Document 5LjGQmxB9mk4pzgd5bNvbwGRD

rder Form 1970 Congress Transactions Stock No. 022.22-1 022.22-2 022.22-3 Vot. No. 1 2 3 022.22-4 022.22-5 022.22-6 022.22-7 022.22-8 022.22-9 022.22-10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 022.22-11 11 022.22-12 12 022.22-13 13 022.22 14 14 022.22-15 15 022.22-16 16 022.22-17 17 022.22-13 18 022.22-19 19 022.22-20 20 022.22-21 21 022.22*22 22 022.22-23 23 022.22-24 24 022.22-25 25 022.22-26 26 022.22-27 27 022.22-28 28 022.11 | 1-9 10 or Title Copies more General Sessions 8 Index to all Volumes $ .95 $ .75 Aerospace; Air Transport .95 .75 Automotive 8 Machine Shop; Power Press 8 Forging .95 .75 Cement, Quarry 8 Mineral Aggregates .55 .50 Chemical; Fertilizer; Research 8 Development .95 .75 Civic Leadership; Church, Women, Youth, Farm .95 .75 Coal Mining .95 .75 Construction; Public Employee 1.25 1.10 Electronic 8 Electrical Equipment .55 .50 Food 8 Beverage; Meat 8 Leather Industries; Trades 8 Services .95 .75 Glass 8 Ceramics; Rubber 8 Plastics .95 .75 Industrial Subject Sessions; Associations 1.25 1.10 Labor .95 .75 Marine .95 .75 Metals .55 .50 Mining .95 .75 Motor Transportation .95 .75 Occupational Health Nursing; Hospitals .55 .50 Petroleum .95 -75 Public Utilities .95 .75 Pulp 8 Paper; Printing 8 Publishing .95 .75 Railroad .55 .50 School 8 College 1.25 1.10 Traffic; Driver Improvement .95 .75 Wood Products; 8 Textile .95 .75 Early Morning Sessions .55 .50 Public Safety .95 .75 Home Safety .95 .75 COMPLETE SET OF 28 VOLUMES $14.50 Automatic 20% discount to NSC members; 10% to U. S. Federal Government Agencies. Payment must accompany all orders of $5.00 or less. SHIP TO: Organization Address CityStateZip Code to Attention of BILL TO: Organization Address CityStateZip Code to Attention or Customer's Purchase Order Number T0 -17102 48 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 !.N o h 1970 VOLUME 16 Ii NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS MINING NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue Chicagof Illinois 60611 58th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Papers Delivered in the MINING SESSIONS Mining Safety involvement--From the Top ..._____ _____ _______ R. W. Shilling 4, Rehabilitation of Physically Handicapped Erie Mining Company Employees ................................................................................. ..... ..James B. Bowen 7 A Systems Safety Approach to Mining........................ .David V. MacCollum, P.E. 1 1 Property Loss Prevention at Mines and Plants ...... ........................Conrad Dunn 16. Fire Prevention Techniques for a Mineral Operation .............. ..... C, R. E. Allen 18. Conrtol of Health Hazards in Metal Mining _________ ________ Kenneth M. Morse 2t Training of Metal and Nonmefal Mine Inspectors___ _____ ..Thomas J. Shepich 28, Training the Mine Supervisor--Responsibility and Authority ......James A, Unger 31 The Use of Video Tape in Safety Training at Mines and Plants.... ,H. E. Johnson 34 Federal Inspection Program for Metal and Nonmetallic Mines____ .Roy G. Slott 36, Developing a State Mine Safety Plan .........____ _____ ____ .Stephen V/. Pogson 40- Officers of the Mining Section 1970-71 ................... ...................... .......................... . 41. Five Years of Future Dates for the National Safety Congress.................................. 47- Other Volumes in the 1970 National Safety Congress Transactions.........Back Cover 3. MINING SAFETY INVOLVEMENT-- FROM THE TOP By R. W. SHILLING Mines Plant Supt., Kennecott Copper Corp., Hurley, N. M. The Chino Mines Division of Kennecott Copper Corporation is located in southwest ern New Mexico and consists of two major operating plants. The mines plant is located at Santa Rita, and the reduction plant is located approximately nine miles south at Hurley. My comments primarily concern the activities at the mines plant, which is my area of responsibility. The actual history of the Santa Rita mine dates back to the early 1800's when Spanish soldiers discovered pieces of native copper in surface rocks. Utilizing convict labor loaned from the Mexican government, underground mines were operated intermittently through out the 1800's, decreasing in production as the rapper content of the ore decreased. Some of the earliest copper produced was taken to demanded additional attention both by the safety man and all levels of supervision-- especially the front-line supervisor. As we overcame some of the older safety problems, new ones arose in their places. The safely aspects of using radio-active devices, for example, could not be ignored, nor electronic equipment such as trains controlled by one man who operated a remote control system. So, while our blasting processes became safer, we had other areas to concern us. I firmly believe that our supervisors have always wanted very much to have their men complete their shifts safely and return home without injury. And I believe that this desire was a powerful force motivating them to learn more about all technical aspects of their work, including safety. Mexico by mule train to make Spanish coins. As a result of changing demands in the Since open-pit operations began in 1910. production at Chino has increased to approx imately 90,000 tons of material mined daily. safety field, we made some changes. The record, as I sliall show you a little later, indicates these changes were highly success Drilling is accomplished with J2-inch rotary ful. drills. The blasting which follows is done Of special note has been the improvement by using a patented slurry mix composed in the special relationship between the safety basically of ammonium nitrate. Six-yard, department as a staff function and the super eight-yard, and 15-yard shovels load the ore visor as a representative of the line organ and waste into truck* ranging in size from ization. We reorganized the safety depart 65-ton to 100-ton capacity. The ore is taken ment in 1956. Although it appears the to an ore reloading station to be loaded activities of the safety engineer remained into trains and moved by a common carrier much the same as before, the major railroad to the reduction plant. Approxi difference lies in the way these activities mately 625 employees, including hourly-paid are applied. The safety engineer no longer and supervisory, are used in the mining op thinks of things to be done by himself but, erations. Even during Chino's early development years, safety was a consideration, of course. With the passage of time, however, there was a growing realization that a more con sistent effort was needed to make the work safe and keep it that way. As a result, a special department for safety direction and instead, assists and supports the operating or maintenance supervisor in carrying out a safety program which he can tailor to his own needs. In other words, the operator, not the safety engineer, develops the pro gram. The safety engineer provides the spe cialized assistance necessary to get the most out of the program. supervision was established. At that time, the Merely revising the structure of an organ safety engineer carried much of the weight ization chart will not reduce severity and of responsibility for the safety record of the frequency rates, and this is not implied. But operating organization. the lines on an organization chart do de Improvements in technology were accel erating about this time, howeyer, and these lineate the areas of responsibility, and that is where one should start in upgrading the 4 (/ r l,fin infl capabilities and performance of the safety how he is to approach the tasks before him. organization. He has the latitude to decide which areas The question of where responsibility for will receive special emphasis as it may be safety should lie has been answered satisfac required. torily by most managements. Our manage ment considers itself responsible for the safety of each of its employees. The division safety policy reads: "It is the policy of this division to maintain a safe and healthful working environment, and to establish and insist upon safe methods and procedures of work. Accident prevention and property con servation will start with planning and will continue through design, purchasing, opera tions, and maintenance. Integration of acci dent prevention measures in ali activities is the Chino Mines Division's basic concept of safety." I believe that this policy has given all our supervisors the proper direction for attain ment of their safety goals. Those of you who are in coal, iron, or other types of mining In attempting to state this program as simply as possible, I may have left the im pression that the buck is passed completely to the front-line supervisor who is left then to stew in his own juice. This is not the case. Our method of accountability for job performance calls for total involvement from top to bottom. The supervisor regularly re ceives reports that tell him how well he is doing in each major area of responsibility. These can be stated in figures, so they are not matters of subjective judgment. If the supervisor has a problem that calls for outside help, he receives it. He can get help on controlling his costs, improving his relationships with labor, increasing his production, or bettering hit safety perform ance. are in business to mine your particular product as efficiently as possible and have established definite goals for your super visors. The same is true of a supervisor working at the Chino Mines Division of Kennecott. He is charged with the respon sibility of efficient mining of ore and re Finally, as we move up to each higher level of supervision, the responsibility for coor dination and cooperation among the various units increases, so it is not necessary for one front-line supervisor to suffer for the inadequacies of another. duction of that ore to a marketable product. It is imperative that ah functions of an And he is charged to do it safely. efficient, productive organization be a co Each supervisor is responsible within his own work area for production, quality con trol, industrial relations, costs, and safety. Each supervisor has definite goals to meet in each category. He develops these goals him self in consultation with division manage ment to meet the overall needs of the divi sion. The goals are difficult in many cases, but they represent an agreement between the supervisor and his superiors that they are reasonable and realistic. It is then up to the supervisor to meet these goals. A poor performance in any one of the areas calls for explanation and correction. There is no striking of an average. Top-notch perform ance in the area of costs, for example, will ordinated effort by all those making up that organization. We feel that the foreman or supervisor must be impressed with the fact that safety is not an activity separate and apart from cost control, production control, industrial relations, etc. We want our super visors to be conscious of costs and the effect his costs have on safety; we want them to be aware of production in their areas of responsibility, but more importantly, to know how to achieve maximum production with maximum safety. Safety must become an integral part of each and every function. It is literally following the National Safety Council slogan; "Schedule Safety Into Every Job." not offset a sub-par performance in safety'. Placing the responsibility for the safety of A supervisor who has an outstanding reconi his employees on the supervisor has made a for getting rock in the box will find this remarkable change in the severity and fre no help to him if he has poor marks in liv quency rate at our mines plant. The three- ing up to his end of our contracts with the year average frequency rate prior to 1955 labor unions. was 24.9. and the severity rate was 6,451. With responsibility, of course, goes au thority. The supervisor is free to choose In the following three-year period, the fre quency rate was 8.6 and severity rate was 165. The downward trend has continued and 5 1970 National Safety Congress for the period of 1967-1969 the mines plant frequency rate averaged 1,47. There were no injuries in the years 1968 and 1969, and the mines plant at Chino received die signal honor of being awarded the 1969 Sentinels of Safety Award from the American Mining Congress and the Bureau of Mines. This dramatic improvement in safety, I feel, is due to placing the responsibility for safety where it rightfully belongs--with manage ous personal injury or equipment damage. The accident and inspection reports are given to the work center supervisor for his use. The committee's recommendations go to the front-line supervisor and he is generally the ultimate judge of whether or not the recom mendations should be accepted. We have found these safety committees to be fairly impartial and objective in their judgments and we value this quality highly. ment, especially the front-line supervisor The critical opinions of others, especially who must tell his men how to work safely those trained in their field, can be of a great and see that they do it. deal of help in improving safety. That is why This does not ignore man's own self-pro tective instincts and desires hut, rather, sup plements them. We know the importance of sharpening the individual's instinct for per sonal safety and the supervisor's attention is directed to the employee's needs. At one time, we believed that contests were of great assistance in developing our employees' sense of safety awareness, and we placed great emphasis on the safety con test program. Since then, we have de-emphasized the contest approach became we felt the initial impact was lost as our em ployees became more safety-oriented. They became aware that engineering, education, we welcome, rather than oppose, inspection by outside agencies. We have, in New Mex ico, a strong, well-managed state office of mine inspection and our properties are in spected frequently. We consider this com parable to the service of an outside auditor in a business. It is another tool to be used by our supervisor:. We are also subject to inspection by the industrial hygiene section of the State Health Department which provides useful recom mendations made by professionals. Both state offices also have demonstrated a willingness to offer their ideas and assistance in helping us implement changes in our safety program. and enforcement are the teal supervisory We have our differences with these inspec tools for safety improvement rather than tion agencies--which is only natural. But promotion stunts. We still use publicity cam when they recommend an action which ap paigns effectively but primarily to satisfy the pears valid, we take immediate action. If individual need for recognition. Publicity is we disagree, we say so and are prepared to given to employees when small work sections appeal if necessary. In most cases, however, complete over 2,000 work days without a we go into the matter with the agency in disabling injury and each employee is given volved more thoroughly and an agreement a small gift of appreciation. If such a rec ord is achieved and the workers are not given the recognition, the supervisor soon hears about it. On the other hand, the astute supervisor is one who is encouraging such a record by bringing it to their attention long before the 2,000 days are completed. Our employees have a voice in our safety program as well. Approximately seven years ago, management on its own initiative estab lished an employees' safety committee com posed of employees selected by the repre sented unions and supervisors. Monthly inspections are made by this committee, which incidentally, is chaired by a mid-management supervisor (our title is work center super visor) and the plant safety engineer serves as secretary for the group. This committee also investigates all disabling injuries awl all accidents having high potential for seri is reached. We now are faced with federal inspection as well. In the past, we have found the U. S. Bureau of Mines to be quite helpful in matters of safety training and similar activities, and we are prepared to cooperate to the fullest with the federal people. Alt our supervisors were furnished copies of the Federal health and safety standards and meetings were held to permit each one of them to review with members of the safety department any question concerning interpretation Each supervisor has carefully reviewed his area of responsibility and has, in his opinion, placed his house in order. Management tells the supervisor that the inspection which is to be made by the Fed eral Bureau of Mines should be looked upon as an additional safety aid. 6 Mining These three independent inspections made by the safety committee, state mine inspector, and the U. S. Bureau of Mines must be considered by the front-line supervisor to be supplemental to his own daily safety activi ties. The independent inspections can only assist the supervisor, they cannot he his pri mary source of awareness of his work area's safety problems--and this must come from his own daily inspections and from his own continual observation of his employees' work procedures. He is the one that is responsible; he is the one that must know. Safety is an ever-present aspect of our business and yours. Machine manufacturers represented here are invited to have your field representatives contact our operating people and ask for safety suggestions con cerning their prototype equipment. Let our supervisors share their safety experience with your engineering design people. Your manufacturing know-how can be used to improve the safety of your equipment. In struct your salesmen to sell your line of goods because it is equipped with safety devices required by state or federal safety codes. Safety is a good selling point at Chino. We at tire Chino Mines Division of Kennecott Copper Corporation do not claim that ours is tire only way to safety, but we do say this--our safety record is good because we make safety a part of every job rather than making safety a separate job. REHABILITATION OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED ERIE MINING COMPANY EMPLOYEES By JAMES B. BOWEN Supervisor of Safety, Erie Mining Co., Hoyt Lakes, Minn. The mining industry relies on skilled, knowledgeable people to operate its respec tive properties. These people, in fact, are our most valuable asset. We are all well aware of the cost, time, and energy required to bring a new employee to the competency level of an experienced employee. Consid ering tiffs fact, plus obvious humanitarian reasons, we have established comprehensive safety and health programs which are di rected to the interest and well being of the employees. Medical and hospital benefit plans are furnished by the companies to workers. There is a definite trend to design plants and mining facilities with the health and safety of people in mind. Off the job safety programs are now a common practice with most mining companies. Our training efforts are generally centered around the employee and his physical and emotional health. Much has been accomplished, and more will be done in the future to protect the mining employee in his work environment Even though positive protective measures have been taken, we have people who for one reason or another become physically handi capped. Mother Nature's degenerative proc ess has not been eliminated. Congenital im pairments that remain dormant during the earlier years of a man's life suddenly ap pear and cause difficulty with advancing age. We continue to have many off the job and some on the job personal injury acci dents. These factors combined have pro duced a significant number of mining em ployees with physical handicaps. Of course, the conditions I have listed are true to a greater or lesser degree in all industries. The question is how to arrive at an ad ministrative program that will be consistent and fair to all concerned, and at the same time offer rehabilitative qpoprtunities to this group of handicapped workers. We could attempt to ignore the fact that a number or our employees are and will be physically handicapped, or we could react without any great degree of consistency when we con sider each case individually. We could also establish a policy requiring each employee to be physically able to perform all aspects of bis job without restrictions or conditions. But these approaches leave a great deal to be desired. They may cause a great waste in valuable manpower, as well as social and economic problems for the employees with physical restrictions. 7 1970 National Safely Congress Therefore, we at Erie have chosen to establish a consistent administrative program that will explore all employment possibili ties for the physically handicapped worker Our policy accepts the proposition that some employees will become so severely handi capped that it will he impossible to con tinue their employment- However, we have found that the vast majority of employees who acquire impairments can be placed in job assignments which allow them to pro duce full time at a level that is adequate and justifiable. Providing suitable employ ment for the handicapped worker is the mast satisfactory form ofrelabilitation. The cause of the impairment, the. degree of impairment, and the response to treatment and rehabilitation will differ with each man. However, the administrative considerations given each case must he the same. Our standard practice procedure to implement the program is entitled the "Employee's Retumto-Work Physical Examination and Reas signment of Physically Restricted Employ ees." The procedure has been in effect since February 1, 1963. Each employee must have a return "tO'Wcck physical examination for any one of the following conditions: 1. Absent fmin wort; for 30 calendar days or more. 2. Major surgery. 3. Minor surgery with potential tor reha bilitative work restrictions. 4. Private physician's statement recom mending work restrictions. 5. Contagious disease. 6. Supervisor's opinion rii.it the man is unable to perform Ids work. 7. A reported serious stem-occupational ill ness or injury even if employee has no ap parent after effects. 8. OeesEpabomd injury i- i: strictions. work i- The `UipiTViouy will n..( allow trie em ployee to return to work without a medical authorization if any of the conditions above apply. The medical representative on duty at the Erie Plant dispensary determines the type of physical examination requited. The doctor may, in addition to his examination, request authority from the employee to ob tain medical information tram his personal physician by telephone m in writing. Following the examination, the doctor may specify reasonably insignificant restrictions to be effective for a limited period of time He would then complete the proper form and have the employee deliver it to his su pervisor. If the supervisor understands the limitations and sees no problems with the restrictions, he may return the employee to work after going over the doctor's orders with die man. In the event a supervisor has questions, he may call the safety depart ment fur additional information. The examin ing doctor must forward his report regarding any severe restrictions which arc effective for a prolonged period to the supervisor of safety. The employee will be informed by the doctor that his case has been referred to the Retum-to-Work Committee, and he will learn the outcome of their meeting in a few days. The Retum-to-Work Committee was cre ated by the previously mentioned standard practice procedure. The committee is com posed of the supervisor of safety (chair man), the departmental superintendent (the physically handicapped employee's superin tendent) , ami the supervisor of industrial relations. The examining physician will be contacted prior to the meeting for the purpose of explaining all aspects of the employee's limi tations or he may he asked to attend the meeting. Other supervisory, engineering, or administrative personnel may be called by the committee and asked to attend a meeting if their knowledge or advice could contribute to the outcome. The supervisor of safety calls a meeting of the committee as quickly as possible after receiving a restriction report from the doc tor. The group is varied and sufficiently knowledgeable to consider all aspects of the employee's case. The employee's superintend ent explains to the committee the various duties that are required by the employee's regular job assignment. He may also, de scribe any other available jobs that he feels the employee is qualified to perform. The supervisor of industrial relations view's the various employment situations for consist ency with past decisions and labor agree ment;-,. The examining physician considers the man's health and physical ability to per form the various assignments as they are described or a he knows them to be from 8 Minina observation. The supervisor of safety, in addition to presiding, reviews the various safety aspects of the case considering the potential claims that could develop from occupational aggravation of the pre-existing condition. tuns-to-work examination. The examining physician secured a complete report from the man's persona! physician and then ex amined him. This examination resulted in some rather severe work restrictions. To add to the problem, the employee had limited The group may approve a job assignment work qualifications and his former job re during the initial meeting and make plans quired a great deal of physical effort. The for notifying the employee and the super Retum-to-Work Committee was unable to visors concerned. After approval, the doctor locate an available job that would comply will explain directly to the man involved with his physical limitations as well as his all aspects of his restrictions anil subse work qualifications. Six months later a job quently, the employee's supervisor will go did become available, the employee was re- over the restrictions with him to be certain amined, and the Return-to-Work Committee of a mutual understanding. The doctor will made a satisfactory job assignment. The em inform the group of the follow-up medical ployee continued under doctor's care. After care of rehabilitative treatment required, if a year following his return to work his any. If the case is Hen-occupational, the em heart condition improved substantially, and ployee's personal physician will prescribe the he was able to work at jobs which offered follow-up care, the nature of the treatment, him more income and responsibility. This and the amount of time required. The health individual was not forgotten when the com care aspects are discussed and considered mittee was unsuccessful following his origi before any job assignments are made. nal attempt to return. The procedure calls Often the Rcturn-to-Work Committee will for periodic review of those employees who require a subsequent meeting or meetings, are not placed in jobs. Without a provision due to a need for additional information, of this nature, it would he very easy to com the absence of available jobs in the man's pletely forget those handicapped employees assigned department, or if the doctor deter who are disqualified for one reason or an mines that the roan requires additional time other. off the joh for physical therapy or other A review of the program for the year other treatment. of 1969 and 1970 (to date) will indicate In the event a job is not available for which the man is qualified to perform in hts department, the supervisor of industrial relations will contact other departmental su perintendents to determine what available jobs are open and are worthy of consideration by the committee. If no available jobs are found, the supervisor of safety notifies the the scope of the Committee's action and the nature of the problems we have faced : 1. A total of 57 cases were reviewed by the Retum-to-Work Committee. 2. Twenty-five of the case* reviewed were classified as occupational. 3. Thirty-two of the cases reviewed were classified as non-occupational. general manager of the committee failure 4. Forty-three of the total fifty-seven to place the employee in a suitable assign cases were returned to jobs which were ment. It then becomes the duty of the super within their physical limitations and for visor of safety to regularly review the which they were qualified to perform. employee's case. The industrial relations de partment also aids in the continuing search for job assignment possibilities. Every effort 5. Ten of the total fifty-seven cases have not been returned to work and are continu ing to be reviewed. is made to find suitable employment as soon as possible for the employee. There have been some very difficult cases where suitable jobs were not available for long periods of time. For example, an employee suffered a heart attack which resulted in a significant amount of residual damage. Four months following the attack, he presented himself for a re 6. Four of the total fifty-seven cases ap pear to have severe physical restrictions that will prevent their return to work. 7. Twenty-six of the total fifty-seven cases were issued permanent work restric tions. (The restrictions were classified as permanent by the examining physician.) 8. Thirty-one of the total fifty-seven cases were issued temporary work restrictions. Of 1970 National Safety Congress the thirty-one cases with temporary restric tions. seventeen were of less than six months duration. 9. Thirty-one of the total forty-three cases that resulted in continuing employment were returned to their regular job at their same work location. 10. Eight of the total forty-three cases were returned to their regular job at a dif ferent work location. 11. Four of the total forty-three cases were returned to a new work assignment. 12. The nature of the physical impair ments reviewed are as follows: Impairment Number of Cases 3. The company's integrity may be chal lenged by claims that the objective of the program is to improve the safety record. This point is not considered valid when nonoccupational cases are given the same con sideration as occupational cases. Let us now consider the advantages: 1. The consistency of the program assures proper follow-up medical care and rehabili tative treatment, because the handicapped worker is under the control of the exam ining physician. If the case is occupational, the examining doctor will directly supervise the treatment. For nan-occupational cases, the examining doctor will cooperate with the worker's private physician to assure nec Back 21 Heart 12 Emotional Disorders and Alcoholism 6 Leg and Knee 5 Hand 4 Ulcer 3 Bronchitis 2 Eye 1 Shoulder l essary care. 2. The handicapped worker and his fam ily continue to enjoy the fruits of employ ment The worker remains an active member of society not dependent on social welfare programs. 3. The physically handicapped worker is less likely to develop psychological side ef fects from his impairment if he is employed Hernia Foot 1 and active. I 4. Overall employee morale is heightened, we believe, by a fair policy' of continuing the Total 57 employment of the handicapped. We feel This program, like any other which at tempts to rehabilitate handicapped workers, has its disadvantages along with its advan tages. Of the disadvantages. let us consider the following: 1. The possibility of poor morale resulting when a handicapped worker produces less than his healthier counterparts. This will be minimized by properly placing the employee where he is producing a normal day's work. 2. The company's integrity could he chal lenged by claims of favoritism, if handi capped workers are not provided jobs con sistently. that most employees are proud of their com pany for this practice, realizing that they too could have problems in the future. 5. Employees who are properly placed in jobs where they can perform a normal day's work will produce at 100 per cent capacity, and the company retains their knowledge and skills. Obviously, we support this program be cause we feel the advantages outweigh the' disadvantages. We are convinced that con trolled productive work coupled with close medical observation is the most successful form of rehabilitation. 10 Mining A SYSTEMS SAFETY APPROACH TO MINING By DAVID V. MacCOLLUM, P. E. Director of Safety, U. S. Army Strategic Communications Command, Fort Huachuca, Ariz, We are in the midst of a consumers revo lution and, because of It, safety has taken on a new dimension. As managers, engineers, miners, travelers, homeowners, etc., we all are involved in the role of being a consumer. Whether it be mining machines, construction equipment, or the automobile you drive; the airline you fly in; your wife's automatic washing machine or her electric kitchen appliance, or any household product or tool, you as a consumer are concerned with its ability to perform reliably and safely. You need only to pick up the evening paper, glance at public interest magazines or look at the TV news reports to become appalled at the number of accidents which are the result of unsafe products or services that were performed in a hazardous manner. What has happened to cause widespread failure of consumer products and bring about a seemingly national sport of filling our courts with lawsuits arising out of defective and accident-producing products, machines, and systems? We need only to examine the products of our technology to recognize that our progress for creating new things has exceeded our capability of examining our new inventions for all the possible hazards that may be inherent with their use. As a result of inadequate safety considera tions, Ralph Nader has been labeled both as a crusader and as a possible trouble maker. We are often dumbfounded as to the im mensities of an "adequate award" obtained by Melvin Belli in accident cases arising from occupational, traffic, or products acci dents. Such notoriety has made the public awake; aware, and anxious to do something about protecting themselves from unsafe products. Unfortunately, when a rebellious public confronts our state and national legis lators with safety problems, reason often goes out the window in an attempt to right some wrongs, and we become saddled with punitive-type safety laws that do not correct the underlying accident causes. The broad gap that exists between the consumer's requirements for safety and the designer's specialized knowledge is making safety a recognized branch of engineering. This broad gap is magnified by managers not fully facing up to their safety responsibili ties, when they attempt to avoid liability for unsafe features by legal means, rather than establishing a workable policy concerning equipment or product safety'. Also, our trade associations have often only talked about safety while actually pursuing a policy of foot dragging. Today many factors cause things used to be hazardous. Each of you know of mining equipment or processes that are unsafe. We need to examine the basic unsafe factors that exist in the use of almost anything we use, and we will find them to be variables. To achieve absolute safety, we must con sider machine failures, the interface of the machine to man, and allow for safety factors for the man. Unfortunately, most designers' experience and training normally only en compass obvious machine failures, a bit of human factors (in the dimensioning for the configuration of controls; for example, as the relationship of the machine to man), and practically no knowledge of man's behavior, which includes irrational actions that are conducive to creating accident-producing sit uations. We can now go one step further and show that machine failure may be induced by environment, failures of the interface of man and machine may he induced by environ ment, or man failures may be induced by environment. Now we can begin to recognize that the use of almost any product can be considered as a system. For example, this comparison becomes obvious if we relate our daily automobile transportation as a simple system. The automobile is recognized as the ma chine, and it is not difficult for us to identify tiie many types of machine failures that can arise. Next is the relationship of the auto and man, which concerns us with the human factors; these can be related down to just how comfortable the seat of the car is for the driver. The behavior of the man should next be considered, and believe me, when we n 1970 National Safety Congress design an automobile that can sense when the driver is drunk, and has a failsafe device that prevents him from starting the vehicle, we will really have begun to whip one of our biggest accident producers. Last but not least we must consider environment, which en compasses all the many conditions that we may expose the car and the driver to. such as the road, weather, and altitude. With thi3 approach in mind, we are analyzing safety from a systems concept We now have the advantage of examining all facets of a particular piece of equipment and being able to relate how a possible in significant failure of a minor component can be parlayed into a major catastrophe. To do this we need to examine first those events that are considered to he undesirable. Un fortunately, our initial thoughts are often concentrated upon the spectacular, such as the death of an astronaut, a bridge collapse, or other newsworthy accidents which are con sidered to be the result of a gross hazard, whereas many injuries and deaths of main tenance and operational personnel over a long period of time are often callously viewed as inconsequential. Little credence has been given to accidents as natural phenomena. Accidents will occur if the proper conditions exist and/or inap propriate behavior is involved. Accident in vestigations often reveal gross design omis sions as the causative factors. This has produced a blame placing syndrome at management level. This management failure has made safety such a disagreeable subject that there has been little incentive for engi neers to suggest that logic studies be made on new designs to identify accident-producing events. Further, because of this psychological block on accidents, there is an inadequate information retrieval system to provide a sound basis for avoiding old errors in new designs. Let us now consider the sequence of un desirable events which might surround the loss of a large passenger aircraft Included in the design or a new aircraft is a hori zontal stabilizer that is taken from the design cf an older aircraft of comparable size. The stabilizer is operated by an electric switch controlling a reversible electric motor which turns a worm gear, thereby moving a screw jack that forces the stabilizer down or hack to a level positif.ii, depending upon the direc tion in which the worm gear is rotating. There is also a manual trim wheel, located between the pilot's and copilot's seats, which accomplishes the trim via the horizontal stabilizer. It is known that the pilots cannot override the electric motor to the worm gear with the manual trim wheel. A logic analysis showed a critical hazard existed. It was reasoned that if the electric switch to the motor for the horizontal stabilizer were to fail in the depress mode, the aircraft would be placed in an outside loop and would therefore crash. The se quence would take only one or two minutes. The pilots would have practically no time to save themselves from catastrophe by finding the circuit breaker and throwing it open The mechanics of this hazard are simple The surface of the horizontal stabilizer h very large, as compared to elevator surface The pilots have only a short time to control the aircraft, because the authority of the stabilizer soon exceeds the correction that can be made by the elevator. Therefore, the aircraft is quickly placed in an irreversible outride loop and then is destroyed. The switch is a good example of inadequate safety design. The designers of the hori zontal stabilizer of the earlier aircraft onlyconsidered failure of the electric motor and provided manual trim as part of the hori zontal stabilizer. They did not recognize the consequences of the switch failing in a closed position, thus depressing the horizontal stabilizer, which in reality is the worst possi ble event Suppose the accident experience of the earlier aircraft included the loss of two aircraft over the ocean shortly after changing elevation. No investigation of these crashes would be possible to reveal switch failure, because the wreckage could never be recovered. Now that we have had an example of a probable accident analysis that could result from an undesired event (such as a switch failing in a closed position), we can apply some terminology and develop a fault-tretanalysis. Logic symbols are used to adapt the analysis to a graphic presentation. Tin basic symbols include: 1. And Gate. This describes an operation where all input events must coexist to pro duce an output event. 2, Or Gate. This describes the operation when an output event occurs if at least one of the input events is present. 12 7970 National Safety Congress There are no restrictions to the number of inputs that can be placed to either type of gate. The other symbols used to graphi cally represent the analysis are: 1. The rectangle. This describes the fault events that result from the combination of more basic faults that have passed through logic gates. 2. The circle. This describes the basic fault inputs that require no further development. They may include component failures that were identified by testing. 3. The diamond. This describes fault in puts that are not developed. A simplified fault-tree for the trim system can now be graphically illustrated as shown in Figure 1. The fault-tree graphically charts the route that an undesirable event can take to cause FIGURE I a catastrophe. It dearly presents to the designer a number of places where the cycle can be interrupted for the insertion cf a safety device to make the system fail-safe. Caution dictates that a new fault-tree be graphed showing the added safety device to assure that no new hazards are introduced into the system. Assessing Accident Risks With the sequence of undesirable events schematically portrayed, the risk of acci dents am be assessed in meaningful values: i.e., one in a hundred, one in a million, and so forth. The likelihood of the undesired event occurring can be synthesized to deter mine whether management can live with this risk of failure, or instead can support the cost of design changes necessary to over come the hazard. A cost-conscious manage ment now can make decisions based on the knowledge of the possible mode of the un desired event, the likelihood of the undesired event occurring, and the cost of eliminating $9/0 National Safety Congress this event with which they feel they cannot 3ive. The determination ot acceptable risks is in itself variable. For example: a picnic is planned for the next Sunday if it doesn't rain. The weatherman predicts that there is a chance of one in a hundred that it will rain on that Sunday. The normal picnic planner considers this an acceptable risk and proceeds to schedule the picnic. However, if we are designing nuclear warheads and the physicists tell us that a design weakness will cause a premature detonation at the rate of one in a thousand, we all recognize that as an unacceptable risk, because of the severe consequences that will result from a nuclear blast. The ability to assign reliability values of component parts to the fault-tree logic for mat affords the project engineer an over view of how safe the design is and provides management a basis for determination of an acceptable or unacceptable risk. Boolean algebra is used to symbolically express the fault-tree in terms of inputs. These algebraic expressions can be simpli fied to show the combinational effects of these values. For complex equipment, ma chines, or systems, such as intercontinental rockets, the computing can he done by any desired mathematical refinement or applica tion such as the Monte Carlo or Bayes formulae, which can be mocked up for ma chine solution by a computer. A simplified version of determining the chance of accident is shown in Figure 2. The biggest value of this -systematised ap proach is that it affords an engineering department a method of identifying critical hazards during the design period. Cost of corrections made on the drawing table are negligible as compared to costly change orders during the construction or fabrication period. Testing agencies can also make good use of the fault-tree analysis to graphically assess the existence of all possible undesira ble events that can result in a serious acci dent. Testing agencies should develop their own fault-tree graphs and use them as a test of the developer's analysis. A mere Mining- review of the developer's fault-tree can lead to prejudiced thinking rather than unbiased logic. shown by test, and thereby determine the possible hazardous combinational effects. Deductive, intuitive methods With this knowledge available and accessi ble to managers, this technique can be ap Previous to this symbolized approach to safety engineering analysis, methods had been largely restricted to deductive and in tuitive processes to identify hazards. As long as engineers designed simple devices, they were fortuitous in not creating hazards. However, as design becomes involved in more complex mechanisms, the probability of overlooking the latent hazards is a steadily increasing risk. Preliminary hazard studies by safety engineers will give a cut out of the system, and the fault-tree analysis can be applied where detail is required. In areas of severe hazards and risks which have horrendous consequences, the Markov proc esses can be followed to consider all the effects resulting from the interactions of all possible failures within a complex system or subcomponent plied to almost any area of construction, mining, or manufacturing. A quick example can be applied to the accidents which have involved heavy earth moving equipment that are diesel-electric powered. Such equipment when used on a straight-away at high speedsfunctions fine; however, when it is used on steep, curving, winding narrow mountain roads, where low engine speeds are required, the servo-motor systems become less respon sive and, therefore, the vehicle becomes less controllable and is now an accident producer. This is just a hint of the many areas where the machine is not properly related to a specific function in our technology of han dling of earth which has not been adequately studied for .safety efficiency because of a lack of a systems approach. We are entering a new era whereby a There are some pitfalls possible when making analyses of this nature, and they can lead to confusion when inadequate mathematical foresight is applied. Consider a machine with 100 components in series, each 99 per cent reliable--the machine is really only 36 per cent reliable. If the ma chine has 400 components m series, it has only a two per cent reliability. If it ever complete safety analysis is needed. The spe cialized system safety engineer has proven his worth as a member of the design and test field of the aerospace and electronics industries. His talents should be applied tut other areas to help bridge the gap that exists between "we" as consumers, and the design ers and managers who bring us the benefits of today's technology. works at all, it is more luck than anything Perhaps some of the concepts are difficult else. In actual practice, the eventuality of a to easily relate to hard-rock mining, but they catastrophic accident is not nearly as in do. Your rock bolting technique is a system evitable 'as the example of a machine with to stabilize your excavations. Your material 400 series components. The assumptions handling machinery such as hoists, convey applied to this circumstance were: first, the ors. and mine trains have become complex, failure of any component is independent of sophisticated, automated equipment, which any other component's failure. However, a machine with many components is not likely to fail every time any one part fails. The now demand a system safety analysis to assure they are safe. Human factors, relia bility, and maintainability must also be con failure of one or more of the parts may only cause reduced levels of performance rather than a complete breakdown of the machine. Therefore, when applying this sidered as part of the safety requirements. Therefore, we all must consider that as we rely more and more upon machinery to do our back-breaking work, the people who theory to the impact of the failure of indi vidual parts to a machine, it cannot be treated lightly. It is at this time that the operate and work with machines now depend upon the safe design of the equipment as a major index of their own safety. In short, safety engineer, experienced in fault-tree analysis, can provide assistance to the engi neering department. He can channel into the fault-tree logic diagram the performance characteristics of the individual parts, as our safety responsibilities have become tre mendously magnified with automation. Man agement has not fully recognized the change and is attempting to manage the superautomated mine with horse-and-buggy safety concepts. IS J970 NiitiiWii! Safely t PROPERTY LOSS PREVENTION AT MINES AND PLANTS By CONRAD DUNN District Manager, Factory Mutual Enginering Assn... Chicago Aiihough Joss prc-veiUioH problems vary with different InrhKtries and even with the different mining operations, loss prevention principles are haA^.Uy the same for mining properties as they would he for paper mills, shoe factories, and electronic plants. It all boils down to the human dement--people-- and the physical element---firs-ed and portable protection. From about the middle of the lth century until tlie present time., coal mining, with its inherent gas hazard, accounted for over 14.000 deaths.1 The cause of these disasters varied but were primarily due to smoking '.me of the odd things that struck me tv:, the large number of disasters in the early slays which were attributed to, "Drawing gasoline by carbide light." I said to myself. "Surely no right thinking person would d< such a thing nowadays"--or would they? And titai I remembered reading some of our own loss statistics which show that peo ple do tilings that are unbelievably stupid like throwing lighted cigarets in a tank of naphtha. Would you think people would drthis? They do? Thus the human element comes into play. However--enough of the statistics! and open flames; blasting and explosives; electrical arcing: flame safety lamps; Arcs; and friction and spark*, in that order of The primary hazards associated with sur face installations are fires and explosions. In underground installation the primary hazards importance. are not only fires and explosions but also Daring a similar period, in the metal and include flooding, cave-ins. and hoisting acci non-metal mining operations (excluding coal) dents. some 1,305 lives* were lost due to mine dis An effective loss prevention program at asters. Of these,, 504 lives were lost due to any property requires the interest and back fires and 399 due to explosions. Other loss of life was due to cave-ins, flooding, etc. Although most of the explosion causes were identified, most of the fire ignition sources were unknown. In the early days many fires were attributed to candies, carbide lamps, and surface fires where products of combus tion were drawn into the shafts. One of the major disasters occurred at a copper mine in Montana where 163 person,- were killed. Tfiis disaster was attributed to the ignition if a power cable by a carbide lamp. Timbers ing of top management. Any program has to be an active program and not a paper program. There has to be a man in. charge with clear channel to top management and on the management staff. His title is imma terial He could be called Director of Prop erty Conservation, Plant Emergency Chief, or even Chief of Plant Protection. His title doesn't matter as long as he has manage ment's hacking and their ear. There should be various departments reporting to him such as the Safety Director, the Fire Chief, and were ignited, and most of the miners were the Security Chief, and under these staff asphyxiated by the products of combustion. members there wili probably be other staff There have been several foreign mine dis asters where the loss of life has exceeded this. The world's worst disaster was in Man churia in 1942 where 1,549 workers were killed in a coal mine. members such as safety inspectors, fire in spectors, plant guards, and others. There should be an emergency organization and the duties should be in writing. Once organized, the people must be trained and II B.: Ho.yo'onl Aar--;,i. - oj `tl Mine i-'- > i in the United States .rtlO-USB. Bud.,tin 586. Bureau of Mines I960. periodic meetings held to keep personnel up to date and drilled in emergency procedures. Each man should know to whom he reports iHyvnrfnen. Terr I.elnnd K. Johnson, and ` t O, Kennedy; Major Disasters at Metal and 'fen-metal Mines and Quarries in the United States (Biechnlirtft Coal Mines! Bureau of '.lines Information Circular 749S April 1949. and know his responsibilities. '`Chicago THhnnte World Almanac 1870 E,T. Mining Don't forget to provide for second and third shifts and for those holidays and va cation shut-downs. Provide alternates for each position in the event of illness or va cations. and keep your organization up to date by replacing those who have been transferred or retired. Our loss statistics show that for the 50.000 or more locations insured in the Factory Mutual System, there are about 8.000 reportable losses each year. Tills means that the average plant has one reportable loss about every six years. For eacli plant that reports two losses a year, one plant has to go twelve years without having a report able loss, Consequently, it is hard to keep a group on their tees if they will he needed only oil an average of once every six years. However, in order to function properly they must be on their toes, and this means training and periodic drills. It a group is properly trained to act promptly at times of fires or explosions, they will also act promptly in such emergencies as floods, blizzards, tornados, riots, etc. In nearly all disasters reported hv the Bureau of Mines and from our own Loss Analysis Section, we find one thing in common--hu man element failure. We can't eliminate the human element so we must be prepared to control it. The physical element Is much easier to engineer and control but can be somewhat more costly to implement. Most mining op erations are basically non-combustible and wet to a certain degree. Why not go as far as possible in making your operation non combustible by using metal, asbestos, or con crete buildings ? Eliminate wood from your shafts and drifts by using concrete and steel Where wood cannot he eliminated, use sprayed on concrete or similar material to flameproof the wood members. Where there are store rooms, both above and below ground, it is impossible to elimi nate combustibles. Rubber conveyor belts are very common in mining operations today, and process equipment may be rubber lined to cut down on the abrasive action. The only- practical answer is automatic sprinkler pro tection. Automatic sprinklers in mines? Why not? They are reliable, they're always on duty, they are not adversely affected by smoke and heat, they discharge less water than hose streams, and you've eliminated most of the human element. I'm sure I've heard all the arguments against sprinklers many tiroes, but I don't think they are really valid. The more com mon arguments why sprinklers cannot or need not be installed are, "The shaft is wet.'' "The wood won't burn," "Those timbers arc too big--you can't set them on fire with a blow torch." "That conveyor belt is covered with ore--how can it bum?" About two years -ago 21 men were killed in a wood lined shaft that was "too wet to bum" but somehow a welding spark ignited the timbers and the shaft did burn. While it's; true you may not be able to burn a large timber with a blow torch, you can ignite it with a welding spark, and you can ignite any size timber with a single match if you have, the proper fuel arrangement. A few years ago, there, was just such a proper fuel arrangement at an air intake shaft. The timbers were 3x12*3, 4x8's and even 12xl2's. Even the joints were sealed with gunite. However, the timbers were ignited by a welding spark, resulting in considerable prop erty damage and the loss of one life and four injuries. One of the more common fires at mining properties today is in the conveyor rubber belt Even the so-called "fireproof" Approval No. 1 by the National Coal Board or the "fire resistance" U. S. Bureau of Mines 28-1 rated rubber belt burns. We have the losses to prove it. I know of no rubber conveyor belt that does not burn, and they are usually ignited by a welding spark. friction or, oc casionally, by hot ora. Rubber belts, like shaft lining, need sprinklers. So far, we have been talking in terms of loss of life, which is generally uppermost in our minds, but, what about property loss and business interruption? One of the most dis astrous losses to occur in modern times was at an iron concentrating plant in Newfound land. There were six autogenous mills with rubber lined spiral separators and rubber lined launders. A worker repairing a launder ignited the rubber with a cutting torch. The fire went undetected and eventually involved the entire mill. Although the loss was origi nally estimated at about $17,000,000, it was adjusted at slightly more, than $11,000,000, which is still an awful lot of money. What did all these losses have in common ? They lacked sprinkler protection which had 17 Jational Safety Congress en installed for one reason or another, st cases, sprinkler protection is pracmd can be installed. Without it, the ropertics are vulnerable to serious fire >ssible loss of life, not to mention the ant loss of production and physical e. A number of companies are begino realize the value of automatic sprinand are installing them underground, losions are a hazard to be reckoned it any property but generally present -jC a problem in coal mines. Explosions iding the use of explosives) can genbe categorized into flammable gas, able liquid vapors, and dust explosions, usually do not present too much of lem except at coal and possibly sulphur .ilsonite mines. Most mines do have able liquids in them, and there is al a possibility of a flammable liquid explosion. same standards pertain to most haz! materials whether they he gases, vaor dusts, and whether they be above or ground. These are; isolate the hazard. Locate it in such a r that a fire or explosion will not e your other operations. Confine the hazard to the area. This equire curbs and drains for flammable 5, explosion venting, embankments or resistant walls, and fire walls for the lous materials. Provide safety ventilation to keep the or flammable liquid vapors at 25 per if the lower explosive limit. 4. Eliminate ignition sources such as matches, open flames, and cutting torches. All electrical equipment should be safe for the occupancy. 5. Provide proper protection in the form of automatic sprinklers with an adequate water supply plus fire extinguishers and fire hose. 0 Train employees to act effectively to sound the alarm and to execute previously assigned duties. These precautions may sound overly sim plified and the problems may not t>e easily solved. However, your insurance carriers have engineers and specialists that are ex pert in these problems and will be glad to help you set up a loss prevention program. Loss prevention is human and physical. On the human side, develop a property conser vation program that has the backing of top management and is headed by a managementstaff member. Develop, educate, and train personnel in ail conceivable emergency pro cedures. and keep your organization up to date. On tlie physical side, eliminate all com bustibles practical by using metal, asbestos, or concrete construction including buildings, shafts, and drifts. Where combustibles can not be eliminated, provide automatic sprin kler protection plus fire extinguishers and hose. Control the hazardous materials by confining and isolating them. Property loss prevention is up to you. FIRE PREVENTION TECHNIQUES FOR A MINERAL OPERATION By C. R. E. ALLEN P. Eng., V.P., Marsh & McLennan Ltd., Toronto, Ont. e waste fakes an increasing toll nearly year. Property waste and loss of life tics set new records almost as a matter urse. It leaves many of us who work in ield with the conviction that Murphy's applies to fire protection; that is, if :hing can go wrong, it will. To put it clearly into fire protection terms, if ;hing can catch fire, it eventually will. Over the last twenty years, I have become increasingly convinced of this, and frequently refer to myself as a professional pessimist This comes about partly because the fire catastrophes and loss of lives in fire trage dies that occur give one a distinct sense that history is repeating. There is probably no field that receives as much attention where the fundamental lessons are so well known. Mining To illustrate, it seldom seems that I read this further, let us cast an eye out for anything about a serious fire in a mineral broad lessons from fires in general. operation where the cause was anything but Few lessons available from fire are as welding. One would suppose that some dramatic as the one which is probably the method could he developed to control this world's most widely publicized tragedy. The obvious hazard, but it seems that each in death of three astronauts in their capsule dividual involved must learn the lesson per when fire occurred during a training session sonally before he really becomes convinced shocked the world. According to press re that the trouble of taking precautions is ports a tremendous effort was directed to justified. complete review of all contents of the cap There are many other illustrations of this nature. Literally hundreds of millions of dol lars worth of lessons to be observed, and all now free for the learning! The fact that these lessons are so continuously demon strated and so continuously ignored prompts one to suspect there is some force at work to frustrate man's desire to tie safe from fire. After all, observe the thousands of indi viduals who read and study the work done by the National Fire Protection Association, and the many hundreds who contribute to this work. Observe liow often fire safety subjects are discussed at other meetings such sule and innumerable modifications were made to eliminate burnable materials and possible sources of ignition. While this dramatic occurrence may seem far removed from our humdrum business affairs, it brings out one essential feature: the intense activity directed towards fire safety only came after the tragedy occurred. Top decision-making management directed their whole hearted at tention to fire safety only after the event. This story is repeated over and over in the business world. It brings us to fire safety technique number one: top operating man agement must give dear support and direc as this one. It is almost a universal statement tion to fire safety efforts. to deplore wastage of the nation's riches by fire, yet it goes on. One may reasonably come to the conclusion that the answer lies in inherent personality traits. This tragedy has one aspect that is con tinually thought provoking, even astonishing The space program represents one of the greatest technological achievements of the Many will recall how Parkinson's Law world's most technological society. Yet this spotlighted some human foibles. Parkinson's program suffered a severe slowdown from description of the directors meeting is a one of man's earliest perils, fire. One tends delightful illustration of humbling in high to wonder how the array of talent marshalled places which is very amusing, particularly if to the space program could have left an you do not happen to lie a director. In a sim opening for such an occurrence. Those of us ilar yein, Peter's principle brings into sharp who follow more mundane pursuits may be focus the tendency for many positions to be excused an occasional feeling of hopeless tilled by people incompetent to properly do ness. them. Perhaps in the writings of such acute observers, we can find some reason why sup posedly responsible intelligent businessmen keep having plants and equipment worth mil lions of dollars destroyed by fire each year. On the other hand, perhaps there is some thing here deserving of thought Innumerable times I have attempted, and I know other fire protection people have also attempted, to use lessons from a specific loss as an ar This is certainly as true for the mining gument why people should adopt some par industry as for any other class of industry. Mining can be made virtually immune from disastrous fire. After all, most of its opera tions are of very low inherent fire hazard. The fire protection state of the art has progressed to the point that these low haz ards can he controlled. Yet serious fires still ticular fire safety measure. A common response is, "Our operations are different." Often the differences are very superficial. A manager will, in effect, tell you that the one that burned was red but his is green, so it can't burn. Usually objections are a little more sensible than this, but often not much. occur in the industry. One occasionally sus This aspect of resistance to well recog pects that mining management has a hidden nized fire safety measures is so widespread fifth column of members who sabotage the as to merit emphasis. Ail of us see ourselves good intentions of others. Before we explore as unique, and our work and our plant as 19 1970 National Safely Congress different .However, fire hazards at a vehicle maintenance center are about the same whether the vehicles haul ore from a mine or building supplies to a contractor's work site. Computer and other office operations at a large mine are very much like those at any other large plant. Rubber belt conveyors carrying ore around a mineral operation are very like conveyors carrying commodities to a ship at a port or coal from the yard of an electric generating plant. These few illus trations are enough to make the point. When fire occurs at an industrial operation, it usually has a lesson that is applicable and can be useful to others, even if the others are in something so unique as a mineral operation. This leads us to fire safety technique num ber two: leant from the serious fires of others. This fine advice is one of the few areas where one can get something for nothing. All too often people hide behind the fact that they are "different," and there fore ignore the lessons. Perhaps we touch here, on the secret of why fires keep happen ing over and over, even though the same fundamental weaknesses are involved. Of course: it is likely that you may not be familiar with all the fires that have occurred elsewhere. Tills is where fire protection ad visers come to the scene. It is a fairly easy matter, through one's insurance company, through other industries, through the N.F.P.A., and from fire protection seminars, to find someone who will be pleased to draw your attention to examples of fires that have occurred in operations with similar features to your own. At this point we should consider one major difference between fire safety and most other accident safety. The successful approach in most safety work is bound up in the word prevention. In fire safety work we take the view that most people are prudent and will try to prevent fire, but even the most conscientious not only cannot be certain of success, but are certain to fail. That is, if something can bum, it will even tually catch fire. You can now see where I get the label of professional pessimist. If one had to pick the most influential single error of judgment behind major fire loss, I believe, it would be that many man agers think that fire safety can be achieved by prevention alone. Thus, when the inevi table fire occurs it becomes serious due to the absence of vital fire protection equip ment. Fire safety technique number three is: identify what can bum, assume it will catch fire, and answer the question, "How will this fire be most quickly extinguished with minimum damage?" An interesting thing to observe after a large fire is the fire protection equipment incorporated when the structure is rebuilt. Usually it is found quite possible to do things that were alleged to be impractical or impossible before the fire. These will in clude such fundamentals as substituting nonbumable construction elements for burnable, and provision of all manner of fire protection devices, such as automatic sprinklers, addi tional fire pumps, etc. Too, it is interesting to observe the attention given fire protection in other property under the control of the same management The fire has accomplished getting the true interest of management Then we can apply fire safety technique number four: consult competent fire safety advisers, and follow their advice. It is a well demonstrated fact that it is usually easier and less expensive to build fire safety into a project as it is started than to add it as an extra later. Yet, over and over we see fire protection equipment treated as an extra with corresponding re sistance by budget-minded management Fire safety, indeed safety of all kinds, is one of the many responsibilities of a com petent management That is. operations which tire carried osi in an unsafe manner are not being properly managed. It is inter esting to observe where the responsibility for safety from fire is vested in management Fire safety technique number one indicated that we must have the strong support of the chief executive. In mast companies this is alleged to be true. However, in actual fact it is very often found delegated far down the line without adequate strength in the position. Fire safety technique number five is: Automatically build in good fire protec tion. There is an old story about dealing with mules to the effect that step one is to hit them over the head with a 2x4 to get their attention. In fire safety work, it seems that one must have a severe fire to get aggressive management support. It certainly would be interesting to see what would happen if fire 20 Mining safety got the same attention as the work to make modem air transports the safest air planes ever built. Imagine what might be accomplished if the following quote concern ing the 747 applied to fire safety at mineral operations : "Every component going into this $20 million monster has been approved by some thing new in airframe manufacturing--a special committee of five hand picked ex perts. Boeing assigned to this quintet the job of determining the relationship of every part of safety. The five men can overrule any or all of the 2,500 designers working on the 747 project, if any single design raises the slightest safety question." Throughout my theme of professional pessimism, I have inferred that everyone fails in the field of fire safety. This is of course not quite true. Numerous top man agement teams are very alert to the damage and waste from fire. They know that lost markets may never be recovered, a work force which has dissipated to other jobs may never be reassembled after a lengthy shut down, and even when insurance eases the financial burden, it does not create new wealth but is merely a social device for spreading the cost of waste throughout the economy. We have emphasized that one must be careful not to consider himself unique, and therefore fail to learn valuable lessons from the experiences of others. There is, however, one major aspect of mineral operations that is different from the majority of other in- dustrial operations. This is isolation. A typical mining community is in a remote, relatively inaccessible locale. The manage ment and staff of a mine are very much on their own when it comes to planning and dealing with fire safety matters. There is no handy public fire department to come screaming up on bright red trucks with lots of hose and manpower to do a fire fighting job for the property owner. His own staff must do it. Manpower is often quite limited in the newer operations that are highly automated. For this reason, fire safety tech nique number six comes into the picture: take advantage of all possible automation of the fire fighting function to minimize manpower requirements and human error. We have touched on techniques which I believe constitute a practical way to develop virtual immunity from fire. These can bi summarized as follows: Management can achieve fire safety by insisting on it Pre vention alone won't work, so must be backed up by protection. Some may think the foregoing is more theoretical than practical. For those who prefer a check list of steps, here's a simple one: (1) identity any place in your opera tions with something to burn; (2) install automatic sprinkler protection at that area backed by a reasonable water supply. Some may still insist that there are many other things for fire safety. So there are. But they're just so many details until you get the sprinklers in. After twenty years in the fire protection trade, that's what I think. CONTROL OF HEALTH HAZARDS IN METAL MINING By KENNETH M. MORSE Dir., Environmental Health, U. S. Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. We have witnessed over the past eighteen months more Federal occupational health and safety legislation, or administratively pro mulgated regulations, than has been pre viously enacted in the history of this coun try. Industry supported the general objective of this legislation and recognized the need for expanded health and safety programs to control job hazards. Unfortunately, other considerations prevailed and the result has been the most restrictive health and safety regulations that can be found in any nation. Due to these Federal regulations, the min ing industry must greatly expand its indus trial hygiene programs to comply with tile law. Simultaneously', in my opinion, that in- 21 1970 National Safety Congress uustry should endeavor to seek relief from those aspects of tire law which are unneces sarily restrictive. This effort should not, however, cause a delay in mounting the type of hazard control program which the prob lem requires. The standards are an example of the overly restrictive aspect of these laws. The Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Health and Safety Act incorporates by reference, as standards for air contaminants, the "thresh old limit values" of the American Confer ence of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The preface of the annual publication of these standards states that the limits should he used as guides in the control of health hazards ami should not 1* used as fine lines between safe and dangerous conditions. Any one in the industrial hygiene profession knows that even if such fine lines could be developed, inherent errors in the air sam pling method and analytical procedures would make their application, as single number values, impractical I believe that any occupa tional health legislation should recognize this fact, particularly when there are severe pen alties for violations. Public Law 89-577, which is the Federal Meta! and Nonmetallic Mine Health and Safety Act, comprises the first mandatory Federal health and safety regulations. These regulations became effective July 31, 1970. Fortunately for the metal mining industry, it has a long history of sustained accom plishment in the control of its major health hazards--the metal mining industry, which has received mere study of its health prob lems by Federal agencies than any other in dustrial category. The last study was jointly conducted during 1958-61 by the Public Health Service and the Bureau of Mines. The results, published in 19631 stated that, while more remained to be accomplished, the metal mining industry had made considerable progress in the prevention of silicosis and that the industry had instituted or improved many monitoring and dust control systems during the past 25 years, with a marked re duction in dust exposure. During the 10 years since this study, further improvement has taken place. Even so, dust standards are being continually reduced, so that a greater degree of dust control is now required. Fur thermore, equal attention is required for such hazards as noise, gas, and radiation. There fore, an evaluation of past control practices and the institution of new control programs are necessary now to comply with the stand ards contained iti the Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Health and Safety Act. Potential Health Hazards It is self-evident that if one is to under take to control the health hazards inherent in mining, he must be cognizant of the po tential hazards. He must also assign to them an order of priority based upon his study of these problems in his own mine and not merely based upon reports in the technical journals. The degree of hazard will depend largely upon (1) the type of ore; (2) the mine layout; (3) the mining method; (4) the mining equipment: (5) the method of haulage and transportation; and (6) the ef fectiveness of the hazard control program. The potential health hazards in mining operations may be classified as follows: Dust, Gases, Noise, Ionizing Radiation, and Heat and Humidity. Dust Dust is the most pervasive air contaminant in mining. This aerosol exists in all mining operations in varying concentrations, from the breaking of the ore to the final benefidated stage. The drilling of the blast hole, blasting, the scraping of the ore into piles in roadways or rooms, loading for haulage, and transportation and crushing within the mine are the major dust sources. In the beneficiating plant, crushing, screening, transport ing systems, bin loading and unloading, and drying are the major sources to which con trol measures must be applied. As previously stated, Federal regulation limits for airborne dust concentrations are those developed by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists. These are constantly being revised on an annual basis. Industry should be aware that any dust must he controlled, whether it be nui sance dust, high quartz-bearing dust, or any quartz-bearing dust. The standards for total and nuisance dust are stated in gravimetric of mass units. The standard for quartz is stated both in units of particle count and mass. Respirable dust is defined as that frac tion which penetrates a size-selector on the air sampling device, which has a stated re tention or penetration curve. This is the type of battery-powered personal sampler required for sampling bituminous coal mine dust. 22 Mining The standards do not state a sampling rate for the air samplers, but, from a practical Standpoint, one could safely use that rate required for sampling coal dust, namely two liters per minute, until the Bureau publishes a flow rate for sampling dust in metal and nonmetallic mines. Gases The principal gases, from the standpoint of health hazard in metallic and nanmetallic mining, are those arising from diesel-driven equipment used to power ve hicles, compressors, or drills, and from ex plosives used in blasting. In some instances, however, methane may be present, and while this gas is not toxic, its explosibility makes it one requiring effective control. In some instances, hydrogen sulfide may be present. This is a gas of high toxicity; however, it is not commonly found in mine air. The major toxic gases of principal concern are carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Noise Noise is a health problem in mining next in importance to dust It is almost equally as pervasive as an air pollutant in the mine environment. The mining operations which may produce high noise levels are drilling (particularly with percussion drills), slusher operations, leading operations, ore transport via mobile equipment, crushing, ventilating fans, arid rock breakers at grizzles. In ore beneficiating plants, the major noise sources are truck transport to the primary crusher, jaw and cone crushers, screens, ball and rod mills, and fans in dryers or kilns. The noise standard in the Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Health and Safety Act is exactly the same as in the Walsh-Healey Act. No Federal health standard can be less restrictive than those in the health standards of this Act. These standards are based upon sound levels as measured on the A-scale (dB,,4) of an approved sound measuring in strument, on its slew-response setting. The regulation limits a noise exposure over an eight-hour shift to 90 dB.4. The noise ex posure can be increased five dB/I for each halving of the daily exposure time, which results in limiting the noise level to 95 dBA for a four-hour exposure, 100 dB.4 for two hours, etc., with a limit of 115 dB.,4 for one-qtsarter hour or less. The recent study or Sataloff2 among metal miners has raised some question on the va lidity of this standard for individuals hav ing intermittent exposures throughout the day, consisting of short noise bursts with exposure below 90 dBA between the noise periods. He indicated that iron miners may. without danger, be exposed to 117 dB/1 noise for 100 minutes during a typical workday, or about eight hours per week. Such a noise exposure is, however, prohibited under the Federal law. Ionising Radiation Few environmental hazards are so misun derstood by the public, because of conflicting views, as that of ionizing radiation. How ever, the hazard from excessive internal or external exposure to ionizing radiation is severe and well recognized. The problem is one involving uranium mining, but trace quantities of natural radioactive materials are relatively widely found in the earth's crust. A recent study of the West Cumber land iron ore miners in England* suggests that they have a lung cancer mortality 70 per cent higher than normal. Evidence sug gests that this hazard may be due to radio activity in the air of the mines, for the average random concentration was 100 pCi/ liter, which is equivalent to about 1.0 work ing level. The Department of Interior published its radiation standards in the Federal Register of January 16, I960. Until January 1, 1971, 12 WI-M (working level months)* of ex posure were allowed per year and four WLM thereafter. The standard requires that immediate corrective action shall be taken, or the miners be withdrawn, when the at mospheric concentration of radon daughters exceeds one WL but less than two WL. When the radon concentration exceeds two WL, miners must be withdrawn until corrective action is taken to reduce the concentration to one WI. or less. Heat and Humidity Heat, together with the high humidity induced from the extensive use of water sprays, particularly in headings, presents a problem in deep underground mines. Gen * Working level is derived from the alpha energy released by tile total decay of short-lived radon daughter products in equilibrium with 100 piecruncs of Ur,>lon 212 per liter of air. 23 1970 National Safety Congress erally, this problem is not in the same haz ard category as the other environmental contaminants mentioned, but in some cases it can be of considerable importance. Added to the physiologic problem is the mechani cal problem of "blinding" cloth filters, when the moisture in the air is high. This re sults in a high-pressure drop across the filter and a lowering of the ventilation rate through it. Comfort standards for workers, involving temperature, humidity, and air motion, are a moot subject Most studies have been done on military personnel or students and cannot be properly extrapolated for a work ing group with such variables as age, physi cal condition, and acclimatization, as is true of miners. To the best of my knowledge, no studies have been done on miners. There fore, one must be guided in controlling heat and humidity by worker response, ef fect upon productivity, ventilation limita tions, and several other factors. Control of Hazards The control of the health hazards in mining should consist of the following factors: (1) Comprehensive control as a deeply imbedded operating philosophy; (2) mechanical ventilation (primary ventilation, localized ventilation); (3) water sprays, suppressing dust generation; (4) respira tory protection; (5) noise control (muf flers, acoustic enclosures, ear protection, au diometric testing, purchasing specifications) ; (6) a testing program; and (7) research. An Operating Philosophy Federal and state legislation emphasizes the role that hazard control must now play in daily management decisions. Hazard control should be as inherent in daily decision-mak ing as is quality control, cost control, and productivity. AH are inter-related to the suc cessful conduct of any business in the 1970's. If this concept is accepted, there must be, as a first step, the development of a sound program staffed with competent environ mental engineers. Because ventilation is, in my opinion, the most important single hazard control measure, the employment of an ex perienced contaminant control ventilation en gineer with experience in mining hazard con trol would be a basic requirement. If this experience can be found in an industrial hygiene engineer, such an individual would provide a broader base of effective hazard control. If such an individual cannot be found, which is highly probable because of a shortage of such professional personnel, then the training of a staff engineer who has good ventilation experience could meet the need. Once such an individual is selected, his role in the management organization must be made sufficiently responsible that he will have the authority, for example, to close down an operation if the ventilation system fails or is in need of major mainte nance. Mechanical Ventilation We have previously indicated that ventila tion is the most important single measure in a hazard control program for an under ground mine or ore benefidating plant. It is the principle measure for the control of dust, gases from blasting and diesel engines, and the maintenance of radon daughters within the established standards. In view of the importance of proper ventilation in the control of the hazards in mining, a thorough knowledge of its design principles should be developed by those responsible for the de sign and maintenance of ventilation systems. Engineering education is notable for the limited attention given to this subject in the curriculum. The ventilation engineer must obtain a greater knowledge and appreciation of the significance of airway and duct resistance in a ventilation system; the principles of local exhaust ventilation; the need for mini mum leakage; and the importance of dis tribution in any air handling system. It has been correctly stated that resistance to air flow is the most important factor in ventila tion design.' In a primary ventilation system, multiple intake and return airways and the length of travel appreciably reduce airway resistance. The engineer endeavoring to in crease airflow must be fully aware of these factors. In auxiliary exhaust systems which involve ducts, and local systems which involve ducts and enclosures, the many sources of re sistance must be appreciated to preclude poor design. In my view, a greater application of local exhaust ventilation systems should be considered to confine the major dust sources and prevent its dispersion into the general air of a working area. For example, haulage transfer points, crushers, chutes, and ore loading are major dust sources 24 Mining in underground mines where consideration should be given to local exhaust ventilation. Where such systems are employed, it is im perative to duct the exhaust air to the re turn or to a high efficiency collector. In ore benefidating plants, local exhaust ventilation is the only method to control the principal dust sources such as ore dumping, crushing, screening, drying, conveyor transfers, and bin loading and load-out. Dilution ventila tion is quite impractical for dust control in such plants. Leakage is a major contributing factor to poor ventilation systems. Ducts should be tight, and if leaks occur they should be immediately repaired. This is par ticularly important in the use of flexible tubing. Stoppings should be tight and re sistant to blast damage when used to seal off mined-oat rooms. Finally, the significance of distribution in a ventilation system should be appreciated. The capacity of a system does not, by itself, indicate the adequacy of the system. The system must distribute sufficient air to each work area (slasher drift, stope, heading, sill, etc.) to create an air velocity to remove and reduce the concentration of dust and gas in the breathing zone of the miner to within prescribed limits. The primary venti lation provides the necessary air volume, while the auxiliary and bocal exhaust system are the methods for utilizing the air to control the contaminants. The design capacity of a mine, ventilation system is dependent upon a number of fac tors. Such indices as "cfm/ton mined" or "cfnr/man underground" arc merely averages that, by themselves, do not indicate the adequacy of a system. A high-capacity sys tem is not necessarily a well-designed sys tem, and such indices may result in under estimating or overestimating the capacity of a system for a particular mine. The capacity of a system is the sum of the air volumes required in each working area delivered against the total air resistance from portal to work area. Some mine ventilation engi neers employ a method of calculating the air volume required for the maximum num ber of operations being conducted on the largest shift, with consideration for the type of operations being performed, and checking this against the total number of men on the shift. The system must assure that each room, drift, stope, or other work ares has an adequate volume and velocity of air for controllig the dust, to create good visibility, and to control heat and humidity. If diesel equipment is used, the air volume in the area must adequately dilute diesel gases. For this latter purpose, a minimum of 75 cfm/ bhp of the diesel engines is generally utilized. Such air should, however, be properly' dis tributed to thoroughly dilute the gases. If a radiation problem may be present from radon daughters, the base ventilation rate may be calculated from the following formula6: (WLf) 0.56 F, = H, (------ ) (WLA Where: Vt -- Required cfm of uncontami nated air. Ft -- CFM of uncontaminated air provided. W.Li = Working level of environ ment. WLt -- Desired working level. However, the adequacy of ventilation for this purpose can be ascertained only by measure ments of alpha radiation. Witter Sprays The effective use of water is a prime ele ment of any dust control program. It is most effective when used to prevent or re duce dust generation. Once the dust becomes airborne, the removal of the respirable dust (5 microns) is not effectively accomplished by water, with or without wetting agents. For optimum effectiveness, the water should be applied as a spray, and not by basing. The primary objective should be to wet ore before handling and to wet intake airways and passageways to reduce generation of dust. All mine headings should lie equipped with water. Broken ore and ore piles should be wetted before handling and frequently dur ing the work. Chutes, ore passes, and ramp throats should be equipped with sprays. Sprays should be applied at the loadpoints of conveyors and at intervals along its travel. In some instances, shovels and loaders have been equipped with sprays. The value of water sprays in mining can be readily' ap preciated by shutting off the sprays. Wet drilling will help in dust control, as will the spraying of ore piles in open pit mines be fore such piles are stirred up by' shovel activity'. 25 .1970 National Safety Congress Respiratory Protective Devices Respirators of the ora)-nasal type, which mechanically filter out the airborne dust from the ambient air, do have a place in a dust control program. This role is not as a substitute for engineering control or the judicious application of water sprays. The respirators role is in those instances where the work is intermittent and of short dura tion, where the ventilation system design cannot control short periods of dust in an operation which is not of regular occurrence, or where ventilation system must fee repaired or extended while operations are continued. Oral-nasal respirators are of two genera) types; one meets the testing schedule of the Bureau of Mines for pneumoconiosis-produc ing dust and mists and so-called nuisance dusts; the other type does not meet the Bureau's rigid performance tests. The for mer type has been available for a number of years. The performance tests which they must meet cover such important factors as comfort, leakage, limit of resistance to in halation, and exhalation and filtering effi ciency. These devices were not intended to be worn constantly throughout a full turn, hut for the conditions intended they can be worn without much discomfort by most per sons provided they are properly maintained. There are some individuals who subcon sciously react against any device which covers their nose and threat, even when the device has only a slight resistance to breathing. The second type oi respirator, the "un approved," can play a useful role in respira tory protection. The unapproved respirator generally affords lower resistance to breath ing than the approved types. Therefore, they are more desired by the wearer and are. more readily accepted. Some respirators in this group will provide filtration efficiencies as high as SO per cent- Such efficiency will provide significant protection and may be quite adequate when the dust concentration is no more than 100 per cent in excess of the dust standard. The foregoing comments do not imply that the present oral-nasal respirators do not have limitations and cannot be improved. Improve ments can and are being evaluated to reduce the breathing resistance ami the psychologi cal effect of having one's nose and mouth covered. Several groups are evaluating a small battery-powered portable air-supplied respirator. This respirator uses a recharge able nickel-cadmium battery pack to power a small blower which delivers about five cfm of filtered air to the oral-nasal mask. The power unit weighs only 2$ pounds, which allows it to be readily affixed by a clip that slides over a miners belt. United States Steel has been testing these air-supplied respira tors in non-mining areas, and acceptance has been good. Even those who psychologically react against covering their nose and mouth are responding favorably, as they can feel the air blowing at their face and there is no resistance to breathing. This device, de veloped under a contract with the American Iron & Steel Institute, would appear to have application in mining and could he further improved if the power could be supplied from the miner's lamp battery. It is my view that an oral-nasal mask is the limit of any face cover of a miner. His type of work, the need for visibility, and an aversion of most persons to a head envelope would ap pear to preclude acceptance of a helmet-type device. Hearing Conservation Noise is a concomitant of mining, ore beneficiating, and maintenance shop opera tions. However, most of the higher decibel noise is only intermittent; the rest of the time the noise level is low. This is particu larly true in underground and open pit min ing., Xn addition, the noise level from the same operation will vary during a day, and will '/ary for the same operation from mine to mine, due to the variety of mining. load ing, and haulage equipment in use and dis parities in operating conditions. The highest noise levels are generally associated with pneumatic equipment, particularly percussion drills. Therefore, hearing conservation pro grams are necessary to protect miners and associated personnel. A hearing conservation program consists of monitoring noise on a periodic basis; noise control by engineering measures; hear ing testing; and ear protective devices. Monitoring or measurement of noise is necessary to determine compliance with the law, the exposure of mine personnel, and the noise sources which need control, and to ascertain those individuals who should be given periodic hearing tests and those who should be provided ear protection. Mining Engineering measures for noise control of mining equipment are limited, but more can be done than may appear at first Noise is generated by noisy equipment, and two gen eral measures can be directed to quieting such equipment. The first is to endeavor to isolate the noise from people, or vice versa, and the second is to design a quieter ma chine. The latter method is limited, although some progress is being made. For the pres ent, however, reliance must be placed on the former method, which requires the use of sound barriers, sound absorption materials, and vibration dampening. However, until mine operators and mine equipment manu facturers realize that noise contnd is a mutual responsibility, progress in engineer ing control will be slew. Another factor which slows progress is the fact that, in noise control as in ventila tion design, engineering personnel are gen erally on unfamiliar ground, since they have had no acoustic training in their educational lackground. Further, there is a price at tached to noise control, and until this fact is accepted progress will be hindered. Notwithstanding these factors, a few drill and compressor manufacturers have directed considerable attention to this problem, with some results. One manufacturer is marketing an acoustically housed diesel-driven compres sor and related equipment, which, it is claimed, produces 85 dB.ri at one meter dis tance from the unit. The same manufac turer claims a reduction of the sound pres sure Iqvel in a paving breaker with the use of its t strap-on muffler weighing only one pound. It is further claimed that operating tests have shown no loss of impact power. Another prominent manufacturer of mining drills has been devoting considerable engi neering effort to quieting drill noise. Such drills present three noise sources: vibrating steel drill; vibrating body of the machine; and exhaust air noise. Most sound attenuating systems depend upon one or a combination or the following: the use of acoustic materials, a muffler of the resonator type to muffle the exhaust air nobe, or a diffuser at the exhaust outlet. One manufacturer markets a neoprene rub ber-jacketed muffler which makes use of all the above principles, with configurations for stopers, push feed drills, and paving break ers. While these mufflers achieve an appre ciable reduction in noise, this manufacturer frankly states that no presently marketed machine achieves sufficient, noise control to eliminate the need for ear protection. How ever, the attenuation required by the ear protector is appreciably less than would be the case without the muffler. The use of acoustical materials can be applied to control the noise exposure of operators of track mounted drills, trucks, shovels, and other mobile equipment. In beneficiattng plants, crusher and mil! opera tors generally spend a significant amount of their time at a control panel or desk. Isolat ing them in an acoustic enclosure is an example ot what can be dene to appreciably reduce their exposure time to high noise levels. Noisy equipment can also be isolated from operator's in many cases by acoustic enclosures, As an example of dampening to reduce noise generation, tumbling mills in the foundry industry have been successfully rub ber-lined. It would appear that rubber-lining of ball mills and possibly rod mills could be undertaken on an. experimental basis. Hearing tests are vital in any noise con trol program. The best measure of the ade quacy of noise control and heating protec tion measure? is the hearing of the worker himself. The objective of a noise control program is preservation of hearing.. A hear ing-testing program involves preemployment and periodic hearing tests. The Federal agency charged with enforcing the WalshHealey Act bins indicated that where hear ing tests demonstrate that hearing impair ment has not occurred, even if the noise standard ha-? keen exceeded, a. hazard d--es not exist. As standards for exposure to in termittent noise are not well validated, re liance upon competent audiometric data would be the principal method of demon strating the adequacy or inadequacy of a noise standard. Finally, equipment should he purchased to conform with an engineering specification containing a requirement for the submission of noise data. Such a noise specification must be realistic and not merely state "conform ance with the noise standard of the WalshHealey Act" The noise that an installed machine will produce will depend not only on the machine but how well it is installed and the environment in which it is located. Several manufacturers* trade associations, notably the Air Moving and Conditioning 27 1970 National Safely Congress Association, the National Electrical Ma chinery Association, and the Compressed Air and Gas Institute, have developed test codes for obtaining noise data. Such data should be required in engineering specifications to help the purchaser evaluate equipment from various suppliers. Testing Program It should be evident that today it is as necessary for industry periodically to test the quality of the work environment as to test the quality and performance of its product. This will necessitate a monitoring program, with the data recorded on appro priate forms. Such information is essential to demonstrate the existence of a hazard control program, for use in labor relations, to contest inaccurate tests conducted by Fed eral or state inspectors, for use in medicallegal problems and, most important, to de termine the effectiveness of the hazard control program. Today, we are in a "num bers game," unfortunately; therefore, it is essential to obtain and record numbers on the control of health hazards. This includes all tests on air contaminants, noise, ventila tion measurements, etc. A test is of no value unless it is recorded. Research The breadth and depth of occupational health regulations requires a rethinking of past processes and practices. New methods and techniques will have to be ventured as research projects. Some of this will be nec essary on the part of mine operators, since they are in the test position to evaluate the practicability and economy of a new method. However, much of the research necessary to build in controls on equipment must be done initially by the equipment manufacturer. The most effective approach would appear to be a joint effort of the equipment manu facturer working with the mine operator. The ingenuity and technical competence of the American mining industry can meet this challenge as it has met all others. REFERENCES 1. "Silicosis In the Metal Mining Industry-- A Revaluation"; PHS Publication No. 197, SupL of Document*, Washington, D. C. 2. S&taloff, J.; Vassallo, L,; and Menduke. H.: "Hearing Loss from Exposure to In terrupted Noise." Arch, Env, Health, 18, 972-981. a Boyd. J. T.; Boll, R.: Faulds. J. S.: and Leiper, J,; "Cancer of the Lung in Ore (Haematite) Miners." British Journal e/ Industrial Medicine, Vol. 28, No. 2, April, 1970. 4. Kingery. V. 8.; "Ventilation: Theory and Practice." Proceedings of the Symposium on Respirable Coal Mine Bust, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.. No vember, 1870. E. "Controlling Employee Exposure to Alpha Radiation In underground Uranium Mines," Vol. I. U. a SupL of Documents, Washington, D. C.. 1970. TRAINING OF METAL AND NONMETAL MINE INSPECTORS By THOMAS J. SHEPICH Mining Engineer, Rocky Mountain District, Metal and Nonmetal Mine Health and Safety, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior, Denver, Colo. The Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Act (Public Law 89-577) has been discussed widely in various forums since its passage in 1966. Its purpose is to promote health and safety in the metal and nonmetalKc mineral industries. Among other things, the Act requires that all underground mines shall be inspected by the Bureau of Mines at least annually. The Act also provides for inspections of surface mining operations. Last year in a progress report on the im plementation of Public Law 89-577 made before this group, Henry P. Wheeler out lined the following objective: "We are. recruiting now for mining engi neers and for men who have operating ex perience, to be trained as mine inspectors. We intend to make mine inspection a profes sion, so that eveiyone may be assured of the competence of the men who inspect mining operations." . With this objective in mind, the Bureau of Mines has undertaken the selection and training of an inspection staff to meet the requirements of the Federal Metal and Non- nieiallic Mine Safety Act. The Bureau's training of metal and non metal mine inspectors consists essentially of 28 Mining on the job development supplemented by formal classroom and other specialized train ing. This training is designed to meet the needs of the individual and of the Bureau of Mines. The new inspector will not become author ized to inspect mines subject to the Act until lie successfully completes the full course of training. Before getting into the various aspects of training for metal and nonmetal mine in spectors, I would like to discuss briefly the makeup of cur inspection staff. Currently, there are more than 75 mine inspectors op erating in six districts, from 14 subdistrict offices. The number of inspectors will be more than doubled over the next 24 months. In staffing for metal ami nonmetal mine inspections, the Bureau has drawn, and will continue to draw, from among persons rep resenting a broad spectrum of experience and education. Included among inspection personnel are persons who were formerly mine superintendents, mining engineers, safety directors, safety engineers, union offi cials, and mine operating and maintenance supervisors. Their mining experience ranges from a minimum of five years to more than 35 years, and their average age is 42 years. More than half of the inspection staff, in cluding persons presently authorized to in spect mines and persons currently in training, have degrees in mining or related fields. Twelve of the 35 persons hired thus far in 1970 are graduate mining engineers. Overall training needs vary substantially among the metal and nonmetal mine inspec tors because of the wide differences in. back ground and experience. For this reason, total time spent in training is based on individual needs rather than on a fixed timetable, and ranges from four months to more than a year. Late in 1969, the Bureau of Mines awarded a contract to West Virginia University for development of a formalized training pro gram for Federal mine inspectors. The im mediate objective was to satisfy the Bureau's short-term training needs. The long-range goal is establishment of a Mine Safety Acad emy to develop professional and technical health and safety personnel for all segments of the mining industry. A two-year course leading to an Associate in Arts degree is anticipated. Under terms of the contract, West Virginia University will make recom mendations concerning implementation of such a program. During 1970, two classes of metal and nonmetal mine inspectors completed nineweek training courses at the University. A total of 41 new inspectors completed inten sive training in the fundamentals of science, engineering, mining technology, and prepara tion of reports important to the profession of mine health and safety inspection and investigation. Subjects taught during the nine-week period included safety, English, report writing, explosives, electricity, mine gases, physiological effects of dust, haulage, fires and explosions, mathematics, mining law, mining systems and methods, ventila tion, and mechanics of ground control in mines. For many participants, the West Virginia University training offered new information on subjects germane to metal and nonmetal mine inspection activities. For other partici pants, the classes served as refresher train ing in these subjects. In general, the West Virginia University training provided a standard base from which the Bureau -of Mines could continue on the job development of metal and nonmetal mine inspectors. In addition to outside training arrange ments, the Bureau also utilizes many of its own courses in the training of metal and ncmmetal mine inspection personnel. Included are the basic training courses of first aid, mine rescue, and proper use of the flame safety lamp. Selected inspectors also receive specialized Bureau training in such courses as dust sampling and radiation monitoring. The Bureau of Mines is currently con ducting a nine-week training course for a select group of training coordinators from each metal and nonmetal mine health and safety district- These men will be charged with seeing that Bureau inspectors receive up to date training and information they need, and that Bureau of Mines training for mine inspectors is expanded to include training for company and state mine inspec tors and for union safety personnel. The training they will coordinate is the first and most comprehensive course ever formally de signed for mine inspectors and safety per sonnel in the metal and nonmetal mining industries. Much of the text materia! for the course is from the Essentials of Safety and Indus- 29 1970 National Safety Congress trial Hygiene for Metal mid Nonmetal Mines, a comprehensive reference and training man ual. The 2,150'page manual, developed by the Bureau of Mines, covers 64 subjects perti nent to metal and nonmetal mine inspections. Instructors for the nine-week course include experts from within the Bureau's inspection force, its Field Health Group, and its Tech nical Support Group. Other instructors in clude experts from private industry and from state agencies. The course provides classroom study in administrative matters important to the in spector and technical study specifically re lated to application ot promulgated Federal metal and nonmetal mine health and safety standards. It will provide much of the basic information needed for the conduct of mean ingful ami effective mine inspections. This course will also serve as a basis for training state and company mine inspectors. The most important phase in the overall training ot metal and nonmetal mine inspec tors is on the job development. During this phase of his training, the new inspector is assigned to accompany several different ex perienced Bureau of Mines inspectors on mine inspections, fata! investigations, and other special investigations.. Under actual field conditions, tlte new inspector first ob serves and then participates actively in each phase of an inspection or investigation He is first assigned to work in smaller mines with subsequent assignments in more com plex operation*. Responsibility for inspection is increased progressively to a point where he conducts the entire inspection with mini mal snpervKi-si. In tins manner, the new inspector learns how to conduct effective inspection confer ences with management and unions. He learns how to inspect mine*, for health and safety hazards The new inspector also learns how t prepare and issue imminentdanger withdrawal orders and notices and other orders pertaining to violations of man datory standards. Finally, he learns how to prepare effective written reports for distri bution to interested persons. A strong point of this on. the job devel opment is that the new inspector travels with several different experienced inspectors. The new inspector is thus able to observe the techniques used by various inspectors in seeking to achieve the same objective. He is then better able to cleveh.jp an effective tech nique best, suited to him. After each assign ment, the experienced inspector provides the prospective new inspector with an objective critique indicating those areas needing fur ther attention. The resulting exchange of ideas is beneficial to both. The progress of a prospective inspector during on the job development is reported to his supervisor at the conclusion of each field assignment. These reports, together with a field evaluation by the supervisor, form much of the basis tor determining when an inspector is ready to conduct in spections and investigations on his own. Other considerations in this determination include the person's background and the amount and type of formal and specialized training received since joining the Bureau. Upon successful completion of the many phases of his training, the new inspector is authorized by the Director of the Bureau of Miner to conduct inspections and investiga tions in mines subject to the Federal Metal and Nonmetallsc Mine Safety Act, Training of inspectors does not end when the inspector becomes authorized. Additional training is provided to keep the inspector abreast of changes in policy and technology. The inspector receives general or specialized training on a continuing basis to meet his particular needs and to further his profes sional development within the Bureau of Mines. Tn summary, the. Bureau of Mines has responded to the objectives of the Metal and Nminu'tallic Mine Safety Act It has de veloped a comprehensive formal and on the jolt training program for Federal mine in spectors to carry out their responsibilities. It has undertaken a monumental task in expanding its force to include professional inspectors, professional educators and train ers, and professional specialists, while ex tending their services to the metal and non metal mining industries to make their mines safe. We believe that mines can be made safe without undue disruption of output and employment This objective will require trained professionals on all levels--govern ment, industry, and labor. The Federal in spector shall be trained to help as well as criticize in applying the standards he is ob ligated to administer. .10 Minifit? TRAINING THE MINE SUPERVISORRESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY By JAMES A. UNGER Director of Training, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio Pickands Mather & Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, is a unit of Diamond Shamrock Cor poration, also of Cleveland. Pickands Mather owns and operates Interlake Steamship Co., Carbon Limestone Co., Milwaukee Solvay Coke Co., and is a leading sales agent for iron ore, coal, pig iron, ferro alloys, and coke. As managing agent, the company op erates coal and iron ore docks for railroad companies, as well as a coal mine in Kentucky. The company also owns and operates the Brooks Coal Mine in Pennsylvania. Our largest role as managing agent concerns the operation of extensive iron ore properties for various steel companies. These iron ore properties are located in Minnesota, Ontario, Quebec, and Labrador in Canada, and in Tasmania, Australia. Pickands Mather pro duces and ships over 20,000,000 tons of natural ore and iron ore pellets annually, the bulk oi shipments being in the form of pellets. We are the fourth largest iron ore tonnage producer in the world. Erie Mining Co., at Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota, is the largest of our iron ore operations, as well as one of the largest single operations of its kind in the world. We operate this property for Bethlehem Steel Corp., Youngstown Sheet & Tubq Co., The Steel Company of Canada. Ltd.,: and Interlake, Inc. Erie employs about 3.000 people and mines extremely hard low grade lacerate rock, which is ground, concentrated and pelletized, with an annual production of over 10,000.000 tons of high grade iron ore pellets. The open pit mining operation uses both rail and truck haulage. For this annual production of pel lets we mine about 30,000,000 tons of taconite and move about 20,000,000 tons of waste material. Such an operation requires that we have extensive shop and maintenance facilities, and we operate a 73-mile railroad which transports the pellets to the modern dock at Taconite Harbor, on Lake Superior. The power plant at the harbor supplies power for the mine, plant, and dock operations. An operation of this scope presents a real challenge from the. standpoint of safety, for all levels of the management team. To aid management to discharge its responsibility, Pickands Mather has developed a safety pol icy, part of which reads as follows: "It is the policy of Pickands Masher & Co. to provide safe working conditions for all employees, to provide full instructions covering safe working methods, and to make available, where necessary, special equipment to protect employee* against particular haz ards. ""There is no such thing as a good mine, shop, or plant operation if it has an unsatis factory safety record, because safety and efficiency arc directly related. "We expect tlte management personnel at every mine, shop, or plant to exert every effort to eliminate employee injuries, fires, and property damage accidents. It. follows, therefore, that safety performance of man agement personnel is an important considera tion when judging the overall performance of individuals in this group, "To gain the most efficient control of acci dents we must he guided by the following: 1. Management personnel must under stand the hazards of the operations, processes, and the practices involved. 2. Insofar possible, hazards inherent in operations or processes must be cor rected through engineering and design. 3. Unsafe practices must be eliminated. 4. Employees' enthusiasm for safety must be stimulated. A sincere desire for safety and prompt handling of safety matters by all levels of supervision is a basic requirement 5. All statutory' requirements for health and safety must he met, and where company standards exceed statutory requirements, as is frequently the case, company standards must be met. "All management personnel are responsible for carrying out the policy expressed above. Actual responsibility for accident prevention and enforcement of safe practices through out our operation lies with supervision. Ob- ,11 1970 National Safety Congress viously, success or failure in Cue area of accident prevention must be one measure of supervisory qualifications." Pickands Mather & Co. has, over the years, compiled an enviable safety record. Formal safety programs in the company be gan shortly after the turn of the century. The company has zealously applied safety principles to good advantage. For example, since 1930, various of our operations have won the coveted Sentinels of Safety trophy 32 times, the last one in 1968 by Erie Min ing Co. This record cannot be equalled by any metal mining company. The Program From the time Erie Mining Co. began pro duction in 1957, P.M.'s safety policy has been adhered to and safety training has re ceived a great deal of attention. Although we achieved considerable success in safety, we were still not satisfied. Early in 1963, in meetings with Erie top management, a de cision was made to develop a safety training program tailored to Erie's specific safety needs. The result of these discussions was the safety training program which we called `Target Zero." Target Zero dealt with history, company policy, assigned responsibilities, relationship of safety to production, recognizing accident causes and results, developing proper safety attitudes in employees, planned safety obser vations and inspections, job safety analysis, accident investigation and report, job safety training, motivating employees to work safely, handling the safety problem employee, and safety meetings and summary. A con ference leader's guide was deve.oped for the program. All members of the safety department re ceived an intensive course in conference leadership techniques, and Target Zero ses sions began in 1964 under their leadership. The sessions continued for one hour a month over a period of two years and covered all supervisory and top management personnel. The program stressed the responsibility of supervisors in each of the above areas, but it became apparent to tile conference leaders and the administrators of the program that something should be added to make sure each of the conferees had a dear understanding of his personal responsibility and his com mensurate authority on safety matters. To clarify these areas, as well as to ascer tain how well Target Zero was achieving its purpose, an evaluation questionnaire was developed covering nine of the most impor tant aspects of Target Zero. This question naire was developed in a form similiar to previous responsibility and authority surveys in safety conducted at two of our other op erations. The Erie format, however, con formed to the subject matter covered in the Target Zero program. Unfortunately, no pre-Target Zero evaluation was completed. Therefore, pre- and post-comparisons could not be made. Wien the Target Zero pro gram was completed each participant was asked to write out, in his own words, his concept of his responsibility and authority-, as they related to the nine items discussed in the two-year program. His responses were compared to "model" answers, based on the content of Target Zero. Evaluation The remainder of our discussion will con centrate on the results of our evaluation survey, and our conclusions. The introduc tion to the evaluation form reads as follows: "During the past two years, you have been participating in a safety program, Target Zero, with your conference leaders. Now that this program is completed, we are in terested in determining its effectiveness. In relation to the following topics, will you please write a paragraph on what you un derstand your responsibility and authority to he": The atatments were as follows, with the average grade for all participants (240) listed, based on 10 points for each of the nine statements. Average Grade Responsi- Authorbility ity The recognition and correc tion of unsafe acts and practices ............................. 68 The recognition and correc tion of unsafe conditions.. 66 The conduct of 5-minute safety talks and personal contacts ............................. The safety observation report 58 64 43 61 56 54 32 The development of positive safety attitudes in your em ployees ................................ Obtaining and following through on safety recom mendations from employees Enforcing safety rules and regulations, including the enforcement of discipline where necessary................. 58 61 57 39 52 45 Job safety training-------------- 72 35 Your specific responsibilities for safety ............................ 66 38 The range of 57 to 72 in knowledge of responsibility, and from 35 to 61 in knowl edge of authority, as compared to the model answers, revealed two important findings: (1) knowledge of responsibility in safety was not completely understood by everyone; (2) knowledge and use of authority in safetymatters required even more training and in doctrination. Moreover, although we already knew this, we were again reminded that in struction in safety principles is never com pete--it must be continuous and repetitive; weak areas must be exposed and concen trated on. We also kept a record of average scores for supervisors in each department. These results gave us some further ideas as to where wc needed to put forth additional effort in .safety training. The model answers were reviewed with all supervisory personnel in succeeding monthly safety meetings conducted by safety department personnel. These meetings stressed the total responsibility of super vision in all of the areas covered by Target Zero, as well as clarified the authority super vision at Erie has in regard to implementing every aspect of our safety program. Target Zero laid much stress on the safetyobservation report as being vital to good supervision in safety, as well as training supervisors to be alert to what to look for and how to correct irregularities. This survey was completed and sum marized by May 1966. After we spent some months reviewing survey results, safety training activities were comprised of routine inspections, the use of the safety observation report, safety contacts, five-mhmte safety talks, and routine foremen's safety meetings. liming these years, Erie top management watched our safety record very closely. By late 1969, it was noted that our record was not improving as much as we had hoped, or it was remaining constant in some areas, in spite of our previous intensive safety training programs. Accordingly, we felt that a revival of some formal safety training was in order to ensure continued improvement toward our safety target--zero. Therefore, in November 1969 we revived a portion of Target Zero dealing directly with the supervisors' re sponsibility and authority. This, too, was a plant-wide program. Beginning in April 1970 each department is responsible for conduct ing a monthly program for its supervisors on a safety topic selected by the department. Tlten two months each year, in September and April, the safety department is respon sible. for conducting plant-wide meetings, using as the topic some review of Target Zero material. The intensive program of a few years ago, plus the contemporary' reinforcement meet ings, are again beginning to pay dividends in the form of improved safety experience. The varied attack < n accidents makes it im passible to claim an one thing as responsible for success, at least over an extended period. However, we feel that the authority and re sponsibility survey is a useful tool not only to tell how we are doing in safety training but to point out areas where training is needed. Thorough safety education, reinforcing of responsibility and authority, plus repetition, appear to be the most satisfactory answer for attaining a satisfactory safety record- 33 1970 National Safety Congress THE USE OF VIDEO TAPE IN SAFETY TRAINING AT MINES AND PLANTS By H. E. JOHNSON Safety Engineer, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario How many companies use the most revo lutionary training aid which has become available to us in the past few years? I speak of the great leap forward for the mining industry in training of personnel when they take full advantage of using video tape recording equipment in their training program. It can be as revolutionary as the introduction of tungsten carbide drill bits, the raise borer, or load-haul-dump equip ment. We feel confident that there will be an increase in efficiency with a noticeable decrease in accident occurrence when indus try puts VTR to work. What is the history of VTR ? It originated with the invention of magnetic sound record ing, patented in the U.S. in 1900. Tire word "television" was coined the same year, al though there was no television as we know it. It was in 1927 that an Englishman in vented the first technique for recording and playing lack a television signal; this was done on a phonograph record rather than on tape. In 1951 video signals were recorded on magnetic tape for the first time. Various types of VTR were produced but it was not until the development of transistors that they entered the low priced portable field. Whether you realize it or not, you have all seen VTR on TV. For instance, hockey games and football games are recorded on video tape; also, the replays of goals scored or of touch downs are all VTR. Video tape equipment is available in many shapes and sizes, using magnetic tape from 2 inches wide to one-half inch. We desired portability, and one-half inch equipment offered this advantage. The equipment we first obtained included camera, video tape recorder and playback unit, monitor, portapak, battery charger, lighting equipment, and magnetic tapes. Possible Uses of VTR Equipment Supervisory Training. This equipment can be used effectively to train supervisors in the presentation of safety talks and other in structions. Supervisors can give their talk either privately or to a group and play it back for self evaluation or group evaluation. Job Hazard Analysis. An extensive study of accidents indicates that they generally fail into the same classification of hazard, and quite frequently they occur under the same circumstances. By video taping the conditions and methods used, a study of the hazards can be made either by the depart ment head or by several supervisors. In this way a work situation can be thoroughly analyzed and preventive measures developed Proper Job Practises. The establishment of proper job practices is one of the most important phases of any accident prevention program. Video tape can be used to record present practices and, through playback of the tapes, errors and improper actions can be eliminated and correct steps inserted. The final tape of the work method can then be viewed and studied before incorporation as a proper job procedure. Video tapes can also be exchanged between mines so that certain procedures can be standardized throughout the industry. Conference Leading. Conference leading or "chairing a meeting" is rapidly becoming part of every supervisor's job. The average person finds this task difficult; he should, therefore have some assistance or training in this field. The use of video tape can be helpful in developing confidence and the ability to lead a discussion. A supervisor can learn by observing himself and his fellow supervisors on tape and, with this knowledge, improve his own method of delivery. Outline for Movie Production. If it is desirable to produce a movie, an outline can be shot using VTR. This would assist con siderably as a guide for final script prepara tion and movie production. Movies. Movies can be made by reproduc tion from video tape. Most companies have movie projectors, and small companies may not plan on obtaining VTR equipment for a few years. They can take advantage of VTR by having new video tape productions trans ferred to movie film. 34 3/inir.g Video Tape of Movies and Slides. Video tape of movies and slides can also be pro duced and they can be shortened or edited to suit any requirements; or, movies and many in addition to equipment operation. These are script writing, lighting, depart mental cooperation, supervisory cooperation, the men's cooperation. slides can be used in conjunction with VTR shooting of actual operations. Ventilation and Dust Control. AH aspects of ventilation such as fan installation, control of dust, and konimeter sampling can be demonstrated. Indoctrination of Employees. A new em ployee can be shown video tape of plant operation in general and of his job in detail before he starts work. Job Instruction Training. Video tape of a job when shown to an employee, whether new or old, will help him grasp the job sootier and remind him of the problems involved. Other areas where VTR can help are apprentice training, management develop ment, maintenance problem study, and acci dent investigation. Stages of Advancement in Use In March, 1969, we rented the most basic set of VTR equipment for a one month trial. We showed the equipment and its operation to mine representatives at Timmins, Cobalt, Kirkland Lake, Elliot Lake, Red Lake, and Thunder Bay. Like the amateui movie producer, we had problems with focusing and lighting. When we tried to produce a tape our lack of knowledge, particularly in preparation of a script, showed up badly. However, interest in the equipment and the realization that it could be an aid in training was great enough to warrant purchase of equipment. Since obtaining our own equipment, we have visited many companies at their request to demonstrate it and produce video tapes of various operations and actions. Considerations Before Obtaining Equip ment What department will operate the equip ment? For production of tapes? To show tapes to supervisors and men? A lot will depend r-n the type and size of the company. It probably would come tinder the training <>r safety department, the training depart ment with assistance from the safety de partment, or vice versa. Considerable study wapld be necessary before a decision would It was found that we had a lot to learn regarding the equipment and producing a tape to interest and impress the viewers. Two of our staff attended a seminar on VTR at Quetico Center for Continuing Education near Atikckan. After completing this course, we organized a course of our own with the assistance of an experienced former movie producer now associated with a Canadian mining company. One course for representatives from min be imade. How many men will be involved in VTR production? This will depend on the size of the company and the size of the contemplated ing companies was conducted at Elliot Lake in June, After this course, constructive criticism has led to revision of the course for future presentation. program. The minimum number of men would be two. What type and how much equipment should be obtained? The minimum equipment should involve two cameras, switcher, video tape recorder and playback unit, a monitor, portapak, lighting, and tapes. How will the VTR crew be trained ? There are courses given at technical schools and universities on the equipment and training techniques. Our association has reached the stage that we now give a one-week course in VTR to representatives of member mines. Course in VTR Production The following is a brief outline of the course for VTR production crews, which lasts five days: Fifty per cent of the time is devoted to a project to produce a presentable tape on a general problem in the Ontario mining industry; eg., "The Prevention of Slips and Fails at an Open Pit Operation." Fifty per cent of the time is devoted to equipment and production problems: script writing; shooting with VTR; job respon sibility (director, camera man, lighting, What are the problems which may be en sound) : equipment (lighting, stand point of countered in VTR production? There are the camera, camera angles, tracking, panning 35 1970 National Safety Congress and zooming) ; editing of tapes; dubbing in sound; and maintenance of equipment. The main object of the course is to involve the crew with the problems of VTR pro duction, of which script writing is an ex ample. A lot of planning and imagination is necessary to come up with an acceptable, interesting, and impressive production. Although VTR is still in the infancy stage in Ontario mining, we see a great future for its use as a training aid: 1. It will fill a gap unfilled by a lack of films relative to the mining industry. 2. If ail companies use compatible equip ment, they will be able to circulate tapes among themselves and we will have a library of tapes from which the compa nies may draw as they do now with movie films and slides. 3. There will be improved efficiency because VTR will help to train men better and faster than at present. This will reduce cost of training and reduce accidents, be cause a trained man Iras fewer accidents. 4. When companies produce their own VTR tape, there will be better employer-em ployee relations, due to better communi cations. Also, the men will see tapes of their own operation, themselves or their friends. FEDERAL INSPECTION PROGRAM FOR METAL AND NONMETALLIC MINES By ROY G. STOTT Chief, Division of Safety, Metal and Nonmetal Mine Health and Safety. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. " The mining industries' safety performance Isas been under attack for some time. A mere positive approach to the problems must be found or more stringent legislation can be expected During 1969, luulc-rgnnnul metal and non metal mines that voluntarily reported their work injury statistics to tiie National Safety Council had a disabling injury frequency rate of 31 injuries per million man hours. That was four times the all-industry rate, a rela tionship that has persisted for more than a decade. On a nationwide basts, mining is rated at the bottom of the list. Bureau of Mines statistics indicate that one mine em ployee out of every 16 will very likely suffer a lost-time injury on the job, and one out of every 1,400 will lose his life while on the job. Musi: the industry continue to have such a poor image? Must capable young men from our mining' communities continue to seek careers other than mining? Congress has given us the Metal and Nonmetsillic Mine Safety Act with a de mand that positive action be taken to make our mines and plants safe. The mandatory standards to implement such action were promulgated July 31. 1069, and February 25, 1970. Hotli sets of standards became enforceable on July 31, 1970, and Federal inspectors are now in the field applying these standards. It is important tor you to note that these standards incorporate the views and thinking jf management, labor, and state inspection agencies. Representatives from each of these groups were appointed to three advisory committees. There was a committee for underground mining, a second one for open pits, and a third one for sand, gravel, and crushed stone operations. Each committee compiled a set of standards for its area of concern and that is the way our standards arc organized today. Based on the work of the three commit tees, a total of 1,806 standards were publifhed as proposed rulemaking on January 16, 19o9. At that time, public comment was invited. There were no comments on 1,023 shimlanls; so they were promulgated on July 31, 1969. Comments and divergent view , on another 688 standards were exam ined and resolved, and these were also promulgated. 36 On June 24, 1970, a notice was published in the Federal Register setting forth pro posals to amend, revise, or redesignate 330 which has the capability of conducting ad vanced studies of mine environment and ether health problems. standards and introducing a proposed vari Each of our 86 inspectors is a duly- ance clause in lieu of the savings provisi-n authorized representative of the Secretary proposed January 16. 1969. Very few com nf the Interior. Over 50 per cent of the ments were received regarding the variance inspectors are experienced graduate mining clause, which is not subject to public hear engineers, while the balance are well- ings procedures; however, hearings were re seasoned men with many years of super quested on 76 standards and comments were received concerning clarification of 16 others No requests for hearings or comments were received concerning the remaining 38 stand ards published as proposed rulemaking on June 24, 1970. Dates for hearings are now being considered. The proposed standards published Jan uary 16, 1969, which have not appeared since that date in the Federal Register, arc- also subject to consideration at a public hearing as soon as the dates are established. visory mine experience. AH are trained and empowered to enforce the standards. One important feature of the Act is a provision of any state to submit to the Sec retary of the Interior a state plan for the development and enforcement of state health and safety standards which must be sub stantially as effective as the Federal program. Guidelines for development of such plans and a model state plan agreement were mailed to all state governors in May 1970. Agreements have already been processed and The main point of this review has been signed with Arizona and Colorado. Twenty- to show you that Federal safety standards four other states have indicated an interest on the whole represent recognized good in entering such agreements. To date, co mining practices, and those in effect were operation between the Bureau of Mines and agreed to by all parties concerned. Additions the state inspection agencies has been ex and changes will undoubtedly be made from cellent. time to time after consultation with advisory committees appointed pursuant to Section 7 if the Act. The Act recognizes the inadequacy of merely applying penalties for nancompliance with standards. While the Act provides for the establishment of health and safety stand ards, and for their enforcement through periodic inspections, it gees much further. With a state plan agreement in effect, the Bureau of Mines still has the responsibility to see that state regulations are substantially as effective as the Federal standards. Fur thermore, the Act requires that all under ground mines be inspected by the Bureau of Mine" at least once annually'. We are pres ently endeavoring to make these inspections concurrent with the state inspections, whether The opening words of the Act are signifi or not a state plan is in effect. By this cant In brief, it states, `To promote health means we hope to achieve closer cooperation, and safety . . ." Consistent with the words a better exchange of knowledge and informa ``To promote." the Act provides for educa tion, improved communications, uniformity tion and training, for technical assistance, in the application of rules and regulations, for researching safety and health problems, and an upgrading of inspector capabilities, and for gathering and disseminating accident both Federal and state. information. To administer these provisions, the Metal and Nonreetal Mine Health and Safety Ac tivity was established in the United States Department of the Interior under the direc tion of that Department's Bureau of Mines. The Activity now has 86 mine inspectors in ihe field operating out of six districts with 34 subdistrict office8. The number of inspec tors will he more than doubled in the next In any event, the Bureau of Mines has to be responsible to situations of imminent danger which may reasonably b to cause death or serious pby> i-:;J hr:rnv Federal inspectors will therefore ' p required to serve withdrawn! orders when and if he finds such situations to exist Ti in v ill be done with or without a state pfcr in e:Tect. By putting their state plon? into effect, 24 months. Also within this activity is a the states of Arizona and Colorado have Health Group located in Denver. Colorado, already taken leading positions among the 1970 National Safely Congress mining states to reduce accidents and occu pations! illness in the mineral industry. Industry leadership in safety can be exer cised both through enforcement of safe working conditions and through another, often more productive, avenue. That avenue involves the creation of a safety conscious ness among workers--a positive attitude for observing safe work practices. Legislatively, that avenue is most difficult to regulate. It is traveled mainly through the constructive persuasion and practical help of professional safety personnel. It frequently takes a pro fessional approach to convince management and labor to play a positive and effective role in accident prevention. Generally speaking, the most successful safety' programs can be measured by the degree of management par ticipation. The Bureau of Mines has undertaken a support program of positive action in the area of health ansi safety research, training, and the collection, compilation, and analysis of accident statistics. We have undertaken an intensified research program of respirable dust in the mining industry, including defini tive measurements of dust to assure proper application of dust standards. It remains to lie seen whether or not the gravimetric methods of dust collection as presently used in the coal mining industry can be used as a practical monitoring means for human exposure to airborne dusts in metal and nonmetal mines and plants. We are also con ducting a series of noise surveys to assess that problem, and we are concerning our selves more with the measurement of radia tion hazards in underground uranium mines. As part of our broad research program, we are exploring the feasibility of research techniques as the setting of meaningful per formance standards for diesel engines used underground. As a guide for our- inspectors, we have developed a 2,150-page reference and train ing manual covering 64 subjects. Also, we have developed an instruction manual for the conduction of Federal inspections and in vestigations in mines together with an interim guide concerning the interpretation and ap plication of current standards. No doubt, changes will be made as we gain experience and are able to evaluate better the applica tion and impact of certain standards on the mining industry. The Bureau is presently in short supply of personnel to conduct training; however, we are accelerating our efforts to obtain and indoctrinate field personnel so that they can assist the states and mine operators in training their inspectors, and help the labor groups which may desire to train their mem bers. The Bureau also intends to sponsor a mine safety academy to develop professional and technical health and safety personnel for all segments of the mining industry. Funds to initiate preliminary studies for this proj ect have already been made available to the Bureau. The Bureau is employing the most modern automatic data processing systems to handle its collection, compilation, and analysis of accident statistics. Studies have been made by the management firm of Booz-AHen and Hamilton to recommend further means of improving the system and to achieve better use of the data gathered. Current up-to-date information is a vital aid to industry and to the inspector in carrying out his duties, A simple checkoff ledger form to record all injuries, where and how they occur, and other pertinent data has been developed for the use of mine and plant operators. We hope to have the ledger form available soon, and management is urged to adopt this useful aid as a means of pinpointing problem areas as they develop in their operations. Our estimates indicate that there are 1,500 underground mines, 6,000 to 8,000 open pit mines, and 6,000 to 10.000 sand, gravel and crushed stone operations presently covered by the Act. Our estimates also indicate that these mines employ approximately 34,700 men underground, 114.400 in surface mining operations, and 98,400 in mills for a total of 247,500 persons. The Bureau plans to conduct 3,000 inspections by June 30, 1971. We. will include all underground mines and most large and medium-size open pit mines and quarries, plus a representative group of sand and gravel operations. Next year we anticipate having sufficient trained manpower to conduct approximately 8,000 inspections. You can readily see that there is plenty of room and need for state plan participation, and the Bureau will welcome such partici pation providing proper standards are met. Between August 1, 1970, and September 21, 1970, the Bureau inspected approximately 300 mines, conducted 13 spot inspections, and 38 Mining served 1,616 notices of violations of man datory standards. During this period only two withdrawal orders were issued. In both instances, prompt corrections were made by the companies concerned so that the inspector was able to abate the order before leaving the property. This reflects excellent coopera tion by management, labor, and the state mine inspectors who participated actively with the Federal inspectors. To date, our inspection force is operating with good teamwork, and our inspectors will soon be identified as true professional safety inspectors. The Bureau of Mines is deeply grateful for the cooperation and courtesies extended these men by management and their association, by state inspection agencies, and by labor groups during this critical period of launching a new program. Let us consider, however, what lies ahead. There will naturally be occasions where differences of opinion will arise and where combinations of circumstances will pose some problems. An operator served a with drawal order by a Federal inspector may apply for annulment or revision of such order. To handle such problems, the Sec retary of the Interior on September 15, 1970 sent to the Senate, for confirmation, the nomination of five persons to a Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Board of Review. Also, the secretary is currently appointing a nine-member advisory com mittee to develop new standards and review or revise present standards that impose spe cial problems. Safety is a field in which labor and man agement must meet on the ground of joint interest. We need an attitude of honesty in the safety business at all levels We cannot bargain safety. Those of you who have exceptionally good safety records certainly deserve recognition. Also, recognition should be given those members of labor who have contributed outstanding cooperation in safety. While it may be tree that not enough publicity has been given such efforts and achievements in the past, we should recognize that the public too frequently judges the industry's total image and not individual records. Thus, it would be very prudent for those who have established good health and safety programs to encourage and aid their other colleagues to better the mining industry's safety image. Management, to do its job, must be dy namic, critical, open-minded, adaptable, and just. There are very few accidents in which the supervision is not at least partly at fault in one way or another--especially in failure to impress or communicate. That, too, is a responsibility. If you have picked the right man to be your safety director, he must be in on the planning right from the start. If he is to be listened to by the man at the bottom of the mine, he must be respected as a key staff member by the men at the top. Labor must also play a more constructive role in your safety program. If you truly want their cooperation, there are ways and means to enlist their participation. Safety records are achieved through teamwork. The role of the Bureau of Mines is to see that positive action is taken to improve health and safety in metal and nonmetal mines. This necessitates bringing together bath management and labor while applying the rules or standards and seeing to it that states apply equivalent standards under state plan agreements. In performing this responsibility, we have not only an inspectorate force but also a competent technical support group backed up by research personnel and their facilities to evaluate and solve health and safety prob lems as they arise. Educational personnel are being trained and equipped to bring training, information, and safety promotion to the mines. It is the Bureau's policy to see that mines are made safe, and this must be accomplished with the least possible disrup tion of production and manpower earnings. We must meet the challenging changes con fronting the mining industry with the same energy that we put forth in establishing records in costs and production. 39 V:)?0 National Safety Congress DEVELOPING A STATE MINE SAFETY PLAN By STEPHEN W. POGSON Attorney, Evans, Kitchell & Jenckes. Phoenix, Ariz. Arizona had its State Mine Safety Plan under the Federal Metal and Nomnetallic Mine Safety Act approved on July 28, 1970. It was the first state to have a plan approved under the Act. The fact that Arizona was the first is the result of three and one-half years of hard work by a lot of people. I would like to first discuss what we in Ari zona did. I will then take up the require ments of the Bureau of Mines and discuss them individually, occasionally offering some gratuitous, advice as to how to proceed, based on our experiences. In some cases. Slow we did it and how I would advise someone else to proceed are two different things. In order to have this paper be of any value to people from other states, I think it is important that you get as complete and full a story of our experience as the circumstances per mit As you will no doubt glean from my remarks, we were not always in agreement with the Bureau of Mines and on a number of occasions thought that the Bureau's re quirements far exceeded the requirements of the statute. In discussing these areas, it is not my purpose to cast aspersions on the Bureau of Mines. Without its cooperation and assistance, the plan would never have been approved. Failure to discuss these areas of differences with the Bureau would, how ever, give an incomplete picture. After the Federal Act was passed in 1966, employers, the mine inspector, and some of the labor organizations representing em ployees in mines evidenced an interest in updating Arizona's Code so that a state plan could be effectuated. Arizona's Code was originally enacted in 1912. It lias always been one of the more stringent codes in the min ing states. However, there was uncertainty as to the power of the state mine inspector to make rules and regulations to implement the code and cover areas not covered by the code. At the outset, it was recognized by all concerned that the inspector would have to be empowered with authority to promulgate rules. At this time, we, of course, did not know what the Federal safety standards would be. We did, however, have the benefit of the survey done by the Bureau of Mines under the earlier Act which indicated the 40 various areas of safety ir was interested in and indicated whether the state had laws or rules in that area. Ill May 1967 the Governor of Arizona appointed an eleven person com mittee to study revisions to the mining Code. Chairman of the committee was our State Mine Inspector. There were four representa tives of labor unions, four representatives of employers, and two observers from the legis lature. We obtained rules and codes from all large western mining states and relied par ticularly on those from Colorado and Utah The committee met from time to time from June 1967 until January 1968. There is no necessity to go into the details of the de liberations of the committee. Suffice it to say that it was recognized by all concerned that the finished product would have to be acceptable to labor and management. After a good deal of deliberation, the suggestions for revisions to the mining code were pre sented to the legislature in February 1968. I might mention at this juncture that our Arizona Code differs from the Federal in one important respect. In Arizona, the state mine inspector has jurisdiction over smelters This was done because the Arizona legisla ture was in the process of setting up an industrial safety department under our In dustrial Commission and we did not want two sets of inspectors on our properties. After the revisions to the Code were agreed on by the legislature, the inspector proceeded to work on rules. He was assisted by a committee of safety engineers from the operators. At this juncture, the unions, par ticularly the Steelworkers, ceased cooperat ing, as it was apparent they did not want a state plan. Rules and regulations were promulgated by the inspector in July 1969. At this time, only the first draft of the Federal safety standards was out. In the fall of 1969 it appeared that it would be difficult, if not impossible, for any state to have a plan approved by the Bureau of Mines. In November 1969 we received a rough draft of the State Mine Safety Plan and accompanying documents from the Bureau. In our view, the requirements un der this draft were onerous and went far beyond what the Act required. Nevertheless, Mining we entered into discussions with representa tives of the Bureau. In January of this year a four-man committee went to Washington to discuss the situation with the Bureau for Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety and the Bureau for Mine Safety. We did not know in what form the Bureau wanted our infor mation, so we prepared it in the form of a rather lengthy letter from our mine inspec covering such things as underground mining. In any event, our inspector agreed and did proceed to publish revised and expanded rules and regulations. Based on that assur ance, the Bureau agreed to accept our state plan. After a few technical revisions were made in the text of the plan, the acting director of the Bureau came to Phoenix on July 28 and the plan was formally executed tor to the Secretary. We did not at this on that day. juncture attempt to cross-reference our Having discussed how we in .Arizona for safety standards to the Federal. At this mulated our State Mine Safety Plan, I meeting, we were assured that a state need would now like to turn to the requirements not have rule by rule equivalents of the of the Bureau itself and discuss a number Federal standards. We also discussed a num of individual items and offer some sugges ber of other matters relating to state plans tions as to how to proceed. To my way of mid became convinced that we in Arizona thinking, the first order of business is to could qualify with a plan. make sure that your state mine inspection After the publication of the second set of revised standards in February of this year, we awaited the Bureau's revisions to its state plan material. We received it in late May and proceeded to start the onerous job of cross-checking our statutes and rules with the Federal. When this was done, it was sent to Washington, together with other ma terial requested. The same committee of four people then went back to Washington early in July of this year to attempt to get state plan approval. We found that this sire com mittee worked very well and that we com plemented each other. A larger group would have been too unwieldy for real deliberations and a smaller group might not have had the expertise that was required to formulate the plan and present it to the Bureau. When we arrived in Washington in July, we found that the Bureau had done its own crossreferencing of our rules and statutes to the Federal standards and found us wanting in agency has authority to enforce rules and statutes and has authority to promulgate rules. Having to go to a state legislature to obtain amendments to mine safety legisla tion is a time consuming and often futile procedure. Based on our experience, I sug gest that if your agency does not have the power to promulgate rules and regulations, you immediately proceed to attempt to obtain legislation authorizing it to do so. When this is done, it is simply a matter of promulgat ing rules substantially a3 effective as the Federal standards and complying with the other requirements of the Bureau and the Act relating to qualifications of inspectors, equipment, etc. Turning row to the Act, the first and one the most important requirements is that the agency be the sole agency entrusted with enforcing nunc safety and that it have ade quate authority to do the job. As I have indicated, this is the first order of business. some respects. After a good deal of earnest, The next thing to be taken up is an analy hut always friendly, discussions regarding sis of the personnel of the state agency. what the Act required and what is meant How many people do you have? Do you by a state having substantially equivalent have enough to make the inspections required standards, the Bureau receded from its po by the Act and/or the state plan? Are they sition that we would have to have standards under civil service? What are their qualifi almost exactly equivalent to the Federal cations? In our case, we prepared a r&umi standards. On the other hand, our state mine showing the experience of each of the inspector agreed to promulgate a number of deputy mine inspectors and the mine inspec new rules and regulations to cover areas tor. We have a mine inspector, a state mine not previously specifically covered by our dust engineer and assistant and six deputy Code and rules. Previously, the inspector had mine inspectors. In the aggregate they have relied on broad general statutes and rules over 130 years experience in mining. We giving him the power to enforce good safety believe that this resume was helpful in as practices generally. On the other hand, we suring the Bureau that our personnel are have always had specific rules and statutes well qualified 41 1970 National Safety Congress The next requirement is that the siate agency be adequately funded. We prepared an analysis showing the year by year appro priations to the state mine inspector's office, starting with the year 1945. These appro mine it inspected. While I personally think this is uncalled for, the Bureau has deter mined as a matter of policy to do this. This does not mean that the state agency has any duty whatsoever to do likewise. priations increased substantially during the past several years, showing the Bureau that our state is ready and anxious to live up to its responsibilities in the field of mine safety. Your state must have adequate laws and other provisions for talcing care of fencing or otherwise securing abandoned mines. If your inspector has rule-making authority, this is a relatively simple thing to do. Of course, rules requiring such fencing or se curing must be followed up and enforced. This is a very difficult and time consuming responsibility in view of the large numbers of abandoned shafts and prospect holes in most western mining states. The subject of inspections, both individual and joint, has been the subject of a good deal of discussion between the Bureau and tire states. It is the Bureau's philosophy that representatives of labor organizations should be invited to accompany inspectors. It does not, however, have the authority to insist that this be done. If an employer objects to having a union representative accompany inspectors, they will not do so. The federal inspector will notify the union representa tive that he is in the area and making an inspection of the particular mine. The ques tion of whether or not union representatives should participate in inspections is, of course, a philosophical one which should be resolved With respect to the number of inspections, the Act requires only that the state inspect underground mines annually. The Bureau's state plan requires that such inspections he made semi-annually. While we had no objec tions to making this number of inspections and indeed have been inspecting much more often, we believe this is an instance where the Bureau is requiring something that the law does not require. In any event, our Arizona state mine inspector inspects under ground mines at least four times a year and in 1969 inspected one prospect shaft 11 times. The Bureau requires the state agency to have certain equipment and facilities for making tests for ventilation, melon daugh on a company by company basis. Some unions representing large numbers of em ployees in the mining industry have shown a commendable interest in safety at the top level. At the lower levels, "safety" is too often used as an alternate to the grievance procedure. Until such time as local union representatives accept their responsibilities in the field of safety (this includes net trying to defend members of the local who are committing unsafe practices) I see no useful purpose in inviting the unions into the field of safety as a partner. As I have indicated, this is a philosophical issue and I am cer tainly aware of companies and states that disagree with my opinion. ters, etc. This is something that is impos The most difficult task in getting a state sible to generalize about, and your commit mine safety plan approved is seeing to it tee will have to sit down with the Bureau, discuss the equipment your agency has, and try to come to some sort of agreement This that the state statutes and rules are substan tially equivalent to the Federal standards. As I have indicated, while the Bureau would is a very difficult area because some of the like rule by rule equivalents to the Federal equipment the Bureau would like to have standards, it dots not insist upon them, and the states have is very expensive and, as a practical matter, cannot be obtained for that reason. After we discussed our situation with the Bureau representatives, we found them in my opinion, cannot. If you can make a case that a state rule ought not to be as strin gent as a Federal rule you might well he able to convince the Bureau. For example, cooperative and understanding in this area. one of the Federal standards relating to The Act requires certain reports to be transmitted to the Bureau by the state agency. There has been some confusion as hoists in underground mines prohibits the use of hoists driven by belts. Our inspector was able to convince the Bureau that cer a result of the fact that the Bureau sends tain types of belt driven hoists with certain copies of its inspection reports to labor or safeguards are perfectly safe and that it ganizations representing employees at the would be onerous to prohibit their use in 42 Mining Arizona. On a more general level, a number of the Federal standards are nothing more or less than common sense admonitions, such as a man signalling a truck backing up should be sure to stand clear of the trade. We appreciate the necessity for having such all encompassing rules since they will be in effect all over the country. We did suggest to the Bureau that a number of these rules need not have Arizona equivalents in view of oar genera! prohibitions against unsafe practices directed to employees and em ployers alike. We believe that the obvious purpose of allowing state plans was to recognize the reality that mining conditions and problems vary fncn state to state. For this reason, states ought to be allowed leeway. We be lieve that we have accomplished that in Arizona and that, despite the great amount of work it took to prepare our state safety phn, the results justify the time and effort. 43 OFFICERS OF THE MINING SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1970-71 General Chairman -- M. R. Fraser, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, Ont., Canada Chairman-Elect -- Roy G. Stott, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Second Vice-Chairman -- T. T. Pimier, Utah Division, Kennkott Copper Div., Salt Lake City, Utah Third Vice-Chairman--J. B. Bowen (Chairman), Erie Mining Company, Hoyt Lakes, Minn. Secretary -- H. G. Plimpton, Dept of Interior, Washington. D. C. Panel I Chairman-Elect -- R. G. Stott Engineering Committee--Larry S. Hansen (Chairman), Northwestern Mining Depart ment, American Smelting & Refining Co., Wallace, Idaho: E. Ware Richards. Pilot Knob Pellet Co., Irontom, Mo.; Dan F. Travis, U. S. Steel Company, Jefferson Gty, Term.; Bruce Mull, Erie Mining Company, Hoyt Lakes, Minn.: Marvin E. Johnson. The Anaconda Co., Butte. Mont.; Free G. Michels, White Pine Copper Co., White Pine, Mich.; Robert Johnson, Miami Copper Co.. Div. Tennessee Corp., Miami, Aria.; R. V. Bamerio, Inspiration Consolidate! Copper Corporation, Inspiration, Ariz.: Tom Caves, Qlin Corp., Saltville, Va. Hygiene and Ventilation Committee -- Donald L. Werner, M.D. (Chairman), Dept, of Industrial Medicine, East Range Clinics, Ltd.. Hoyt lakes, Minn.; R. J. Seaei.e, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake City, Utah; W. A. Bardswtch, Department of Mining X- Applied Geophysics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Edward DesRochers. United States Gypsum Co., Chicago, III; R. M. Feather, Allan Potash Mines, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Off-the-Job Safety Committee---'Roy G. Stott (Chairman), U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.; fT. T. Pindek; fj. B. Bowen; Keith A. McLeod, International Minerals & Chemicals Co., Esterhazy, Sask., Canada: fRoBERT Johnson Statistics Committee -- Owen B. Boland (Chairman), Calami Ore Company, Ltd., Atikokan, Ontario. Canada: Forrest T. Moyer, Chief, Accident Analysis Branch, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington. D, C.; J. Wilfred Pelletier. Lake Asbestos of Quebec, Ltd., Black Lake, Quebec, Canada Panel II Second Vice-Chairman---T. T. Finder Newsletter Editor --Corns J. Zavebl, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Duluth, Minn. 44 Training Committee-- Ed. Hu<v> (Chairman). Potash Co. of America. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Joel G. Dsoitbay, The Anaconda Co., Butte, Mont; G, Napier, Rio Algom Nordic Mice, Flli-or Lake, Ontario, Canada: John S. Kelly, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh. Pa.: T. A. Bennett, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.; E. L. (Rep) Gay. Duval! Corp. of Canada, Saskatoon. Saskatchewan, Canada Visual Education Committee -- H. j. Asms* tChairman), United Nuclear Homestake Partners, Grants, N. M.: Wait?* O Gr.vEi.sciN, The Hanna Mining Co., Agents, Ribbing, Minn.; A. L. French. The Anaconda Co., Great Falls. Mont.: William I-. Smith, The Anaconda Co., Butte. Mont : K. R. Price. Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn, Associations-Publicity Committee -- L. Joseph Hall (Chairman). Reserve Mining Co., Silver Bay, Minn.; Keith R. K-am/, k. Mining Congress Journal, Washington. E>. C.; H. Bradley Johnson. American Mining Congress, Washington, D. C.; Chris Mamen, Canadian Mining Journal, Gardens ale. Que.. Canada; J. G. Rickabv. International Nickel Company, Copper Cliff, Ont. Canada: Davie N. Skillings, Skillings Mining Review, Duluth, Minn.; Harold Davis Engineering and Mining Journal. New York, N. Y. Panel III Third Vice-Chairman -- J. B. Bowes Program Committee--Joseph T. Mortimer. (Chairman:!, Ray Mines Div., Kennecott Copper Corp., Hayden, Ariz.; Robert W. Van Eveea, American Mining Congress, Washington, D. C.; Wesley G. Johnson. Inland Steel Company, Ishpeming. Mich.; A. W. Ness, American Smelting ant! Refining Co., Salt Lake City. Utah; Fred Biwusse, Welsh Mfg. Co., Yorba Linda. Calif.; G. M. Hostette*. Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio Membership Committee--J. W. Jeffries (Chairman), Mines Accident Prevention Assn, of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Canada: D. W. Henry, Heela Mining Company, Wallace, Idaho; J. L, Doyle, Wabash Mines, Wabush Lake, Labrador, Canada: Robert Baloeck, International Salt Company, Clarks Summit, Pa.; D. J- Masterson, Stauffer Chemical Co. of Wyoming, Green River, Wyo.; E. P. Shoot, Chief, Div. of Accident Prevention & Health, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.; Tbq?*ias C. Lukins, TJ. S. Bureau of Mines, Denver, Colo..; Robert B. Mulhaix, Babbit Industries, Saratoga, Calif. Entertainment Committee--Everett White (Chairman), Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; F. D. Woleben. U. S. Steel Corporation, Virginia, Minn. District Representatives -- Northeastern District, Joseph H. Wsekes, New Jersey Zinc Company. Ogdensburg, N. J.; Southeastern Bistret, Joseph Haebison, Tenneseee Copper Co., Copper Hill, Tenn.; Western District, W. Lynn Hart, American Smelting and Refining Co., Wallace, Idaho; Southwestern District, R. L. Johnson, Chino Mines Div., Kennecott Copper Corp, Hurley, N. M.; Eastern Canada District, H. R. Powsaix. Editor of Panorama, Noranda Mines Limited, Noranda, Quebec, Canada: Western Canada District, John O. Wolf, Mining Assn, of B. C, Vancouver. B. C, Canada Research and Planning Committee -- *Allen El. Look (Chairman!. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Alameda Federal Center, Alameda, Calif,; ^Robert M. Neil. White Pine Copper Co., White Pine, Mich.; 'Harold Thompson, American Zinc Co.. Mascot, Tenn.; *Josn A. Cooke, Falconbridge Nickel Mine? Ltd., Falconbridge. Ontario, 45 Canada, T.mvAKD L. Leonaed, Inland Steel Co,, Ishperning, Mich,; *C, R. Neil, Bethlehem Mines C'orp., Cornwall, Pa. A ominahnf! Committee -- tAi.len D. Look (Chairman) ; I^kohert M. Neii,; t*HARQLD F, Thompson; fE. G. Srorr; fT. T. Pinder; fj. B. Bowen Siaff Representative -- Richard Snyder, National Safety Council, 42S N. Michigan Ave,, Chicago, Illinois 60611 1' Past General Chairman 46 PLAN NOW TO ATTEND THE 1971 NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS OCTOBER 25-28, 1971 / CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, CHICAGO 1972 The Congress is always a big week, a worthwhile week for the 13,000 safety people who attend. At the '71 Congress you can meet other safety people, with the same problemsand responsibilities asyourself. 1973 You can exchange views and ideas on accident preven tion. health, hygiene, and fire prevention ... on safety in industry, traffic, school, at home and on the farm. You can see the largest of ai! safety equipment exhibits at the Congress... an opportunity foryou to make well- 1974 informed buying decisions for your company. This four-day educational program, planned and pre sented by the National Safety Council, can be your most thought-provoking, most worthwhile safety expe rience in 1971. Make plans early to attend the 1971 Congress and bring the other people in your organization who have safety responsibilities. FUTURE CONGRESS DATES 1971 1972 1973 197* October 25-28 Oct. 30 - Nov. 2 Oct. 29 - Nov. 1 Sept. 30 - Oct. 3 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE . CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611 1s cr to o > o H- O cr<t-z>t> o o N ational S a fe ty C ouncil NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS 1970, VOLUMES 1-5, 7-23, 25, 27,28. National Safety Council, Chicago, IL. < n o 3 o o 3 EL ^ c: s o D "oO 3 CL *-*o3 o p o o 3. OQ 5' p 2 o o o XS o 2. p O- o S' o o *2 o' cr T3 o w C3u O P S* X- * f I I F 8 X 03 ro 03 CT!