Document 5b26MMDEE5jQn1LewoXbMvgez

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1961 DOC#: NSC262 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC National Safety Congress Transactions - Labor Safety, Marine Industries & Railroad Industry N ational VOL 13 Ly un b Ja U k i oQ An tv p J u i *jr i r r i% JL y a NATIONAL SAffTY COUNCIL 435 ffcw i k U g m Av** CHtoefe 11. HI***# for Tfo* tt* f e M 1 Ifo w arns* (MteM* m m m me fife fo at m iner until scrotal wifo Iter / fe n c e Im started worittag with % m h . On * reaction has devikiped, fogr mas* exeretoc **** t t v ^ y i M hMtbfly a order to premmk n m t t a u t . High foray Froi* Ttyf n e e for missile supremacy and the o e l M i h i ol g u m has fin fm H d us wttli inrftased probfe'its el expense to high (fo U h t h sad A nr fomifMitwa m d M s. Among them me kg&maw and the horaaes~dilwnm!v pa n hwaiwt end decaborane. Hydros* finds it* me as propeltetts fuel. either alone or with other compounds sadi m nitrk add, hydrogen peroxide or oxygen. It has a nsaximum allowable cooa m m ioB of one (1) pert per mstlton, and in addition to the inhalation hazard, the material hi absorbed through the skin. It is primarily a central nervous system stimulant caning c&ritmoeat, omndsiara and cyanosis. Dibmtee to a p a at room temperature sad has a nrutirmim allowable eonecntiad m of CU part per nullum. Inhaktior produces gwtion, edema and hemorrhage in the Itmgs. Its teutteity to comparable to that ol ffeewgene. Ptttafcorane to a volatile liquid with a tentative maximum allowable concentration o l HUMS port per USm ; bowcror, to to nemwBmdtd that 1 q w w fi fo Nl* m ar to aero at to possible tfom o a d pswventfre or thengeatfe to lw yet Decafonme is a did bsriag a tonM fo maximum alloaralde coneestoratim of * past per adtlkiei. Both decahonone and pentabotane attack the central nervous ays* tern. Protection to best afforded by the use c*t air-supplied respirators or cartridge-type respirator* that are specifically designed and designated lor protection against these -eam- pounto. In concluding this brief di*cuso, may I point out to you that the service:* of your local, state, and federal health^agen cies are always available to you. Should you desire information on the potentiaS health hazard associated with any material or process to which you or your associates are exposed in your particular place of work, fed free to contact any one of them for assistance in evaluating the problem. RKTKttKNCSS t Easton. William H., msd Ft QaasaT Industrial Msdictn. Vol. H, *.. m, p. 417. Oct.. IMS. 3. gSseabud. U . et U l , Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, p. 3131 IMS. t. Barnard, Howard W. and Bendersou, YwtdauT `Kojttoos ;toses," tteinhold PublishIng Cone., 1M3. 1. Stokinger, Herbert B., Pb.B., Industrie > Hygiene Quarterly, p. 3*1. Sept., MM. 0CCURAT3ONAI HEALTH HAZARDS MEDICAL ASPECTS By H ER B ER T K. ABRAMC. M.D. Medical Director, Union Health Service, Inc., Chicago I would like to quote from a famous writer ins description of a "modern" com munity: It was a town of red brick. or of brick that would have be red if the smoke and **re* had allowed it; but a* matters stood it we a town of unnatural rod and Mack like ut* twisted tee* of a savage. It was a tows of naacMaasy and tall chimney*, out of which totorsalaabte serpeots of smoke trailed themsetve* tor ***r and ever, and msver got un coiled. It had a biwrit cans) in It. and a river that ran purple with }JU~aaMUtng dye. sad vast pile* of buildings foil o windows bet* there was a rattling and a treteki'.jig >' long, and where the piston of iho h *! engine worked monotonously p tw,ri o-owti like the howl of an elephant in * s.iie o: metanchoiv madness. It contained s,tv.m`.> uryi' streets all very like one amuio-r. hum .*(; all street* stiu mor* lake me another in habited by poop ~ equally like one- another who all went In anil out at the same hour* with the same sound upon the K,iat pavemenu, to do the ..toe work, .mi to -noa. every day was the same a* yea*Imi too: tomorrow, and every year the count* rpurt m tha Ust and the next. . . . I96t S a lio m ! Safety Congress volved." I am quoting from the Report of inthintries, the Atomic Power Investigating Commie on to the 71 General Assembly, State mediase 1 also b.rg* of Illinois, March, 1959* phyrics) r differ' In the same report, the study found that: the water Ore* ooaUmlaaUoM ami z tm lw level of OfH" ttx: rwdiattoo typify nearty it rodtaai p w m i i show tbu ineuitatkxu to ntteou tocttoUd to the aur* rey. Thaoe eoorfttfoas i m t t oraas * tofk ot areas exj w s a js a jk s . residents Before you try lo guess winch city this the jSanV * notssi by the_ tooUmtoyted it, k t me tell you. ( harks Dk-kem wrote p ep traad r*g* ltturtog tbeheore. the toefc tiibercttloi this in his book Hard Times, published in of toeel exhaust venttteltm m d pruoensi of -ontaminatio* in ewUog area. In aMStton, c; flw li 1854, describing a typical city in England it was noted that iabela on euatotoor at lieu I'I <! during the veart. i the mdto.in.il revUu- radlum-lumteous compound 4 not etwteto l a h n u tlte ae to Us* quantity Mr pel tkm (I7M J0). The description n<H too tlrfty Included. In all rwdlusa --s this )i familiar for comfort to us in America in veyed. little or no uee woo made at p sonaei raooitoriar devieee. eueh as S in hedyee condition 1% 1. at a time when we arc g' tn . through and. therefore, there la no adequate regard anoilier industrial revolution: 0101113601). of radiation exposures ractovod by wortctoi, sonnet. * On'Vftt/i- atomic energy, space travel, and many fiowerfut new ehcirtcsds. They are excit This was Illinois, 1958--thirty years after I' V i-U fO sifsed #n ing developments, They offer ;i promise of the tragedy of the girls who painted watih the tj'iw: a wonderful world of tomorrow However, dials: they pointed .he brusher cimtsimng they also p>*e serious threats 1 our health radium pair.t with their lips, and later died raw: <i and well being, unless they are properly con of lame cancer. fin si, |ii ' '-h'lfl 4. trolled. The role of environment on health grow* tl'iTp -rniur. We must ask ourselves whether we are in importance as we gradually control th< linn licttcr prepared to meet these threats than infectious disease agent* that caused th* <f;W Mr*. the English were 151) years ago Certainly, ;>tagues of old, ami .r the chemical and tinicclln1, we are better prepared technically. In SlsOO. physical hazards of our industrial environ f.iol 1.tfr except in a, few instances, little was known merit become ever monr impor'ant deter >r *.* t the health as|iert* of exposure to iniaants of ur health and nr diseases .I Trim -meals, to ionizing radiation, or the cf- \ recent report of the Public Health Servic* tens of long hour , of work, poor lighting made for the lit,use committee rut appo r r''" " and ventilation. Today, however, our tech priatton.* state*- "After (tearing the e*i iirkh' nical knowledge is sufficient, so that we can ilence, the members -,,i the sub. ommiUes: mi: ;r Tf say with assurance that we know ttow to conclude that the health hazard* result*? use any chemical with safety. We know from change* in the environment arc fa" ii'r hr-.?,.1 1r M'irr, how to set up proper protective measures greater than is generally realized ,w l that to make every job safe. all levels of government, industries, uvt -it.%, ,i| The big question is. `'Are wr uHli.uiy research and d n n t k n l tusntuthms fier i `1 ''t:-1.I, tin knowledge'" to step up their effort* > dd W i l l ' till' HMTijtlff Perhaps >< who represent workers in problem."* V industry know tlte : .t-xer lietter than I The number or citcinicai man- 1,1 is r i i, .0 i 1 ; -i k. 1 tin Let me p i t >0 only *0 examples 1* bring exposed to i> iticEv.r mg ^ . t t ',t i that will help provide the answer, in Illi Over 600 chemicals art- c u m 1!; ly bciii.: nois, in 1958, there was found "a drug added to food; over o'*) rsl'h-in x r ilii'i* 1 ' -n v i-';o packaging plant wltere iOJ employees were iNHMicidcs -.re used Mutually, in t ! I'tlllc -C .In., i" ! ( subjected to a full body fluoroscopic e x State* Approximately 500 tie* d , .tim e :l'. -it'i'i'lbrrt amination each -.1 > as they left the plan! re iuiroduced on the 1 mtol `M-i'e0 M o . r k - - liT m -r as a check against pilferage, 1 htritig the each year. : -,7, ...... . , examitiatkui, the entire body from the top The occupational ertvunnnscru i- l)tc let O f of the head to the hot tom of the shoes element in our total environment ( tor of iC.ui'f was exposed to ionizing radiation. The rupations largely determine bow and where 1r ,j ',|0' firm had practiced tins 5r. edore on all we as individuals will iivc, and, triij.irccii* employees tor 12 1>, but discon- -,.r directly, may actually nfluciKe out !1n. dnoed 1 when advised of toe hazards in expectancy art:! our mud-- of d* ath. 'Doi 6  4R *t> rf I AseenMy, State e *tady found chat: WVIpINKSh of r I--thirty year* alter . who pawn'd wot-th brush* mtairaigf lip, and b ier died *t on health /few # radially cmtrol the its that reused the s d a chemical and r todustml environ important eteri and our disea#, Jub! ' .1 Service -.i approrr hearing the evi >f the subcommittee Ith hazard resulting environment are fat fly realized am! that tent, iao-iitries, and taj mstitutkm need t io deal with the mical materials nutincr< ing iMssaiith are currently being 00 mUin> in.-un-i cr anally, in die United 500 neu chemical# United State* marie' /ironmrai is, the basic mvironmcnt Our tiemine how and where live, and, indsrectly By nA m ee our Id* mode of death. Our UitiW Safety te udtfihan to affecting the im mediate cfebt-fcour wm kinx erm nm m M , also l u p t y t N M for the chemical and physical oeum aiunu ki the air we feratthe, the water we drfcdt, awi in the food we t a t One example will Uhattrate: recent studies show that people Bring in manufacturing a te experienced higher death rates than residents of mnwumfacturiMg areas. The difference was greatest ft t cancer, and n d t r a M * of the respiratory tract (mainly of the fangs), and for various forms of heart disease* Air pollution was a major factor in caus ing this greater mortality. Ink socio-economic ctswlttion# also played m important role. OceMfariom! [Humes Occupational disease hazards may he clasm M m various ways, For example, by the type of agent which causes the dis ease: chemicals, in the form of liquids, ducts, gases, fumes and vapors; physical agents, such as noise, katiztng radiation, abnormal temperatures and pressures, vibra tion, and physical strain; infectious dis ease* agents, such as the germ that causes brucellosis in meat-packing home workc-s and farmers. Or occupational diseases can he studied according to the part of the body affected or the kind of disease For exmtpfe, many toxic chemicals may attack the skin, ca#iug an tnfhunmatkm which we call derma titis, These or oilier chetrkals may affect she hangs, the liver, the kidneys, the bones, or various combinations of organs of the Isody, and, in many cases, the entire system. Occupational diseases may be acute and temp .mary, or may be chronic and long-last-ing Brief exposures to certain chemical* may produce symptoms tlui are of short duration, and the individual recovers quickly. A good example of this i* metal fum* fever, ssmg from inhalation oi the fumes pro duced when certain metals are heat:! to temperatures .hove the rnelti r point. Among the metals srbkh can tause this are rim:, copper, magnesium, cadmium, iron, nva: ganew. and h er . More important, however, are the chronic diseases of industry. These are .he dis eases of relatively kwg duration arising uaUy from 1 atg-contmued exposure to relatively small anKxaats of toxic chemicals. Sometimes tlwse dtseases <k>not show sytny toms until long after, m wiifwiy csiws yitsif^ after, the exposure has oppel A good example of this t* bertylliksm, a metal which may result in serious and fatal hang disease up to 15 or sow year* alter breath ing the contaminated dust or fume*. We must remember that diteue*. like everything rise affecting living things, can not be put into rigid categories. Hot all chvonic nccupatior 1 disea.ms rmed to resuit from long-continued exposure. Only a brief exposure to a large ikwc c,i itmiring radiation (X-ray or radioactive chemi cals) may result in cancer. Similarly, ;t brief exposure to a sufficient dose of car bon tetrackWide may result in chronic kid ney disease or liver disease. In other word, there are many variations and mabuiatioris of these conditions. To attempt a detailed listing of all of the rhemkais and metals which can catfe disease would only lie disturbing and cor: fusing, sod wre would be in danger of not seeing the forest for the lie:. r .r r ; industrial chemical is dangerous. It is merely a matter of determining how dangerous i? is and establishing procedures for protect ing against it. The time is post when "ex perts" ran stand before a group of swrkers, or, for that matter, a group of p;,/stebm and scientist*, am! say without eridrwe that this nr that chemical wlieri akwiricd into the tvwlv is larmtess. 1 w all eolv a few years ago attending meetings of in dustrial physicians and being -bowri Xnv pictures of lungs of owd rainers, f:t1;t.ck with inhaieii coal bt-t, *' tring o<H that this dust was harmless. Yet. '<>< before Unit time, British scientist ` h>d tlttnutvstrated tliat coal dust cun ci-mu- disabling King disease in miner*. We in the United States wtire merely slow 1,l arrejit the evidene: C.1 "/ /fU* /. Uf< The tr.:-pir;twy -1'.^Ui:I 1 hr arid 1, rj-"f|X} }* thr' "Tf'phi f ' r - f M j ; chrom- : cau -t-d lo iri-11.1s ' I ;vs-cnv Tor :i Ifti . 'imu, tU list,'.r ti t'. it:'t:-1 til silica C'St.Cl- * init )> <\ e metal > \\ i rUr, f/ C:t` ; '-irS:- die tunnel <Jigger atsil i;ih*rs, cutses 1-,irj and o: U:n ?atid duieiv- suliesS "siIko- Similarly, we .bi .- ti.si ar-Wstos dllst i;*n-es a senMH )uj.p; dis*.-a colled J w 1961 M otional Safety Congress `attoestosis,,* And, dwrt b a 1 disestse fwm& m workers the manfacture ei alununa abrasives, called `Shaver's disease' (after Dr. Shaver who described it). The disc* has high concentration of stamina and silica. Dtatomaceous earth, a form of free silica, sttmbriy causes serious hm* disease And there b byssiao ri. resist ing from the inhalation of cotton dust Un til a handful of year ago, w se of the experts insisted that many dusts when in haled into die lungs were inert; that is, they produced no effect on the body. How ever, as we learn more, we find that these so-called "nuisance" dusts are also capable of causing disease. For example, tale, co rundum, feldspar, graphite, porcelain, barit-i, cement, mica, shte, kaolin, and many others. Even fanners, as well as grain handlers in the holds of ships, suffer from a respira tory disability when hthaiing large amounts of grain dust. They develop chronic bron chitis with shortness of breath, cough, etc. v.nronic bronchitis can result from inhala tion of irritating dusts, fumes and gases: for example; phosphorus chloride and Other volatile d ioride compounds, add fumes, phosgene, nitrous gases, aldehydes, solvents mu other chemicals. One of the leading toxicologist* in the country. Dr. Herbert Stnkitiger, of the Public Health Service, points out that: , our experience with oreupatkitMtf diseases makes it UUBctiH to cape the oouelusion that all duel, Irrespective of their nature. It breathed in suActont quantity sad tor Bulttclent time, may cause profound <Jaaa, to the iurt$. and erapitastoM the desira bility of the physician's obtaining an ac curate and thorough history on tadtvtduats sttapected of pulmonary disease * Other Chumic Diseases Let me discus* a few more o ' the chronic disease hazards. since these are the chief occupational health problems of the present day. The chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride, represent a large group of chemicals used in industry. These can damage the liver and the kidneys. The chemicals known as aromatic amines, represmated by beta napthylamioe, used m the manufacture of dye and other commodi ties, have been proven to cause cancer ot the urinary bladder. The astral nervous system--that is, the brain ewd spinal cord --cun be affected by many cLemkals. Tetra ethyl lead causes sev re brain disease called encephalopathy. Manganese, one of the im portant industrial metals, causes a disease that h fttmrbably simitar to multiple sderoia. Cashtw dmuiptmfe may cause se vere nervous system effects, affecting the nerve*, muscle*, and brain. Serious aad Mnettows fatal blood dis eases may fee caused fey exposure to betiaot. Of oonese, we know that ionlriag radiation in may fonw--whetber through expernr e to X-rays ec radkssetive chemicals--may cause fatal Mood disease* as well as various types of cancer. The bones can fee affected by exposure to radkaetive chemkak, fluorides, phosphorous, and other chemkais. Cadmium affect* the lungs and kidneys The heart may be affected by the seta! known as antimony, and possibly by nitro glycerin, stud there have been a number of reports that the beau may also l ; affected by brocelkwi* infection, which occurs amouM slaughter house workers and farmers. Nitroglycerin and related chemicals used in the manufacture of dynamite and o tte expletives take an interesting story and illustrate sotne of the problems in occup#-. tional medkine. Workers have been ex posed to this group of chemicals foe many years. They have known for many year* the severe headaches this chemical causa. For years, anno, we have heard report * of sudden deaths among workers exposed to nitroglycerin. We do know- that ibis chemical nas a powerful effect on tin* b'dIt causes profound reduction in fe w l ore:. sure, severe hcadadbes, palpitation of thm heart, nausea and vomiting, fanning, die.-, ness, and other symptoms, is can also cans skin inflammation. Whether it can rw.e heart disease is disputed. Even though wt have known this chemical for many year*,, there has been insufficient investigstbe -i the health hazards, and inadequate pres i; iye m t Marts. Cmcer Occupational cancer is cmc of our m m serious problems. It tJvo provides ns with a lemarkabit opportunity to study can-:: in general. The first breakthrough in the mystery of canct.- came with the discover)' of ;>n occupational cancer. In 1775, in England. Dr. }'arrival Pott called attention to soot as a cause of cancer of the scrorum iss chimney sweeps. These /ere M e boy wta climbed inta the dutnoeys to clean them or*. Year* after working in this, oixwimtkm, scrotum, w iwsnetrated year* we number cl. died of I ex (tei Sten: d iiddi'iiMS * ita M ii irai rom.Hbuii.ij: .'ss vnm.i.h ben i iTer, ai ijer, cimiti t skin, chro [.unii;,, iimd Eocused * in th woi and mimi" TU" Slmili di frequmt it som. . irritar.. A s.m.;ihT .multa.:.ri i mal i'.ijI' i: ,i 1iI! I !;.auliii Tim.i: im l. Ir .II; ...II mmc .<.0. ,drii :i Aiv ih'"r ri i ir hiilr:M rial -ir (ir li II!.; ... ani; .li it :i,..,,an:t lw u.il l'a.iil: rom "v :ro.ii.iOi'ii.. .'>r Thr .III Ira IT V o r n a a disease a f a r to aaAipte U t nay caule e tecta, a le rt mg the s. sa iatiil U m I d b - in fo iare to hmmi. A ioniring nfedhubo hrough exposure to lem kals wa y cause refi a t various typo can be affected by chcnacata, fictondea, chcwcslt taejra. bated by the metal d poasiMy by litio* t b a n a number of nay alte 1": affected which x w s among s and fanners, ated chemkaft used dynamic other creating tory and problema Et ocoup*- e n have hew ea- chemkaU for many wn fo r n m- years this .< ' ' ***, have *~.u sopor:' og worker exposed do know that this al effe on the body, iuction in blood pres t, palpita* ,ra of the iting. faius.no;, dirai" ms. it can also cause 'hetber it ran cauu ted. Even though we tkal for many years, ckn* iuvesttg&tkm of I madequate preventive is one I. our m wi also provides us with mity o> study auxer breakthrough in the me with the discovery ncer. In 1775, in Engott called attention to sneer of the serotans These nere little boys he chimney* to ciein fter woriddig in this ooa^aOnm, they died 1 cancer of tbc scrotum, whhA was traced to the toot which penetrated their taking. Simiteriy, for ymt* we have known that an excessive aamluLr of mamma tamers in Europe have M of tang cancer. (R oam sttsfies in our own aramum muses reveal J a tg e e s ib ^afls.teRtebrack I , . . S w e Am numerous other chemicals, tn addition to soaizmg radtetwn, have been dwaousrated to be capable of causa, or xctr&uting to Ae Avdopmene of, cancer in varkm (Mats of the body. Some examples are beta eaphthafaumne, which I mentioned earlier, ranting c w n r of the urinary blad der, oral tars which can cans ameer of the fltrini. (jufotstflcs which cause cancer of the foag, and many other. Recent studies have focused Magneton of t u g cancer haruds in the work of wridm, sheet metal workers and other metal workers. Skim Diatoms Skin dMesacs are, as you know, the most frequent type of occupational disease which we see. Most of them result from direct irritation by ehemkaf or physical agents. A smaller amber result from an allergic reaction to a chemical Almost any chemi cal contact can result in dermatitis. Many of the new chemkals are causing skin troubles. For example, the epoxy resins: These materials are bring widely used in electronics, amwchcs, pan rw-making, die- cuting; aircraft, and her trades--for sur face coatings and punts, melding smjurjmds, vark?tt4 g4%ffty*fry dcctfieti tttftil&iiaB Another group of cham ois which causes skin dismse are Ac chromates. Chrome ulceration of the Ate are well known. The ehkwinated hydrocarbons also may cause skin diseases. One of them is called `chk>r~ acW beoate it resembles acne. Machinist and metal workers often get a dermatitis from arWiag oils. Coe! tars produce Ain changes, some of whkh may -uni into can cer. There arc a host of other., too numer ous to mcatkm. Fraiactim These are only a few examples of the occupational disease hazards arising from r" tact with cliemkaU. The alert worker vis! become acquainted / nh the materia! fee is handling and the process he is using, so that he can help to protect himself and hi- felka". )f be .bool-, suffer excessive expend to some harmful material, he will know wind to trii the doctor who An, The alert factor will be able to e e m b te the occupatkasal history with the physical finding and sywfkoms amt decide wheAer the pattern is uffcriiiK from iy few occupational diseases produce such characterisfte qnuptom that they can be readily identified as a occufu ttonal dista \ After all, Ae body can reset to harm hit stiamH inly in Itamtcd miinber of ways, For example; a worker may have severe pain* in his abdomen. The* might be caused by appendicitis or by kari prison ing. Leukemia may result from unknown causes car from exposure to X-rays. A person suffering a certain type oi paralysis may have multiple sclerosis, a disease of as yet unknown cause, or it could be man ganese poisoning. The person who has & cough, shortness ,? tw*athf anil is losing 'sight, may have ttibercolo, silicx-Hs, berylliosis or cancer of the lungs. A hi*, lory including occupational history and a thorough examination is the only way of idling those conditions apart. Prevention All occupational Asea.se* are prevents bl* If we were doing our job right, we w>m*i have nothing to ta`k about today. The fact is that unknown numbers oi peopk: are suffering from a great vaitety of * cupattenal Aseases because we are net ade quately protecting against tht.n What ar-ir the protective measures which we wnvuii| follow? (1) Education: Employees should be given adequate training (or their jobs, to l!ut they tajderstand `he u t , kj*:w the ma terials they are har.JUnp, and, tWretere. can protect Aennelv. and other workers from injury. Key employers ihoukl * instnaciuJ in first aid Managenttm arwl ri`;mr iciih havi respountuliiies here Shop healib attd ytteiy committees can help te Ae health educatieri of workers. There u no juhefitnfe ftr knowledge. (2) Protectio o f the emw-mmenr. Thi moms from the air of harrafnl T.:ta, fumes j;.-- vapors. Thi , afcomphshcd 1 / racafii. of enj,.neering measures, such as eahaost ventilat. on. enctesure ok' bararAj processes, wetting down method iur Miptiressiul'i oi ra 1961 Xatum al S o ftly Ccttgress &**, and iubrtittrtion of less harmful for danipoos materials. Good fighting and rednetion of noise, etc. are other environmental problems that tlie engineer can help to solve. Only when engineering measures are not t***We Itould respirators or other personal protective device* be depended on for pro tection against inhaling of Imnnftil material*. (3 ) Good ktnuckeepmg and sanitary place o f work: This means a dean plate of work, free of dirt and dust, and accident haz ards. There should be adequate toilet, wash ing, shower, locker and eating facilities. Hand washing alone can often prevent dermatitis and ether diseases. All containers of chemicals should he properly labeled (4) Persona/ protective detneej; W her ever necessary, management should supply workers with respirators for protection against noxious dusts, fumes, and gases in the air; suitable gloves and work cloth ing for protection from harmful chemi cals; hard-topped shoes and hats for pro tection from falling objects; safety goggles, C!<` {5) Medical protection: TSiis includes first a>tl facilities and a medical department Every worker should liave a periodic physi cal examitirtion, not for the purpose of dis qualifying him for work, but for the pur pose of detecting disease early so that prompt measures can be taken to protect ins health. The physician Has an -thical obligation to inform the worker or his family of .my finding imixirtaru to his health. In addition to first a.d and medical care for work injuries, all workers and their families shoo'd have access to modem medi cal care, l.'n ons throughout the nation are obtaining sue! care through collective bar gaining. Union health center- and other plans, such as Health insurance Plan c-i <ireater Xcw York attd ihe cooperative health plans, arc attempting to bring good care, including preventive medicine, to work ing people. (6) Plant health and safely committees: Every place of work should have a com mittee of representatives of the workers concerned with th . ealth protection of the men and women is: the plant. This com mit*** should have authority to make pe riodic on* ' (lie plant arid m: t ttctrtm *dations to management. 1 1 . com mittee should meet regularly with nine plant physician, the nursing staff, the p te t safety and industrial hygiene engineers, and with other representatives of m anag to dis cus* health and safety problems, and to plan programs of education of the worker* in these problems. <7) iJ.aermment safety and indmirmi bytiene mencies: These agencies ihdUl be called ujHxi for help, whenever the m tm believes that management is not adetjuaiel) providing health and safety measures in anv particular problem. /fine IIV Are JJomg One Job How well are we doing in prutming our workers? Let me cite a few facts. The prevalence and incidence of occupational dis eases in the Uailed States is unknown, be cause in many states there is no reporting of occupational diseases. And, in those late* where there is reporting, it is iauagpitte and not uniform. Moreover, we know that numerous 'occupational disease# are not ree- ugnued because of medical ignorance, de ficiency in meoical education, deficiencies in workmen's compensation laws and health aw! safety law*. Health service* in many private induvtri.il plant, are inadequate, and w w worker* are employed in small plants wnare ms, i service* are not provided. Aeon:! ng m, tlx 'ubltc Heahh Service, '41 per cent of si-' labor force is not recci.mg proper indu*iml hygiene and health sets ices. The governmental agencies, tedeT.if, su ! and local, wh-ch are charged wsth mpurui bility for protecting the health ui wutkes v are for the most part grossly iiiailequiii. m their resources and services. I hey sufft s from lack of turds, personnel .wad "v-vd frr*m lack ot .turn Till. At least sewn "Ur *Ode-, hitvc? iJO occupati:sal ricalih ti'i'ii *r thn r hcaltl i i,r labor dspartmet.., -i ; &\\ i ! ti;t* Mlate .jenijsat io'i.d liieahlt age Cif.', in the e:ire country. lll'I-Ei: are h; v.mi tty ph>* employed Tisere is i nrui-'.'rmily nf industrial liealtli codes i -iawI;ards, and the fiat* dilier in the ha ard* regulated and iri thesr regtidatkms ( the same hazards. There is a serious and grown sh.,::jr"ayi:. of pH; ,iciat>> and other he,::U pervnnsiei Lttl'i m and out of industry. Hr Harold i M.-icruison, Chief of the I>ivi.HM.ai oi Oc ,upati.".n;d Health of ;hc U. S, rvfelic Heal) foe hk JCtM1 I ,u I i.tii ii: A Ell laws., lu ve II HU; El 111'K lilt'IE itt tl ,il.! t.-vriI IMli, wmJ by I'.iii;. Ilf' E i <ri;;f **' UlmiHUlulUHUUlllUIJj. ttfaurly with the ptmm m a t, the pls*tt mlty iM tn , and with 4 m m m tpm m t to <&problem and to plan of the workers 1 ely m i rn kt^ru t kye agentits slsM te whenever the unfat! wnt is not swteqwstely safety measures in i. her Job oing in pt 14.ting our te a few facta. T te ict o t ocmpaticmal dtsitates is Jmkswhi, feethere is m reportmg es. And. m itetse states rting, it is incnwtpfete irewer. v e know that il dismses not ruemedical ignorance, de falcation, deficiencies an ion hws and health ar*' raai. mdustjte I te, and workers tail plants where such ,ided. According to the ce, 90 per cent of the .riving proper industrial nicti. ageocie, federal, state charged with rep.*i- the health of worker. a r t grossly inadequate xl services. Tlwry sniffet Is, p*:onoel and even rity. At toast serif! 01 ccupattou-u health . labor departments, awl ccupattonal health u:en country', he* are k>s employed. These is m trial neald'i codes and states differ in the ham- in th d r refutations foi ls sad .growing hort-.gr other health persoiwie! industry. Dr. Harold ). A the Oivisttm of Ocf the U. S. Public Health Ijt&or Safely Senhae, estimate* that by 197ft industry awgmlnfMi gmnubmeb^l w pofuaMa^ eau Iins expeewfl to t o only 2900; while 35,000 industrial mkms will be needed, but only ftlMO are ayseted; and 3400 mdttstrial hygienists will be needed, but only 1600 are expected Workmen** Compettmiim Good workmen* compensation laws are hask to the health of industrial workers. Without strong workmen's compensation laws, it is difficult to see how we can ever have really effective mpletnaatation of our industrial health measures. The fact is that although the workmen's compensation laws are tibe carticst form of social legislation in the United State, they are in almost all cases hopelessly behind the time... They are inadequate hi their provisions for ce.u peusrtion, for medical care and rehabilita tion, and most of them have not been brough; up to date to permit equitable recogmtion and compensation for the injuries inflicted by radiation acid cbcmkal hazards which cause chronic diseases, usually after king latent periods between exposure and the first symptoms of disease. Two states still have no occupational dis ease coverage Nineteen state laws cover only specified diseases Most of the laws exclude farm work, dotnestk work and casual employment. In over half the states, employees in small esiablis.unems which have less than a specified number of em ployees are excluded, and in 12 stairs the laws apply mainly to a list of "hazardous" employments. Many white collar worker , are today excluded from the workmen's compensation laws. Research T!,c level of wir resea' it in occupational health is correspontlingly low. Research is largely in the tends of prY-ye industry, and it is guided -bstantiaSS) by the eco norme needs of the particular industry. Even where rest-arch is done in universities, much of this is sutmdixed for special needs by private industry. Governmental agan-ies sporadically Stave made excel! contribu tions, but their resources are chronically i .equate. There is an urgent need for a *yr*m 01 research and consultatirr facih tie in various parts of tte c-:untry where workers -ad employers hike can go for scic.tfic sohnioas .0 their piohlems. Hope for the Pwtmt Last year, a subcommittee of the House committee on appropriation* wilder Congress man Fogarty conducted hearings m these problems- These are published in 11 "Report on Environmental Health Problem," avail able through the Government Priming O f fice* It is atercstuv- reading. These hear mgs n is e i hope that better approptiatk* would be made to the Public Health Serv ice and other agencies for an expansion of services in the environmental health field In the meantime, there is a dangeroii* vacuum in the supervision of hazard* from iomzing radiation as differences prevail among the interested agencies, AEC, it. S. Pubtic' Health Service and the hates, over juradictioa in this field. At the moment, controls in this field are a patchwork with good programs in a few states like New York and G K c c a , to* ooor or almost mo-existent programs in most others. The implkatkms of all this should uc obvious. Occupational health and workmen'* compensation vitally and directly affect the health and life of working people. Yet the unions so far, for the most part, stitr. to be apathetic about this. Now that .m ions are deeply iavolwd in health innur ante, for the care of nmi-occupatinaal dis eases, perhaps there will 'te a resurgent of interest in the environsm-nta, factor* which affect our health. A few unions have tegu.it t help them selves. Some have negotiated clause* m ihe*r collective bargaining agreements emboflyiBg a number of the pm w sis : measure I outlined earlier, and have also asserted tor .union's right to bring Xpert aitjatiinto the plan* The United Auto Workers. Y.s : dey.tr> ~ mrtit .:>f occupational bestir':,,. suteriJ by two experts in safely and h> The International Asocial tort >" M,,cb lias a medical consultr-it. The : n u m 'ic c s i Ghemiral Workers' L'tiion ult-o las a fet-iit- cal cimsultant and recei.t!;' appointed .1 nh safct>* man. These mople can he ot v*e-'11' Iwlp to workers in providing them wini. expert knowledge and honest imi:irr.iitiot!. Obviously, however, ever;* cit.cr.jt, ;-w.i should not hire it own corps of expert* and set up i;s own research lahoraton*-. Wc are tkraling with b*.g s.wi;.| prekw:, and they must be met wrciaiH n JSW! N M iam i Safety Compress SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES By PAUL P . BOSW ELL, M.D. Senior Dermatologiirt, Provident Hoephal, Chicago Incidence o f Industrial Skim Diseases While there are at present no reliable statistics on the incidence of occupational dermatoses, their frequency is undisputed. Indeed, in World War II evidence indicates that there were more skin casualties than all other battle casualties in this very spe cialised occupation o f soldiering. In England, a three year study done be tween 1930 and 1932 inclusively, more than 72 per cent of all occupational diseases were found to be industria! or occupational dermatoses. Reports from the compensation boards in seven states in this country indicated thrt 65 per cent of all comperaible cites were occupational dermatoses, in a fashion more understandable to those of us accus tomed to cost awl tastes, this means an estimated loss of nrre than ten weeks per year with an annual cost of approximately one trillion dollars. T hr in itself, a stag gering figure. Anatom" m d Function uf the Skin With these tn A statistics, :L is well to ask somethug of tbetr body area, so ttuily 12 disposed *o such great measure of damage. And apt it is felt that a most miperfkial look at the anatomy and function of the skin, as it is related to this quest oft, in indicated especially for those not related to the medical sciences. It is not always realised that the skin is one of the most important organs ot the body. la its esnbryonte development, it represents the first of the three primary or basis tissues formed, the ectoderm. Am! from this ectoderm the largest sensor, or gan is developed, the brain.. So the skin is not only a prologue to the brain, i.m* remains the next largest senscry organ. Th skin is an organ, a very rumple* organ, constituting about one sstetcenth of the total body weight, it com >&, with in its comparatively thin structure, muscle*, blood vessels, ner.-w, gla-xli, specialtied cell such as these ih it produce pigment and appendages such a ivtils and hair. With over-simplification, we can divide the skin In two major lavers--an trrnet layer, called tltc corium and an cutter layer "led epithelium. The inner layer is tough, elastic and resilient, and its chief iurcti<, N ational *u ?CmQf uVrliif C ongress T ra n s a c tio n s VOL 14 MARINE INDUSTRIES NATIONAL SAFfTY COUNCI! 4 2 5 Mwrtti Mtehi'ac A venu Chie f 11. IMir-ois OfMMS Of THS MARINE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1961-62 General Chmfwum--W. l.vut B ill. Exec Vire Pres, Ymencrm Export Litw*. New York, X. Y, Exeeek* Cernerai Chairman--CArr. R. E. Mackey, Asm. Mgr.. Opcr4is Marine Ilr|.. T km Inc.. New York, X. Y. I'# General Chairmen (A tlm tk Areal--Jbhs H. IU w *. Y**t to 1'r tJ , ToM ShipyardCarp., New York, N. Y.; H G. Hoem#*, Y*ce Pres, atvi Operating Mgr., <.race Line. New York, N. Y. ; Chabi.c* I. Boy , Mgr.. Marine iV p t, Sun Oil Co.. Marrus Honk. Pa.; W. N. Damont. Vice Pres, and M*r., Marine Dept.. Sinclair Kenning Co.. New York. N. Y.; C .1. M n u u . Marine Mgi., Eastern O ir, Tidewater Oil <Y, Nest York, N. Y.: J. V. G M tu ataw w , Vice Fret. Marine iVpt.. Texaco Inc, New York. N. Y. : D m x u * Makscix, Mgr., Brooklyn Yard*. BdkWirm Steel On., Shipbuilding Dir., New York, N. Y ; R o m r J. T a b . Ea.ee. Vice I'm ., Lt*ckenl>a<*li S S. Co, New Y k, S, Y. ; Pamu Wise, Mgr., V. S Operation*, Marine Tramp. Dept. Sorooy Mobil Oil Co., New York, X. Y. I'tVf General Chmrmm (Gulf A rea}-~W m ri Ha aw, W e I're*.. Lyi,-- i;> S S. t .. N'ew Orleans, La. Pier C m n d C httm tm t'Paeift d n * i - - U m c* C. Foa> (Chairman}. Pres.. California Shipping Co, Sin Francisco, Calif.; Ra m.'< Srvw. P i ., Matson Navigation Co. Sen Frand, Calif.; Carr, T. C C o rs a i.. \*kr Pres.. Opentinns, American Presi dent Line*, San Francis. Calif. !'i, f Genera! Chairmen (Great Lakes Area'!...Davip !.. IUv h .ivv'v, 1Hr, Claim* Div . P-.tuburgh S. S. K ., I,'. S. Steel Corp.. Cleveland, f Mit->: .It n s I !ft>ai(x. \*st Mgr Marine Dept. Ck-retaiid -Cliff* Iron Co , Cleveland, Ohio I 'iee General Chairmen f t aland Waleneaps)- (tperatkeiv-F A. MccHuvn. Vice Pre-v, A.. I. Meihlmg Barge Lines, Joliet, 111; Membership ~W m. < McNtai., Vice Pre*.ril Transport Co. New Orksiw, La. Ci.;-c General Chairman (Shifhmlmttl--H isity Z. C tr r u . Pres., Avondale 'Shipyard Inc.. New Orlans, La. r ir e General (. htiirnmn /Fassentier ami Car;,a yret tees/ American Export Line*. New York. N. Y. Bi Juki n* x. \ ce Pr.: ' G e n e r a l < mtirmeH ; Tankers) C m t W B C h u h u j *. Keytom- SOypoig . Philadelphia, Pa.; Chabxks A. ` ei.vt.ii. Marine Sr.fetv E n g r, The .vlantic fOtl.ii-i;.: C o , Philadelphia, Pa. J *t, r General Ckirirman /Coastal ftfr/ums and International W r lv i -me. niions) - C-* .\i rw.o C. hi cKstoso l > C G . 'Mitmamiam. l \ S. < ua-i 1 .'ar-.i. V. `hingtoo, l 1 - .'hairmaa, Xemuttin t i-"r'< itee K e . ' x \ \ Ox, Boston. M Hekkv . W r ' 'r I n.i:, hr- >? - Y r e ltw y -- W At i.A C i. M . ..X . S u p v r . 1 Mobti Oil ''t,, New York. \ Y .rA ' ' i . M .-.i - l . i !. - 1 .1 M Advisory C(*r'milte>' Past Gnrai <'huirm.-ry - Koi*un h. ' ''i -1<:r O , -- u , `t < sres , Optrsu-ici-' M*--r** M ' r-1 ; < j :-*f-, B li I: c Aftrt. W e F m ,, Liuted Fruit Co-, Bottott, Mass.; L. H. Q uackenbunh, Vic* I 'm ., staile Marine Lines, New York, N. Y.; Caw . Joncs F. Di m j s . J*., Vice Pees., Lnited States Lines, New York, N. Y, ; Jo s it D. Rogers, Gen. Mgr-. Marine Dei, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas; H arry X. Kelly, Mississippi S hilling Cs,, (Delta Lines), New Orleans, La.; John G. Pew, Jr , Vice P res. Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Chester, Pa.; Rear Adm. George W auchopk, Exec. Vice Pres., Farrell Line, New York, N. Y.; Leuth U Sancord, Shipbuilders Council of America. Fetham Manor, N. Y. ; Louts B. P ate, Consultant Natl. Cargo Bureau. San Fr. ncisco, Calif.; Rear Am. P.obert C Lee (Chairman), Moore-McCormack Lines, New York, > V.; V ice Adm. Edward C Holden. Ik . CSNR . Ret , Dir of Safety, Maritime Safety Foundation, New York, X. Y. Adniinistrafive Consultant--H asold M. W ick. Asst Vice Pres., American Bureau of Shipping, Ne York, N. Y. .bittfouf GeneraI Chairman ( Programs. ( 'U'OitiiiiiiS Robert P. Robert, t. hief Safety L n g r, Todd Shipyards Corp., New Y'ork, N. A'. .Hlt tant Generai Chairman (Membership)--S t use v W ho W t Den. Mr . Marine D i' . Hutnhle Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas Dir, fur. Safety Information and Posters -Cam . Mit.toN Ureec. Marine Dept, Il timide f il & Refining Co., Houston, Texas i'ic Getterai Chairmen (Stevedoring)--Anukew D. Warwick. I're s. ! Hogan & S"jo, !nc, New York, N. Y. ; Robert P. Alikn, Safety & Wage Vlw . Castle & C<* kr. !nc , Honolulu, Hawaii I ( t o r . Public Relations.. Frank Bravkari, Dir.. Public Relations, .vforar, "l >-wing & I'ransp. Co., New York, N. V M ir'd or, Maritime Associations- -Cari. K. McDowell, Klcc. Vic e !`ie,, Am. Poi. ot Marine C aderriters, Ne York, N. A'. / ' Marine Xexesletter--W arren D L indsay, Dir. of Safety. I'nited State I-me Ne York, N. Y. REGIONAL ACTIVITIES . D tifami fu f 'see G, nera! ( 'hairman '( <>astal Regions and international i onz et - ti i -Rear Aum. Edwin J. R ilassi, Commander. 3rd Coast Guard Hist., Custom 1 i.i m . New York, N. Y. ; Cap. A. H. McComb, J r-, U, S. C G., Chief, Internali--a! Maritime Safety Coordinating Sta'T, l S. (oast Guard, Washington, D t ASSISTANT CHAIRMEN 41antic Region Tanker <if, r it.ims t .wer W it i.Ia v ft A miLH-oN, Mgr n" 1 'a;: a n o n 1-. Marine Div . The Atl.mtw Rrfmm-.r Co. f'liiladeiplua. Pa . 1 alt M.srrt.si M*. ;m.-\ Mgr., Co h i - last ( i.it <iiwratkitt. S-<} Mobil Oil Co. New York. N, Y . J f S Brewster, Dir .t <fperitinsw, Marm I Vp*. Gulf Dil Cnrp., Sew York, N Y Gulf Retji >n...Ships. Stevedoring- -('apt J B Rucker. M gr, Accident ire D :v . l.yke Bros. S. S Co. New Orleans. L a.; Kari t. vmitk, Stet? Dir., Waterman S S ! o rp , Mobile, A la.; O. P. Viu .arroma Claim Agent & Safety Mgr.. T. Smith Y Son, New f'trlean. La ; E. R. Slawin, Safety Dir , Mississippi Shipp.ng C o , (Delta I trat New Orleans, La. Pi ;riftc Hi gioii...'o' :fr. Sf,-:. une; - Robert S nDE< . D ir, Accident Prevention Bure*. Pacific Maritime A o n , Sa -, i;r,ou-;o.'o. Cali O ( i n r :a sn , Sa fetv En* ,atsoo Navigation 1 o, San Francisa:, C>h' ti rrot ( t!j Ciaf Co-, Cleveland Cleveland, OS [lieeetor, ftLttiM! American Wat Attuiatri Dir ecu .Asiila,ml (ht & Houston, Text SPECIAL SET t fifltYww1, Skip Meretuan Ma: CltaVli, Ytoiil: New Y oik, N .VkiyfiBiiJdiar't s Ftigf.. ilmlm Niff , T.o`i ' 11 Indnso S vi1 p ' c n t ' l S . V,1 \-.c: Pimi I,i, M.I Il la, I 'i.i.n a 1 hr. li S ! i GO VII P I'mI ................miiMimni.,..,^..|.|.-.,.h||l cEKw*a, Vke P * , n u n , J., Vice Pn.t . M p ., MaAs* Dept... v, Mottnipp ShtfpBi* P t , Sun Sh.pSmtWmg **e Vice Pre*., Farrell Council { America, Bu, o u , San Fr-vnoswo, tuck Line, N York,, if, of Safety, Maritime , American Bureau oi . Koarrr, Chief Safety lien. M gr, Mantle Dtv., , Marine I teju , Humble 're, T, Hogfii-i Si Sun4., .Vim.. Caw le & Cfomite. tiott. Met,.11. ""win# & ice Pi*-. .Atn, Imi of l C'l l.JSjC' ntematUmal ( `cm -intimi (1 Dist., f ,,-mm H-s-nse. G., Chief. Issst-m.iiiiMrijil rngton, 0 . < ivix, Mgr. Operaste-. C.\rr. W.ti T* Mat-son, Yew York. V Y : H. S . New York, X. Y. iccident Pn-v. >jv., Tykes ir.. Waterman S. S. C w p. j r , T. Smith & Son, Ne l*ping Co, {Delta sites'. .-cident Prevent Bureau. an, Safety Erls..!, Hat-sou Great Lakes Jfe^wa ..iSusk t arru-rr--War. la kmr, Mgr., Safety ! *<`t*t., Interlakt* S S S?" L C. Matia, Vice Pres., The W ilwn Marine Tranistt Co., O m faod, Ohio; Cart. J, M el**, Marine Inspect* Ofiker, Cleveland, Ohio D y * m rf Im im i Waterways, Operating and Shipbmidinf- B*a %to v B Caw, Pres. The A *t*kaa Waterways Operators, Inc,, VVashiwghai. I). C. /issistamt Directors, Inland Waterways--R am in L. G*av, Mgr., River Operati#. AdUmd Oil 6 Refining Co., Ashland, Ky ; G. A PrrwKtK, j* . P m ., Dixit Carriers, Htwttaa, Texas SPECIAL SERVICE COMMITTEES Ckm m m , Ship (h o u rs and Associations Commit$a-.. Rau*h E, Cam v, Pres., AmetRan Merchant Marine Institute, New York, K. Y. Chairman, Statistics and Contests Committee---I. 1 Mono., Safety Stir, fir ace Lint, New York, N. Y. Shipbuilding ami Ship Repair Commll**--V.'aikwmettT Dawson (Ckoirmm,>, Safely E ngr. Bethlehem Steel CV., Bethlehem, Pa.; R. H. C mai-w.u , J s , tntl. Relations Mgr , h lectric S a t Dir., General Dynamics Corp., <.rot,:. Conn ; 1< l) Diu.-tihu n, indust Relation* Mgr., Maryland S. B. ft D. D. t o . Baltimore, Md.; \ \ w. D F e e h a n , Safety Kttgr., Sun S. B. dt D. D. Co., Chester, P a . , H b m a s ,1 X ohdmwhi, Asst. Plant Protection Kngr , Newport New# S. B. I D. I> * Newport J ames O'ikiNNt.i.i, Dir. oi Safety, Avondale Shipyards, Inc. New <?!ear,, P pKi-HAW, Safety Dept., Ingalls Shiphuikling Co;,, p 3ayuula. Mi. , Kohckt, Chief Safety Engr., Todd Shipyard# Corp, New York. N. i i ; i Dir. of Safety, Albania Dry dock & Shipbuilding C o . M bile, Ala. f k i n m . Ships Safety Achievement Awards Committee --Cam - h>xt.- P. I 's.vu , G , Vice P res, I 'nited States line*. New York, N. Y. Chairman, fty iw rriiw and Minimum Standards Committee- t .u-t. C P. Mi.h h iv . I '.S.CG., Asst. Chief, Office of Merchant Marine Safety, C. S ('nasi Guard. Wash irigtoo, D. C. ('fainiwN, fiitw n (\m m itiee far Cargo Ship and ianki iJiscursi >n Croups.. Cait K. H S mith. Mgr., Safety Dept., United States P. k 1 A tetwy, lw ., Nest York, S . Y. Tanker Safety Disettssum Group--C a n . (i. P. Iliaso x 'Chairman). Marine SMi d air Refining G>., Marat Hook, Pa , P ost 11. D avh *o s - r i c e Cl\a\rn,ute /. Co Refinery, Marcus Hook, Pa ChaArmar, Cargo Ship Discussion Group ('set, K. X, Le I'Afit, SafetyNew York, N. Y. t 'hafrnuin Great Lakes Safety Discussion Grout lotlS MS.VVINC, H ai--a i 'k A-ienis, Ocvelatal Ohio cViiiii'iu.in, Guv t Discuss^ Group..Ca p i , J, B. U u s , l >< Kiiurg :<iui Satt-*y Dir . > Coast Guani, W.,-- myt- ;i ' i .fi.-uri 'amtmftriT" C arr K. Mackev i t hsirmoni, m ;-i nine 3kept., Tex.,-;r-o Inc . New York. N. Y ; j M IX sir-t - S' 1 I I * A \ !K. N . S ; ' A I T ! K * Nil* AN ` ;i G OVERNM ENT COMMIT PEES i is.ii-1.1, w XJ.-eiv / ill I, .1- }or R c - j . i i , . S ' . ' i i ' j ; Mi?.'4, tltief. Office of Merchant Marine S i i t i y C S t a*AM Aost H .y tm P SHtMtt sa, I'S .C G ' kd-redt ................................limn ( w t ti- i fo r S a fety--National Defense Transport.. Vie* Apm. Rmr A. l.iw , V.S.N , < lmmjrrxier. Military Sea Trais-j Srr\ice, Washington. 1* C, ? ' attsfortatiim f"mmiltee, M S T S A tlanta A rea- C' a w . D A S in VKf ; 'UNifir R*** A#m. E B. M c K m tiv : f t w j 'r - C J t n ,) R, I.e w ; Tor FnH Ar-na--CAtn H r> Snriat: Gulf W Aren t'ai-i ! W W m n 1 i airm m , N ational / V / r t v '/ ran sfratati-n S'- mint, .< l `a f t . M 1 Adnuitistrati). Whingk, I f C. av, Maritime t, itairman, Safetv Committee for /..wn/sAi-'vwr Harbor I t'.trier. R. \V. N'fTt'KJtsTHOW. Chief Mariti],.. Safety Servire-., litirc.iit <i i,al.>r Standards, V. S. 'kept fi{ Labor, Washington, I f C i imrmaa, V. S. Nai;i! Sliipvntds \afeix t .immirli r m-t .I T Kiimav I>ir <.{ Offite of itidtw. Relation-. I ' S \a \> I K-j.t. Wa-Hngtnrt. f> C V tiff A T f . f - r , \ V I t'TN, Vati-Il..! XIK <' otic ll, t Iiii.'ifo National Safety VOL 22 RAILROAD INDUSTRY NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 t M MidiifOfl Avnw C hin* 11, ail Q FFICm OF THE RAILROAD SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1961-62 General Chairman--H. C. Daui.tok, The LniisvilW & Xsudnslle Kiiilruail Co., lA uiw ilk, Ky- Lice Chairman--1). P. Kusseu , Canadian Pacific Railway Co , Montreal, Qttebee I'ier Chairman--W. V. H *vis, XV York Central System, New York, K. Y. AVrretary and Newsletter Editor--(> K He*TUOM, Chicago K o d Island & Pacific H. 1C C o , Chicago, III. Associate Newsletter Editors Southeast--G. W Meeedith, Norfolk & Western Kailwav Co., Roanoke. Va. t t 'esf--U . A. Niftaevr, The Southern Pacific Co.. San Francisco, Calif. CY/ra/-~A. W. S hea, Chicago, Milwaukee, St, Paul & Pacific Railroad C<>, Chicago, PI Eastern--H. A. H a t , Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad Co., Richmond, Va. SoM/hm'/f--G, R. Knight, S t Louis Southwestern Railway Lines, Pine Bluff, Ark. t .rtttda--J. K. Bannerman, Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Quel.ec <.'cutest and Statistical Committee--W. C Larawav (Chairman), The Ifelaware & Hudson V. i,r- -1 Co., Albany, N. Y .; E. I . Doooak /'Pice Chairman), Atchist.ti, Topeka k a |> Railway System, Chicago, III- *, G. E. Gerry, Bureau of Railway Economics, assn, of American Railroads, Washington. It. C .; T. L. Hii.t'tSRANtt, S*< Line Rail road Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; G. W. Meredith. Norfolk & Western Railway t Roanoke, Va. film and Sound Committee--M. A. Nt'Ct.v/' iChairman), Southern Pacific <o , Sun 'rancisco. Calif.; A. B. Auerhaan ( l ' i f f Chairman),, New York, New Haven A rlartford Railroad Co., New Haven, Conn.; E. H. fttewga, New \ . rk Central S> -oo. Cleveland, Ohio; G. R. K night, St. Louis Southwestern Railway S.mes, Pine Blufl. A rk.; L, C. McDnwcu.. Chicago & North Western Railway, Chicago, III.; A V'. S hea, l'hie ago, Milwaukee, St. Paul It Pacific R. R. Co. Chiiago. II! ; *1, 1 H ah N it, Kixin. Joliet & Eastern Railway Co,, Joliet, ill.; E I. C hukoh. . Pacific G o San Kr;jnci-cc. Calif !. . , , a d J/ig/ ' c u t Traffic Safety t iiionttct 1 M. I >1.' i- e i -i ft,iha, in i < An wanker. Si. Paul ts. I'aritu' H.>11r< 1 ! (. Lirago. Ill ; 1 M N n*.m : i. l h.nrman r, i o - , , ; r A- A Ohio f' Aa...1 0 , HuntiiiyA a. V. !-. ' 'A Missouri lAuifk' Lines Si A. a.oM* ; H f .S h s m i - , k r . 1.;A1. .u, o ' Railroad ( o , 1 lew.-God. t >G. ; if is. Hi'MssfN, y.hu.,y . A.-.-. A..,a : r , i Co, 11! ; ) K.OI (AA ill:: a '. ':A rG kadrouif, ' : : ,." . it me and t'l.f lit--) id- Safety Committee T. WlU.tA.v- .<. '"...in, l c -a ....... k,tilrA,rd 1 . 0 0 Phikiflflphra, P a .'. J. 1. is1,.h 11t nt.A i . , t .so , 1a A!: - .. A Iroil Kanii*' RaGa.A, C o, Ifuhiik, Muu; ; *K 1 H ava a,'.. no. . a ; rv . a Railway Co.. St. Louis M e.. P. \ \ . t i i s i ' \ v , 1 C I-. <,r,,- [, \\ : Railroad Co. I fetner, Colo.; Vino:. '' in li, 'IVruun A. Is a ;.., ! V-n . ' N: .- M S.Af,.-. M1 I, . T homeo v, s, f,; .Air i.uv. k.e'r; f - 1a. a . a. s ! 4 Membership Cismwiti <). W . S m it h i1 K W. Bowmaim. Western Ma.ry'lae Xailmwi t'V,, Si ffallftA, Tev. .Vomnwiiiifii.f f Li Railus! Cm., jut Chkmgo, Hi ; *1 t'r.njrOMi ( 'IWIiWHJ i111 Quebec; W . V .( j. E, Suemtw,. O Missouri Purihc N. If. P. Gis IfsVt-i, f. Vnll /'finw m ij itiiiij1 J''nw'f Jersey Criy. \ J Posters...L. L. V.. T hois iiy lln c t D ye*. K em utky Pullmam f o , 1.Ii Ah eon, <Hii" ; Ii low. ^'sthfireEi.wi.g..I', '*, Co., Duhitl'i, M Lewi.a, Cmom 1 Buffalo Hy. C l.hsi'ustjtt, T r s a s ; Mass. Pltumino..J. R f! Quebec; T <Lieagn 8i 'A r McKh 'S'SImI'" 1 : !'*fUi.>; t.in-fuij:! n ;i, iA f. lijAti.e'i Ik. !`v'V k, ,,iir:i;.Ai G o M Wc3i:'i'akii:|in.i' '1 . . s ICnl-f ;>1[, i. Ah.,], Co., I-otiisviite, Quebec k Pacific k. R. '<i., Chic.tj, IH , Richmond, Va, Bluff. A11*. aware Sr Hudson llisf ' " P V lwa\ >' lies, , Sno Lui' Kailru Kail ;.i l.1 ., Pacific Co , San New F n vis . ; Centra* .'*1- 1 ein, .ines, Pine sihiil. ago. 11!.; V, tgo. Hi ; *1 < 'AKkoll, S' -III riI n ) . ( In, , MC N `HAtn.1: 1CiVr ; K. \V. HitliHs, E n e l.ru l .'arirrnri d S; P.-rdis is K ju t. 1`enr >hansa , Dulush. Mlkvllbi:ii!',-San f ratn ^C' . Grande Western STI i>! St I. kichm<>nd, ^ a Membership Committee--? M B a m (Chairmm), Clindtfiekl Railroad, Erwin, Ten.; O. W. Smith (Vie* Chairmm), Grand Trunk Western R. R. Co.. Detroit, Mich.; R. W. Bowman, Besamter fir Lake Eric Railroad, Greenville, Pa.; W. O. Cothnciham, W ertem Maryland Railway Co.. Hagerstown, Md.; P. H. Jen nek, Western Pacific Railroad Co., San Francisco, Calif.; *J. H. W baiam s. Texas & Pacific Railway Co., Dallas, Tex. NammaHms and Election! Committee-- *G. C Stsomxoe (Chairman), Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., Jacksonville, Fla ; *F. C. L ew is (V iet C hm rm n), The Pullman C> . Chicago, III.; *L. C. Hahney, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, 111. Program Committee--D. P. Russell (Chairman), Canadian Pacific Railway Co., Montreal, Quebec; W. V. Haves (Vice Chotnmm), New York Central System, New York, N. Y.; J. E. Slave, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, III.; E. W. Hobbs, Missouri Pacific System, S t Louis, Mo., *J. Ixovo, Jersey Central Lines, Jersey City, N. J ,; D. F. Girroan, Chicago Great W<- r-, Railroad Co., Oelwein, Iowa; Raymond Davis, New York City Transit Authority My, N. Y, Phmmimg and Pubdeaticms Commiltc, Jersey City, N. J. (Chairman), Jersey Central Line", Posters--L. E Wall (Vice Chairman), Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, Hl.; C. E. T hobwey, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee Railway Co., Highwood, Hl ; G. M. Dyes, Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Railroad Co , Louisville, Ky ; F.. (i. H unk, The Pullman Co., Chicago, HI,; T. G. Wtcutv, Akron, Canion & Youngstown Railway Co., Akron, Ohio; Ross S. Van Ness, Chicago, Burlington. & Quincy R. Si. Co., Ottumwa, Iowa Publications--J. A. Diixan (V ie t Chairman), Duluth, M isubt & Iron Range KaiL... Co., Duluth, Minri , J. T. Ax whew. Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, M inn; F. B Lew is, Union Pacific Railroad, Omaha, Nebr.; J. G. Bei.dham, Toronto, Hamilton, & Buffalo Ry. Co, Hamilton, Ontario; C. A. Buck, Mhsouri-Kansas-Texas Lines, Denison, Texas; A. J, Bensaia, Boston 8t Maine Railroad Co,, North Station. lUM; ?\ Mass. Planning--J. R. Bahnevman (Vice Chairman), Canadian National Railways. Montreal. Quebec; *C. T. DeW trr, Northern Pacific Ky, Co., St. Paul, Minri.; K. A. Xi wto.v, Chicago & Western Indiana RR-Belt Railway Co., Chicago, 111.; Casmkx S mith, McKeesport Connecting Railroad Co., Pittsburgh, P a-; R. F IH'Yau . New York. Susquehanna fir Western Railroad Co.. Paterson. N. ,1.; Ho akii <host. New York. Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Co., Cleveland, O hio; T. L Hn m a m Son i.ine Railroad Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Resolutions Committee--G. M. Dt.snnt.i rCk<rj*wL Chicago. M ilm nC e, St I'.uii is Pacific Railroad t o , Chicago, 111.; j. IV Kot.oi: i i 'ny O w,tii';. It'.,,-,!,!- Crir.rv. Railroad, t hieago. Ill Staff Kfpren, ninth v --1. VV. I Jetton. Xatn-nal Safety Vinuwii, <'hica> , 111 *Pa-t General Chairman 1961 National Safety Cemgress DUST STUDY PROGRAM. PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT O F MINES AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES r W . SO Y CUNNINGHAM Deputy Secretary At the time of this presentation, our ac of the people associated with occupational tive participation in this program is one year disease possibilities in the anthracite region okL Vhile we are too new at this work of Pennsylvania. It was hoped that sch a to offer definite conclusions, we are hopeful study would offer some criterion that would that through this discussion we will be able enable the establishment of safe limits of to give you some helpful information dust concentration. This study wsks made We in Pennsylvania, as well as you from other coal-producing states, have long been concerned with the explosion hazard of bi and a report submitted to the Governor of the Commonwealth. Among other conclu sions, the report contained the following : tuminous coal dust. Through intelligent re "Analysis of the data for the purpose oi search we have learned how to guard against determining safe limits of dust exposure in coal dust explosions. The same considera dicated that employment in an atmosphere tion has not been given health hazards from containing less than SO million dust particle- coal dust in all areas. This could be due per cubic foot would produce a negligible to the fact that medical authorities arc not sum of cases of anthraco-silicosis when the in unanimous agreement that the breathing quartz contents of the dust was less than of bituminous coal dust is harmful. Be that 5 per cent. In the gangways where the as it may, the growing lists of those suffer silica content of the dust was about 13 per ing from silicosis among our bituminous cent, a safe limit appeared to 1 10 to I? coal mining people are reason enough for million particles per cubic font. The limit those of us having to do with the health of toleration for rock workers was set tenta and safety of persons employed in our mines tively at S to 10 million dust particles fier to study tne problem and attempt to offer cubic foot of air." corrective solutions. The above listed allowable limits appar- Tl.ete have been limited studies made in ently were the basis for threshold limit val the bituminous area of Pennsylvania by vari ues adopted by the American Conic.')! of ous agencies and some by individual com Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Th'-w panies, but it has not been done on a large threshold limit values were first adopted enough scale to be sufficiently valuable to about 25 years ago and were reaffirmed m health authorities in enabling them to evalu the meeting of this organization in New ate the harmful Tects of breathing such York, April 23 to 26, MW). Th~> arc ,i- dust. In the antnracite area, more concen follows : trated studies of coal dust conditions have 1. Below 5 per cent free silica ><t been made. It is recognized that the breath MPPCF* ing of quantities of anthracite coal dust is harmful, but even it this area, these studies 2. From 5 to 50 j*r n-.t ires- vibra 20 MPPCF. were not comprehensive enough to offer any definite coiiclusions. 3. Above 5'.) per rot 1 rri tr> the bituminous area, we do know that MPPCF*. various processes of mining aggravate and Million particles per aditi fi s tic.ease the silica content of the suspended ,ut. Medical authorities are in unanimous fullyhaavcequnaoitntheadd the opporr.;.- V fi,> ) t ` -1:` M (! ii.it j 11 -tj as.cetiwnt that silica dust is harmful when laws ni t`:(l sa n o ti1 ri '] i lliii.y , bicat bed o> an vatended period. Skr! .,t 5 nnsvivaiiia i 1ocn.qw.:. i ^ V! il' In 10.W the Governor of Pvnn*>Ivania re Saw perfontnp tri hiag disorder 1:- i' ;1it Ul i l-AAi j fi quested the l lined States Public Health in Pamphlet Law 520 trit:' if ! . if Service to make a study of certain phase sr amended in 1057 : "Tbn tiion empii wta [acini mi length rkiri dittata libra copili; I;mtr, ut' 5 shii.ll naent bazard a pen itty F bilitv he th penia sveni! h A fi riiseasi vana, th vi iInori m-rd. Kri VM, il'.':1 Ili Ol .li th orsi tir viri :1j'.1r :iiiJ: fV! ;i ili 'r i r:'.: ::[i1! :-UI' 1 i'Viiri I11': iI V, !,!s IVI ;i n I V c j1;i I D.L A; imuimmu lYU fAH IA AM ocfated with occupational a in the anthracite region It n i hoped that raefa a some enteritis that rwdd ishmem of safe limit jf m. fhis study was made itnitted to r Governor of ith. Amont, -'thrr cooclucontained G ,*-wing: he (fata for the purpose of limits of dust exposure fatptoyment in an atmosphere ran cn million dust particles would produce a negligible anthraco-silicom when the of the dust was less than i the gangways where the the dost was about 13 per it appeared to be 10 to IS . per cub;c foot. The limit rode workers was set tenta10 Hilton dust partie'es per ir." sted allowable limits apparbasis for threshold limit valthe American Conference of Industrial Hygienists, These values were first adopted ago and were reaffirmed at f this organization in New } to 26. S'Krfk They are as 5 per cent free silica, 50 CP*. i to 50 tier cent free silL-t, ? P CP*. 50 per cent free silica, 5 *CP*. tick s per cubic foot. had the opportunity to become ted wkti occujsatka1 dfaease trioos cor* lidMot fate* Tt i|ie a a '* ,`<wt^tji9ia.i #** ' to fang djswdcrs its contained Jew 53k Ac' of 'June 23, 1, 1 1457: wewrens "T k tmployt r liable for the n p a n tioa provided % this article shall be the cuaptoye? in whose employment the employee was fast exposed to the hazard of the occu pational tfiaeue claimed regard** of the length of time of such fast exposure, P1^* vided that when a claimant alleges that disability or death was doe to s&keafe, anthraco-rilicotis, asbestos, or any other occupatksml disease which developed to the point of disablement only after an exposure of 5 or more years, the only employer liable shall be the fast employer in whose employ ment the employee was fast exposed to the hazard of such occupational disease during a period of six months or more and provid ing further that in those cases where disa bility or death is not conclusively proven to be the result of such fast exposure, all com p_we_cnatsjtaLutitmon shall be paid by the Common- A greater part of the bill for occupational disease falls on the taxpayers of Pennsyl vania. This is doe to the fact that because of the very ecoaomsc conditions of the coal indastry, aimers are forced to change employ ffiCSH from one mine to the other frequently. During the fast biennium ending June l, 1461, the total occupational disease hill to the taxpayers of Peuosylvt; - was upwards of |27 million. Approximately 90 per cent of this was paid to miners for fang dis orders. In my opinion, tine authors of our present legislation are to be commended for their hmnane effort in alleviating suffering and financial distress among our mining people because of health disorders that originated during their work in various mines. My purpose In describing a part of our law is to point this out to further ex plain why the Pennsylvania Department of Health and the Department of Mines and Mineral Industries started and will continue this study. You .it readily understand that a compensation bill to the state of this mag nitude excised public opinion to the point ti.at the reason* therefor were dematvien Some years ago the Pennsylvania Depa.1nent of Health started a study wherein chest X-ray* were taken of fadrridnafa working in oar mines both fa the aarihradte and bi tuminous .regions. n#fa X-roy study fa atTimiiTSg ml Wim CORfiffllK' \ .,,iuUgjnOIBE :DCTlil areas of I'enmyluanfa- Becanse. of the De partment of Health's findings through their SWMgr *w BW VftfttMIt A-HmJ'lg lOfy CSIV IKWI they would he in better position to offer intelligent rotations to this problem if they cook! likewise study the dust conditions in our mows. An Attorney General's decision gave rite Department of Health personnel the right of entry into the mikes for the purpose of making tins dust study. The Department of Health penoruwt were most protirient in dust sampling teeimiques However, they were no* familiar with the carious mining practices in the anthracite and bittontnous tlivirions. The Secretary of the Department of Health at that tins* real ized that his people would need assistance from 1rained mining personnel, anti re quested the Secretary of Mines and Mineral Industries to have a mine inspector accom pany be Mtrvey team and be respectWe s'or their safe conduct during the study. In Pennsylvania as in other states, min* inspec tors are charged with certain mandated du ties. One provision of t.tr mine law require* mine inspection* at regular intervals. Time taken from legally required duties lor the purpose of conducting dust study survey team* into the mine* necessarily fatermpted regular mine inspections. Oat department felt that tlw mine inspec tors could not continue this tUitional work and still comply with the nine insswetior law*. A meeting was arranged and attended by representatives from mine management, United Mine Workers of America, she Sec retary of the Deportment of Health, and the Secretary of `He Deportmen of Mines ami Mineral Industrie Ar thi* meeting real operators justly ot/ccin! <., having personnel unfamiliar with coal mines unaccom panied by representatsv of some slate agency who would be rc-j, risible for their safety. They felt that the Departn! of Mint and Mineral Irvin*,irie* h ntld tie charged with taking dui*t ample*. underround in the coal rr>v;*:-. The Secretary of the Department ,*f Health and the Secretary os the Department of Mine* and Miner;d Indmtric* were both cognitar** of the Get that to be aavr value, a dust study would have to l*e a mtinuiug function of one ni the departistents. Spot check. had bee** made fa she past, and they were of little vafae, W* are fuBy scare that the data tt*itr!ig; collected hy m r 'people during t rentfawfaig ttwiy mutt tie made 1 a divistaewrid* feam Anything Sen* titan this would 'he of no more value .toi.h.mlli Ilium m *'' m t N atim ai SafH y Comgrtu than thot* pot studies taken previously at infrequent intern!. Secretary Lew . Evan* of the De partment of Mines stated at a later meet trig, comprised of the sans? representatives who attended the original meeting, that ir we his intention to employ first-grade mine foremen as dust study personnel both m the anthracite and bituminous divisions. Fol lowing this meeting, four first-grade tmne foremen wet employed--two assigned to the anthracite division and two to the bituminmw division. A ctHBprehensiif tix * itd is training period srf&nged to ismilianic our dust study T tmeS with various technique of sam plin'- rod analyzing coal dust Following this .. ufeg period, we eqtnpped two com plete lajora lories--one in each division. Pres ently, dust counts are made with a mictoprojector. Some work has been done on direct counting, and our personnel are fa miliar with both methods. Qualitative sam ples are collected by our people and the de terminations are made by the Deportment of Health. The laboratories ant not pres ently equipped to make qualitative analyses. At the md of the training period, Secre tary Evans met with the dust study per sonnel from both the anthracite and bitumi nous divisions. He outlined a tentative procedure and described his expectations. Briefly, his instructions were: 1. He emphasized that dust study per sonnel must he xinccTued only with the work for which they were employed. This de partment had reports that on some occasions, personnel making similar studies bad ex ceeded their authority and reported situa tions about which they had no knowledge or jurisdiction. 2. He insisted that before entering the mine, our personnel should have a thorough understanding of the property, thus enabling them to coHuct a study that would be rep resentative of the dust in suspension through out the mine. 3. He suggested that periodically, pro cedures were to be discussed with repre sentatives vf the Department of Health and with mine m'-'-vgi ment. 4. Our people were advised that the pur pose of this study w: to enable the De~ parttneel: of Health to evaluate the effects of dust on the lungs of our mining people, aad that m y p in t meal psfefkatloB of the report could lave undesired effect There fore, it had hem agreed by all parries to this study that one copy of the report would be furnished to the Washington office of the United Mine Workers of America, the op erator of tlie sampled mine, the Secretary of the Department of Health, and one copy was to be retained in the DcptftuKnt of Mines and Mineral Industries. Before our entry into die first mine, three of the major companies operating in the bt tndanos a n a expressed the desire to con duct studies simultaneously with onr person nel in their mines. We welcomed this idea and frit that in time other coal companies k Pennsylvania wdl express the ame in terest and conduct studies of their own. At the rime this was written, we had com pleted surveys in at least one mine of each of the companies who were making simul taneaos studies. We then met with the coal tompany industrial hygienists from these companies' and outlined otr procedure We invited their criticism, and I am happy to report that in the main, they were most complimentary. It was felt by all concerned that JTOWtitty's of this type would prove most beneficial in arriving at a stand ard procedure that would be indicative of the intended purpose. Insofar as is poss'ble, we have adopted similar procedures both for the amhrac>te and bituminous divisions. It might prove in teresting and helpful to this group to outline this procedure: 1. The Deputy Secretary of Mines and Mineral Industries of the pertinent division makes arrangement with mine management to conduct a dust study in a specific mine 2. The dust study personnel meet the state mine inspector at the mine for the purpose of becoming acquainted with local mine management. At this meeting, the mine in spector goes over the mine map and give? a description of the methods of mining be mg practiced. It is only for this one-day meeting that our state mine inspector* are delayed in their regular duties. They can. of course, as time permits, accompany onr dust study personnel on at least a part rJ the survey, 3. No attempt h made to study every working place in the mine During the orientation discussion, our dust study per sonnel asciertww splits, the pore* pared to first m riot o f th e fes transported. T? proven meat fed actual nerve,. 4. Detemi the various clan to the number i Mine. For exam tinuous mining we make m i vf samples at at 1, the same proctti the vam, jjob 5, Daily in r wage tinte wefe if a ewitsowmi sampled m a met at the l a , dust study r starts on (be fe took Ift-miewue sampled period not necessarily ` dual operatic w er a owe.fejtj tit of thi'l: ? rime. Tin's : toes and delays 'he hour. Ry trttirr flay ,;kir conemratk*, - W ilife yy i:rv CMit SiSlll'j -tiMfi; devices atmosphere wj SfC .o?iUcc*tr,y; 1*' ember A ms./iV:! so t: "V?T ' errtire `i he qic-rfei 1i'C.'ihid u cic, w tm ew of ( taken withi mpany-cmpl "fed. this y w V 'Tatkw i> rChh. we i mi turiftatire w.n the iJepatr*trier eeel'i tyme c e1 feted it. W .jin i l*cted during In onrytwtii ......  ri pnbltstun of fee idnsirsd cflact There I hy a l part io PF * * NgKWt WOtsld /asfcingtm office ol th % a i Amsrfea, th p* d aaa, (h t Seoefcury f H o h h , and ne sopy to jh e jie $ ssw l of Ho tee fast a m t, ferra te e W* eiMMr MI or ^ CC*'* e othcr ossi cstajpiwdee I exyress r Mone In* .mfici of their <v,,il U writtc*. w t . d <omleast o m mine of db ho were onltng stenti* tbcn n e t U t ie coal hyt" mite i f t n th*e ned oar procedure. '.Ve m, od I ni happy te m in . they ere me ras fcl! by all eooceirsed ags of feb typ* wotdd J in arriving at a gtatidwouid he i a f a t m of E. afne. fave adopted both for die amhrache nona. I* might prove in* J to this group to ondine Secretary oi Mine and of th perttaent feriste s with nine management tndy in a tpectfc mine. f peraoood mrat tx tate he n a ie far th purpose interi ith locai mine tm meetaug, th mine inth rne map and gives * methods of mining V b redy for tbb ooe-day state a i r t inspeetora are egutar tette They can,, pentite, ariompany <ntr id a a t I n i a pati of u nade lo n / evierv i A tee. Durteg he don, oor u t stady per- CW Mbhy wfckh m 1 Ir i for the of each of to the iwawhar of ado*. Wot '(wwmmpHtfc, if there are twenty con* eamoMMotWa nodthaot operatic hi a riittf. ant make on Sort to take dust counts wad mapico a t at tew* half of than. Likewise, die saate pwwdntt fa followed for each of die various feb daasificatfens. 5. Daily awnplea are correlated into *verae time w ij hlal eapowrrea For cxaoapht. if a contawwag tmnttig operator fa to be sampled on a certain day, the operator b met at the b mphota e by at test* one ef our f a r atady peopte. The sampling period wans or use hhwwi meainp, u r ip R iij, wc to d HMuteute n a p l a , fa* we teamed that M--plad periods of soeh short duration went bm oa ia m w m xB i ^ a htmH arfuMj n f r e i m s i n t ok c----ama * *kk-Qr*t vtehnl operotkm. Now, samples ate extended over a oamAour period and at least JO mbs* tea of A d hour represents the atmplmg time. Thb h d u e by Morning for 10 mm* uses and delaying for 10 m en tu the hoar. By doing this, we fed wire day during Mgft test and foar .test coneeatratioot, periods can best he described. & With each time weighted exposure, a dry that sample fa talma We love tried varione devices for cottectfa te st from the atmosphere withes* seam. Presently, we are colfoctmg adhering Oast from riba ami/ or timbers. Along harfages, test traps are installed so that thb dust can be eoflected over an entire shift period. The quantitative cunpies are collected in alcohol using a midget mginger. The Dewrf.ment of Health feels that counts should te taken within 24 hoars. Some of the ool jmpany-employed hygienists do not agree that thb is necessary. However, since this mformation is sent to the Department of Health, we comply with theii directioes. The qcraEitative samples are colkcred a:] art to the Department of Health for analysis. With each time weighted exposure, there is also listed a silica detertrioaik of he t e l col lected during the operarion. In our years of operation, we hive sampled few m M . To be of any eafafe there aeg shortrate 1 batelm a la mabrag a dtt* sur vey. Our Amt site# pmple am W ly famffinr will wing rmd tmawg opsraiteap.. It a at fpr mnui miHigemci* to aarig* flHK RR ^nc|| R8lliicidhu` RRld n ^ a o t he taheu t e a ur b ra sc b f die mwne Aorteg the A ift At die ccmpletk .rf a dost anvqr, reports are prepurad and sewt only to the interested representative of each agency and mam mwtegement of sJ* sampM mme. Smee it waa miefcfiitty w reed that these repoets would contain all information pertiaost to fee survey, they are uuitr vote- minoos and are esmpomd of the following : 1. L c h m of irmunwsrion. Z A synapfet' description of the mine. Thb descHptkm te te d e t the nster of persoas employed, methods of ventibidon, methods of allaying dust, tfampofUikm, and cwnriusioas. If, hiring omr test study, r t hod feat teat concentrations arc 1 yowd the allowaide threshold limits tor an entire av erage time weighted exposure, this informa tion is given to our feu net mine inspector for hi* action. I am happy to report that in fee mine study thus far, there has br<n tittle necessity for this procedure 3. Location of qualitative fui sampiing points. 4. Qualitative analysis results.. 5. A description of the impinger samples taker and the determination of the dust count 6. Dust s t e kterr^-nation front. U to 10.1 7. Copies of 'the various form used in making th b study are attache! for your ho formation. The Department of Health is nrti, intcresied in dust sires, from ti to S mit.-ons. However, some of the coal ctwnpani^ o/ tinue these swe tetermmatkws to 10 mi crons, and f for the present are dr>in.g tike wise. We are t * new at thb work to offer tv -definite emtehtstons. We Hv* te "ned that vcntilfttmn akme is not -.fc: ienl for allay mg m icron- dust. Llkewir-e spray sys tems' ahsnt wilt not sujteiently allay dos'. pirtklcs of this *5. W t to feel that we have teamed conclusively thai, a. healthful atmosphere at working faces., particularly W m t-, K* M otiom l Safety Ctmgrere f bene mechanical ttotm g a be*, . is dependent upon an efficient crenfcimtion of both vcntilatkin and water sprays- Itt roof bolting operations, set bare been able to determine the efficiency of certain dust collector. I odd like to my at this poi.1t that some of these collectors are most efficient it is thin dust containing from 35 per cent to 65 per cent silica, depending upon ffie -muz . f the material drilled, that is most harmfu' A i this program continues, 1 am certain that we will be aide to offer more condur and valuable information to groups of this land. 1 fed that 1 have had ass in valuable experience in being permitted to initiate this program in the bituminous di vision of PetmsyWsaia. Secretary Evans has emphasised on many occasions that health is a function of our department, and if through this program we out prevent one case of sdkoMs, amheaco-ndkorist or pneumoconkwis, the program wilt he well worth while. ! am certain tint this is not only Pennsyl vania's problem, but a problem in all muting states throughout this nation. It is welt de serving of our ben efforts and consideration SAW PRACTICES IN STRIP MINING Bp EUGENE B. QUENOM Director of Safety. Peabody Coal Crx, St Louis, Mo. Injury records at strip mines, compiled on a tonnage basis, have always been envi* able when compared with deep mines, and one is likely to take for granted that seri ous hasards seldom exist in strip imite. Shortly after being employed by Pea body Coal Co, I had a very rude awaken ing to the fact tfc-.t hazard- in the trip mines were numerous--and that many of these hazards were serious and decidedly dangerous. While many hazards exist in strip mines under normal mining conditions, some of these same dangers become much more seri ous under adverse weather conditions, and cannot be entirely eliminated without the as sistance of improv-d weatl.... Peabody Coal Company's injury records definitely indi cate that advere weashe.- lias a direct bear trig on the increase in frequency and se verity rates of accidents at our strip mine operations The followinj example will serve to point out the effect of severe weather changes in the operation and maintenance of our strip tnif"~ Late kst Fall, a round of in spections made at our strip operations. The weather was ideal, and comditioas of the pits, nauiage road*, equipment, shops and cleaning plants, as well as newly painted buildings and well-kept lawns and sards, ali seemed to coincide with the w onderful weather. Working conditkms such as were observed during this inspection, along with the at titude of employees toward adhering ta safety practices, gave me a confident feel ing that real progress was being made toward an over-all improvement in safe working conditions which would ultimately result in a much lower frequency and se verity rate. A prolonged cold spelt of several duration followed these inspections. During this time, the surface had frozen to a depin of 15 inches; and when thawing started, the pleasant surroundings observed a few weeks earlier at many of our mines ha-3, indeed, changed to such an extent ti'im conditions throughout the operation seetn rri to invite accidents. The hardships caused by muddy terrain not only created n hazards, but were indirectly responsible ::->> several equipment breakdowns. The over all adverse weather conditions actually ap peared to discourage bod. workers an'1 su pervisors from following adopted safety prvetiees that were normally in effect Other than the main haulage roads and uncovered coal at these miner,, the sur roundings were a mass of mud that defi nitely retarded the entire mining operation and created new hazard* Highwall* and spoil banks now presented a definite danger from fading or rolling m aterial; handling power cables i*t the mud was much more danger*m*; wall condition! eau lack of alertne officials, who greatest b a n stated that emu m heavy rains, paratort**, thaw tang periods of weatlser--were Frequently, Wood a pit. aw moving equip ing slides, alt ip.Mt high ml normal, iiiWJsm-hazards. Zero leant:: the op*.-;alum queney of x tend*! erplsi jik-yee is tits! temperature : can't; hear. S covered up to 'n no cold sU:i tlwogfet in mt thawed amt." ' exaggerated a 1 don't think It was ;il r.urt breakd extreme west i it"-- `ms - ... 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