Document 5LeDBJ9b0KKdBZKvkGXDL162D
FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1945 Apr 30
DOC#: API066
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Unpublished Report - The Carcinogenicity of Bituminous Compounds - Lit Review
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r^U A ^j* c u * * * 7
mi CXRCINOOHTICITT 0?
BITUMINOUS COlffOIDS
L it n tu s* Srl
.
{
A p ril 3P j 1915,
`
I M M l n l ft i M i u t k D i r i ! 1ft T o u Ocwpny Mr Yotft C ity
ii
(
IOTI
In tow o f th a in san aa asount o f
p n b liah ai infosm ation on Yariona phaooo o f tho
neor p r o b i i t ahould bo p h a a is o i th a t
th ia lita ra tu ro rari giro only a ropid aurray
I
of iaralopaanta in tha f i a l i of aanoor raaaaroh
,
aa applloi iiro o tly to tho patroloun, ooai ta r,
o li ahalo ani ailloA Ini a tr i aa. ih lo t s f a r fro a boing eenplato, yot l t la boiiOToi th a t o ai o f th o in p o r ta n t oorfe in t h i a p a r t i a n l a r f i a l i haa boan toreroi o ith o r in tho roport i t a a l f o r in omo o f th o h ib llo g ra p h lo a l T afan ane aa glTn i n tho ap p o n iiz a n i r o f o r r a i to a t tha botton of paga 1 .
M. P. 8088
TH1 CAHClNOOflCITr 07 BITOMBICUS COMPOC7XD6
I t has Ion baca reeognlzed th a t th a iaeldaaoe a f sida
oaa*r la r e a ta r aaong norteara ln e a r ta in in d u s tr ia s and oeaapa-
tos* than ann tha popfelatlon as a hola. A tteatlo a a f l r s t
diraotad in 1787 to th a Tary hlffh d e a th r a ta r e a u ltia fre n a e ro ta i
asear of ohlm ey awaanat I t la a l h t tin a s ora oonnon ln th asa
aajicara than ln th a general p u b lis ln Xalaad, and ln th a fln ite i
S tates th a r e to o f anear asa as in eh U n er anaapa ln danhl a thait
af th a g en e ra l p a p n la tla ? * . Xa p n a a t i e a l l f U aaaaa U l M I t
aarotna th a t 1 attaakadi th ia .la alna th a a lta ln M a planea
M ear dlseuseed l a t a r . Worltere ln e th e r In d u s tria a d a j U H
ra a t eoataat lth t*r, pltehae, ahala e lla , a ta . lihaadaa
h lfh ln a ld a n a a a f aldLn a n e a r, fa v eacanple, 1
ln plantf
W d n b rlq u a tte a , t a r ro a f la f , roed yraasvnttvao arfe& ft
as, lnanlatln easpaanda, ahala praueta, ata*
V la pita of tha ro en jrtlan of tha ap ip an
anaa a p p a ra n tlj th a aaaaa a f ntifrina |p* J t
' ^ 1 n o t n t l l ra & n tla a ip
J `
ln labom tary
~V h f d isaat ppUaatlan o f tan
v'. * . *A.- 'i- -t'
aaaaapllahad hr
` -~ **
dona ln ayntM&atnc ani tlan larlj w lTW fU f U l n t l r t M * vanara a f th la eifc, aaa hefaranaea H * t, 31-31, T i, nd i f i part lo o la r lr t t t f f t r la a af tha l a t onal flanear In a tlta ta atarla* iH
lit,*"
-2 -
which 1A9 are re .o rted to be carcin o g en ic^ * . L. F. F lo se r
^ y ^ a r lic a our knowledge In th is f ie ld as follow 3ii
At Judged b7 e l l - ^ lia b le d ate f o r th e p ro d u ctio n of aIfIn end auboutaseoue tumors la r a ta end a l e e , n e th y lo h o lm th re n e probably la th e c o a t p o te n t o f th e known chemical carcinogens. 2 y atan atie atudiea of sy n th etic so d e l compounds h a re shown th at* .th e n e th y l group la o f no iap o rtan o e to th a fu n ctio n in g of the oonpound) th a t much, i f n o t a l l of th e e ffle a o y o f cholanthrene la retained in the analogous hydrocarbon 5.10-dlnethyl1 .2 - benzanthraoene; and th at the n o st e lg n lfle a n t atruotaral feature of cholanthrene or aethyloholentbrene le the 1,2-benzanthraeane ring ayeteai with a carbon su b stitu en t at th e aeso p o e ltlo a 10 M iM ethyl-l,2benzanthraoene evokes sarcomas in nlea nearly ae rapidly oa nathylcholanthrene, end, though i t l e d ie t in e t ly le s s e f f e c t ir e In the produotlon o f akin eanoer, the substanee eon atltu tee the neareet approaeh in e sla p le aodel eoapound to a e ln u le tlo n o f the b io lo g ic a l prop* o r tle s o f tho hydrocarbon o f so re complicated stru cture.
"All twelve possib le aonomethyl derlratiw ee o f tho ia aotlTO l,2*bsazanthraoene hare boon oynthoolsod end tasted for earslnogaale a s tlv lty , and o f these the 10*isomer lo the cost potent. Tho noeo-oubatltuted 9*aethyl tonpound stand# nozt in ordor o f potaasy, folloered elo sely by tho 5-nethyl isr lv a tiv e , nhlch produeod earoouaa In nioo elth a la ten t period ebont tw lse as long as that observed with 10-eethyl-l,2-beazanthraeens. Methylcholanthrene end bonzpyrono oen bo regarded aa 1 2-banaanthreeanas subatltuted at the neae pooltlona 10 end 9 , resp ectiv ely , end in nodal compounds tha combination of tho too types of aobatltutlog 1s p artlan larlr favorable. t>plO-Dimethyl 1 . 2- banian thrsoem e prodnead akin h o n n l a a la a w ith re a a rk a b lt ra p id ity and la th is te a t surpasses nethyl* ch o lan th ren e l a spaed o f aetlo m , though i t l a loom, ; e f f a e tlv a whan e d a la ls ta r e d by sabentaaeoue l a io o tlo a . The thlophoae le e le g a e o f the hydrocarbon has comparable p r o p e r tie s."
!ueroua attem pts have beam aede to I s o la te tho d e f la lt e
eereinogeole conpounde la sou l to r by aeons o f d i s t i l l a t i o n , solven t
extraction, e tc .? ? , hut u h lle very potent fraction s have beta
obtained, th e Individual compounds have been d l f f l e u l t to separate.
iiA m j and Higap 16 provad tha o a ro ln o g a n io ity of 1 ,2 ,3 ,6 - d l -
pnxanthraoo&a, th a f i r a t pitra oaroinofanlo hydoroarbon knovn.
Cook, H lagar and Haarltt ^ i n 1933 i t o la t ad 1 , 2-baaxpyrana, 4 ,5 -banu-
pyrana and 1,2-banxanthraoana and a stin o ta d th a t tha o rig in a i aoal
t i r p itc h oontalnad n o t la n a th an 0.003% of th a p o ta n t 1 , 2-bana-
pyrana.
Savaral in v a stig a to ro 22, M , 25 bava a tta n p ta d to ao r-
ralata oarainoganaaia w iA fluoraaoaaoa. Por axanpla, ta aaaaar-
predttoing a a ta r la i formad by th a ao tlo n of AlClg oa ta tra h y d ro -
aapthalana ahowrs a b lu a - v io l a t flu o ra a o a n a a , aavlmc t r a a banda,
4000, 4180 and 4400 A.U., A la n a r a a i n l l a r ta tb a fln o raaaan aa p so tru a of l,S<>battsantraaaaa aa . Kannamay and E ia g a r aa su c ias*
tha p o ssib il ity of tha usa of th a fluoraaoanaa apactra n fo r t a
prelim inary axaninatioa of nata rla la aaapaatad of baia* aarolnogaala.
An in p o r ta n t f a o t b ro n g t o a t by a a v a ra l la v a a tig a to r a la
that tha t --p aratu ra ta A I A a t a r , abala o li or p atro lau n o li
haa baan au b jao tad dot tr a in a a I t a a a ro ln o c A lo a o t l v l t y . In
contrai, l t ould aaon t a t tanparatnraa np ta 500*0. ara w ithant -
affaot M but abora th a t tanparatura oaralnocana ara f ornad, A a
sarlnun y l t l d ly ln g bat t a an 800 and 900C.
*. Tar and n lta h
fron gao aorka a ra fa r nera n a tiv a than t a t from aoka avana **,
o o o u n tln t f o r 70% o f a l l aaaao of t a r oanaar In th a U altad S tata
h ila th a aoka ovan prodaa t ananas o a ly 9% ***
Whlla p atro lau n ra a lte a r a o u ltla c fra nodorata h aa t
traatnant ara lnaetlva
y at by posala* an ln a a tlv a C a lifo rn ia
patrolaun through a tuba a t 880C. fiaanauay and L o ltA ab talaad
a vary nativa oaralnogon ** M . Ivan an ln a atlv a aa dia In a i p a ra ffln
o li h aatad to 380C. undar 50 a tn a . p ra sa u ra a a fa lra d sosm o a ra ln o c a a la
g p tlr ltj 101
.
Kcnnaway w lik e w ise o b tain ed an a c tiv e m a te ria l by
piBlne la o p re n t th ro u 6h a tube f i l l e d w ith Hg and heated to 80CiC. sataon 115 aohiaved sim ila r r e s u lts with tu rp en tin e a t 850C.
Aeetylene yield an a c tiv e prodaet on bains paaeed
thread* a red h o t tube 69 b u t i t must be p o in ted o u t t h a t treatm en t
with AICI3 a t room tem p eratu re a le e produeea an a s t l v s eompound 61.
On the o th e r hand, s y n th e tic
prodaeed
by AICI3 p o ly m e risa tio n a t te m p eratu res ap t o 15GG. were e n t ir e ly
inactive
i t la euggeated th a t th e eondemsatioa predmots of
aaetylene are of a more com plicated n a tu re and probably more
uaaeturated than those obtained from eth y leas.
The c a rc in o g e n ic a c t i v i t y o f t a r s depends ap p a re n tly n o t
only on th e tem p o retu ree a t t h e i r fo rm atio n b u t a l s o so th e e h a u lsa l
compound used as tho b a s t s te a k
fa r exam ple, a t a r mada from
pinana a t 350C. waa f a r mora a c tiv e th a n oas from tu r p e n tin e mate
s im ila rly , th a r a l a t i v c p o ta n a ia a bain* 100119 Pinana ta r a made a t
500, 600, 750, 050 and 950C. had r a la tiv e p o tan aiaa o f 0 , 11, 04,
100 and 04. O x id atio n o f a a y n th o tla t a r a t 1000. roducod i t a potenay
from 100 to 65, and a t Ib 0 -ld 0 0 . i t a potency f e l l to 0 . O xidation
with an ao ctan a s o lu tio n o f KlteO^ roduood th e poteney to 04; w ith
p y rid in e aa c c o lv e n t, alm ost to 0 The e e tlv e eom etltuem te e f
y n th etie ta re form c ry c ta llin c n io ra tc c . the rsm a lilig f i l t r a t e
beinc d m o et in a c tiv e , and th e p id ra te sxtram sly p o te n t.
Shale o il la earalaeg sala, probably aa a r e s u lt of the
high tem peratures to whleh o il ahalo ie subjected
Bowe v e r,
tem poreturna below 400C. give a r e l a t i v e l y I n a a tlv e p re d a a t, 500C and abova b a in s re q u ire d 101 .
5-
Xa neland where high tem p eratu re t a r i s us ad in i
^ j 2 ite a a n u fa o tu re , th e re a re many e a sss of s k in oanoer among
tU# workmen, whioh i s not the oase in Franoe where th e low
te*P*r* t u r * Produot I s u se d .
The g r e a te s t amount of In v e s tig a tio n of any ty p e of
occupational oanoer has been o a rrie d out on wuie
awnw
in the o o tto n w ills o f L an c ash ire, Sngland. Sou thaw and Wiiaon 86
la 1922 f l r a t o a lle d a t te n t io n to th e ax o essiv e oeouxrenee of
oanoer in a u le s p in n e rs . Vowen w orkers a re n o t a ffe o te d and about
70i of a l l oanoer amoignule apinners la o f th e serotum , apparently 1 . due to the f o o t t h a t a mule sp in n e r a t work w alks to and f r o in
front of h is machine, lean in g over th e moving frame from time to time
to jo in up broken ends o f th e yarn* The baae o f th e frame la on
s le v e l with th e g ro in and th e a p in d le s om th e frame aa th e y ra p id ly
revolve throw o ff o i l from th e ir bearings onto th e e lo th e a . In
tbs hot m ills th e men p e rs p ire f r e e ly and so wash o ff th e n a tu ra l im
grease of the sk in , thus allow ing the o il c lo se r oontaet .
I' I r r ita tio n by the is in terestin g to
tro u sera and o v e ra lls note th a t no tro u b le
also helps the process. of th is s o r t was aotioed
It in
j Sngland u n t i l m in eral o i l re p la c e d anim al and v e g e ta b le o i l a aa a
I lu b ric a n t l A. Henry 43 ea tim a te a th a t 0.25)1 o f a l l o o tto n mule
spinners in Sngland s u f f e r from s o r o ta l oanoer. On the o th e r hand
in th a U nited S ta te s during 1924, f o r example, th e re were only 2S
deaths from oanoer of the serotum , of whioh only th re e of the viotim e
sere te x tile workers and th re e were mule sp in n e rs; fo u r o f th e six ere born in England and the o th e r two in Canada 45 , whioh ten d s to
show th a t mule sp in n e r oanoer i s rm rsly c o n tra ste d in th e U nited S ta te s .
In a woolen m ill in th e United s t a t e s smployimg about 200 mule
^pinners no oases of s o r o ta l oanoer era found 34. s in e s th e Method
of operating th is equipment is the sane in both co u n tries th is s t r i k
ing o o n tra st i s a t tr i b u te d by E o n iite a to the f o t th a t J o o ttis h
gbal* o i l 13 used in th e L enoeshire B i l l s . However, the l i t e r a t u r e
is not e n tire ly c le a r as to the o rig in and tp e of the o il used in
.anoashire in mule spinning ^ l e i t o h 70 b rin g s o u t a f a s t of p o ssib le s ig n if ie a n o e , to
the e f f e o t th a t oanoer i s not known in woolen
even
though the saae nee b in e s a re used e s in th e oatto n f a c t o r i e s , but
points o u t t h a t th s room te n p e re tu rn s in th e e o tto n B i l l s e re muoh
highor, possibly re su ltin g in nere re la x a tio n of the tissu e s of th s
sorotua and p erm ittin g e n try of o i l in to th s sebaoeous f o l l i o l s s .
Brookbank 18, however, s t a t e s th a t in th e woolen In d u stry p lso in g
of broken and* of yarn la dons w ith both hands w ith a forward le v e l
beading movement of th e body and th u s th e r e i s n o t th s sane f r i o t i o n
of the o lo th e a on th e so ro ttm as in th s c o tto n B i l l s . Re ad m its,
however, th a t the sane o i l ia used in both types of m il ls .
As a r e s u l t of th s p re lim in a ry in v e s tig a tio n o f Southern
and A lison am ntioned above, th e M&noheater Canoer C caalaaio n , oon-
s ia tin g of more th an f i f t y members, was organised i a 19*5 under th e
d ire c tio n of Dr. C. C. Twort to in v e e tlg a te th e m in eral o i l s ueed
in Sfanohestsr eotton m ills . L ubrleating o i l s from th s various fie ld s
throughout tbs world were found to have widely varying degress at
a o tiv ity . A sample o f Y aaenuela o i l area v ery p o te n t w hile Husslsm
and Papnawi van tan sam ples were on an average l e s s th a n o n e -te n th es
active. Purified
had no earein o g sn lo p ro p e rtie s and
several aap o n iflab le o i l s , auoh as sperm, o liv e , re p s , oottoneeed
and n a a ta fo o t o i l , f a i l e d to produoe tumors when ap p lie d to n ic e ,
7 f ven under td e moet sev era ex p erim en tal oonditierna. in eo e ra l l i r i , tde aore aatu rated ere the o o a s titu a a t bydroearbeaa of td# lu b r io a tic ^ o i l , tde le a s oepable ere th e y of induoin Oftaoer in ex p erim en tal an im is, t d t p d y slo a l o d a r s o ta r la tio s balng td e asme
Tdia p relim iaa ry re p o rt aa o r ltio la e d aeveM y la an d ita ria l la td s "Petroleum Timea" of Londoa * , l a td a t t i l e ta rlo u s o l oompaaiea ( Aa&lo-Aaerioan, .r*nlo-Praian aad 3 a llpx) dad o o n trib u te d 1,000 f o r t o peer f o r td e su p p o rt of tilia in v e s tp a tio s , j e t tde Meaodeatar Canear Comalaaloa dad ao t vallad ita e lf of tde aervloea tod advloe of experta from tde o l io d u a trj r e la tiv a to tde e d a re o te ris tio s aad metdoda of t r e a t aat of petroleum o lla . Ida X astitu te of Petroleum Teodaologists, a h il making no d e f l a l t e o rltio la m a a t td ia tim a of td e work of tde o o m la a io a , formad a oommlttee o f l t a oa to f o lio e lo sely the *ork la p ro re a s W . l a 1934 3 r . A. X. Duoatan, Dr. 7 . H. Cerner aad r . James Kowley of td e I n s t i t u t o of P etroleum T eod ao lo g iste are sdowa as memdera of td e tianodeater Comalsaloa 81
l a 1933, T eo rt and Lytd 104 o f td e U anedeater Canear Coamlttee re p o rta d t d s t by meana of s o lv e n ta . e x tra o ta ere obtalned of digb r a f ra o tiv ity aad oorreapondlngly did oarotnogenioity. Tdelr reooomandationa fo r tde se le o tlo n of an o il of lo o aroinogenlolty ere aa f o l l n a :
'\dn aaleotim g from se v e ra l m ineral o lla e i th sim ila r g ravity, apeolfy th a t v itd tde loweat re fra o tlv e Index; den se leo tin g from tdose e ith sim ila r re fra o tlv e Index, apeolfy td a t ltd tde di he at g ra v lty ; dea eo leo tin g from tdose w ltb sim ila r r s fr a o tiv lty , apeolfy td a t ltd tde bigbeat v ia o o aity ; and den
gtlooting fro o rig in alone, ohoose in the follow ing orders
^gjgiaa* Pwauaylvaaian, Texas, x id c o n tin e n t, Mexican, C alifo rn ian ,
pgriian, P.ucania, Borneo, Venezuela^ s h a ll.
However, i t should bo emphasized a t t h i s p o in t th a t
tbaso authors s ta te d e f in ite ly tfeet "adequate y f f n in e of any of
^ a o ils handled, of no n a t t e r what o r ig in , r e s u l t s in a produot .......................p o sse ssi.n g on ly a ee ry low o a ro in o g e n ie ity " 104 M ao,
th at e e in a le e x tr a o tio n o f an u n re fin e d d i s t i l l a t e w ith S0g nay
profoundly lower th e n a tiv ity of a previously very dangerous o i l ,
vhil* a seoond e x tra o tio n nay ren d er i t alm ost in e rt They s ta te
^ that " i t is probably eonnaroially fe a s ib le to tr e a t o ils of any
. origin* or o ils of any degree of oareinogenlo a o tlv ity , so th a t they
aay be le s s dangerous th a n even th e very b e s t of th e s tr a i g h t o ils
used today" They e v id e n tly ossune th a t u n tre a te d t e x t i l e o ils are
ased in the L ancashire M ills Lyth of th s Cownlaslqn f u r th e r s ta te d 7 i th a t when the
r a f r a o tiv ltv * of en o i l wes l e s s th a n O.S&OO i t was found to bs non-
te x io , w h ils b*n th e value was g r e a te r th an G.&400, th s o i l wan
' highly to x ia . Pennsylvanian o ils and o s rta in m ildly tra a te d o ils
wars an axosption The lo s in a m u o f an o i l aana to a ffo rd an
indloatlon of i t s to x lo lty , providing tha o il has not bean traated
and ag a in th e h ig h er th e v a lu e , th e more p o te n t tn e o il The
to x lo lty inoreesos in th s sens order as lodlms v alu s, axpept fo r
Pennsylvanian o i l s whloh ag a in eosayy to o high a p o sitio n Ths
psm angsnsts values e rs net rsgardod as of any valus in oosnsstlon
with s s tie s tin g th a to x le lty of oile
(Ita fra o tiv ity 2
1 j
A
6
Lyfcn Ha^i th a t e x tr a c t io n w ith a lc o h o l , ac e to n e , a t o . ,
al*y aau
tre a tm e n t, l a add to * ra u u c tlo ;; i n iha potanoy, a s -
p s c la lly in the oas* of the more p o te n t o l l a but a oorre s p o n d la g
rduo&lon i n the r e l 'r a c t i v i t y does n o t always occur* here a narked
rsduutlon in the re fra c tiv ity does ooour, there is , without exception,
s narked daoraaae in o arolnogenioity; w ith a narked in areasa in re -
f r a o t iv it y , a corresponding in c re a se in potenoy. T.here th e r e -
f r e e tlv ity la not nuch a lte r e d , th e poteney nay or nay not be affeo ted
sad fu rth e r te s ta ere neoessaxy*
type. In s p ite of the apparent d e f in ite fin d in g s and reoonnenda-
tio n a oi tbs M anchester Canoer C o a sissi on, th a Caneer R esearch Conn i t t e e of th e I n s t i t u t e of P etroleum T ec h n o lo g ists 51 was not oonvlnowd th a t "the s o -c a lle d inoidenoe of canoer i s in any shape or fo rn connected w ith the uae of apinole o ils " , ho elab o ratio n of th is s ta te n a n t wee g iv en , but waa p o ssib ly based on r e f in e d o i l s only being used as te x tile lu b ric a n ts.
An e d i t o r i a l in tha " P e tro la u a T ines" o f London In 1637 once again attacked the conclusions of the Manchester C qnnittee, pointing out th a t only ons o il fro n eaoh of a nunbar of eountriaa waa exajained5 .
- 10
In 1937 th e F ed eratio n of M aster Gotton Spinners
/iffoolatlon sent oat le t to r to l i t nenbera reoounendlng th a t
^jjfO purohflsing sp in d le o i l s a g u aran tee should bo obtalood
^ a t the o il co n fo n a to tho ap o clfio atlo n a of tho Maneheatar
Caaear Comniaalon, and t h a t to o ts b a t shown th a t m b j of tho
oils la uso a t th a t tla a oonfomed to tho ap o o lflo atlo a.
Whllo throughout tho roportod work of tho Manchester Canoor
Co0a ls a lo n I t la a ta to d re p e a te d ly t h a t a a ld or so lv e n t tr o a ta o n t of
, potent o i l g r e a tly roduooa or o lln ln a to a l t a a o t i v i t y 99
^1, pot In 1939 Twort and Lyth
in v estig ated aald and alay tre a te d
d i s t i l l a t e s from a Bourne o i l and found thorn to be n a tiv e , th e a a x l-
-
* - - . -- .
gm potsnsy being a t a v ise o d lty of 100-380 sp a t 1S0* Holooular
d is tilla tio n gave a groater_ooneentretIon of th e aaraanogaals n a to rla l
than was o b tain ed by o rd in a ry d i s t i l l a t i o n a t f r e a 3 - 1 0 aai. In
_ - -- ~
*.
-----
onflm atlon of previous findings tho nlddla frao tlo aa of th is
Borneo o i l wore n e a tly re s p o n s ib le f o r p a th o lo g ic a l ohangea l a
tha organa*
a o areln o g an le hale o i l wan se p a ra te d by n e le e n la r d i s
tilla tio n Into fra c tio n s ubloh were subjected to shroaatographla
adsorption* Two a p p a re n tly pure hydrocarbons have been 1s o la te d and
are being Investigated
A re o e n t r e p o r t (1941) by 0 . 0* Twort of th e M aaehester
Caneer C onaiesion 109 s t a t e a th a t <>! t a a r e v a r ia b le , len g th y
and a o a tly and t h a t a more r e l i a b l e o a tln a to o f th e a a r o le e g s n la lty
of o ils oaa bo obtained fro u th e ro fro o tlv o index and v ln e e a lty .
(Tot tho d ata on which s e le c tio n of th e se te e p ro p e rtie s was based
vers obtained by naans of th is v a ria b le ak in t e s t . )
loodhouso of tb s Blm inghan Caaear Beseareh Laboratory
siso atetas th a t nousa te s ts to dotam ine oarolnoganlalty are d lf fla u lt
r. -11c o rre la te with human te n d en cies to oanoer Mfta ara strongly p o sitiv e or negative
unless these animal / o r example, two o i l s
^ r# tested (a) from a spinning m ill where no oases of au la spinners
0aiiear had bean reco rd ed , and (b) from a m ill where s ix oaaoara
ad r a o e 't l y bean r e p o r te d . Mouse ta a t a ln d lo a ta d a l i g h t oaroinogenio
propartlaa i n th e oeaa of th e two o lla but a g re a te r a c tio n on mice
0f (a) then (b) .
Dr. M. Brookbenk, ohairman o f the M encheater C*neer
CflaMla a lo n , has b r i e f l y summarized th e in v e s tig a tio n s of th e CoobI s s I ob
U a reee n t p u b lic a tio n **. He H a t s th e h y g ien lo p reo eu tio n a to be
xeroised in mule spinning and urg es th e adoption of th e o i l s p e o if i-
oatioe given p re v io u sly by Twort. Re e ls o makes t h i s in te r e s ti n g
n s ra liz a tio n : "As r g e n e ra l r u le en o i l th a t la s tro n g ly d a rw a tltlo
i l l not be etro n g ly carcinogenic and vioe v e rs a " This la alao
**ationed by Kennaway 61 who a ta te a t h a t oyolohezene (which la non-
oaroinogenio) la extrem ely i r r i t a t i n g to the akin and should pro
duce oanoer i f ohromio l t r l t a t l o a were am e a a e n tla l fm otor l a o a ro in o -
genesis.
As m entioned p re v io u s ly , sh a le o i l s are very oeroinogenio
and in the S o n ttia h sh a le in d u s try the ease in cid en ce o f sk in oanoer
is about 0. 1$ p er anaun among th e o i l w orker b u t 0. 8$ among the
p a ra ffin w orkers ^ ( t h i s is based on a 8 y ear r e e o r d ) . This
a c tiv ity of p a ra ffin is r e s t r i c t e d by Schwarz and T ulipan to the
crude p ro d u c t, the r fia e d wax being in a c tiv e , whioh view i a supported
by Hood 119 who s t a t e s th a t th e e o tlv e components a r e p re s e n t only
ia the erude p araffin o ils .
w ith re g a rd t o th e r e f in in g o f petroleum o i l s . Wood
made an ln v e a tig a tlo n o f r e f l a a r l e e in Pennsylvania and found no
a c ro ta l oanoer, whioh was confirmed by H e lle r
However, H eller
*
-11sand evidenee o f o aroinogenio ooapounds l a M id-Continent o il aii refined la p la n ts la Ohio aad In d ian * . Hero o i l h o lla a re f a i r l y ewaon and l a aoae eaaea le a d to ak in o a a e e r. I a ome eaae a para-f^in pressman l a th e Middle Weat was tr e a te d f o r "wax h o lla " f o r three y ear a when a oaaoeroua growth developed oa th e r i g h t fo re a re aad was removed, but e ig h t yeara l a t e r a aeeoad s im ila r growth la the aaae plaoe had to he removed. H e lle r a la o found reoorda of eaaea of akin oaneor la an o th er r e f in e r y , u a la g erode f r o * th e L isa f i e l d ; tig h t eases had ee o u rred l a th i a r e f in e r y aad one waa f a ta l A ll of theae oaneera were preceded by w arts* The le n g th o f exposure before malignancy appeared varied from four to th ir ty four years* The p a r t most o fte n a ffe e te d was the serotum and a l l h u t one man worked ia the p a r a f f in departm ent* These eases were oaused by un refined o ils and H a m i l t o n s t a t e s th a t so f a r th e re is no proof of th e ooeurrenoe of ak in oanoer in th e ITaS* from th e use of r e fined lu b r ic a tin g and s p in d le o i l s which have been a o ld -tre a te d *
AO H eller b eliev es th a t tha r e la tiv e freedom from occu p a tio n a l eanaer l a th e U*S* i s due to th e m ech an izatio n o f i n d u s t r i a l processes, preventing d ir e s t oontaot w ith th e p itc h and t a r ; the extensive employment of n e g ro e s, who a re a p p a re n tly le s s su b je o t to sk in i r r i t a n t s than w h ites; the use of re fin e d lu b ric a n ts from orades which a re poor in eereln o g ealo p ro p e rtie s , and th e use of ta r from coke-ovens In stead of from gas works* P h illip s 77 re p o r ts the p a r tic u la r s o f a study o a rrle d out by the U* 3. P u b lic C ealth S arv lo e as to th a in ald an o e of occu p a tio n a l oanoer in Texas* The re c o rd s of 1190 in d iv id u a ls having aioro seo p ieally v e rifie d skin canoera ware analyzed, covering the period 1920 to 1940. The ooeupation of th e la r g e s t group of theae
-13
p a tie n ts was outdoor work (farm ing sad ra n c h in g ); th e work of
poueewifes oomaa n ax t in order, follow ad by s e rio u s a c t i v i t i e s
requiring modarata outdoor U fa * The profaaalona v a ra n a x t,
followad by la b o re rs and o a rp a n ta rs . f t# r a ilr o a d and petroleum
Industrie* furnished faw outaneous oanoers.
O afafar and sltg reev eo in a U.3. Publio H ealth re p o rt issued in 1940 S7 an a ly se 70 e a se s of ean aar reoordad f o r the mala
member* of th e s i ok b e n e f it p la n o f an o il y e f t a i m company d uring
the p erio d 1933h36; th e re ware 46 d e a th s . The d ea th r a t a was
0.76 par 1000 and a frequency o f l .S p a r 1000 ( a l l U .S. d eath r a t a
0.96 p ar 1000) Almost 70 of th e deaths were r e la te d to the
d ig e stiv e system and th e r a ta fo r t h i s a i t a mas hig h er than in th e
u h l population. Deaths from eanoer of the g en ito -u rin ary system
aes 6.9)1 of th e t o t a l , compared to 19.0)b in the case of th e t o t a l
papulation.
In 1934 Campbell
made la b o ra to ry t e s t s on mice
with d u st o b tain ed from ta r r e d ro a d s . T his d u st caused w arts anil
oaaoer o f th e sk in and in s i x months 64 o u t o f 99 mioe showed
typical ta r w arts, h a lf of which developed malignanoy. This fin d in g
was confirm ed by X lin g , acmeomoe end B eroe,
66 who a ls o sp p arated
a substance oontalnim g th e bonsopyreno naoleus from th e t a r .
However, Hogouneg 47 i s d o u b tfu l o f th s d a a g sr from road t a r sin c a
i t u su ally takas years of d irs o t oomtast of so al ta r to tha akin
to produce akin aamaar. (feu tash laen d er * 1 o a lls a tte n tio n to th e
faet th a t alsMSt a l l ln d u a tria l caneers req u ire an exposure of about
tan y e a rs b efo re growth a p p e a rs, alth o u g h a few o ases may a r i a s
anoh l a t e r ) . T alad s 1 1 1 lik e w ise i s o f th e opiniom t h a t w hile p r i
mary lung tm w r i oan be induo ad in miee p a in te d w ith t a r or exposed
-14-
0 in h a lo tlo n of d u at from t a r ro n d a, y a t thaae r e a u lta oannot be
x x tn tt iT f A to humana* Animale o th e r th a a mio ahould ba aployad
a ax p a rlaan te end an la q u lry abould ba o a rrla d out oa o rb are ax -
p0gad d a lly to aueb d u a ta .
Wblla tha manufaotura of b riq u a tte a in Xaglaad la attaadad
by a high oanoar r a t a , 88 s la a a h ig h -tem p o retu ra t a r le uaad, y a t
ia tha fa p ian ta la th U.3. fcaklag b riq u ettea oanoar la n tira ly
tbaant, p a r tir due to tha laab o f oontaat ith tha biadar alno tha
proeaaa bar la a n tlr a ly maahaalzad aad p a r tir due t e tha uee of
patroiaum aap h alt aa a biadar
Thla f ia d la s *aa ooaflrmad by
vood 1BO l a h la la e e tlg a tlo n o f b r lq a e tte a a a u fa o tu ra l a PenniiylTanla.
H e a d d ltlo a o f g ly o e rid e a 89 redaoee th a oarolnoganlo
petanar of m la e ra l o lla but a o t to aa g r e a t a a a z te a t aa l a a o l l a .
gpealraaa and C h a ab a rla la 89 a t e t e th a t h ile a la o h o la bara noi beea
naad f o r th l a purpoaa th e r e oaa be l i t t l e doabt th a t auoh p e la r
ooapouada i l i reduoe th r l a k o f oaaoer f o r a a tlo a by promot l a g
u la lf l o a tl o a , a la a e aa e l i hloh la a a a ilr ad o o ap lete ly ramoaed
froa tha akln au at oarry le aa rla k thaa oaa hloh la d lf flo u lt te
mulalfy* Theaa la a e e tlg a to re alno b ella th a t p o lo r ooapouada la
a lz tu r a ith m la e ra l o l i mar* hew arar, fum ati aa l a y a t a a o th e r way.
It la knoa th a t tha oarolaoseolo esenta o f m inorai o li *ian aaaoolatad
ith unaaturatod ooapouada ara freo to aonoentrata a t aay aurfaoe
to hloh th o li la ep p lled , th noa-polar p a ra ffla aelaau laa a rfa r
la s l i t t l e n r ae r a a la ta n e , lom evar, bea e l l - a e l u b l a p e la r aom-
pounde, auah aa o la y l a la e h e l or o e l-f a t e th e r, a ra alzad ith
alaaral o li thay aoaeaatrate a t th aurfaee, axolu d ias th laaa
polar oarolaogealo hrdroearboas
T
Sa,ualrT*$ atreaaaa .th a naoaaalty of abaoluta o la a n lin ta a
0f body id c lo th ln a , th a a p p llo n tio n o f c a s to r oll**$ to acpoaad
fu rf^068 *,n<1 d l o s l in a o a o tio u a r t r y th r a a a o n th s. Proe'<beakl5
fu n e sta a ix tu ra of la n o lin i a l Ira o l ba appllad to tha alela.
Duakhaa adrooataa th a uaa of an o ll- a o lr a n t o la an sa r
jia ila r to tha a th a r aoap uaad in h o a ilta la la ordar to raaora a ll
0f tba lu b r ic a n t f r o a th a ooraa?.
Xa rlaw o f th a auggaated uaa o f la n o lin th a follow lng
nould ba o f p a r t l a u l a r l a t a r a a t s Dr. JU T. -Cavdry, o f th a
fa ahin ste n U n lr a r a lty Sehool o f V ad ielaa, S t. L oula, ha a Ju a t
^ aanouncad (fi. I . H arald T ribuna A p ril 29, 19A5) t h a t a a lia ean ba
analtisad to banana can tar oa lia by tra a tln g tha* w lth a aubatana*
whleh doaa n o t oauaa a a a a a r and hlah 111 aran p r a r a a t p o v arfu l
aear-produoin chatdoal fraai x h lb ltln g th a t proparty.
Tor axanpla, han th a povarful earolnoeaa aatflylabolaathraB
la alzad w lth la n o lin l t la v lth o u t -aatioe han a p p lla d tta th a alela
*w of a lo , alth o u g h aloma l t alwuya r a a u lta l a o an a ar. Howwwar, whaa
I thaan a lc a ara than t r a a t a i w lth aa tb y la h o laa th ran a l a baaaaaa thay daralopad cana ara aoro Quinkly and tuso r a o f f r u ta r w lr illt y than a lta hlah had a o t raaalTad ha aaaar^praraatlB 1i n'tthari^
1M -T I DS
-ld FlFLFliXCLS
Anon., Cancer fro a Spindle O il. o i l and Color Trad
J h ly 2 1937, 38. A l a t t e r cent out b j the C entral Comr-lttss of th s
Federation of M aster Cotton SpInner** A ssociation reoonaends th a t when p u rch asin g sp in d le o i l n eat era should obtain a guarantee th a t th e o il conforms to a
s p e c ific a tio n o f th e aneheater Cancer Committee which re c e n tly issued a formula elalned to alnlm lza the so* called oaneer-produelng eleaienta of m ineral o il. Tests showed th a t atany o f th e o il* in u se a t p re s e n t conform to th is s p e c ific a tio n and a re obtained a t re g u la r p rio e s .
Anon
Mineral o ils* O il and Color Trades J , ,
Uba lh n cheat e r Cosmi t te e oa Canosr. r ended O etober, 1911* s ta te * th a t in e f f o r ts to is o la te and o h s ra s te rls s im dlrldual earsinoffanle hydroearbona from chela o l i . reean tly
appresiable quantitiea of e ry sta llia e m aterial bare
f
been ohtalned, but l t la te e early to dlsanss re sa lta ?
in d a t a l i . Aa f a r a* can be Judged, a l l f r a e tlo n a * '
ebtained fro n Tenesnslan O li by ahrnmatograpMe ad*
eorptioa ars a s tlrs . Froprietary eollolda hare surfing e ffe o ta , dspendine cn th s sonditIona o f th szpsrlm aat. A e o llo id conteining a ehlor-eompound sa* fo n ai Is s a
a ffic e sio u a than an o lir e o ll-la n o lin s a in to rs s s proteetion agalnat th sarslnogaaie action of ahale
o l i , w hlle Mie r e r s r s s sp p sared to b s th s c a se m a
th s earolnogmale ageat ased ss beaspyrens.
Anon., Ths P r o b i o f C anesr. P e tro le u a Times, 2 , 99, 9&0
(1990) (ai Ths fsllew ing appeared in a re s s a t lssn s e f th s
B rltish sd issi fo n tan i la costaestloa with th asm o f m inerai lu h ria a tin g e lla in th s la a c a sh irs e s tte a alLLai "Ths M anchester O sassr C cam ittes, n h lls stndying th s p a rt pleyed in th proda e tic a o f a a lig a a a t growths by th s la b ris a tia g o lla nsed U e o ttsa a lila ha* sbtaiaad 1sform atloa a to u t th s earelm ogaaetle power o f ra rlo a s o l i a aad th s e o a s s a tra tio n w lth la tham s f a ssa ssr p ro d aslag p r l a s l p l s . Za th s so n rss s f t h l s rsssa rsh two p a rs campanada a f lcaoea aham isal etaapael t l o a b arn basa prored eapebla o f produalng tn a o rs, aad a atsdy haa b asa aad e s f t h s f a e t o n e h i ah shaags a a om- ssr slib o g e a ls l a t o s a a s t l r s s a r s la o g a a is e a b sta n e s. Airsmdjf
IV-
S'e o f th e methods f o r 'le a trc y la g th e c m e e r-p r-^ u c ln g power of o e rta in o i l s h we proved to be e f f e c tiv e , a t l e a s t la p a r t , and on* method le d to th e p re p a ra tio n of a p u rifie d o i l whioh, when su b je cte d to vigouroua
te s t, has fa ile d alto g eth er to oroduee eanoerous growth. R epresentatives of tha ootton in d u s try , a f te r comparing
th is o il with tha erude un treated a i l have Said th a t it
lu b r lo a tin g power 1 unim paired, and th e Manohaeter
Committee i s th e re fo re ab le to hold out th e hope th a t
b e fo re long i t may be p o e e ib le to p u t on th e m arket an
o il whioh f u l f i l s th e neede o f in d u stry w ithout being a sjuroe of danger to the workere."
Assuming th a t th e uee o f sp in d le o i l s be eueh e source of danger, i t almost neoeasarlly follows th a t other
lu b r ic a tin g o i l s which oome In to c lo s e r p h y sic a l o o n taet
with the worker must be sources o f higher p o te n tia l danger than any of the lig h t lu b ric a tin g o ils used In
i
the lo w s of th e Lancashire cotton In d u stry . I t might
i
be proved unoa In v estig atio n th a t l i t t l e d if f ic u ltie s mould p re s e n t them selves in th e p ro d u ctio n o f e sp in d le
o i l whioh le n a n -aa ro ln o g cn le , end l e s t th e p re se n t
4>
a tta c k widens I t s e l f to in clu d e th e whole range of m in e ra l. lu b r ic a tin g o ils i t would be a d v is a b le to make am In v estig a tio n o f th e most embracing ch a ra cte r.
Anon.. A Dangerous Report on L u b rican te end Censer P e t.
T ines, 22, 319-320 (1932) C r itic ita s th e rep o rt o f the Manchester Cancer
Com alttee la th a t th a Committee bee aeoepted c o n tri
b u ti one o f 1000 f o r two y e a rs from th a Anglo-Amari se n ,
th e A aglo-P erelan and th e S h e ll Max b u t h as n o t a v a ile d I t s e l f o f th e e e rrle e e and advlea o f expert# from th e o i l In d u stry r e l a t i v e to th e c h a ra c te r end methods of treatm ent of petroleum o lle .
i
5. Anon.. Mraeheeter Committee om Cancer Report. P et. Times, 295 (1937)
The 1935-36 report o f the Manchester Conmitte# am
Cancer claims that "with a knowladge o f tha refractive
index of an o i l , and o f tha v is c o s ity , one sen form
a more relia b le estim ate o f i t s eaneer-produelng powers
then by tha application o f the sample to the skin."
I t i s pointed out, however, that sim ilar eonelusion
in tha 1933-34 raport was baaad on im aufflolaat avid enea
and that some discrepancies with animal te ste were
admitted, agd that In tha 1934-1935 raport tha animal
tea ts were reverted ta .
I t is alaa painted out that tha abort eomeluslou
wae baaad on tha examination o f only one o i l from eaah
of a number of countries
-15-
6, O ccupational ea n o tr of th a Skin. Annual R eport, Chief
In a p a c to r o f F a c to rie s and vorkshopa, Tear 1937
A ta b la shoeing d is trib u tio n of eplthellom atous u lc e ra tio n by Industry fo r aach of the years 1 9 3 3 -1 0 7 la given In an a b s tr a c t In American Jo u rn al o f Cancer, 2k* 613 (Deo. 193). Tar d i s t i l l i n g and o o tto n tula sp in n in g ta k a th a g r e a te s t t o l l . The increased 1937 fig u re s fo r t a r d i s t i l l i n g eases la a ttrib u ta b le to voluntary p erio d ical examination In some p la n ts .
7, Alapy, H. Canoer F ro p h y lax le by P r e llc ln a r y Treatm ent
with Carcinogenic Polyeyolle Hydroaarbana. Z. Xrabs-
forsoh. 3, 32-9 (193) Mloe and r a t s ware tr e a te d w ith wary M a ll doses
of 3 carcinogenic hydrocarbons (beaao-pyrcee,
a e th l chol an th ro n e and l , ? , 56-d ib a n sa a th re e a n e a s
a nethod of p ro teetlo n against tha in p lan tatlo n la te r o f highly r ir u la n t tumors. U sually a sin g le sub
cu tan eo u s i n je c t io n was aad e o f th e e a rs ln o g a n ie
agent d isso lv ed in sanane o i l . Tha n ea t e f f ic ie n t dose in n ic e was 1 . 5-37 *ad th e most fa v o ra b le t i n e
10-70 days befo re th e Im plantation o f th a tumor em ulsion, d b annanth re e one as semeehat th a moat e f f s e t l v e . The p r o te e tlo n in a le a was o n ly a l i g h t . Development o f th e tumor was delayed 5- days and f o r 5-6 days was alow. Growth th an bacane ra p id and on tha 17th o r l th day a f te r im plantation o f th e tamer th e tumors were o f th e seme e l s e in th e anim ale w ith
tre a tm e n t and th a c o n tro l an im ala. Ve h in d ran ce to tumor growth was o b ta in e d in r a t a g l van l - 100y d o se s,
o c c a s io n a lly 150-l0y doses 3-4-40 day* b e f o r e im
p lan tatio n o f th e turner. A d e fin ite a c tiv e p ro teetlo n
cannot ha obtained by th is nethod.
. Bachaean, . S. e t a l. Traduction o f Caaoar by Pure Hydrocarbons. Rroe. Soy. Boa.^ B123. 343-4 # ( 1937) With re s p e c t t o high carcin o g en ic potency m ethyl efcol sn th ra n a *le n o t su rp assed by any compound y e t t a s t e d , alth o u g h i t l a alm ost equaled
by eholaathrene. Production o f earelnome in . favored by introduction o f eubetltucnte in to the 5 p o s itio n o f th a 1 , 2-ben aan th ra cen e a e l . | I - Be - 3, 4-bansophanam thrana l a carcinogen lo to a h igh degree as a ra a e rta la heacacyelle hydrocarbon# derived from th e p cm taey elle hydrocarbon 3, 4-b e a s e pyrcme.
If-
Badger, 0. V, e t a l . Production o f Canoer by Pura Hydrocarbon. Proe. Roy. -Soc. Bl?9. 439-67 (1940) Inform ation as tc th a moat e ffe c tu a l method f o r th e production of any p a r tic u la r tumor (p a in tin g , sub cutaneous in je o tio n . feeding) la not deolsive) in the two l a t t a r th a f u r la always contaminated, and In h a la tio n and wallowing oannot ba excluded by. any o f th a method. Tha 3,4-benzopheaanthrene oorpounds poaaass earolnogaala p ro p e rtie s , and ap p a re n tly ara more a e t i r a than th a banz&nthraoanaa in tha production of w l t l a l a tumore, oholangloma, end tumors o f th a lungf. ^ha 1 ,1 -e u b s ttth te d compounds a re more a e tir a with resp ect to g a s tr l a tumora. Compounds s u b s titu te d on th a 1 ,2 -e ld e ara u s u a lly ro ra carcinogenic than those e u b itltu te d on tha 6 ,7 ,6 -a ld e . Among th a 1,2-benzanthraoanes, th e 5-n-Bu, J-b-Ae , and 5-n-hexyl raeanbla tha 3,4-bcnxopheaanthrenee in th e ir a s so c ia tio n w ith a h ig h er in eld sn ee o f lung adenomas and m u ltip le tumors and a deficiency l a sarcoma production.
Badger 0. X. e t a l . Production of Caneer by Pure Hydrocarbons
Proe. Roy. Soc. B i l l . 170-62 (194?)
In tha series of 5-alkyl derivatives of 1 .2-benzanthra-
oena (Ha, E t; P r, ls o - P r, Bu, C^H^,
C ^ e ) tha
h ig h er members showed p ro g ressiv a dim inution o f esreln o -
genle power on th a sk in ; member with more than 3 C atoms in the aide chain did n o t produoe sarcoma, With der iv a tiv e s of 3,4-benzOphenanthrene, su b stitu tio n in p o sitio n ? and to a le s s e r extent in p o s itio n 1 promoted carcinogenic a c tio n ; most of these compounds ware d e f ic ie n t
in power to produoe s^rooma. 1.2.3*4-T atr3rathylphen5ntiirena had a a 'lg h t but d is tin c t a b i lity to produoe akin tumors. 3,i,56-D lbenzofluorena had no actio n on the akin and
thereby d iffe re d from th e 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 - , 1,?36-, end 1 , 2, 7 ,
8-oorpounda. 1,2,5,6-C lbsnsoearbszole exhibited a slig h t tendency to produce tumors o f the l i v e r . While m u ltip le tumor? could not be ascribed with o erta ln ty to the aotion o f the adm inistered compounds, the moat s tr ik in g cases of m ultiplicity occurred under the influence of r,
F u h r t i t u t e d nhenunthrene;.-, 1 , ? , 56- d i b e n c o c a r b :.7, . l e 'iud
l , ? - 5, 6- d i b e n j c . c r i d i n e .
11, E arry , G. e t a t l . Production of C-ncer by Pure Hydrocarbons. Proe. Roy. Soc. B117. 313-51 (1935) A la rg e number of compounds, e h ie fly ta tr e c y c lic '-nd pentncvolic a r o r a tio hydrooarbons, were te s te d fo r cancer-producing action, with cioe as experimental animals. Considerable canoer-produclng power was possessed by 1 .2- benzopyrene (from c o a l-ta r p itc h ). R ethylcholanthrene (a d e riv . of daoxyohollo acid o f b ile ) and 3,4-beuzophensnthrene. In order to be carcinogenic, derlvs. cf 1 .2 - benzanthracene must contain su b stitu en ts in p o sitio n s 5 and 6.
-2 0 -
12*
Borwnann, r . Vcehanlsa Canocr Re^csrch,
f Tumor P roduction by C h c d o a l A ^m ta. 660. (1948)
The follow ing p rin c ip le s f o r tumor production by c te d e a l agents ara hypothatloaily established l .
Tha form and s iz e o f a ca rc in o g en ic hydrocarbon and of i t a r a la ta d h a ta ro c y o llc compounds determ ine l t a
a c tiv ity . Jfaary sub stan ce which im ita te s mors o r la s s closely a 5Iran parent stru c tu re resembles i t also la
Its blaatom etogcnle action* 2. In tha liv in g c a ll, tha oaroinogeue are adsorbed by an accep to r possessing a d e fin ite adsorption area . This s e ts an u p ic r lim it fo r th a dimensions o f th e a c tiv e compounds. A lower
lim it is given by a decrease in a d so rb a b llity with decreasing sine of the m olecule. 3. All carcinogens arc coaoclved as p a rts o f an "id e a l oarcinotem ie stru c tu re
A. A oarcinogen can be in a c tiv a te d by a d d itio n s which
prevent l t a proper adeorDtlom. The mechanism o f th is hindering e ffe c t is discussed.
13. Boneer, 0 . K. Tumors o f th e Skin Produced by B la s t- Turnase
Tar. Lancet s 775-d (1932) Tha r e s u lta obtained w ith fo u r samples mere r m urh-
ably d u l l e r to Bercnblum's and b le a t furnace t a r i s th e re fo re carcinogenic, though n o t so p e te a t uc th e gas t a r employad. The reason t h a t i t has been innocuous f o r men i s th a t th e y ie ld i s s m a ll, and i t i s regarded ss s w ests product end I s disposed of w ithout fu rth e r handling.
U . Boyla n d , Z. and Brues, A. ML. C e rtln o g e a it Aotlon o f Blbeuxearbazoles. Proa. lo y . S o e., 1221. i 29-41 (1937) Censer o f the bladder in unduly frecusnt #HftlNBk. eh d ia l workers, and these dealing with UfpbtnyloV nines and ihehidins se w n est lia b le to the disease* I t has not Idea demonstrated sa tisfa c to r ily th at n ap h th y lad n es are eerelnoganle, and I t le p o ssib le that i t I s a c t they uhieh arc responsible for eeedbr of tho bladder, huh Im purities formed during th eir manufacture, sueh as dlncphthylsmlnss enddlbcmnearb sn olss. Bebstehees o f th is neture vers therefore tested fo r eerelu ogttl a c tiv ity by p d n tln g on the sk in o f d e e end one (which proved nest a ctiv e bnnouae skim) e ls e be subcutaneous in jectio n lmte rate* The meet active cue 3Ut3i6*dlbcnhegthamole but th is was t o d s . Zt produced malignant e d jf tunare in d e e in ISO days. Of the' ether substances te ste d , li2t5s6*dlbcaseasbanole wee eereiaoged e and lit> 7 8- d inbeesearbenole feeb ly ee . The dinaphthylsaines, 0-eninoa*otoluane, bsona be pro duce K sbatem e, and ; dladno-asobansaae (e h y y e d d ia e ) a l l .f u lle d be p te. ee tuners on the chin o f d e e * SpU dl - --11 werMna tc , one o f ohish mus preved t wnopla otsifco, mere i p ih itid in ruts by eubsutsneeus Indentions o f e oo lld d s l suepnaslsn e f l i 41 t-dlboansexhaasle.
-61-
i j . BrooJcbanic, X. M. M u le -S p ia n sr'a Caaocr. B r it. Mad. J . , 6 t - 3
*
(4.36.41)
18. Brockbank, X. M. Mula S pin n ars C aaesr. l p lt h a ll a n a o f the
S kla In Cotton S p lan a ra . X. C. Lewi and Co. L td ., London. 36 p p . (1941)
Tha f i r s t known easa o f a a r o ta l aan ear in a u u le ap ln n ar waa ro p o rta d in M anchester In 1067, 37 ja a r a
a fta r tha Introduction of n ln aral lu b ricatin g o il;
b afo ra th a t tlm a apai* o i l and n a a ta fo o t o i l had boon
th a p r in c ip a l l u b r ic a n ts . I t l a now known t h a t oanaar of
tha akin, A u th o r of tha aorotua o r alaawhara, la oulo
sp la n o ra i a oauaad by o arcln o g an le oowpounda which ara
praaant la n ln a ra l lu b ric a tin g o ils though n o t In lu b rl-
cants derived fron
i o r ra g e ta b la sources. Sana
n ln a ra l o ils ara noro carcinogenic than o th ers, th a t
derived fron shala being p a rtic u la rly dangerous* aM i t
has boon loam od by experience th a t oanaar la n o m lllk o ly to bo oauaad i f th e aana lu b rlo a n t la uaod ontlB soualy(
than I f tha kind o f o i l onployod la o o aaalonally changed.
Zt haa boon found a lso th a t by n ix in g an ln al o r vegetable a l l w ith n ln a ra l o il tha oarolnoganlo potency o f tha lu b r ic a n t nay bo ab ated .
I f . Burrows, I . , H a g e r , X ., a d X-- way, B. L. h p s r la o it s In
^
C crelaogsnealai th e B ffo a t o f th e Bubautanaoma and
In tru p erlten ea l I n fe c tio n o f Lard* O ilto O il and Other
f a t t y M aterial i n s e t s and M ica, f , F ath. B ast. 41. 41t-S 6 (1996)
IS. C anpbcll, / . A. X X pcrlncntsl P ro d u c tio n o f Cancer by Bust Obtained fie n Tarred Meads. B r it. Mad. f . , B .3 .B4 . t S M T his dust caused wurta and aanear n f th e sh in o f n ice w ith n eta sta a e s aan etln ec in tha l n g t ; in 0 nonth e 14 aut o f so n ic e hhewod ty p ic a l ta r a r ts , h a lf o f d d #
darelepod nallgnanay.
I t. C anpbcll, f . i . The E ffe c ts o f Bead Boat "freed* faen Tor Products Open th e Znaldense o f P rlnary tang Toners o f M ice. B r it. f . f c p t t . P ath. I f , H 6- 0 4 U W l . Z t has boon A eon th a t d u s tr r s n tarred ro ad s cea ses oaneer o f th s A im o f n ic e . Bond dust minus tar n s .. tBarrel by bensena, deea n o t oauaa oanaar o f th e d d n o f n io o | i t a tla u la teo th e production o f lung toners in
lo o , but not to oo grout exten t e s h e tha ta r la
Campbell, I . A. Oareinagenia Agoata resent in A s Ate
1
end Incidence s f frln ary Tosora in Miss* B r it, f*
P ath., JB, lXB-gl U p rii# 10A )
B#
-ss-
and to o t *orap ad fro a ex h au st plpaa o f englnaa t u n l s i
h aary o i l , l a t a v ara axpoaad to th e se duata f o r 10 a l a . an hour f o r 6 h r ., 5 daya a week f o r 1 y r . fh a death ra ta of both groupa vaa v a il w ithin tha lia d ta of th a t fo r tha oontrola but tha nuabar of lung tuaora vaa aoueA a t h lg h a r. Of thoaa axpoaad to axhauat p ip e ooot, 89# l l r in g 10 ao a. o r ao ra developed t i a o n . fha moat a a tlr a aubatanoaa ta ata d vaa duat fro a ta rra d roada. Data ara
alao g lrn a on alo a vhoaa akin vaa palntad w ith tar* fron thaaa aubatanoaa.
X, C lark, 1 . T. Canaar fro a L u b rla a tla g 011a. 011-C olour Trndaa / . , 11.9.94, 1198-9
a. Cook, F . V ., Havatt, C. aad I I agar, I . Coal-far Constituent* and Canoar. Batura, 190. 914 (1991) Bararal hydrocarbons vara laolatad fron aoal tar ufclah vara aotlre in produaing oanaara and uhlah had tha typ ical fluoreaeanoo s p e c tr a o f carcinogenic fraatlona. fha noat aatlra hydrocarbon laolatad vaa 1 ,f-banzopyrene uhiah produaad aanaar Is h a lf tha tls a required by 1 ,1 ,5 ,4 -d lbanxanthreeane, Farylana and 4 ,9-bansopyrana vara alaa la o la ta d .
It. Cook, I , V ., a t a l . Production o f Canoar by Fura Kydraaarbona. (a) Froa. to y . Soa. (London), B ill. 458-04 (1991); (b) Froa. Boy. Boa. (London), m i . 489-94 (1991) | a ) Miao vara uaad aa a x p tl. animala, and a atody v ia nada a f tha aatlan of Si d ifferen t polytyolia aranotla hydroaoLTbona, oontg. 9-8 rlnga in th e ir reap. mala, and applied I n s a la . te tha intaraaapular raglan, ueoally tw it# weekly. Of thaaa pure aanpda. only l , 8, 5, 4-dibcunaa< thraaano and a a rta in aloaaly re la te d aanpda. produaad aanaar{ i t vaa a a tlra in 9 d iffa ra n t ao lra n ta , and von a f f a a tlr a uhm appliad in 0 . 009# eoln. 1 C l|. I f IW a le a tra a ta d w ith th is aonpd., 109 dvruloped t o o r a , inaluding 99 aplthalionaa and Q p ap illan aa. (b) fha inroat i f a t i an has bean axtandad ta laelude 51 addnl. p alyayalia arenat i e aanpda. funorn varo pro duaad by 4- 1aopropyl-1,t-bfosanthreeano, 5, 4-a y alapantana-1, t-banxanthruaana, phmanthroaaanaphthana, m l 5 d a r ir a . o f 1, 1, 9, 4-dlban w i t h te a anai l v-h a , Ia,
l, 9,10 (0 lt Cl)a*
'
44. Cook, f . V ., l a v a t i , 0 .1 . and K lag ar , Z. fh a Z a e la tlo n a f
Canaar-Frodaala g Xydra
> Baal f a r . W;
S oa., 195-405 (1911) fha^prparatiana darlrad fron aoal bar pltah by a
rarlety e f aalrant sxtraetian natheda, tha m a tta n a aaparatad by fesaatlon a f pi arat a l, d la t llla t iog m r r ita U ln U r a , n t tha hydroearbong.il -> -- " and 415-banxpyrana, parylana and 1,1-bann bara prorad aaralnagnoia and bara Iran tha *fno aanaa epea t rat (banda at 4000, 4180 and 4d0OA ) . JJ*. o rig in a i eoel ter piteh aan t a liad not lesa tam 8*00
af l,t-ban*pyrana.
I
--se?
t.
Coe*, J . V. S y n th e sls a n i B io lo g ie a l B ffe a te o f C arainogania
***
Hydroosrbons. Chea. and I s d ., M , 108S-3 (1939)
C rta la f o n o f s k la sa n ear me to o cc u p ati am eatises
la In d u stries eh oro Alale o li, eoal ta r and lu b rica tln g
o l i a re eaployed, have boom ahorna t e be ime to th bansan-
thraeaoe groa o f hydroearboas Axlah a le e ln p a rt fle o re a ooBOa to th a o l l a . fe e e z a a t aatm re o f aa aa er fozm atlaa l a th huaan body ha a mot basa ez p laln ed although a
s im ila r b an saath rao an e hydreearboa ha a beau fomad to be produeed by body ahasgas fre n batanees noxmally preeant
l a th hmnam body.
y Cook, J . V. C aren o g m io lydroearbom a an i f h e l r B e la tlo n sh ip
to th S ta r a la . C h a . fe e k b la d , U , 868-6 (1988)
,
I e r i am of h ls to r le a l devalojnoit of reeognltlon of th
aaoer-prodmelng conatitm anta of eoal t a r and e a r lla r
laveatlgatlona} th deralopam t of flmoreeeanee apeetre-
aeopy aad th ayatamatla atmdy e f aymthetle earalnegemle
hydroearboas laolndlag a aunnary e f th re o u lte obtalmed
fran th examinatlem e f a scap iate aerina e f t e t r e - and
pantaayelia hydroearbomo and a moderate ly vide rasga o f
bamxamthraoane d e riv a tiv o s. th apeemlatlon la advamaed
th a t a meso i aten la a eompletely a re n a ti a atruatm re
playa acne ro le la th euro1negami a preseas, th is o la - -
t o s e f 1 , 6-banxopyrane fran aeal t a r and i t a syntheells
are raaeentad and aa aeeomat la g iren e f th a r a li satiie n 1
e f b ile aald deriva t i r a s , and tha sventasi synthesls e f
nethylahalanthrena, a earslnoganl a hydroearbon related te
th atero la. Zt la Inferro* th a t there la sona ansynle
fa e to r praaant in th animai body ahi ah le aapahle e f
effeotlng dohydrogaaatloa e f th e te re i ring syatan ani
that eseesalve a a tirlty ef th la faetor say aaneelrably
eontrlbm te te th pradmetlom in vivo e f aarelneganla
eanpemnda.
IV. Ooek, I .
v t n L to s a ia a l a n ; m H aa Cereimaganla Jgcnta.
in . I . Cernear, t f , Sl9- 6t (1889)
*,
A f a l l e r r a r la glvan e f tha aaralmegaala ebani oals,
deallag both e l t h t h e l r a h to leal ralatlem ahlpa and th a lr
biologie a ffe tta , bringlng tagether, radar n e ll A i t n
heedlaga, a l l th a m aterial pabllA ed p te th a n i e f
1986. they imaleda n e t aly th hydreosi t e ne n f th
bansanthreeane trpe t o t alee th aae oanpeoni a , e e tr la ,
th a ty ry l fu ln e lla e d e riv a tiv e dlaeeverad by Bratmlag
e t a l , and th lnerganle eanpeenda sin A d erid a and
sm ania A bibliegrephy a f 194 r ef ormasoe la ppamded.
M. Ceek, / . V. and fanaaeay, 8. 1 Chanlaal Cnnomnia aa Carelnegaale ig n ita . J l r s t toppiamaatary te p o ri' L ite ra tu ra a f 198? . i n . 8 . Cesao r, 98- t 9 (1980)
Anthers praaant an e d u a a tiv t m l v e f th la subJe si ahi ah aheeld be e f I n t e r e s t te a l l in d u s tria i yhpeie&ana. Zt sentamos th e a r l la r reviear and tha te e reporta te* gether bave b lb lleg rap h les te ta lla g 894 refaraneea.
24
g, Vmrls, *. Chamic! C ^rcinogeneeis, Drugs, Dyes, Hamedles
.n<3 Cowasetics w ith P a r tic u l a r R eference to Bladder Tumor. J . U rol, 49, 14 (1943)
A tithorTiscusees at considerable length tha large number and v a r ie ty o f proved ohami c a l carcin o g en ic ag ents which nay be Introduced in to th e body by In g e stio n , in
h a la tio n , in je c tio n o r cutaneous a p p lic a tio n . He s tro n g ly in c lin e s to th e th eo ry o f some eh en lo el oarcin o g en ic ag en t, any ere c ite d such as d e r iv a tiv e s o f ooal t a r , erude m in eral o i l s , an a n l l l n dye " in te rm e d ia te " , azo dyes and e stro g e n lo cubatanoea. The a n ilin e b la d d e r tumor of dye fa c to ry works develops a f t e r years o f exposure to what are probably extremely email d ally doses.
The th e o ry i s advanoed th a t th e re may be many o th e r c a rc in o g en ic ag en ts as y e t unknown which a r e unknowingly encountered in the ro u tin e of d ally l i f e , and perhaps through th e u se o f many d ru g s, p a te n t m ed isin es and oosm etlcs, vitam ins, sex hormones, and th e tremendous l i s t of a n llln dyea used in the coloring of food s tu ffs and f a b r ic s .
50. Downing, J . 0 . I n d u s t r i a l D am ato saa. <T. In d . H yg., 17, 13S-165 (1935) A review w ith COS r e f e r e n c e s . A s e c tio n on chem ical a g e n ts In clu d in g in o rg an ic compounds, hydrocarbons end
erude co al t a r products and o th a r org an ic compounds; treatm en t and le g e l a sp e c ts.
51. f e l l , A. O il B utton (Z la lo k o n lo s ls ) . P re a s e M e d ., 40.
1541-t (1932)
.
D escription of e d erm atitis in in d u s tria l workers caused by heavy m in eral o i l s , in c lu d in g trea tm en t and
prophylaxis.
St. P le s e r, L. P. Carolnoganle A c tiv ity , S tru c tu re , end Chemloal R eactiv ity of Polynuolear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Am. J . Canoer, 34, 37-114 (1938) A long rsvlew which lnoludaai I , a c r i t i c a l ev alu atio n
and com parison o f th e methods f o r detsxminlmg o a rsln o genie a c tiv ity ; I I , inform ation concerning the prepara
tio n and p u r if ic a tio n and th e commercial sources o f th e c a rc in o g en ic hydrocarbons; I I I , s summary o f th e work on c o r r e la tio n o f ohemlaal a tru a tu ra and carcinogenic a o t l v l t y , and XT, a summary o f in v e s tig a tio n s on th e m etabolic fe to of various activ e hydrocarbons. There is e very extensive bibliography.
83. Piew er, L. P. P ro d u c tio n o f Canoer by P o ly n u o lear Hydro carbons. Uaiv. Peons. B loantannlal Conf. Cause and
Growth o f Canosr, 1-27 (1941)
A review devoted to l-o o n taln ln g oerolnogans, re la tio n of oarcinogenic hydrocarbons to the sterA lds, c a rc in o g en ic a c t i v i t y , chon, s tr u c tu r e and ehem. r e -
-25-
a c tiv ity , nature of a p o ssib le reactio n leading to carcinogenesis and of th a metabolism re a c tio n . I f carcinogenic hydrooarbone can be produced a t tin e a In th e body by s te r o id m etabolism , t h e i r most lik e ly p re c u rso rs are among th e s te r o id s o f th e a d re n a l c o rte x . The i n i t i a t i n g a c tio n o f a hydrocarbon in carcinogenesis probably involves su b stitu tio n in the hydrocarbon a t i t s most reao tlv e center* probably a d lre o t in te ra c tio n o f th e hydrocarbon w ith an S-S linkage of the c e ll protoplasm . M etabolio elim ina tio n of a carcinogen probably is a detoxication pro duced by a mechanism d if f e r e n t from th a t lead in g to c a rc in o g e n e sis, and in v o lv in g a d if f e r e n t p o in t of a tta c k in th e mol. The r e a c tio n o f d e to x ic a tio n and th at of careinogenesis are eoapetitlT e. D etoxication may in v o lv e b i o l . h y d ro x y latio n to a p h en o lic d e r i v . , or conversion in to derive* of m eroapturio aoid.
54. y ie s e r , L. 7 . and J l e s e r , M. C arcinogenic Hydrocarbons,, "Organic Chemistry", 1944, 814-Id Carcinogenic a c tiv ity and s tru c tu re ; c o rre la tio n with ohemioal r e a o tlr lty ; methods of synthesizing oarolnogenic hydrocarbons.
55. f l r q u e t , J . and M a lte r, M. A. P itc h Cancer as an O ccupational Disease* Archive de Medecine S o cials e t d'Hygiene e t Revue de P ath o lo g le e t de P h y slo lo g le du T ra v a il, I I , 797-807 (1939-40) The a u th o rs r e p o r t t h e i r ex p erien ces made in n e d le a l supervision of lid workers in tha province of Llagc, working w ith p itc h o r t a r . Tharc wera found two a p ith c llo m a ta o n ly , and no lung oanocra. T* Henry made a aham loal axam ination o f v ario u a p itc h c a as to t h e i r c o n ten t in l . t benzeneanthreoene and 3 .4 bonzopyrene, ( th e two most a f f a c tiv o oaneerogenic cubetante in anlm ale) and ha found in th e p itc h 1-84 o f tho f i r s t , tra o o s up to 0 .4 4 in th a aoeond* Tho exam ination o f th a p itc h d u st in th e two b r iq u e tte f a c t o r ie s rev ealed m ostly la rg a p a r tie le e : in th a workshop 804 of a diam eter
. o f 50-lOOu, in th o s to ra g e roam a 904 o f 10-BOu. T herefo r# I t aoema--acco rd in g to th o a u th o rs-- th a t
irubstenoes whieh arc eanocrogenie to anim als arc not fo r man, but more research la neoesaary* (Tha m a te ria l i s mush too s l i g h t f o r any co n clu sio n s in th a o p in io n of tha ab stra c to r.)
O efafer, V. M. and H ltg re a v a s, X. D isab lin g M o rb id ity and M o rta lity from Cancer among H alo Xaployacs o f O il X cfinin g Comoany, w ith R eference to Age, Si to and D u ratio n , 1933-38, in e lu e lv c . U .S. Tub. H ealth R ap ts. 55, 1817 1516 8.S 3.40)
-16-
G u g lla m in e tti, M. Do Maondiui Road Produce Cancer. B u ll. Acad. Mod., 122, 39-94 (1939) The au th o r f i r s t review s th e l i t e r a t u r e . He questioned various h o s p ita ls in so o f Germany*! la rg e o itle s re garding the number of observed cases of cancer and sent these re p o rts to the managers of the road building system In th e se c i t i e s . In c re a s e o f oenoer was affirm ed but w ithout r e l a t i o n to macadam ro ad s.
Hamilton, A lloe. Canoer from Tar and Petroleum . " In d u s tria l Poison* of U .E .", 410-7 (192S)
Hamilton, A lice. " In d u s tria l Toxicology*, 134, 253-4 Occupational oanear la re re In Prance. In the U .s.
th e only p u b lish ed oaae up to 1930 was th e cae* o f a man who had worked f o r 20 y ra . a t th e p a r a f f in p ro cess in a petroleum re fin e ry .
In 1928 th e H ealth C o m itte * -of th e League o f R ations req u ested i t s members to a id in a w orld-w ide in q u iry In to the ooourrence of occupational oanoer by undertaking a stu d y o f th e q u e stio n in t h e i r own o o u n trie s . The Boelcef e l l e r fo u n d atio n th en mad* i t p o s s ib le f o r In r* H e lle r to make an In te n s iv e in v e s tig a tio n in t h i s co u n try , and h is ro p o rt was p u b lish ed in 1930. H o lle r oonfizmed tho in p re ssio a held by American a u th o r!tie a on oanoer, th a t those of occupational o rig in ere vary very ra ra In tho U nited S ta to o . Ho found i n th e rco o rd s o f tho two low . York h o s p ita ls s p o o la lltin g in oanoer o n ly 37 oasoo o f sk in canoer t h a t oould p o s s ib ly be tra c e d to t a r and t a r p ro d u c ts, 26 o f th ee* o c c u rrin g among non h an d lin g g a shouse t a r o r p lte h , o n ly two in eoke-ovan t a r o r p lto h w orkers. In a Cleveland p la n t narking carbon and dry b a t te r ie s , Imported fe g lia h gas-houoa p lto h was used up to 1906, when I t was su p p lan ted by American coke-oven p itc h . There were 81 oases o f oanoer among th a worker* in t h i s p la n t, o n ly 4 o f which war* in men h an d lin g eokeoven p lto h , and thee* ware n o t considered by th e physician in charga to ba indubitable eases.
H a rtw e ll, 7 . L. S u rrey o f Compounds which have bean T ested f o r C arolnogeale A c tiv ity . U. 8. P u b lic H ealth S e rv ic e , 371 po. (1941) This b u lls tin rep resen ts o survey of tho fie ld of ohemleol earolnogemeeia in th e h igher enlmalot the eetlo n of earolnogcma on la n lato d tis a n e a , tis s u e c u ltu re s, p e n te , pro to so * , end b a e te ria la not considered. 1ha l i t e r a t u r e i s severed to 19S9a and th a com pilation a lso lnoludoo experim ents w ith 153 compounds from th e unpub lis h e d work o f D r. M. 7 . Cheer and D r.'H . L. S tew art o f th a l a t l o n s l Canear I n s t i t u t e . The r e s u l t s a f th a t e s t in g o f 61 o f th ee* eanpeuads aro newly re p o rte d , w hile 45 a re new to th a whole oanear l i t e r a t u r e . A lto g e th er th a work e e n p rlse s d ata r e f e r r in g te 696 ehm eleal s u b - . ata n c o st o f th e s e , 169 e re re p o rte d to ba eareln o g cn lo ,
-87-
p e rt fro* 3 observed as causing palllom as only. A fter c In tro d u c to ry d iaeu eeio n , the b u lle tin take tha form of a ta b u la r reTisw on th a fo llow ing c la s a l-
f lc a tlo n ( f ig u r e s in p aran th aaaa abow th a number of
e n tr ie s f o r each c a te g o ry ): A. In o rg a n ic aubatencaa (35). . Organic compounds: I , A lip h a tic (36); I I ,
Polycyclic3ioyclio (26), tric y c lic (47), tetracy clic (152), p en tacy o lio (1 1 4 ), n ax acy o lic and h ig h e r (25)};
I I I , Azo-compounda (39); IV , S te ro id s (86); V, H etero
cy clic (59); VI, U n c la ssifie d (77).
e i t h i n t h i s arrangem ent, compounds a rc in d iv id u a lly
numbered and than grouped aooordlng to p ro to ty p es and
s lp h a b a tlc a lly . Tha ta b le e g iv e s tr u c tu r a l form ulae, lite ra tu re references, p articu lars of species, stra in ,
sax, and number of anim als used, p re p a ra tio n , dosage,
and ro u te of a d m in is tra tio n o f compounds, n a tu re o f
s ite s o f tumor* induced, u ith d e ta ils o f d u ratio n of
experim ent and s u rv iv a l r a t e s and o th e r rem arks. The
above c o n d itio n s show th e wide range o f In fo rm stio n
neoessary in order to essees the oarolnoganlo a o tlv ity of
I
a given compound. The a u th o r draws a t te n t io n to th e incom pleteness o f th e d a ta f o r many o f th e compounds
l i s t e d , end urges the more system atic in v e stig a tio n of
compounds a lre a d y s tu d ie d in a p re lim in a ry fa sh io n , and fo r th e f i l l i n g of la rg e gaps caong eubstenoes which i t would seem d e s ir a b le to t e a t . The review i s completed by a b ib lio g ra p h y (o v er 1200 re fe re n c e s ) and s e p a ra ta
indexes to compounds, ro u tes o f a p p lic a tio n , v ah lo les,
animal apaoles, and tu m o r-site s.
41. H o lie r, I . O ccupational Cancers ( in U . S . ) . 7 . In d . Hyg.,
12, 169-197 (1930)
The o h calo al p r o p e r tie s o f gas-w orks, eoks-oven,
p ro d u cer-fu m ao s end b la s t-fu m a o e ta r s and p itc h a re
b rie fly o u tlin ed w ith a view to c o rre la tin g these pro
p e r tie s te ce n ser in eid en o e among workman In th a in d u s tr ie s in v o lv ed . As a r e s u l t o f e x te n siv e surveys asd h e a lth record exornas.. gas-works t a r and p lta h
were re s p o n s ib le f o r TO. So o f th o sosos w h ile ooke-oven
t a r and p itc h wore held re sp o n sib le f o r only 5 .4 .
Coke-oven t a r i s much th e le s s in ju r io u s e s p e c ia lly when
cognisance is tgken o f the f&et th a t coke-oven ta r is
used muoh more e x te n s iv e ly . The presemos o f o le f in s in gas-works t a r seems to bs o f p a r tic u la r im prtanos
end may bs a cause o f o i l c a n c e r. O ccupational sanoor
does not ooour in the briquet nfg. Industry. M ineral
o ils vary in ssrelnogenie a o tlv ity according to th o ir
o le fin o r umsatd. hydrocarbon c o n te n t. There i s no
method f o r tho d a ta , o f th e mat. o f o le fin s in tho v a rio u s crude o i l s ; i f su oh a method e x is te d , i t would
bo p o s s ib le to measure th e eanoer-produoing power of
L
m inerei o ils . Censer Is not a ttrib u ta b le to th e oscusa t i cb o f mule sp ia n a r in th e U .3 ., p o ssib ly because of the carefu lly refined lu b rica tin g o ils used oa the m achines, thus ensuring r e la tiv a freedom from o le fin s or umsatd. hydrocarbons.
r * H i7 i A. Study of f a ta l Cases of Caaeer of the Sorotu*.
^
J . An. Mei. Aa*n., 109. 1667 (1957)
44, H iag*r, I . , Bpeotra o f C euear-produeing T ers and 011 and o f d elated Substances. Bioehec. J . , 24, 505-11 (1950)
a, Hoffatten, / , L. Mule 8 pinnera Cencar. Monthly Labor H er. o f U .S., 27, 457-475 (1958)
4$, H offnan, V. J . I n d u s t r i a l Canesr* P re v e n t. Mad., 6 , 7-54 (1956)
One o f th e area ty p e r o f in d u s t r i a l canoer*~dlscuesed is cancer of skin in worker exposed to eo al, tar* p itch , s o o t, s h a le , petroleum and a r s e n ic . They may cause an
epitheliom atous form of cancer.
17. Hogouneng, L. The C eneerigenic Hydrocarbons from T ar and th e T errin g o f Hoads, Aon. Hyt* P u b l. S o c ia ls , 57, 1-7 (1959) The c a n e e rig e c ie hydrocarbons fsund in co al t a r produce skin oenoer in exposed workers u su ally only
a fte r d lre o t eontaet w ith the skin fo r lone periods of tim e. I t i s b e lie v e d th a t man i s much mors r e s i s t a n t to the action of these m aterials than lab . anim als.
45. Hu p er, V, C. Cenosr in F e ls tio n to O ccupation and
I n r lr o n ie n t. B u ll. Am. So. C o n tro l O aasr, 15, l o . fi v/une, 1945)
Owing to i n d u s t r i a l developm ent, th e g e n e ra l popula
tio n and fa c to ry workers in p a r tic u la r , are ex p o eed to
many new environm ental f a c t o r s , many o f uhloh a re diseeee produeing. O ccupational eanears are eauaed by numerous ohami c a l and p h y s ic a l a g e n ts . Among t h a re th e heary m e ta ls, n i t r a t e s , arom atic amino compounds, benzol, asb esto s, m ineral o i l , soot, ra d io -ac tiv e sub
stan ces, u ltr a v io le t ra d ia tio n and X -rays. S i suthor c ite s t a t i s t i s s tsk sa m ainly from th a records of in d u s tria l eomeeme, but p o in ts out th o lr shortcomings*
Cmcer o f th o u r in a r y t r a c t dua to c o a l - t a r i s th e moat re c e n t a d d itio n to .the H a t o f oaeupatlonal e a n e a rs. Z t i s m ost fre q u e n t in th e a n i lin e Ays and related industries*
41. Heme O rrle e . P e p t. o f D epartm ental Co m , to. C onsider Xridenoe as to Occurrence of HpitBLiom atous U laeratiem Among M ule-Spinner. (London, 1954)
C ontains a b ib lio g ra p h y on asm ms MMg p e t r o l earn refiners. *
>0. Hunt, H. 8. An In v e e tis e tie m in to th e In c id e n c e o f Cemseroma o r F reeenoeroua d n L esio n s Among T ar Voskews lm l e v South W ales. Had J . A u s tr a lia , 8 .8 4 .5 5 , 551-5 The g e n e ra l n m Mh I m l a t h a t t a r used i n l e v
South Wales fo r lo c a l road-uork I s n o t a se rio u s danger*
1{ J
-St*
I . P. ? Career Beseareh Cosai tte e . C arcinogenicity of
***
S pindle O il* . J . I n s t . P e t. T ech ., *3 , 805 (1957)
The I .p .T . Cennit t e e h*s n o t te e n convinced th a t
th e so -ca lled inoifienoc of cancer Is In any chape o r
foxx connectec. w ith the uoe of s p in ile o i l s .
2 I n te r n a tio n a l Lebc'- r O ffic e . C a rc in o g e n ic ity o f O il .
9 *
In d . and Labour In fo rm a tio n , 3, 273 (1330)
Tare a t v ary in g tem p eratu res h a re beam p repared to
i e ta rd in e a t what tem p eratu re ca rcin o g en ic compounds
a re formed, from which experim ents I t would eppeex th a t auoh compounds begin to be formed between 500* and 600* t th e maximum y ie ld ly in g between 600* end 300*C. Attem pt i s no*# being made to determ ine th e c o n s titu tio n
o f a faw a p p a re n tly p ure o r alm ost p ure oompounda
is o la te d from each ta r e . Applying th e ir standard te a t fo r determ ination o f carcinogenicity, the s ta ff fount
th a t o lir e o il, n se tsfo o t o il, s p a n o il were non-cancer
producing sad they hare reason to suppose th a t n atu ral
a ria f a t ia an im portant fa c to r in the prevention of
-eanoer.
59. I n te r n a tio n a l Labour Off l e a . "O ccupation and H e a lth " , I , 547 (1934; ; I I , 837, U M (1934)
B efore m in e ra i o lla came In to vogue th e p r a c tic e i a t e x t i l e a l i l a waa to uae sperm, le r d and n e a t 's - f o o t o i l s and to some e x te n t e e a to r o i l and eo laa o i l . Henry s t a t e s th a t sh a le o i l waa in tro d u ce d about 1890
and American petroleum o i l about 1894, end th a t, torneata 1972, th ese o ils were being used ea eomponents of s p in d le o i l ; a ls o t h a t B u ssian o i l was f i r s t im ported
about 1830. Bimanian o i l about 1900 and H erelan o i l about 1909, and a l l th e ta were need f o r th is e la te of lu b ric a tin g o il before the war. hiring th e war S co ttish
sh a le a l i a n a t u r a lly earns more in to u se f o r lu b r ie a tin g p u rp o ses. O il r e f i n e r s h a re t h e i r own p r iv a te form ulae
f o r m ixings, b u t th e ro ia no doubt th a t th e bulk of th e
o il sold fo r lu b rlo atln g spindles during the past fo rty y e a rs h a t been p r in c ip a lly mafia up o f n a tu r a l m in eral o il.
According to th e 1929 re p o rt of th e M anchester C anter Committee,- in th e d i s t i l l a t i o n o f t a r a , th e eareimogonie p ro d u c ts b eg in to form a t a tamp a r a tu r e ran g in g from 300 to 600 C. and reac h e maxia m a t between 800 end 900 0. The a d d itio n o f s u lf u r ic s a id a t th e tim e o f u se s u ffic e s to make th e o il* harm less w ith o u t In ju rin g e r modifying
th e ir lu b rie a tin g power.
94. I n te r n a tio n a l Labour O ffic e . O ccupational Tumors. Beppi. bo
O ccupation and H e a lth , X .L.O ., Oeneva (O at, 1999) Carcinogenic substances aro discussed under the
h ead in g ! o f bydraaarbom a, a o n -re d lo a c tlv e in o rg a n ic earn* pounds, rad io activ e substances end ra d ia tio n , end p arasite*
f&L
- 30-
and n iero b ee. A tten tio n i s o allad to the atsanea of
any eemon physical o r ohnnioal a h a ra e ta rls tla s shared
by th e ra v -rio u s o an o ar-p ro d u eirg a g e n ts .
I t is suggested th a t tha cancer problem i s e s s e n tia lly
biochem ical end th a t i t s so lu tio n w ill coaa w ith th a
diseoTery of th e n e tu re end oause o f th a I n t r t - e e l l u l a r
ehemlcel changes which follow th a sp p lie a tio n o f a
oireinogenic agent.
.
Jordan, E. Experim ental stu d ies on tha Production of Canoer
9 *
by Qas-worka T ar. Z. X rebsforsehung, 19. 39-55 (1932)
Author has co rro b o retad th a work o f o th e rs) in w hite
n io a tre e te d w ith t a r fo r fo u r months o r la s s , 1004 showed e i t h e r c a n c e r p r a o a n c e r o u a changes. When th e
t a r was fiie td . a t 400* th e r o l a t i l e f r e e tio n did n o t produce these ehanges but the residue produced the ty p ical p ro life ra tiv e ehanges in about 1/1 the tin e re quired w ith th e whole t a r . l e p r o lif e r a tio n could be produced w ith en th re e sn e o i l . D if fe re n t n ic e shewed n
narked d iffe re n c e in th e r a p id ity w ith which they
developed p ro life ra tio n w ith the sene a n t. o f in ju ry
by th e t a r . A pparently th e work wee n e t follow ed to a p o in t dip d o t. j u s t hew many o f th e n ie e w ith p re te n
ceret:s ehanges would hove developed aetm sl eareimmuu
14, lanmcwey, Z. L. The fo rm atio n o f e O *a*r-prodielan Smbetanee from Iso p ran o . J , Path* l e s t . , 135-6 (1924)
fH. Xawahata, X. Lung Gano a r Among G enerator-G as Y orkers in th e
S te e l M ills . Gann. S t, 54T-68 (1938) ^ During th a p a s t 6 y e a rs , 31 a s s e t o f prim ary l o g card ig an * were observed among th e genera to r-g a # worker a t th e Tawats X ro n -fteel M ills. These workers have av.
s a r r i s s p e rio d s o f 13 y e a rs . Zm me e th e r s ta tio n s o f th a m ills has such fre q u e n t appaarenaa e f lwng ameer bean n o tic e d . The w orkers a re exposed to th e spraying
o f ges so n tg . heavy d u s t, Th* In h aled g as ao n talaad about 0.74 * f gaseous o r te s t- lik e te r . Analyses showed c re o s o te o i l M . N i , phenols 0 ,3 1 4 , a r e s o ls
0.074. naphthol 4.084. aathraaaaa 3.004, p itah o il
68.171 and w ater 9,744 Yhw n o ta s te s a s nay appoar vdry e a rly in th e t e n i a , s p in a l s o r t and lymph nodos,
Th* d u ra tio n o f lung se n d er i s v ery s h o r t, ab o u t
7 months,
IT. lanaaw ay, 1 . 1 . C aneer-Preduolng C en stitw an ts o f Goal Tar B r i t . Mod. J . , 504-7 (10S4) Cancer fo zn atio n by t a r products was invos t i n s tod
by au th o r. Only h ig h er fra a tio n a b o ilin g a t 886-500*6, war* found a c tiv e in Indmeing aa&aar {c r e o s o te , groan o i l , orude antruosn* and p ita h ).
-51-
Xennaway, I . L. C ancer-Producing Tare and Tar f r a c tio n s . J . I n i . Hygiene 5,, 468--J3 (1024) E u e riic e n ts on se v e ra l thousand ir.loa and a n a ly s is of a g re a t mass of o lln lo e l reo o rd s ln d lo a te th a t t a r oancer i s oaupad by a very n a i l q u a n tity of an u n s ta b le compound th a t e x is ts in th e h ig h -b o ilin g f r a c tio n (880* to 500*) of a high-tem p. coal t a r , i . e . , creosote o i l and an th reoene o il. P u rifie d anthracene, lik e a l l o th er pure ocapounds tr ie d , did not produce oanoer* Splashing v lth h o t, crude anthracene o r creosote o ils se w s to be the usual method o f c o n ta c t. 8h a le o i l produces oancer b u t i s le s s a c tiv e than gas works t a r ; crude petroleum la such le s s a c tiv e ; and b la st-fu rn a c e t a r (s low-temp. ta r) does not produce oanoer. The b r iq u e ttin g In d u stry has re p o rte d n o re th an h a l f o f th e known eases o f t a r ean o er. Tar Bade by d i s t i l l i n g ooal a t a low tem perature (below 550*) produces eanoer very slowly or not a t a l l .
59, Kannaway, Z. L. Ix p e rln e u ts on C eneer-Produoing S ubstances.
B r i t . Med. J . , I I , 1-4 (1985) Cancer has bean produced in a lo e by su b stan ces obtained
by h e a tin g CBb is o p re n e , y e a s t, hunan sk in to te a p s . ran g in g from 700* to 980*. A p e t r o l cub which produced no tumors o f sny kind in a lo e in a prolonged experim ent showed very activ e cancer-producing p ro p erties a f te r exposure to 880*.
10. Kcmnaway, 1. L. and L e lte h , A. The A n ato alo al D istrib u tio n , o f th e O ccupational ea n o er. J . In d . Hygiene, , 69 (1985)
61. Sennaway, A. J . f u r t h e r Z x p erin en ts on C eneer-Produeing Substances. Blochea. 1, 84. 497-504 (1950)
Carolnogenlc substances were obtained by th e action a t
roaai tem p eratu re o f A1C1 on a e e ty le n e , x y len e, n ap h th alen e,
naphthalene and bromobcnxane and tetrahydronaphthalcne,
th e l a s t two being th e most a o tiv e . Two ean o ers were
e lse obtained in a s e rie s o f 10 mioe p ain ted w ith a coin,
of 1,2,7,6-dlbM sam threocne. a-P hcnylnaphthalane was prepared by a c tio n o f AlCla
on CaHt Br and CA l . The d i s t i l l a t e s up~ to 548*C. con
ta in in g the hydrocarbon were in a c tiv e but th e resid u e
in th e fla s k was h ig h ly carcin o g en ic.
Cyclohexane, cyclohexane, s ty re n e , hydrophmaamth ro n e ,
hydroohrysene, h y d ro reten e, p cry len e, naphthalene and
i
various naphthalene d eriv ativ es a l l gave negative r e m its .
i
8. Xenneway, Z. L. end H leg e r, I . Corelnogenie S ubstances and T h e ir flu o re sc e n c e S p e c tra . B r i t . Med. J . , Bo. S68I ,
1044-6 (1990) T his paper i s a review o f a la rg e anoumt o f w est by
the authors in an attem pt to c o rre la te fluorescence with
J oarolnogemeals. T ar o i l s , s p in d le and sh a le o i l s , which show ca re in o
genie properties are also strongly fluorescent.
J
lew ley, J . C ooperation. J . I n s t . P e t. T ech., IS , 242 (1332) Mention af the fozm ation of a committee by th e
I n s titu te of Petroleum Technologists to follow the w ok of th e M anchester Cancer Committee.
C ling, A ,, Semssonow, H. and H aros, M. The T arrin g of
Highways aa a P o ssib le Agent in th e C ausation of Pulmonary
Cancer. B u ll. Acad. Med. 120, 130-43 (1938)
E zp ts. in a lo e showed th a t th e t a r , as used on ro a d s, produces cutaneous tumors and malignancy in the lungs. A substance oontg. th e benzo (a) pyrene nucleus of
decidedly canoerogenic p ro p e rtie s has been sepd. from the ta r.
gg. C lin g , A ., Samssonov, I . and H eroe,
P o eslb le Helationah.Lp
t
between T arrin g of Highways and the In c re a se o f Incidence
o f Pulmonary Prim ary Cancer. B u ll. Aoed. Med., 121.
784-91 (1939)
Since ta r eontalns benzopyrene, a recognized oanoerl-
genic agent, i t cannot be considered as Inoffensive.
X zperiaents on mice d e f in ite ly eonflxm th is aasvmptlon.
66. Coalsoh, 7 . Cancer and O ccupation. M onataohr. Irebsbakam pf. 5, 7 (1937) " The a u th o r, in th e form o f an a b s tr a c t, p re s e n ts e
su rre y o f the r e la tio n between oenoer and oeoupetlon. He in c lu d e s bone cancer eauaed by r a d io a c tiv e su b sta n c e s,
aleIn cancer from e o o t, t a r , p a r a f f in and lu b r lo a tln g o i l s to f which those b o ilin g botwoen 250-500* are of esp o ela l im portance), skin eaneer from araen ie as w ell as cancer and sarooma from u l t r a v i o l e t and s u n lig h t.
67. Cunze, 0 . M ineral O il and Cano a r. Cham. Z tg ., 59 . 407-8 (1935) A stu d y o f th o map o f Oexmany in d ic a te d I S a t th e
number o f d ea th s from san o er was always g r e a t e s t l a re g io n s w htra m in e ra l o i l was found, r e f in s d o r uaod. While no d e f in ite re la tio n la e sta b lish e d , th e author
suggests the p o s s ib ility o f tha axiatenoe of such a
re la tio n s h ip . fu rth e r research on th is problem la
in d ic ated . I t is pointed out th a t m ineral o il by i t
s e l f does n o t oamae oanoer. I t may, however, beoone
one o f the co n trib u tin g fe e to re , to g eth er w ith o th e rs.
98. Lane, C. 0. O ccupational D e rm a titis . Arch. D o a u to l. and
Jt
8y p h il. 43, 184 (1941) D escrib ee th e ease o f a 48 y r . o ld m a c h in ist mho f o r
3 y r s . had a d e x s a title o f th e fe e s , ezae, a x i lla e and
low er abdomen. There were s o a tte re d a re a s o f tan-broan
hyperkerm tetlo f o lllo l e s and f o llic u la r plu g s. C aratosas
wars p re a a n t on tho aarotmm and th o ra w ars k a r a to tle
areas on th a aim s. Autopsy revealod carcinoma of tho asophegus. D r. Lama b e lie v e s th a akin changes te be due
-SS to o i l to h ieh th e men wee exposed in h ie 40 y r s . ee e m a c h in ist, end t h s t th e e o n d itlo n le t h e t d e sc rib e d by White emong m a c h in ists, o i l workers end mule sp in n e rs in fogland. I t apparently is r-mrwly seen In th is country, p o ssib ly because o ils employed here e re le s s carcinogenic.
ta u b e r, H .J ., H ild ebran d , X. and Sehocke, H. P o s s ib le Therapeutic Action of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons in Treatm ent o f C ancer. Z. Gea. X xptl. Med., IP S . STO-94
119 3 9 )
le s e n tla lly le ss harmful therapeutic measures are a v a ila b le . The dangers a re dem onstrated on mlee tre a te d with m ethylcholanthrene.
a L elto h , A. Mule p in n e rs ' Cancer end M inerei O lla . B r it. Med. J . , X, 941-3 (19S4) B enderai an i n e r t C a lif o rn ia o i l very a c tiv e by heating i t . (lo d e ta ils as to tem ^ersture, e tc .). Crude e l l s from Assam, Borneo, Ig y p t, Burma and Badarpur produca m alignant growths. G alician, Ausaian, C a lifo rn ian and P ersian samples wars n eg a tiv e .
71. Lyth, A. The R e la tio n o f C a rc in o g e n ic ity o f M ineral O ils to C ertain P hysical and Chemical C h a ra c te ristic s of These O ils . J . o f In d . Hyg. 15, ttd-S T (19SS)
Tt. Lyth, & M oleoulsr D i s t i l l e t i o n o f L u b ric e tln g O il. B etu re, 13, 374 (1937) A b r ie f r e p o r t is given of the d is tilla tio n of a S c o ttiah sh ale o i l , using e sp e c ia lly designed m oleoular s t i l l . *he most s trik in g re s u lt is the inversion in the change in the p h ysical p ro p e rtie s going up the tempera tu r e s c a le , i . e . , th e f i r s t f r a e tlo n e show h ig h e r r e fra c tiv e indioee and dam s!ties than th e o rig in a l o i l , w ith g rad u ally descending valu es from fra c tio n four as the tem perature i s ra is e d . Beta on th e p ro p e rtie s o f the sh ale o il d is t illa te * are ta b u lated . These experiment ere p a rt of an in v e stig a tio n o f th e in te r r e la tio n o f ro fre e tiv e index and v la e o a lty to a c tiv ity on in je c tio n , end th ereb y o aro in o g an lo ity when a p p lie d to th e s k in .
73. M issch sr, G ., Almasy, f . end Z shender, Z. I s There * Connection Between th e Benzpyrene Content and th e C arcinogenic Z ffe c t o f Text Behweis. Med. Wehneehr. 71, 1001-7 (1941) The au th o rs have examined th e bsnspyrene co n ten t of gas t a r in v a rio u s towns in B w ltssrland, using e method devised by Almasy. Than th e ta r s were p u rifie d and th e ir carcinogenic e ffe e t determ ined by p ain tin g o s m ice. The in v e s tig a to r s t r i e d to e v a lu a te th e r e s u lt s by means o f s s t a t i s t i c a l mothod in o rd e r to
overcome th e d i f f i c u l t y o ffe re d by th e f a c t th e t many mice d ie in the long period needed fo r th e experim ents. They fin d a s ta p le , r e g u la r r e la tio n s h ip between th e benzpyrene co n ten t and th e c a rc in o g e n ic ity Of th e t a r .
q l' Murray, J . a. , e t a l . D iscussion on -ro eriaen tel P roduction o f M alignant Tumors. Proc. Boy. Soc. (London) BU S .
268-92 ( 1933)
A symposium in eftiich some a t te n t io n i s p aid to carcin o g en ic ehsm. compounds, and to th e immunochemistry of cancer.
95, O 'B rien, H. I , The Problem o f Cancer and O il. Petroleum Times, 27, 462 (1922) An open l e t t e r to th e e d i to r o f th e Petroleum Times (London) in answer to an e d ito r ia l in the iss u e of March 1 9 th . The w r i te r p o in ts o u t th e h u m an itarian and s c i e n t i f i c v alu es deriv ed from th e caneer research of th e M anchester Committee end e r i t l e l x e i th e teohnolo g ie el viewpoint of the e d ito ria l.
76. O'Donovan, V. J . Cancer from Handling A ath n o e n e Coke in th e Dye I n d u s try . Br. J . Dexmet. and S y p h ., Three oases of cancer in a facto ry employing only 29 man.
77. P h i l l i p s , C. R e la tio n sh ip between Skin Cancer and Occupation in Texas: Review o f 1569 V e rifie d L esions O ceurring in 1190 P e tls n ts . Texas S ta te J . Med., 36. 613-16 (1941)
78. P r o s s e r - lh i te , . "The Dexmatergoses" 195-236 (1934) . D erm atitis and eaneer from p etro le u s produote, sh ale end ta r s . Ix o e lle n t review .
88, R offo, * . H. Ix p e rim a n ta l R esearoh on th e P ro d u ctio n o f Pulmonary Tumors by th e D i s t i l l a t e s o f P u sl O il. P ress# M s., 536 (1940) Tha au th o r dem onstratad an o i l , taksn from th e atx'eete o f Buenos A ire s, id e n tic a l to th a t from motor ca r exhaust, whith contains carcinogenic substances. Roffo had n i f K in h a le th e sombmstion gases o f fu e l o i l end l a t e r found e n m a b e ro f pulmonary san eera astong th e an im als. By in jectin g s d is tilla te of the fuel o il into the au ricle o f ra b b its , ha produoed tumors in 806.
81. Rousay, 0 . and O b erlin g , C. Can T a rrin g o f Roads bs Con sid e re d as s Causa o f Pulmonary Caneer? B u ll. Aocd. Med. 120, 161-90 (1936) The danger i s n o t so n sid ared to be o f s lg n ifle a n s although the p o ssib ility is adm itted.
88, S chreus, H. T. and Z u rh a lle , X. Ix p e rim a n ta l P ro d u ctio n o f Tmaors w ith Tars from V arious ouroee and w ith P a ra ffin . Bout. Med. T oehschr. 49, 633-4 (1923) Author im vestigeted th e poisonous actio n of p a ra ffin
- 35-
o i l and t a r c o n s titu e n ts by p ain tin g mioe tw ioe a week. A ft r s ix month* a a ta t* o f m alignancy was o b tain ed w ith p e re ffln o il. Coal ta r re sd tly develops m elignant tumors.
Various p u rifie d acid and b asic f ra c tio n s from coal ta r g iv e n e g a tiv e r e s u l t s , The n e u tr a l t i r o i l ! moat e ffe c tiv e as a tumor in d u cer.
a*. Schw arts, L. Skin D iseases in O il R e fin e r ie s . w faty l o g . , 210 (*ov. 1924)
I t has been found th a t workers in o i l re f in e r ie s hare a percentage above the average fo r carcinoma of the cheek and o f th e l i p . An unusual p rev alen ce o f pigisented p a p il loma t* on th e hands, forearm s and le g s o f w orkers in o i l r e f i n e r i e s and among m a c h in ists in o o n tao t w ith o i l and g re a se was a ls o n o te d . About 10.< o f such w orkers were found to have these growths.
The use o f t o t a l l y enelosed m anufacturing system s and of proteotive ointm ents is suggested.
94, Sohw arts, L. and T u lip an , L. "O ccupational D iseases o f the
|
S kin", 1939, 314
85. S c o tt, A. O ccupational Dermatoses o f th e P a r a f f in Workers in S c o ttis h S hale O ils . B r i t . Med. J . , 3 .3 8 .2 1 , 301-3
86. S e q u e ira , J . H. Cancer and o th e r D iseases o f th e Skin Caused
by M ineral O ils . Kenya and 1 . A fric an Med. J . , 6 , 13-33
(1939)
"
87. Smyth, H. P. Review o f L ite r a tu r e f o r 1986-1934, in e . Report o f Committee on I n d u s tr ia l Skin I r r i t a n t s to Am. P u b lic H ealth Assn.
88. Southern and W n*on. Cancer o f th e Serotum. B r i t . Med. i , 971-3 (1938)
89. Speakman, J . B. and Cham berlain, I . I . T ran s, f s r s d s y So#.,, 39, 387-3 (1933)
In s study o f tha eeroinogenlo potency of m ineral o i l s , Twart has shown th a t th a a d d itio n o f g ly s s rld a a
reduces t h e ir potency, although no o i l su rp asses lanolin in th is respeot.
10* T d e k y , L . O ccu p atio n al C ancer. A cta d . I n t e r n e t . T ar. f . Krebabakampfung, 3, 333-75 (1936) S e v e ra l is o la te d eaaas o f lumg eanoer tiff'rag g e n e ra to r w orkers have been re p o rte d and aatong works txposed to
' coal d u st, t a r and ta r d i s t i l l a t e s , but tha number is sm all.
91. T eu tso h laen d er, 0 . I n d u s t r i a l Canoer, e s p e e ia lly th a Types Ooourrlng In Qarmany. Z. fu a r K rsb sfo rsch . 33, 614-39 (1930) Discusses x-ray eanoer, canoer of b riq u ette workers,
-3 5 -
mule pinner' cancer, which h** not appeared ir. Germany, 2nd p araffin cenoer among thoce who work in the petroleum industry.
ol. T o u tseh lacn d er, 0. O ocupational Cancer, w ith S p e c ia l Con-
9 *
s id e r e tlo n o f i t a P rev en tio n and L e g is la tio n on th
S ubject, ed. b e lt, 11, 1867-78, 1341-5 (1937)
Occupation in which th e re i s danger of development
o f can cer are review ed; many d ata are given reg ard in g
ubatane >a considered c a rc in o g e n ic , th e lo o a tlo r of
m alignant tumors, th e ir la te n t period, p ro te c tiv e
measure of an In d u s tria l-h y g ie n ic ty p e, g e s t i o n s of
In su ra n c e , e to . There i s no so . ag en t oonmon to a l l cerelnoger.lo ubatane as a promoter of oanoer growth.
g( T euschlaender, 0. Does Ter B equlra U ltra V io le t L ig h t to Produce Skin Canoeri K lin . Wohnsehr., 16, 1884-5 (1937) White mice were painted w ith t e r . Ceneer developed not only in the irra d ia te d animals but also in those kept in a dark chamber so th a t not only s p rep arato ry but also an independent oaneerogenic e ffe c t must be
ascribed to ta r.
94, T eu tseh la an d er, 0 . L ig h t and Skin Canoer. Z ts e h r. f . Ireb efo rach , 50, 81-98 (1940) The author in v e s tig a te s th e pro blast o f whether o r
n o t a photodynamic in flu en ce ls flp e s s e ry in the genesis
o f t a r ca n ce r. He conducted experim ents on ta r r e d mloe k e p t in a darkroom. &inee sk in ce n ser developed on th e painted skin, i t is evident th a t u ltra -v io le t lig h t Is n o t a r e q u i s i t e in t a r can cer g e n e s is . The same i s shown
by th e development o f spontaneous sk in ca n ce rs in two
w ild grey house mice th a t liv ed in a b riq u e t facto ry . le v e rth e le ss th e re is a widespread b e lie f th a t both
oanoer of rad ia n t source and ta r esneer o f th e skin are caused by ey ello hydrocarbons. According to B offo, both types e re o rig in a te d by o x id a tio n and decom position of
c h o le s te r o l in th e t is s u e s which nay be caused by ra d ia tio n as w ell as by chemical in flu en ce-- eanoerprovoking cy clic hydrocarbons are fin a lly generated. Prophylaxis must, th erefo re, guard ageInst the Influence
of one or both fa c to rs.
99. T o u rain e, A. end Bout, H. Ceneer fra n L a b rio a tin g O lle .
Rev. Med. n a n e . 80 , 885-98 (1989) A very complete review of canoer from lu b rlo a tln g o ils ,
i t e o c c u rren c e, c l l n l o a l symptoms end th e m ed ico -leg al
eepeots o f ouoh eases.
96. Tw ort, C.C. end la g , H.B. Mule S p in n e rs' Canoer and M ineral O ils . Lancet 1, 758 (1988)
-3 7 -
. Twort, C.C. and F u lto n , F. E. Experiments on th* Mature of
'
th* Carcinogenic Agents in **inerel O ils. J . P rth . an4
B s c te rio l., 32, 149-161 (1929)
From a c o n s id e ra tio n o f th* c h o rlc e l re a c tio n *
involved, th* author* are of th* opinion th a t i t i* to
benezanold hydrocarbon* th a t c e r t a in m in eral o il* ow*
th e ir cercinogenic p ro p e rtie s. Treatment of th* o il* with sulphuric acid l*d to almost to ta l abo litlo r. of
th * ir cercin o g en ic p r o p e rtie s , and s im ila r r e s u lt s war*
obtained by th* adoption o f methods of o x id atio n and reduction.
9. Twort, C.C. and Twort, F. K. S tu d ie s cr. th* O rig in ot C areer. Z tech r. f . K re b sfo rsc h ., 32, 491 (1930) Thi* i * a g e n e ra l survey o f th e work o f th * Tw orts, *nfi ie based on experim ents on 43,000 a lo e , a w a l l e r number of r a ta , g u in e a-p ig s, and r s b b lts , end on the u** o f sob* hundred* o f w e ris tie s o f ta r? end o i l s o f various cap acities to eeuss cancer. There is but l i t t l e pro
b a b ility th a t an acquired p h y sio lo g lo al immunity a g a in st
cancar-producing su b stan ces e x i s t s . The a u th o rs ' ra rio u s
substances a r t d lrld td according to th s lr esnoer-forming c a p a e ity in m ica, ao th a t evary group has about ta n t i n t s th* power of tha pracading on*.
99. Twort, C. C. and Twort, F . M. f t g s s l f l e a t l o n o f Four Thousand S xparim antal O il and T ar Skin Tumours o f Mica. Tha stu d y from which t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n was mads was b astd upon 9,100 anim als.
100. Twort, C. C. and F u lto n , F . D. F u rth e r Experiment* on th* C arclnogecleity of S ynthetic Tara and T heir F rcotlone. J. Path. B eet. 33, 119-42 (1930)
101. Twort, C. C. and Twort, F . M. The C arcinogenic Potency of M ineral O ils. F. Ind. Eyg. 13. 204-22# (1931) P ain tin g mice w ith refin ed aEale o il induce* cancer ore read ily than painting with refin ed petroleum w ell o i l . The Boat p o te n t f r a c tio n from sh a le o i l i s un fin ish e d lu b ric a tin g o i l fro a which moat o f tha p a r a f f in wax has baan removed b u t which had n o t been tr e a te d w ith Ha804 end f i l t e r e d . The h e a v ie r grad e o il* a r e le e s p o te n t th an sp in d le o i l s . The o an eerproducing property of o ils appear* to be re la te d to fluorceoene*. Oil* haring a blue fluorescence seen more a c tiv e than th o se h arin g a green fluoreseeno*. Chrysene dissolved in o le le sold possesses oarelnogenlo p ro p art!as.
108. Twort, C. C. and Twort, J . X. Tha B e la tlr * Potancy. o f
Carolcogenle Tara and O ils . F. Hyg., 29, 273-9 (1931) A nsthod has bean deriaed h e r e b y tKe potency of
any given oerolnogenle agent can ba compared w ith th a t of a standard agent. A u n it of oerelnogeniolty- U.C.-
r
-3 d -
has been e s ta b lis h e d , and a c o n c e n tra tio n of 600 carcinogenic u n it3 per cubic centim eter la considered to ln iu c e the maximum r e le tlT e response in anineLa
when th e agent la ap p lied tw ice a weex.
The c rcin o g e n ic cowers of o i l s r a te aa fo llo w s,
in descending order: Shale, Venezuelan, Borneo,
Rumanian, P araia n , C a lifo rn ia n , Mexioan, Mid-oon-
tin e n t a l , Texan, P e n n s/Ira n ia n , and iu a a ia n .
H ypothetical standard agent
100.0
Penn, o il
0.1
Cal. p et. o il
3.0
O il Ho. 3
0.6
Shale O il
48.0
P itc h
25.0
Gas t a r
94.0
Pinene synthetic ta r
706.0
Effect of refining
Penn, o il
0.1
Methyl e u lf ite e x tra c t
22.0
O il Ho. 3
0.6
D is tilla te 300-380*C./l2*m
12.0
Methyl s u lf ite e x tra c t
53.0
Shale o il
46.0
Oxidized a t 150-160*C.
0 .3
Pinene sy n th e tic t a r concentrate 3746.0
Oxidized a t 100*C.
2369.0
Oxidized a t 150-16C'C.
68.0
103. :
Twort, C.C. and F u lto n , J . D. C o n cen tratio n o f th e Carcinogenic P rin c ip le in O ils and T ars. J . fu e r X rabaforaeh. 36, 643-73 (1932)
In th e attem pt to a a ae ss U.C. by p h y aleal and chemical c h a ra c te ris tic s , the sp ecifio g ra v ity , re
fra c tiv e index and io d in e number appeared most pro mi sin g , though o th e r f e a tu r e s may d s o u ltim a te ly prove to^of Talus.
104. :
'1
Twort, C. C. and Iyth, M. The S e le c tio n o f K on-oaroinogenic from C arcinogenic O ils . J . Hyg., 33, 464-73 (1933) A ll th s animal end v eg etab le o ils ta ste d by the euthors on anim als havs proved to be incapable o f in ducing tumor form ation during the l i f e o f th e ir an im als. On th s o th s r hand, o le ic so ld and l i n o l e i e a e ld , u n s a tu ra te d f a t t y a o id s which may be p re s e n t in ocomerolal sap o n ifiab le o ils , have frequently Induced
txraor form ation; o b serv atio n s which in th e ir opinion a rs o f the h ig h e s t im portance in r e l a t i o n to many oaneara o th er then those o f the shin, end possibly even o f those o f th e skin i t s e l f .
I t haa been found th a t the earclnogenio o o n stitu ects of s given erude ere not equally d istrib u ted in the various orodusts o f d i s t i l l a t i o n obtained from th is cru d e. The a c t i v i t y o f th a f i r s t p ro d u cts to coma over
-39-
ln the t i l l , th motor s p i r i t s , to ., is n e g lig ib le , end th a t o f th* lamp o i l s , burning o i l s , l i g h t f u s l , e t c . , i s a ls o o f l l t t l s account? b u t whan we roach th s boiling range of tha lu b ricatin g o ils a d e fin ite o?roinog3ni3 -.ictiv ity mry beaoae m a n ife s t. Among th e la tt- s r t.is moat a c tiv e grades a re , on the whole, the sw indle rad is , c lo s e ly follow ed by o i l s o f a Redwood v is c o s ity of 500 to 1500 a t 7 0 * ?., w ith a g rad u al decrease in a c tiv ity as one approaches the In tern al combustion engine (m otor c a r) g red ee. The cruda o i l s them selves, as a r u le , are somewhat l a s t dote n t than tha motor car o ils , but of oourse. I t w ill n ecessarily depend upon the amount o f re fin in g to whioh th e l a t t e r have been subjected before being marketed.
i05. Twort, C.C. end Twort, J . M. C e re ln o g e n le lty o f S p in d le O ils .
A
O il end Colour Trdea J . , 9, 1193-4 (1937)
A physical and an anim al~teet f e r carcin o g en icity
and e o h y sle sl *nd an animal t e s t fo r d e rm a tie lty o f
n ln c ra l t e x t i l e o i l s .a r e d escrib ed . The average r e s u lts
o f th ese t e s t s on 64 o i l s ( gxeluding sh a le o i l s )
c o lle c te d 3-10 y rs.a g o end on 66 o i l s o o lle o te d r e c e n tly
a re ta b u la te d . (The animal t e s t fo r earo in o g en leity i s
n ot y et completed fo r the reoent o i l s .) These re s u lts
ia d ie a te the*, tn e o r ig in a l o i l s e re d e f i n i t e l y worse
them th e re c e n t o i l s In both th e d e r m a titis t e s t e ,
w hile in th e eanoer p h y sleal ta a t th e re i s no s ig n if i
cant d ifferen ce. I t is expeoted th a t th e fig u re s fo r the
reoent o ils in the animal te s t of esrolnogenloity will,
be lover than those of the o rig in a l e lls . I t i s concluded, however, th a t l i t t l e le being done
to improve mule ap ln d le o ils from th e b io le g io e l stand p o in t. There are also in d ie atio n s th a t the average o il
used in some o f th e co d to n -sp in n in g towns i s more
dangerous then th a t used In o th e rs.
Twort, C. C. and Twort, ? M. I o t a s on heme o f th e P rocedures
-oi
Adopted f o r Aeeasin g th e B io lo g ic a l A c tiv ity of
M ineral O ils. O il Colour Trsdoe J . , 94, 861-6 (1996)
M in eral o i l s may induce d e r m a titis o r eanoer e f th e
kin. In date, the caroinogenle aspect 3 e ssen tial detas.
a re Bade: d . , n and k in e tio v is c o s ity (AT). The d a te eo llee ted are based on the u tilis a tio n of form ulas fo r
a ssessin g th e M o l. a c tiv i ty , sap eel a lly from i t s e a rolnogenie e s p e o t. I n form ula A, la ( n - l ) / d where la ap.
r e f r e e t l v i t y , na r e f r e e t l v e index end da d e n s ity . In Formula B, la n - ( A / t ) . form ula A la -u s e d In o b ta in in g
th a eanoer r e f r e e t l v i t y Cl from form ula C which l a Cl
B*S(d-0.900}/l0. In formula 9 tha refined eanoer re
f r e e t l v i t y lCBCB-(XY/60). l e s u l t s , where th e se m ineral
o i l s have been employed, a r e shown in ta b le s in which m in e ra l o l l e a re grouped aooordlng to t o x i c i t y end
according to th e n drop, The s ig n ific a n c e o f d . In r e la tio n to th a n drop among o i l s o f a l n l l a r to x io ity and th a s lg n ifle e n o s o f v ie o o s ity in r a l e t i o n to tha n drop artorn; o i l s o f a p p a re n tly s im ila r t o x ic ity a r e ahown. Ih e ro a l d i f f i c u l t y in r r r iv in g a t th a tr u e b io l. a c t i v i t y w ith g r e e t e r accuracy l a th e lac*; o f uniform ity of the In ^ rt fu lly hydrogenated co n stitu ent. n iero is q u ite good c o rre la tio n between cero in o g e n io ity , r e f r a e t i r i t y , n drop and t o r i c i t y .
Twort, J . M. and L yth, R. The C o n cen tratio n of Ci.ro inogenio M a te ria ls in M ineral O ils by D is ti lla tio n P ro o tsse s, I . Hyg. SP, 161-9 (1989) Twelve a c id -tre e ta d lu b ric a tin g cute o f a orude, Borneo m ineral o i l , wera te s te d f o r oercir.ogenic otivity. The whole range was b io lo g ic a lly s a t i r e , which a c t i r i t y had bton fo resean from an exam ination o f th a p h y sical o h & ra c te riE tic r. The paaJc a c t i r i t y wae around a v is c o s ity o f 800-250 C sn tip o ise a a t 88*C. M olecular d ie t i l la t lo n gave a g re a te r concentration o f the carslncgenic m a te rie l than o rd in ary d is t i l l a t i o n . a t from 5-10 am. In confirm ation o f p revious fin d in g , th a n id d lc fra c tio n s o f e Borneo orude o i l mare n e a tly resp o n sib le fo r pathological changes in the organa-- fa tty in f ilt r a tio n of tha l l r e r and hyaline degeneration of tha spleen. Lung tunor were more p re v a le n t th an la u s u a l whan th la type o f agent ia used fo r te stin g earclnogsnlty fo r the ak in . T h eir in cid en ce eae r a th e r h ig h er in th e more rie e o u s fra c tio n s } t h i s in c id en c e was a p p a re n tly n o t eorrolatod with earoinogenlty fo r the skin*
T v o rt, J . M. end L y th , S. Skin Cancer due to H andling Coal Tare C6d f o r P re s e rv a tio n o f f is h in g H ate. M ature, 144. 446 (1989) S everal flahexman contracted cancer o f tho skin a f te r h an d lin g th e t a r a . Mouse e x p ts. showed t h a t d if f e r e n t ooal ta re d iffe re d In th e ir oaroizxogenie a c tiv ity , although a l l produced aona can cers. C reosote o i l and anthracene o i l ware a lso carcin o g en ic. Only ooal t a r made in v e r t l e a l l o w - t p . r e t o r t s should be used an n e t s .
Twort, C. C. M ule-Spinners* Cancer: The food f o r Using th o C orroot O ils . O il-C o lo u r Trades ? . , 8 .2 9 .4 1 , 386 Tha osncar-producing powers o f m ineral o ils used in th a eo tto n in d u stry from d if f e r e n t f ie ld s o f o r ig in , in th e crude end re fin e d s ta te s , were thoroughly exanlned and th e r e s u l t s showed th a t th e r e i s a danger o f any one producing oar. o ar o f th e sk in i f ap p lied long enough but th a o i l s from c e rta in f ie ld s e ra tha more l i k e l y to do so . S p e c ia l a tte n tio n was p aid to tha examination of tha physical chsL racteristlcc of v a rio u s m in e ra l o i l s , and i t was proved t h a t a knowl edge of th e ir ra frn o tiv o index and r is a o s lty provides
1
110. I
ii l l .
U t.
-4 1 -
a more r e lia b le estim ate o f th e ir canoer-produolng
powers than the a p p lic a tio n of the sample to the skin. T hii te s t is accu rate, rapid and insxpenaive, w hile
th a t v-ith the eicir. i s v a r ia b le , len g th y and c o s tly .
The c h ie f lin o of in'? l i t i g a t i o n hs been a co n tin u a
tio n of tn a aotc on the o l e c c ls r d i s t i l l a t i o n of m ineral
o ils * ith tha object of iso la tin g the substencaa respon
s ib le fo r th e ir carcin o g en ic a c t i v i t i e s . Animal ex p eri
ments v itn fra c tio n a l d i s t i l l a t e s from e Venezuelan o i l are in p ro g ress, fra c tio n s obtained by m oleculer d is
t i l l a t i o n o f a carcin o g en !o sh a le o i l hf:ve been eubjeoted to chrom atographic a b s o rp tio n and two ap p a re n tly pure hydrocarbons have teen Iso lated in small quantity}
theca are being in v estig ated chem ically. P ainting
experim ents with f ra c tio n s obtained by th is method have
shown th a t many o f them a re h ig h ly to x ic f o r m ice. lo n e
o f th e subrtanoe* so f c r te s te d h as been shown to possess
s high cercinogenlo a c tiv ity .
A few sp in d le g rad s o il end th re e o i l s Intended as
vehicles fo r inseotlcldea have teen te sted fo r otreino-
g e n ic ity .
'
A c o llo id a l m aterial intended ae a p ro tectiv e against
oftrelnogenio o ils has teen te ste d . There are in d icatio n s
th a t I t has some p r o te c tiv e a c tio n .
The oxrcinogunlc a c t i v i t y o f ta n p ro d u cts fozmed during
th e p u r if ic a tio n of c a rb o n isa tio n gas been te s te d , and
found to be le a s than th a t of the everege gas ta r .
Ullmann, C ., Oppenheim, M. and B i l l s , J . H. J . In d . Hygiene, 8 , 288, 304 (1926)
-- The le s io n s esuoed by crude petroleum e re th e sane aa those oaused by erude coel t a r , showing the analogous substances must be p re se n t in bo th . The f in a l products of d is tilla tio n are tne most activ o , esp eo lally p araffin o i l . The earoinogenio ag en t la p re s e n t In f r a c tio n s fre e 300*C. to 450*C ., but i t i s n o t o s r ta ln th a t th e
sene substance oauses both d e rs a title end epitheliom a.
Y alade, P. Canoer o f th e Human Lung from L u st from T arred Roade. P rase tie d ., 2 .1 .5 9 , 161
Tan Thmmlsob, M . X . Chmoieal Cnnoor. In g . Chim ., 20, 80-5
U936)
Mors th a n tw ioe aa many e sse s o f oeneer due to so o t
were found among sw eepers th en among any o th e r oeeups-
tio a . Personal clean lin ess and clothing th a t f i t s tig h tly around the e x tre m ities and around th e neck are
th o b e s t ?rev an b i>t l 7 *a. S im ila r c a rs w ill do muoh to ward p rev en tin g can cer due to exposure to g a s o lin e amd
i t s d e r iv a tiv e s , p a r a f f in s , o i l s , and g re a s e s . Such
p recau tio n s a re even more n tc e sse ry in cases exposed to ta r , p itc h , ro sin or a n ilin e dyes. S tr ic t medleal super v isio n and th e use o f processes which avoid o eateo t of
the workers w ith the product
fu rth er reduce the
danger.
-42
Wa*3l*r 7 . / . O ecupetional D lsta e e s o f th e Skin (by
i l 9,
` L. Schwarz). " In d u s tria l M edicine", 1943, 327-9
Chimney sweep?' oer.cir hee been r e r o r t e d i n Ire lan d
more
t'r.*n i n j n / o t h s r c o u n t r y . I t i s s j i d
.
t b i t t h e i n c i d e n c e f c - r . a i r eutong c r.ln r.e f sweep i s
e is n t tiomj so re eosuson than eaong th e g e n e ra l popula
tio n . C vicsr of tb s iorot.na o f ch im sy weeps, ho'.vevar, la- on th e d e c lin e in Inglend w i t ie re p o rte d ss being p ractically non-axistant in other countries, except for
an Is o la te d caee or t*o in G en a n y . The lo c a l I r r i t a t i o n
and rubbing in o f th e so o t as th e sweep i s craupad in
daeoending t.he chiimay i s sa id to be ta e o*ue.
Tar la used in b u ild in g ro ad s, in making ro o fin g paper and f e l t . P itc h i s used f o r ask in g oondulcs,
lec'ju ersi in su la tin g m a te ria l, grat*, snd n in a rd l
cement*!, ar.d worker* a t th aee o ccupations a re a ffe c te d
w ith caBiedonac, timiors, w a rts , k e ra to s e s , and s p ith e -
Horn*, s o s t ly o f th e aero tu n . l i p , fa c e and hands.
No oases o f T ula spinnero* canoer h a re been re p o rte d
fron Prance, Germany, B u s 'ir , o r Poland. The auth o r nada axoarinstion* of thousands of s u le apinnara aaoloysd in the United S tate s and did not find any oaaaa of
s o r o ta l e a n e e r, alth o u g h th e re ware many e a se s o f f o l l i
c u l i t i s and ce ra to ess of the th ig h s ecusad by o i l -
-j.
aoekad tro u a e ra .
Xl4, Wanlek, R. Melanoderma and K erato ses from th e A otion o f A sp h a lt. A n t i . 8 a o h v e rst. Z t g ., 66, 49 (1340).
In the preparetlon of oork p lu tes (h a a t-in su la tlo n p la te * o f a s o h e lt and oork) much d u st develops under
v ery u n fav o rab le working o o n d itio n s . Two w orkers, who had been working fo r th re e nonthe, su ffered fro* p ig m e n ta tio n , i n f l '.um atory ohnngeo and h y p e rk e ra to se s o f th e fa o e , fo re a m a and h an d s. The h y p e rp la s tie prooeseos were i n te n s if ie d in th e o ld e r w orkers. The sjenptona were aggravated by l i g h t . The in te n s iv e a o tio n of asp h alt dust la considered to be the cause.
115. Wataon, A. 7 . Tar Cancer In M ice. I I I . An A pparatus f o r th e P reparation under Standard Conditions of a Highly Potent
C arcinogenic Agent o f Low T o x io lty . B r i t . J o u r, dxper. a t h ., 11, 441-7 (1951)
U t i l an a d a p ta tio n o f th e a p p a ra tu s o f H-.gue and Wheeler the author has succeeded in asking fro p u rifie d tu rp e n tin e , e t S50*C., a r e la tiv e ly n o n -to rlo i.ar which
e l i c i t e d t u t o r s a f t e r 210 days in 90 o f th e su rv iv o rs fro a group o f 37 r=ioe; most o f th e c a grow ths ^ a ra
m alignant.
U l. W elwart. Ceneer f r a i ? r a f f ! n Wax end M ineral O ils .
r>eifans. 2 tg ., 62, ^92-3 (1935) Moat chem ists and d erm a to lo g ists b e lie v e th a t workers
in p a r a f f in factor!-^n G^t c rn ca r from th e p a ra ffin l t u e l f
- 43u h lle Baherber and T euteehltender e la ln th a t oanear doe* n e t eaana fro n p a r a f f in but fro * e in e r ! e l l a .
flndau! A . end Kennhak. C. Tsao D e ^ J v ^ tira r o f 3 , 4-Benro-
Uf*
pyrene. 2 . P h y u io l. Chan. 849. 2S3-3B (1937)
By analogy tc x -ray u ( "x-rv produce and x-r*ye aura
Of.ncer* ) ca rcin o g en ic h y d ro e a rb ju should be te s te d f o r
p o ssib le th erap eu tic ra lu e a . Suf&eatlTe ro o u lte hare
bean o b ta in ed w ith 3 ,4 - bento pyrene (X).
, . a Vaodi ? r C, The Bon-Caroinogenio l a t u r e o f P u b ifle d M ineral O ils . J . Aa. Mad. A s n i., 94, 1341 (1930) The g en eral o lin io a l erTdanca th a t th e re e x is ts no
r e la tio n between the th erap eu tio nee o f refin ed p etro leu e producta and the oosurrenca o f canoer i s e o s fix e e t by experimental stu d ies.
n * . Toot, I . B. P e r a f f in l e i P ro d u c tiv e o r ,C ancer. 7 . C tneer ... B os., S, 97-108 (1929)
M, Vood, E. B. S tin L esloas teong Ter Wosfcere. f . Ceaeer B eo;,
i l * W- (1919) B iffer eo t types and ooaposltion o f te r t ere t i s -
eese e t . Only t a r obtained fron th e d is tn . o f o o el e t
fclg l teo p s. oo n ttin s a subetanoe oaraino*on4e te ee rteln '
lo b . l n l i * Torkmen handllag so a l ta r shioood ta r o erta e s e r e a u lt, bat no oth er e f f e e t . TO I r r lt e a t
a o tio o ej th e human s ttn m s fou n i M b low tm p , ;
41s t i l l s t e ta r or free petroloue ta r .
*
XU.
. D. 1 . C e re ia o te e io ity o f Symthotlo Iw brieatin g
O lio. 1 . In e t. P et. Tech.,
1007-93 (1934)
in .
e amt Zahl)
Xxyerlmantal Stody of
o f CarelnoM. J . Censer l_e a . ,. m ,. l - t t f l i l * l
In 1919 preduced oenaar by the experlnwfthl
o f tar to the esr of Inboretory a a la a l. *
t
i