor so that it may be stopped from any location along the line, or conveniently located stop buttons within 10 feet of each work station, in accordance with American National Standard B20.1--1957. (16 Signs. Where conveyors cross walkways or roadways in the yards, signs reading "Danger--Overhead Conveyor" or an equivalent warning shall be erected, in accordance with American National Standard Z35.1--19S8. (d> Handling and storage of raw ma terials other than pulpwood or pulp chips--(1) Personal protective equip ment. (i) Whenever possible, all dust, fumes, and gases incident to handling materials shall be controlled at the source, in accordance with American National Standard Z9.2--1960. Where control at the source is not possible, res pirators with goggles or protective masks shall be provided, and employees shall wear them when handling alum, clay, soda ash, lime, bleach powder, sulfur, chlorine, and similar materials, and (e) Preparing pulpwood--(1) Gang and slasher saws. A guard shall be pro vided in front of all gang and slasher saws to protect workers from wood thrown by saws. A guard shall be placed over tail sprockets. (2) Slasher tables. Saws shall be stopped and power switches shall be locked out and tagged whenever it is necessary for any person to be on the slasher table. (3) Slasher drive belts, pulleys, and shafts. All belts, pulleys, and shafts shall be guarded in accordance with Ameri can National Standard B15.1--1955 (Re affirmed 1958). (4) Runway to the jack ladder. The runway from the pond or unloading dock to the table shall be protected. with standard handrails and toeboards. In clined portions shall have cleats or equiv alent nonslip surfacing, in accordance with American National Standard A12.1--1967. Protective equipment shall be provided for persons working over water. (13) Intermittent barking drums. In addition to motor switch, clutch, belt shifter, or other power disconnecting de vice. intermittent barking drums shall be equipped with a device which may be locked to prevent the drum from moving while it is being emptied or filled. (14) Hydraulic barkers. Hydraulic barkers shall be enclosed with strong baffles at the inlet and the outlet. The op erator shall be protected by at least fiveply laminated glass. (15) Splitter block. The block upon or against which the wood is rested shall have a corrugated surface or other means provided that the wood will not slip. Wood to be split, and also the split ting block, shall be free of ice, snow, or chips. The operator shall be provided with eye and foot protection. A clear and unobstructed view shall be maintained between equipment and workers around the block and the workers' help area. (16) Power control. Power for the op eration of the splitter shall be controlled by a clutch or equivalent device. when opening rag bales. (5) Guards below table. Where not (17) Knot cleaners. The operators of (ii) When handling liquid acid or al protected by the frame of the machine, knot cleaners of the woodpecker type kali, workmen shall be provided with the underside of the slasher saws shall be shall wear eye protection equipment. approved eye and face protection and enclosed with guards. Knot cleaners of the woodpecker typo FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 22314 RULES AND REGULATIONS should be enclosed to protect passersby ican National Standards B15.1--1953 with supplied air respirators, lifebelts, from flying chips. (Reaffirmed 1958) and B20.1--1957. and attached lifelines. (18) Chipper spout. The feed system (5) Dust. Measures for the control of (ii) A man shall be stationed outside to the chipper spout shall be arranged dust shall be provided, in accordance with to summon assistance if necessary. All in such a way that the operator does not American National Standards Z33.1-- intake valves to a tank shall be blanked stand in a direct line with the chipper 1961, Z87.1--1968, and Z88.2--1969. off or disconnected. spout. All chipper spouts shall be en (6) Rag cookers, (i) When cleaning, (5) Clothing. Where lime slaking takes closed to a height of at least 42 inches inspection, or other work requires that place, employees shall be provided with from the floor or operator's platform. persons enter rag cookers, all steam and rubber boots, rubber gloves, protective If practical, a mirror should be installed water valves, or other control devices, aprons, and eye protection. A deluge to enable the chipper feeder to see the shall be locked and tagged in the closed shower and eye fountain shall be pro chute. When other protection is not suf or "off" position. Blank flanging of pipe vided to flush the skin and eyes to ficient, the operator shall wear a safety lines is acceptable in place of closed and counteract lime or acid burns. belt line. The safety belt line shall be locked valves. (6) Lead burning. When lead burning fastened in such, a manner as to make (ii) When cleaning, inspection, or is being done within tanks, fresh air shall it impossible for the operator to fall other work requires that persons must be forced into the tanks so that fresh air into the throat of the chipper. Ear pro enter the cooker, one person shall be will reach the face of the worker first tection equipment shall be worn by the stationed outside in a position to ob and the direction of the current will operator and others in the immediate serve and assist in case of emergency, never be from the source of the fumes area if there is any possibility that the in accordance with paragraph (b) (5) of toward the face of the workers. Supplied noise level may be harmful (see 1910.- this section. air respirators (constant-flow type) shall 95). (iii) Supplied air respirators should be be provided. (19) Carriers for knives. Carriers shall worn by persons when spreading mate (7) Hoops for acid storage tanks. be provided and used for transportation rial inside cookers. Hoops of tanks shall be made of rods of knives. (iv) Rag cookers shall be provided with rather than flat strips and shall be safely (f) Rag and old paper preparation-- safety valves in accordance with the maintained by scheduled inspections. (1) Ripping and trimming tools. (!) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, (8) Chip and sawdust bins. Steam or Hand knives and scissors shall have Section vm, Unfired Pressure Vessels-- compressed-air lances, or other facilities, blunt points, shall be fastened to the 1968, with Addenda. shall be used for breaking down the table with chain or thong, and shall not (g) Chemical processes of making arches caused by jamming in chip lofts. be carried on the person but placed pulp--(1) Sulfur burners, (i) Sulfur- No worker shall be permitted to enter a safely in racks or sheaths when not in burner houses shall be safely and ade bin unless provided with a safety belt, use. quately ventilated, and every precaution with line attached, and an attendant sta Cii) Hand knives and sharpening shall be taken to guard against dust ex tioned at the bin to summon assistance. steels shall be provided with guards at plosion hazards and fires, in accordance (9) Exits (digester building). At least the junction of the handle and the with American National Standards one unobstructed exit at each end of the blade. Z9.2--1960 and Z12.12--1968. room shall be provided-on each floor of a (2) Shredders, cutters, and dusters. (ii) Nonsparking tools and equipment digester building. (i) Rotating heads or cylinders shall be shall be used in handling dry sulfur, (10) Gas masks (digester building). completely enclosed except for an open (iii) Sulfur storage bins shall be kept Gas masks shall be available. These ing at the feed side sufficient to permit free of sulfur dust accumulation, and masks shall furnish adequate protection only the entry of stock. The enclosure buildings should be designed with explo against sulfurous acid and chlorine shall extend over the top of the feed sion relief, in accordance with American gases, and shall be inspected and tested rolls. It shall be constructed either of National Standard Z9.2--1960. at frequent intervals, not to exceed 1 solid material or with mesh or openings (iv) Electrical equipment shall be of month, in accordance with American not exceeding one-half inch and sub the explosion-proof type, in accordance National Standards Z87.1--1968, and stantial enough to contain flying par with the requirements of 1910.322 Z88.2--1969. ticles and prevent accidental contact through 1910.328. (11) Elevators, (i) Elevators shall be with moving parts. The enclosure shall (v) Sulfur-melting equipment shall not constructed in accordance with Ameri be bolted or locked into place. be located in the burner room. can National Standard A17.1-1965. (ii) A smooth-pivoted idler roll rest (2) Protection for employees (acid (11) Elevators shall be equipped with ing on the stock or feed table shall be plants). (i) Gas masks, fitted with canis gas masks for the maximum number of provided in front of feed rolls except ters containing absorbents for the par passengers. when arrangements prevent the operator ticular acids, gases, or mists involved, (iii) Elevators shall be equipped with from standing closer than 36 inches to shall be provided for employees of the an alarm system to advise of failure. any part of the feed rolls. acid department. (12) Blowoff valves and piping, (i) (iii) Any manually fed cutter, shred (ii) Supplied air respirators shall be The blowoff valve of a digester shall be der, or duster shall be provided with an strategically located for emergency and arranged so as to be operated from idler roll as per subdivision (ii) of this rescue use. another room, remote from safety valves. subparagraph or the operator shall use (iii) Dining inspection, repairs, or (ii) Through bolts instead of cap bolts special hand-feeding tools. maintenance of acid towers, the work shall be used on all digester pipings. (iv) Hoods of cutters, shredders, and man shall be provided with eye protec (iii) Heavy duty pipe, valves, and fit dusters shall have exhaust ventilation, tion, a supplied air respirator, a safety tings shall be used between the digester in accordance with American National belt, and an attached lifeline. The line and blow pit. These valves, fittings, and Standard Z9.2--1960. shall be extended to an attendant sta pipes shall be inspected at least semi (3) Blowers, (i) Blowers used for tioned outside the tower opening. annually to determine the degree of de transporting rags shall be provided with (3) Acid tower structure. Outside ele terioration and should be replaced when feed hoppers having outer edges located vators shall be inspected daily during necessary. not less than 48 inches from the fan. winter months when ice materially (iv) Digester blow valves shall be <ii) The arrangement of the blower affects safety. Elevators, runways, stairs, pinned or locked in closed position discharge outlets and work areas shall etc., for the acid tower shall be inspected throughout the entire cooking period. be such as to prevent material from monthly for defects that may occur be (13) Blow pits and blow tanks. (i> falling on workers. cause of exposure to acid or corrosive Blow-pit openings shall be preferably on (4) Conveyors. Conveyors and con gases. the side of the pit instead of on top. veyor drive belts and pulleys shall be (4) Tanks (acid), (i) Tanks shall be When located on top, openings shall be fully enclosed or, if open and within 7 free of acid and shall be washed out with as small as possible and shall be pro feet of the floor, shall be constructed water, mid fresh air shall be blown into vided with railings, in accordance with and guarded in accordance with para them before allowing men to enter. Men American National Standard A12.1-- graph (c)(15) of this section and Amer entering the tanks shall be provided 1967. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22303 bide required for a single complete harge. (b) Relief valves shall be regularly operated to insure proper functioning. Relief valves for generating chambers shall be set to open at a pressure not in excess of 15 p.s.i.g. Relief valves for hy draulic back pressure valves shall be set to open at a pressure not in excess of 20 p.s.i.g. (c) Nonautomatic generators shall not be used for generating acetylene at pres sures exceeding 1 p.s.i.g., and all water overflows shall be visible. (iii) Location. The space around the generator shall be ample for free, un obstructed operation and maintenance and shall permit ready adjustment and charging. (iv) Stationary acetylene generators (automatic and nonautomatic), (a) (1) The foundation shall be so arranged that the generator will be level and so that no excessive strain will be placed on the generator or its connections. Acetylene generators shall be grounded. (2) Generators shall be placed where water will not freeze. The use of com mon salt (sodium chloride) or other cor rosive chemicals for protection against freezing is not permitted. (For heating systems see subdivision (6) <vi) (c) of this subparagraph.) (j> Except when generators are pre pared in accordance with subdivision (vii) <e) of this subparagraph, sources cf ignition shall be prohibited in outside enerator houses or inside generator rooms. (4) Water shall not be supplied through a continuous connection to the generator except when the generator is provided with an adequate open over flow or automatic water shutoff which will effectively prevent overfilling of the generator. Where a noncontinuous con nection is used, the supply line shall ter minate at a point not less than 2 inches above the regularly provided opening for filling so that the water can be observed as it enters the generator. (5) Unless otherwise specifically ap proved, generators shall not be fitted with continuous drain connections leading to sewers, but shall discharge through an open connection into a suitably vented outdoor receptacle or residue pit which may have such connections. An open connection for the sludge drawoff is de sirable to enable the generator operator to observe leakage of generating water from the drain valve or sludge cock. (i>) (1) Each generator shall be pro vided with a vent pipe of Schedule 40 galvanized iron or steel, except that out side of buildings, vent pipes larger than 4 inches in diameter may be not less than 14 gage galvanized tubing or sheet steel. (2) The escape or relief pipe shall be rigidly installed without traps and so that any condensation will drain back to the generator. (3) The escape or relief pipe shall be jarried full size, to a suitable point out side the building. It shall terminate in a hood or bend located at least 12 feet above the ground, preferably above the roof, and as far away as practicable from windows or other openings into build ings and as far away as practicable from sources of ignition such as flues or chim neys and tracks used by locomotives. Generating chamber relief pipes shall not be inter-connected but shall be sep arately led to the outside air. The hood or bend shall be so constructed that it will not be obstructed by rain; snow, ice, insects, or birds. The outlet shall be at least 3 feet from combustible construction. (e) (1) Gas holders shall be con structed on the gasometer principle, the bell being suitably guided. The gas bell shall move freely without tendency to bind and shall have a clearance of at least 2 inches from the shell. (2) The gas holder may be located in the generator room, in a separate room or out of doors. In order to prevent col lapse of the gas bell or infiltration of air due to a vacuum caused by the com pressor or booster pump or cooling of the gas, a compressor or booster cutoff shall be provided at a point 12 inches or more above the landing point of the bell. When the gas holder is located in doors, the room shall be ventilated in accordance with subdivision (vi) (5) of this subparagraph and heated and lighted in accordance with subdivisions (vi) (c) and (d) of this subparagraph. (3) When the gas holder is not located within a heated building, gas holder seals shall be protected against freezing. (4) Means shall be provided to stop the generator-feeding mechanism before the gas holder reaches the upper limit of its travel. (5) When the gas holder is connected to only one generator, the gas capacity of the holder shall be not less than onethird of the hourly rating of the gen erator. (6) If acetylene is used from the gas holder without increase in pressure at some points but with increase in pressure by a compressor or booster pump at other points, approved piping protective de vices shall be installed in each supply line. The low-pressure protective device shall be located between the gas holder and the shop piping, and the mediumpressure protective device shall be located between the compressor or booster pump and the shop piping (see Figure Q-4). Approved protective equip ment (designated Pp) is used to prevent: Backflow of oxygen into the fuel-gas sup ply system; passage of a flashback into the fuel-gas supply system; and exces sive back pressure of oxygen in the fuelgas supply system. The three functions of the protective equipment may be com bined in one device or may be provided by separate devices. (d) (f) The compressor or booster system shall be of an approved type. (2> Wiring and electrical equipment in compressor or booster pump rooms or enclosures shall conform to the provi sions of section 1910.324 for Class I, Di vision 2 locations. (3> Compressors and booster pump equipment shall be located in well-venti lated areas away from open flames, elec trical or mechanical sparks, or other ignition sources. (4) Compressor or booster pumps shall be provided with pressure relief valves which will relieve pressure exceeding 15 p.sig. to a safe outdoor location as pro vided in subdivision (b) of this sub division. or by returning the gas to the inlet side or to the gas supply source. (5) Compressor or booster pump dis charge outlets shall be provided with ap proved protective equipment. (See sub paragraph (5) of this paragraph.) (v) Portable acetylene generators. (a) < 1) All portable generators shall be of a type approved for portable use. (2) Portable generators shall not be used within 10 feet of combustible ma terial other than the floor. (3) Portable generators shall not be used in rooms of total volume less than 35 times the total gas-generating capac ity per charge of all generators in the room. Generators shall not be used in rooms having a ceiling height of less than 10 feet. (To obtain the gas-gener ating capacity in cubic feet per charge, multiply the pounds of carbide per charge by 4.5.) (4) Portable generators shall be pro tected against freezing. The use of salt or other corrosive chemical to prevent freezing is prohibited. (b) (1) Portable generators shall be cleaned and recharged and the air mix ture blown off outside buildings. (2) When charged with carbide, port able generators shall not be moved by crane or derrick. (3) When not in use, portable gener ators shall not be stored in rooms in which open flames are used unless the generators contain no carbide and have been thoroughly purged of acetylene. Storage rooms shall be well ventilated. (4) When portable acetylene genera tors are to be transported and operated on vehicles, they shall be securely an chored to the vehicles. If transported by truck, the motor shall be turned off dur ing charging, cleaning, and generating periods. (5) Portable generators shall be lo cated at a safe distance from the welding position so that they will not be exposed to sparks, slag, or misdirection of the torch flame or overheating from hot materials or processes. (vi) Outside generator houses and in side generator rooms for stationary acet ylene generators, (a) (1) No opening in any outside generator house shall be located within 5 feet of any opening in another building. (2) Walls, floors, and roofs of outside generator houses shall be of noncom bustible construction. (3) When a part of the generator house is to be used for the storage or FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER IS, 1972 BFG30494 22302 RULES AND REGULATIONS Identification of Piping Systems, ANSI prevent oxygen from flowing into the station outlet through rigid piping, pro A13.1-1956. fuel-gas system or fuel from flowing into vided each outlet from such piping is (c) Station outlets shall be marked to the oxygen system (see Sf, Pigs. Q-l and equipped with a shutoff valve and pro indicate the name of the gas. Q-2) vided the fuel-gas capacity of any one (v) Testing, (a) Piping systems shall (Hi) Flash-back protection shall be torch does not exceed 15 cubic feet per be tested and proved gastight at 1 Yz provided by an approved device that will hour. times the maximum operating pressure, prevent flame from passing into the fuel- This subdivision does not apply to ma and shall be thoroughly purged of air gas system. chines. before being placed in service. The mate (iv) Back-pressure protection shall be (v) Hose and hose connections, (a) rial used for testing oxygen lines shall be provided by an approved pressure-relief Hose for oxy-fuel gas service shall com oil free and noncombustible. Flames shall device set at a pressure not greater than ply with the Specification for Rubber not be used to detect leaks. the pressure rating of the backflow or the Welding Hose, 1958, Compressed Gas As (b) When flammable gas lines or other flashback protection device, whichever is sociation and Rubber Manufacturers parts of equipment are being purged of lower. The pressure-relief device shall be Association. air or gas, sources of ignition shall not be located on the downstream side of the (b) The generally recognized colors permitted near uncapped openings. backflow and flashback protection de are red for acetylene and other fuel-gas (5) Protective equipment, hose, and vices. The vent from the pressure-relief hose, green for oxygen hose, and black regulators--(i) General. Equipment shall device shall be at least as large as the for inert-gas and air hose. be installed and used only in the service relief device inlet and shall be installed (c) When parallel lengths of oxygen for which it is approved and as recom without low points that may collect mois and acetylene hose axe taped together mended by the manufacturer. ture. If low points are unavoidable, drip for convenience and to prevent tangling, (ii) Pressure relief devices. Service pip pots with drains closed with screw plugs not more than 4 inches out of 12 inches ing systems shall be protected by pressure or caps shall be installed at the low shall be covered by tape. relief devices set to function at not more points. The vent terminus shall not en (d) Hose connections shall comply than the design pressure of the systems and discharging upwards to a safe location. (iii) Piping protective equipment, (a) danger personnel or property through gas discharge; shall be located away from ignition sources; and shall termi nate in a hood or bend. with the Standard Hose Connection Specifications, 1957, Compressed Gas As sociation. (e) Hose connections shall be clamped The fuel-gas and oxygen piping systems, including portable outlet headers shall incorporate the protective equipment shown in Figures Q-l, Q-2, and Q-3. When only a portion of a fuel-gas sys tem is to be used with oxygen, only that portion need comply with subparagraph (5) (iii) (a) of this paragraph. (b) Approved protective equipment (designated Pr in Figs. Q-l, Q-2, and Q-3) shall be installed in fuel-gas piping to prevent: il) Backflow of oxygen into the fuelgas supply system; (2) Passage of a flash back into the fuel-gas supply system; and (3) Excessive back pressure of oxygen in the fuel-gas supply system. The three functions of the protective equipment may be combined in one device or may be provided by separate devices. (i) The protective equipment shall be located in the main supply line, as in Figure Q-l or at the head of each branch line, as in Figure Q-2 or at each location where fuel-gas is withdrawn, as in Figure Q-3. Where branch lines are of 2-inch pipe size or larger or of substantial length, protective equipment (desig nated as Pr) shall be located as shown in either Q-2 and Q-3. (c) If pipeline protective equipment or otherwise securely fastened in a man incorporates a liquid, the liquid level ner that will withstand, without leakage, shall be maintained, and a suitable anti twice the pressure to which they are freeze may be used to prevent freezing. normally subjected in service, but in no CcZ) Fuel gas for use with equipment case less than a pressure of 300 p.s.i. Oil- not requiring oxygen shall be withdrawn free air or an oil-free inert gas shall be upstream of the piping protective used for the test. devices. (f) Hose showing leaks, bums, worn (iv) Station outlet protective equip places, or other defects rendering it un ment. (a) A check valve, pressure regu fit for service shall be repaired or re lator, hydraulic seal, or combination of placed. these devices shall be provided at each (vi) Pressure-reducing regulators, (a) station outlet, including those on port Pressure-reducing regulators shall be able headers, to prevent backflow, as used only for the gas and pressures for shown in Figures Q-l, Q-2, and Q-3 and which they are intended. The regulator designated as Sr and So. inlet connections shall comply with Reg (b) When approved pipeline protec ulator Connection Standards, 1958, Com tive equipment (designated Pr) is located at the station outlet as in Figure Q-3, no pressed Gas Association. (b) When regulators or parts of reg additional check valve, pressure regula ulators, including gages, need repair, the tor, or hydraulic seal is required. work shall be performed by skilled me (c) A shutoff valve (designated Vr and Vo) shall be installed at each sta tion outlet and shall be located on the upstream side of other station outlet equipment. (d) If the station outlet is equipped with a detachable regulator, the outlet shall terminate in a union connection that complies with the Regulator Con nection Standards, 1958, Compressed Gas Association. chanics who have been properly in structed. (c) Gages on oxygen regulators shall be marked "USE NO OIL." (d) Union nuts and connections on regulators shall be inspected before use to detect faulty seats which may cause leakage of gas when the regulators are attached to the cylinder valves. Dam aged nuts or connections shall be destroyed. (e) If the station outlet is connected (6) Acetylene generators--(i) Ap directly to a hose, the outlet shall termi proval and marking, (a) Generators nate in a union connection complying shall be of approved construction and with the Standard Hose Connection Specifications, 1957, Compressed Gas Association. (/) Station outlets may terminate in pipe threads to which permanent con shall be plainly marked with the maxi mum rate of acetylene in cubic feet per hour for which they are designed; the weight and size of carbide necessary for a single charge; the manufacturer's name nections are to be made, such as to a and address; and the name or number machine. of the type of generator. (g) Station outlets shall be equipped (b) Carbide shall be of the size marked with a detachable outlet seal cap secured on the generator nameplate, in place. This cap shall be used to seal (ii) Rating and pressure limitation, the outlet except when a hose, a regula (a) The total hourly output of a gen tor, or piping Is attached. erator shall not exceed the rate for which Ui) Where station outlets are it is approved and marked. Unless spe equipped with approved backflow and cifically approved for higher ratings, (ii) Backflow protection shall be pro flashback protective devices, as many as carbide-feed generators shall be rated at vided by an approved device that will four torches may be supplied from one 1 cubic foot per hour per pound of car- BFG30493 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22315 (ii) A specially constructed ladder (ii) The pressure tanks-accumulators (iii) When blow lines from more than shall be used for access to blow pits, to shall be inspected twice annually. (See one digester lead into one pipe, the cock 'e constructed so that the door of the the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel or valve of the blow line from the tank low pit cannot be closed when the lad Code, Section vm, Unfired Pressure being inspected or repaired shall be der is in place; other means shall be Vessels--1968, with Addenda.) locked or tagged out, or the line shall be provided to prevent the closing of the (17) Pressure vessels (safety devices). disconnected and blocked off. pit door when anyone is in the pit. (1) A safety valve shall be installed in a (20) Furnace room. Exhaust ventila (iii) A signaling device shall be in separate line from each pressure vessel; tion shall be provided where niter cake stalled in the digester and blow-pit no hand valve shall be installed between is fed into a rotary furnace and shall be rooms and chip bins to be operated as a this safety valve and the pressure vessel. so designed and maintained as to keep warning before and while digesters are Safety valves shall be checked between the concentration of hydrogen sulfide being blown. each cook to be sure they have not be gas below the parts per million listed in (iv) Blow-pit hoops shall be main come plugged or corroded to the point of 1910.93. tained in a safe condition. being inoperative. (See the ASME Boiler (21) Inspection and. repair of tanks. (14) Blowing digester, (i) Blowoff and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, All piping leading to tanks shall be valves shall be opened slowly. Unfired Pressure Vessels--1968, with blanked off or valved and locked or Cii) After the digester has started to Addenda.) tagged. Any lines to sewers shall be be blown, the blowoff valve shall be left (ii) All safety devices shall conform blanked off to protect workers from air open, and the hand plate shall not be to Paragraph U-2 in the ASME Boiler contaminants. removed until the digester cook signals and Pressure Vessel Code. Section VIII, (22) Welding. Welding on blow tanks, the blow-pit man that the blow is com Unfired Pressure Vessels--1968, with accumulator tanks, or any other vessels pleted. Whenever it becomes necessary Addenda. where turpentine vapor or other com to remove the hand plate to clear stock, (18) Miscellaneous. Insofar as the bustible vapor could gather shall be done operators shall wear eye protection processes of the sulfate and soda opera only after the vessel has been com equipment and protective clothing to tions are similar to those of the sulfite pletely purged of fumes. Fresh air shall guard against burns from hot stock. processes, the standard of subparagraphs be supplied workers inside of vessels. (iii) Means shall be provided whereby (1) through (17) of this paragraph shall (23) Turpentine systems and storage the digester cook shall signal the man apply. tanks. Nonsparking tools and ground in the chip bin before starting to load (i) Quick operating showers, bubblers, hose shall be used when pumping out the the digester. etc., shall be available for emergency use tank. The tank shall be surrounded by a (iv) When a digester is to be blown, in case of caustic soda bums. berm or moat. or is blowing, red warning lights should (ii) Rotary tenders, smelter operators, 'h> Bleaching--(1) Bleaching engines. be lighted, and these warning lights and those cleaning smelt spouts shall be Bleaching engines, except the Bellmer should be located in such a manner as provided with eye protection equipment type, shall be completely covered on the to alert all personnel to leave whose duties do not require them to be in the vicinity of the digester during this operation. (15) Inspecting and repairing diister. (i) Valves controlling lines lead ing into a digester shall be locked out and tagged. The keys to the locks shall be in the possession of a person or per sons doing the inspecting or making repairs. (ii) Fresh air shall be blown into the digester constantly while workmen are inside. Supplied air respirators shall be available in the event the fresh air supply fails or is inadequate. (iii) No inspector shall enter a di gester unless a lifeline is securely fastened to his body by means of a safety belt and at least one other experienced employee is stationed outside the digester to handle the line and to summon assist ance. All ladders and lifelines shall be inspected before each use. (iv) The concentration of lead dust in the air shall not exceed the limits speci fied in 1910.93. (v) All employees entering digesters for inspection or repair work shall be provided with protective headgear. Eye protection and dust masks shall be pro vided to workmen while the old brick lining is being removed, in accordance with American National Standards, Z87.1--1968, Z88.2--1969, and Z89.1-- 1969. (vi) Sanitary facilities shall be pro vided as specified in American National (fitted with lenses that filter out the harmful rays emanating from the light source) when actively engaged in their duties, in accordance with American National Standard Z87.1--1968. (iii) Heavy-duty pipe, valves, and fittings shall be used between digester and blowr pit. These shall be inspected at least semiannually to determine the degree of deterioration and repaired or replaced when necessary, in accordance with American National Standards B31.1--1955, B31.1a--1963, B31.1.0-- 1967, and B31.2--1968. (iv) Smelt-dissolving tanks shall be covered and the cover kept closed, except when samples are being taken. (v) Smelt tanks shall be provided with vent stacks and explosion doors, in accordance with American National Standard Z9.1--1951. (19) Blow lines, (i) Each digester should have two independent "gas-off" lines and a reducing valve in the highpressure steam line with a safety valve between the digester and the reducing valve. Two gas-off lines are recommended so that if one plugs with pulp, the other may be used, and the hazard of un plugging with the digester under pres sure overcome. With the installation of a reducing valve and a safety valve, it is improbable that pressure will exceed the maximum allowable working pressure of the digester. (ii) Where the blow-off lines from sev eral digesters lead into one pipe, the top. with the exception of one small open ing large enough to allow filling but too small to admit a man. This opening should be covered by a door and guarded with standard guardrail and toeboards. Platforms leading from one engine to another shall have standard guardrails, in accordance with American National Standard A12.1--1967. <2> Bleach mixing rooms, (i) The room in which the bleach powder is mixed shall be provided with adequate exhaust ventilation, located at the floor level, in accordance with American Na tional Standard Z9.1--1951. (ii> Chlorine gas shall be carried away from the work place and breathing area by an exhaust system. The gas shall be rendered neutral or harmless before be ing discharged into the atmosphere. The requirements of American National Standard Z9.2--1960 shall apply to this subdivision. (iii) Gas masks shall be provided for emergency use, in accordance with Amer ican National Standards K13.1--1967 and Z88.2--1969. Civ) For emergency and rescue work, independent self-contained oxygen masks or supplied air equipment shall be provided. (See American National Stand ards Z88.2--1969.) (3) Liquid chlorine, (i) Tanks of liq uid chlorine shall be stored in an ade quately ventilated unoccupied room, where their possible leakage cannot affect workers. Standard Z4.1--1968. handles of all cocks should be set uni (ii) Gas masks capable of absorbing (16) Pressure tanks-accumulators formly, or some equivalent arrangement chlorine shall be supplied, conveniently 'ncid). (i) Safety regulations governing should be provided so that a man can placed, and regularly inspected, and spection and repairing of pressure see at a glance whether all cocks are set workers who may be exposed to chlorine anks-accumulators (acid) shall be the right or not. If valves instead of cocks are gas shall be instructed in their use. same as those specified in subparagraph provided, a type with a rising spindle (iii) For emergency and rescue work, (15) of this paragraph. should be used. Independent self-contained oxygen-type FEDERAl REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 22316 RULES AND REGULATIONS masks or supplied air equipment shall be provided. (iv) At least two exits, remote from each other, shall be provided for all rooms in which chlorine is stored. (v) Spur tracks upon which tank cars containing chlorine and caustic are spot ted and connected to pipelines shall be protected by means of a derail in front of the cars. Blue flag policy should be invoked, in accordance with paragraph (c) (9) of this section. (vi) All chlorine, caustic, and acid lines shall be marked for positive identi fication, in accordance with American National Standard A13.1--1967. (4) Bagged or drummed chemicals. Bagged or drummed chemicals require efficient handling to prevent damage and spillage. Certain oxidizing chemicals used in bleaching pulp and also in some sani tizing work require added precautions for safety in storage and handling. In storage, these chemicals must be isolated from combustible materials and other chemicals with which they will react, such as acids. They must also be kept dry, clean and uncontaminated. (1) Mechanical pulp process--(1) Pulp grinders, (i) Water wheels directly con nected to pulp grinders shall be provided with speed governors limiting the pe ripheral speed of the grinder to that rec ommended by the manufacturer. (ii) Doors of pocket grinders shall be arranged so as to keep them from closing accidentally. (2) Butting saws. Hood guards shall be provided on butting saws, in accord ance with American National Standard 01.1--1954 (reaffirmed 1961). (3) Floors and platforms. The require ments of paragraph (b) (3) of this section shall apply. (4) Personal protection. Persons ex posed to falling material shall wear eye, head, foot, and shin protection equip ment, . in accordance with American National Standards Z87.1--1968, Z88.2-- 1969, Z89.1--1969, and Z41.1--1967. (j) Stock preparation -- (1) Pulp shredders, (i) Cutting heads shall be completely enclosed except for an open ing at the feed side sufficient to permit only entry of stock. The enclosure shall be bolted or locked in place. The enclo sure shall be of solid material or with mesh or other openings not exceeding one-half inch. (ii) Bather a slanting feed table with its outer edge not less than 36 inches from the cutting head or an automatic feeding device shall be provided. (iii) Repairs for cleaning of blockage shall be done only when the shredder is shutdown and control devices locked. (iv) All power-driven mechanisms shall be guarded in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (2) Palp conveyors. Pulp conveyors and conveyor drive belts and pulleys shall be fully enclosed, or if open and within 7 feet of the floor, shall be con structed and guarded in accordance with American National Standard B20.1 -- 1957. (3) Floors, steps, and platforms. The requirements .of .paragraph (b) (3) of this section shall apply. (4) Beaters, (i) Beater rolls shall be clutches, or other devices, interlocked provided with covers. with adequate braking action. The de (ii) Guard rails 42 inches high shall vices shall be tested periodically by mak be provided around beaters where tub ing use of them when stopping the ma tops are less than 42 inches from the chine and shall be so located that any floor, in accordance with paragraph (b) person working on the machine can (3) of this section and American Na quickly disconnect the machine from the tional Standard A12.1--1967. source of power in case of emergency. (iii) When cleaning, inspecting, or (2) Drives, (i) All drives, pulleys, other work requires that persons enter couplings, and shafts on equipment re the beaters, all control devices shall be quiring service while operating shall have locked or tagged out, in accordance with standard guards in accordance with paragraph (b) (4) of this section. paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (iv) When beaters are fed from floor (ii) All drives shall be provided with above, the chute opening, if less than 42 lockout devices at the power switch inches from the floor, shall be provided which interrupts the flow of current to with a complete rail or other enclosure. the unit. Openings for manual feeding shall be (iii) All ends of rotating shafts in sufficient only for entry of stock and shall cluding dryer drum shafts shall be com be provided with at least two perma pletely guarded. nently secured crossrails, in accordance (iv) All accessible disengaged doctor American National Standard A12.1-- blades should be covered. 1967. (v) All exposed shafts shall be (v) When beaters are fed manually guarded. Crossovers shall be provided. from the floor above, conveniently located (vi) Oil cups and grease fittings shall emergency stop devices should be pro be. placed in a safe area remote from nip vided at the top level. and heat hazards. (vi) Floors around beaters shall be (3) Protective equipment. Face provided with sufficient drainage to re shields, aprons, and rubber gloves shall move wastes. be provided for workmen handling acids (5) Pulpers. (i) All pulpers having the in accordance with paragraphs (b)(2) top or any other opening of vessel less and (d) (1) of this section, than 42 inches from the floor or work (4) Walkways. Steps and footwalks platform shall have such openings along the fourdrinier and press section guarded by railed or other enclosures. shall have nonslip surfacing and be For manual charging, openings shall be complete with standard handrails, when sufficient only to permit the entry of practical, in accordance with paragraph stock, and shall be provided with at least (b) (3) of this section. two permanently secured crossrails, in accordance with American National Standard A12.1--1967. (ii) When cleaning, inspecting, or other work requires that persons enter (5) Floor openings. All flush floor openings in the bottom of the wire pit .should be guarded with a barrier-type guard. (6) Steps. Steps of uniform rise and the pulpers, they shall be equipped with tread with nonslip surfaces shall be pro safety belt and lifeline, and one person vided at each press in accordance with shall be stationed outside at a position to American National Standard A12.1--- observe and assist in case of emergency. 1967. (iii) When cleaning, inspecting, or (7) Plank walkways. A removable other work requires that persons enter plank shall be provided along each press, pulpers, all steam, water, or other control with standard guardrails installed. The devices shall be locked or tagged out. planks shall have nonslip surfaces in Blank flanging and tagging of pipe lines accordance with paragraph (b) (3) of is acceptable in place of closed and locked this section. or tagged valves. Blank flanging of steam (8) Dryer lubrication. If a gear bear and water lines shall be acceptable in place of valve locks. (iv) All power mechanisms shall be guarded in accordance with American National Standard B15.1--1953 (re affirmed 1958). (6) Stock chests, (i) All control de vices shall be locked or tagged out when persons enter stock chests, in accordance with paragraph (b) (4) of this section. ing must be oiled while the machine is in operation, an automatic oiling device to protect the oiler'shall be provided, or oil cups and grease fittings shall be placed along the walkways out of reach of hot pipes and dryer gears. (9) Levers. All levers carrying weights shall be constructed so that weights will not slip or fall off. (10) First dryer. Either a permanent (ii) All power mechanisms shall be guardrail or apron guard or both shall guarded in accordance with paragraph be Installed in front of the first dryer (b)(1) of this section. in each section in accordance with para (iii) When cleaning, inspecting, or other work requires that persons enter stock chests, they shall be provided with a low-voltage extension light. (k) Machine room--(1) Emergency stops. Paper machines shall be equipped with devices that will stop the machine quickly in an emergency. The devices shall consist of push buttons for electric motive power (or electrically operated engine stops), pull cords connected di graph (b)(1) of this section. (11) Steam and hot-water pipes. All exposed steam and hot-water pipes within 7 feet of the floor or working platform or within 15 inches measured horizontally from stairways, ramps, or fixed ladders shall be covered with an in sulating material, or guarded in such manner as to prevent contact. (12) Dryer gears. Dryer gears shall be guarded excepting where the oilers' rectly to the prime mover, control walkway is removed out of reach of the FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22301 (b) Each outlet on the service piping tings shall comply with Section 2, In oughly blown out with air, nitrogen, or from which oxygen or fuel-gas is with dustrial Gas and Air Piping Systems, of carbon dioxide to remove foreign mate drawn to supply a portable outlet header the American .National Standard Code rials. For oxygen piping, only oil-free air, ,hall be equipped with a readily accessi for Pressure Piping ANSI B31.1, 1967, oil-free nitrogen, or oil-free carbon di- ble shutoff valve. insofar as it does not conflict with sub oxide shall be used. (c) Hose and hose connections used divisions (I) and (n) of this subdivision; <e) Only piping which has been welded for connecting the portable outlet header (1) Pipe shall be at least Schedule 40 or brazed shall be installed in tunnels, to the service piping shall comply with and fittings shall be at least standard trenches or ducts. Shutoff valves shall be subparagraph (5) (v) of this paragraph. weight in sizes up to and including 6- located outside such conduits. Oxygen (d) Master shutoff valves for both inch nominal. piping may be placed in the same tun oxygen and fuel-gas shall be provided (ii) Copper tubing shall be Types K or nel. trench or duct with fuel-gas pipe at the entry end of the portable outlet L in accordance with the Standard lines, provided there is good natural or header. Specification for Seamless Copper Water forced ventilation. (e) Portable outlet headers for fuel- Tube, ASTM B88-66a. (d) Low points in piping carrying gas service shall be provided with an ap (2) Piping shall be steel, wrought iron, moist gas shall be drained into drip pots proved hydraulic back-pressure valve brass or copper pipe, or seamless copper, constructed so as to permit pumping or installed at the inlet and preceding the brass or stainless steel tubing, except as draining out the condensate at necessary service outlets, unless an approved provided in <b) and (e) of this subdivi intervals. Drain valves shall be installed pressure-reducing regulator, an ap sion. for this purpose having outlets normally proved back-flow check valve, or an (b) (1) Oxygen piping and fittings at closed with screw caps or plugs. No open approved hydraulic back-pressure valve pressures in excess of 700 p.s.i.g., shall be end valves or petcocks shall be used, ex is installed at each outlet. Outlets pro stainless steel or copper alloys. cept that in drips located out of doors, vided on headers for oxygen service may (2) Hose connections and hose com underground, and not readily accessible, be fitted for use with pressure-reducing plying with subparagraph (5) (v) of this valves may be used at such points if they regulators or for direct hose connection. paragraph may be used to connect the are equipped with means to secure them (/) Each service outlet on portable outlet of a manifold pressure regulator to in the closed position. Pipes leading to outlet headers shall be provided with a piping providing the working pressure of the surface of the ground shall be cased valve assembly that includes a detach the piping is 250 p.s.i.g. or less and the or jacketed where necessary to prevent able outlet seal cap, chained or other length of the hose does not exceed 5 feet. loosening or breaking. wise attached to the body of the valve. Hose shall have a minimum bursting (e) Gas cocks or valves shall be pro () Materials and fabrication proce pressure of 1,000 p.s.i.g. vided for all buildings at points where dures for portable outlet headers shall (3) When oxygen is supplied to a serv they will be readily accessible for shut comply with subparagraphs (4) (i), (ii), ice piping system from a low-pressure ting off the gas supply to these buildings and (v) of this paragraph. oxygen manifold without an intervening in any emergency. Underground valve (h) Portable outlet headers shall be pressure regulating device, the piping boxes or manholes should be avoided provided with frames which will support system shall have a minimum design wherever possible. There shall also be the equipment securely in the correct pressure of 250 p.si.g. A pressure regulat provided a shutoff valve in the discharge operating position and protect them ing device shall be used at each station line from the generator, gas holder, 'rom damage during handling and outlet when the connected equipment is manifold or other source of supply, per&tion. for use at pressures less than 250 p.s.i.g. (/) Shutoff valves shall not be in (v) Manifold operating procedures, (c) (1) Piping for acetylene or acet stalled in safety relief lines in such a (a) Cylinder manifolds shall be installed ylenic compounds shall be steel or manner that the safety relief device can under the supervision of someone fa* wrought iron. be rendered ineffective. miliar with the proper practices with (2) Unalloyed copper shall not be used (g) Fittings and lengths of pipe shall reference to their construction and use. for acetylene or acetylenic compounds be examined internally before assembly (b) All component parts used in the except In listed equipment. and, if necessary, freed from scale or dirt. methods of manifolding described in sub (ii) Piping joints. (a) Joints in steel Oxygen piping and fittings shall be division (i) of this subdivision shall be or wrought iron piping shall be welded, washed out with a suitable solution which approved as to materials, design and threaded or flanged. Fittings, such as will effectively remove grease and dirt construction either separately or as an ells, tees, couplings, and unions, may be but will not react with oxygen. Hot water assembled unit. rolled, forged or cast steel, malleable iron solutions of caustic soda or trisodium () All manifolds and parts used in or nodular iron. Gray or white cast iron phosphate are effective cleaning agents methods of manifolding shall be used fittings are prohibited. for this purpose. only for the gas or gases for which they (b) Joints in brass or copper pipe shall (h) Piping shall be thoroughly blown are approved. be welded, brazed, threaded, or flanged. out after assembly to remove foreign (d) When acetylene cylinders are cou If of the socket type, they shall be brazed materials. For oxygen piping, oil-free air, pled, approved flash arresters shall be with silver-brazing alloy or similar high oil-free nitrogen, or oil-free carbon installed between each cylinder and the melting point (not less than 800" F.) dioxide shall be used. For other piping, coupler block. For outdoor use only, and filler metal. air or inert gas may be used. when the number of cylinders coupled (c) Joints in seamless copper, brass, or (i) When flammable gas lines or other does not exceed three, one flash arrester stainless steel tubing shall be approved parts of equipment are being purged of installed between the coupler block and gas tubing fittings or the joints shall be air or gas, open lights or other sources of regulator is acceptable. brazed. If of the socket type, they shall ignition shall not be permitted near (e) Each fuel-gas cylinder lead should be brazed with silver-brazing alloy or uncapped openings. be provided with a backflow check valve. similar high melting point (not less than (;) No welding or cutting shall be per (/) The aggregate capacity of fuel- 800 F.)- filler metal. formed on an acetylene or oxygen pipe gas cylinders connected to a portable manifold inside a building shall not ex ceed 3,000 cubic feet of gas. (g) Acetylene and liquefied fuel-gas cylinders shall be manifolded in a ver tical position. (iii) Installation, (o) Distribution lines shall be installed and maintained in a safe operating condition. (b) Piping located inside or outside of buildings may be placed above or below ground. All piping shall be run as directly as practicable, protected against physi line. including the attachment of hangers or supports, until the line has been purged. Only oil-free air, oil-free nitro gen, or oil-free carbon dioxide shall be used to purge oxygen lines. (iv) Painting and signs, (a) Under ground pipe and tubing and outdoor fer (ft) The pressure in the gas cylinders cal damage, proper allowance being rous pipe and tubing shall be covered or connected to and discharged simultane- made for expansion and contraction, jar painted with a suitable material for pro 'usly through a common manifold shall ring and vibration. Pipe laid underground tection against corrosion. ,e approximately equal. in earth shall be located below the frost (6) Aboveground piping systems shall (4) Service piping systems--(1) Mate line and protected against corrosion. be marked in accordance with the Ameri rials and design, (a) (I) Piping and fit After assembly, piping shall be thor can National Standard Scheme for the No. 202--Pt. II----- 26 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 BFG30492 22300 RULES AND REGULATIONS cuits such as for arc welding machines. Any practice such as the tapping of an electrode against a cylinder to strike an arc shall be prohibited. (11) Cylinders shall never be used as rollers or supports, whether full or empty. (12) The numbers and markings stamped into cylinders shall not be tampered with. (13) No person, other than the gas supplier, shall attempt to mix gases in a cylinder. No one, except the owner of the cylinder or person authorized by him, shall refill a cylinder. (14) No one shall tamper with safety devices in cylinders or valves. (15) Cylinders shall not be dropped or otherwise roughly handled. (16) Unless connected to a manifold, oxygen from a cylinder shall not be used without first attaching an oxygen regula tor to the cylinder valve. Before con necting the regulator to the cylinder valve, the valve shall be opened slightly lor an instant and then closed. Always stand to one side of the outlet when open ing the cylinder valve. (17) A hammer or wrench shall not be used to open cylinder valves. If valves cannot be opened by hand, the supplier shall be notified. (18) (i) Cylinder valves shall not be tampered with nor should any attempt be made to repair them. If trouble is ex perienced, the supplier should be sent a report promptly indicating the charac ter of the trouble and the cylinder's serial number. Supplier's instructions as to its disposition shall be followed. (ii) Complete removal of the stem from a diaphragm-type cylinder valve shall be avoided. (c) <J) Fuel-gas cylinders shall be placed with valve end up whenever they are in use. Liquefied gases shall be stored and shipped with the valve end up. (2) Cylinders shall be handled care fully. Rough handling, knocks, or falls are liable to damage the cylinder, valve or safety devices and cause leakage. (3) Before connecting a regulator to a cylinder valve, the valve shall be opened slightly and closed immediately. The valve shall be opened while standing to one side of the outlet; never in front of it. Never crack a fuel-gas cylinder valve near other welding work or near sparks, flame, or other possible sources of ignition. (4) Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder valve, the cylinder valve shall be closed and the gas released from the regulator. (5) Nothing shall be placed on top of an acetylene cylinder when in use which may damage the safety device or inter fere with the quick closing of the valve. (6) If cylinders are found to have leaky valves or fittings which cannot be stopped by closing of the valve, the cyl inders shall be taken outdoors away from sources of ignition and slowly emptied. (7) A warning should be placed near cylinders having leaking fuse plugs or other leaking safety devices not to ap proach them with a lighted cigarette or other source of ignition. Such cylinders should be plainly tagged; the supplier should be promptly notified and his in connected to one manifold shall be structions followed as to their return. limited to a total gas capacity of 6,000 (8) Safety devices shall not be tam cubic feet. More than one such mani pered with. fold with connected cylinders may be (9) Fuel-gas shall never be used from located in the same room provided the cylinders through torches or other de manifolds are at least 50 feet apart or vices equipped with shutofl valves with separated by a noncombustible barrier out reducing the pressure through a suit at least 5 feet high having a fire- able regulator attached to the cylinder resistance rating of at least one-half valve or manifold. hour. (10) The cylinder valve shall always (d) An oxygen manifold, to which be opened slowly. cylinders having an aggregate capacity (11) An acetylene cylinder valve shall of more than 6,000 cubic feet of oxygen not be opened more than one and one- are connected, should be located out half turns of the spindle, and preferably doors or in a separate noncombustible no more than three-fourths of a turn. building. Such a manifold, if located in (12) Where a special wrench is re side a building having other occupancy, quired it shall be left in position on the shall be located in a separate room of stem of the valve while the cylinder is in noncombustible construction having a use so that the fuel-gas flow can be fire-resistance rating of at least one- quickly turned off in case of emergency. half hour or in an area with no combust In the case of manifolded or coupled cyl ible material within 20 feet of the inders at least one such wrench shall manifold. always be available for immediate use. <e) An oxygen manifold or oxygen (3) Manifolding of cylinders---(i) bulk supply system which has storage Fuel-gas manifolds, (a) Manifolds shall capacity of more than 13,000 cubic feet be approved either separately for each of oxygen (measured at 14.7 p.s.i.a. and component part or as an assembled unit. 70 F.), connected in service or ready (b) Except as provided in subdivision for service, or more than 25,000 cubic (c) of this subdivision fuel-gas cylinders feet of oxygen (measured at 14.7 p.s.i.a. connected to one manifold inside a build and 70 F.)t including unconnected re ing shall be limited to a total capacity serves on hand at the site, shall comply not exceeding 300 pounds of liquefied with the provisions of the Standard for petroleum gas or 3,000 cubic feet of other Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites, fuel-gas. More than one such manifold NFPA No. 566-1965. with connected cylinders may be located (/) High-pressure oxygen manifolds in the same room provided the manifolds shall be provided with approved are at least 50 feet apart or separated by pressure-regulating devices. a noncombustible barrier at least 5 feet (iii) Low-pressure oxygen manifolds high having a fire-resistance rating of (for use ioith cylinders having a De at least one-half hour. partment of Transportation service pres (c) Fuel-gas cylinders connected to sure not exceeding 200 pji.g.). (a) one manifold having an aggregate capac Manifolds shall be of substantial con ity exceeding 300 pounds of liquefied struction suitable for use with oxygen petroleum gas or 3,000 cubic feet of at a pressure of 250 p.s.i.g. They shall other fuel-gas shall be located outdoors, have a minimum bursting pressure of or in a separate building or room con 1,000 p.s.i.g. and shall be protected by structed in accordance with sub- a safety relief device which will relieve paragraphs (6) (vi> (a) (8) and (9) of at a maximum pressure of 500 P^.i.g. this paragraph. DOT-4L200 cylinders have safety de (d) Separate manifold buildings or vices which relieve at a maximum pres rooms may also be used for the storage of sure of 250 p.s.i.g. (or 235 p.s.i.g. if drums of calcium carbide and cylinders vacuum insulation is used). containing fuel gases as provided in sub- (b) Hose and hose connections sub paragraph <2)(iii) of this paragraph. ject to cylinder pressure shall comply Such buildings or rooms shall have no with subparagraph (5) (v) of this para open flames lor heating or lighting and graph. Hose shall have a minimum burst shall be well-ventilated. (e) High-pressure fuel-gas manifolds shall be provided with approved pressure regulating devices. (ii) High-pressure oxygen manifolds (for use with cylinders having a De partment of Transportation service pressure above 200 pj.i.g.). (a) Mani ing pressure of 1,000 p.s.i.g. (e) The assembled manifold including leads shall be tested and proven gastight at a pressure of 300 p.si.g. The fluid used for testing oxygen manifolds shall be oil-free and not combustible. (d) The location of manifolds shall comply with subdivisions (ii) (b), (c), folds shall be approved either separately (d), and (e) of this subdivision. for each component part or as an assem (e) The following sign shall be con bled unit. (6) Oxygen manifolds shall not be located in an acetylene generator room. Oxygen manifolds shall be separated from fuel-gas cylinders or combustible spicuously posted at each manifold: Low-Pressure Manifold Do Not Connect High-Pressure Cylinders Maximum Pressure--250 P.SJ.O. materials (especially oil or grease), a (iv) Portable outlet headers, (a) Port minimum distance of 20 feet or by a non combustible barrier at least 5 feet high having a fire-resistance rating of at least one-half hour. (c) Except as provided in subdivision able outlet headers shall not be used in doors except for temporary service where the conditions preclude a direct supply from outlets located on the service pip (d) of this subdivision oxygen cylinders ing system. BFG30491 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY. OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22317 gears' nips and spokes and hot pipes in accordance with American National ~'tandard B15.1--1953 (reaffirmed 1958). (13) Broke hole, (i) A guardrail shall us provided at broke holes in accord ance with American National Standard A12.1--1967. (ii) Where pulpers are located directly below the broke hole on a paper machine and where the broke hole opening is large enough to permit a worker to fall through, any employee pushing broke down the hole shall wear a safety belt attached to a safety belt line. The safetybelt line shall be fastened in such a man ner that it is impossible for the person to fall into the pulper. (iii) An alarm bell or a flashing light shall be actuated before dropping mate rial through the broke hole. U4) Feeder belt. A feeder belt or other effective device shall be provided for starting paper through the calendar stack. (15) Steps. Steps or ladders of uniform rise and tread with nonsiip surfaces shall be provided at each calendar stack. Handrails and hand grips shall be pro vided at each calendar stack in accord ance with American National Standard A12.1--1967. (16) Grounding. All calendar stacks and spreader bars shall be grounded as protection against shock induced by static electricity in accordance with the requirements of 1910.314. (17) Sole plates. All exposed sole plates between dryers, calenders, reels, 'nd rewinders shall have a nonskid irface. (18) Nip points. The hazard of the nip points on all calender rolls shall be elim inated or minimized by means of an effective barrier device, or by feeding the paper into the rolls by means of a rope carrier, air jets, or hand feeding devices. Nips where paper is not being fed into the calender should be protected by barriers. Adequate nip warning signs should be used at all nip points that can not be guarded physically. (19) Platforms, (i) A nonslip walkway with standard handrail should be pro vided on both sides of the stacks, in ac cordance with the American National Standard A12.1--1967. (ii) A nonslip platform should also be provided at the top of the calender ; stack if access to that area is required for changing rolls. (20) Scrapers. Alloy steel scrapers with pullthrough blades approximately 3 : by 5 inches in size shall be used to re move "scabs" from calender rolls. (21) Illumination. Permanent lighting shall be installed in all areas where em ployees are required to make machine adjustments and sheet transfers in ac cordance with the American National Standard All.l--1965 (E 1970). (22) Control panels. Floor stand panels should be protected from being hit by moving equipment. All control panel handles and buttons shall be pro tected from accidental contact. (23) Space between reels. On stack eels, a clearance of at least 8 inches between the reels of paper shall be maintained. (24) Lifting reels. <i) The reels shall stop rotating before being lifted from bearings. (ii) All lifting equipment (clamps, cables, and slings) shall be maintained in a safe condition and inspected regularly. (iii) Reel shafts with square block ends shall be guarded. (25) Feeder belts. Feeder belts, car rier ropes, air carriage, or other equally effective means shall be provided for starting paper into the nip or drum-type reels. (26) Inrunning nip. (i) Where the nipping points of all drum winders and rewinders is on the operator's side, it shall be guarded by barrier guards inter locked with the drive mechanism. (ii) A zero speed switch should be in stalled to prevent the guard from being raised while the roll is turning. (27) Core collars. Set screws for se curing core collars to winding and un winding shafts shall not protrude above the face of the collar. All edges of the collar with which an operator's hand comes in contact shall be beveled to re move all sharp corners. (28) Slitter knives. Slitter knives shall be guarded so as to prevent accidental contact. Carriers shall be provided and used for transportation of slitter knives. (29) Winder shaft. All shafts should be equipped with a winder collar guide. The winder shall have a guide rail to align the shaft for easy entrance into the opened rewind shaft bearing hous ings. If the winder is large and the re wind shafts are too heavy for manual insertion, powered rewind shaft injectors should be employed. (30) Core shaft. When the core shaft weighs in excess of the safe standard, a mechanical device such as a dolly shall be provided for carrying all or part of the weight when it is being removed from the set of paper and placed in the dressing brackets on the winder. In the event that the force required to extract the shaft from the cores is excessive, even though the weight of the shaft is being supported, a powered shaft puller should be employed to relieve the oper ator of physical strain. (31) Winder area. A nonskid surface shall be provided in the front vicinity of the winder to prevent accidental slipping. (32) Radiation. Special standards re garding the use of radiation equipment shall be posted and followed as required by 1910.96. (1) Finishing room--(1) Cleaning rolls. Rolls shall be cleaned only on the outrunning side. (2) Emergency stops. Electrically or manually operated quick power discon necting devices, interlocked with braking action, shall be provided on all operating sides of the machine within easy reach of all employees. These devices shall be tested by making use of them when stop ping the machine. (3) Core collars. The requirements of paragraph (k>(27) of this section and the American National Standard B15.1--1953 (reaffirmed 1958) shall apply. (4) Elevators. These shall be accord ance with American National Standard A17.1--1965. (5) Control panels. The requirements of paragraph (k) (22) of this section shall apply. (6) GuiUotine-type cutters, (i) Each guillotine-type cutter shall be equipped with a control which requires the opera tor and his helper, if any, to use both hands to engage the clutch. (ii) Each guillotine-type cutter shall be equipped with a nonrepeat device. (iii) Carriers shall be provided and used for transportation of guillotine-type cutter knives. (7) Rotary cutter, (i) On single-knife machines a guard shall be provided at a point of contact to the knife. (ii) On duplex cutters the protection required for single-knife machines shall be provided for the first knife, and a hood shall be provided for the second knife. (iii) Safe access shall be provided to the knives of a rotary cutter by means of catwalks with nonsiip surfaces, rail ings. and toeboards in accordance with paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (iv) A guard shall be provided for the spreader or squeeze roll at the nip side on sheet cutters. (v) Electrically or manually operated quick power disconnecting devices with adequate braking action shall be pro vided on all operating sides of the ma chine within easy reach of all operators. (vi) The outside slitters shall be guarded. (8) Platers, (i) A guard shall be ar ranged across the face of the rolls to serve as a warning that the operator's hand is approaching the danger zone. (ii) A quick power disconnecting de vice shall be installed on each machine within easy reach of the operator. (9) Finishing room rewinders, (i) The nipping points of all drum winders and rewinders located on the operator's side shall be guarded by either automatic or manually operated barrier guards of suf ficient height to protect fully anyone working around them. The barrier guard shall be interlocked with the drive mech anism to prevent operating above jog speed without the guard in place. A zero speed switch should be installed to prevent the guard from being raised while the roll is turning. (ii) A nonskid surface shall be pro vided in front of the rewinder to prevent an employee from slipping in accordance with paragraph (b) (3) of this section. (iii) Mechanical lifting devices shall be provided for placing and removing rolls from the machine. (10) Control panels. The requirements of paragraph (k) (22) of this section shall apply. (11) RoU-type embosser. The nipping point located on the operator's side shall be guarded by either automatic or manu ally operated barrier guards interlocked with the drive. (12) Sorting and counting tables. (1) Tables shall be smooth and free from splinters, with edges and corners rounded. (ii) Paddles shall be smooth and free from splinters. No. 202--Pt. n------ 28 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 owse$z JM8 RULES AND REGULATIONS (13) Roll splitters. The nip point and cutter knife shall be guarded by either automatic or manually operated barrier guards. (m) Materials handling--(1) Hand trucks. No person shall be permitted to ride on a powered hand truck unless it is so designed by the manufacturer. A limit switch shall be on operating handle--30 degrees each way from a 45degree angle up and down. (2) Power trucks. Power trucks shall comply with American National Stand ard B56.1--1969. Adequate ventilation shall be provided and the trucks properly maintained, so that dangerous con centrations of carbon monoxide cannot be generated, especially in warehouses or other isolated areas of a plant. <3) Cartons. The carton-stitching machine shall be guarded to prevent the operator from coming in contact with the stitching head. (4) Banding of skids, cartons, cases, etc. Banders and helpers shall wear eye protection equipment in accordance with paragraph (b) (2) of this section. (5) Unloading cars or trucks. <i) Where steel bands or wires are used in boxcars or trucks, all loaders and helpers shall wear eye protection in accordance with paragraph (b) (2) of this section. <ii> The construction and use of bridge or dock plates shall conform to the requirements of American National Standard B56.1--1969. (iii) Flag signals, derails, or other protective devices shall be used to pro tect men during switching operations. The blue flag policy shall be invoked ac cording to paragraph (c)(9)(i) of this section. (n) Effective dates. (1) The provisions ef this 1910.261 shall become effective on August 27, 1971, except as provided in the remaining subparagraphs of this paragraph. (2) The following provisions shall become effective on February 15,1972: 1910361 (a)(3). (b)(6), (f) (2) (iv), (f)(6), (g)d)(iv), (g)(ll)(i), (J)(5)(iv), (k) (12), (k) (32), and (m)(2). (3) Notwithstanding anything in subparagraph (1), (2), or (4) of this para graph, any provision in any other para graph of this section which contains in itself a specific effective date or time limitation shall become effective on such date or shall apply in accordance with such limitation. (4) Notwithstanding subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, if. any standard in 41 CFR Part 50-204, other than a na tional consensus standard incorporated by reference in | 50-204.2(a) (1), is or becomes applicable at any time to any employment and place of employment, by virtue of the Walsh-Healey Public Con tracts Act. or the Service Contract Act of 1965. or the National Foundation on Arts and Humanities Act of 1965, any corre sponding established Federal standard in this 1910.261 which is derived from 41 CFR Part 50-204 shall also become effec tive, and shall be applicable to such em ployment and place of employment, on the same date. 1910.262 Textiles. (a) Application reQuirements--(1) Application. The requirements of this subpart for textile safety apply to the design, installation, processes, opera tion, and maintenance of textile ma chinery, equipment, and other plant fa cilities in all plants engaged in the manufacture and processing of textiles, except those processes used exclusively in the manufacture of synthetic fibers. (2) Standards incorporated by refer ence. Standards covering issues of occu pational safety and health which are of general application without regard to any specific industry are incorporated by reference in paragraphs of this section and made applicable to textiles. All such standards shall be construed according to the rules of construction set out in 1910.5. (b) Definitions applicable to this sec tion--(1) Belt shifter. A "belt shifter" is a device for mechanically shifting a belt from one pulley to another. (2) Belt shifter lock. A "belt shifter lock" is a device for positively locking the belt shifter in position while the ma chine is stopped and the belt is idling on the loose pulleys. (3) Calender. A "calender" in essence consists of a set of heavy rollers mounted on vertical side frames and arranged to pass cloth between them. Calenders may have two to ten rollers, or bowls, some of which can be heated. (4) Embossing calender. An "emboss ing calender" is a calender with two or more rolls, one of which is engraved for producing figured effects of various kinds on a fabric. (5) Cans (drying). Drying "cans" are hollow cylindrical drums mounted in a frame so they can rotate. They are heated with steam and are used to dry fabrics or yam as it passes around the perimeter of the can. (6) Carbonising. "Carbonizing" means the removing of vegetable matter such as bums, straws, etc., from wool by treat ment with acid, followed by heat. The undesired matter is reduced to a carbon like form which may be removed by dust ing or shaking. (7) Card. A "card" machine consists of cylinders of various sizes--and in cer tain cases flats--covered with card clothing and set in relation to each other so that fibers in staple form may be separated into individual relationship. The speed of the cylinders and their di rection of rotation varies. The finished product is delivered as a sliver. Cards of different types are: The revolving fiat card, the roller-and-clearer card, etc. (8) Card clothing. "Card clothing" is the material with which many of the surfaces of a card are covered; e.g., the cylinder, doffer, etc. It consists of a thick foundation material, usually made of textile fabrics, through which are pressed many fine, closely spaced, specially bent wires. (9) Comber. A "comber" is a machine for combing fibers of cotton, wool, etc. The essential parts are a device for feed ing forward a fringe of fibers at regular intervals and an arrangement of combs or pins which, at the right time, pass through the fringe. All tangled fibers,' short fibers, and neps are removed and the long fibers are laid parallel. (10) Combing machinery. "Combing machinery" is a general classification, including combers, sliver lap machines, ribbon lap machines, and gill boxes, but excluding cards. (11) Cutter (rotary staple). A rotary staple "cutter" is a machine consisting of one or more rotary blades used for the purpose of cutting textile fibers into staple lengths. (12) Exposed to contact. "Exposed to contact" shall mean that the location of an object, material, nip point, or point of operation is such that a person is liable to come in contact with it in his normal course of employment. (13) Garnett machine. A "Garnett ma chine" means any of a number of types of machines for opening hard twisted waste of wool, cotton, silk, etc. Essen tially, such machines consist of a lickerin; one or more cylinders, each having a complement worker and stripper rolls; and a fancy roll and doffer. The action of such machines is somewhat like that of a wool card, but it is much more severe in that the various rolls are covered with garnett wire instead of card clothing. (14) Gill box. A "gill box" is a machine used in the worsted system of manufac turing yams. Its function is to arrange the fibers in parallel order. Essentially, It consists of a pair of feed rolls and a series of followers where the followers move at a faster surface speed and per form a combing action. (15) Interlock. An "interlock" is a de vice that operates to prevent the opera tion of machine while the cover or door of the machine is open or unlocked, and which will also hold the cover or door closed and locked while the machine is in motion. (16) Jig (.dye). A dye "jig" is a ma chine for dyeing piece goods. The cloth, at full width, passes from a roller through the dye liquor in an open vat and is then wound on another l-oller. The operation is repeated until the desired shade Is obtained. (17) Kier. A "kier" is a large metal vat. usually a pressure type, in which fabrics may be boiled out, bleached, etc. (18) tapper (ribbon). A ribbon "lapper" is a machine used to prepare laps for feeding a cotton comb; its purpose is to provide a uniform lap in which the fibers have been straightened as much as possible. (19) tapper (Sliver). A sliver "tapper" Is a machine in which a number of paral lel card slivers are drafted slightly, laid side by side in a compact sheet, and wound into a cylindrical package. (20) toom. A "loom" is a machine for effecting the interlacing of two series of yams crossing one another at right angles. The warp yams are wound on a warp beam and pass through heddles and reed. The filling is shot across in a shuttle and settled in place by reed and lay, and the fabric is wound on a cloth beam. (21) Mangle (starch). A "starch man gle" is a mangle that is used specifically for starching cotton goods. It commonly FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER IB, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22299 ing laboratory, such as Factory Mutual (c) Compressed gas cylinders shall be (c) Oxygen cylinders in storage shall Engineering Corp., or Underwriters' equipped with connections complying be separated from fuel-gas cylinders or Laboratories. Inc. with the American National Standard combustible materials (especially oil or (c) All other welding terms are used Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet grease), a minimum distance of 20 feet in accordance with American Welding and Inlet Connections, ANSI B57.1-1965. or by a noncombustible barrier at least 5 Society--Terms and Definitions--A3.0- (d) All cylinders with a water weight feet high having a fire-resistance rating 3969. capacity of over 30 pounds shall be of at least one-half hour. 1910.252 ing. Welding, cutting, and braz equipped with means of connecting a valve protection cap or with a collar or recess to protect the valve. (d) Where a liquid oxygen system is to be used to supply gaseous oxygen for welding or cutting and the system has a (a) Installation and operation of (ii) Storage of cylinders--general. (o) storage capacity of more than 13,000 oxygen-fuel gas systems for welding and Cylinders shall be kept away from cubic feet of-oxygen (measured at 14.7 cutting--(1) General requirements, (i) radiators and other sources of heat. PjSi.a. and 70* F.), connected in service Flammable mixture. Mixtures of fuel (b) Inside of buildings, cylinders shall or ready for service, or more than 25,000 gases and air or oxygen may be explo be stored in a well-protected, well- cubic feet of oxygen (measured at 14.7 sive and shall be guarded against. No ventilated, dry location, at least 20 feet p.s.i.a. and 70' F), including unconnected device or attachment facilitating or per from highly combustible materials such reserves on hand at the site, it shall com mitting mixtures of air or oxygen with as oil or excelsior. Cylinders should be ply with the provisions of the Standard flammable gases prior to consumption, stored in definitely assigned places away for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer except at the burner or in a standard from elevators, stairs, or gangways. As Sites, NFPA No. 566-1965. torch, shall be allowed unless approved signed storage spaces shall be located (v) Operating procedures, (a) Cylin for the purpose. where cylinders will not be knocked over ders, cylinder valves, couplings, regu (ii) Maximum pressure. Under no or damaged by passing or falling objects, lators, hose, and apparatus shall be kept condition shall acetylene be generated, or subject to tampering by unauthorized free from oily or greasy substances. Oxy piped (except in approved cylinder mani persons. Cylinders shall not be kept in gen cylinders or apparatus shall not be folds) or utilized at a pressure in excess of 15 p.s.i. gage pressure or 30 p.si. abso lute pressure. (The 30 p.si. absolute pressure limit is intended to prevent un safe use of acetylene in pressurized chambers such as caissons, underground excavations or tunnel construction.) This requirement is not intended to apply to storage of acetylene dissolved in a unventilated enclosures such as lockers and cupboards. (c) Empty cylinders shall have their valves closed. (d) Valve protection caps, where cyl inder is designed to accept a cap, shall always be in place, hand-tight, except when cylinders are in use or connected for use. handled with oily hands or gloves. A jet of oxygen must never be permitted to strike an oily surface, greasy clothes, or enter a fuel oil or other storage tank. (b) (I) When transporting cylinders by a crane or derrick, a cradle, boat, or suitable platform shall be used. Slings or electric magnets shall not be used for this purpose. Valve-protection caps, where suitable solvent in cylinders manufac tured and maintained according to U.S. Department of Transportation require ments, or to acetylene for chemical use. The use of liquid acetylene shall be prohibited. (iii) Apparatus. Only approved ap paratus such as torches, regulators or pressure-reducing valves, acetylene gen erators, and manifolds shall be used. (iv) Personnel. Workmen in charge of the oxygen or fuel-gas supply equipment, including generators, and oxygen or fuelgas distribution piping systems shall be instructed and judged competent by their employers for this important work before being left in charge. Rules and instruc tions covering the operation and main tenance of oxygen or fuel-gas supply equipment including generators, and oxygen or fuel-gas distribution piping systems shall be readily available. (2) Cylinders and containers--(i) Ap proval and marking. (a) All portable cylinders used for the storage and ship ment of compressed gases shall be con structed and maintained in accordance with the regulations of the U.S. Depart ment of Transportation, 49 CFR Parts 171-179. (iii) Fuel-gas cylinder storage. Inside a building, cylinders, except those in actual use or attached ready for use, shall be limited to a total gas capacity of 2,000 cubic feet or 300 pounds of liquefied petroleum gas. (a) For storage in excess of 2.000 cubic feet total gas capacity of cylinders or 300 pounds of liquefied petroleum gas. a separate room or compartment conform ing to the requirements specified in subparagraphs (6) (vi) (a) (8) and '9) of this paragraph shall be provided, or cyl inders shall be kept outside or in a special building. Special buildings, rooms or compartments shall have no open flame for heating or lighting and shall be well ventilated. They may also be used for storage of calcium carbide in quantities not to exceed 600 pounds, when contained in metal containers complying with subparagraphs (7) (i) (a) and (b) of this paragraph. Signs should be con spicuously posted in such rooms reading. "Danger--No Smoking, Matches or Open Lights," or other equivalent wording. (b) Acetylene cylinders shall be stored valve end up. (iv) Oxygen storage, (a) Oxygen cyl cylinder is designed to accept a cap, shall always be in place. (2) Cylinders shall not be dropped or struck or permitted to strike each other violently. (3) Valve-protection caps shall not be used for lifting cylinders from one verti cal position to another. Bars shall not be used under valves or valve-protection caps to pry cylinders loose when frozen to the ground or otherwise fixed; the use of warm (not boiling) water is recom mended. Valve-protection caps are de signed to protect cylinder valves from damage. <4) Unless cylinders are secured on a special truck, regulators shall be re moved and valve-protection caps, when provided for, shall be put in place before cylinders are moved. (5) Cylinders not having fixed hand wheels shall have keys, handles, or nonadjustable wrenches on valve stems while these cylinders are in service. In multiple cylinder installations only one key or handle is required for each manifold. (6) Cylinder valves shall be closed be fore moving cylinders. (7) Cylinder valves shall be closed when work is finished. (b) Compressed gas cylinders shall be inders shall not be stored near highly (8) Valves of empty cylinders shall be legibly marked, for the purpose of combustible material, especially oil and closed. identifying the gas content, with either grease; or near reserve stocks of carbide (9) Cylinders shall be kept far enough the chemical or the trade name of the and acetylene or other fuel-gas cylinders, away from the actual welding or cutting gas. Such marking shall be by means or near any other substance likely to operation so that sparks, hot slag, or of stenciling, stamping, or labeling, and cause or accelerate fire; or in an acety flame will not reach them, or fire-resist shall not be readily removable. Whenever lene generator compartment. ant shields shall be provided. practical, the marking shall be located (b) Oxygen cylinders stored in outside (10) Cylinders shall not be placed on the shoulder of the cylinder. This generator houses shall be separated from where they might become part of anMe method conforms to the American Na the generator or carbide storage rooms tric circuit. Contacts with third Ms, tional Standard Method for Marking by a noncombustible partition having a trolley wires, eto., shall be avoidedJrai- Portable Compressed Gas Containers to fire-resistance rating of at least 1 hour. inders shall be kept away from radiUn-s, Identify the Material Contained, ANSI This partition shall be without openings piping systems, layout tables, etcj0fiat Z48.1--1954. and shall be gastlght. may be used for grounding electrififkir- FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1972 BFG30490 22298 RULES AMD REGULATIONS (viii) In a multipiece blade, 'he means of fastening the cutting members to the body of the blade or disc shall be so de signed that they will not become worn to a hazardous condition before the cutting members themselves are worn beyond use. (ix) The maximum tip speed of any blade shall be 19,000 feet per minute. (3) Walk~behind rotary movjers. (i) The horizontal angle of the opening(s) in the blade enclosure, intended for the dis charge of grass, shall not contact the operator area. (ii) There shall be one of the follow ing at all openings in the blade enclosure intended for the discharge of grass: (a) A minimum unobstructed hori zontal distance of 3 inches from the end of the discharge chute to the blade tip circle. (b) A rigid bar fastened across the discharge opening, secured to prevent removal without the use of tools. The bottom of the bar shall be no higher than the bottom edge of the blade enclosure. (iii) The highest poinfc(s) on the front of the blade enclosure, except discharge openings, shall be such that any line ex tending a maximum of IS' downward from the horizontal toward the blade shaft axis (axes) shall not intersect the horizontal plane within the blade tip circle. The highest point(s) on the blade enclosure, front, except discharge open ings, shall not exceed lVi inches above the lowest blade position. Mowers with a swing-over handle are to be considered as having no front in the blade enclosure and therefore shall comply with subparagraph (2) (i) of this paragraph. (iv> The mower handle shall be fastened to the mower so as to prevent loss of control by unintentional un coupling while in operation. (v) A positive upstop or latch shall be provided for the mower handle in the normal operating position(s>. The up stop shall not be subject to unintentional disengagement during normal operation of the mower. The upstop or latch shall not allow the center or the handle grips to come closer than 17 inches horizon tally behind the closest path of the mower blade(s) unless manually disengaged. (vil A swing-over handle, which com plies with the above requirements, will be permitted. (4) Riding rotary mowers, (i) The highest point(s) of all openings in the blade enclosure, front shall be limited by a vertical angle of opening of 15* and a maximum distance of 1% inches above the lowest cutting point of the blade in the lowest blade position. (ii) Opening(s) shall be placed so that grass or debris will not discharge directly toward any part of an operator seated in a normal operator position. (iii) There shall be one of the follow ing at all openings in the blade en closure intended for the discharge of grass: (a) A minimum unobstructed hori zontal distance of 6 inches from the end of the discharge chute to the blade tip circle. (b) A rigid bar fastened across the discharge opening, secured to prevent removal without the use of tools. The (b) The following provisions shall be bottom of the bar shall be no higher than come effective on February 15,1972: the bottom edge of the blade enclosure. (iv) Mowers shall be provided with stops to prevent jackknifing or locking of the steering mechanism. (v) Vehicle stopping means shall be provided. (vi) Hand-operated wheel drive dis engaging controls shall move opposite to the direction of vehicle motion in order to disengage the drive. Foot-operated wheel drive disengaging controls shall be depressed to disengage the drive. Dead-man controls, both hand and foot operated, shall comply with 1910.241 (c) (11) and may operate in any direc tion to disengage the drive. J 1910.243 (B)(1), (a)(2), (a)(3), (b)(1). I.c) (1), (C) (2), (c) (3). (d) (1), (d) (2), and (e). ic) Notwithstanding anything in paragraph (a), (b), or (d) of this section, any provision in any other section of this sTopart which contains in itself a specific effective dare or time limitation shali be come effective on such date or shall ap ply in accordance with such limitation. <d) Notwithstanding anything in paragraph (a) of this section, if any standard in 41 CFR Part 50-204, other than a national consensus standard in corporated by reference in 50-204.2 (a)(1), is or becomes applicable at any 1910.244 Ollier portable tools and time to any employment and place of em equipment. ployment, by virtue of the Walsh-Healey (a) Jacks--(1) Loading and marking. (i) The operator shall make sure that the jack used has a rating sufficient to lift and sustain the load. (ii) The rated load shall be legibly and permanently marked in a prominent lo cation on the jack by casting, stamping, or other suitable means. (2) Operation and maintenance, (i) Public Contracts Act, or the Service Con tract Act of 1965, or the National Foundation on Arts and Humanities Act o: 1965, any corresponding established Federal standard in this Subpart P which is derived from 41 CFR Part 50-204 shall also become effective, and shall be ap plicable to such employment and place of employment, on the same date. In the absence of a firm foundation, the base of the jack shall be blocked. If there is a possibility of slippage of the cap, a block shall be placed in between the cap and the load. (ii) The operator shall watch the stop 1910.246 See. 13'.a.24l(a) 1910.241 (b) Sources of standards. Source ANSI A10.3 (1970), Safety Re quirements for explosive ac tuated fastening tools. ANSI B7.1-1970. Safety Code indicator, which shall be kept clean, in for the use, care, and protec order to determine the limit of travel. The indicated limit shall not be overrun. (iii) After the load has been raised, it shall be cribbed, blocked, or otherwise secured at once. (iv) Hydraulic jacks exposed to freez 1910.241(c) 1910.241 (d) 1910.242 tion of abrasive wheels. ANSI B71.1-1968, Safety Speci fications for power lawn mowers. ANSI B30J-1943. Safety Cods for jacks. 41 CFR 50-204.4 and 50-204.3. ing temperatures shall be supplied with 1910.243(a) ANSI 01.1-1954 (R1961), an adequate antifreeze liquid. (v> All jacks shall be properly lubri cated at regular intervals. The lubricat ing instructions of the manufacturer 1910.243(b) Safety Code for woodwork ing machines. ANSI B19.1-1938. Compresse-i Air Machinery and Equip- should be followed, and only lubricants 1910.243(c) ANSI 37.1-1970. Safety Cede recommended by him should be used. for Abrasive Materials. (vi) Each jack shall be thoroughly 1910.243(d) ANSI 10.3-1970, Explosive Ac inspected at times which depend upon the service conditions. Inspections shall be not less frequent than the following: (a) For constant or intermittent use at one locality, once every 6 months, (b) For jacks sent out of shop for special work, when sent out and when 1510.243(e) 1210244(a) 1910244(b) tuated Fastening Tools. ANSI. BF1-1968, Safety Speci fications for Power Lawn Mowers. ANSI B30.1-1943 (R1952). Safetv code for Jacks. ANSI Z9.4-1968, Ventilation and Safe Practices of Abra returned, sive Blasting Operations. (c) For a jack subjected to abnormal load or shock, immediately before and 1910.247 Standards organizations. immediately thereafter. Specific standards of the following (vii) Repair or replacement parts shall be examined for possible defects. (viii) Jacks which are out of order shall be tagged accordingly, and shall organization have been referenced in this subpart. Copies of the referenced mate rials may be obtained from the issuing organization. not be used until repairs are made. American National Standards Institute, 1430 (b) Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles. Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018. The blast cleaning nozzles shall be equipped with an operating valve which must be held open manually. A support Subparl O--Welding, Cubing, and Brazing shall be provided on which the nozzle may be mounted when it is not in use. 1910.245 Effective dates. 1910.251 Definitions. As used in this subpart: (a) "Welder" and "welding operator" (a) The provisions of this Subpart P mean any operator of electric or gas shall become effective on August 27,1971, welding and cutting equipment. except as provided in the remaining (b) "Approved" means listed or ap paragraphs of this section. proved by a nationally recognized test- BFG30489 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22319 consists of two large rolls and a shallow "oen vat with several immersion rolls. ie vat contains the starch solution. (22) Mangle (water). A "water man gle" is a calendar having two or more rolls used for squeezing water from fab rics before drying. Water mangles also may be used in other ways during the finishing of various fabrics. (23) Mule. A "mule" is a type of spin ning frame having a head stock and a carriage as its two main sections. The head stock is stationary. The carriage is movable and it carries the spindles which draft and spin the roving into the yam. The carriage extends over the whole width of the machine and moves slowly toward and away from the head stock during the spinning operation. (24) Nip. "Nip" shall mean the point of contact between two in-running rolls. (25) Openers and pickers. "Openers and pickers" means a general classifi cation which includes breaker pickers. Intermediate pickers, finisher pickers, single process pickers, multiple process pickers, willow machines, card and picker waste cleaners, thread extractors, shred ding machines, roving waste openers, shoddy pickers, bale breakers, feeders, vertical openers, lattice cleaners, hori zontal cleaners, and any similar machin ery equipped with either cylinders, screen section, calender section, rolls, or beaters used for the preparation of stock for further processing. (26) Paddler. A "paddler" consists of a trough for a solution and two or more 'leeze rolls between which cloth passes .ter being passed through a mordant or dye bath. (27) Point o/ operation. "Point of op eration" shall mean that part of the ma chine where the work of cutting, shear ing, squeezing, drawing, or manipulat ing the stock in any other way is done. (28) Printing machine (roller type). A "roller printing machine" is a machine consisting of a large central cylinder, or pressure bowl, around the lower part of the perimeter of which is placed a series of engraved color rollers (each having a color trough), a furnisher roller, doctor blades, etc. The machine is used for printing fabrics. (29) Ranges (bleaching continuous). "Continuous bleaching ranges" are of several types and may be made for cloth in rope or open-width form. The goods, after wetting out, pass through a squeeze roll into a saturator containing a solu tion of caustic soda and then to an en closed J-box. A V-shaped arrangement is attached to the front part of the J-box for uniform and rapid saturation of the cloth with steam before it is packed down in the J-box. The cloth, in a single strand rope form, passes over a guide roll down the first arm of the "V" and up the sec ond. Steam is injected into the "V" at the upper end of the second arm so that the cloth is rapidly saturated with steam at this point. The J-box capacity is such *hat cloth will remain hot for a sufficient ie to complete the scouring action. It .en passes a series of washers with a squeeze roll in between. The cloth then passes through a second set of saturator, J-box, and washer, where it is treated with the peroxide solution. By slight modification of the form of the unit, the same process can be applied co openwidth cloth. (30) Range (mercerizing). A "mer cerizing range" consists generally of a 3-bowl mangle, a tenter frame, and a number of boxes for washing and scour ing. The whole setup is in a straight line and all parts operate continuously. The combination is used to saturate the cloth with sodium hydroxide, stretch it while saturated, and washing out most of the caustic before releasing tension. (31) Sanforizing machine. A "sanfor izing machine" is a machine consisting of a large steam-heated cylinder, an end less, thick, woolen felt blanket whicli is in close contact with the cylinder for most of its perimeter, and an electrically heated shoe which presses the cloth against the blanket while the latter is in a stretched condition as it curves around feed-in roll. (32) Shearing machine. A "shearing machine" is a machine used in shearing cloth. Cutting action is provided by a number of steel blades spirally mounted on a roller. The roller rotates in close contact with a fixed ledger blade. There may be from one to six such rollers on a machine. (33) Singeing machine. A "singeing machine" is a machine used particularly with cotton; it comprises of a heated roller, plate, or an open gas flame. The material is rapidly passed over the roller or the plate or through the open gas flame to remove, fuzz or hairiness on yarn or cloth by burning. (34) Slasher. A "slasher" is a machine used for applying a size mixture to warp yarns. Essentially, it consists of a stand for holding section beams, a size box, one or more cylindrical dryers or an enclosed hot air dryer, and a beaming end for finding the yarn on the loom beams. (35) Solvent-Undustrial organic). "In dustrial organic solvent" means any or ganic volatile liquid or compound, or any combination of these substances which are used to dissolve or suspend a nonvola tile or slightly volatile substance for in dustrial utilization. It shall also apply to such substances when used as detergents or cleansing agents. It shall not apply to petroleum products when such products are used as fuel. (36) Tenter frame. A "tenter frame" is a machine for drying cloth under ten sion. It essentially consists of a pair of endless traveling chains fitted with clips of fine pins and carried on tracks. The cloth is firmly held at the selvages by the two chains which diverge as they move forward so that the cloth is brought to the desired width. (37) Warper. A "warper" is any machine for preparing and arranging the yarns intended for the warp of a fabric, specifically, a beam warper. (c) General safety requirements--(l) Means of stopping machines. Every tex tile machine shall be provided with in dividual mechanical or electrical means for stopping such machines. On ma chines driven by belts and shafting, a locking-type shifter or an equivalent pos itive device shall be used. On operations where injury to the operator might re sult if motors were to restart after power failures, provision shall be made to pre vent machines from automatically re starting upon restoration of power. (2) Handles. Stopping and starting handles shall be designed to the proper length to prevent the worker's hand or fingers from striking against any re volving part, gear guard, or any other part of the machine. (3) Machine guarding. Mechanical power-transmission equipment shall be guarded in conformity with 1910.219. (4) Housekeeping. Aisles and working spaces shall be kept in good order, clean and free of obstructions in accordance with requirements of I 1910.141. (5) Inspection and maintenance. All guards and other safety devices, includ ing starting and stopping devices, shall be properly maintained. (6) Lighting. Lighting shall conform to American National Standard All.l-- 1965. (7) Identification of piping systems. Identification of piping systems shall conform to American National Standard A13.1---1956. (8) Identification of physical hazards. Identification of physical hazards shall be in accordance with the requirements of 1910.144. (9) Steam pipes. All pipes carrying steam or hot water for process or serv icing machinery, when exposed to con tact and located within seven feet of the floor or working platform shall be covered with a heat-insulating material, or otherwise properly guarded. (d) Openers and pickers--(1) Beater guards. When any opening or picker machinery is equipped with a beater, such beater shall be provided with metal covers which will prevent contact with the beater. Such covers shall be pro vided with an interlock which will pre vent the cover from being raised while the machine is in motion and prevent the operation of the machine while the cover is open. (2) Cleanout holes, Cleanout holes within reaching distance of the fan or picker beater shall have their covers se curely fastened and they shall not be opened while the machine is in motion. (3) Feed rolls. The feed rolls' on all opening and picking machinery shall be covered with a guard designed to pre vent the operator from reaching the nip while the machinery is in operation. (4) Removal of foreign ferrous mate rial. All textile opener lines shall be equipped with magnetic separators, tramp iron separators, or other means for the removal of foreign ferrous mate rial. (e) Cotton cards--(1) Enclosures. Cylinder and lickerins shall be com pletely protected and the doffers should be enclosed. (2) Enclosure fastenings. The enclo sures or covers shall be kept in place while the machine is in operation, ex cept when stripping or grinding. (3) rolls. On operations call ing for flat strippings which are allowed to fall on the doffer cover, where such strippings are removed by hand, the FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 GT'tasevj 22320 RULES AND REGULATIONS doffer cover shall be kept closed and securely fastened to prevent the open ing of the cover while the machine is in operation. When it becomes necessary to clean the cards while they are in mo tion, a long-handled brush or dust mop shall be used. (f) Garnett machines--'!) Lickerin. Garnett lickerins shall be enclosed. (2) Fancy rolls. Garnett fancy rolls shall be enclosed by covers. These shall be installed in a way that keeps worker rolls reasonably accessible for removal or adjustment. (3) Underside of machine. The under side of the garnett shall be guarded by a screen mesh or other form of enclosure to prevent access. (g) Spinning mules--A substantial fender of metal or hardwood shall be installed in front of the carriage wheels, the fender to extend to within onefourth inch of the rail. (h) Slashers--Cl) Cylinder dryers-- (i) Reducing valves, safety valves, and pressure gages. Reducing valves, safety valves, and pressure gages shall conform to the .ASME Pressure Vessel Code, Sec tion VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1968, Cii) Vacuum relief valves. Vacuum re lief valves shall conform to the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1968. (iii) Lever control. When slashers are operated by control levers, these levers shall be connected to a horizontal bar or treadle located not more than 69 inches above the floor to control the operation from any point. (iv) Pushbutton control. Slashers operated by pushbutton control shall have stop and start buttons located at each end of the machine, and additional buttons located on both sides of the machine, at the size box and the delivery end. If calender rolls are used, additional buttons shall be provided at both sides of the machine at points near the nips, except when slashers are equipped with an enclosed dryer, (v) Nip guards. All nip guards shall comply with the requirements of sub paragraph (2) (iv) of this paragraph. (vi) Cylinder enclosure. When en closures or hoods are used over cylinder drying rolls, such enclosures or hoods shall be provided with an exhaust system which will effectively prevent wet air and steam from escaping into the workroom. (vii) Expansion chambers. Slasher kettles and cookers shall be provided with expansion chambers in the covers, or drains, to prevent surging over, Steam-control valves shall be so located that they can be operated without expos ing the worker to moving parts, hot sur faces, or steam. (2) Enclosed hot air dryer--(i) Lever control. When slashers are operated by control leversr these levers shall be con nected to a horizontal bar or treadle lo cated not more than 69 inches above the floor to control the operation from any point. (ii) Push-button control. Slashers operated by push-button control shall have one start button at each end of the machine and stop buttons shall he lo cated on both sides of the machines at intervals spaced not more than 6 feet on centers. Inching buttons should be installed. (iii) Dryer enclosure. The dryer en closure shall be provided with an ex haust system which will effectively pre vent wet air and steam from escaping into the workroom. (iv) Nip guards. All nip guards shall comply with Table R-l. TABLE R-l GUARD OPENINGS Openings in the guard or between the guard and working surface shail not be greater than the following: Distance of opening Maximum from nip point width of opening o to iy2----------- -------------- % 1% to 2%............... % 2% to 3i/2 1/2 3V4 t.o 5%---------------------- % to 6%________ _______ --. % 6% to 7*4------------- % to 8&.......................... 14 17ie measurements in Table R-l are all in Inches. (v) Expansion chambers. Slasher kettles and cookers shall be provided with expansion chambers in the covers, or drains, to prevent surging over. Steam control valves shall be so located that they p-fl-n be operated without exposing the worker to moving parts, hot surfaces, or steam. (1) Warpers--(1) Swiveled doublebar gates. Swiveled double-bar gates shall be Installed on all warpers operat ing in excess of 450 yards per minute. These gates shall be so interlocked that the machine cannot be operated until the gate is in the "closed position," except for the purpose of inching or jogging. (2) Closed position. "Closed position" shall mean that the top bar of the gate shall be at least 42 inches from the floor or working platform; and the lower bar shall be at least 21 inches from the floor or working platform; and the gate shall be located 15 inches from the ver tical tangent to the beam head. (j) Drawing frames, slubbers, roving parts, cotton combers, ring spinning frames, twisters. Gear homing covers on all installations of drawing frames, slub bers, roving frames, cotton combers, ring spinning frames, and twisters shall be equipped with interlocks. (k) Gill boxes--(1) Pin guard. A guard shall be placed ahead of the feed end and shall be so designed that it will prevent the worker'3 fingers from being caught in the pins of the intersecting fallers. (2) Nip guards. All nip guards shall comply with the requirements of para graph (h)(2)(iv> of this section. (l) Heavy draw boxes, finishers, and speeders used in worsted drawing--(1) Band pulley covers. Covers for band pul leys shall be closed when the machine is in motion. (2) Benches or working platforms. Branches or working platforms approx imately 10 inches in height and 8 inches in width should be installed along the entire running length of the machine lor the worker to stand on while creeling the machine. Such benches or platforms shall be covered with an abrasive or nonslip material. (m) Silver and ribbon tappers <cot ton). Cover guard. An interlocking cover guard shall be installed over the large calendar drums and the lap spool, de signed to prevent the operator from coming in contact with the nip. (n) Looms--(1) Shuttle guard. Each loom shall be equipped with a guard designed to minimize the danger of the shuttle flying out of the shed. (2) Protection for loom fixer. Previ sions shall be made so that every loom fixer can prevent the loom from being started while he is at work on the loom. This may be accomplished by means of a lock, the key to which is retained in the possession of the loom fixer, or by some other effective means to prevent starting the loom. (o) Shearing machines. All revolving blades on shearing machines shall be guarded so that the opening between the cloth surface and the bottom of the guard will not exceed three-eighths inch. (p) Continuous bleach range (cotton and rayon)--(1) J-box protection. Each valve controlling the flow of steam, in jurious gases, or liquids into a J-box shall be equipped with a chain, lock, and key, so that any worker who enters the J-box can lock the valve and retain the key in his possession. Any other method which will prevent steam, injurious gases, or liquids from entering the J-box while the worker is in it will be acceptable. (2) Open-width bleaching. The nip of all in-running rolls on open-width bleaching machine rolls shall be pro tected with a guard to prevent the worker from being caught at the nip. The guard shall extend across the entire length of the nip. (q) Kiers--(1) Reducing valves, safety valves, and pressure gages. Re ducing valves, safety valves, and pressure gages shall conform to the ASME Code lor Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII,-Unfired/Pressure Vessels, 1968. (2) Kier valve protection. Each valve controlling the flow of steam, injurious gases, or liquids into a kier shall be equipped with a chain, lock, and key, so that any worker who enters the kier can lock the valve and retain the key in his possession. Any other method which will prevent steam, injurious gases, or liquids from entering the kier while the worker is in it will be acceptable. (r) Gray and white bins. On new in stallations guard rails conforming to | 1910.23 shall be provided where workers are required to plait by hand from the top of the bin so as to protect the worker from falling to a lower level. (s) Mercerizing range (piece goods)-- (1) Stopping devices. A stopping device shall be provided at each end of the machine. (2) Frame ends. A guard shall be in stalled at each end of the frame between the in-running chain and the clip opener, to prevent the worker's fingers from be ing caught. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22297 and built by the manufacturer of the tool being used, can be mounted perpendicu lar to the barrel. A standard spall shield shall be supplied with each tool. <b) The tool shail be so designed that it shall not in ordinary usage propel or discharge a stud, pin, or fastener while loading, or during preparation to fire, or if the tool should be dropped while loaded. (c) Firing of the tool shall be de pendent upon at least two separate and distinct operations of the operator, with the final firing movement being separate from the operation of bringing the tool into the firing position. (d) The tool shall be so designed that positive means of varying the power are available or can be made available to the operator as part of the tool, or as an aux iliary, in order to make it possible for the operator to select a power level adequate to perform the desired work without ex cessive force. (e) The tool shall be so designed that all breeching parts will be reasonably visible to allow a check for any foreign matter that may be present. (3) Requirements for loads and fas teners. (i) There shall be a standard means of identifying the power levels of loads used in tools. Such means of identi fication shall be a uniform color and numbering system, as shown in Table P-1. Colors and printed descriptions shall be strikingly printed on the container to provide a visual indication of the powTer level of the load. (ii) Caseless loads shall be coded to identify similar powerload levels by color, number, configuration, or other appro priate method. Table P-l--Identification or Cased Loads Color identification Nominal -- velocity Case color Load color (=45 Lp.s) 1............. . Brass..... Gray... 2 _______ BrassBrown. 3 ...............Brass................ Green.. 4Brass.................................... Yellow. 5 ..... Brass............. Red___ 6 .......... . Brass............. Purple. 7 ...............Nickel............... Gray... 6...................Nickel............... Brown. 9 ....... .......Nickel.............. Green.. 10 ............ Nickel............... Yellow. 11 ............ Nickel________ Red___ 12...._____ Nickel___ ____ Purple. 1,110 1,200 1,290 Note: The nominal velocity applies to ?4-inch di ameter 350-graln ballistic slug fired in a test device and has no reference to actual fastener velocity developed in any specific sire or type of tool. (iii) No load (cased or caseless) shall be used if it will accurately chamber in any existing approved commercially available low-velocity piston tool or ham mer operated piston tool--low-velocity type and will cause a fastener to have a mean velocity in excess of 300 feet per second when measured 6.5 feet from the muzzle end of the barrel. No individual test firing of a series shall exceed 300 feet per second by more than 8 percent. (iv) Fasteners used in tools shall be only those specifically manufactured for use in such tools. (4) Operating requirements, (i) Be fore using a tool, the operator shall in spect it to determine to his satisfaction that it is clean, that all moving parts operate freely, and that the barrel is free from obstructions. (ii) When a tool develops a defect dur ing use, the operator shall immediately cease to use it, until it is properly repaired. (iii) Tools shall not be leaded until just prior to the intended firing time. Neither loaded nor empty tools are to be pointed at any workmen, and hands should be kept clear of the open barrel end. (iv) No tools shall be loaded unless being prepared for immediate use, nor shall an unattended tool be left loaded. (v) In case of a misfire, -he operator shall hold the tool in the operating posi tion for at least 30 seconds. Ee shall then try to operate the tool a second time. He shall wait another 30 seconds, holding the tool in the operating position: then he shall proceed to remove the explosive load in strict accordance with the manu facturer's instructions. Misfired car tridges should be placed carefully in a metal container filled with water, and returned to the supervisor for disposal. (vi) A tool shall never be left un attended in a place where it would be available to unauthorized persons. (vii) Fasteners shall not be driven into very hard or brittle materials including, but not limited to, cast iron, glazed tile, surface-hardened steel, glass block, live rock, face brick, or hollow tile. (viii) Driving into materials easily penetrated shall be avoided unless such materials axe backed by a substance that will prevent the pin or fastener from passing completely through and creating a flying-missile hazard on the other side. (ix) (a) Fasteners shall cot be driven directly into materials such as brick or concrete closer than 3 inches from the unsupported edge or corner, or into steel surfaces closer than one-half inch from the unsupported edge or comer, unless a special guard, fixture, or jig is used. (Exception: Low-velocity tools may drive no closer than 2 inches from an edge in concrete or one-fourth inch in steel.) (b) When fastening other materials, such as a 2- by 4-inch wood section to a concrete surface, it is permissible to drive a fastener of no greater than 7^-inch shank diameter not closer than 2 inches from the unsupported edge or comer of the work surface. (x) Fasteners shall not be driven through existing holes unless a positive guide is used to secure accurate alignment. (xi) No fastener shall be driven into a spalled area caused by an unsatisfac tory fastening. (xii) Tools shall not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere. (xiii) All tools shall be used with the correct shield, guard, or attachment rec ommended by the manufacturer, (xiv) Any tool found not in proper working order shall be immediately re moved from service. The tool shall be inspected at regular intervals and shall be repaired in accordance with the man ufacturer's specifications. (e) Power lawnmowera--(l) General requirements, (i) Power lawumowers of the walk-behind,-riding-rotary, and reel power lawnmowers designed for sale to the general public shall meet the design specifications in "American National Standard Safety Specifications for Power Lawnmowers" ANSI B71.1-1968. These specifications do not apply to sulky-type mowers, flail mowers, sicklebar mowers, or mowers designed for commercial use. (ii) All power-driven chains, belts, and gears shall be so positioned or otherwise guarded to prevent the operator's acci dental contact therewith, during normal starting, mounting, and operation of the machine. (iii) A shutoff device shall be provided to stop operation of the motor or engine. This device shall require manual and intentional reactivation to restart the motor or engine. (iv) All positions of the operating con trols shall be clearly identified. (v) The words, "Caution. Be sure the operating control (s) is in neutral be fore starting the engine," or similar wording shall be clearly visible at an engine starting control point on selfpropelled mowers. (2) Walk-behind and riding rotary mowers, (i) The mower blade shall be enclosed except on the bottom and the enclosure shall extend to or below the lowest cutting point of the blade in the lowest blade position. (ii) Guards which must be removed to install a catcher assembly shall compl" with the following: (a) Warning instructions shall be affixed to the mower near the opoiing stating that the mower shall not be used without either the catcher assembly or the guard in place. (b) The catcher assembly or the guard shall be shipped and sold as part of the mower. (c) The instruction manual shall state that the mower shall not be used with out either the catcher assembly or the guard in place. (d) The catcher assembly, when prop erly and completely installed, shall not create a condition which violates the limits given for the guarded opening. (iii) Openings in the blade enclosure, intended for the discharge of grass, shall be limited to a maximum vertical angle of the opening of 30. Measurements shall be taken from the lowest blade position. (iv) The total effective opening area of the grass discharge opening(s) shall not exceed 1,000 square degrees on units having a width of cut less than 27 & inches, or 2,000 square degrees on units having a width of cut 27% inches or over. (v) The word "Caution." or stronger wording, shall be placed on the mower at or near each discharge opening. (vi) Wheel drive disengaging controls, except dead-man controls, shall move opposite to the direction of vehicle mo tion in order to disengage the drive. x. Dead-man controls shall comply with 91910.241(c) (11), and may operate infri any direction to disengage the drive. (vii) Blade(s) shall stop rotating from the manufacturer's specified maximum*^ speed within 15 seconds after declutch-)^ ing, or shutting off power. Cr FEDERAL REGIS1ER, VOL 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 BFG30488 22296 RULES AND REGULATIONS (iii) Some other form of guard that will insure as good protection as that which would be provided by the guards specified in subdivision (i) or (ii) of this subparagraph. (3) Vertical portable grinders. Safety guards used on machines known as right angle head or vertical portable grinders shall have a maximum exposure angle of 180. and the guard shall be so located so as to be between the operator and the wheel during use. Adjustment of guard shall be such that pieces of an acciden tally broken wheel will be deflected away from the operator. (See Figure P-4.) FIGURE NO. P-4 (4) Other portable grinders. The maxi mum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides for safety guards used on other portable grinding machines shall not exceed 180s and the top half of the wheel shall be enclosed at all times. (See Figures P-5 and P-6.) FIGURE NO. P-5 V7 FIGURE NO. P-6 (5) Mounting and inspection of abra sive wheels, (i) Immediately before mounting, all wheels shall be closely in spected and sounded by the user (ring test, see Subpart O, 1910.215(d) (1)) to make sure they have not been damaged in transit, storage, or otherwise. The spindle speed of the machine shall be checked before mounting of the wheel to be certain that it does not exceed the maximum operating speed marked on the wheel. (ii) Grinding wheels shall fit freely on the spindle and remain free under all grinding conditions. A controlled clearance between the wheel hole and the machine spindle (or wheel sleeves or adaptors) is essential to avoid excessive pressure from mounting and spindle ex pansion. To accomplish this, the machine spindle shall be made to nominal (stand ard) size plus zero minus .002 inch, and the wheel hole shall be made suitably oversize to assure safety clearance under the conditions of operating heat and pressure. (iii) All contact surfaces of wheels, blotters, and flangers shall be flat and free of foreign matter. (iv) When a bushing is used in the wheel hole it shall not exceed the width of the wheel and shall not contact the flanges. (v) Requirements for the use of flanges and blotters, see Subpart O, 1910.215(c). (d) Explosive actuated fastening tools--(l) General requirements, (i) Ex plosive-actuated fastening tools which are actuated by explosives or any similar means and propel a stud, pin, fastener, or other object for the purpose of affix ing it by penetration to any other object shall meet the design requirements in "American National Standard Safety Requirements for Explosive-Actuated Fastening Tools," ANSI A10.3-1970. This requirement does not apply to devices designed for attaching objects to soft construction materials, such as wood, plaster, tar, dry wallboard, and the like, or to stud welding equipment. (ii) Operators and assistants using tools shall be safeguarded by means of eye protection. Head and face protection shall be used, as required by working con ditions, as set forth in Subpart I. (2) Inspection, maintenance, and tool handling--(i) High-velocity tools. Tools of this type shall have the characteris tics outlined in (a) through (A) of this subdivision and, at the discretion of the manufacturer, any additional safety features he may wish to incorporate. (a) The muzzle end of the tool shall have a protective shield or guard at least 3V2 inches in diameter, mounted perpen dicular to and concentric with the barrel, and designed to confine any flying frag ments or particles that might otherwise create a hazard at the time of firing (b) Where a standard shield or guard cannot be used, or where it does not cover all apparent avenues through which fly ing particles might escape, a special shield, guard, fixture, or jig designed and built by the manufacturer of the tool being used, which provides this degree of protection, shall be used as a substitute. (c) The tool shall be so designed that it cannot be fired unless it is equipped with a standard protective shield or guard, or a special shield, guard, fixture, or jig. (d) (I) The firing mechanism shall be so designed that the tool cannot fire dur ing loading or preparation to fire, or if the tool should be dropped while loaded. (2) Firing of the tool shall be depend ent upon at least two separate and dis tinct operations of the operator, with the final firing movement being separate from the operation of bringing the tool into the firing position. (e) The tool shall be so designed as not to be operable other than against a work surface, and unless the operator is holding the tool against the work surface with a force at least 5 pounds greater than the total weight of the tool. </) The tool shall be so designed that it will not operate when equipped with the standard guard indexed to the center position if any bearing surface of the guard is tilted more than 8' from contact with the work surface. (g) The tool shall be so designed that positive means of varying the power are available or can be made available to the operator as part of the tool, or as an auxiliary, in order to make it possible for the operator to select a power level ade quate to perform the desired work with out excessive force. (h) The tool shall be so designed that all breeching parts will be reasonably visible to allow a check for any foreign matter that may be present. (ii) Tools of the low-velocity-piston type shall have the characteristics out lined in (a) through (e) of this subdivi sion and, at the discretion of the manu facturer, any additional safety features he may wish to Incorporate. (a) The muzzle end of the tool shall be designed so that suitable protective shields, guards, jigs, or fixtures, designed and built by the manufacturer of the tccl being used, can be mounted perpendicu lar to the barrel. A standard spall shield shall be supplied with each tool. (b) (1) The tool shall be designed so that it shall not in ordinary usage propel or discharge a stud, pin, or fastener while loading or during preparation to fire, or if the tool should be dropped while loaded, (2) Firing of the tool shall be depend ent upon at least two separate and dis tinct operations of the operator, with the final firing movement being separate from the operation of bringing the tool into the filing position.. (c) The tool shall be so designed as not to be operable other than against a work surface, and unless the operator is hold ing the tool against the work surface with a force at least 5 pounds greater than the total weight of the tool. (d) The tool shall be so designed that positive means of varying the power are available or can be made available to the operator as part of the tool, or as an auxiliary, in order to make it possible for the operator to select a power level ade quate to perform the desired work with out excessive force. (e) The tool shall be so designed that all breeching parts will be reasonably visible to allow a check for any foreign matter that may be present. (iii) Tools of the hammer-operated piston tools--low-velocity type shall have the characteristics outlined in (a) through (e) of this subdivision and, at the discretion of the manufacturer, any additional safety features he may wish to Incorporate. (a) The muzzle end of the tool shall be so designed that suitable protective shields, guards, jigs, or fixtures, designed BFG30487 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOl. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22321 (3) Mangle and washers. The nip at the in-running rolls shall conform to 910.264. t) Tenter frames--(1) Stopping de vices. A stopping device shall be provided at each end of the machine. (2) Frame ends. A guard shall be in stalled at each end of the frame at the in-running chain and clip opener. (3) Oil cups. Oil cups shall be safely located to permit easy access. (u) Dyeing jigs--(1) Stopping de vices. Each dye jig shall be equipped with individual mechanical or electrical means for stopping the machine. (2> Roll arms. Roll arms on jigs shall be built to allow for extra large batches, and to prevent the center bar from being forced off, causing the batch to fall. (v) Padders--Nip guards. All nip guards shall comply with the require ments of paragraph (h)(2)(iv) of this section. (w) Drying cans--(1) Pressure reduc ing valves and pressure gages. Pressure reducing valves and pressure gages shall conform to the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII, 1968, Unfired Pres sure Vessels. . (2) Vacuum collapse. If cans are not designed to prevent vacuum collapse, each can shall be equipped with one or more vacuum relief valves with openings of sufficient size to prevent the collapse of the can if vacuum occurs. (x) Flat-work ironer--(1) Feed rolls. The feed rolls shall be guarded to con form to 5 1910.264. (2) Pressure rolls. Pressure rolls shall covered or guarded to conform to ,910.264. (y) .Extractors--(1) Centrifugal ex tractor--(i) Cover. Each extractor shall be equipped with a metal cover. (ii) Interlocking device. Each extrac tor shall be equipped with an interlock ing device that will prevent the cover from being opened while the basket is in motion, and also prevent the power op eration of the basket, while the cover is open. (iii) Brakes. Each extractor shall be equipped with a mechanically or elec trically operated brake to quickly stop the basket when the power driving the basket is shut off. (iv) Maximum allowable speed. Each centrifugal extractor shall be effectively secured in position on the floor or foun dation so as to eliminate unnecessary vibration, and should not be operated at a speed greater than the manufacturer's rating, which shall be stamped where easily visible in letters not less than onequarter inch in height. The maximum allowable speed shall be given in revo lutions per minute (rpm). (2) Engine drum extractor--Over speed governor. Each engine individually driving an extractor shall be provided with an approved engine stop and speed limit governor. (3) Squeezer or wringer extractor-- Nip guards. All nip guards shall comply -4th the requirements of paragraph (h) (iv) of this section. <z) Nip guards. All nip guards for water mangle, starch mangle, backwasher (worsted yam) crabbing ma chines, decating machines, shall com ply with the requirements of paragraph (h) (2) (iv). (aa) Sanforizing and palmer machine. A safety trip rod, cable, or wire center cord shall be provided across the front and back of all palmer cylinders extend ing the length of the face of the cylinder. It shall operate readily whether pushed or pulled. This safety trip shall be not more than 72 inches above the level on which the operator stands and shall be readily accessible. (bb) Rope washers--(1) Splash guard. Splash guards shall be installed on all rope washers unless the machine is so designed as to prevent the water or liquid from splashing the operator, the floor, or working surface. (2) Safety stop bar. A safety trip rod, cable or wire center cord shall be pro vided across the front and back of all rope washers extending the length of the face of the washer. It shall operate readily whether pushed or pulled. This safety trip shall be not more than 72 inches above the level on which the op erator stands and shall be readily accessible. (cc) Laundry washer tumbler or shaker--(l) interlocking device. Each drying tumbler, each double cylinder shaker or clothes tumbler, and each washing machine shall be equipped with an interlock device which will prevent the power operation of the inside cylin der when the outer door on the case or shell is open, and which will also prevent the outer door on the case or shell from being opened without shutting off the power. This should not prevent the move ment of the inner cylinder by means of a hand operated mechanism or an "inching device." (2) Means of holding covers or doors in open position. Each enclosed barrel shall also be equipped with adequate means for holding open the doors or covers of the inner and outer cylinders or shells while it is being loaded or unloaded. (dd) Printing machine {roller type) -- (1) Nip Guards. All nip guards shall comply with the requirements of para graph (h) (2) (iv) of this section. (2) Crown wheel and roller gear nip protection. The engraved roller gears and the large crown wheel shall be pro vided with a protective disc which will enclose the nips of the in-running gears. Individual discs for each nip will be acceptable. (ee> Calenders. The nip at the in running side of the rolls shall be pro vided with a guard extending across the entire length of the nip and arranged to prevent the fingers of the workers from being pulled in between the rolls or be tween the guard and the rolls, and con structed so that the cloth can be fed into the rolls safely. (ff) Rotary staple cutters. A guard shall be installed completely enclosing the cutters to prevent the hands of the operator from reaching the cutting zone. (gg) Clothing folding machine. The crank arm and blade guide rods on both sides of the cloth-folding machines shall be protected from contact by barrier guards constructed to conform to the re quirements of 1910.219. (hh) Hand bailing machine. An angle-iron-handle stop guard shall be In stalled at the right angle to the frame of the machine. The stop guard shall be so designed and so located that it will pre-. vent the handle from traveling beyond the vertical position should the handle slip from the operator's hand when the pawl has been released from the teeth of the takeup gear. (ii) Roll bench. Cleats shall be in stalled on the ends of roll benches. (jj> Cuttle or swing folder (overhead type). The bottom of the overhead fold ers shall be located not less than 7 feet from the floor or working surface. (kk) Color-mixing room. Floors in color-mixing rooms shall be constructed to drain easily. (ID Open tanks and vats for mixing and storage of hot or corrosive liquids-- (1) Protection against falls. Open tanks and vats containing hot or corrosive liquids shall be protected to conform to the requirements of 1910.23. (2) Shutoff valves. Boiling tanks, caustic tanks, and hot liquid containers, so located that the operator cannot see the contents from the floor or working area, shall have emergency shutoff valves controlled from a point not subject to danger of splash. Valves shall conform to the ASME Pressure Vessel Code, sec tion VHI, Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1968. (mm) Dye kettles and vats.--Pipes or drains of sufficient capacity to carry the contents safely away from the working area shall be installed where there are dye kettles and vats which may at any time contain hot or corrosive liquids. These shall not empty directly onto die floor. <nn> Acid carboys. Carboys shall be provided with inclinators, or the shall be withdrawn from the carboys by means of pumping without pressure in the carboy, or by means of hand operated siphons. (oo) Handling caustic soda and caustic potash. Means shall be provided for handling and emptying caustic soda and caustic potash containers to prevent workers from coming in contact with the caustic (see paragraph (qq) of this sec tion). (pp) First aid. Wherever acids or caustics are used, provision shall be made for a copious and flowing supply of fresh, clean water. (qq) Personal protective equipment-- (1) Personal protective equipment. Workers engaged in handling acids or caustics in bulk, repairing pipe lines con taining acids or caustics, etc., shall be provided with protective occupational (safety) equipment to conform to the requirements of 1910.132, 1910033, and 11910.134. (2) Respirators, gas masks, and soch appliances, for emergency use only, shall be of a type required by 1910.134. (rr) Workroom ventilation. In all workrooms in which potentially toxic substances are used, the maximum al lowable concentrations listed in 1910.93 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 22322 RULES AND REGULATIONS shall be maintained. Open surface tanks shall conform to the requirements of 1910.94(d). 1910.263 Bakery equipment. (a) General requirements--(1) Appli cation. The requirements of this sec tion shall apply to the design, installa tion, operation and maintenance of machinery and equipment used within a bakery. (2) Standards incorporated tty refer ence. Standards covering issues of oc cupational safety and health which are of general application without regard to any specific industry are incorporated by reference in paragraphs of this sec tion and made applicable to bakeries. All such standards shall be construed according to the rules of construction set outinl 1910.5. (b) Definitions applicable to this sec tion--(1) Dumpbin and blender. The term "dumpbin and blender" applies to those elements of a flour handling sys tem in which flour in bags is first emptied for distribution. (2) Flour elevator. The term "flour elevator" means the conveyor which is used to convey flour in a vertical direc tion and it includes bucket, spiral screw, or bulkflow conveyors. (3) Screw conveyor. The term "screw conveyor" means the conveyor which is used to convey flour in a horizontal or inclined plane by means of a continuous spiral screw enclosed in a suitable casing which follows the same general contour of the perimeter of the screw. (4) Bolting reel. The term "bolting reel" means a device in which the flour is screened through a rotating drum. (5) Sifter. The term "sifter" means a device in which flour is sifted. It may be of the brush, oscillating, or vibrating type. (6) Flour scale. The term "flour scale" means a scale for weighing flour. (I) Flour gate. The term "flour gate" means the device or devices used to con trol the delivery of flour. (8) Direct fired ovens. Direct fired ovens are ovens which burn fuel directly inside the baking chamber. (9) Direct recirculating ovens. "Direct recirculating ovens" are ovens which have heating systems consisting of one or more heaters (located inside or out side the baking chamber), each heater being equipped with a burner, the prod ucts of combustion of which are mixed with spent gasses returned from the oven. Combustion gases are circulated through the heater and oven chamber by a fan. An overflow or vent removes part of the spent combustion gases to compensate for fresh combustion gases added by the burner. (10) Flue-type ovens. "Flue-type ovens" are ovens which burn fuel in a furnace which is connected through flues which carry the combustion gases to a stack. (II) Indirect multiple-burner ovens. "Indirect multiple-burner ovens" are ovens which are heated by burners (usually gas) which are totally enclosed in such a way that unburned gases or products of combustion cannot enter the (c) Each apparatus shall be properly baking chamber. safeguarded by of disconnecting means (12) Steam-tube ouens. "Steam-tube for the motor circuits as required by ovens" are ovens which are heated by a 1910.312 and 1910.320. group of tubes which are partially filled (b) Wherever a flour-handling system with liquid and sealed at both ends. A is of such size that the beginning of its small part of each tube Is exposed to the operation is far remote from its final heat of a furnace and the larger part delivery end, all electric motors operat placed inside the baking chamber. Heat ing each apparatus comprising this sys is transmitted by evaporating liquid in tem shall be controlled at each of two the furnace end of the tube. Steam thus points, one located at each remote end, formed travels to the other end of the either of which will stop all motors. tube, where the steam condenses and '(c) Motor control switches shall be returns to the furnace by gravity. capable of being locked in the open (13) Indirect recirculating ovens. "In position. direct recirculating ovens" are ovens id') Control circuits for magnetic con which are equipped with a gas tight duct trollers shall be so arranged that the system, a furnace, and a circulating fan. opening of any one of several limit Gases of combustion are circulated switches, which may be on an individual through this enclosed system and mixed unit, will serve to de-energize all of the with fresh combustion gases generated motors of that unit. by the burner in the combustion cham (ii) Removable covers on all flour ber. A vent or overflow removes a por handling equipment shall be so designed tion of the gases to compensate for the that the lifting effort shall not be more fresh gases added by the burner. No un than 50 pounds. burned gases or products of combustion (iii) Wherever flour-handling systems have access to the baking chamber. are of large construction, suitable walk (14) Electric ovens. "Electric ovens" ways or platforms or both shall be con are ovens which are heated entirely by structed around and over bins and ap passing an electric current through re paratus, in accordance with the require sistance elements. ments of 1910,22 and 1910.23. (c) General machine guarding--(1) (a) All walkway surfaces shall be Electrical grounding. The frame of each maintained in nonslip condition. machine which is driven by an electric (b) Elevated walkways shall have rail motor or has any electrical connection ings and toeboards. shall be effectively grounded. (c) All ladders leading to upper walk (2) Gears. All gears shall be com ways shall be in accordance with the pletely enclosed regardless of location. requirements of 1910.25, 1910.26, and (3) Sprockets and V-belt drives. | 1910.27. Sprockets and V-belt drives located id) Wherever walkways are near the within reach from platforms or passage ceiling construction of the building, ways or located within 8 feet 6 inches where obstruction to head room is lower from the floor shall be completely than normal standing height, proper enclosed. methods shall be provided to warn any (4) Rotating parts. Lubrication fit occupant of the walkway. This should be tings on rotating parts shall be recessed done by means of "tell tales" or other or covered with collars so that the rotat suitable means located ahead of the ob ing surface will be smooth and flush. struction. Suitable signs shall also be (5) Lubrication. Where machinery placed on walkways warning occupants must be lubricated while in motion, sta of possible danger. tionary lubrication fittings inside a (iv) All oscillating and vibrating machine shall be provided with extension sifters shall be protected with guard rails piping to a point of safety so that the of suitable height and design. employee will not have to reach into any dangerous part of the machine when lubricating. (6) Removable covers or guards. Any covers or guards which must be removed for cleaning and adjustment shall be made easily removable in order that they may be removed and replaced with the least effort. . (7) Ventilation through machine guards. Where it is necessary to guard motors or other equipment which require ventilation, guards should be so designed that they will not restrict the circulation of the air. (8) Hof pipes. Exposed hot water and steam pipes shall be covered with insu lating material wherever necessary to protect employee from contact. (d) Flour-handling equipment.--(1) General requirements for flour handling. (v) All mechanical transmission shafting, gearing, and sprocket drives shall be completely guarded, preferably with dust-tight housing. Lubrication fittings shall extend to the outside of the guard. (vi) All guards shall be readily removable. (vii) All flour-handling equipment, each individual unit or the entire system collectively, shall be so constructed that all interior or exterior protruding corners are of a rounded nature. (vili) When Class II hazardous con ditions prevail, electric motors, motor controllers, and switches shall be of the type approved for such locations in ac cordance with the requirements of 1910.326. (2) Bag chutes and bag lifts (bag-arm (i) Wherever any of the various pieces of elevators), (i) Bag chutes (gravity apparatus comprising a flour-handling chutes for handling flour bags) shall be system are run in electrical unity with so designed so as to keep to a minimum one another the following safeguards the speed of flour bags. If the chute in shall apply: clines more than 30* from the horizontal. FEDERAL REGISTER,.VOl. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22295 TYPE 6 STRAIGHT CUP WHEELS GRINDING RACE ---!------------------------ D----------------------------- -- 1 -----------------------K--w-- 1 T M . _L Figure P-2 Type 6 -- Straight-cup Wheel Side grinding urheel having a diameter, thickness and hole with one side straight or fiat end the opposite side recessed. This type, however, differs from Type S in that the grinding is performed on the wail of the ebresive created bi/ the difference between the di ameter of the recess and the. outside diameter of the wheel. Therefore, the wall dimension "IV" takes precedence over the diameter of the recess as an. essential intermediate dimension to describe- this shape type. (10) Type 1 straight wheels. Type 1 straight wheels have diameter, thickness, and hole size dimensions and should be used only on the periphery. Type 1 wheels shall be mounted between flanges. Limitation: Hole dimension (H) should not be greater than two-thirds of wheel di ameter dimension (D) for precision, cylin drical, centerless, or surface grinding appli cations. Maximum hole size for all other applications should not exceed one-half wheel diameter. TYPE 1 STRAIGHT WHEELS figure P-3 Type 1 ~ Straight Wheel Peripheral grinding wheel having a diamtUr, thickness and hole. (c) Power lawnmower terms--(1) Blade tip circle. The path described by the outermost point of the blade as it is rotated about its shaft axis. (2) Guards. A part or an assembly provided for shielding a hazardous area of a machine. (3) Catcher assemblies. Parts or com binations of parts which provide a means for collecting grass clippings or debris. (4) Walk-behind mower. A mower either pushed or self-propelled and nor mally guided by the operator walking behind the unit. (5) Operator area, walk-behind mow ers. For discharge interference purposes, that area confined within a circle no smaller than 30 inches in diameter, the center of which is located to the rear of the mower on its longitudinal centerline 30 inches behind the nearest blade tip circle. (6) Power reel mower. A lawn-cutting machine utilizing a power source to rotate one or more helically formed blades about a horizontal axis to provide a shearing action with a stationary cutter bar or bed knife. (7) Power rotary mower. A lawn-cut ting machine utilizing a power source to rotate one or more cutting blades about a vertical axis. (8) Lowest blade position. The lowest blade position under stafic conditions. (9) Riding mower. A powered, selfpropelled lawn-cutting vehicle on which the operator rides anc controls the machine. (10) Sulky type mower. Normally, a walk-behind mower which has been con verted to a riding mower by the addition of a sulky. (11) Deadman control. A control de signed so that it will automatically inter rupt power to a drive when the operator's actuating force is removed. (d) Jack terms--(1) Jack. A jack is an appliance for lifting and lowering or moving horizontally a lead by applica tion of a pushing force. Note: Jacks may be of ie following types: Lever and ratchet, screw and hydraulic. (2) Rating. The rating of a jack is the maximum working load :'or which it is designed to lift safely that load through out its specified amount of travel. Note: To raise the rated load of a jack, the point of application of the load, the applied force, and the length oi lever arm should be those designated by the manufacturer for the particular jack considered. 1910.242 Hand and portable powered toots and equipment, general. (a) General requirements. Each em ployer shall be responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees, including tools and equip ment which may be furnished by employees. (b) Compressed air used for cleaning. Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning purposes except where reduced to less than 30 p.si. and then only with effective chip guarding and personal pro tective equipment. 1910.243 Guarding of portable pow ered tools. (a) Woodworking, portable powered tools--(1) Portable circular saws. All portable, power-driven saws shall be equipped with guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The upper guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc re quired to permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The lower guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work. When the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall auto matically and instantly return to cover ing position. (2) "Dead man" controls. Hand-held, power-driven woodworking tools shall be provided with "dead man" control, such as a spring-actuated switch, valve, or equivalent device, so that the power will be automatically shut off whenever the operator releases the control. (3) Portable belt sending machines. Belt sanding machines shall be provided with guards at each nip point where the sanding belt runs onto a pulley. These guards shall effectively prevent the hands or fingers of the operator from coming in contact with the nip points. The un used run of the sanding belt shall be guarded against accidental contact. (4) Cracked saws. All cracked saws shall be removed from service. (5) Grounding. Electrical grounding requirements for portable woodworking machinery see Subpart O, 1910.213(a) (11). (b) Pneumatic powered tools and hose--(1) Portable tools, (i) The oper ating trigger on portable hand-operated utilization equipment shall be so located as to minimize the possibility of its ac cidental operation and shall be arranged to close the air inlet valve automatically when the pressure of the operator's hand is removed. (ii) A tool retainer shall be installed on each piece of utilization equipment which, without such a retainer, may eject the tool. (2) Airhose. Hose and hose connec tions used for conducting compressed air to utilization equipment shall be designed for the pressure and service to which they are subjected. (c) Portable abrasive wheels--(1) Gen eral requirements. (i) All abrasive wheels shall be used only on machines provided with safety guards as defined in the fol lowing subparagraphs of this paragraph. Exceptions: Tliis requirement shall not apply to the following classes of wheels and conditions. (a) Wheels used for internal work while within the work being ground. (b) Mounted wheels used in portable operations (see definition 11910.241(b) (1)) 2 inches and smaller in diameter. (c) Types 16,17, 18,18R, and 19 cones and plugs and threaded hole pot balls where the work offers protection. (ii) (a) The safety guard shall cover the spindle end, nut, and flange projec tions. The safety guard shall be mounted so as to maintain proper alignment with the wheel, and the strength of the fasten ings shall exceed the strength of the guard. (b) Exception: Safety guards on all operations where the work provides a suitable measure of protection to the operator, may be so constructed that the spindle end, nut, and outer flange are exposed; and where the nature of the work is such as to entirely cover the side of the wheel, the side covers of the guard may be omitted. (c) Exception: The spindle end, nut, and outer flange may be exposed on ma chines designed as portable saws. (2) Cup wheels. Cup wheels (Types 6 and 11) shall be protected by: (i) Safety guards as specified in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph; or, (ii) Special "revolving cup guards" which mount behind the wheel and turn with it. They shall be made of steel or other material with adequate strength and shall enclose the wheel sides upward from the back for one-third of the wheel thickness. The mounting features shall conform with all regulations. (See sub-> paragraph (5) of this paragraph.) It is necessary to maintain clearance between the wheel side and the guard. The clear ance shall not exceed one-sixteenth inch; or. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 BFG30486 22294 RULES AND REGULATIONS 1910.212(a). 1910.213 (a), (b). (c). (d), (e>, (f), (g). (b), (1). (J), <k), (1). (m), <n), (o), (p). (q) .and (r). 1910.214 (a), (b), (cl, (d), (e), (f), (g), (b), (1), (J). (*>, (1). (m). (b>. (o), (p), (q), (rl, (s), (t>. (u).and (v). 1910.215 (a) and (b). 1910.216 (a), (b), (c).and (f). 1910.217 ta). (b), (c). and (d). 1910.218 (a), (b), <dl. (e). (g),and (J). 1910.219 (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (b), (i), and <kj. (c) Notwithstanding anything in paragraph (a), (b), or (d) of this sec tion, any provision in any other section of this subpart which contains in itself a specific effective date or time limitation shall become effective on such date or shall apply in accordance with such limitation. (d) Notwithstanding anything in paragraph <a) or (b) of this section, if any standard in 41 CFR Part 50-204, other than a national consensus standard incorporated by reference in 50-204.2 (a) (!>, is or becomes applicable at any time to any employment and place of em ployment, by virtue of the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, or the Service Con tract Act of 1965, or the National Foundation on Arts and Humanities Act of 1965, any corresponding established Federal standard in this dubpart O which is derived from 41 CFR Part 50-204 shall also become effective, and shall be ap plicable to such employment and place of employment, on the same date. [36 F.R, 15106, Aug. 13, 1971] 1910-221 Sources of standards. The standards contained in this Sub part O are derived from the following sources: Standard 1910.212 .. 1910.213 1910.214 .. 1910.215 -- 1910.216 -- 1910.217 -- 1910.218 - 1910.219 ,, Source 41 CFR 50-204.6. AMCI 01.1-1954-(R 1961). Safety Code for Woodwork ing Machinery. ANSI 01.1-1954--(R 1961), Safety Code for Woodwork ing Machinery. ANSI B7.1-1970, Safety Code for Abrasive Wheels. ANSI B28.1--1967, Safety Code for Mills Calenders in the Rubber and Plastic Indus tries. ANSI Bl 1.1-1970. Safety Standard for Construction Care and Use of Mechanical Power Presses. ANSI 324.1, 1970 Safety Standard for Forging. ANSI B!5.1-1953-(P 1958) Safety Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Ap paratus 1910.222 Standards organizations. The standards and specifications of the following organizations have been ref erenced in this Subpart O: Copies of the references materials may be obtained from the issuing organizations 1. American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. 2. American Society of Mechanical Engi neers. 345 East 47 Street. New York, NY 10017. Subpart P--Hand and Portable Pow are subject to the same limitations of ered Tools and Other Hand-Held use and mounting as Type 1 wheels de Equipment fined in subparagraph (10) of this para graph. 1910.241 Definitions. Limitation: Wheels used for tuck pointing As used in this subpart: should be reinforced, organic bonded. (See (a* Explosive-actuated fastening tool 1910.243(c) (1) (ii) (c).) terms--(1) Hammer-operated, piston tool--low-velocity type. A tool which, by means of a heavy mass hammer supple mented by a load, moves a piston de (4) Portable grinding. A grinding op eration where the grinding machine is designed to be hand held and may be easily moved from one location to an signed to be captive to drive a stud, pin, other. or fastener into a work surface, always (5) Organic bonded wheels. Organic starting the fastener at rest and in con wheels are wheels which are bonded by tact with the work surface. It shall be so means of an organic material such as designed that when used with any load, resin, rubber, shellac, or other similar that accurately chambers in it and that" bonding agent. is commercially available at the time (6) Safety guard. A safety guard :s an the tool is submitted for approval, it will enclosure designed to restrain the pieces not cause such stud, pin, or fastener to of the grinding wheel and f urnish all have a mean velocity in excess of 300 possible protection in the event that the feet per second when measured 6.5 feet wheel is broken in operation. from the muzzle end of the barrel. (7) Reinforced wheels. The term "re (2) High-velocity tool. A tool or ma inforced" as applied to grinding wheels chine which, when used with a load, shall define a class of organic wheels propels or discharges a stud, pin, or fas which contain strengthening fabric or tener, at velocities in excess of 300 feet filament. The term "reinforced" does not per second when measured 6.5 feet trom. cover wheels using such mechanical ad the muzzle end of the barrel, for the ditions as steel rings, steel cup backs or purpose of impinging it upon, affixing wire or tape winding. it to, or penetrating another object or (8) Type 11 flaring cup wheels. Type material. 11 flaring cup wheels have double diam (3) Low-velocity piston tool. A tool eter dimensions D and J, and in addition that utilizes a piston descried to be cap have thickness, hole size, rim and back tive to drive a stud, pin, or fastener into a work surface. It shall be so designed TYPE 11 FLARING GUP WHEELS that when used with any load that ac curately chambers in it and that is com -P 1 1 | l-GBIMPINO mercially available at the time the tool is submitted for approval, it will not cause such stud, pin, or fastener to have a mean velocity in excess of 300 feet per second when measured 6.5 feet from the muzzle end of the barrel. (4) Stud, pin, or fastener. A fastening device specifically designed and manu factured for use in explosive-actuated fastening tools. (5) To chamber. To fit properly with out the use of excess force, the case being duly supported. (6) Explosive powerload, also known Figure P-1 Type 11 -- Flaring-cup Wheel Side grinding nheel having o tcali flared or tapered outH-an! /<i the hack. Boll thieknrss at the back is normally greater than at the grimting face (W). as load. Any substance in any form capa ble of producing a propellant force. (7i Tool. An explosive-actuated fast ening tool, unless otherwise indicated, and all accessories pertaining thereto. (8) Protective shield or guard. A device or guard attached to the muzzle end of thickness dimensions. Grinding is always performed on rim face, W dimension. Type 11 wheels are subject to all limita tions of use and mounting listed for Type 6 straight sided cup wheels definition in subparagraph (9) of this paragraph. the tool, which is designed to confine flying particles. (b) Abrasive wheel terms--(1) Mount ed wheels. Mounted wheels, usually 2inch diameter or smaller, and of various Limitation: Minimum back thickness, dimension, should not be less than onefourth T dimension. In addition when un threaded hole wheels are specified the Inside flat, K dimension, shall be large enough to accommodate a suitable flange, shapes, may be either organic or inor ganic bonded abrasive wheels. They are secured to plain or threaded steel man drels. (2) Tuck pointing. Removal, by grind ing, of cement, mortar, or other nonmetallic jointing material. (3) Tuck pointing wheels. Tuck point ing wheels, usually Type 1. reinforced organic bonded wheels have diameter, (9) Type B straight cup wheels. Type 6 cup wheels have diameter, thickness, hole size, rim thickness,, and back thick ness dimensions. Grinding is always per formed on rim face, W dimension. Limitation: Minimum back thickness, E dimension, should not be less than onefourth T dimension. In addition, when un threaded hole wheels are specified, the inside fiat, K dimension, must be large enough to thickness and hole size dimension. They accommodate a suitable flange. BFG30485 FEDERAL REGI5TER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS 22323 there shall be an upturn at the lower end of the chute to slow down the bags, ii) Bag-arm elevators with manual eoff shall be designed to operate at a opacity not exceeding seven bags per minute. The arms on the conveyor chain shall be so spaced as to obtain the full capacity of the elevator with the lowest possible chain speed. There shall be an e'ectric limit switch at the unloading end of the bag-arm elevator so installed as to automatically stop the conveyor chain if any bag fails to clear the conveyor arms. i iii) The conveyor chain on bag-arm elevators shall travel in a suitable struc ture and all drums shall be completely guarded, so that in case of a broken chain link the remainder of the chain will remain within its guides. iv) Man lifts shall be prohibited in bakeries. Bag or barrel lifts shall not be u=ed as man lifts. <3) Dumpbin and Blender, (i) The dumpbin or blender shall be constructed of metal or other nonsplintering material. < ill Openings shall be protected by means of bars or grids. If grids are made of mesh, the openings shall be not more than 3 inches in either length or width. If parallel bars or rods are used, they shall be spaced not more than 3 inches apart on centers. <iii) Hinged dumpbin covers shall be provided with locks or latches to hold the covers in the open position, so that they will not accidentally fall down while the dumpbin is in operation. iv) Dumpbins and blenders shall be -- constructed that no separate pits in irs shall be required at the point which -anects the final discharge to the usual elevator. i.v) All dumpbin and blender hoods shall be of sufficient capacity to prevent circulation of flour dust outside the hoods. (vi) All dumpbins shall be of a suita ble height from floor to enable the oper ator to dump flour from bags, without causing undue strain or fatigue. Where the edge of any bin is more than 24 inches above the floor, a bag rest step shall be provided. i vii) A control device for stopping the dumpbin and blender shall be provided close to the normal location of the operator. (viii) A screen shall be provided in the suction nozzle over the bin or blender to prevent sacks that are being cleaned from getting into the rotor of the dust collecting fan. (4) Flour elevators. (I) Flour eleva tors shall be constructed of metal or other nonsplintering material. (ii) All removable sections of the ele vator casing shall be equipped with suita ble stationary clamps for quick removal, or shall be equipped with equivalent lock ing devices which contain no loose parts which may become detached from either the casing or the cover. (5) Bolting reels, (i) Bolting reels 'hall be constructed of metal or other isplintering material, with the excepn of the bolting cloth. (ii) Refuse tailing spouts shall be readily accessible and shall be located at a safe distance from unguarded moving parts. (6) Storage bins, (i) Storage bins shall be constructed of metal or other non splintering material. (ii) Storage bins shall be provided with gaskets and locks or latches to keep the cover closed, or other equivalent de vices in order to insure the dust tightness of the cover. Covers at openings where an employee may enter the bin shall also be provided with a hasp and a lock, so located that the employee may lock the cover in the open position whenever it is necessary to enter the bin. (iii) Storage bins where the side is more than 5 feet in depth shall be pro vided with standard stationary safety ladders, both inside and outside, to reach from floor level to top of bin and from top of bin to Inside bottom, keeping the lad der end away from the moving screw conveyor. (iv) Loading distribution conveyors shall be located in top of bin centrally unhoused, and all covers for entrance to the bins shall be located away from the loading distribution conveyor. (v) An electric limit switch or other suitable protective device shall be pro vided in the top of the bin centrally over the loading screw conveyor on the oppo site end of the flour entrance opening. It shall be so designed as to stop the load ing screw if an excessive amount of flour is delivered to the bin. (vi) The main entrance cover of large storage bins located at the interior exit ladder shall be provided with an electric interlock for motors operating both feed and unloading screw, so that these mo tors cannot operate while the cover is open. (7) Screw conveyors, (i) Screw con veyors shall be constructed of metal or other nonsplintering material. (ii) Each dead-end screw conveyer shall be provided with an overflow safety gate which will operate an electric limit switch to shut down the conveyer before dangerous pressure of material is built up at the dead end. (iii) The covers of all screw conveyors shall be made removable in convenient sections, held on with stationary clamps located at proper intervals keeping all covers dust-tight. Where drop or hinged bottom sections are provided this pro vision shall not apply. (8) Sifters, (i) Enclosures of all types of flour sifters shah be so constructed that they are dust-tight but readily ac cessible for interior inspection. (ii) Oscillating and vibrating sifters shall be so constructed that all moving parts are well within the outer frame of the apparatus. (iii) Refuse tailing spouts of all types of sifters shall be readily accessible and shall be located at a safe distance from unguarded moving parts. (9) Flour scales, (i) Flour scales shall be constructed of metal or other non splintering material. (ii) Where a transparent covering is provided over dial scales it shall be made of a nonshatterable transparent material. (iii) Traveling or track-type flour scales shall be equipped with bar handles for moving same. The bar should be at least 1 inch in diameter and well away from trolley track wheels. (iv) All moving trolley wheels located within 8 feet 6 inches of floors or plat forms shall be fully guarded on sides and ahead of rotating motion. (v) The scale cutoff switch shall be totally enclosed and connected to the scale beam in such a manner as to pro tect the operator from contact. (vi) Where two or more scales are used on travelling flour scales, interlocks shall be provided so that the gate will not open unless the hopper is below. (10) Automatic flour gates. Automatic flour-gate equipment shall be con structed of metal or other nonsplintering material. (e) Mixers--(1) Horizontal dough mixers, (i) Mixers with external power application shall have all belts, chains, gears, pulleys, sprockets, clutches, and other moving parts completely enclosed. (11) Mixers with built-in power units shall have all drive elements enclosed in such a manner as to prevent injury to operators or maintenance personnel per forming their normal duties. (iii) Each mixer shall be equipped with an individual motor and control, and with a conveniently located manual switch to prevent the mixer from being started in the usual manner while the machine is being serviced and cleaned. (iv) All electrical control stations shall be so located that the operator must be in full view of the bowl in its open position. No duplication of such controls other than a stop switch shall be permitted. (v) All mixers with power and manual dumping arrangements shall be equipped with safety devices which shall: (a) Engage both hands of the oper ator, when the agitator is in motion under power, and while the bowl is opened more than one-fifth of its total opening. (b) Prevent the agitator from being started, while the bowl is more than onefifth open, without engaging both hands of the operator; (c) Permit the operator to have a full view of the bowl opening while he is in the act of maintaining operation of the agitator at any time while the bowl is more than one-fifth open. (vi) Mixers with power dumping de vices shall be arranged so that the bowl opening cannot be closed beyond fourfifths of Its total opening unless the oper ator maintains the control contact which causes the dump motor to complete the bowl closure. Alternatively the control may be so arranged that the operator must keep at least one hand engaged, by holding in a push button, during the entire closure of the mixing bowl. (vii) Mixers shall be provided with flour-gate operating mechanisms, ingre dient openings, and water inlets, which can be conveniently manipulated by the operator from the normal area of activ ity (either platform or floor) without requiring abnormal reaching, or improv isations winch might jeopardize his safety. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 ZTI8SCTZ 22324 RULES AND~REGULATIONS^ (viil) Every- mixer shall be equipped with a full enclosure over the bowl which is closed at all times while the agitator is in motion. Only minor openings in this enclosure, such as ingredient doors, flour inlets, etc., each representing less than 11/2 square feet in area, shall be capable of being opened while the mixer is in operation. (ix) No loose access doors and covers weighing more than 2 pounds shall be used on mixers. Such parts shall be hinged or otherwise held in proximity to the openings that they cover. (x) Overhead covers or doors which are subject to accidental closure shall be counterbalanced to remain in an open position or provided with means to hold them open until positively released by the operator. (xi) Provision shall be made to bolt mixers solidly to the floor to prevent dis location or excessive vibration, and no open space between mixers and plat forms shall be permitted which may en danger the operator. (xii) Mixers shall be installed only on substantial foundations which are cap able of safely withstanding the live loads incurred in full-capacity mixing operations. (xiii) Access for lubrication at all points shall be provided so as to avoid contact between the lubricating device or the operator's hands and any moving parts. (xiv) Any device or mechanism used to return "sponges" to a mixer shall be so interlocked with the mixer as to prevent injury to the operator. (xv) No electrical pilot or control cir cuits shall be employed at a potential in excess of 240 volts. (rvi) A motor-running overcurrent protective device shall be provided for each motor. Undervoltage protection shall be provided in all magnetic controllers. (xvii) Positive means shall be pro vided to prevent application of pressure above the stipulated maximum in all mixer cooling jackets. (xviii) Valves and controls to regulate the coolant in mixer jackets shall be located so as to permit access by the operator without jeopardizing his safety. (2) Vertical Mixers, ci) Vertical mix ers shall comply with subdivisions (i), (ii), (iii), (ix) through (xiii), (xv), (xvi), and (xvii) of subparagraph (l) of this paragraph. (ii) Positive means shall be provided to prevent injury to the operator during speed-change manipulation. (iii) Bowl locking devices shall be of a positive type which require the atten tion of the operator for unlocking. (iv) Devices shall be made available for moving bowls weighing more than 80 pounds, with contents, into and out of the mixing position on the machine. '<v) Every precaution which does not impair the normal operation of the mixer shall be exercised in providing pro tection of the operator against injury by the moving agitators. iti Dividers--(1) Pinch and shear points. All pinch points and shear points from' reciprocating or rotating parts of the divider shall be enclosed or guarded, to protect the operator's hands and fingers from these hazards. (2) Front guards. Guards at front of a divider shall be so arranged that the weight of dough can be adjusted with out removing the guard. (3) Rear of divider. The back of the divider shall have a complete cover to enclose all of the moving parts, or each individual part shall be enclosed or guarded to remove the separate hazards. The rear cover shall be provided with a limit switch in order that the machine cannot operate when this cover is open. The guard on the back shall be hinged so that it cannot be completely removed and If a catch or brace is provided for holding the cover open, it shall be de signed so that it will not release due to vibrations or minor bumping whereby the cover may drop on an employee. (4) Oil holes in knife. The oil holes in the knife at the back of the divider shall be of such size that an employee's finger cannot go through the hole. (5) Knife actuating arm. There shall be a saddle guard or other protective device on any elongated hole in the knife actuating arm at the back of the divider. (6) Shear pins. Dividers shall be equipped with mechanical overload re lease devices such as sheer pins. (g) Moulders--(1) Hoppers. Mechani cal feed moulders shall be provided with hoppers so designed and connected to the proofer that an employee's hands can not get into the hopper where they will come in contact with the in-running rolls. (2) Hand-/ed .moulders. Hand-fed moulders shall be provided with a beltfeed device or the hopper shall be ex tended high enough so that the hands of the operator cannot get into the feed rolls. The top edge of such a hopper shall be well rounded to prevent injury when it is struck or bumped by the employee's hand. (3) Stopping devices. There shall be a stopping device within easy reach of the operator who feeds the moulder and another stopping device within the reach of the employee taking the dough away from the moulder. (4) Cleanout holes. Machines shall be so designed that there is no shear point in close proximity to the cleanout holes. (5) Rear of moulders. At the rear of moulders all revolving shafts shall have round comers or cylindrical surfaces, and all bolts shall be flush. Tie rods shall be far enough from revolving parts to prevent a shearing or pinching hazard. (6) Adjustment crank. Where a re movable crank is used to adjust the moulder for different sizes of loaf, brackets shall be provided on the side of the machine for holding the crank when it is not in use. (h) Manually fed dough brakes--(1) Top-roll protection. Hie top roll shall be protected by a heavy gage metal shield extending over the roll to go within 6 inches of the hopper bottom board. The shield may be perforated to permit obser vation of the dough entering the rolls. (2) Emergency stop bar. An emer gency stop bar shall be provided, so located that the body will press against it if the operator slips and falls toward the rolls, or if the operator gets his hand caught in the rolls, and this pressure shall positively open a circuit which will deenergize the drive motor. In addition a magnetic, spring-set brake shall be de energized at the same time, causing the rolls to stop instantly. The emergency stop bar shall be checked every 30 days, (1) Miscellaneous equipment--(1) Proof boxes. All door locks shall be op erable both from within and outside the box. Guide rails shall be installed to cen ter the rack as it enters, passes through, and leaves the proof box. (2) Fermentation room. Fermenta tion room doors shall have nonshatterable wire glass or plastic panels for vision through doors. (3) Troughs. Troughs shall be mounted on antifriction bearing casters thus making it possible for the operator to move and direct the motion of the trough with a minimiun of effort. (4) Hand trucks, (i) Casters shall be set back from corners to be out of the way of toes and heels, but not far enough back to cause the truck to be unstable. (ii) A lock or other device shall be provided to hold the handle in vertical position when the truck is not in use. (5) Lift trucks. A lock or other device shall be provided to hold the handle in vertical position when the truck is not in use. (6) Racks, (i) Sharp splintered or rough corners and edges shall be eliminated. (ii) Racks shall be equipped with handles so located with reference to the frame of the rack that no part of the operator's hands extends beyond the outer edge of the frame when holding onto the handles. (iii) Antifriction bearing casters shall be used to give the operator better con trol of the rack. (iv) End guards shall be used at shelf levels on proofing racks. (7) Conveyors, (i) Wherever a con veyor passes over a main aisleway, regu larly occupied work area, or passageway, the underside of the conveyor shall be completely enclosed to prevent broken chains or other material from falling in the passageway. (ii) Stop bumpers shall be installed on all delivery ends of conveyors, wherever manual removal of the product carried is practiced. (iii) Where hazard of getting caught exists a sufficient number of stop buttons shall be provided to enable quick stop ping of the conveyor. (8) Overhead rail systems, (i) Handles for operating devices for trolley switches which hang less than feet 8 inches from the .floor shall be of pliable material. (ii) Floor scales. Nonshatterable trans parent material-shall be used to cover dials. (9) Dough chutes. The entrance to the chute shall be guarded so as to protect the employee from falling into chute, stepping into chute, or tripping over too low an edge of the chute. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 RULES AND REGULATIONS - 22293 not be used as a filler in horizontal belt guards. (v) For clearance between guards and belts, ropes or chains of various center to center dimensions between the shafts, see bottom of Table 0-13. (4) Guards for horizontal overhead rope and chain drives. Overhead-rope and chain-drive guard construction shall conform to the rules for overhead-belt guard construction of similar width, except that the filler material shall be of the solid type as shown in Table 0-13, unless the fire hazard demands the use of open construction. A side guard mem ber of the same solid filling material should be carried up in a vertical posi tion two (2) inches above the level of the lower run of the rope or chain drive and two <2) inches within the periphery of the pulleys which the guard encloses thus forming a trough. These side filler mem bers should be reinforced on the edges with 1 Vi-inch by Vi-inch fiat steel, riv eted to the filling material at not greater than eight (8) inch centers; the rein forcing strip should be fastened or bolted to all guard supporting members with at least one %-inch rivet or bolt at each intersection, and the ends should be secured to the ceiling with lag screws or bolts. The filling material shall be fas tened to the framework of the guard and the filler supports by %c-inch rivets spaced on 4-inch centers. Hie width of the multiple drive shall be determined by measuring the distance from the outside of the first to the outside of the last rope or chain In the group accommodated by the pulley. (5) Guardrails and toeboards. (i) Guardrail shall be forty-two (42) inches in height, with midrail between top rail and fioor. (ii) Posts shall be not more than eight (8) feet apart; they are to be permanent and substantial, smooth, and free from protruding nails, bolts, and splinters. If made of pipe, the post shall be one and one-fourth (1%) inches inside diameter, or larger. If made of metal shapes or bars, their section shall be equal in strength to that of one and one-half (1V4) by one and one-half (IV2) by three-sixteenths ($ie) inch angle iron. If made of wood, the posts shall be two by four (2 x 4) inches or larger. The up per rail shall be two by four (2 x 4) inches, or two one by four (1 x 4) strips, one at the top and one at the side of posts. Hie midrail may be one by four (1 x 4) inches or more. The rails (metal shapes, metal bars, or wood), should be on that side of the posts which gives the best protection and support. Where panels are fitted with expanded metal or wire mesh as noted in Table 0-12 the middle rails may be omitted. Where guard is exposed to contact with moving equipment, additional strength may be necessary. (iii) Toeboards shall be four (4) Inches or more in height, of wood, metal, or of metal, grill not exceeding one (1) inch mesh. Toeboards at flywheel pits should preferably be placed as close to edge of the pit as possible. (p) Care of equipment--(1) General. All power-transmission equipment shall be inspected at intervals not exceeding 60 days and be kept in good working condi tion at all times. (2) Shafting. <i) Shafting shall be kept in alignment, free from rust and excess oil or grease. (ii) Where explosives, explosive dusts, flammable vapors or flammable liquids exist, the hazard of static sparks from shafting shall be carefully considered. (3) Bearings. Bearings shall be kept in alignment and properly adjusted. (4) Hangers. Hangers shall be inspect ed to make certain that ail supporting bolts and screws are tight and that sup ports of banger boxes are adjusted properly. (5) Pulleys. (1) Pulleys shall be kept in proper alignment to prevent belts from running off. (ii) One or both pulleys carrying a nonshifting belt should have crowned faces. (iii) Cast-iron pulleys should be tested frequently with a hammer to disclose, cracks in rim or spokes. It should be Table 0-13--Horizontal Overhead Belts, Ropes, and Chains 7 Feet ob Mobs Above Floob ob PLattobm From ID' to 14' Inclusive Width Over 14' to 24' inclusive Over 24' Material MEXBEB3 Frame-work........... 1H'x 114'1 V s 2' x Me'............. 3'l3'l )*'-............ . Angie iron. FOler (belt guards)................. lH'iMe'.................. 2'x Me'.................... 2* x Me'.................... . Flat iron. Filler and vertical side No. 20 A. W. G......... . No. 18 A. W. G..... No- A. W. G_.......... . Solid sheet metaL member. Filler supports_________ .... 2* x Me* flat iron___ 2' x M' flat iron..... 2M' * 2H' 1 H* Flat and angle. angle Gu&rd supports.................... 2'1 Me...................... 2'xM'...................... 2M'xM*.................. .Flatiron. TASTENINGS Filler supports to framework. (2) He'....................... (2) H'........................ (3) M*..................... . Rivets. Filler Cats to supports (belt guards). Filler to frame and supports Me'rivets spaced... (chain guards). and 4* centers on bottom. Guard supports to (2) H'......................... (2) Me'...................... (2) Mr....................... . Rivets or bolts. frame work. Guard and supports to over >4'x3M'lftf screws M' x 4' lag soews or M'x 6'lag screws Lag screws or head ceiling. or M' bolts. M' bolts. or M'bolts. bolts. DETAILS--SPACING, BTC Spacing between filler Spacing between filler flats (belt guards). Spacing between guard supports One-qnarter wider than belt, rope, or chain drive. 20'C.toC................. 16' C. to C _______ 16' C. to C............... 2* apart..................... lYi apart.............. . 3' apart OTHER BELT GUARD ITLLtNO PERMITTED Sheet metal fastened as in No. 20 A- W. G......... No. ISA. W. G........ No. 18 A W. G._.... Solid or per* chain guards. (orated. Woven wire, 2* mesh........ No. 12 A. W. G........ . No. 10 A W. G......... No. 8 A. W. G........ CLEARANCE 7B0U OUTSIDE OI BELT, BOEE, OR CHATS DRIVE TO GUARD Distance center to center of shafts. Clearance from belt, or chain to guard. Up to 15' inclusive.. Over US' to 13 inclusive. Over 25' to 40' Inclusive. Over 40'. borne in mind that the sound is usually the pulley. (iv) Split pulleys should be inspected to ascertain if all bolts holding together the sections of the pulley are tight. (6) Care of belts, (i) Quarter-twist belts when installed without an idler can be used on drives running in one direc tion only. They will run off a pulley when direction of motion is reversed. (ii) Inspection shall be made of belts, lacings, and fasteners and such equip ment kept in good repair. (iii) Where possible, dressing should not be applied when belt or rope is in mo tion; but, if this Is necessary, it should be applied where belts or rope leave pulley. not where they approach. The same pre cautions apply to lubricating chains. In the case of V-belts, belt dressing is nei ther necessary nor advisable. (7) Lubrication. The regular oilers shall wear tight-fitting clothing and should use cans with long spouts to keep their hands out of danger. Machinery shall be oiled when not in motion, whereever possible. 1910.220 Effective dates. (a) The provisions of this Subpart O shall become effective on August 27, 1971, except as provided in the remaining paragraphs of this section. (b) Hie following provisions shall be come effective on February 15, 1972: No. 202--PL n----- 25 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 37, NO. 202--WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1972 BFG30484 24358097