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FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1935 Sept DOC#: NSC166 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC National Safety News - No Half Way Measures Dust Control P-NSC-36 National Safety News Published monthly in the interest of accident prevention and the health of industrial workers VOL. 32, No. 3 CONTENTS FO R SEPTEMBER, 1935 /.Miiisvlc The 1935 Congre C i t y ........ ............................... ......................... II N,, It.ilMV.iy Measure* in PuM Control--Arthur S. Johnson.................. ...........17 The Itriver Mas Hi? Troubles--Jh-ury J. P rogas.................................................. 19 l'.ewihle Safely Measure"--7\ II', (hgaml .................................................20 .\n .\o *untani Analyze? Safety Savings--Stanley Prtnhrdg- ...........................23 Uisitd Rapids Is Safety Conscious--Cards Billings . . . . ...... .............................. ,.2$ Kansas Health Authorities Fight Accidents--Earir C. Braten, M. D..................... 27 * Suts t Safety-- Roy R. R a n d a ll............................................................................29 (1<-:iiiini! Exterior Wall of Buildings by Sandblasting or Steamblasting-- Industrial Data Sheet D-Gen. /* .......................................................................... 22 Raising the Standards of Industrial Medicine--J /. ,V. Xcvquist, .1/. D ................. 34 I,Miking Toward the Congress ......................... ....................................... ...3$ Klrmenlary Safeguarding is Still Important ............................................................. Ami Sudden D eath--J. .4. Furnas . . . i . ...................... ......................................66 Regula D e p a rtm e n ts I ....... ............ ..... . ... - ............. V lia- Maiujpnj; D(fiiii'i Page. .....--....~I0 M* Safety i-xchanjtc ............. 36 liklu-iriat Health ....... -..................--34 Hu- Bulletin Hoard ..... 40 f'rmnals . ..... ........ ...............--....... 4J Thc &ifctr Lthrarv .... ............... M The Honor Jtidl .......... SO Gutting Events -- ....................... A4 SFi'th the Manufacturer ... ..... ___ *2 The Buyer* Servie ......... "A The AtcMenl Banimewt - ........................ HO Vama.v t . F i s h , Editor t v im s H u .u n o s , Associate Editor S t a k i x y H. K m s h a w . Poster Editor C, H . M u .u a , Advertising J^n ag er ",i" *#** h r NatHMwl Safety Cuuiictl, l_u_e_. Printed In C.S.A. I'ul.llahvd mnnlhtr. Vi . V ",.id*laa im m e r Ju n * l u l l , a..l Ilia Hoat ortie a t Chican.. ill., undvr th *t if Marvh a, |$}, Additional v n lry a l St.. JJooaavvpplh. Mien. , iVs'u.l!',,,,'crh'Uob prie* to mvinberu for uatra coplea o f the NATIONAL. haFKTY n e w * iuiuini* a. nai rf>Mr. in>gle coSpIiiei*rIovncorapqieue.nt,o i*. nedueed quantity price* f*r yearly *ub*er|p> SuCrrrlpuoha ar* e vailable only ta mamOtra n i th* Natlouai Safety Council. Menth Audit Bureau o f Circulation, Thu, nmnaaine la indexed in the Intfuairlai^Atu Index. ,* optittum* advanced In aUrneri in ic ia aro to be undvrvtooa na individual i- 'non ,.f (hair anthgra. nut thoaa of the Katlonal Safety Council. National Safety Council, Inc. Irn.i.,. -Sun-C m H nttreM --SuH *PtiU U nl --SutfStrO irtitn t 20 North Wsckcf Drive, Chicsgo, U, S. A. New yofk Office, 7 Cast 4Ut Street Office of the Education Oivltinr* f M*- v * " ) National Safety Council } Officers, 1934-1935 , J ohn G. Lon. P fc ild e n t, I UouMt I. CuTi.i*. VI.Pr*i<tcnt to r 4 Puli "titty O, D. Fcnnki.i.. V lri-P n aM v n t fur P u b . i 11 lUlaUmi* U w H. Pai.mih. Vk. P resid en t Cue su re ty Cu u m iis Ar.hfkT S. lUiiVi.*, Vl<r-I*rr*i<isnt fur . w . Siiit ii. V kr.P rt'diil fur Imiui* trial safely H. T. S4M.s*r>!. V l,..|'r--l.lm t fo r M tm W nli.? Casaiv* M. Watwi. '. M.li.. V|<c.|*rcjUU'i,( fu r ifnl!li .U ttM W . W'HUSr.v. V ta-1'rtslilrH l fur i;<Ju<tilm W i u u x I. Wuutm. v ift'I'r i'jiiiH il for riiuiik-c lui TmwMrrr \V. II. CaMMmix. Vrrrkirj mnl .tCui**. ilil llirrvlnr Executive Committee j* Members at Large Th Aw* Orne* anu ' A. L. AJtMiTMH. huttnian M ilk Co. T . H. G u m * , surtir Sktllon. Auuela. lieu of, Ainerivnn fttlln w lt . ,, J. I. Cv u in w . Ikthkhom Ml Corn, liaaav l.uiuwrr. The Pulliuau Co. 0 . T. HemevTH. ,:ii cano .North Silur and Milwaukee K Iniuil .. Thomas P. Kuiass. Imiustrlal Commis. iM i'V OHkp Thomu h . Mm Uosaia. V. S. tturtauof E im u * O huuw, Portland Crowfl HW U l!'w x i*. K. t- dul'rtiit dr X-- Ilamaaoaucrxe ftSOtx.rMa, .nrral. .K.l.w.lr.lt. .Cu. lUaav A. Scurvr. ln<tcil Sliilri steel Safety Csuncii RepraienUtivct CtnauHtai P. Ttm n . M a n a d * mM I* t s l attr Goiktttil Wtv ttm UtMT SMITH. IVIaw arr Sofrty O hihtII __ . t;, R, l U u t m . W m lm l lrt-yWni Safety * ... I. I.. F t_s u * . h.ni i.itv Sal.-t> cisniisril IbMMUiT I Schm itt, t.ul>villr Sarrty .'I W r i a T r i K . I4iiali Valley Safety ftuHHUH M. K bmmi.. Hvaiiiton Safrty , OlUMCll Sectional Repretcntativei C trr. IC W, T i m . 4a.. Murtnr I'. tV. ItaAVH. Wood Pruilueta Haaaaa <i. IIwfmah. Slrw l and Itiali* M m ! c / i u u e AUlMnmtlv and Machine I, Mii.i.aw. Arrldenl Prrveinlmi b|UlpmMl Manuracturer* I.arca II. SaTJtuva. .ArraiMutkal 4. A. Vma. Metala Part Preiidenti bIIw u t tV, i b a m u . AaTHtB T.. Maaar aw It. Pay* aiu Van Sena*' H a ra C HlhMaao*' CaaMM I*. TeexaH ABTMV* II. VovH* Maaeva A. imw L lT I I A. mu*** Cast, n, Avl. CHaMaa II. 2*:ott Waataa .Km I7.5&..R HkiX V A. liraisera C, P,vaKR l, m a " ai! C m W, llaaiwriar 4aMK* I. HaNaail Mbrortri H onoraiy M em bert IAtiMwOa*a.vATWirt.n<,.rmvf**ir.i .* N o Half W a y Measures in Dusj Control 1 By ARTHUR S. J O H N S O N AMxififHttt th Munmir, m/itirrrin* Aturricun Mutual Ltutoiltlit iuMumnr* Cum/mou T O CONTROL s flu ii hazard to the extent uf making' the occur* rena* of pneumoconiosis imj>rol>,(!>!<. industry inuit do much moro than Oust control is not on event; it is a program that requires concentrated day-to-day attention liuy !i:n liiinii'al dust removal equipment going. With it there imi.-t Ik* ;d to the amount ni silica in the air not produce distilling* lung pathology, - l|i' ' rw,uim* of check and double breathed. A now ray of hope lies in yet we are iaced with the facts of claims .luck, perhaps whole new operating some fairly good evidence that there prosec'tued successfully. (Quantity o( .radices and a sharp definition of re- may be mixed dusts in which such dust dust, rather than quality, was doubtless .|Kiii5ibilitie>. This all boils down to as limestone, gypsum, coal, hematite, * responsible for any ili health. Some day-to-day attention to a program de- clay or cement dilute the silica hasard state regulations require dust exhaust siumul upon'U long range health con- and produce less physiological reaction machinery on some operations. We servatimi policy. Haif-wav measures tin- than the silica content operating as pure must, therefore. Include for control some related to oudh other won t work. Nor quartz alone. dusts which by nature may not Iu* harm- is this a - don once, d o n e forever" A second group of dusts produces fL iiifair. uu5i control i$ not an event, tt somewhat the seme clinical picture as Our fourth traile of hazard fe ttiijrr- is a prourain that never finishes. silicosis in its early stages, yet the x-ray culosls. Tuljerculosis i> a (ease caused Kxperu seem to Ik in rather encrai iswmcnt about four grades of pneutmwiiiuusis hazard, First. quartz caus- 0f the chest shows the shadows pretty much confined to the lymph ducts. The damage appears not to be so serious as by a germ, ami probably more useful work has been done to control this disease than almost any other. From ins real .-lk-oi$. a serious solidification silicosis in many ways, particularly in time immemorial the dusty trades which I the mas.- of the lungs by fibrosis or that it is not progressive nor does it pre- we now speak of as having a silicosis gmwth uf scar tissue. It takes year* to diqwse to tuberculosis. The dusts pro- hazard were always among the danger .aI oari.ii, but once started 'is progrs* during it certainly should Ik classified spots (or luiwrvuhisis. What we now ` * "lit i'in which will nut stop awl ;|4 al*orpUw ami therefore harmful al- know'is this: that silhosis make# a first !.. cured. After vX)*swre of 15. though nut in ihe same category a< class place fur tuberculosis t> thrive in 'b is 2S years, men in certain trades nc- quartz. There is no question but that and kilt the patient off much earlier than umiliale this fibrosis of the lungs which Icssmed lung Capacity results from them would silicosis alone. 1Ipinioti jarm s to liw n s thvir capacity for physical lalmr. after long enough exposure hut H cer- In* that peritai simple silicosis un it makes them short of breath and ulnly takes more dust and more time to complicated by tulx-milosi* may seldom certain well defined clinical lower Capacity for work. Asbesto*!? falls Ik fatal, but shortens the working life symptom?. X-rays of their chests show ,, group n j apparently alitar con- of the victim just as angina, arterio vharacteri ic shadows. A few of th e dilions develop from exposure tty ex- lerosis. and such degenerative diseases "it-li. a - a direct result of this condi- cesses of many mineral dusts wlalVfly do. ,l"Although few of them have their physical rapacity to work lessened even it l.t ..r io years, there may Ik actual low in free silica content. Inert Dusts On the other hand, we may expect fruiti tuberculosis one of two things: first, a man brings tuiierculowis, no matter how dormant it may he, into a dusty u,,li impairment which predisposes them '<> luiierculuiii. Tit? cause of this sill- "vnoil iws'Sidiiliucat t,iear?elfermeeenqtusairntzt,henoftorcmomof- jhr;,,,..i imt tiu quartz us found free in A third group ef mineral dusts may |H. iarmless in reasonable quantities, Tle result of work by some investigators which ha* been published recently indicate day, talc. emery and carlmrundum trade, he may reactivate the tuberculosis and have his case diagnosed as "aggrovuled by" the dust : or second, hy get* ting tuple lici* r K-rhapi other pneumoconiosis. ami then contracting ranu,.. :,*m| io it? purest natural form as dusts to be inert. li some animal ox* tultercuiosi* front tubercular associates ' * * "'is!cr. The studies made of iwnmentalitm these dust# did not |trn* either at work or elsewhere, die of tuber- 'ehif**`_,"i*' silicosis and the vjquiMifc* duce fibrosis, r.iiitrarily, there have ,ulm-i* ?uperimp.i*i| hi *tHc<*is. Tulier- trio* thvin in the nvk indo*- (n^-n claims for disability from wwrkcr* cnlmds associateti with silicosis doe* not Wirt Si,n * >tr`n<l'nK industries, fire- ,i v * ntaking, etc., is silica and hthaavteitshisowpnropthoarttiothne- who alleged that the xiwsure tu these same dusts caused their ailments. Ex* perts state that t h * J- resinimi well to treatment. Regardless of the fact that tubercolosi i* an nfe<-. 18 1. we must face this (act. that tubercu losis is so often ihv disabling result of dust exposure, that dust control must include tuberculosis control at the same time. Measuring the Hazard Summarizing, we have three dust haz ards; ( l) quartz, which produces true ftlicosis -- a progressive, lung-disabling disease, (2) some dusts which produce a pathology which usually is not serious and is not progressive after exposure stops, yet a pneumoconiosis none the less, and ( J j some dusts which para doxically are probably relatively harm less, yet have l>een the claimed basis (or tuberculosis and other disabilities. In the absence of :idi.-<|u:ite diagnoses, occu pational histories and a more satisfac tory method of adjudicating claims than prosecution at common law. we must conclude that it i necessary to find a practical method for controlling sill minera! dusts. Let us now set* whether it is necessary to give them all the same de gree of control. We have learned that the silicosis haz ard is measured by the amount of silica in the air breathed. This means that with but few exceptions it is directly proportional to the amount of dust in the air and the percentage,of silica that is in the dust. Thv*tuditftwhich have established the safe limit, or tolerance, or threshold limit for continuous expo sure without deleterious effect, have ar-, rived a t 5 million particles of quartz dust per cubic foot of air, none offwhich dust is larger than 10 mirra In size, f think we need to digress for a moment to visualize what is meant l~ 3 million particles of dust 1 such tiny size. )Ve know if is invisible to the naked eve be cau seit takes t j . to TO times that much "to produce a haze, and even that isn't visible as particles of materfatlsr^CEe particles, therefore, are so small as to thwart imagination. As one looks across a dusty room and ww Hi. -if dirt doming in the air, settling out rather rapidly, or being blown around by draft currents, be is told thnt hat is not tits oust we are Miking about. The longer lies in such liny particles that they could be run be tween the bearing ami the shaft of a very fine machine ami not touch, for a micron is rougbl> .00004 of an inchVive psriicles of. sand.' each piece so mall i< ii Ih- only .01 ( an inch In loading a cubic foot. This means that if it is (mind necessary to exhaust the dust at its point of origin so that that which gets into the breathing zone of the workers will be S or fewer million invisible motes in each foot of space, we haven't begun when we get out only the visible dirt. We are confronted with the astounding fact that the health hazard has not been touched, even though an exhaust is 98 per cent efficient in terms of the weight of dust. If we cannot vis ualize such an Invisible hazard, it at leasu warns us not to throw together somejin ducts, motors and fans, and caH it dust control. Returning to our main theme, let me repeat 5 million particles per cubic foot as the bench mark for quartz dust. Since the hazard is in proportion to quartz, the less quartz the less danger, or con versely. the less quartz the mure dust may be permitted. Now, is there a top limit of dustiness which, regardless of quartz content, might lx considered a maximum above which nothing would be safe, and up to which only the inert or so-called "safe" dust might go? It seems to be pretty well agreed among the investigators that there is a top limit and this figure, or second threshold limit, is 100 million panicles. In other words, no matter what the dust is, it's dangerous if the concentration is greater than 100 million particles per cubic foot. In between these limits must He the points of safety which take the propor tion of silica into account. .' e Standards for Oust Tolerance What i* the practical answer? A table of dust tolerances such as b contained in some state regulations does well enough, and in them we find a general agreement but with some variation. In principle most such tables show 3 to 20 million particles as the limits where the quarts content of the dust runs from 100 per cent down to 30 33 per cent re spectively. To use these tolerances which are taxed upon percentages of silica, both chemical and petrography analyses of the dust must be made to get reasonable estimates of the silica. The sampling and analyses are both very dif ficult and expensive- U is doubtful if the settled out dust represents the haz ard, and the raw material certainly does not. Also much evidence iniHcaies that petrographic analyses of the smaller itixfA is mpi'X'dble. tt to me that. -l-j 1-, , **? '* * 'l| things by arbitrary standards, 1. IJitxM w hich are known to hv 1 1( quartz. )0 to 100 per cent, which repr,,^,. lit and,, and sand stones which arc molding operation*, n d M uting up-,.,, . abrasive pulverizing, ganiitcr hrick niixn.^ " Other *uch operation, can wl| be group.! a limit uf 3 million particles. 2. Dust* which come from the hard ,,.f used in the building and monumental trade-' which run'JO to 30 per cent quartz and :k mixed foundry dull, which started wnh -m ,, 90 per cent quart, in the sand but hav\ K-,diluted hy tremendous quantities of >m.-U lime nr plm-pl-ai parting so that tlu ;, breathed is often lo s than SO per cent a practical safe limit for tlvem appear- ... h, 10 million particles. >. For the wh-de great range of dust- ,,cl as talc nr clay of emery, which contain vithtr no quartz or only a U r t per cent impur.tv tor which IUO miIlimi panicles is a he-exceeded -le.i-1 line, I -luuhr that c.:a/Ti-rd r- rake chances and he sati.-tieil e-urttr-rl which brings these dusts down ,iI. , lOll ImUiim particles f h:is*e -iften --.* IX milli.Hi hut have been accused *-t '-.r., ridicol-His because- that figure is cvrt.n- . >,. in anihnietical prnf--tnm in the it.-. lent, Vtt, wv are- fare! with tin, dih*---...... suppose we pick 3 of 60 million pai-ni,-. install a dust control procedure and find m the course of a number of years' operation the we still get disabling results. No dust c-nrr.-l that I know of hat actually demtmstratej tha M. or HI oc |t>0 million residue is uti.ijctnrv. It mac be neCcssaty, therefore, to skip a t.-kcanee For that type of dust except to say tlu: win H it is over 100 million it must be r--IercJ H> "Tver, get Ihc dust down as low .. reasonably practicable, and IS milli.- -iii: looks reasonable to me. We now understand in general 'tetniwhat dusts, how much, and of tui sixes constitute health hazards. You have a plant in which you suspect a bar arrl. I.et us examine'what can fm <lm about it to evaluate your partiail.it -* rlttioti*. Ilust control is so expen-i -- you should mu guess at the hazard. If ,-"u( dust has a lot uf quartz in it. ><'> at foundry molding sand, ganister. gate fr fire brick, granite, sand *'-"w for tool grinding, etc., there is a htal'f hazard. If you can see the du>i. >`"J know it to be a terrific hazard. If dwrf is settlement on ledges there is a h;/a*`j Yuu can save yourself the bother vi m; ing out the exact quality of toxic 'j" proceed at once to put the dust cnntrni. Your problem lies in th r ' ,v 10 million limit group. If. on the other hand, you iumixed dust* of low silica comm' J doubtful hazard, before buyins /^j; control machinery' you want to i*" ^ what the hazard is and how ninth- ^ iir.*i tUousht would he to <k- 48 Dust Control (Continued from pate tS) counts, make analyses and rely upon those findings, I have said that 1 doubt the value of analyses. They may prove to be the only practical methods, but they certainly are not ns good criteria as s to know whether the dust is harmful, and some moderate quantities under suspicion may be safe. We are, there fore, very anxious from a practical be made only by physicians who are qualified to interpret x-rays and who have training and wide experience in the diagnosis of respiratory ailments. The periodic examination is an indis pensable preventive measure which en ables the physician to detect diseases of the lungs in their early stages and at a tirJJe when removal of the worker from standpoint to determine whether our the-dust offers hope of recovery or im dust is really dangerous or not. This provement. In addition, the repeated H-cms to me to be a tremendously im routine medical examinations furnish a portant point, for if certain dusts are valuable means of determining the effec not dangerous the atmospheres contain tiveness of dust control measures. ing them should not require such clean While it would seem desirable to ex -wevpitig its though thi* quarts content amine present employees to discover were there cases with active tuliercuiosis, in order Our [resent knowledge of pneumo to assure proper treatment and prevent coniosis i< so limited, and es|iecially uur their spreading infection, this procedure knowledge of these minor dusts, that we is likely to stir up claims or misunder do nut know definitely which arc bad standings on the part of the. workmen. and which are not. Good medical Such examinations, if made, should be records of old employees, which records used pnly for rehabilitation purposes. would show the incidence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc., would be helpful. X-ray of employees with 20 years or more exposure would be most useful, but danger from inexpert diagnosis on the one hand, and misuseef the informa tion on the other, makes examination of employee* for this purpose something to be avoided. I urge that more satisfac tory yardsticks for evaluating this haz ard be found, and the recent and current toxicity studies hold some ho^e for an answer. In the meantime, it necessary ** sume that ail mineral dusts contain some health hazard and put them ail un der control, ami rely upon the low quarts content of the material producing the dust to locate it in the third or least harmful bracket. It may le well to consider medical ex amination* as a dust control measure. It Equipment for Dust Counts Our problem now is to suppress the dust to a safe limit. That implies its re moval at the source by mechanical ex haust. T hat implies counting the dust . to begin with in order to have some basis for designing the equipment, and re counting to know that the equipment is working satisfactorily. The impinger or *standard method is complicated, slow, expensive and poor for routine checking although it must be used as a standard for calibration. We, therefore, want a simple method, one that somebody not an industrial health expert can use sat isfactorily. Zeiss Konimeter is a satis factory instrument in the hands of the man who has had some training. The in strument is imported, is rather difficult to obtain, and not too expensive, under 1 recommended that new employees for $200, l believe. dusty place* he found physically fit in Another instrument is the Owens Jet order to avoid introducing men .whose which has been modified by Mr. Hatcn condition makes them liable to an early of Harvard and Mr. Thompson associ break down on account of defects Of ated with me in the American Mutual to diseases already present, or who may in make its operation simpler and more sat fect others by spreading disease. isfactory, This apparatus was built Proper diagnosis of such physical con specifically for use in checking the dust ditions can only be accomplished by control apparatus in a large granite having a medic tl examination with x- shed, and entirety satisfactory. Up to rays of the chest, including as complete the present time I do not know that any a mV'I'i .i! and enjoym ent history of ... . . ill**! Il : ri.nMstiurutfm.i.'etMntrt*mita.kIeoril has undertaken to .vi.dnly . demand a reasonable price. There is also a Ingenious continuous dust sampii. counting apparatus for keeping ;i tinuous count of the dust in a roon der exhaust and it can be so arrange to control the ventilating v,x| mechanism, turn on more as needed turn it off when the satisfactory C(. tions have been reached. This has designed and built by Mr. Hazard Mr. Philip Drinker of Harvard an far as I know, is still a laboratory p I see nothing impracticable abou however, and for a large dust come stallation I would expect it to be as ful as the automatic carbon mono detector and control mechanism in Holland tunnel. There are practical dust suppre* mechanisms*for sand blasting, iuml> grinding, mixing, bagging, drilling. sive grinding, try pan mixing .tin! most every tyjje of localized nj**r;*.t generating dusts. They are exp. i unless well-designed. They are ti, > ineffective because, as I said Ih*i they don't begin to touch the he hazard until they have got rid of r of the dust, which is the best they do. They wear out due to the abra action of the dust. They cost a lo money, and the cost usually cannot justified on the grounds of imprt work efficiency or quality of prod Occasional installations will lw* supporting. The Kelly trap ott < drilling has been demonstrated to crease the cost per foot drilled but increased the drilling rate suffice to offset the cost. Also in the > of air-conditioned rooms in which i cclain enamel is sprayed, the expen air conditioning system can In- n; to co n tro l the dust and at tlu time be made economically .tin! reason of an improved quality enameled surface. No doubt there many installations which have alrc demonstrated economy from other < siderations than improvement to he-*' The point 1 wish to make. that improvement to health is too import to waste time trying to justify if* haust equipment upon economic erattons. Where operations are ?pf out over a grtat area, as in the ca= foundries, St Is difficult to avoid rak dust in the shakeout operation,except expensive mechanical installation*. of those which have come to my 1111 lion have been installed for the e<"w purpose of sand handling and in 11 such cxmh were far from ari'-*' i i!'' all iij;liv blit ij-y <lo p<K Couch the niicrugrams. Lei us now look further to sec whether some other remedies will be satisfactory. Suppose we leave the hazard alone and put respirators on the men. It won't work, except for very short periods or for emergency work, such as cleaning ,iDi dust arresters or loading tumbling barrel*. There should be no question efficient respirators because the nitsil States Bureau of Mines is nun prrparcd to make tests and an employer van justifiably limit his purchase to res pirators which meet these tests. Even ihough respirators may be efficient, the*' iire uncomfortable, and while it is not a hardship for a man to wear a respirator temporarily, or even fur a week perhaps (iuriti! a period ot breakdown in the dust fNluot system. I cannot conceive of nnrkaun remaining contented if they haw to wear respirators continuously for a long period. If they need to wear them and don't wear them properly they might just as well not have them on at all. In operations which can be confined in a limited space, such as sand blasting ami perhaps shaking out some lyi** of castings, the workers can be"eittj(??M in helmets provided with an adequate sup* ply of clean air. The air-line helmet is practical for continuous use. while a filter respirator is practical for only limited |Kriods. If the dust is extremely heavy, sav 300 million particles of quartz, and a respirator is 9& per cent rflVienl. the worker is stilj breathing sut niilli.x- panicles, which is too much. Think respirators preferably to stqv pkmnit exhaust systems. What else can we do to get rid of the iIum hazard? The first to suggest itself >*to get rid of the silica content In the dust. I know of one group of foundries which is conducting extensive research involving the use of molding sands that re free <>f quartz. T hat may prove to be thoroughly practical and is a step in the riahi direction. Any plant can study it* operations to see whether the quartz ma larial that is being used can be climi- nted. Castings in some cases can be {ltned with water. Blasting can be frequently with steel grit instead of Mnd. Certainly foundries can use silica* parting compound that is just as s<wi ;,v rjuartz dust. Silica packing should l,,: replaced in annealing opera- tton*. Pulverized quartz is not needed ,s an abrasive. This is one avenue of lumr<>i which should have thorough tidy in each individual case. Even though you get rid of quartz IMS H Utitffi Piifit ' Happy Feet It lut* often lieen aid that a man U no better than hia feet. Mangled, bruised, brokea or mashed tbci and feet not only take a man ofT * tile job, but eon real money in compen*tloo, medical and other direct and indirect cost. In ad dition such in ju r ie s reduce the morale of fellow workm en and slow down production. Von can protect your workers* feet by insisting they wear-Lehigh Safety Shoes with the improved alcel box safety too. Their feet will he happy feet, protected sgain.-l injury and farther--Indiigh Shoe an* built far comfort, durability ami appearance. EVEBY-OAY WORK SHOfcS Ata. JS -- Black Elk B lcher, Leather Sol# and Rubber H<l. S o , SJZ---A A bore, 6 * r p t Chrom# l.eather Middle Sol, Armv Criil Rubber Sol n<! Rub ber Hssl. Sb S-12 EE LEHIGH S A F E T Y SHOE CO 31 S. SEVENTH ST. ALLENTOWN, PA. FER A LU N JlnU^Slip Treads Alsu llrunsatun, Ahtmnhiii and Sicntun PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS and FLOORS A hard metal attrix Into which w an sn abrattv next in hsrdnsw to d a diamond h w n i durability and snti-x|i| Rteieney. A U ARE FIREPROOF Originator and d#r#lop#rt of Abrative m m li for SAFE WALKWAYS Specify Fornititi and /I r Suro AMERICAN ABRASIVE METALS CO. Irvington, New Jcrcy SEl'TF.MnRR, 1935 I h . ! 1 1i i i 4 ;vr \' i t J .1 ii :if' Ji*J*; I f) Reasons why J * ^ C R D C q f R D S are afe Gra-Ctid id RavCecd Sol 1 . ml Hctli contain appro* tnataly 70% native cotton. >*' 3. Tha Cotton i twwtcd into tough cord to incraaM wear. Cord* aro plactd in tha toio ON*ENO to prevent lipping. 4* Nn*Slip train. faativaa nliavo lg 5. The high pmontago of cotton riit* hal and cold. COitD.ON.ENO give cuthion 6 . COMFORT to tha tern. GRO-CORD and R A W . C O R D loltt and h fth are HitJ in dairitt, iron and fieri fonndriet, railroad ikupt, auto faetoriai, |< i and flat, trie pianit, iee and fuel tiatiom, itone arriet, m in e t, ( e n c r a / a r a h o a t e t okere S tfttr it cm important feetat. FUaibility and e u t in walking. 8. NQN.StIP add* confidence efficiency to tha wearer. and 9* GRO.CORDS and RAW* CORDS guard again* io*t lima acctdana from dipping. Sofa workers aro officiant work* 1 0 * ert and aro in dooaand* Now--beior you have an accident o tha tin to purchase ho that have GRO* CORD or RAW.CORD toia and heels on theta. Your work will ha m art pleasant because of this added safety. w e our M t i t k 'i t stth Annual gaiety Congress and Exposition iiiio th mo, i,'brvwn Hotel, Louisville, Ky.. October | 4*IS. IMS. T h e L im a C ord Sole ScH eel Co., D ept. 7-F, L im a, 0 KH tMMWl e r retenti--Xar'taWeeinil WSI I t I t a n M t ? SC 3 HELLS l . 't n v i i l j 11? IiT iv lU !*. Ji Rubberized Fabric Link M at Thi Non-dip Safety Mat is especially designed for industrial use where there is a slip hatard. In addition, they increase the workers' efficiency as they reduce fatigue brought on by stand* ng pn concrete, brick, tile or hard flooring, iatal for piecing in front of machines and where wet conditions exist. Heavy galvanised wire with cadmium plated dips and plates aro used to prevent rust* Furnished in sixes to meet your require* ments. low in cost and long weering. Write todey for prices end complete nformetion. THE B U X B A U M C O M P A N Y Akron Okio but cannot get rid of all dust, set you can do about getting rid o{ of it by conducting operations in ; manner as to minimize the rais, dust. Explore your process, for in? and see how much residual dust I the horizontal beams, ledges, et some plants that have not been cl for a long time this dust has been to lie at the angle of repose and ti bration of a passing truck would lil enough dust in the air to be of it serious hazard. This can be got f by a thoroughly practical means, as vacuum cleaning or blowing with a jet of wet air or steam, k rators are satisfactory for the protc of men doing the cleaning. There is an economic value in item. It has been reported by < plants which have improved their lu keeping by this method and have gc step farther and brightened up factory rooms with paint and ,vt*q lighting that other accidents have i reduced ami work efficiently incre.i Certainly an extremely dusty place i cates sloppy housekeeping. Housed' ing must be put on a periodic rout in Dry processes will sometimes admi being changed to wet processes, or d. processes. While dampness will not dust, moisture in the process will j vent the generation of dust in m. cases. Care must be exercised in in preting this suggestion because water a high speed grinding wheel does prevent the dust. One of the most * ous silica health hazards Is wet grind on natural sand stone wheels. The in dence to tuberculosis is high. Water artificial emery and carborundum trhe may or may not be beneficial. It >|> milled in lieu of dust exhaust in :u I* one state, but we are faced wit! 1 opinion that these dusts are iu>rm!< anyway, unless the volume is high. 1 worth depends upon getting the <li well below 100 million particles. Having done all the housekeeping ** process Improvement that can be devi* in lieu of exhaust, we are confront with the question of whether there **' remains dust in sufficient quant in some processes to make it nece?>,fy 1 remove it by mechanical exhaust. Du: counts will tell the answer. Hand tions, such as molding, can be without raising much dust. Most a* chanical operations which use or ate dust must be exhausted. It srnns1 evitable that exhaust be used slingers, rock crushers, dry pan.* Assuming that we have nut 111 ' ' u:ln l 'utt 4Vl`il `lyiittiicU, whai musl I, done to make it work? I have j*td that they wear out. You must put dust counts on a routine basis as a check 0f the efficiency of the system. Whether you us the Zeiss or the Owens' or the mpinger doesn't matter. The system must be explored constantly for leaks, the dust traps must be cleaned regularly, and the dust disposed of so that It won't mu* ImcU into the building. If the de sign contemplates returning the cleaned ,,f tp the building, extremely careful checking of it must be done in order that the hazard may not be compounded. It is poor practice to return the air to the building because operation is so often badly maintained. Who is responsible for a dust control program? The owners, through the man agement, are responsible for the provi sion of the equipment and the proper engineering to produce it. They have to spend the money and it is management's responsibility to see that it is spent properly. The initiative and the engi neering necessary to control the dust rest entirely with the management. It is not a hazard which can be controlled by* efficient supervision and safe practices alone. The supervisory department is re sponsible for the housekeeping, safe practices and shop methods. Some as signed members of the supervisory de partment are responsible for the main tenance and operation of the dust re moval equipment and for the dust founts used as a check on the system. If there over was a nice machine re quiring constant tuning, it is a dust removal system. It won't work without this attention. The workers carry a responsibility too. They must use the safeguards pro vided. whether they be respirators or portable hoods to place behind hand tool?. They must not stuff bags into ducts to stop drafts. Dust control is a cooperative tiling---each division carryinS its share of responsibility. Nobody avoid his responsibility and make 'he thing work. A Correction Through an error in the caption acfttmpanying the illustration on page t! f the August N a t io n a l Sa f e t y N e w s. Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., president of Gen***! -Mwturs Corporation, was referred ,Q *s vice-president of the corporation. SFr*TKMUEH. 1935 il Out of the Way Places Wlu;u you m ike your next plant inspection, be sure to notice those more or less out-of-theway drive belts, motors, s h a f ti n g or other equipment that should be guarded, but that have been neglected, due to their location. It is a good policy to "protect every hazard even though the chance of accident ia seemingly small. It is real economy to protect your workers from possible injury and it is Safety G uard Economy when yon do so with II & K Guard Accessories. They are furnished ready for easy and quick assembly by your handy man in bis spare time, arrinqfon &KI 'iCnoa. AU ttan H&K trrvie ( r i ,,u/e t4 U A nj t t c t e v t r iorlt ittrt t ' *te tnjtr in tp tt L e io re to rie i, I tie. H P e r fo r a t in g Il4 Liberty St. NEW YORK, N. Y. 5615 Fillm ore St. CHICACO, ILL. USE a UNION o r COLUMBIA CARBOY INCLINATOR for the SAFE and EASY way to pour acid end chemicals from carboys or small and medium site drums. A tried and - proved device attractively priced. Sold ou money.back guarantee. Send fr u completely illus trated and descriptive bulie- tin giving fu ll p arliru lu r* an d price*. THE INCLINATOR COMPANY-p.o. ox iti-MtNNtASOtii, uink.