Document 5LRXqw29vJBZwZKEeMxvNV0gJ

^frqmiis* ;*.* * Wedical Dew; ^ + ANHAIiS OF INDUSTRY Casualties Of The Workplace By Paul Brodeur Parti "The New Yorker" - October 29, 1973 Reprinted by permits ion; <>1973 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc. PUJNTFFPS exhibit WV-04518 PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT i&miL A , ASB 0010607 t*Vrb J&* Siarrw. w,ft awtmv NtMUiemeTM tfWTIft STATU fflH ftBOKMTlM . see ant roar ;i rsnMv*tMtv.vt*e WV-04518 4. 1 S* t '' f iNALiJ> T.OF : INDU. CASU~ALTISOF THE VOFUCPLACE Meditd Dept Files HOME NONJttiOUS VIOLATION/ AVLU api bt wmter, * fiur- no imgvr needed--there being evry oeiHng tn the 6'swv^71n> jftd- n of unusual activity aeem- * Hek* left of the Tyler plant lor any maA aefcnowfcdged dot a^wsdis fibres paninl the (Wn; f a trespasser *> see--and by the end id p"*ed a health hazard, but added that ow/ikd bi 4hc PknhurgH Contfag Cur* April pracsSodly nothmg tetnauwd of he knew of **> ipecac Pittsburgh jv.rafim in Tyler, Tews* a tfcy of #sty thv factory except two dilapidated Cornfagemphyet who was suffering thousand ahunt a hundred mites OR of wooden buidfags, wMcb had once from significant dlttc* as a mult Jf OaJUa. Product*n supped on Febru hveft warehouses at Camp Fannin, a working wWi theprwdacu ary 3, 1972, ami then the faewy* which fi*r mnftr than seventeen tear* had beta manufacturing asbestos jfu* Second Work! War framing center and P.OAV. camp. One of.tlSm--the pvnrforrion building--was virtually Three weeks afur Holman's re marks were publbhed, a somewhat dif ferent verson of the situation at the bufau, was subjected u> a cleanup of empty; the oilier, the factory's storage Tyler plant was given by Anthony prodig*** sci^pe ami intensity. Under arcs, was half filled with sacks f Maratccht, the director of tl* l*cpsr the scrutiny .4 armed Pinkerton guards, amecitc-asbestus fibre, which the com lative department of the Chi, Chem who had been lured hy the company to pany had used before shutting the ical, and Atomic Workers Interna keep unauthorised persons away from plant tional UniuA, which had represented the plant and ha nearby dumps, fa<y- Although Pittsburgh Corning never employees at the factory since 1962. wo employeesspent a week scraping as* gave any "ftcnl rea*tn far the drasde Speaking at a press conference an ferttos waste from machinery and other tidying up that accompanied the closing Washington, D.C,, on February IQdi, equipment, and removing and burying of its Tyler plant, an explanation of Mazxocchi docketed that a government iruckkad after truckload of asbestos the shutdown nself was made two survey had shown major industrial- scrap that had accumulated in the plant. weeks before by . W. Holman, die hy^ene deficiencies in the opetuiftn of Thi work forte was bud off perma curpurathm*! vice-president m charge the plant, including a grossly inadequate nently on February 12 th, and a crew of manufacturing and technofagr. In vcnribdnn syswm, which had malted of tour maustenance man spent the /text an mwrview pt/bhshed in the Tyler in urInme-asbeYtos levels eomriruring a two weeks wadtfag down eeflfags and CoMn*r~Timei on January' 19th, H<d- critical Kcupati.rul health hazard. Ar walls and stcam-ckamag every piece of man said that mensased costs of buying cording to Mazcmxhi, the survey had machinery in right. Meanwhile, ddety- Mo**-a3hc5fc* fibre and vasnfKirriftg dmenznncd that seven nf the extern five thousand burlap sacks, fa which it from South Africa, plus the fact that workers who had been employed at the amoaitc asbestos had been shipped to his company was finding more and faewy far ten. yean r showed the factory. from mues fa South Africa, more i^ffknib m surfcvt hs finished syn^tona of adwscuris--scarrfag of the and which, unee emptied, had been product because of competitkm, had lungs caused hy faliabtkm of asbestos sold fur a nickel apiece to some of the brought shout a dectsirut to cease opera fibres--which is a significant illness by rose nurseries far which the Dali**- tions at the Tylrr plant and at a Puts' almost any standard, fa that k k irre Trfcf area is famous, were repur- burgh Caning plant m Port Allegany, versible, ontreatable, often disabling, cliased by Pittsburgh Corning nc de Pennsylvania. He rrmarked that `new and frequently fatal. Pointing nut tlm file the price, brought back to the plant clean-air rewricorwn" had abo played asheu has ahn been proved m W a fa trucks, and buried at one of the fac a nde in "speeding up" the closing of pwent carrinngvn, Mazxncchi vniced tory's dumps. l*oward the end of Feb the ewo factories, since the restricri>oi* the fear that many nf the men who had ruary, the skrfaton crew*, using acety wowU have forced ha company to to- worked fa the bftivry would one day lene torches, c< up three one-hundred- stall cmtly filtering equipment fa nrdvf he affiicted whh lung cancer nr other anJ-fiin-fot-J*HtgeJiain.euflzeyarfaio, 4o firing the h'UcI <d ^dwstos -dint fa malrgnam tumors, fifarrvrr, lie mdW> three fiee-hundred-pwund cyclone the faemrirs down to fawful limits. Ac- catcd that * Health hazard might ex machine*, ami hondrwh of tend far heynnd the plant, Ht l eentvUti>n pipe, Uvausc the company hl all i4 which were then sold lens of thousand* of taken wtride and buried hurkip sacb cntaminatr<l in a dump. Other pkt* of whb asbrUos dust to nurs heavy equipment, farlud- erymen, who uki\ them < nj eight twelve-hait-high wrap evergreen* and otfa r frvdfag tnarhfars, thrw one- Muck for sh^sment to retail lim1rvd-h*-Vmg drying ers and gardeners chrm^h- mens, and a tkttvP Ih cm the nafam. r.dlvCtors, were vm up For fa part, PutsUirg}, nod *AI r jmk, and still Corning madv a public tv- .<h, r items *vh a- ntv, ^>4y to *He of a: sdn-st**--^rnp grirulvr, Mavtz>Kelu*s(Sfacl**>ur*>. tbi ami dte draw wi-rfa and FehruAf)' Ifidi.a>|w,kvmaii fu* the "Tens, were far the compaot* admitted to d by rad to Pfeidnirgh a rvp-vr for the Tyler (,'eny' bear ficv, in ,V6rmn chat Ptffbofgh, Hy tW end { March, d-- Pnkm*m were ASB 00X0608 diirty-five thoiiNiod burijp . Wu&gu, a j >ta. Accordmg * was r mnn to coat , to the UbM Scum Bureau of Labor '**&?* h**lth Haaani. Th* apparent Sambo, American and Canada/* * .eanmdktaiA m tbs asirmni was mk , vmnee cumpurin were era then guv- probed by the manager of the Tyfcr eraSy dccSomg to mure asbestos work- pIsAt, who ms footed u the ame rimf efl became of the assumed hazardous f**^** aaym* fed anyof the bp coidbM of the ubemm mlirniy. Uo* r kap forward font pbee tn the when the eompanv dorl- oped an aroorite-**heo* pipe insulauut W the Navy. Amedtt t a variety of admins found in bilge deposits n tf* Transvaal regkm of feuth Africa, and n had never been used More h the Mtaq, n\V* hired bcSdmnto Jt all tW bags uafergfmirtd," he bm Ashm atarred nut at a jobber of m2way aijpKn and an wmhlrr of Umtrd State*, where most adMto* products had been (and nmrimic to be > ****. ""hing an aocnhe that would Awaked aafcttj* and rubber pnxlws. a* apply so much of the factory equip. # Busamni expanded rapidly, (hanks tw made of chiyutrife, a variety of tW mineral that exists In van 4c{U in * meat as u*U. By then, howtwr; wimf had got out that cwmknAh more of the Trier plant was honed than burlap the detrinpowAt of a firriblc advstot !*, which achieved wide tm far maulatsng ;*pr* in steam hieum.iovr*, and Canada ami the S*vrt Ifnam, and' accounts for nuwty-Ave per cent of the wwWV production. Because as bagsand cut-op machinery. tr 192b Union Advs* Htalt a factory hni-rrnuam as chrysinflc, and can he TN a sente, the tuny of the Tyler 7 NTM Kgim wnh the fmmdijig 4 the Utrinn Ashcstm & RtiMwr Cm- in Circro, Mam*, to manufacture as bestos textiles, insulation 'materials, packings, brake feting*, and gaskets, and a variety of rnldvr products. An* purchased more cheaply, jnmdw w:t chmen for insulating the pipes, turbine*, and boilers of moitcrn wardup*, and ht 1940 the Navy'* demand*. Medical Dept Rfe pipe msufatvm were such that Union AihcSU*--nr I'KAKCO, as it had come to be known--started a plant m PattTa,Nw Jersey. During the-warytsra, the CXAKCO plants in Cicero and Pater son churned uut amosite pipe covering for the Nan* around the cluck, winning numerous Army-Navy "E" awards. Such insubnm cumimicd (a be much in demand in the postwar period, and in 1949 the company set up a third plant to manufacture it, in McGregor, Texas. Then, m November of 1954 as part of a consolidate* program, the company shin the McGregor and Patvrsun factories, and opened the factory at Tyler, Texas. i.ittW was known about the Tyler plant except that k was set up jr oper ate generally like the factory in Pater son. However, wane faformation that w*i!d mw day impart tremendous medical significance tu this similarity U'j jti tltcn beginning to he devel oped In Dr. frring j. SeTikoff, a chest jdnstefan, who hod <4 the Diririnn of EnvironMenta! Mecfkine at the M.ntnt Smm School of Mtdkme <4 the Chv University *f New York, director hi ix< Kmironrocnial Scivstcct labora tory, and a {Honeer m the Acid of asfv4T.- efadeindog\*. A nariw of New ^*ork City, Dr. Svlikol? interned at the li. th Nrael fh^uuS it. N. uark; did in. p:uh1og\ \v.U at Mount Sinai, e.ii,*iv he h;i> Uen * meinU r td tin -tr **mv 1947; and fwc.itne a elwsi phv defan at the 5wa Vkw Hiwpw.it, on r,t.ut Idaml, ^wei-dMiug in cuKreuIIn 1951, he pnnir^e.tcd n the i/vxsijt on r*infaaw!--the antihj.th drug that, n* effectively kRling t.ds'rck lucini. has prorided a cure hw {dicteoh^'-aml to 195.1 In; hmiwletl a tts*dv;d k link' Pattt^nn, where, hv chance, seventeen of hss early patients were men who worked in the nearby UNAfcCO plant. At the omc, fifteen of the men showed anmt evidence of pul monary defaces resulting from the inhalation of asbestos. When the Patenon factory closed, they went mco other work, and at that pnmt Dr. Sclikoff decided to continue hb observation of them with X-my euimmaremi and lung-functam tvsa to determine the hti*r)' and the natural course of asbeu<is in men- who wuukl fu* W further p9ed, hut tn whose onues the previous ly inhaled fibres would reoum. Tl'is was the art of a long jourttry of tlcovrty fur Dr, Scldutff, who would eventually help to ckmemKrate time a$fa:stiff h 1me of the major industrial causes of cancer. At the time, he w interested chiefly m asheww, because he was m>t convinced that the rtbtwwsfai|> between asbestos and cancer, whkdi Itad preriouslv been suggmctl In a number of nredkal authorities, would prove to be a srrvxt* problem. As things turned uut, be changed hh maul, in 195*. all seventeen men fnn tlw Paterwui factor)* w^re wrkmg and appareml) ahk-falic]. Today, only two of (hem are alive. Of the fiftwn w!m> died, seven were victim* f lg can cer* two of cancer of the Mumych, huir *if adwsttBM, ami one td ma%*iam roewnItviMua---at' invarfahK* faral tu mor of the pleura, tlw mvmbrnnr i\vai eucaws dw lung, r of tlw {a*riconmt, a winifar nivinKrone *lst lu*s tW ab dominal cavity--wbW rare!) occur* svitlwmt vnoe exposure to advAi..-, f One uf the fifteen U'ath> ua**f k art diwaw.) A early a* 1961, by which taffv six id tIk* wv*mven had dk .1, f if. fk'likuff k'gsn t *u-peet tin* uiirst for who sve>v iveuisnauialh e.\|>M*if in the mineral. At that rime, Hv wroie to Edwin . Hokin, rite prevalent M \JXARC0, asking trim to make vm|4m mcitt records available, *1 that lie could undertake a survey of all the men who liad worked m the Paterson factory , Hokin turned the request down, saying the records were not avaJUMr, but be was snndr aware that own wbn had wntked in the Patvfwm factory might be haring medicat problems, fur dur ing the nSnrtren-fiftici the company bad paid nut utbssmebt amounts of w^cj- tn empbn ccs of tta |dant who had become dnahled with rwix-uods. Dr. Sebkoff then wrote M several other large asbcM manufacturers in the Unked States to ask about the health experirnev in their pinna, and was mahW to obtain tnformaam from nnv of rinm. Mvanwhtlr, he and Dr. Jacob Churg, the chief ptholog*t at Bnmeir Memorial Ihiqtinil, hi Paterson, who ll himself hvvn finding asbrtwis and lung cancer in 3 large number <4 work er* from the Paterson factory, took tlH'ir .fan to I >r. Rnseoe P. Handle, the Conuuiwkmvr of thv New Jersct State Department of Health. Omvi'fmd nfaart the 4uwam, Dr. Handle applwd M tltv United Slate* Public Health Service for fund* to un.krt.ikv a study >4 tlw Pat.'fMHi pfam amt to make a statewale survey lo ih*termui* b*oe many {w.fdc were being trvtqeitvmalK e.sjuaetl ft* .i*he*W. However, tlw re'.pw*f waft deniett, lack of rv*>uive* Ning given as the rvsutn. Sin.Y Dr. Silikoff already knew tlk.it men wlio had worked tn an tiiMifatino factory were dvbtg of adv-t***. r vaiKef at an alarming rate, he felt tliat men win* were uwudluig *uch ma terials might also risk dbcav, and early in 1962 be made comaet 011)1 <.ffisil a 6090100 m * . 1 * .1. US* ,.;;:p;j.::' $ x' *. /V- / a* *:u--y\v ..;: :/MedicalOept Hies ? *7 ol Kw Ynck *oi 12 and Newark working erndmou b the factory, for of 1936-36 in four ashes**-te.\tc 32 d the InccnutkmaJ Ara* at that time they asked the hsiorm] pknei where z^wetm fibres wttt found of Heat anil Fm lanbiwt and Hygime Fwmdatim of America tn to commute about ten per trm <4 thr Aihcssns Workers. The art**tm in* evaluate the ashettos-dusc hazard there, too) amount of irfoime dun, The asWn tail keen trying for jtsn The foundaono, which is in Pittsburgh, tasus fibres b the airborne dust meas without metes to atterm dacton and describes kseW aa **an ataristann of in- ured in the Tyler plan* by enpMvn of varima gnvtramcm tgeitcn in dm duurin for the advancement of health the Industrisd Hygiene Fomulataon medieai pnddems, sn they wtrr only tm ful working cmuUtinni," and k ranged from a fow of twtmy-nme per glad to cuuperatc, and they urged Dr. financed entirely by industry. It sunt tn- cvnt to a high of fifty-six per cent, 'fhc Selikuff t study the effects of asbestos doRrial-bygkrw engineers to the Tyler foundation, however, reported the per expnsoro among their memhen. He plant m July and August to* review the centages as if they were of little or w* created the rcsp*'nsihi%v, and, though potential health hazards of handling as consequence, and contented itvlf whh contiaumg t monitor thr of ha orig bestos and to take samples of airborne nuking recommendation* for better inal seventeen patients who iiad sur a*bc*u*-dtiR concenirarioos. In its re housekeeping, better vrftlSatfon equqw vived, temporarily abandoned ho proj- port to Pittsburgh Coming, the foun ment, and improved maintenance M -- ect to Rudy the other men who had dation made no mention *if any health the ventflatiun sjftem. worked in the Paterson factory. At the hazard, and assured the enmptny that, These measures were desperatch* dnve, he did know of the CKStence except m a few areas, the number of needed, hut there is tmle evidence to of the CXARCO plant m Tyler, Tou& asbestos fibres found in die air of the suggest th.it Fitnhargh Cmning Ml Tyler plant was well below the thresh compelled tu initkuc them, for whro THE Tykr plant was tlen thriving old lima value <f five tmllkut panicles the next survr}' >ri the plant was made, but was ah*nt to dtaiige hands. per cubic foot of air--a safety standard more than three )*ean later, condiia** V.VAKCO held a large contract witlt thfuer dust in asbestos factories that hid were wen nrse. By that time, the Nary t provide pipe covering for atom been adopted in 1946 by the American company had acquired a new medical ic submarines, and the factory was also Conference <rf Governmental fndusrial conswlant--!>r. Lee B. Grant, a re producing inuriarinn for the cfccnmfo Hygienists, which, despite nt tmptumg tired coloiH'1, wfo had been Chief of pmemung adusiry on the nearby Guff title, s not a government agency but Acmsfeco Medicine 6*r the United Curst, which was growing rapidly. a ciduntary nrganizaiim with members States Air Force D*gr*rks Over the years, however, the company fftmt various groups, including indue- and who had foctene mclval director had Required half a tfoxen plantsfur the trv, and with the srlMmpiwed task of one' at l^tshurgh Corning** nt c>*rmanufacture of varimci products unre recommending safety standards for ha*- poratbuis, tlw fittsburgh Plate U)a lated to asbestos, and this diversification ardtHis substances in industry. Incredi Cunpany, m 1965. At Dr. Gout's re had altered the objectives of ns man bly, tite authors <if the foundation's quest, a survey t*f the Ttfor jdaut w;is agers, who derided to quit the adwK report ap;vf to haw haw'd thrir judg v*Hidocicd in Nowmfor *f 1966 by busine* altogether, As a rmili, the ment on thr assumption that thr thresh- J. T. DeStefano, snfotv and industiitlcompany sold the Tyler pfcint in 1962 to old bom value of five mBfom pankrlvs higk-nv engineer fur tfo1 gLi dfvisim the Pittsburgh Coming Cwfjvwrini-- jwreiiluc foot meant five milEon ash**** of Pittsburgh l^ate Gla*s t,*^v if tfo-re .a joint venture of tlw Ptushnrgh Pbic fibers, whereat the proponents of thr fold fowl any dgmticnnt chanp- in ifoGlass Company (now calhd PJ*G threshold limit value had mtviwled h to k*veh*d aifform -:i*fo>>t*K do^ rince the Indirstrirt) and tfo* Coming Glass apply tn <// the ptnirobte matur-< 1963 survey. Alter nnah/ing impk-s Works--and the production of((amn- fibrous and nonfihruu* --in agiven cubit' *f air from M\tecn different .tr*s of the *Hc-ndkM<* pi|K covering emtiowd at f*t of air. To untWrstaml the mag- plant, lX*stvlnno MthwipH tult reported Ixfore. By the summer *4 1963, how mttiilv of this vrmr, it sb.mUI be not> d dwt asfostos-lUoe eHinu v\<s^Ud tfo* ever, the new owners wvre apjtwirth* that (In* Rtuly u;kni wldt It tin* Hnodartl thivdtnld limit value m wvvn in-lanci*s mt-naming wane misgivings about was based lutrl font ntnle in the n inter ;iml that hi three ol the <<tm|'l< tfo* From usx M=al Depj. Flles ASB 0010610 nrd* snd, c*npiWd a p. r fOtt) USX firt *t the rumo and *drimM of all the tie hundred and ririnr-nco V Medical Dept, riles men who had * been members of the ]. cab m December 31, 1942, and M the .right hundred and*'nmetr - men who had ynnrd between then and December 31, 1962. From the union em ployment records thtr obtained detailed work histones f the total membership of fifteen hundred and twemvtwo men, including data an the men's Jeavmg work for other rmpb^meni, war service, Alness, nr retirement. This enabled them in calculate (he cutset and duration <4 exposure to asbesww for each work er. Record* of the on- am htalth-and-welfarv funds provided them with the dates and placet nf death of two hundred and nxty-two workers who had di d between 1942 and 1963, and copies of the death certificate* d all hut one of them were Cftuni was twenty ftuUinf) or more fibres projects; they spent half their time nbeaated. In additam, autopsy pmmecds, per cubic bn* of air. Dcttebno was, working wkh materials other chon As hasnlngical specimens, and hospital rec apparently, making the same erroneous bestos*, ami mnu of the ashesma ma ords were reviewed by Dr. Seliknff and sssumptiun about tlte meaning of the terials they used had an asbestos con Dr. Churg, the Paterson pathidogis, threshold limit value which had been tent of lest than fifteen per cent. (The in those deaths (approximately half the nude three yean before by engineers of men at the Tyler plant worked in a total) which occurred hi hospitals. she Industrial Hygiene Foundation. As confined, far dustier atmosphere, and In the next phase ( the study. Dr. a result, though Hv alk* attested bet- manufactured a product chat had an Sehkftff And Dr. Churg were jotnrd he ter vrntdation e^uapnwfrt and improved asbestos content of almost ninety per 'Dr. . Cuytcr TIaroraond, VKe-prrsh BMsatenam'c <>f the ventilation Ijurra, cent.) In *$i of this relatively light tkm for cpidrmKvfogr and starvikt of ha npun did nm mention that workers exposure, however, Dr. Sel&off found tilt American Cancer S<tY, wi* hail at the Tjkr plant were hreathing enn- radiological evidence of fibmd* >f the participated in an anahvi of the medi Centratiorw f asbestos fibres ten times lungs--that K scarring of tlw longs-- cal effects of tlw atomic cKpkfon* dint gnaur than throe of the recommended at folk* half of eleven hundred and Sev devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki in said) standard tlwt was supposed to enteen members of tlur two locals of the 194$, and whose hrgc-ersW ep*Wm*- protect them from dtseaw. Ifeat and Frost insulators and Asd*w* logical studies of none than a million Workers. Moreover, among thee* hun men and women proviJed a major bads URING the span from 1963 to dred and ninvsy-iwn men with wv D 1966, a trrmvmbAM amount titan twenty yvats of ex|wrwn in the new infortmiioit concerning the b*utr-ade, he found that three hundred ami for the cmchnunn* drawn in the 1964 Surgeon General's report on the effects id riga/vite Mudring. Store previous logical effCl f advH* had been thirty-nine hud dcwbfied Aidwrtudi, studies had suggested tint long cancer d.Mvhifvd and was being circulated and that tlw diwasc Jctd by then bedanr awnriated with asheMONM whhsn *h- through elk* medical and industrial moderate or exundve to more Mein vehp ontfi twrnty vran after h\*it\ r.mmunifies. IVrlwf* the n<*r aj>r- fifty per cvrit of tlw ca***. vN|-fe u* .<idHV4o dost. Dr, $effcoir i:mt stude **J the period was the hc Even otofv alarming were the result* a*l J)r. IDniou^id devhhd to bout that Dr. Scl&off conducted of tin* as- Iieitos inwbtoes. As w.wkm go, these men bad comjwrxtivvly %ht :m1 intermittent vxi**ire*. they often erf a mortality seutlv *d w*rkvrs the twin, local*. iluring the early pan of 1962, Dr. Sriifcnff and h* admwih- trader asshtant, Mrs. Janet S. Kaf<)' tb<* <*n*n rrf- tlwir fii-t analysis to tlw v\ homlftil nml tUtrtt-ttto men wlto were the ooim mils as of December 31, 1942. 1 akaig the men's ages tnt* c,n>hTn- t*Nl, Dr. %.t n..M.t v t r t C TVS* dvn ut *! (he ntuubcr causes uf iWmH among th>m with (Ikmt f rhr gvmful mak* ptqwbmm in iU- United States. The results were kpfrng. Actrn3wif W the standard *rulnr ttMrt, two hundred ami ibrce ideaths copU have* fo*n rx^vctsd antet. ' die x hundred ami th>m-tw woff* in. instead, these were two hundred determine uiJf<|uTvcaDy what lk.iV health rxprrimce. had kft. UnEk atom all the prerfotis nvdtqp* ri*w`which indicated flbipty that Aeit was a cowwraw between te and raraw kinds of cancer, fit was based tipun the incidence, of ^sar within a defined pipubtim, and thus stmwchnl a fundamental pidcafiMgfcul (p**- aml fifty-fire, one couattng seven men .n.-h..o ha..dj d*ie.d >before(incurring; twenty yam of exposure--an excess of twen ty-five per tern. The reason fur the caress was not hard tt> find. Ilie fart that twelve d the deurh* were at tributed to athntuds was not particu larly surprising, bn* wlwrc six ur seven deaths from cancer of the lung, pleura, or trachea were p fo expected, there ifon nf how many cancer* had dceeW * *qvd arming h*w many persona ex pired, fn doing so, ft fornfisJwd the firw incontrovertible evidence that in dustrial exposure to ashes** was `haz ardous; it estah&hed sound methodolo gy for future and it marked a turning punt in the view* held by doctors and Iwalth ofiioaU around tlw world. were actually forty-five. And where la Ocndvr of 196*, ht anlr t now"tic ten gasvwuuestmal cancers review the data that had already were he expected, there were twen- bin collected and to dams* the prob ty-junc. Since the death race from lung lem* awaiting sofottm, the New York cancer was known m be more than ten Academy of Sciences sponsored an in- canes as high among cigarette smoker* tcrnattnnal Conference on the Bio among nnittmofen, I>r. Sdikoff logical Kffevt* of Asfottn*, which was and Dr. Hammond mimed that they held at the Watdorf-Aftnrii and was would hare tn cake die smoking liabirs attemkd by more than hair hundred nf the asbcuoa-mulaam workers mto sckntms. In adduim to the statistics account if dicsr findings were to have provikd by Dr. SeUknff and )>r. Ham soKd trafidny. It was, of ermne, im- mond on the incidence **f ashestofs bb for them to ascertain this infor- and cancer m tltr uioilst*** workers, ttfon with accuracy in the cases nf d .4*0 hundred and fifty-five men who had dird, sn, for purposes of calcuLimm; they assumed that all six hundred tlwrc were thmens of reports on the occurrence of disease in people exposed to adwatm. Some of tlw n>*w alarming Information was provided hv f>r. J. G. and thirty-two men had nsiwui, of South Afri smoked a pack nr more nf cigarette* each d.iv, and they demonstrated that even if this had foen the case it would have pro duced a lung-oncer death rate only three and a half times that of the general male popubtitm. Cigarette smoking, therefore, could not explain the tact that in (Ids group of x*be*tHnMibtam workers (he rate ca, win* refined finding wiut aj^tcaicil to he al- Wxtos bodies--inhaled iihivs tfoir kite ktn al ien'd !<y tb reactam of long tksuv, and coated with a odharia) sohuauce ikh iron--m the Umgs **i *ne in $** |Wi^de coining to at ran dom hi Capewwn. Al- iloKK'b adHnn foidit* are n^olarh seen in the hms f death fnnn lung cancer was scun of asbstm workers, ihk dforovery hi thnrs tlw expected rate. dicaied that adv^.r* w-u biooung a llerauie nf this studjV idiJecfieH), onvnnon c<mt4inioam in tlic vmmmmt- its scupr, and ks tfomurghnn*, it had tt a< big*'. Tlwiv w.'H afo* a rejirt a great impact *m tb' medical oo* tlut me*o(lH'litn.i wm nffinting (uttjde munhy. The finding* werr rv'p^ted to who }wd hud mth mimr vx)w>sure ( the annual convention of tfo1 .\u fa*:in ab>fo.. | jik j.inior, uhkh lakes (omi Medical AxSociatVMi in June of I96J--~ ttvenh to tom year* w leveloj, was a month K'forc the Indusrial Hygiene jirwiioidj rare tlwt h kimwn n* undataon began cm survey of tlw x'oo im .oily aUiui e in ten ifonnm.1 . vler jdam - -aiol lln v were poMohal in iJk spring of 1964 in (Ik- Jnrtat "j th*' Atm'fkMH \tr4u'*i Ann,wrwM. ft was the first studs <wr uvnU* tlt latl taken a brgv e**"gh gvp of sb*ie death* in rh. general p|Hi1aton. Jh the lime of (In- fotvrtiati..|i:d vonfereme. however, it wa* Ikenig hnind irtv'i'eas- m lv onh in j*'o|de wh> were. s- poacd to a-b^io* hi their work hut aha worker* from a pant far vmmgh bwk |X oji!. wfo. Jiee.l j tltc vkinhv of in time ami folfo^vd them UnvjJ viwug*i udwMos min,-, ;,,,d ..r 1-.-.!.^ . Jwhtfx aiheum pnaives were* mansTfocrured, or win simply lived the Bcune house with worb w wb can* $hum* wfch ashes.* dust on thebebds*. Ihrrittp* the mns srikin- confimo- J 6nn nf this nmr fmo Lnmtun, where J>r. Muriri t. Newhnws, C tfo De partment . of. Occupational Health at the Lvndnfl Srhncd of Hygiene ami Tropical Medicine, hmt^a&rj *rv- enty-mx cases nf tncamheUnma that had been ascertained by autupsy or biopsy in the London Hospital. To no one's surprise, thiny-one of the seventy* six patients had worked with asbestos, but, in addsiut, eleven of the huty-five who had not worked with asbesoo had amply lived within half a mile of an aabcKio factory, and nine other*-- seven women and two men--were rri* atm* of asbestos worker*. Most of these women had washed tfotr hus bands* work clothes rcgubrly. Both of the men in this group, when they were buy* of right or mne, had had sfiuen who worked in a&ettos-tcvoW factories. One of the sisters had been employed as a spenner from 1925 to 1936, and had died of asbemb in 194?, at which time it was determined at an hw quest that "she u*d to return from work with dust on her cUuhes." Her brother, who had apparently had no other sustained exposure m ubewe fo ha fifetime, died In 3956 of a jdcural mesothelioma. Subsequently, m the Unhcd States, there were simthr find ings fo a number nf places. Fnr ex ample, the proprietor of a junk van! next to die t'XARCO factory to Pater son died of mrsmfo&una, and sn did the engineer whn first developed the *m*ice pipe ovrring manufaemred hy the company hr the Nan1, dal hh daughter, who* only known exposure to the nuneral wa> that she smnerimes played with sample* of adsesoa pmd- uca her bther hnwght bunc for his fomdy to examine, As a result *>f such iiKttlvmx sewnws were forot to rr- rise their idea that iisfostos was miiIv an industrial hazard, and ( give serim* cvmwkration t* Dr, Tfo*mm*s prvdic- don of danger to ui*i>dd iminfors oj people in the general a-mmurwiv. fiuel eomnWratam proved tofo uvll fminded fu* since then tlw prex tHv of juKtU.* luniks in the liMig* of ..r.lm:rv iirlvir dweller* Kss foen cimfinncd hi vimlk made in Miiitui, Ih M.uf, Pitt^ horgli, ami New Y.vrk C(v. wlwre, r a recent fovcstigniKm owoUivtvd fo Dr. Anhur M. Laog-r, (he vide uihwralogVH at the Mount Sinai In viromncntal Scwikvs i.j.lw.'ritiwv, elce1-1 tnm-mk`r*MCop' examinattiui of rvpr--* , fc-ntaihr sample* tasue showed * chrysotiW a*hwt* to he present si the lung* nf a hundred and four mu of a hundred and twenty-eight people cnen- iag t> aunquy at randtan in three dty Jtedf2k *|V attitude of the astv*** indus try at tho time.can perhaps he be 3- ItiMRUed hi' a eaneawury letter that was sent p* Mrs. funic* Thomas Mi ner, cl* executive directs* of the New York Aoihrmr of Strum, on Octo ber 26, 1964, jot after the Conference on tlx Radngiral Effects of Asbestos ended, by lawyers representing the Ae hrsto* Tvvtfie .Institute--an annexation f nshmos manufacturers (hat includes tlx Jolms-Manrille Corporation, Ray- hestos-Manhartan, Inc., and Unimyal, Inc, The tetter began by stating that alt member companies of the institute shared a grave concern over recent articles carried m Jixal and national newspapers concerning mesothelioma. It went on to say that "innocent but unww treatment of research data m public dseuarions, nr leaving ii to lay men to appreciate the carefully phrased limstaifcMts and qualifications can cause I reactants that arc not justified by the* Mate of scientific knowledge,** and k urged caution in tlx dseuwam of medtca) research into asbestos disease, "to amid providing the Han for pusebly damaging ami misleading news imB It concluded hy warning the New York Academy nf Sciences that although the* right to discuss these subjects was clear, "the gravity of the subject matter and (he couwipxncr* implicitly involved tmjaw* upon any who exercise those rights a very high degree of fespomMity fur their actions.** '1luring 1966, the Academy sent out thoo&mds of copies of its report of the <*Hi1vrrnce u> doctors, i.ffionH nf state and federal Health agencies, and custo dian* of medical libraries all over the country, and from 1965 on there were main article* in leading medical jour nals and dozens of newspaper smrira omerming new* and alarming data that had hren developed about the perils of inlulm" ndwm. As a result, h seems highly pndnhlr that In' Inc 1967 the mduMfiit-health officer of any responsible company engaged m tlx manufacture of nshcMos product* would Iwve been given pauw hy the kind of report that Dr. Grant rmivvd fruni Dratvfann m Jw}M*nilvr of that year conrvmmg the levels of ;she*ti* dost in the TvWr fac tory. ft fact, tfo*twderig d)r. Gram's credentials, any miter respanx would love hern abolishing, form aiblwkn* l King mvdieal director of the Pitis- cal creuulum u Pittsburgh Coming, he was a member of the American Medical Aamriaram, (hr American In dusrial Hygiene Ajoctatam, ami the Amerfcan Academy of Occupatauut Medcw, and would one day become president nf.t}w American College of Premuue Medicine.* la any rase, m December of 1966 Dr. Grant paid a vim Dr. Georg* A. Hunt, tlabl director of the East Texas Chest Hospital'--a branch of the Texas State Department of Health dut happens m be m Tylere--and asked htm to conduct a medical survey' nf the workers at the Pittsburgh Corning plant to determine if they were en countering health problems as a mult of thrir exposure to asbestos. Dr. Hunt immediately set about designing a study of the workers, winch included physical examinations, questionnaires. X-rays, and pulmonary-function testa. On February 3, 1967, having received ap proval fmm hh superiors at (he Texas Stax Department of Health, in Austin, he wrote Dr. Grant that the study could be conducted at a cost to Pitts burgh Coming of forty-1wo hundred dull**, and that, upon I)r. Gram's ap proval, would be started by the fine of May and completed as soon as posi sible. On March 7ih, however, Dr. Grant wrote a letter informing Dr* Hum that Ptmburgh Coming had decided to forgo the proposed study in favor of some studies that would he conducted by Dr. Eewn J. Cralley, who was as sociate program chief fur field studies and ftpfcUmailogy in the Public Health Service's Divvam of Occupational Health, in Ctnctanati. Dr. Grant expUuitrd that the Public Health Service had been interested for some time in dumgenvironmental and medical stmlirt of the asbesmq>nalucu industry, and hail recently agreed f* include Pittsburgh Oxning*s plants in Trier and port Allegany in the environ- mental study. According u> l>r. Gram, the Public Health Service dkf not then have sufficient funds to'perform tlx medical stud? but hoped to receive ad- dtricm.il moixy for dial por^sc in July. "For the reason, I would like to Hohl 1 *ff unril July on making a final dvciw*n on yMir proposed medical udi ,** he wrote Dr. Hurst. "Our m:mage- mnt Wcally interested bi .wompl^htng the tTHdidl Sttuly Imt wotihi like the U.S.P.H.&. U accomjdid) it ns part their total lr. }f U.SJ'.HS. ca't do the nwdical study, (hey wooM like to ennridev rnor pmjHiul further." An environnwouit survey >f the Tvkf tdaot, widt h f ikin" t*> r>H SO O *H O O to sampfat >f aif m jhc favour, lav /.hi known, however, thattv* <*w nmduciyd n March 2, 1967, by year* Wr he died nf roe**h*fa>fna.' engineers sent there by Dr. Crallcy. However, mw than a year poor<i hr- QJNCE the primary respoftsili&y of k"* Or, CnJkf*9 prpW got around O the J)ivfan of (Tcrupatwmal nfw| Pittsburgh Corning of the Health wms tn protect wrkef* frum Xc/j 3> tewhl of the survey. Thr rvpnn was occupational disease, the omis**) from dated March 27, 1968, ami it was its report of any ciMtcvm for the health tmt en J. W. McMillan, thr w*rla of the workers at the Tyler plant item manager id the Tyler plant, with psdiftf, t py the least. Part of the topi* to Dr. Gram ami Dr. Crallcy. trouble undoubtedly stemmed from the !a many rapwo, McMi-Un must have roundahuM manner fa which the Ocr bond h a faffing <feumem. On the cuparinnal Health people had to go or hand, it tnfctrmcd km that when about thrir hysimv, for at the rime th*y twenty-seven I the air samples col* had no legal authority to enter and* lecicd in his factory wrrv anah srd by a inspect factumi and no enforcement standard method, dust concentration* power of their own. To gam access W txceeded the threslwdd limit value of live factories, they* had to he expressly in milirm particles per cubic f**t **fa a vited by state departments of Ww*r, 'Hiafaer of fcKatiom." On the other or by the few stare departments of hand, m indicated that when the air Itvalth that had right* of access, or, atopies wereanalyzed by a new merhod a* fa thr case of Pittsburgh Comfag** * use fa Gnat Britain (and muv after Tyler plant and the other aafavm ward adopted rn the United States), as- plants they were studying, by the cum- faattS-fibrt counts were considered high pjinirt that owned (hv fcictorira. Since in forty-four of the fifty-five other sam the Occupational Health people usually ples. (The fact was that in five of thr had to g hat in liand to industry in ample* the asfarow-fibre count was order to initiate their ashescos field twttpf tn thirty time* the range that siutik*, they appear to have fck a was considered Wgh hy the British Oc- certain constraint afanir using the in aqyariuaal Hygiene Society'. Moreover, formation they gathered. For exam <rafe the exception of Pittsburgh Com- ple, in making arrangement* to gain plant in Port Allegany, whrre av access tt> plants and take air sample*, k...a dt levels were ala* very* high, hVld-siMlk* engineers mrorinMy gave thr ver-afl asbeMovfihre ernum in the oral assurance to plant management Tyler factory were that the identity of indi far greater than thi*< vidual factories would far measured in any of kept nmfidvntial and inme thirty other as wuulii far relcnicd only hen/*-prodwets facto to tfa appn^ifiate state ries that had been sur aginctes. fu practice, veyed by the Dfafaon faiwvver, the Division of of Occupational Health <Xvi^itimal Health nt- during the previous m<M never forwarded three year*.) In spite of tho, rite report made no menorm that a health iiuerprctati.uis *d the Judith omw^orners of its findings N> slats agen- hazard might *xist at civ*, and in m.*t case* A* Tyfar plant, nr it didn't rven tend tfam did it advise the works the Mm|ding data--the manager of the fact**) report m tltc Tvlvr to improve the vvmifa- |d.mt faring tw excep tion tmem r to insti tion - and that, in effect, tute better fahbckeeping practices--or, presented any {sdlHltty of actioh to indeed, to correct any condiiiw* that remedy ant fa'alth liuzar't*. 'ITw jd.'dge ' might have led to tlw rxeeWr fibre counts h described. Instead, tlx rcpnrt omckulcd hy telling him that "your cwtjwraifan in tlu* xudy wn- of >onfiiU ntialliv, of course, prvcI'nUvl am jsvdliilitt that tfa* data coBeeted in the surveys vsmibl fa* inaW known loth.1 worked iwalib was faring V apprventvd and the data gained , yir plant are of cimrideMibb* vsdik." It a rwrt known whether tin* works manager l*ad the benefit **f > mebml iatrrjimatiun f the rejioi'f. Nor & a kaown whether ire hrl any other way d aMVfiawin? riv lim.*i*w*ws f ifa Israldt hacar.I tfat exfae.l fa ho ntftrivd or to the rv}>re>enting tlxm. M>*ri-*`v* r, in order not t>> rm* lairds* nimK'gvmvnt .r nsake wucken a|ijtrclHo-i\\, the government engi neer* wfa. air stmpb'* durhrg the cnvimnmftna) wirvei* tint mile were forlmldvu u. dfau- the nature 4 thrir rtairirhv uidi auv 'eo*k* *s tlwt vn* jmefed hut were afa> instructed fas '. ri u> wear mpiratows, which would have afforded them some pr>UiVli>HS agahm the hazard of mhalmg adx*t>* dust. ^ At a further extensa* 4 ikfa j u* pidky toward industry, she <>. ^ npaiitia) Ifdkh pcfls were cireful b nn m alarm management by reporting a fa writing the existence d health hax5 ards fa any of the aabesti* fanories they surveyed ur by nrcurmavndfag rm- provemenu fa vvnufatfan .'tjuipmrm and hwtekeeping pmcetlurvs to nvUnv the levels id nsfastna dost. In short, they rimpJy t`B,k air samples, ana1)xed tfam, and retried fibre (.Mints, writh- mu drawing any inference as to wfav the fibre counts mighi m.>an in tertn> of the health and welfafaing of the mrn w'lm were cxpitaed to ifa>m. In order to understand more fullv what by behind this practice, it might fa helpful > examine the aiticmle toward asbestos dhcaw fafd hy the fvnpte who were in charge of the as- faktos field Modirt at that omr. .*Vs h happens, I ^wnt mvral hour* one sftvnnatfi in Marrh of J96H--a week or *n fa'forv the report on the TvWr plant was tent Mi<~-d*cMng thr as- problem with Dr. CniBcv and wm*' of hfaasfttfBtr* fa the Dirifam of Occupational Health. At the rime, ] was into thr faulogica) effect* of *fa*4o*, and I had fi.ww out v Cfadzuuti in sue Dr. Crattev at the suggestion *f Dr. Murra)' C. Jlrown. who was then chief of the Divirion of Ocvupatama! Health, with office* in W'adungton, D.C. Dr. CfwBvy, wfa* receive*} a PhJX tn indinirial hygiene from the State Uni'rrwtv of Iowa, find jouMvl the Public Health Service in 1941. At the lime of our meeting, lie had hern in charge of rpidemi4*gv and field Mutlir* for the Division d (X'Cupsiliioul Henlth f*T iwarlv four years. He was a MW d tlw Aiswri- can PuWic Health Aw-csiiB>n, a past ehaiminn of it* < Xrupafaxvri Health Sectam, a past efa>irun of the Ameri- cun Conference <d GoVvrnitiental In- iIomruI Htgwiusis, a tuemlwr of tfa> Cxmniuev wi Asfa-st.*ds and Cancer of ifa Intemalkuvd Uumi Afiii:t Cancer, ami an .*ulinct oyd'tam p' feteor of vnvinunneiital Ivahh at ifa Cnisersity of Cincinnati. At tlw fa*ginning of .otr ...nv. ro- j lion, j)r. Cfrtlfav explain*d that th .i-- fa->t-fii*ld-*nfa> jtrogr.on lunl hi-* ..au^Niinit*' an emir.mm. tiial iv.un. whwh bail fa eo t.ikmg h*u m ;,4-o>^-U'\iUv an*l fruikm-oiiOeiuU ptmu dnev 1964, am! a *mli.'al-> juh - i,ni, which w.a*M fa* gin gbe \*rav *\;uni:Ufci>, }nih-u>- P190100 8SV * oarv-funcuon irftvand hl*! it-w* ' 6w tkaimnd Oh-n who worked m ib%-* 'haufk*. IK< Jiil /** id) me that ' hbivhgfoeet* had already ronducin} rnv>nmovrtt'tl surveys **V Pittsburgh Coming's Httubtam pbrru m TyJr and Fort Aflvganr, perhaps bernne tin irmhl focus of the ficW-*ulirt pripram was in other area* of the ad**. t**-pmdct4 industry, and iIhtw t*. *nwi were excrpiiin*. Acvortfing t Dr, C/aAry, the purple of the fieM* [studies ftntgRtm wan to establish criteria | ftr a passible lowering of the thrvdndii j Umk value for wbesu*. U would Cibc 'many yean to develop th*<w criteria, jhoweecr, for Dr. Cr-dby's | Studies nf tile *ihc*t<K>factory worker! were dcsignrd to proceed from the time f firu examination, rather than to rvctmsmict the events nf tl jent, at Dr. SrKknfTi and Dr. Hamroimd's swdv of the asbestos-insulation workers had done. Dr. Cralley explained that k wouW ukc from two to four years to complete the first medical exammatinm of the five tlwusand men lie proposed to study, and that if funds were avail* abk the men wuuM be reexamined *v. cry five years thereafter, "Bv followiug shear men for the next fifuvn or twenty years, *' hope to ettaWidi a bne-response relationship for ashruo* A," he udd me. "Then w'}l try to determine what level of exposure Icarries wkh h no discernible Iteahh When 1 asked Dr. Crrdlev if \hh twenty-year*(rotn-now evaluation would take into ronshfcration the sic- vehement of lung cancer and m>- thvKnma, he replied that it wiuilj mn---that he was interested only in as* bestows. 1 then asked him ahom the me^lkal studies indicating that nirar* thc&wna MMkl **mr with minor -ex- posure u> jwJ***us, ami W shrugged and replied Out in hit die a>- Clatioft Iwtween RlrAitWlaen.! and as* hvM9 was not proved. At ihk Dr. WiUeim $. i^tn- han, wat cbirf of field >t<lie< in charge rf tic nicdkid-i'nvmjnntemjd team, w ho was skting in >nt *nsr cells, explained that sinee tltc nwdn purpose! f the program was to trace i(w *;itr;d hfo.ry **f asbestos diwaw, little would U* known .ib**t the imkUm\ of long rauo'f 'U* muil the fttcj *h**Mi>d rorn utolvr kitoly wvr* r.vx- muted in future yut's. "ikaU\, we'd like l*i take ;i hunch of tv* eim*>jear* ..UK j*t th*m irtt an adv ^l.w jdaatj ubvfe wv know the e.snrt dot U*vek, and .dwrve tlwm for ilw next Kftt wars * ml ih.-v d*," he saul. "Ot e<uic\ we eji\'( ! th;o. W'v l;ve t* .? < : drew sittdk* that are poniral. rV. this mmo, we esnmafe that it w$ lake u* from fifteen to twenty rears to rtakse sate vrah any accuracy the medical rf-S fem of today's ennnmineni in the - 5 imn industry.** 2 When I asked aSwt thv Wph latv^ uf *dwia, king cancer, and mwthelsMnn that was already alHinwg workers in the ashesms iN!un, ])r. Cralky told me that such daeaivs wvfe the result of npsuns sustained over the past twenty years or so, ami ehar because great nuporvememi had bvvn made in eentiUtion ty%ums and industruUftygiene pfucedures m the mean* time, he expected (u find much less dw* ease u\ the future. When I asked him what he wc*uId consider a high rate nf disease in the men he pmprewd in ex* amine, he replied that he would not can to estimate, "WTt have to come to that when we come to k," he soul. "Remember that pracoeally trrniMc b suscvptftk tu dwu disease to some ex* itm, and that you on get chest dtrense even fmm digging in your garden. Wkh the means we ngw have at hand, w-f can mtl>' mwmt that *d**tas ami other dsrascs are relaced to aafxatus ex- pnsure. Our fim pritnt> > thervhtre, a m irudy <ntr five thmanml men over a hmg peratd, am! nr uur nhservatauis of what happens to them as thv criteria for developing a new standard.'* At the clow of our meeting, 1 a4ted Dr. Cralley why, in vk w of the fact that ashciuais and cancer ld afHkted great numbers uf ashestos wurker* n<e the turn of the century, it had taken V* long fur the government to begin studying ashrtttuin earnest. Dr. Cml* Uy said he d.!n*t know. "AH I fejuiw is that the fim real imerm cam*- from industry/' he uW me. "Tiny asked for our help hack in 1964, and ihey have c*>operated witlt magnifirt-nth .*' Since it was my undemanding that the a*hrrn* indmtn' |t> never Ivvn parricubrly eager to hate its *^vnui.ui> Scrutinized, I was surprised tu hear this, and asked Dr. Cmlley what fc-gitHtn of the industn1 hwf made the retpnm f*r help attd cno|**rtted m mngoifiivncK. "The Asht*ios Textile Inmuittv," Iw rtplie*!. tr> H to TT/MATliVhk interpretation uw O VV wtdn> t* fdatv ii|m the ratlur O o IcWireh :ippr<tneh t. the problem d ashrso* diwaw be il> ndtnmttr.it*r of a w the ashesuw-held-umlk-e jm^ryat, tin* fact remain* ifto during tU fii veto < yearv *f exigence tin* pmgratu , pbcvd m ii|difde .-t all ojum cooirol i of dust kevl* in ad*>>tK fae^ori e, *u uj>n presentivv ntvaure* for iIk* w**rk vrrs who were exposed to d* dtBC 25lr-d, a1m* al! the meaningful dav ^hnw dust levels in *br*t, {^wic a-hich wvrr acquired h,- fa --ran Rwmwi 39W al Wt mnpk meumtfetrd the files f m CM* -giaa nffim, as did the data t th Siscdml rxamwtjtiws of afaHnt writ* cr* it conducted after |^g. F** a part, the hesm industry wrms to have hem quite content with th quiet state of affair*. On the one hand, k could sute publicly that, wkh in amstant?, the United States Public Health Sere* ice was investigating the fxwgde has* amis of indimrat x|h<cutv tu atSestus. On the other hand, could rest as sured privately that, hetauv *4 the -long-term nature of these studies, no mfnrmatiwt would be fonhcomktg for many years, and that, because of the fdvxlgc of confidcmialnr, none of k would find its way into the hands of anyone who might wek to remedy any haaards that were found b the mean time, Aa fur the Tyler plant, k seems to have been crttwdervd a kind of fiukii by alvmat everyone concerned. By March of 19611, the mcdkal aodv nf the wortm in which Pkuburgh Comig was iuppt>*ed to he vitally interested was cither forgotten or held ki abeyance. Dr. Grant never did anything further about,ih* study that Dr. Hum had de egrtvd, and Df. Cralley and his associ ates in the DivUm ^ Occt^arional Health never got around to conducting their study. Meanwhile, at the health sacuatim at the Tyler plant was gHg from had to worse to appalling, a parade of government fawpector* continued to troop through phev wfehuot any' a^aront awareness of the hazards that) were staring them in the face. Ooj .February } 3,1969,will another srfcty- and-hralih insprciim nf the factory was ctunlocjcd, this rime hy industrial* hygk'ne vngtnrrn fnun the Dallas rv- giuwl d!ke of the Coked State* l>e- panmvnt f Lahur's Wap and Liduvr Standards AdiiunkratHto. The De portment of Cah*r in^ve(*fs wi re u- thorizrd tomforct the induMrial-hcifth rvgolaiirms of the Walsh-Healey Art / June 30, 1936, which had h*vn r amended to spjdy t*i eonqvmkt Uddkig fetlvra) conmacu in of tvn tlwm* &md didbrs. IVy fmmd a urnnK r *f onxnidanor)' ciimlkkins m the pl-mt, kivludmg, again, a sulwtjmbrd vrniib* *ei syvtem and invo**Mvm utv .f ntpinttor* hy the workvis, an*l tkr pnieevdvd tu lake af in six ar*w 1 *f tlx- plant t determine tlw dH| levels. By tlt litnr, in -pke *d lb,- ( f-H-draggi,,g ,jK. DUkbm *4 <Kx- .uu-ui IMlh, .H, AlKMk-Sfl o-w fcfvncv M Cn.wmnwnul Imho*ml M>S**** had pr.^M.^1 that iIk< thro*. m m specified rm3ntmg raitp"*^ H fin., a ill fttnspectmg the TyW |ni J to make eenain that the fintpany had -4.1 turn value I* t*vrrod from five ^nplk`d with these rrcnmmrndaUAS parfirW jw adit u,, tihe lameri'r, th Deportment rf Lah>r *"tdard that tod W in rfives for fn^de linyiv ua* l*Mt*hurgh Otm* t than twenty > tn ih* aid- ing't word that approved ftipnbw -* pmirVsper mi*- f,,t x|* ,,( would hr sunn1 in ht employers and * vrics f 4mnwf4 **** thev (tlat the ei'iuflatsm system wottld hr tm- vw t cutMilrr..*!> an *!*-* pn^ed. Index'd, n.dmdy frmn the J>e- hm previnwly rwtwnmvmUnl guideline* itxd aftnrwl wurltc* u.Hah-* eimcvn-mi'KU *4 du n,rw dremvd Iwrrofid. (The two millim ptruvh-s were volt pnnmvnt of ijdior vtfite.1 the faciun* again tmtil Snvcndwr of J971. For k* part, Pittsburgh Corning ittvftt rliat hy May of 1969 the wear aicrod the vtjuivalrni .4 twelve as- ing of .Tj^irovcd ivspiraiors was re- ** fibre* longer item five microns fr al) rmjdnvn* in ilw *l*|fi*r *r cubic centimetre of aw--five rnw pkmt--art assertion that ts denied hy* nuu living one-fivc-thmtcnmhh of an mW of the men wlm worked tlicre-- wit, and a cubic centimetre *4 air and that the eentibiton system had hern wing an amount equal to wins miglu didv studied with an v>v to improving wcontained m a smal ilumhlv.) `ftw h. During 1969, the company dU in- .'XpartrtRfU .if Labor inspector*, how- hv| engage the er\ices of Dr, Murvrr, tun indy had m epiipmv*t t ton Com, profess**r of ^wcupathuial ncasurc athesun-fibrt rooms m terms Iwahh at the Graduate Sch4 *4 Piddic *f she peopued conference standard Health of tlw University of Ptrtdwrgh, **u analyzed the air samples they s*ik \>h.i vidted the `i'vter and Pirt Al n terms of a standard a^dirahle not to legany jdmus and proposed some mgi* tshcu a known <arriigcn, hut, oeertng controls to bring ashnios-dost suiter, mmtovk: mikiurc Jmm*, mhU lewk hi them down in rrcommendrd * wwxl dug and chalk piwder. As a limitA. Hot if am* significant impact- rsuH, they Ca3rd to Praliar that even os-ms were made In t! ventilation He new standard for *4w*a km teing system of the Tyler fdam, they were xwrdcd dozens *4 times over in the clearly an sufficient to bring the duM r plant, and contented ilu-mseli es level* wttlwt such Kmhs. in January of . _x remnimcndugr that Pittsburgh 1970, engineers fnwn J>f. Cralky's Jnnsmg mm* rvxfsraturs ui empimev* gnMtp at tlw IHvtdon of fJrct^mional vorking So dusty areas of the plant. Health--with li ht* then Itad become the VJt seems oqwcidly ironic Him-au nf Otcupaiknia} Safe- hout this is tint hack m the tv and Health--returned to ..elk's when t'XAK*0 was iIk* factC)' and t*A t**vrn- Iterating tt* Patrf*n fnc- tevn air Kimfdrs, and tltesc >ry-~the one npwi which the showed tlw average airhirm- lylrr plant was modelled-- adwst.Kt level to he nxMV than m wily had n pail m m- double the proposed twvh'r- 4oyee* five cents extra an fihre stamlird. in kn*ptng iur in wear respirators, with earlh-c peteth**, How which tiny were obliged o> ever, the enghwers chose mn hy uxutranc* underwriter* hi pant out the vaMencr of nyws)\ hut k Had ahw re- ant pwsild. Javdih h;ix;>rd vMvdlr J*)U'il ont t the lixii1 rvprft b* Phtdiurgh .n-kers ilut wearing revjn- C'rmo, or t.i make am' abtrs was a precaution that z\- r.vommrndaibin* for low?ring adv*tir~ ways he taken in any kiviort, dost leyel* in the Tyler plant. Nor Ud nd had thrvatenrd b* firv m* n w h>i ils-v forw'.trd tl*nr fiodi|ts unite Tesa* efu*d to wear them. filate lh';urtmet <4 Health *r b am* As for the tnadnpiatc tvni^nem wt- .^h.'r agency* with enforcement pntvrs. ?m, the JK'psnmem'd.latHo ih|k* 'Huk dhl ilw* Hurvau id CVoi|iitional >tr rrcotnmntdrd tn jlvir Safely and Health add to the series of wlui h was Hitt b jaOHv H,- )H-rer. liniulh nwanaigU-M stwveys tliat luol )> of RtpAorgh (Wnmjf, l* gi hro k in July of I % I, when I'irtfc- CliarVs K. Van 1 Wm*, wl* iuo! Imic^U Corning engag.d tht* Imliwriil . ,ntly lnwwi' tlw m.i:ig. r of tin; Hvyktu- Fiomdataui of Anwrica o> iMtr plaAO <lu*t ih.' ronijvuu "make -yaloaie ihe jedk-uiw-diM hazard hi the >tudy 4 tle prvb'ist >ystm wnh pr'- I'yh-r plant. During those s\ and a .-MMud adv*<r> and e*w*r op b w;ud- half tenr^fiev wjvirate situlfes ami r.l, ir prt wm ^ivifirkd pr.*.I tHit site Misfxvtiiuis d tlte f.K'tore h;id !*vn von- iVM-tu %y^-m is .^u raiin^, nithiii tl' i>M'tt'd, an.1 Mvre than u hundred vim- \ 1 ''m of air had l<en gathv*rd and tran- pined w laSwatoriv* m \an** port* ,4 the cuumry, wlwre they had Wn counted, WTrghed, assayed, and pain*, takmgly analy/cd hy mdustml hvgirnias, who, depending on what scuwlard ch^r w*re usng, had repined thrir C# From USX findings ht terms of dust panicles per cubic font or dust 'weight per culdc metre nr fibre counts per cubic centi metre hut never tn terms of what the dust and fibre* licit the worker* were inhaling might he doing to their health. BY this time, however, some prefimlAiry data concerning the mortaltty experience of the men who had worked in the CXAKCO factory in Patervm were bring devehipvd, and what the data revealed might have Snl one to anticipate a most uniuppr fate for many of the worker* at the Tykr plant. With the aid of a grant from the National Institute of Envtronmemal Health Sciences, which had become cnacemed about the potential asbestos hazard to the general public, and wanted accurate dau concerning w, Dr. Scfikvfi had srt up an ashet<w<ufltnd program tn Paterson in 1968, and Had htgun to trace the sixteen hundred and sixty-four men who had been em ployed at the Paterson pl.mi between 1941, when k opened, and 1954, when Union Asbestos closed h and -trans ferred rt* i^wratinns to Tyler. This waa a lahofihk process, fur Dr. Srh^uff and Dr. Hammond Had only the name* of the men to go on, and addresses for them that were from fourteen tn twen ty-seven years old. By January f 1970 they Had managed to trace most of the nine hundred and tMny-thrve men who had worked at the factory fur at least a year between 194! asul 1945, and who, K they wvr* still alive, Suit! passed the twentv-yvar mark since their initial tN}*urv to asK-stiA dust. TIkt were aHo ahh' tu vullecl death certilicaU'S for almost all of the four humlrcd i th*>sc men w ho )*d died. A in the as* <4 the msokttftu) workers in New ^'ork !,,<*] 12 and Newark I>x*nl 32, tlw results were akmtwtg, fur, v*vn <h.*ugH tlw study was inctintpWte, tlw *hail tvrlificatcs slMiwed an vNtra.ifdin;>(iH Itigh frequency 4 death re>ch*g fr-m a*~ K-stori*, lung canecr, gnf">iu,*oal c.anivr, and metutfludioma. Meanwhile, Dr. Svl&iilT !! c>m- tioiwd tomauitido a cU*** w.-u. l. .hi ilw insolation u urkt r** Ix-alth, [in in,- |virtivnk.r aitrniiio) t tlio-.' men oilIt more than twenty jvar>* . Kjvrwmv, whom He exatutued Av*e or tnaw a year, lie w is ihi .tbU to dvi.ct svmjii-no* 4 Shiftc to oi.uk .4 iW delected vwfrwwejand>* nhvtve wwh TayoTTmp5?3uigtASpri3I5tw77Tv pointed out that aiming'the irmia^,:'- great awgracy.ife* a^rfxalBr esprivnce of the^ifim hundred and seventy men ,<r wiwfeeni there Wert as many exc*ikath* rewriting fmm owftnheluatu Iwu4 b 1963 * Iv stir* fr.en ashes***, and twice many rx- *t>*i *rf dv irijgMu) i booiiM awl Siny-iwu tftnahrn of the uni m cv% destha fvsuhing fmen lung cancer. In (,* **i the alarming data snppoetmg 942. *Ac kvk raw cnntmunl ti* hv Dr, SelBtoB's recommendation fur :t <3amrum,' Brivera Janmry f >963 lower kvd, the bureau's asfwcuw ,\- and Match uf 1963, sixty death* would iwm ai'pear to hive heen unosiemecd normally hart hern expected M occur riul such aetkm was necetiary. A vear anwrftg these raea. Inswad, there wir 1 later, when the bureau finaBr ?.y a hundred and thuim. Fifteen vrre around to pn^vamg a standard fur a*- earned by sabaxusfe, and, as with the hrstos, it settled upon the twelve-fibre carW study, the rest d tie WJ Manriard. As usual, the Burmu of Oc- turned n in hart hero caused by | cupatinnat Safety and Heaith was bg- cancer f various kin*!*. Two nr thtev* j grng far behind, for by thh rime--tK- hnmchogrttic cancers w*jU have been 'autumn J9?9--the Cnnfermce normal, lux swenty-vigta occurred, and, where the actuarial tables prv- i Kygierusu had pmproed lowering the ; level for asbestos to five fibres. dieted only two gaoro-intvsttful cm- To more fully comprehend she ab cer,4)wrr vtrt eight. In addition, a surdity of such prupusab and Mnm- sharp tie a iW tuanhrr of nH-hc- mcndatxms, one should know that hrvim was ohsmed, In the rattier there art ah/sja many fibres sautter study, m trhaeh none had been ex Oun five men* in length in any pected, there hid hern hmr m tun amount of air containing asMtos diwt. hundred and fiftr-five deaths; between In fact, m*t experts tn the field readih1 1963 and J963, thirteen d these rare jcVn.wJrdgr shat slwre may he hun tumors were found in a bondml and dreds, if tv*t thousands, f these smaller thinren dewhv fibres, or fibrils--tinier parricln into In the spring erf 1969, i)r. Sr&nff wJneh asbestos fibres rrtdS)' frag- presented these findings o> thu Interna- mm--rimulumH'ttdv pment irw raeh liutaS Conference an f*nrumruRtfb, one l-rngrr than fix'e mirnms. ^Indeed, `n Johaaarsfcuig, Smith Africa, which if h w*erc m# frw tlw electron mKrtr- as attended by ihrseft* f sckmtMS scojs,*, ihr extern t.v which ashvfl*# fi- fmm aB mer the tmrhWaaamn them hnH wouM he difUcult t4 believe, Uv IV, Brown, the chief of the Bureau approximately a millkm imlivitual fi- of Occupational Safety and Health, brih. can Ue ride by rith? in a linear inch who had been designateI a eice-presi- of chryvtiW ashejno, wlwreas about dent uf the conference, and Dr. CnO- for tlwnifc-tnil gkw fihn**--*wl> as |V, wlw 1d hemme director of \Uc those fournl in variiii insubtinn ma- ; Bureau's Dimun of Kpidemkriogy and fereib*-4r rix hundred human hairs Sprcul Service*. By tha turn*, Dr. Se?>- can be aligned at*mg the sum* rin- . knff and other Kirntvu had ilevclopvd (ance.) Little h kntsvn ah.n the dn- relaUe data to show that the in*utw*n 1 w*triers wbe disastrous mortality *x* ejw|vtemc} of fihrva maller than five microns m length; nor ihua an\"^ j pcrimCi* he had documented had de- kiuiw Juw uaaAY asbestos fibers id am jvefoprd adwn*s or cancer by work length mtt K* inhnkd m nh*r to in- ing us anm of adwstis dust wh>*u thae scarring *f the lungs, oiuvr, ami h>rrk were ciMwiderably Mow* tire mvMnhv1iom.n, Why, i)u n, count .3t i wclrc-fibre standard pn^M*d by tin* fihro. longer tiu five microns- * wSu^ h, American Conference dGovernmental in elfvci, amMtitUe only a tv pinion Inriwttmt Hygienic*. Armed wufc tM< d tin* The rcawm * nunp^t' tltir data. Dr. SrlAuifT recjwnmcrKhJ to the xbv average mriiMriiri-hvgwnr i<hora- Hhitsb M Orrupnmd Safety ami tort e> v^uipjx'd with an imluuirt p!w-v- tteahh m OretdwT** 1969 that an in ouitrai opih*al iRk'nnepr, capohh* of terim level for a>hwM h- wt at two n*riving only rrLtivrli Lrgv jtarlM h*. fibres pi r vhWt rmthmirr a mmdard whefeio. m^-t *mall>*r tlsn fiv that had ah htn rremunended liv th** mvmns van often Ik* svn only K ehv- Bisih Onupnimi H^irnv SsMy, ir* mb`rw*ipi`, wriiwh h vx^wnritv ml had hers adopt'd K Her ;md not reailils amiksMe. Heiwr, esvn /ttfwciorate *d hWtrk;& l>r. S*UkotT tlnm^h r.vomnwnliMi st.imlml*riiw.*. (^wnnf 041! shst uh a standard wa five, or twelve fibres gnaier rhan file tnu'mh'd only h*r (Ire prevemk'it of as- imVi.im in length |vr cohj*' centhiu'tre, }n-u<d, and inn of cancer, which might r rin'mldeful, d air might aeiuatti n- well he avn<B!i'd whh <)*pnm'e le\'k li.vT a Jomdri'd, or evert a iIuwvohI. hh<w tl"--* roodiing ut n4ii'>{od. liy aU-.H fxr (Itimhl.fnl, ***h --* 4* j ipm* L4A * We#l ttofrTiles s *'v - :*bvcaRwXHft ASB 0010617:^ 4JiLar4> hat* conurwaHv fvvn c *.Tr*cd that shown! aenr p**j- .til im tlw had* of economic fvusMIttt, w *.i otvrcnmtng the rgmrfaner, buhy, 4.WCt CUBtvnirrtCv, *ml wkhful think- soul confusim that had *> hutg npg-MT otlter wuftU, in the Wipe that wU^rtl the asbestos problem and other vnnitng only tW larger psrtkk* would wvupathuwl-Ju'alih pr*J4riak On Dr- * its KBr u an auh-x for measuring txtobet 29th, after two years <4 (md> moomuufi*4 *4 dx air bAng ding fnon imltesml unami* W by the audicd, A* fif hw these patvtuh amt United Steelwurhrtt of America and jdmrttcdK inaccurate count* rf fibre* per thimbleful can he translated in ftmw of the fun!* td mK-u>** worker*, k should he potmed out that m a nor ihv Indictral Unim Department f the Ai'.l-'C.f.O., Otnfirctf patted PuWk Law 91-596--thr first cwnprvhvrwitv tfvupatinnal-hcaIth kgisbibm mal cight-hottr working dst a fWmal it Jud enacted since the iVabb-Heslcy worker wdl breathe kt ami nut aN*t Act of 1936. Known as the Occupa fight cubic metre* uf air. 5c* cad* tional Safety and Health Act of 1970, ruble metre cotftM a million cubic Public Law 91*696 sought m "assure ernttmettvs, nr a mfikm tlrimWefAa, sale and JwnhMni working tdaa>Ts (he worker is breathing in and not for workuig mm and women," and right mBirirj thimhMul* f a*r each day. Thus, an ahw worker toeing kt an tarironment tlsi is supposed to coauin, say, only two fibres greater undvr a tvims the fetknd govern ment waf .nsiUJTOcd tn develop and set mattdatnfy K-cupatiunal-Mf<ty-apdhcaltb standard* appficaMe to arty busi- than five racrwxs w length per thirobleful of atr can in fact be mhahog anywhere from *%h? hundred milium ifl eight bfilim asbestos fibres and fibrils of all sates each day. No one knows (or sure hw many *4 tlwse mhahd pavodei may wh^uemlc he exhaled, n<a* that engnged in interstate com merce. The Secretary 14 L*b>r was given the authority tn promulgate im proved standards, and to enforce them by corn!oeting impccthms of factories and otlwr wmkpLves and hy auing citation* and imposing penalties if the M recent itudw* <4 the amafrnamies of asbestos fibres suggest that as many as fifty per cent <4 the fibre* may **0 standards wvr violated. The Depart ment of Hhh Education, and Urclfitre was nn<L* rc*(kmsh} for <let*cL>p- * -ttuned in the hmgv Not that ay- Kg criteria f*r the e*ublrshmet of else needs aerodynamic srudit* to pruw fcifvti- atul health stamiards, inchidtng mat the lungs **3l main, vast number* <d ashestitf fibre*. That has hern proved beyond a doubt by i>e. Longer, f *1* Mount Sinai Environmental Sciences Eabomtm)', who, using ctefjron mtcnsc^y t anaH/** lung-wsoe specialns m anwpM* M asbnfo* w^riwrs rvgulaivuis for dealing whit tXK matvAvU arid harmful pbydcnl agents and h*r htsiitmhtg educatvm and training programs t* ponlucv an advtptttv sup- jdy of manpower t carry' Hit tltc powtrions of tlw Act. (Kst the department could {wthwm these fuwctvns, ihc has Wen *We e> calculate chnt as many as a hnrwlrvd thm* tantl btllktft to a mdlaut bil lion asbestos fibre* and fibrils had -accumulated -ocr dtc years m the lang *d s-*nc l them. However, even a h*te a tlw autnmn 4 19/ti, > juk i the Ilorcuu of fhs'i- patauMl Safety and Health or, fr that matter, in metKcal <** munity (let ahmc m the b*Mnlo**ws**f the ashst wJttftry) %ras eMtmg the Itaxard tn lernts f humat* hrgfl* of literally Nile*"* uj*t WliuK *? ad*vM"> Kcr)*m- was t.dk>2 aleuit k, as ala* **Vrnw >tH K h` . ^dn-mhlK* wm* U ihmdArluU ir .MUaaiBg wh, fiev, or, M lw Uvn DK'st, a iUv/un fibres. In thif did'a few nnMth-K outu* tbs- metaphor (.r imhvd, d* mrlicall> ami wk-tiftcaUv *iW}*< i1 slefimtiiw C -a wl***U' h:n>);nk. At il.e sl 19Tb, b^wvssc, a Aci provided hr a Na tional Institute lor Occvpa- tWuul Safetv ttml Health, calh-d MUSli, which re- idacvd riw lluci <f Ofo- pMtiorul Safetv and Health, and which was abt* given au thority to enter facunii fr iu^vctionsaml tnvestigations, hut, Wmv tlK< .Act !n! n*t g>> into effect tiiirii April 2K, 1971, ami littce MOfill did not Ngiit n> ojieratauts uutfi Jtute of tlt.it tear, linh* or mnhiog was doc dorin^ tin- neM U w tnortllis to rv- ydve J jr4dem d induMfii) expuftm1 to Tlw iMav 3' tlfrh|'ftf?ctt- ing n mmiv rr.iib ooiioti and J" iml* jvinb nt nwiltiiil researcher*, wh bo}M'd 1>r tjoWk action on a new a>- H,'t;^ si 'int.rd, 1 limivvf, the bruiH><- ciuiuolc tik.it Ivtd chiiriieteti'/ed goVv-mnu-m ;%dic\ toward dw **}hT3- tin<d i^3dvtm bduvtry forwh*g w.i> al-*ot to U> skittered ht a ?M*rk* id dr^ lr.iiio tlnit, littinglt. would hve <eir ap4fwi m tbv n-vvlariiMt ,4 . atnitK uorkmg eKnlitioiu that had prvva^d tlrnwgli (he yrt at the TjkrpUat^ H nrw turn of events g, Trd May 2l>, J97I, when m. duscml hygiermo frum she MeadrilEv nfficc of the fvmwbsflb Drpanmcru of Enwcmtitetwal Kcsnurcc* sent Pitts burgh Corning a r^un ofl wnr rrcctw btpecotms they had madk ar the nva- pany's msulatvm plant at Pwr Alle gany, a small town In the nnnhwmcm part of the state. Tlw C**mmonwvalth "f Tennsylvanb had tv* yet adopted the standard of twelve fibres per cubic centimetre, m> the hygicnoU who in- ipeettd the Port Alkgany plant were using the hmg-outnuMfed standard of five rralhon panicle* prt cubic foot, which it nxigfdy the e^uivak-ni -d thirty fibre*per cubic cenumetre. Even tkoigh Pittsburgh Corning had tftSuBed tome new vemibniMg e^uipo*ent m the fac tory during the prevami two years, tl mspecum found that dust Jerefs exceeded the *dd standard m five of twenty-five sic samples. In one of the samples, thr count was more than tweno -su mdUm paruclrs, which meant that there may have Iwen ap- pmxhnately a huadrrd and fifty fibre* per cubic erntmutre of air m that hataw--five onws the outdated sundard. Such dust IrvAs--and even higher ones--had, of course, bent found and ignored in the Tyler plant fr years, and thr managrmvm of Pittsburgh Corning mar wvll have come to x|>ect tht* process to he repeated elsewhere. Tile Pennsylvania inspector*, however, gave the company sixty day's to improve the ventfiatiott system and institute Wt- rcr hnuwkveping practices * reduce dust leveh at the faetor\'. H'hfle INtt^Hirgh Corning* man agers wre mutimg over this unex pected rituati-n, some personnel rhjngvi vw trtbog (dace at MOSH that woohl soon catMv them athhtauuii problems. Having reached retirement age. Dr. CnHry was about to leave the DUAwm V.pwWmadogy and Services, which wa* Wing fr*rgonyed into (he Division ,f Nw*1il Sunk* and CUoicnl lov^ipuions. A mimK-r uf |doom in tin* nrw divjsbin had ojviuil up, among iWm that of clWf m*<dical oflkvr* and wav fiUvd on JnV 1st, rih the afttiintmcAtofa thim r-dd doctor nanud M. Johuy.n, A n..mv of OhTM, NVw V.,rL; })f. [.dm- *m w*' bro*gh( ,,p in &,r.,*v 1-xW, gradmtvd from tl*. Stanford k*o*vr- M? f MvdWiK- in m. rvrwA t rk St:o. If,,;,..-.:.. ..t v ... ASB 0010618 and }*** v%*j Twwyear inafaip ,ngritm in .> s!?!*oevpaittslth ar the/Harvard i '.VSrh*4 *i Public HealtK. He. had y `V, e*htS in fulfill Ms m3*narv Migniinn by purling fit a |w**-yrer nmt with ihc /Jv ' t?n4 Sum Public Health Service. .-' and, as lUrtp turned nut, St did mx take fctm Vng to k-c*me feonened in fch their. Whifin a U-w day* d Dr. Ji>hn%Ht** arrival at the NM>fH officer in Cewiwtr, v of the engineers wk had hem rwmloctmg field dic* ndrr Or. Crake told him *h.M ik cmWnuiRKittal suHvts *4 ask*** factor*? Out Kid ken in 0* fiWs hw Several rears. "*J*liat engineer was pamcuUr- 5v cnmi'Cned ak* the Mttcifett at the Tiler plant," J)r, |oHnfrw k* re called. "Ami when I anr.l digging, thn*h dw myself, 1 renfr/cd In* -- had g.*J reason to k*t fm* w was jdaio as J.iv ifcat there w.tt an incredibly seri ous health fw**hJem thwn there. M that point, I went to Dr. CraWvi anil .vised him whom I should see ak-u the dtuaiivt. Hr suggested tlw 1 get m wnwh with Or. Gram, Pittsburgh Coming's mediral e*m*durtt. How ever, when I called Or. Grant, *m July 1.1th, W t*'h| uv fljt'fc realty wasn't mwh of a health pmhh'm at the Tyler plant, hrc.iuv the place was so ihuie ljuit prtfdc dln*r *im arm/ad there lg ftimigh to git sick. He k> i4*t me that there were no pkii* to impri- tk* fartrvV ivnnlakut ft stem, anil that tlw Compinv jdnniied to t*mVvn front %h**tn* to mineral wid in the near future." Since Of. (<dm**n had received v**nvihrnble Hisinici**) at Harvard in tlw* 'ifots if jnA**lc* rspionre, he wav |r< than reassured k* bis conversation with Dr. Grant. During the nekt W weeks, { k gathered as much information .* lw j -emM ahont mmhtiom at TyVr ;,ml' INm Allegnnyi then he diwttSN'd the| diiiatam thonmgHy with Dr.j'm jd* K. | W*.ig.a>iY, wlaihaii arrived ai VtOStt.wi} Aj*o>t \ si to fvpXiee Or. V ralV i ?* iVi-\ r>VhH* of (lie new Otthinn *'l hkl<lk 5tdh-% artd (.'li/iK'al Or., W'aguiH f liad reCeiv<l his Jhvt**r d I S>7*Cr degriv in and li- rCatHths from the ff irvahl k'kxil f' Public Health in 19?^, ami h.id sjs nt tin \ cartas an * pideniil*>hl wiili ikPurdk* Hi'ahh fi niu N SatimaI C,n- cef fmtttui.v whi-rv hr w.k nmhu< n- ial in tlw hmg struggle to jWvvh^* ami inuitaiii 9t:in<l;<fl> for i{h , i *rt of oranimn miners, w'l*> w. re >- *a)h ,\|kn.1 to r.uli'enthe lus|. He was n> wiiiMidv ilhmrk d ah'nt^tlie h. ahh luyard at *i')h r av Or. J<4invi^! wji, au.l loginhertK' nun |driilvd to it and ik% advfli-- pnalucB fuanfivv tlwir firs ordi r of lltBHK-M. In the mramiene, prtvstl k the |deadline given k the l*enru> Ivsaa uaw nupeemn for ch-amng up the Pm .VlleIgarn1 plant,and aware d J>r. JtdinnsnV i*iMtcu'm shunt cunditams at the Tyler factory, piushurgh Corning made a nuivr m head off *mH- vf the prvmurv* that wvrv kdld.'itg up againu its advatos yifwniuea. Oix Augtut lid, ihv tumpa- !m* filed at* spidwaefeui for a csmtice , from oyctiputsmal-wifctV'And-hcalth .sgmdurth with the Assistant kvretar)' 'for Oecujvwimal Safety and ifeatrh of the iX-fianment of I^shor, in W^aalang* tun. Under tlw terms d tk OccuiKitional Safety and Health Act of 1970, the (Secretary id IjW ohjW grant a var> i.ioce to an emphner if he dvtcrmmeil I that the erajAwcr "ha* demonsrau-d | hy a prcpnndrrance of tlw evidence tlut I the cunditiiiRS, practices, means mvih- jnds, i^wratiins, nr ywnceises `tsd nr j polluted v* he used hy an cmjAiyer h PI provide emphn inent and places of employment to ht* rmjdoyYcs whwh are as safe and healthful as thriM' w)mh would prevail if |k> romplwd with the namlard." Pk&dmrgh O-rmng'j a^iU- cation for a earanrv was sigmd and Sikishtnl hy E. W. H.diuan, the vkv- jrfrthirm >n charge of manufacturing am] tcvhiuAigy-^wlm tnfd ik TjUr Cottntr^Ttmii that knew T ih> ipwific pittshurgh C<ming cm|dorct suffering from significant Plmss as a result of working w ith alivsti. !n Uv applicaiiui. Hdnvtn stat*d tlut the thre^wdd limk value t"C aybn>u was exceeded in some areas [ the cmn* paAy*TyUt and Po?\ AlWgany jdafttt, that the r?xnpany h.ul hem unake to comply with tlw rvquirvd Kamt.ird be cause of tlw unavailaHSitv ol effective vent3anot t^u^mvnt, and tft tlw in effectiveness *d (hr available equipment had hreotne particularly KgniHs*jinr shwv the rvduetMUi of tk sUmbtrd It* ask>- W* fmm twelve fibres jwr culwc centi metre to five. Tlw fact tlwi Mich fcdiicciMB in tk *tfikial ManAmi had n> taken p1ac< Inti Itud only Kto jnihhdml as a prtyti-wd cl&mgv k the C'mdvmicv of fhgk<nM> suggests tkil J'iildxirgb Owning's manager* chbef M*rv alIfwtevl w'itlt n knl vn.w ot ncrv or wvn* trying u oiwtuv the f; t that neitlwr kuMi 3. to hmjjjJmu** < tvn vrith the J*u*h,h` >tand:ird of five o Pk*ti |tjrkb> ('r vtilA- b-.t, Ux alone the (M'l-Ive-fibre *imhrl riM'lf, The a|^4h.it f.ra xao*.m*c went un ttt iflilt a id Juu-% 1971. the eoinjinin h:td n<a*lv two fwm- dr'l (luMiaoul iU4l ir lor rix iircli nl From USX Medical Dept. B 6TM otoo usv i divew.pmem <4 a mineral-w*d sulwtiww (ur a-hcH.*, that it would begat to ux m*n*a! w<d to wane i>f it* 15* ffiUw in At^vq, jai] that r h*fvd to nokr * cumpfeu- otf.vrrm to mineral nr*} t the Prn Allegany awl Tvlef tiana bv tlit oriddle of 1972. As b* the Wep* (he iwd taken to pnr vMv wanking cuudHions a* mf aJ Jtcallb/ul as tW- wWh wWd prrijrit it the government standard for ashvitt* liad ktn complied wiih, H*dmn slated ri*t Pittsburgh Cofnmg Had tmjtpKrd afpmmi mpt/amr* And fud retired worker* to use them; iJww it had also purchased and was experimenting with fttfw respirators; tliat it bail pruvbkd sJim-O'RcctirMj and vnffiatui appara tus; that it bad expanded hs program of period* medical exaramatwm*; that h bad improved housekeeping procedure* hy the mure frequent use 0/ vacuum cleaners; and that it bad "provided and will continue to provide lieabh educa tion programs that fully explain to hs ewpkiytrs the health Imaanls s*irwferi with ashrstm exposure ami how they can pnmrct themwlvc*." In a sworn nfSdarit attached o the applicate* for a variance, Dr. Grant stated that he had kAtiwWgv erf the matters set forth ui the appGcaarat "a* ter as sal a|>jU- in states that rife applicant has pro- -nJ forjh efepteyre* health education programs time explain t said employee* die iirnkh hazards STSnented with asteitu* exposure and how they can protect thenv* sdw*.* ik at the ])1vm d itudir*and Cluneal fititem, in Cincinnati, several weeks were M* jvjss be lore Dr. Johnson and !>r. Wagoner would Warn of Ptttshur^b Commas appli- catkm lor a variance. Mcan- wiule, on .August 9th, Dr. fubnutn called Horace Adri an, chief uf the iruhwrisj-bi - giene program l the I vxs* Stale Deparunent rf Health, m Atwm, and Udd him of th**c>ira<*rdiurite Irigh dust Jevrte tint hod l**v fuid in the TjVr plant. Adrian t4rf Dr. John*** that he lad never wen copte* l i\ msjfcnafft *f tin Tiler |rfmu * tmlml. Iw gave Dr. Jnbn*'M do* Uxm he dt not ktw** lw factory > I - and be wmiM tool * tlk* ritun- asipikkb a> j*wld*. uwk bi> r. Adrian inhirm*iJ Dr. Jolm^oi that he ws ti Tyler dw next *Liv, A** gus i/th, v caulet walk-ihnu^h wCVrv i*f the far***ri onl <" w*v* Dr. Ci/ain, wl** l%o |dami.'d U* K* tte re. {As it turned , th*' .d Dr. vidt tr Tyler on August 17th was to pier the wrwfcm dwtt an edu cational talk tn the health hoanb <d ashntm rxpnsarr, which RttshurgH Coming hud already claimed ut have done in its apfltratinn for a variance, 6ld two wirte hefnrt.) Oft August 24ih, Dr. Johnson t*!*'|du*acd Dr. Grant, in I'kidnirgli, tn teB bhft that the Divtfim of f'ieW Studies ami Clkd* cal Iim'st^atioH* wanted examine the wmlrrs at the Tyler plant. `Df, Gram replied that Dr. Hunt, of the fast Texas C`hv*t llotpu.-il, bad just imsdkd gh'mg the Tl ler winders med ical examkiariniH, Winding X-ravs and im1mmnn -fimCtioft tests, and he sug gested tliat might wiA tn defer its uudy of the men Bntd the results of Dr. Hurst's tests could he nude avaiiahle. In tltv light of else* development, Dr. Jolmson and Dr, Wagoner decided to hold off for tlw time tvmg on their ex- sminauon of the Tyler wnrhen, ud to conduct s medical survey of die men in the P**rt Atlvgany plant., (At that punt, thvy had no idea that almo*t five years hvCore Dr. Hum fail outlined a proposed--run! a*jtverd--nwdical study of the Tvlet worsen int Pittsburgh Corning.) (>n September 7th, in order to nv.kc arrangemenu for die survey tif rW Pore Allvg.tny u^irfcvrt, Dr. Jidm^on went to tlk* plant, where he nwi pr. Grant f.w the first tinw, and heard him give a talk to the workers on the Itvultb hi*/.if<U a*we>riatvd with asik-4t*s. Acc**rdmg to Dr. Jolm^*n, i)r. Grant indicated in hk talk that the lervds of aslivMi** d at Port Attv* gan) were iut high enough tt he considered dangerous to henhh. f>r. Grant afco cbrni*i that tlw dust levels wvrv C*m>ilerah1y lowvr tlan tlw .iocs tlut the insulation u**rkcra studied by Dr. &dr kud tent tern i\\}>*.d . I Actually, Dr. SidiltolT Iwd iWhuuirated iteu tin* insulation workers uvne v>pH'J 10 teivk of a*l>4<9 dtnu hr be low* k* tuvlivfibre i;ihd:ird.) In ad dition, |>. Cir.uu implied thdt cigitrvtlc annAing , im|*rt;mt hour in the of ;|te-lo*4*, alltefo|| Mk 'l h\\ d it i .**. :uv nvailaWc imlWlv a vvry b:iliuil ,-tte.t ,.f cigarette >uiAi*g ' ten,* Mooring. I Dr. C.r^m nwv ktv i..f >>*><' aimiU'9 eondoeted te Dr. S- miuI Dr. Hamm*uni, <ahi. Si >{i..hed tteit ;edv><hm w<(rket* wte r*m eight time?* ihv rxk .*i dii.iji of hiug cmee1 u* ogarelic li"kvi'. in y *'! :!, :mi<S siioeo-tko /> lanes the.bit uf men ute* ru'Titer w**rk - whb.a>4w>tos nor B,it what tH. Jdu*u fund \UumkiJ> &XI Dr. Grams k*ni* that, in >ZhJHhi *0 making cignwftos, a man `Swiwlil have u. umh-tp> innn twenty * 5bmy years *f rxf*mtv to a*te-u tw i Tgfuv e.Vfwrindng any a*h*r*- vffvcis. 4,1-atrr thai day. Dr. JAnm made a ^pmrrt nf wllmg Jh, Grant, m tW pn** cnee of unim nffioah, that radioh^ical evidence uf pulmoiviA' fihr<rin had tevft fumd m men with less item ten rrafl* cxpuurv, and that tiierv was xtmttg medical evidence t *wpjurt iltc hcKrf lhar lung cancer and motoibtlimw could occur at vj^mwire VvAslar te*hw ^uoc that cihiW cause athesin. 'Hi* eiKmmter with Dr. Grant teems w have marked a lufntng point in f>rr f.4inson`s dealings *ith Pittsburgh C`*rnir*g, U*tt he ha explained, "I came away from it feeling that Dr. Grant had groftdy minimirrti the haz ard of working with ashewns, and 1 awtmed that hr had pruhahly dime the iftmr tlung at Tytec "ft August 17th" J)r. Jhmon*s mSscnwi # the com pany's intentions was heightened a few tints after rites when I* dvcorered that Pittsburgh Cuming fmi filed the appltr^tekn fora varatnev with the Occtipa- tam.nl Safnv ami Health Arimmittr*- Wft* be hvlwevd tte* a|ipKcntum to he not imte Kff-srrving but downright teUe in h* claim tbat rite empaut* tesd umlcrtakvn to kifunn its cmphnvrs attetplately ahtHit the hazard* of wnirk- Bg with asbestos. In ad.!ite.rt. Dr. John**! an<2 l)r. Wagoner luul other masons m f<*r that tto inmiedictic avtam would he taken to vihIikv the health tev/jfd flt Tyler amJ port Alh'gany. In th< mid dle of .August, liwy lu<l pn^xwed a memorandum v\pn>teg thvir coucera atemt conditions at the two plants (h ate* hubklv*! from Dr. Cnlky*< atemi excess mnnality among wufki'ra in KTVer.il Wgv ;*>besu*-ext1e bwtwtwsi and ws ft to Dr. Mawws M. Key, ite* ihrvctor of Mr/s'tt, w hich bad * t op its Jk',Tdipi,-rur* in K*k\iBv, Manterwl. During August nttd O tembrr, as it iiapivm<d, rterr wyre ** JrMge wirrnnl pf.blvms at XlOfiM Q *-t heaihjuanvrs about Unv tlk htsiHut.' O >hiHild earn mi; ii- rA- und* r riw Or- o cU|u!kma1 Safi it and He.ihli Act ami tenv h dkuihl n'*rilin,>f' it* ai'iivirk** a with tte<N` the Di'jvmm.nt of |j3 te*r' O\'opatioi>al S.d.n .h*<I lUntlih .VdmiiiMration, u hwh Im*1 teen givin o>P>him1i(1hv b* rntererug huJrit uamUrds uii.h'r tte* Art. \u :n1-rrrri-- trtitiw -fi>k hmIi tte r* *^ nM give Dri 7 * a*t Dr. Wag- y. .Tj onc of the nnuvdng two hun vr am1 i a^wancr * that? ujmething j' dred and thirty men who were ifirt -pdd he d*me t* alleviate the ouwlik at the TtVr ami !*nft Afcgxny ' Fevlmg Bttrraamgfy (nairate^, mi January 1, I960, and had *ud*d tfc4r experience tip tu June 3ft, 1971. Uang the standard mortalsy tables, ha**n sod )>e, Wagttfwf deni* alter the rttroonhT with Dr. Grant at the ritnatam w% htvmii enough warrant thet. taking maurfv mto nr wa hathk. The Mlnwing week, r. Jfthfwwt t^hiwtl Steven Wd- ^ the legislative akle for the 03, hvmir*1, awl A*mc Worker* Jntvr- itHkiul Unam, and told him ahvut r enwunmvBtal studies ftf duw level* the facftuy which he had /mind med m die files, (The tw mtn had et prrvawsl}* to discuss the pruhlvro workers e*j**cd t* beryllium at Kawecti Bctyku Industrie* plant, HazVtiBr, Pennsylvania, where, asm e ok of TyWr, the Boreas of Ocoh jjonal Safety and Health had gatb- td data shout health hazards **<* ed with a substance that the worker* m exposed to hot had for a oumhrr yean neglected **nh*r tlie work* nf the daaget* involved.) Uprm anuog of the situatim at Tyler, fodha anmedavrly sent Dr. Johnson fetter re^oesDAg dto* he make the wmmmeata! data available, and, on nOer 24th, Dr. Jenson sent ..m off to the wwii'i Legttbbve D*- mment, m Washington, D.C. When \V*alk dteuant the Tyler tuatra with hs hns, Anthony Maz- seirhi, the dinretor of the legislative hpartmeiw, MaazuecM remembered *. Scoff's wiling him about a study tat he, Dr. Hammond* and Dr. "herg were conducting of the W* dhy experience 4 tW. men who had cm employed at the Patervm plant. 1s*tt*cfn quh-kh ** in much with >r.'Sd%"ff, who, h turned *, had mnplewd the fir* part 4 the study a seek *r two Wf*e, and was about to resent I* daw at the JWrth Ifttern*- Mtd Conference of jnwmstimal LaUir Office, in hwhaeva. m SejnvmWr 29*h. When lavowwW wdd Kan afcwt (W enrirnn- seMsal data *m dir Tyler |dam tl* I^duoiei was making avadalde t* hr moon, Dr. scut Matt'/ncck* he rcdt% f he* t*dy f ft* filler-! Dr. Hamnumd okdiinl that no more than forty-seven deaths would normal ly have been expected to occur am*mg these men during that eleren-aiid-on*.half-}ear perauL Instead, then wtrv a hundred and five. Fourteen of the deaths wrfc causrd by ashestuss, and, i as with die insulanon workers, a large majority of the excess death* wen* |c*u*d by cancer. Two nr three lung Icancera would have been normal, but twenty-five occurred, end deaths from cancer of the stomach, the colon, and the mtum were three shuc* what the standard mottaUcr aWts predicted. In addition, although none would nonruh !y have been expected, there were five deaths from mesothehoma. Masuechi and Wodka were pro. foundly ducuriwd at the results of r!>e Patvrvm study, fr dy could only conclude that the similarity of opera tions to the two factories meant tlu( much the same thing would happen to the men at Tyler. Meanwhile, as die)' were ttying to decide what v do, Pitts burgh Corning was inhtrtncd by the Department of Labor thac no action would he taken on tu agitation for a variance from <cupathinal*fcty-andHeaith standards uotd after a public hearing, and that no hearing could be Held until (he spring of 1972. Since tha meant tlwt riw cunpny would be forced v> c<unp1y widi eluting health Mandards mitd then, and since the compsny hail failed tn prove that mineral wmrf could he sueeeisfuih' suhsdtueed for aslwsn* in higlMempera(urt p^e covering, the Pi(^wrgh Corning pro* pie found ihcimefet* ra Tt *hmil. in -the* early part ri Oi*W, therefore, they tdd rvprvsentarivrt of 4-2ft2, in TyWr, with wluun they wvee negottating a <ww contract, thnr ilMn- might have to shut Uhi ptjnt, ln und that they wished t tioiwb'r the hwal wiWi pro- prah on wages, healtli, and wfety bvfre making a final deeaim. W*fivn Mazxoirehi ami \V.*lk: learned of the eiimpam '* action, thvy wisjvctvd that Phtiofgh Ctrniag w wring the ihrezt m workers. TW> wver s' alirmmg X ihr twnaBty data nn the adwatm fep,r> Of thrrv Immlred and chir- an-v men wla* had fm-n tinphned t tlK- I'alervw f.vt'r> h* * >v>ar or *UUY and 1945, , hfhi la*l died In* IKevaduT 31, 1959, wf a shutdown t forte (Jar local u** l*> minnnMe s .Wmad4 fr hnpKwvd w'rkuig c^uolitvoiv at die Tyler plant. After cwiwdling wiih representatives of Local 4-2<2, the two men tletermmed that x stw<-c*MpNiee pr*grai b*iU fwcnmv twrt *d the tmim's eootrav't fihwn v.h<U k tmevd, How- pnqiufSh ott aalvty ami Wahh. wr. Dr. Dr. Hammond, and \u,, .ma'itir* h^d mmvtgvd m trace then submitted a formal to Dr. John*m, t x0)tu, o Oct*er 5. ?l, fc a e.miprehcnrijc io.limriih| mgkne sttori < dw T\ht factuiy and a owdiea! umvy d the mvs wh> wrrr working 4h**v. t*| rwvhing this rts ijueM, Dr. Jthnm made tlu* nreesaty arrangesmitw wh Fitt*hurgh C`<nmg and whh the Texas State Department ,,f HeahH, which had pr viitudy offrred m oalpcrarc, and a ninvy of the plant w sclwlttttfd f**r the t wirk ,d the awNtth. 1 >c Be S (Nogs wrntnl *u, the XKVttl tn- A. fpectinn <*f (Iw Tiler jdam ceinridnl with a crvM'entht of promt that lud hren building up bo many months over the jdiglit of nms of thousands <ri worker* thr***glout the country who g were being expand to excessive eoocvntratatns 4 adwttot dust. On Aupnt 3rd--the day Putd*fgh Gwatog E wS fiird its application for a variamv--Dr. SrKkoff wrtrte w James !>. KorigMit, the Secretary of Labor, making rarbna cupws for leading officials of aix labor uahtfi* whose member* w'orked wab ash*A', and for Dr. Key, at StM. His letter said: Otax M*. Hcecsox: Yuur drpactBteoi ha* published taint! standards in the Federal Renter, a ac cordance wdth the Owjuiwatl Sefety and Health Art of 1970. i understand din these are "initial" and that modification* mar be expected a* a mu':.4 rrseaerberi* lens briu developed by tie SatUma) |a tfitute fur OcmpaikMsl Safety aad Health. <)oe "Aandard" i* the published ItM is m> wpaotf, aid represents Mich lernu* hazard to workmen, that 1 adthe its arpeni reviiHm. I refer to (he standard for asbestos, whirb would allow workmen tu he exposed to environment* cimtshiinc ** many * twelve td>re f*r eubk cemtmeier n< air. Our vesearrh m me a,hei** tradt-uisu- Utbm wurk--4euHrrates that wirrk m the past in ares* with levels of two to these fibre* pee 'Cubic wvscimefrr rf are ha* rrzultrd in a very geest merraae <*! death dot tu cancer and to asbvsttui*. just bon' *eriwu* this has Wen (nay W apprvristed fuen carrent statwtkz: at present. *tc in every five death* smimg ntsu)a(Mt nrkers h due to 1im cancer. me n ten (** cancer the Hrura **r periumennv m in ten t *earred lungv ur ashotoii*. TW ptupued level w muvk Ul^ier than actually am* exist*. It i ** ki^h a* t make totally ioetfeciive current rttoft* bj hrtrii (nduAry and bfott t**CHnrr>d bri un happ^ nccupathm^l health hasstd, lo (ireat Kritain, the appttnrd level * hit the* nne.fifth the stsndurd W*e pro posed and level* uf twelve fiht*pet cubic centimeter f>r m*r tlisit rim irn mm* lr* w'vnld he Mdlh'inir u> r<<*|>bre th-t the workman wear pri.i.vtu.' ih^hwi.' urul uu an elWdent tevpiraror. Mr, Albert K. HhivIimm**). I*i--lmt i the leternsthmal A*ucislhi of liras assJ KvtM Insulator* an.1 A-W-t.o >Vorket. AM..CIO, ha% calruiair.i ihrrr are C t g Z'f * uwv 4*<afeurctr ** hundred tHowitft s cfepiufftl jow*2 **ho<t imulatwHt veurk m the Uml Sutn. in various anions and fe various iadastries. UtkUvnc Ka* tittkal eileglation* by Jfe. K Cu?fef Hammond. iir(W t the Department el Sutiwifi tH the American (.Wr Society, it m*jr ^ ptfM that, it (ke unaiwn retasm* thr *a*ue and does not baproer, there wilt he mver than wwamii tfew. sand escTM death* ef ttuag ewKrr m>*x these m*n, u well u ilaoii ten thou sand utmecemry death* ( cancer uf (he pbtr* arperitoneum, u/i tfwwaiW a-boily preventable death* At asbestis, and many thousand other earner death*, fe this w trade afene. TlKnoands nf death* will occur ia other fedutrries, to add to (hr unhappy toll of this serious error. I urge you. then, to recall tbu aland* atd, and substitute one that will help pro-. tec? m>rktajpiteo forced to work riih this1 dangerous material. ; Although Dr. SeKkofTs fetter did not engender any immediate response fmm Secretary Hndguwi, k did evoke pmfoumi concern among the unfen of ficials in whom he carhtm copfes. When Dr. Srlikoff returned m New York from Bucharest, Sheldon W. Samuels, the Direct*'* of Occupational Health, Safety, and Environmental Af fairs fur the A.KX.-C.I.O.*s Industrial Union Department, invited him to at tend a meeting of the f.U.D/s ad-hoc Committee on the Ashrmo Hazard, m Washington, n October ISth, * that he might present additional tnfnnrvi- tinn, which die tmum people hoped would enable tltctn to get unite ef fective action frm the Department of Labor tm the porftfem of occupatautnl expraure to ashewn*. Meanwhile, lav ing discovered addi'fenat reports in the idd Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health fife* which showed exces sive du>t counts in a dien more ash,< factories {there wns also an m[ complete study of mortality among cmI pWees of those factories, which showed I an extraordinary number of deaths re sultinp fmm asbestos among men fe their forties and 6hie*), Dr. Jnhnwui sod |>r. Wagoner continued i rxprvst concern afe** the ashesoa pmhkm to llwir wiperaws at N'lOfift, who they Imped would take a firm semi in adtb+tig the Secretary *d 1 .ahor or* pr*imdgnft' a tough cnwrifttKy standard {,>1 adH'M'w. On (K't**lvr 4th, feeling iUhi iIm' l*tt*m was getting out of kind. Dr. Jtdm*t ami |)r, \Vapner ridivd l)r. Sctiknff hi New York t> vM'fung** about lhe mhrsim l*r.4>U*in in general ami, h* jwrmular, iifeuM J.dms.Mansdie** *hr*5utvxtile IW*.rv m Msnvllfe, New Jersey, 4b wlwre thru \oj**rnti>* has owned ami t^vraivd tin- largest emojdex of as- (,m.*rK*s So llw u,rld t #. vfV > Jot non than fife, art. Dr. Cmlfey's , fife* bJ yielded up krml eftvimn- acsal studies dkrts-feg that excessive fat fevds had nfeud in the Mangle atfrmn-tnade fem)* at feast since tHS, when the fir* study was cude; a 1969 media! survey skming find ings coaristcAt with ashcst*is m thirtyone el a hundred and seemty-nfec chctt X-rays f die factory empfeyevs; and an ancumjifett mnruEty atud)* shenvtng, net prc&mnary anahsas four deaths Irasn metmhr&ima and at feau tea other ashrstoa-rvlated deaths among a hundred and eighty sshuMfW-icxtdv workers. Indcvd, the wuaefen at ManWife appeared m he ssntfer to the one at Tyfer, and on a larger scale. In 1967, engineers fmm Dr. CraUcy't of fice--new the Department of Field Studies and Ephfemiufegy--had taken air sstpfea that were not analysed he asbestos fibres tmtS Septcm^r of 1971, when 0r. Johnsnn disenvered the data fe the fifei. That September, tun. Dr. Johnson had fibre erntnes compfeted wn ever a hundred air samples that engi neer* fmm Dr. Cmlfey's division had take* at the ManvOfe ashes*nt-textik plant during the ipring nf 1971. The fibre counts showed that even tlwn there were as many as twenty fibres per cubic centimetre of air in *vne opera tions nf the plant. Dr. Johnson and Dr. Wagoner hr-. feeved these data to demonstrate a wri ngs and persrsient health hazard at the Johns-Manville faemry, and they were anxious to know if Dr. Srl&oft could give them Any addfcfena! feformatktn, particularly with regard to other caws nf mesothelioma that might have occurred in ManrSfe. As it hap pened, L*a1 800 tf the Unhcd Papcrmakersand Paperworkers Unim, which represented the enB>p*ny*s production wnrkers, had provided Dr. Sefekoff with a r*Mer of ns mvmbrrshiji h<v> crol months hchrre, am! He, Dr. Hnmm-unl, ami one of thvtr awcLtrt ai Mtiom Sinai, Dr. WSliam J. Nfeh>d<am, had jtnt begun a mortality mlv of thr J.0ms-Manv3k* employees, So Dr. SvUkofi was able to give his rkhurs tfetalkon ahuit a doxen deaths among the workers winch lad been caused b> m^otMiima. On <Jci*ber 5b, |>r. Jnhnum ami Df. Warmer went t Trent***, when* they met with the comfnwwiMH'r d ihr New Jerwy Ifepnrtmvm Lafer ami fndttMrv and tliv lU-puty commbvMier uf the Mate's Department nf JJivdlb, ami told tlwm of the Jwalth hn/ard th;ii th*y believed to vsht at tl* JohnsManrilU pkmi. \VIh>b tiny asked tl*t*M dtHufe U ioveaig.ue the shiintfen. b-.wvw** tfoy lArnvd Uvtrtfo- *w* ,*.n*ilvf*,d .ft to fo,`'n Ivdcra) prohlvm' ami, m. aby cne, did *h p*-o nwt- tm fifoefomming rspiipmvui {or sirrh v* taA.- Tltv fidfowfog Aw, iIm* two i i*t the <bu ilwv had ounpifod > ifo* Jnto*--MaorJU*' jvsiDv fsrtoiy v tfo- N*w Vrfc fevgunul Office f rfo- Uvyoj*'i"iw) &tfov ami Health Admmforaiam, m* New York City, ontv v dhmvvr t)m{ the people there S*I tint p*Mcft$ aAnpiatv fibre-<iwmting rtpiipniertt, or even know fonv to *e owh vJpdj'ment pnqwriv. With that, tltev tack h> Cincinnati amt got in t**mh w! officials of the United Pa* perotakcr* ami paperworkvi* UiAoi, .A few w.vki birr, they learned none* itwng Intm the union people that ti* commftwwr *f the New jersey De partment of Labor and Imlourv had known for more than a year--that m 196$ *l*n* the Johna-ManviHe Cor- p,t*in had paid nut fSS7^l in workmen** compensation to two bon* drvd ami eighty-fiee employees of dte MaftvSb plant who had heroine d- afifed with asfostim*. At htf meeting whh union lendrr* in Washington nn October tStfo Dr. 5rBfcn documented h c*nirnm that the Department tft Labor should w- 4Wi standard for occupational ex* (.4ure t *J**(hS to repbf** thv current twvfo.fifire samferri. Ac rite jame time, Ur urceil the fact ttat any stand ard frf arX{** sow cmdii he eon- ternctl only wkli the prevention of puini*** nary* fibrosis, and that little was mwn a* t hove low* a Stamford might haw to fo- m or der to jwrwffl related earner, which bad acc*wntrd f.,r foRy tUfee-tjuarter* id tlu v.sfvtt dealJn .among the n*fotw* workers. (>n No*ember 4, 1971, the Imfo* iritl Uk<n Drpumuem lnrnnit**d through C**gr Trtvfor, the f.woimo rA'fvtart **1 the A.KX.-C.t.OAMainU k- eoimithuv on safett ainl m\ujei- ti I health, a foftrf ufproth ii:jj Shvretaty tit it^ ilw .* gmot'd him In do- 0ri>jMskit;il .j,J\ and Health .Vl of 19/U A- an vmerMvtut Marnkirtl gorerning ,jn wnhotrbi hv of ')*!' letter k%l.o*vi th;t the vxwiitg twvhe-fihtv *>ui^isoivd "a Ikvnw t anh/ wnfonit fewmint tin* Uieoof iniUi-nv'.f w-oiken*," and urged t)tv' Stiviatv |Miv>l.tiV' an emevgrtot .rtf of twit dhfra per cvihie cent** rrem^ami^m' ftairr a huttrttn prvwrOw ivg'ihat *n:appr^>riice htM be affixed to ndi oMtwxt <4 uKaiie and mfoiB jmnloct* warnmg wwien nf daftgre. In addftsin, the Irttrrashrd t)w .Vvrrprv get w touch vntlt the ad* nwihtrstitr d tlv Enwonmenol I*n- tminn Agency' "u enable hftn to in* vciqtgah- t)v avccadty U# invokhig the imminent-dangyr ptxmmw nf the Cban Air Act, at amended nt 1970, w pmart **t famdini and rvmimtim'A^ from the effects M amhtetit adwutn tlut mvaivs from (W workphn`r.n As might fv Mij^Hijed, the fndiMnal Unkt 1apartment'* letter pberd c<mo sideraW< pressure tipon Secrviary H^dg- en take sncnc kind of sccfon. \Vhvtt Ur did so. however, m December 7th, he declared an emergency standard for advsins id five fibres longer than five microns per euhic cenumetre of air.' This, ut cninr, w* an rmrrgrMcy standard only in the eyes of the Ih* pnnem d bafoir, since it was two and a half times as great as tlv stand* ird n^oestvd hy the Industrial Union Department, and since the Conference of Nygk'ftMi had already polished it as a propped change. U is not known wlvat, if any, medical data prompted the Secretary* of bahrr to select tlw five* fihf* standard, ?r why he clv*r to ds^- ix^rvl /be <J*t* fodftawtg &*/ Sfosw dnease could <cur at thft fosel *? eaposurc. l^erH^n h was treking a rnkMlr gTtnmd shat he hop( d would he latofac* lory* both to industrv ami to tlw union pci^dc, If so, he was negWcttng the rvtjvmdhdiu' placed upon him % tlw Occupational Safo/r ami }iea)tb Act for promulgating Hand* aids that, even if th^-y' enwiUvl t'ti>Hk*j, uhmiM n?-Mirv "die grvai\>t pr<** tvtio<i f tin- n'lfeit w health t tliv affeCuA emjAHe**/' f any caw, it k a pin tliat be tra* m*t aware id thr XiO.'M fcjvirt * hurgh Coming** *|\ ler plantv which u<o ()<o >loh making h wav jh/.M/pU tfo' IwjiMuvruiic bln I'lutK for tlv Morv of ih* pb'1* onolhufed foCon* tr.nirtUA wkhtHV f tin- *rry tatrgh 'I rr>,w*tu,ttc> hixttt, and btk f com- mmiicathiii ili;o h;id from the eery fo- gioninu Vh;raviv/**d government jxd- ' t>>w,oi{ ieo(sukntaf * t asivMm, Tk ^torv f Tyler ;l*. mndv a onwk^y of one d 0v hnde uMim)* A.us tvlriml thk |diey; that the gov* ermro'ni e*"d*l mol wutih) lorce ,vNd bv a nurru rk-al hhr,> Hand- jm, anil, fo f rAA woree^ fonithful working emdiiivs hr Medici! Dept Ffe ]fK X'Osit msfnctsnu vvMeh w Trundix'tcW fo'jntrn DitiAv'f 46lh and October 29h, inrludvd n m* duHrubhygwnc xirwy, orri,d tHil by engimvi** fnrn XH>SH s iTivkinn of 'iVhnicat Senders, and a medical cur* ti*r, pv*rfutned hv a thrce-*na uam frnm rile <tf f*`W Studies and ChuH'at Investigations. "Ybe medical H-am was hcmWd hy l)f. JAncon, wh foe a vivirl memory of his fim hvdc' at the TyWf plant, MTwn carksul* of us drove in from Dalbs foie on i)>e after- n>*m f the twemv-ewth," for rccaRs. "The fanort' wat suunred m an in* Aactml diesriet m the imukim nf town, ami ft constru'd of a pair of wvhhMk'11 hoihliftgs, each of which was about a thousand feet long, fifty h-rt wile, awl tlunv frrt high. Whr# we arrived, we wvre met in the Imat office fo Mr. Cleirkw E. Van Home, tlw {Atm manager, and since ft was bte in the day, there wu just dme for a ijiwk prelftnirum' wafk-rimwgh. The pbev was an unholy mm. \\Ty, com pared with ft, the Port AlWganv plant l-Avd Kkv a fowpiul operating nwot! A thick byer of dost cmunl every* thing--fnnn |*w% wKngs, and raft ers jo drinkmg Maintains;*As wr waQud through the interior, wr taw men fork ing ashesjoc fibre uuo a fcciling ma* vhww a if ft were hay. 'the? ohviotedy had no ktea of tfo ha/anj uiv.dcvd. Karthcf A*w ifo |&w, wr came *v fellow*! with rv^wratun hanging around thrir mvks wvre sitting m an i^en Urwav eating watermelon. I hate to chink of the fibre counts m lHose* dices of watenmk>n. \ n mem* for turning to Dr. Richard fi{^egvl,one of mv `This inuAraWr/ I told him, Hv wa* as dwwked as 1 was,*' It did twit take Dr. jfomxm and Id* OMsbus from .VV kwtg <<> rwdbe h; at sirtuallv every Mage of fo ! in:mufnc>ufii>g puw'iaw viwh utmo tpcitn* < fo * >( ndsxo^ilaH w*ete fofog *jv w J ait into the factors, fit ;ldii**n ( j**.r foHiM'kivjifog pna isUir,^ the vh* I van*-' was n growdv iiwuU i|ii:tv vin(d>* tiiut >y Mvnt. f >ther a^wete of d pbm > *Svmti*n weiv ftmd w-fo- ,-^udh lur- .inkwt*. I fo Kroj'-grinding ,;ii*lMi'. wforv ridoN* |rM Ma\m!ik rmisihA , vv;wi\Cr. ouh hr> and bek<d 6ifiVii m x oiil uV n i-vjuij*' hwm, ami a foil t...ir th> (,,>| |n^m> dm{4y rirtiflwjr,-*i uufoiS. ,*> *,>. itv^vm-d dost im.i ib.. ,-n\i- Twm*n!- M'*r^\r, ta<h she -rimJvr and the tailing mui'ldm** relied #iA a Jnt*<JWcii*n \Mkin that .* ^suJ of caovas ha-s irjdde the plant, tacwath *h* rf. *!%* hag* were jv* Calk emptied U mechanical ri.ak- s ^ ae4 wbm tUh happened tag.- Hnuuntt `l ashc*tK du* cff frWrwd mw the air; tlwn, sfivr u iml wutrd. tttuca^ f tautg vacuumed the dun w* eerfi TON. pSr* with push hr.**m*. T.H. vcnttatawi rquijunrm on the m> m the fmfehMfdepBratnciu wfl*al`` tamd to he inadequate; excessive (imoom* ,ihMi dn were cajnsj "*l* c ,,:? there AS well. Became'd Pinsborgh Corning# ap plication fur a vari.nfv, the NIO^H in* sjirctirs learned, the wearing of reiptra- ton had bmt mandatory in nil arvai id the plant since August. Hwwvf, tn- tc*J of bring ncJ /nr emergency -r backup protect**, rtf industrial-hygiene standards prescribed, ih* requratm* were ohvWy talng vmptaed in the Tyler plant as substitutes !>* an ade quate dtm-cumroD>c' and for prop er hmaxkevfun-. Nr did the company hare any adequate progrsim for wtaiing, fitting; cleaning, and maintaining *he worn hy it* emptae*-. and masjr of the men were wearing tn improperly. In a*Mi to nutin? ,ie bastards, the imjvctnr* saw xnM the factory'* lunch***! was within fifty feel of one *4 the d*it*v iqvra* tiims m ihe plant, and Owt worker* were allwwvd to enter it wearing clothe4 tltat were conianon;u-d whh ari**t<4. The SIOS11 men afcn d*cveivd that compreswd-air miikt* through**!! the plant were bring used to Wow exces* Aust *tf the employee*--* practice tlt dimply reintroduced :i*he*ri* fibres into ilw working environment. As a mult of Ow* multiple d- fiewnoef m the ventilation )Hvtn ami m the epemiwg pr.e*lun* <A the Tw ler plant, l>f. Jnhiwm ami Iw *<** wva tint intritris*'*! n find that. -f a himdmi af tlnrty-.auhi air MWph* taknt at (lift*mu hu ath.iM ut ihv iVc* trv a hin*dn-l anil wteohvn exceed-..I tile rtoumneodr.! fit.fibre %i..*.!.(d. UM e**rw, even if tl*> TtU-r pl-mi W .dmTfed tl*.U *l:iM*brd, v.. sli mu wvaring r>r,;M",s will. j mlnlhtg , Wt /*' ini!l: .n I U->u* in nit .kjh4i*ir v... , j \\1mi 5*t"ii*h*d tlt-m. h"V. \< :k lum .*.* lh* ! v.|. < \**ed..! il - reownnh'iulu? ,.}* in the ><l. ai ahmn * * ''* ing pr.^v*. i'< <}to mixing .t{vn*mes, um-n< ti:. 5 ..5 and lla *ep gritl.h r neCe > t.:m d, iV i.vn*un nimii-n * * * iMin.h.-*! ^n.l . Mf.* :v 1 'thwetn'karer* f air. ad thv avemg** was *ernty-fiee. 1 the forming dvpnrtmenc, where the marvnat was r4led mi roirndnsfe, the tnajamim concemra- ihm m a hundred am! thtny*f*iur h'hnf ptf cubic cmtmwtrv, and the average was thirty-nine. In Uw hrg ilcpartnirnt, wheit pipe ewrerin; wa* iAimiwI and tawed, the maximum emevntratam wa* two bomlrvd and eight fihm per cubic cvntimetiv--an n]^rtvimaum, hr the ah' simple wa* : actually ton dusty *' fvrmk an exact vmnt under a microscr^v--and tlw nwmgv was f*rty-Kie. Keen in the in>pvciitw and packing department, where tlic ftnahed product wa* we^hed, h*sed, and shipped, dw maxhnum con centration was ninety-two fibres per cubic centimetre, and the average was twenty-three--nearly double * in terim standard of the Department of t*hor, nearly five time* tlw standard rvvommendvd hy the hygienist*, and ten tunes the kvel of exprv that Dr. Selikoff and other ^Hdemiohigiss luul found to be mpomftde for the extras dinary number of *s* deaths among the insulatam workers. But the true b>tenty of the exposure of the Tyler worker* can only be appreciated whim one rccugnma that wch ctmcettfratMai* of hmg asbestos fibres per ririnddeful id air really meant that, before Urn were required to wear fvfiprnmirs in Augu*t, snme of these men were inhaling up t a biHion of ri*e longer fibres each work ing day, and many mote of the sWter ones, which were not being counted by the engineer*. Since asbcMtu-induccd cancer* gen erally take at least twenty year* to de velop, and ti Tykr plant had been in iteration for only seventeen years, lb. jolmson ami his associate* dil m*t yrt expect to find nnqdasm* 3fn*ng the *. ty-three men working there. |lowev*r, in order to c.unjdctnrnt the ,\-raj> ami pulmwrv-ium;ti**n t*t4 that h.nl been performed in August In Dr. Murat, they vxamiiwil tW employee* for rale*--crackling jeuimU in the clx** wUkIi can incur with mix>t>*i--ami for finger cluWdng, a thickening ofl iwk at i!k lingvrt^ wHkh often occur* with asbotonk After mn|uiing mite* wkh Dr. riwi diter- inioed * wen wi*l*rt ilk- Ivnefit id tlw A*rat*, which they were m>t all*we*l i* Hrc duit seven of tin* eightwn w.ukera >*iih m**re than ten year* d vmphn- nkii* at the f:wt*r> mvt i h*.i-t thr.v M| f.Hir viiivrb W ndn^tieis. t Uu-*/ vriwrei kholed, Ivm.U' rale* and *ogef%lHldg, ly*|*nen. which * deni* m-v. of breath, and marked *-.hieti"i *>i b***d xt:d :uv**,*n. ulkb * -o* *.*** * >' *>* \ mshikiv m uh suffick-m' a*t mu dwf lung* because of pulnuuufV fihruokf Reduced pulmonary function was ahu{ okk.n'cd to some worker* who had Kts enqdoyvd at the plant for Im than Age rears. Because id these findsip, jidmsuA and bw aMxbtrt wic^led ilutt the health of the rixw-thrve r&dnvre* at the TyWr plan! had hem ggneH* Jvufttnftted, hut they wvhed tt ee the X-rays reviewed by an expert of mdiulogiM* before snaking a mtvc deignow* of ashestoai on an mdividn.il bast*. As thing* tamed nuty h#>wevrf, they were seeing *fdy the tip **f dw iceberg, for when the? got around u> exammmg the company's employment rceoriH they discowed tlist a total of eight hundred and ninety-five men tad worked in the plant at one time or another. Consider ing the ifecerixa mortality figures of the men who had worked at tl* Pater- vm faetoA' between 1941 and 1945, this was disturbing new*, to say the Wait. It aho provided a chilling <ondbrv t Dr,Johnson's first conteraatinn with Dr. Cram, tack in July, when Dr. Grant had suggested that there wasn't much of a health problem at the Tyler plant, because people didn't work dtffv long enough to get rick. The prefimmary rey>n of the JCI05H survey, 4s*claring that an extremely fetiiuri *Ktupawil-hvalth situation cxvtcd at tlx Tyler plant, was *eni it Nttwmler 16th, to Dr. James E. Pvnw, thr nimmsrimrr of the Texas Stole*D* panwhrm *>f Health, and Copies went (> a number of other ofticbh, in- chxling Dr. Key, Dr. Grant, Van Home, and Jidm K. Bartn, rhe rrgamal admlnritramr fur the Occupational Safety and Health Admintamriun, in Dalkis. Bana received the repm on November Ihth, and acted quickly on It, for h** was aware that industrial h)j*ienH from the Department 1labor's Dutta* office bad wwpectcd the Tjkf plum nearly* three years hefrv, and, win tlumgh they had AkihJ an iiu.ieipuite wmlbnku! system and faulty iwpiratoft' proti'Ctiwi, tad not taken am- vfTectivr action t n'tnedy tlw xiuaiin, or wen n*inqvi tvd the f4**ry to fkx vheih.`f l*ht4nirj.'h Corning tad corrected the deh-Vts. On N*teinh-r 2irl, Ikirtosem his :o4u:int V.Wence R. Holder, an*! John I'. B *y1e. an i- .duMrwl hygienist, to eomlm*l -till -n- th-r ..f ihi* Til* r plain. -V might K< wtxcted, %\ur. fimlioji' *n{*h tiled ll-w til Il*e *.CV I C**- .lihurl hi Viosil, On D-**odr l-l. Holder and Ihnt- utfwtiH-d Vmi H--e***- that \i*latm* of . ejjii.sul--jiel\- and-hiidiH j.*`dai-*n h.imd in the i plant ntdwhrJ noh imp* wvar- btp'of faprarr> b* failure e\a*n ** rriirhtf* dccemtmc whether the* W the capaon frr wranhg ftYfoiH** inaJeipQU' h<**-krvping:, sn4 wnu&vM 4ma 'Hki iW h,W the jAwr. manager <h eea****- <wwU hr ruwd *J pmal^n *4 that ihe ridatiw* $vMibl r**p*iri wwtiate citnvemr .mim--twrrpt aUnaw iojyrwrmrou wmibivm **d itm equ^mrat, fnr which btrr date wtwW h* jet. M4dvr vu) JWJr then maraed w* Dallas, where in rlw next tw* wvcfc, a thvi awiM nnalv- of air samples they Had takni, tWv wrote up a fengthv report nf tKir i- spectim, which 3t biH Holimii, dt* cotporstba** vtcv-prvsadvnt in charge of Bunulaciunoj: and terlmiJn- gy, at PanhurgK Owning** tnmw of fice, on IhcrasWr 16th. In the mean time, Secretary Hodgson Had declared the emergency fire-fibre standard for Hrtt.s, hi since the in^vrmrv U*r tin* OccupatMttl Safety ami Health Ad- imniurassm had suifyud the fncun\ under (be twefve-fiHrv Ntnmbrd pul* fished in the FrJ. rn/ K,~i>t,-r ( Mav 20th* they decided irw*mM iw unjow W apple ifar mw- reguiaiftm **v /* *v ti* sitnatron* nt> Tyler. As things turned out, their hum- of fair $day made hole drrfVrvnee, for the oh jojrtr ttrefvc-fifitv sbiwlard wiw Ctrdrd--in mdc tnSfcmev>, ten times orvr--ta Hraw of the <rti -f-nir sir samples thee ImJ fafcvti at the plant. rvn Su, the C\vpaft*tui Hafetj, and Health pmptr faded cuv J'iudmrgh Corning l*r tWarwij: ant fibre f.m4- ard, r rtw tri Hsr, in the mat*mi foi insufhrvoedust c*witr>d, rhr s^vUie dM lereh tfer b! 5l.*n-ner, a|. thwgh Arfr {/Gtnf/tMH.'r (/{rrmwi* Mrmini doth v*mp.<d^l them . fi|. W&M 17 (h),rrdar OsvnpntBNi- aj Safrtr and Braids Act, u lw'h statrn that "a vnw: v4rm xJH he dremrd tm mar Ha a pt*rt tj vmjd*n > mmt ii tWrr a a sjhombl fmJvdidttr that ilvnh nr srrinua |4n*i*al Haim owW mads (mn a `uodilhm w HH H t %- ms ... adrm lb raapfin it did n*4, mu) crwHl t**t wi^ tit*' e\vri*K* id naMvi* aWe dSprast*. koinv nf jlu pr.v'hre of llr, vidaana," thr m^ri.nv 1m| iJ*- t'lodtlioiM (Hen Hail diM'ovori'd at tite I t h r jdaat maler tHe U'aduij- of 'Sethnae VintifswHd** hs* ih> Krj: d "Ttfetewiincf* t<Hln ) Vj... arhrh, a^ i'm dinj: tin ii manual, aj^ZanltMsutatt'*n?<Mwhi,r ;m h'ith'tu ucCKjwainal illtn.^ fnwit id a standard wmthi pndahly 4 caiin* death *r ptnahal harm." Jl du* sd.ttsn> liul hm ciawiWivd mryi. tin* AdminH- -*< tradm odd haa- want THtsHuj^h < V Ccxi&f? as much as a thnusawd dnllan fnr cavdi i^r. K* riJanw*, K* Occt^MrfCsl Safety ad JlmltH Admfnbtrattm hart sa***! a prftahj* of attyttlhm' from a ilaMtemd dnlbrs each u m* (wnaltr at alt. H* pcfulinp upon dH< insjXTtor** jrn\fmvm of "Ac acVirnti d the injur) nr jsm nmt Hbvh- m nk.H Oirm Ah biituiV, th%- AdminMratam penfdi* undertn*>k pmnt S*htsHuraH Owning dw benefit f every AHt For three vHAathwtv--iinjvn^vr wearing id rt^Hmuirs, failure tn vwmaw dw workers to H*v if they ouW wear rwpiratnrs and iaadv* quste lawaukvvpiMg--the)* |H"j*vd a fine of twvnn-five deHart each. K*r insuftebnt dust cuntnd, thsy prepwl a fine of a hundred and thirty-five dol lars. The total came to two hundred and um dollar*. --Pai-l Barmiua (T*i h the jfejt / tfrxs / ertirfn.) I From US^ Medfcj) Dept Fde . .?vsgs^3 ASB 001062S^*=^ AKKA15 OF INTOSTRY CeemUtief Of The Woricpt&ce y Paul Brodsur Part IX The New Yorker11 - November 5, 1973 Resisted by permieaiOR; 1973 The New Yorker &* hSB 00X0526 o*v.o jot wrTH. .* A**'>A>r moot )"tere UH1tO CTAK^QMWOlWw'ReA (KM HtAMT ffnilCT nrraw*N. **. V m&Lrj ,ur i iir CASUALTIES OF THE VOfUCPLACE tWTHXT OVJ? HXJ Alt VS Vt From USX Medical Dept Ffcs X the sunuiKf of I9jl,ymmg A<- tw *rd WiHnm M. JoKnkn, had |uv joined the Dmm of FkM Sn&t and CKitfftl bvntip- 6i uf thr 2XfUtanu of Health, Edttnum ani Wrlfue*! KiM fn- nuuw for Occufoouc*! Safety and Hahh, fammil data m the files of kk prrdrcrmat which showed that gn*Iv excessive and dangvruus as* fe*M*odu k\eh had rawed for yean m an ai*Mhc-ajhusfc-jfUufauon pbat m Tyke, Texas owned by the Pitts burgh C**nig Cofpradori. Realbong that men working at the plant were in ^danger uf tlcreltfnig nhtnmii m?. nag f (hr Jung* resulting fmm the in* fofetkm 4 fetors... as well ax long eatwcT, memthHiiwn*, and other malignant adwwa-induerd tumors Dr. John**! and the newly .appointed di- rmor of he divai*t, Dr, Joseph K- iragoncr, w*k the unprecedented step of wwlmg the to Anthony Ntavtiefh, the director of the Legis lative Defemnem of the 03, Cheats- cal, and Atomr W'wkcf* Imematamai Unm, winch represented the mxty* thnv workers at (he fact***?. At Max* sietiiTi f>r. Johnson and sev eral <d he sooicwi Intfti the drebum conducted a survey of the I'jWr pbnr u* October of !971 which showed that dw tvvels there were far in rrtfg uf du* fvtfenl stimbrd (twelve ashestos fihr* |^-r cubic o-nrimcirr rf air); tint advMMiir **t already afHictmg term of tlic vHtrkm there j and thu since 1954, ulwft the factor)' opened, s meal d eight hundred ami nmvty-five men faui Kt emphH'rd then* in eun&'twms hat p-wd gra*e tfenger t Hwfe health. In (Ih* nu-antuKr, ^Itmuerrluandi^n'r inihtHno leaden, aiffurad hy Dr. JningJ. Srlife.jf, who thc> direct**f of dx- Miutni Sinai Scfead of Medic*w* KntinmnH'ntal Sciences iBfairsitr)' ami a povwer *n tlv Arid of modern . hs rp4rnA4i-j, had hreti urging fefAtatT *d Ijhor James I). Ifodgwm t*> dvdan* an rowrgriK) standard for ivcupatiofud r\pMirv to of two fijifrt {retdak* cvmmu'trv of air. liw- cvr, in of (he fact that i)r, Selioff and Ife. LGwVt Hammond, h>* i> rhv*fHvdtfen( U*f cjmhiniiAtgv atul rtniMH'S of the .femrican Cancer S*ktv, had |*ot hied incontroveftihlc cvalencv deu nne not of five albcMfo- iiwifeiii workers was d)*(ng of lung canci r, and that almost half of these no n w tv dinj *f umic form of as- hewa dacasr, Secretary Hodgson, apparrstly srarrhmg (nr mane iddJfe {njnni that he hijrd wcctU mtkfy both industry ind fehnr, declared a temporary emergvwcf standard of five fibre* per ntvnnfnrnt (n Drttnhr of 19? I. Another Indteatam dial the government was seeking a enmpmame hiatvn dr well-being of wieiivn and thr imercaa of industry came when the Department of Labor*t .Occupauorutl Safety and Health Admlnturacam, which has the mponsdulitr for enhntmg thr pmvaams of the Occupational Safct}- and Health Act f 1970, in jected the TyWr plant fete in Ho* wmher ni 1971, as a result of Dr. Johnson's report that a critical occupttfenal-Heahh muatiwi exmed there. Although major deficiencies in the bctirfy's ventifetiffl system constituted serhun viola*ions of the Act--d**c Kkety u result (a disability r death-- dw Admtnatrawm chose v cwwifet them as ftnruerious, and fined Pitts burgh Coming jus* two hundred and ten dollars. ** There has awe fc*a cocnafefahir pecufemm fe gorcmmrat eirvH aawf trdr Maims, and within the indcprndrm fffedbd and scfeftdfic cummunicy ubiiffelnikt ttdeude adiytcd by* the Ocnpidirut Safety and Health Adenhtistratfen toward Pins* hurgh Cmw^ after the Knvrmhvf tunny. Apdngbus h*r thr Admhmtmdxt cfehn that because the Secretary of lathnr anncHinccif (he emrrgvacy standard fur aihesft* after (he mmy was Orfiducted harsher penalties might have fervn mierprewd h unfair harass ment of the company. &me people say that, with the Adminisriatkie in *hc process of redefining mfety and health standards lor woffers, the regsmal fe~ gwnn in Dallas had rttvfeed no Hear guitMinvs fritm Washington afeiut ovcr-aN po^cy* and, fearful d exceeding thvrr authomy, were limply trying t muddle through an admmsmtrw vac uum. Other fem(A hd that the Adimadtratam was fductani to hinder the letter of the law in the cisr of the Occupational Safety' and Kvalch Act, ASB 0010627 '' H'Piac ly 'Bvc ^>nwd a Parish**'* teuc uf bralriirfafawxt m *ter fadtutiws, which the Adatmktratta Mi St-cqdn>al to hixfr, pner k ted only Iwrty industrial hyp* cnta s catev standard* fatone tent m woritpbce*. And *SS otters, fa^^fag Mitteck, te&rr char dr Admmktratta** ptoydc were ki(tir mihsmad by the Kattaa! laetwc' of ORupaminal Safety and Health *pm mi dr Tvfar plant, which puiated q>tte Deportment of Late**a faSuM to enforce the nterk f dr WakhKrtby Act at the factory (>*' * de partment mipectvm on FAruif)' 13. 1969, Indeed. Mauwcht tefeved Ail thr Adminfaratta'a pwyle w<rt hop* if that a they slofped Pittsburgh Coming lightly on the wrist with some WMUenrw vauoisMs dr wbnk affair mwU Sow veer. Whether thr truth Be* fa any one of then? ttefia or. a* areata more in a ernnhottufi of them, h became ap prrat is Dvcemter of 1971 that the Tyfcf affair vn not going to Mow over. That h did not, u an many other acnpattaal-health sandals had, was fergvtf the result of the efforts of MaiWCtlii, who u determined to stake k a auwr eflrhr. Knr several fears, he and hk aasuriate* fa the aWt tegte ' v Department, aided by Dr. Glew M, a young soentm working under Ptefemvr Krnf Duhm, the RjrtefaBer Ulwvrnwy, had been hold ing conferences for factor}' workers aruund the country to point out the JiatarU* cxkcing the induuml enrirucunest and o giee the workers guMance ei hw to deal wkh them. It was a tamkleraMc WKfarokfag, far the hundred and eighty ttemand members of the union were being tKpmti a* thousamb of j**variahy tone auhuaos Indeed, k certain factories men wen semiring with more than five thousand different cteroicak, yet fed eral standards existed for fewer than four hundred aid fifty of Arm, Since Maxwwthi found that thr lack of pivemment standards*** accompanied by tK pieemAcvU enforcement of rate* kg Iwahh ngubtsatt and an atritudr .f afnn tout cahuitta on tte prt iif industn'i hr tetame conebcvd that industrial workers were victim* of a consumer dcmgovd *> w^we* knowl edge of ccujs*raal Iwahb hazards and defay the fomp anti enhircesnent laws t c**|v with tte*m. A bWntS)h4cvu maw i h middle fonts*, wish a firry wmju-ramvm, purring eyes, ami an unruly mane d hfack br, be ted tegua tn hn<d over what Hr W* |uttered tlw gr*-> tmnwtrjlhv that at* um*u m wvr -- m > >kt in. richer dying w bringVsahfcd ndy fa (ptewnmifal e.mmfde of tte ^m'rance, life at a remit of expawtra nsibumn . v nrgbtc, ad subterfuge that cter*. such as tenoti wb adsanrn teikh -L uptwd governmmt potey toward m- effects ted fang ban kunwg and dm{ hjgtae. #Tte compirir and ignored fay a mcdkat-fadusrfa! com- ; mp* nf the survey made te tte (dea confining f craaosay dncun, fa- e dad lasritute te Omiptticul diso} (AflufaflR d faj'wevpatim- S ahhedAdSriibnriMaMafAr g and federal gwcnma&CaMo 8 questly, when the moats* a? Tyler waa brought hk attend* by Dr. Johnson in September of 1971, Maa> aocchisaw kaa.fa hk worth, *Hte cpk- fifrty amf Health (bwwit u mosh I gjj teen tent am m Iteimfar 21m. d te w*t thus sMe in d*cument hk $atgc* wkh devKimtmg effect. MaxftcrM was hoping But hk dkcfawrv* about nndtiiM at tte Tyke fdam Would te parked up fa* newsmen cov cm* sf what Wrft wnns with the Wav our country was dealing whh the m ot indutt uwercr, ering*the mrrifag and relayed u tte naowt. As dunp worked nut, how ever, 9rm coverage nf tte symporium H\ decided agsfast malSng arty pufaic daclosure of cemdainns at the Tyler teittfad to emphariae tte more general tycen of occupational health that hod plant until the National Insckme for teen dictated by Nader. Occupnwvui) SafeQ' and Health sur vey ted been conducted sad written up. "1 wanted to marshal all the facts and then rbome the forum that wadd en able me to uk ite example of the Tyler plant to best effect, and so faring help to the unfortunate mm who wen workfag there," Hr tea Bid. M1 wasted the whole country to know fa detail wtet had happened at that factory, and to . In tte meantime, nntwithsandfag the madness of tte penalties thai.aeenasgairicd them, tte Admioisrmkm duiiiu ted caused ennrideraMe nonsamuitfaat to tte management of Fauhergh Coming by setting March 31, 1972, u die date for competing ex tensive iR^mvvments fa the v*nt0amv- and dust-control systems of tte Tyler plant Combined wnh the kfatt nadersuAd that wtet bad gone en there---the fnuba Bureau for Octu- petiunal Safety and Health kfrefan, the lack uf enforcement fag the De partment nf fate, the cpaAy,l daregard fr the inen, the whole tag, of a company plan to use mineral word as a auterimte far asteatns fa tte manu facture offc*gH-ieftperature pipe Simlatfan, and tte union** instance that dwrv be wkt compliance with tte mmmncBdstkms ff ehe xtosi! raport, lousy history of neglect, deceit, mod smpdhy--was happening in dmurna of the faslfae meant (hat the company `would at tag law he forced to dean other wyys, in hundreds of utter fac up the plant or tte n. Faced wkh thk tories, to thousandsof ocher men across the land. I wanted people to know that efadee, Jtetshurgh Coming's bnard of directors met in tte middle uf Decem thousand* uput tbmuand* nf their fri- ber and derided m shut tte factory faw-ridseni were faring amiltri fail)', withfa a few months---after using up and that the pdfce--fa ihk caw, the as much raw-oatenm stuck as pntri federal government--ted dune mattesg to remedy the Btuarion. fn shun, I hb--fa order tu avoid funter pcnalrir*. Tin takn tstte (he Ttfa pkat wanted ttem to know that murder was being committed fa the workplace, end rather dun tn gwnd tte neevsary rime and tmmry to make R safe utetariy that n one was bothering abet .M appealed to tte manager* uf tte cum- Tb forum Mawctls chose was the annual meeting d the American |ay as the test way m >f ilwir difficultfas. However, h dhl ran solve tte Am*et*m for the Advancement of pnbbm faced by Dr. fat 1). Grant, Science, which was held at tte Shera the ttedkaf dtevv of war f Fins- ton Hotel in PiuUdelpWa tm Dvcvmher burgh Cwmng*t pafriu corporation*, 26th, and was attended by snmr fifty 1 PPG Industries, and medical consult- thousand araentius from all over tte ant so Potstergh Owning. I>r. Grant country. Abmg wkh Ra^h Nader and appear* to have Wt that Ids prufw Dr. Sidney Wdh, tte director M riuaal itputaita had teen calUd Into Nader** Health Mvsrarch GmufS Mas> tpirsriuA fa tte finding* uf tte' N'IOH VKc\a addmevd efavea hundred >4 survey. On December 1i*h--fivv die didvgate* at a sympiwkrat entitled rmuitbs to tte day after te' hod told "Worker* and tte Knvtmnmeni,** Dr. John** that riw h.-afih '<tatta at which was modrnited fa* Protcwof TyW waw*t acrimi*--Dr. Gram tim Gwtrgir Wald, t)w Nite1 Piiwswn- ed Dr. JohoNin at tte Divotei *d 7*irW nhig^tefa^gist fn Harvard. Nader Studies and Cbnical Invvvitp3*MH to and Dr. Wolfe spoke atevt iwcupa- dkcuss ibr medical c*ww3ii> f ite- wv- tsmat-te'alth eroMetm fa general, and i-n Tyler uvtrker* wlu< hw^l ign -CRS--55" Dr, Gran* put It, "u av*wl funfcrr j tatandemaading" fartwtcn NIOSMand j Fimtafgh Corning. According to Dr. John**, che meeting was uonewtat | grained, Aar Pr. Gnat trn tttttnpm| ABiamor the ashes** pndifom at th* for &r**r. "Hr irM a imply that lnir.nK^ni &ri>p (A the am own utTfr ta*d more .*> efwleraadngicil ' <ha than w dim) cumiiutaw,** Dr. jjufauun MiHt "I rcptad that rales, fiipr cfohhing, anti mlMnl pufamuiaiy fohctaoi wvre wcll-reciig- rated * clinical -evidence M ad**'**. K*mher*wre, 1 fcdd him that hwk w October Dr. Richard XI. Spkgel, of ttor diridun, wa ghvo u> understand that tome af the X-rays ukm hv Dr. George A. Hur*--thr superintendent of the xst Tmi Chest Hraptal, tn Tyfoc... *howvd evidence of pulmonary hhmao. I At* remind Dr. Grant that in 1970 a manager of the |4ani tad dird f mnuiierMM, Dr. Grant then inform*) me that the company ws wdtmg to rdra Dr. Hum's X-rays to ms "they tad hern made at Dr. Grant's request--tat only on the con- drone that we come hack tn Tyfor early tn January, an that we cnuld m down ana rtfiew them together. I gut the distinct impress*m that he was trying tn make h appear that XtOfllf and dsurgh Corning had hcvn working j.atjy on the pfuhksv from (he veiy brgfonmg. Hwwrw, we wanted tn get mtr hands on that X-rays, m I agreed to the meeting, even though I saw ItnW im for icn X January 5, 1972, Dr. Spiegel ami Richard A. Lvmen, an cpfo dnruufogi* wta had ata hem a mvmherot the original N'lOsil survey u-am, returned tn Tyfor, and the fcdfowmg nmnuag they' met with Dr. Grant, Dr. Durst, and WsHism Taring Piushurgh Coming** dnyct'M' of pcmaim'l and iis- dnirid irhftw, in a cnnfvrvecc room at thr Kast Tijoj Cta Hiupetal. Th* five men rrriewd (W medical ivpins m all uf *)w raijiliwi-itwln of X-ray* and puhsnmry-funciam tests done fay Dr. Slant, and rrtths of s< amtnsutats hr rata, finger dubbing, and dyspnea Ante he ita XU>lt team-- * and concluded that *cvm of tlie.cm- phiynshad akhohuus. Thi n Dr. Mum announced tint Ids superiors at the `Iren State ifoabfa Dcpanmvat would rdour |W duv film* to XtOSU. ..-t ))r. Qrant M lieu ta release would hr atvcptatde to J'mduirgh C`mmg, and k wa* dcrilcd tint lx * am) f>r. Spfogd a*U fly to Amim to try to *p*t jrnw*Am from the Ten* Statu JfosfaUCoomii--kmer. Carakg, Scma Wodta, of tlw Ofl. .Cfcmkai, and Atomic Workers ligSktfvc Department, arrived an Tyler * the ahensoor* of that day * sour the end to Beet with member* nf thr * sum caaontN. \Vodka war a> cncnpenaed m hi tour by Herman Yajwdk, the dwimin uf the ha) connowet by Farkusj and hy Chtdn V.. Van Home, the plant mtvger; he found coAdkfom i the factory to K* much as they had been described m the KIOSK It^rt. Huge p&m of hc a*> hestos fibre lay on the floor uf the plant. and Tnabtacfoudsurdun wetv erupting from several operaduft*. After the tour, 1Vfdka--^who had learned only the pnvfous day that men from the Ortopatiowl Safety and Heahh Admmtstration bad inspected the plant in Novem ber--asked to eee the cnamm* the* had isued, pufoeng out that the company was repaired to pns them puMidy hr the tnformatIon of the worker*. \Vhen Van Horne and Firiut pmducvd them, they profetted to he ignorant of thi rvtpjiement, aljhmt^t each ciattat fhret states that "a cupy uf the ondoaed dtadon(s) shall he prumincotl)4 posted in a conspicuous place a or near each place a vhfi (rfcmd to m the cwtnm occurred." They also atfured Wndfct that the kerns marked for snmedute aunpHance had been taken cart nf. Theft they mhl Mm that Pittsburgh Cuming planned as cxtrasVe changr* in the ventflaonn- and duat*omnd systems by the March 3J deadline, and that the factory wmU hr shut down sometime in tta middle d Feb ruary. At the same time, they rrjcctrd a reluct* by Wudka that m the meanctflie the company provide m-ptsnt facenses for ssunng mpiratnrt and U*r changing work tfothev ' that the cm* pfojres would not runtmue t" c* taMmate thdr cars and humrt with A5hestne dial and rbus rxpar mernhm *f thrtr farmers to the risk d ttworrinp astaaos dtaatn. That evening, Widb hrltl a meet ing with several members >d the bical umoft committee in dhcwm tJw health ehuatinn at the plam. At tla utset, h* foforased them of the resolts f n mor tality andy Dr. S**iftt**ft and Dr. 1f;unrnond liad made of rm-n o(m< loti worked at nn anviii'-fdto*-inMla- tin plant owned W the l*mot AMsttu & Kohfvr Ciot^unt, in J'.itcr>m, New Jcr*y, hitov^ B 1941 ami J9S4. (W)icn th* rmtijeiuv lowd tlo* Patefum plant in 1914, k traolVrr>d ha afest<4 i^rjttaw tb* n' > the *i\U r factory, which was btvr purcha^ii ht I'ntihtirgh Corning.) A*, k iMpfvnrd. Dr. ScHfcoJt and Dr, ffammond had hkindagn^ftiimheT of'rw> resulting loan astasted, fUng ciSftf. ' r and meft^heliena amung'ihc Paterum * . wuriris, and saner the two plana tad bees npvmed in a ifodUr mantwr, the dm*' findinp idwhuisk' tad vnfog idsp&aorms foe the nten *fcu were empfoyvd at Trier. "I* n a aomlMv arismc, for Ir w** the ftm dme tbftt they had been told how seri ous their situation was, and taw prr- catfousit would rvmab in the future* Wodta msfts. "However, they k- cepted the news stoically. They rren seemed re6erd to know thv facts. Vtai ar, they tad been hvmg in hibi rver nnee die KIOSH survey, and stfll hadn't been informed ttat am* uf them had been diagnosed as having uhttw." The next morning, a final meeting was held at the Kast 1 exas Chit H<o- pteal. 2a addkfon to Dr. Grant and Dr. Hum, those present were Farfan and Van Home, of Pitoburgh Corning} Dr. Spiegel and Mr. Lcmcn, nf KIOSK; and VVodka and Yandle, of the uruon. Dr. Grant began fay saying that when he Bm tithed thv Tyler plant, in 1965, he. had tvaEzed that a putental health problem odsted dwrv, and bad dune everything b hk power tu have the mapuft aufsvctvd. He took credit for iftstmaibg a mimbrr of surveys and studm of the ptant's vratkia equip ment, and blamed the Bureau nf Oc- capaskmal Safety and Health sad Dr. Dws j. Cntiry, who tad been charge nf field studies and epidvmfoh^y for die bureau, for not fotfowfog through on proposed snedval study uf the workers, Dr. Grant ah bsated ax the inttmg that ashestus-dm* forth a the Tyler plant were always within the legally ipedfied Knits, and he claimed ttat respiratory procectfon was made mandatory for all workers tit the fac tory as carl)' as May if 1969-- enn- tendmt that was disputed on the ipnt by Yandfo, who tad wmkd in the* plant W ta>rr than u*n yean, aud wta (Un( dcctarvd that, wkh a few excepums, the wefinng of respirator* was n>*t rc- tftarvd Ufttfl the summer of 1971. Fur tra part. Dr., Spirgrl listened to Dr. | Gram's assessment nf the loston of tW j pbnt in sfosicv. "1 was ran tlwrc to ar- ; gin* *fth hatt afowt what, had or tad j not tayjictwd, w why* he nvslU. "I . was there to reiterate XIOSMV medkal vofftfomon* shorn the workers wv Itad . examined during our suruA, and \%* ; bring tack thi* X-raj* ulu o by Dr. ] Horst m August. In my opinion, tawwr, Dr. Grant was trying t* nta t \ solve himself and the Phtstargl* Corn- kig Corporatam of all for the condkims chat tad vxht*d hi , hr workers. H speech' sounded ft* a fo-pd brwf more than . anything ebr. A* I sat finening, I kepi wondering why i earth he W hue kef* <a% Dr. CaBcf to mm that the bunas undertake hi proposed wdfoal audits, r, fading that, why he fi** hd w Dr. Hum **iter thin he did. Surely, m all the yean *er 19$5 lie ohiU have found mh> r to cximrae the worker*.* After Dr. Gnu*! opening sumwiy, he and Dr. Spiegel formally m> noonced thru* ym cnnehmnn that at le*N srvei* nf the ght*n worlen with more than ten yean of employ ment in the Tyler plant had symptoms and signs camum with tthestosk. Dr. Gram and Farfcnt (hen said that Pitts burgh Owning would pay for the treat ment-uf any disease that was xcupaumaby rested, pruvided that the treat* ment w* performed at the East Texas Chest Hwspiut, but tiwy were vague nfcan whether the ctsnpany would pay for any lung-term medical followup of the sixty-three worker* then employed at tlw plant. (In his Drceiwber meet* fog with l>r. Johnson, Dr. Grant had suggested that such a program should fas undertaken and financed fay XIOSH.) Thrra was abo no (liaiwina whatever of any medial fo&rwup uf the eight Nsadred and tWny*we men who had jjvfously hern employed at the Tyfor pfam, and who wuuU carry the ashestot they had inhaled In their lungs for the res of tbw days, presumably because m one could be held legally rapnrasMc for what mgbt happen to After the meeting, Dr. Spiegel am! .Dr. Gram lew to Arnm to obtain per* missMfl for ihr refoase of the X-rays. The chest film* had been an item of depute between XIOSit and Pittsburgh Coming drum the beginning; r**# the Team State Department of Health petgdr were apparently concerned about being in the middle of uch a dispute, and they nay.wd! have begun to en tertain second thoughts fowt the pro priety f Dr. Hum's having accepted a contract fnw* INaahuigh Coming to examine wwfcm* for urcupatauu] Sl ews at one of the department's hospi tals, when the department itself foul nrvst *tpw fit tu conduct a health - \cunn of the Tyfor plane during the k n*fa cmhr scvrntwn years of exm% dot tfor, pracrirafly every 1p<I fovn famdml in the TyV. ,*',0H'd to for trying to cover %T"\ Spfogri aod |)r. Grant i`> Aunfo, Wudka and **<>SH effidemadt^gkt, uayrO Urfnad to conduct a ifowvui merv^xtintTM ffitriiuigfo' Gmnb 's^rmvNuo.r.'^i^ta anU l.emen. uvA ? turn 'sample'away foriift iftrsm "s practices of damping'asbestos'wane fo* *'waW eontainrrs fiw fob**!&naL ' the vrfoh)* nf the plant and of tufting )VM{ then,' Wdding Yandfo graalfoe, burlap bags (eattBistef with obss they* drove back w Dallas and few dust w focal nurserymen, (Both prac bum*. Meanwhfle, Dr. Grant and Dr. tices hod been menumed in the NtO$tt had met with the State Uralth report, which informed Pfcuburgh Corambskmer, who gave pemummi for Corrang and the Tasm State Depart- the X-rays of the Tyler w*im u> he meru af Hnfth that they prraentrd aaSri to XtOSU hcn^iunen in Cina serious health hazard, and recom c&uyd mended that aB asbestos waste and used fauriap bags be buried.) That after* naun, Wbdka, Lemon, and Vaodk drtre nut i grmiptifdumps mwfohabited area near a sewage-treatment plant, about a 3e north of the factory. One of the dumps was the uze of half a for*ball field, and was covered so the depth of at kart two feet with asbes tos scrap. Thick vegeutfoft sprouting through a covering of asbestos in sur AT the begmnmg f 1972, the Tydi for affair was Hke one of thom sfehmeriAg'quarrels between small na tions that threaten to disrupt ih*? bal ance of power la a wnsmre gcofk&tka! arts where a number of larger nations have interests. The Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers mw h as an outright test of the Occupatkuta! Safety and Health Administration's wfilfognem to rounding guHirt showed that the dump had Wen m use for many yean. Van ik toW Wodka and Lerrien that as- fostnft scrap was 31 Wing trucked there daily, and ha statement was sub enforce the provnions of die OccupaRuas! Safety and Health Art; the KIOSM people, who had vxjaed the Mtutfon at the fanory to begin with, were waiting to we how the Occupa stantiated by the presence of wads of tional Safety and Health people would asbestos fibre entering the acme msdway. Since the company. had under taken to put soft over two dumps adja cent to the factory which had been seen dopuse of the recnmracodatfoAS that had been made m currvct it, in order to gauge the effectiveness of the adriwy rede they tfosteim had been by the X20SM avesogaeon during their given under die Act; and the Occupa October wfwj*, its continued use of tional Safety and Health people, who this thud, more remote dump she could had not seen fit to reft the onfon about W construed fanly as an act of -blatant the minor nature of the penahns they deregard and deceptann. However, for had imputed upon Pittsburgh Coming, sheer brate&ncu the Pittsburgh Corn could not have failed to new the affair ing people outdid themselves a few as a p*enuaQy emharrassing scandal, weeks Uter, when they foamed that the craning at a most inopportune moment. third dump had been discovered. At Under the prwsforts of the Ocrupa- chat plant, they simply posted an armed guard at the she, with msiructinns to turn all oona! Safety and Health Act, the emergency -standard for ashvstra that had been de unauthorized perams away. clared by the Secretary of After taking photographs of Labur on December ?th had the' dump, .Yamlk,. Wedka, and Lmcn drove to the Eik- 4ohe {Mfoa prrmanrm standard uitbin six months. ner Nuncms, a huge outfit The law also required the n the west sdc f Tyfor, where they !>epnnmrm of Labor htdtf public mtertfowed Elbert Fenton, the man hearings before k pnosulgatn! a new at charge of tales and dmrihuuoo. standard, and n*tice that hearings m Venirat told them that a sh^meot of the asbextc* standard would begin in thirty tbuusnnd. hutlap hagt, cratbig March was, to he pttMbficd in the /V/- twelve hundred didUrt, had been re *mf Rrfhtrr m January 12th. Since ceiv'd from Pittsburgh Ovnmg amc (he permanent Stamford .mj asbestos was months fofure, and he took hb virinut the fim mlfog tk- Oeimpatkoial fiafvtr out to a bam where *c fifuvn hwt- and Health Adminmratforiwuulil maki drvd **f the hap were sacked in pik*. under its mandate m ndvfine <*vR|n- The hags were vmMy cuuuuninated tnmal-safety-snd-hvahh rrgufoisnH, m- with asbratus, whI even as l-emeit am! dustry and labor were prvfuriHl t I**A W^tdka were telling Pruton afouu the uptut the rubog n* an wnlicaraoi of bow luizard of using (hem, 9 woman work dHermtuvil or east-going the Admiiiw- er entered the ham, picked up a hag, tratHi would be when it ame time in Opd, after shaking it vigrr<Mrtly to re Set new uandanU hie other hazards, move tfo- dust, slung it mer one risml- un h at lead, heryftitim, carbon nxmm* der and walked miu With Krnum's %W, mercury^ wliea, ulnaekht Kgfo, "x s n " i &j*l &<r*. The piMa.' brans* <*t ashrrou, tbm, Itafivj ** maria. l< of Mfnjih hrttrt the Ap{Mid rt*t ninlaf iwl rimuitf Bwmwiy jimI Ok nriMu ttiial maples. O* the ftcw hand, tike NIOSH pcupte were |Ut|em| ml if* Admituitrsrimi a fineapfcftiltftf that Ok per manent nandard It* uccupAUunsl ** |im asfou* he art at tin* 5bw per Mfcjr reaiLsrtre, which w*t the standard that the Hriwh Impnunur of y>(tiritf [At Administration's Eng&h counterpart--had art In 1968, the one that Dr. Sclikoff had advocated m 1969, and tiw om* that the.A.bM~- CJ.O.'s (adaitml Umm l>epart- mem's d4*c Comtektee <m the A- ktm Hazard had urged up*t the Sec retary of LaW tn November of 1971. On-thc other hand, Ok major ashesttu fonptnirv led by the pant Johns* Manrilhr Corporation, wm preparing tetsm*M)` tn dww that the five-fibre Standard wiadd prevent disease (nan ccurring among a*h**# worim, and cromevur luthkl t drntonanw that a (wo-^hfr standard would drive them nit <d huum, In order to weigh all the evidence and deride iqsm a sale Wd of npnK tn ashcttni, the Occu- pstaMtal Sahtr and Health AdniriBn* lam would .ihrimdr haw to conduct itself tn a euraplctclv impartial manner, h*. fvm under the ben of rimitn-1 Mantes, it* dtrimvr wai hound to hr rimtmrrrBt A* things i*d, however, hs drim t unparmfity was tn question, N-ou*r of it* failure to enforce ere* the standard* for adutot tliat it wn now cnmpelWd to outrider idmdvtc. And smee us faSure had nowhere been mtre recently and nakedly apparent than tn is handing id the critical rittiatian tint aiani tn rh TyVr plant, and the Ad- nuniuratiita was. unhappy about the jwsaVutwy that the riotkMH and jwnaU tir* tt had wm PfcufcaigH Gn; in Deertnhrr might hvcvxnr puhtic knowl edge, `l*he fact that under the prori- riuftt id (he (kfopMautai Safety and Health Act wtefe Niformatiun wa* p*d>- & jwpmy wvhh to lure* hern forgot* ten. Already dung by the dWLwur.o MavVocrld led modi at (hi* wwwcv meeting, and eager to avoid future j utharrsMmm, iW Oceu(wtMmsI Safe-1 ty am! Health AdouiiMration ivw] -Migiu t<` |daiv itself ahoy rejmctch Ik poMhlv miring its attitude toward mMiinism.il \|**ure to On lantuirx 4th, George Guenther, who was the \>risiif Secreinrt of J.ri**r and dn1 iNm'iof of tl*r t hro(i(ional Safet* and Hold* Adminturm***, IwW u pr.*v euf. r* mv in tVadim-ton to aimmickCT Watan of a target hrxhh- ; hazards pragma drrignrd to rimmd fire task ttthstaaev* that wew in wideipmf mr in American industry--dka, hnd, cafW wnumih, coctnn duet, and *hu*, At this one, a apw cad health-hazard fact sheet w ashtts wm dfcrrfiwted to aramm (and, pretunaMy, tn the Admmatmiun** rrpunal admsntKraton and hapectun), HtfomUng them that more than two hundred thmud workere acna the luiim risked aerinu* diamr fnicn direct wcitpatRanad expuaw tn adwenu and that ashestru fftir* were bring found in the kngt of priiplr who had had m> at- *e 3, g 2 dostral cxpmuw to the mineral at all. Tlie fact sheet reminded everyone that the emergency standard far ashes** wa* an rtghi-hnttr average of five fibnw greater than five microns m length per cuhc ccMuiKtrc of air, and it stated tmetpiivwally that any expnsure* ex ceeding this level wmih! henceforth hi* vonridired a seriiwi* viAation nf the Oc- nipihmal Sahit' and Health Act. It warn hreame apparent, however, that it was one dune for the director of the Orrupuirwa) Safety and Health ' Admintantam tn anmumce a new poii! it on sihniR tn Washington and (pirtv another for (hat policy * he put into effect he h* suhordmstrs in the field. (>n Jarman* Uifi, a week after Karfcu and Van H*me had aaurwi Wodka dmt all ctmdhamn rawirich the Adaroa** htraiion had calk'd for immediate com pliance had hren corrected, the TyWr plane was rriuspeeted hy Clarence K. Kohler, an assistant admtrttstmnr in the Dallas <dl>Ce of thr Occupations! Safety and Health Admifthtration, and J<dtn l*. Bnylr, an industrial hygienht, who together had conducted a Knftar mspeciion at Tyler neariy tw> awmtl* before. Holdrr and Boyle i>mnd <m thrir secuiul Inspectton id the plant titat, contrary io n*cmmvnriathns math* after ilwir fir* virit, thr wiMiters had rw* hrvn ixamtfunl 10 determine wheth er they* wriV pli)'*`ally ride to wear respirator*, (hat svtfrircd un|mvrinrm* t a hhvk aaw and m fvedutg-mnridne enchuurvs had mu hrvn mack', ami that rlmmrp jKx*nlurx in thr frvtlmg and holding area of the |dant rvnumvd to- The (wn nwn ivrvwvd tlw riuioimn woh Van Horne, but wleu tiwt streMsl tlw itrcvudty of ckvtntng adx^ih-* watte around thr feeding nu- chttuv and thr lmikl r uitu*, tlie plant manager aidird them wbellkcr tlii nwnftl lieu slw f^*tory would hare to hv kept M ek ana*a dairy. *|e of tlw coinpnny'f reWtamv to take t!u> ir^**vtt<*n wriwfriy*, \ folder and Ihnk imi new ekariont lt scat ?inatarg*t Comm- A ^nrieA of fedutr tocorrect threv U 'he 4&%ul vvlstmsandahKnf prr^md *S|feori prnaliix, hlurvmer, la >phe m the 1KW poKo Oft nhrtt, chat had Ron sawmoevd hy Attmunt &rretan irttfhcr ten da>t varfer, thrv nfi! Amt w consider the ridatim* at the Tjfcrpfcet nnnsriiws. IVfrU, the piiyued ftrfd&vtai prnahirs were hsvd tgaaa a schedule of a hundred dofisr* for each day of armcurefdiuKc, plus fifty per cent nf the erigaul The period of rnmcoatplbnct ran fnun December 21, 1971, to January-M. 1972, and the totri adduvuml moo- mem amounted to ox thotuond nuw hundred and ninety dollars, The notifiestm of failure 10 correct ririsrion* and (he fist of new priut- tits were mailed to E. \V. Hriman, Pttubktrgh Cnmmg** vice-prreadent in charge of aamtfaauring and (ethnolo gy, on January 17th. It is not known whether Holman received them prior to ha tekphooe Imerriew with the Tyler Cwri^Tmo nn January 19th, nnr a it known whether he had read the dtariira that were mailed to tsm on December )6th; whrtlwr he hid been informed of rwo xiOStl repom ^ one describing the crubal oca^ariuul- health rituaium at the Tyler plant and the other the symptoms d aihesaris in seven of the WArkers there--that wvrr sent to Dr. Grant, in November and December; whether he had'been odd by Dr. Grant of the death of Van Home** predeevttof from menuNli- oma; nr whether he was aware of the admumms about the incidence f ssbesmsn among the Tyler workers which Dr. Grant had made tn Dr. Hunt'* office, on January 7th. If Kid man did not know of these things, he roust surely have hern one of the most ffWnfumwd vkT-pmid<ns* In corporate htw.iry, WluMcrcr the osw, on jamary 19ih he tubl tire Cpnrkr* Tittn 1 that he knew of no Piushargh Commg employe* suffvfmg any rigrofi- cant fllncse at a result of workmg with ammhc-asbestns Hjwitnr*o. By that dine, with the IVler affaij not jutt huhhbng hot ahotrt to h*| over, pracrirolh* invoked tn the tkisstbm seas nvuwiivering hr p>4 Bfwn. The Texas }>iaii D. |ufimi nk >41 Hmhh had already put u*ro* dhtanr>| between wlf and the >ivv; Phidvjrl`l>| Coming was hacking toward the <b-ir;| (he Occi^wiamal fiihty nml Ikahh; AdmmMmion Iwd loth' dinky Hot o> sit on Ibe Kd; and tin* onion :md NIO>i; were aeparateU goth.1ring fuel fr t!w fire. On (he very day dial lltJntin 1 talked 10 the f.Vwri.r-Trw.., I.uii.n fctu Wudfar */:rt^wt containing foe ` results of' Wits'performed by Knr M. Fleming, an nginttr in the **+ rtmmcntal. fnvesrigsfoms hnncb el XM>su*< Dntte nf Field Studies and Omni lomrigafoina, teawoldir Wbp bp dot had been ukee fi^t fof turnery fo Tyler un January 7fo. T*w ^f8* omtsfoer, was pared in fnm f a chair in a room diet was frev of vshcvm. A man wcaifej * tt^aratnr and twn dust mtepfen entered the newt and me on the chair. Taking the burlap leg net f the plan* com*hut/ he turned k wd* rt; then, standing, he shut* the hag for user second*. Neat hr sat down, qtrrsd the hag on hk hip, and wrapped it around the base of a mull ire*. After tying the rumen *f the hag wfiduavtre, he placed the tree on the fioor, stsud up to hrioh off ha cfefoea, and left the mom. During the four Hihwa fob operation required, the average concentration of asbestos fibres longer than five miemm around the worker was four hundred and ninety foa per cubic cenmnetrr of air-- ahetr*ght tsnes the emergency five* I Arc standard and more than forty |times Ac old twelve-fibre one. (In|deed, had he not been wearing a rv*- lptratDr, the nun would have inhaled 'woe four mdlbn fibres dining the Jur-tmnute period.) In a ewering fci- tec that was sent with a cop? of tfw report tn the Texas State Department of Health on January 17th, Lenten and Fleming described for use of bur lap hags that had contained asfwstm as a potentially serious health pndv> kot, and, by way of documenting this charge, pointed out that a recent report the Britiih MrtikM Bolinm referred to cases of mevxhdima in wnmm who had been engaged m cleaning such Tn the meantime, Wodka had Iwen \ trying without success t>> get inform*, tun from Jolm K, knn, the reginnal adimniuratof of the Occupattooa! Safety* ami Health Ahmnatnn, fo Dallas, on the AdtnraieratWs aciaws ahuut Tyler. Finally, on January' 2MA, Harm told Wodka tlmt hr was under orders (mm hta supcim m Washingurn "ant to dflchue anything tm for Tyler rue to ambodt." He did, W- ewr, tvH Wodka about the followup iflt|trctio made k Hcddrr and Ihnle * January lifo, and about the addi.mal proposed peiuftic* levied against Pittsburgh Coming as a result d *. Barto refused t release die report <4 foe Department of Ichor's 1969 mapicdu of the Tylrr factory <e of tk dan cMH<ts that (folder and fhyle hod * 'taken there at Nnrrnriu,dwmfog font The (eh ohBgated to withheld form hr- * mam of foe pnsriHfty that Pkabureh . Corafeg aright mum foe fines and , tend foe Tylercaw fern Ugsriuo. Sbtf* Wodb and Maxznccfet rentidrred tins a bine exeunt designed m covet up thr Department of Lab*** fadure to im plement foe previsam of foe WaJsb* Hcaley Act m 1969, anil foe regtda- j tiuos of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1971, they* now de termined to make a frefo aunapt, as Ay put it, to "Hhw the hd off foe Tyler pffair and focus raouaal altrn- tfon tipoo k i The two um nfiriih were wcN aware that their dccnaw amounted to declaration uf fn war up for Occupationa) Safety and Health Ad- mimstrafom and fHmburgh Cornutg. Indeed, for several wttb Wudka bf hen ctenpfiing a hubiey of foe Tjhr pbnt for a confidential itpw esthbd "Occupation*! Health Tragedy," which amounted to a battle pbn for foe approaching bmfiities. In foe (in cluding mom of foe reput, Wudka urged that a pm* conference b held m Washington tu provoke foe Knvfonn- mental Protectam Agency mo taking action on foe open-air dumps and tun- ummated bags, tu fi*ce foe Occup* Anal Safety and Health Adrmfoira tion to declare an imnafoeaIdangv Muaiwa at foe Tyler Cactory Under the pruvsaws of the Occupamnal Safe ty ami Health Act, and fo' denounce Fhtshorgh Corning for its callous dis regard of the health nf the Tjkr w.irkera. Realucng dial much of the eq^mhrium for what had gone on in tie Tyler pkmt was bwnd to W oiftet hy pjiuhrigh Coming** derfcam to done foe plant, Wodka conchided fos re/airt by aymgt We have a mspmtihSitf to font act what protection Pinfourth Coming failed to provide foe the workers at Tyltr and. instead, what otter cuntcmpt dm company doplarnd for tlw lives of those worker*, thrir fcmtlirs, and that esaomunity. The Tyler case is unfoor in that this company was aware as earir * l'A.1 that Mfftrfoifls wae wrunc h Trfrr. I'aidwrsk Cotmo? was oot ignorant, but was folly aware of what was fniag to happen to those men m that plant. The company would very much like to see thr plant foot down, the men pletljr fade away, and for Tytrr put removed from thrir meptirote map. *l*he last place the ctanpany wanes to hr is np |W<^ I. *2`he press cmfvivm*v that Winfka luul ftcpscMed was h*W on Kvbrtan 1<lfo n the Na'tkma! Frewi Budding in WSsIwngtiut, and was cnmJticu*d bv Ma/wwchi, wla* ih> peiwvd- htgs W r.-iwlmg ii Wgram* that had Ivcn amt on February'Kth Ih* F; psrun, foe fwrwdeiit .rf iIk mm, tn kkIRism KuckeUuus, the Admawnrator of foe Enriremraniu! Agency, and fc> Assistant Secmey Guenfocr. IV tebgram w Ruckrbhws urged him to take hnraediate *e- o mshltng the upm asMu* damns in Tyfor oM foe tens nf thousands of eenaainated bags that had been sold tu lusrarritt In foe T>drr area, and to phe* nttfourgh Cornmg Under surve3Uacc- * prevent the refofohm of such practices in other places. The tele gram te Guenfoer pointedout foe De partment of LaWs laxity tn net hav ing enforced asbestos regulatmet* *t foe Tyler plant in foe past, snd urged hn to invesdgsu Pittsburgh Coming** cpersti^s in other places. Mssxocchl next reviewed tfr- rhm nofogy and tl* findings of the various inspections of foe Tyler factory over foe yean, and then he launched into an angry denunciation of foe callousness and ignorance that liad albwtd foe crmfovu there to go unesfrreoed. "Industry doctors and government ofAciats who c**ver up vnal Kfe-and-death information ahnut worker hualfo arc guficy of the My Lai syndrome," he declared, and he went un tn nose fiat hat had happened at Tyler was profo abfy happemng in hundreds of Mfor plants in America, and was symptomat ic of foe (Kcajunvaldknir pmbleni tn foil cwuttry- He concluded by de scrying Pittsburgh Comings reaction to foe KIOSII surrej and foe Administration eiauont. `This wmpany was receiving a sifofoty in Kerens *d yearn *4 men's Sves," he said. "Whets that subsidy was terminated by hsbtcd gov ernment mttrvcmi*n, the cmnpaay de cided tn quit the afoesno foirimss aho- gether." Ketther Guenther nor Rock- * elshaus responded m the telegrams arm' by Gnaptrem, and only two map* newspaper* ran article* n MazAiwch's charges. Down in X) Iwwcvvr, the Pku* burgh Cmtifog plant g-H hack mtn foe new* by way of a drqeich (mm United Press Irttcroatkmal that was based upon a pms release iaurd In on*n headquarters, fo 2)ehver, on February 9tlu The release was rtuKcrm-i! rbic3y wkh the evmcMiirutu'd huH:ip hags. As a re sult, wfcen the su>re appeared in the 'Fyler papa, the f.W^v-7rNm an<l thk &to*mng yVA'/rerfA, on Fehnarv 17ch, there was no mrmiR wlwKx ierj of the KKISM report, of the Aitnunw-i tration CHatams and fim**, or of tin' fs(*t' that serious illfwa* had already maa*-| fitted itself among the rixu-forev^nait | work Uttcv at the Tylei Lvony. IV | from IKY /cjwn & the Mjfwmx TtUfrttft yem orvfed beneath a banner headline chat "Threat nf Cancer AOrpi" the ande a the Cetrria-Timn ipprarrd tmah the oftu *Compaat Denh* CUn % Unfam* sod hodt piece* ufaud mnmif ( durpt ImlM by . ua aftni) aKait the mwniMtd feorfap htp ud dental* of the charges fey (knU J, Vorut, a pih&*trkiws i^eteatf for Pittsburgh Corning, Ae cording la b*h accounts* Jtowmr, Ven admitted that "wetoi at the plant fo4 fern given ^aal toauNt* WAt to determine if any of them * hftvied rnritaAfauuuR symptoms," and that "those whom the examination* remW had feeen affected were referred * their persons! phyridans.** He was punted a* raying, when ashed by the Ta^fgrapA what the company would da U any of there affliroeni nwU fee attributed to ithntat dust, "I don't knew. WeH jwt hare to *m and see." Verna was, of twne, briftg are* erarunmal only about Pittsburgh Ccralag's rwpraisliflsy to the sUty^three workers who were employed at the Tyke plant when fa was shut down, m February 3rd, ante neither Pittsburgh Coming are the Uaam Ashesm & idfer CrnfW?, the bttwy't pre mia owner, can he held legacy *c- income far whu may happen to the jst hundred and thirty-two other men who aided in the factory at nae daw or another during the seventeen jeartIt w* in operation. ^Thus, in the middle of February, Pittsburgh Coming M itself com pelled few the 6m time to isme public denials of wrungdiang m connetliwi wkh its Tyler pLt, even as It Made qi t* deny public stem to the fac tory and fas adpeent dump*, and to feury at much of the equipment and machinery from the place t foaMe. That the company should he placed m the defensive over vmk dumps and faidy hags, and hm hecauar of the awful jetguirdy m which fa had put the health of hundred* rf fas witfim and thm iataSht, levrm imnr. It should aot, hwttw, crane a* any surprise, fefach of Mwry fa the Umird State* has fasf operated on the aMimpta that fa cuuhl endanger the five* of fas employe** wfah relative impunity--and without embarrassing publicity and p>o*ih|y damaging reprfcussiiw*--as long1 fa dal nm immJy threaten the health ,d safely of the rommunfay at targe. Underlying (hi* auuunpuott fa the fur ther raaumjaiw that unfrfcvrs are not in much,a part f the community a* fan of the etpdpawm and machinery tf pnahtm*. A* nii, upon bring pawed defective they becaoa* rqwndafek. They **** **' rtplaced or trans ferred, or. If worn cranes t wont* given workmen's compettncam (which ; is mm stare* fa mmfabal) and reared. At that pant* they* cease bo fee anyiaw't reqmftdhffity. Lflce the eight hundred I and ninety-fire men who worked In the | TyWr plant over the ran, they are ; out of right and out of mind. fn a sense, - thcrefMt, like much of the factor) fa; self, they are huffed. FIRST braid aW the Trier plant 1 when. I aunufed tlw pres confer ence that M***ncrhi heW in Washing ton on February 10, 1972. Xter at my request, fee provided me with cup** of all the supecrinn report*, sur veys, and ftudar* that bad hern made of the factory over the years, and after studying them I derided to go to Ten* ; and talk with some of the people who 1 had been involved in the whole sad af fair. On Monday, March 6th, I fitw to Dallas, where I paid a caB on Brv, the regional administrator hr the Oc cupational Safety and Health Admfamtratbn. Barra is heavy**, heyiwUd man m his early'Afrits.! was ushered into has office shortly after iv*m, and when w* had shaken hands 1 took a seat at a conference table in fnmt of the desk and explained wiiy ! had come to t see him. t *L**k*t he arid. "XIOSH referred ` the Tyfer sfauatfaw u> us, and wc con firmed what K10*H had dfacovered. It's as smpfe a* that." ! tntd him that ! was iam&r wkh the contents of the KIOSK report and with the results of the Occupational Safety and .Health Admtnfatratxm'* subsequent fatfpecrion*. and that 1 was particularly meerested In knowing more I afafur the impretKui of the factory that the DaRas office of the Department of Lah<r had conducted on February IX I960. JJareo replied tltat be bad r<t ar rived. ar the Dallas office until July nf 1970, > we would lave tn dfaura die matter with Holder, the awfataat rcgamal administrator, wh> bad hern there since 1961, and he huxted Holdrr on an tmvremn and asked lam to bring a "fy of the 1969 tns|wrtsno reprt. WHle we watted, Barto | told uw dwi whrti Iw t* over as regfaxtsl adminfatrstor dwre had Wen no mlusufel hj gfanw in dw office and there bad been nnl> ihrec in^wcuws for (Ik regatn, a fire-sure area com prising Texas, Untfafcma, Oklahoma, Atksumi, and New Mexfa***. "A plant as small as TyWe simply cimMn'f he checked under thore* conditfauts," he . .i iu, - .'fc prnhfa-B compared m <*hett we had.* Holder came m and a seat p- pMKW me at the reference eddr. He Kruck me as bring an andwtiyw! Tex an-- 1*8, ks, tanned man fat fefa feue fatrxfes, with nty blond hrir and a rugged* scanty fare. After Bam had agbfaard the pup* f mr vfavr, 1 asked HsUrr if tfe Depamnem id Inbra had ever fauprend the Tjfer jdaat before February S3, 1969. Hr dunk hit head. ! then asked Irim f he knew of any prevans fawpectm Urn ' had hern conducted by agvacks Wfah enforcement pwtr, such as the Texas State Department of Herith. He n- u plfad that he did not. When ! tntd turn that 1 was particularly interested in learning more ahum the 1969 inspec tion conducted fay the Dalkn office, he replied tersely that on that date the Tyler plant had been found m fee un- satfafactety according to the pnivfaioas of the Walsh-Healey Act. (This was an Act, BQ& effective in 1969, that established i<tupbnuksh^id* health standard* few employee* M cnas- puiki hiding coatrscts of ten thousand duttan or mure with the federal gmr- cramcat.) I then asked Holder on what ^erific ground* the feewy had proved to be unesrisfectof)*, and fee answered that (fee exhaust systems were defirirm fat (rrens of airflow, and that there vats excessive dust. . . At that potnr, l inquired wfat nape had been taken to determine wfeeiber the Pfaisburgh Coming people had cor rected the unsatisfactory condkfauts fat il Tfler plant. Holder replied that the company had agreed that fa would infasttr a research-and-develapmcnt pn^ram to faapewve the vtnt3aih*i.sys tem, that fa would kiody the prarihi^y of nptariog ashestm wfah a sufessfaute material, and But fa would provide rvw p>Mi in rite Meantime,) protect the workers in the parriculariy dusty areas of th* plant. He went on in say that the Wafah-ilcaWy Act allowed the ne^ttity tn exceed the ashwuwdust standard if resptratur* were famed and worn, and that the fasuance of resparatort had theeefe*re suttfivd him as far; as any riulatim of the Act were am- ft'fBti 1 siked Holder Iww he knew that the employees fat the Tykr plant had1 rrerived re^iirnutrs. "Bccaim the eraupany lad to *>' them w order to conu* into compiarKY with thvlVafeh-llvafeyAct," Iv n|6nl. Rephraong the tpawtMi, f asked bint if he had any fires-hand kHowtrdgc that site company huu nnqdfed. feor a imunent, IfedXr rewudtwil fro m HCX tdenu Then, quietly* he a*ed e if, by | nay doner, I wa* hard f fernring. ( rapSed that ! didn't drink an hut] that prrhaj* I had nm tndtmuid' L*m. "We* I dittk you mm be hard vt fwarag, fcga," hr mmasuoi, "be cause Ain't { jus explain iC dot jwi?1* 1 Rpmd.dat prrlapi ! had wit tnhnuad ha, and, rrphraring (|k qimdun one* awe, abd hra hw he eorM be aruin that rktdwigh Com* ing had sued rwpiratnrs to is tin* plnyces following the 1969 inspection.! After gbnefog at Barm, Holder uni dot the company had soured him sc dot time dot a would undertake a eudy to hpnn the TMelana system sod dot it would wue respirator*. He | had M itam to Were that Pimhurgh Cornh| had not fcqx as word, he added. 1 askxd Holder it it vat normal pro cedure to accept a rampant's statement of totenduR as evidence of cumpJunec with oceupaormal-health regufotfons, and be replied that he felt k was. I that asked him d be.orjmyuoe else fmm the baltu dScv liad over ran-' spotted die Tyler pbat m determine whether the cmspuiy had come moj mplbwc. At that, 8am held up ha hand. "Mo sense busting around the bush1 wHk *," he cad. nYhat Holder'll ajing a dut wedSdimt mnspecL Let's have a at that." Since dm seemed die only *1ensfole caune to ah, l gut to my feet, thanked both taco hr their date, ami left the room. Holder fotfowd me out, and merged me m coareimm as 1 was pBStog on my tmt. "You know, the trouble with respirators out there a earn* **f those -bn}* wsBj She chrir chewing tobacco,'* he told me in a eon-1 fidcitdal tone. "Why, jmi can't get them to weara mask no way.** 1 asked Holder if he knew that astvum mhalttiw could anew arc only fnlnufiary scarring bat bnf can-1 cer, memchebinBa,andother mahgiwn-l cies. He rrfdird that be had never heard of sKsoda&reas and tku he doubted if them was any real pnd that bews| could cause canter. "If such proof tsated, would you *31 ebnetern the tidatfora at Tjkr aimrim?*l asked. "You know, thk fealth Hukhcss is always feeing exaggerated, in ity vkw, Holder sud. *i Ain't wv any scrims: danger fo the Tyfcr miration, and I 3I don't. How can there b*s a scrim*] danger ? k Aiesn't hurt you right X V^SSSrarioi |r^5i imifa*.. .^'.hry*r;mfT.;`>'rtf & 9 *":'*"* lad vetfaitted them. "It wmow " "or lets voluntary 196V- he rx- HALF an hour later, I wm driving pUnvd. "And after a few weeks thr a tented ear east on fmematr 20, purs snffwd wearing them " toward Tyler, about a hundred aides I mked Yandlr when hr had fim away. Fur the first fifty or rixty mfies, hen wdd that ashrams *, hazardous the country was fiat and dotted with to wort wfch, and he mkl it u m Au grazing cattle; then a became hdiv and gust of 1971, when !>r. Oram came wooded. Here and there, a pak-greyn down W gin the men a talk. "We wash of bud* m baht fnnkg in wet wen rral mod ahnut the masks,** he draws signalled the approach of gtrittg, *U. "HcA, I'd been working then but the hfet seemed hit against a larg ten yean without one, and they were a er background of brown 1*44*, skrirSd {run in the neck so wear, espctsiJh* m trees,* red Hi/ *o3, and a' vW sin* the summer, when k got m in then filled with ctnrling buzzards. At ithoift you'd sweat and couldn't get enough sir fouiwhtrtv m the afternoon, f turned through to breathe. So wlwn Dr. Grant 'off.Interaate 20 and drove south u calleil my shift into ihe sh^ang super D.S. Highway 69 to a mmrl <m the visor** office, the first thing we asked outskirts of TyVr, where I had made a Mm was how king we wtre'gwig to reservation. At the turnoff, there was have to wear the respiratnn. He nril m a targe tatthnard, erected by the Peru, lunger than a year, became the compiny pies Naooiud Bank of Trier, thu read was g**ng to shift over from aihmint "Life fs a Bed of Ruses." to muteral wad. He had a blackboard When I guc tv the mote), I tele set up in there with a ha of comp&ated phoned Dr. Herat, at the last Texas words and numbers on it that none Chest Hospital, and made an appoint of u* cradd make head or tsd af. X re ment to see him the next sftrrmw. member he said that the Company cobid Then I gm in s<h with Yandle, the make the whL plant dust-free hot local union chairman, who livvt m they ttaiSdn't make the finohed product Hawluu, a smaft town eighteen miles safe for the insulators 10 tor. When north of Tyk-r. Yandle has no tele mmebudy asked him about better dust phone, hut hk wife's grandmother's rtiOectora, he said that profits wouldn't house s next door, and she went over aRow them now. He istd that the <iikk so get him. I had called 1dm fnqa New site man m Smith Afrira were running Yhrfc a&*f ftdd him I'wanted to talk out and that the'rates wen? getting tan with Mm, and when he came to the high hir ihe company so hear the c*ut. phone a few miouies later he lab} he He also uid k had been known once would he along whlun an hour. While 1962 tint asbesua mld Hurt us. At I waited for Mm, 1 drew ap a the same time, he said that Hit of question* for Van Hone, armos'e ashmm Ain't earn Pktshurgh Coming'spfcmt man titmMr d you didn't smoke-- ager, whom I planned to see that it wasn't proved medieaR) the fullowtng day. that it ttmkl cause trouMr. He Yandle, who arrived slnuily had it wmtrn on the black* hrluir juVduck, proved he hoard dm wrvenura per erat a tatt, hemyset man with an en of the psqde who work with gaging grin and an easygiang ashrstitf have king cancer, hot manner. He came into the n*tm, he told usthat was anotherjus* smrk out a land, and plofqwd d-.wn in an easy chmr. f sskrd- of hvsnn. i It elnimed that 8 didn't smoke you didn't eo Wm ut tell me ftimcthiog about have any nun chanceof catch himself and hw work hwory, ing cancerin the plant than you and hr tmd tint M* was tluny-ws did walking out in the street. He abo ream idd and had gone to woik at the unnv a sind I cnn'i pn*n*Him*e-- Tyler ;dnm m the autmnn of !961. He nx-BO'BimrtMng.** had spent thrve and a half yean in the "NLdlHAnf?nlaskc;i. produetkm (Wpanmcm, he went tm, 'TM** It* Yandle replied. *`l)r. working tm the feeder and wrap ma- Grant said for te. not to worn about Hdmm, and for the put seven tvai* he that, either. Kspecwlly *f we dhln't Itad been hi rik1 *h^>ing department. suvdte. Cigarettes ami advsto* 4m't `He first time hr lad ever worn a res go tstgvihcr h what he told o*. Next pirator w m Jule of 1971, he odd tiling we knew*, diet* were s mlisig us she, and it was abo the first ikc lie had otvr 1*1 Dr. Hurst at tlv hast Trvi* ever wvtt any of Ids r-W4trkvrft wrar- Hosjntat h>r X-raes hoig-fmH- Wtg fiispirntors r.vrejM for a *lun pvi* tioo **, ah<E hhau! O-^s.** ff V A P fn n fi3 4 X-nuwd Wf*wc ib. a, and fe said fe ' had, <*t twv itrtaavMX **Bh tiroes it was tt tfe Medical and Sucpcsj CSnfe in Tyk'," W U me. TJiey*fe tfe net whu handled *9 ilv arndnt mrk >ihI medial Ruff fur Pxahuffb G*re 'ng. 1T fim imm; ! |M X*njd was jt 1961, when 1 went in work then, ami the wti time nu in the spring f 1969, not k| after the Doarutou fef Labor psopfc majimrd the plant. |Agrdh| to Van Home, aH the X- rx>* they tpole of' m the of 1969 were gnu!. We never saw them, of course, and wouldn't have known what hi make of tfem U we had. ! came across them, just hy accident, bat October, though, when tfe KIOSK hoys were down here making their Wg inspection, i was taking them through the plant as the union rep resentative, and I spotted a whole sack of something on a shelf high up in the men's rkvb. So I climbed up chert and took a look. It tamed out to he our 1969 X-rsys, hut they were so old and cracked and covered with dust and dirt you couldn't haw made out a thing.** . I asked Yandle whar fe and b* fel low-workers wen* told about the X- rayx and m& that Dr. Runt fed per formed the prexStms August, and he wid alley were not reld anything until few weeks before the KIOSK irtsfwc- ition ilk Oettfer. "Early in October, I two of us went over to the hospital n ask Dri Hunt hr our medical reports,** he went on. *f)r. Hum said tliat he had sent them to Van Home and Dr. Grant. K< explained that he was obli gated to Pittsburgh Coming, because he fed dune the tests for them, hut that, as a medical duetor, he was also obli gated to us, He said we fed no xsfes- tuSB on our diagrams, ami that if there twee* shadow*on the X-raya-tfey were probably aoc related to oHciua, He mid that as far as he redid let) there were no health problems that were re lated to nor work, hot there were peo ple Whofed emphysema aodlirunclihis, which he said was on account of smok ing. When a KIOSK ikrtur examined me a few works later, though, h soul he was sore I fed a gnd dree of a** bestems. Abn, I'd begun to dunk feck m tWnp ami m wfe up no my mm. I remembered wlien Willa* 11tint Had to quit a few yean agn hrrousc he was up hh*t. And Robert Thomas, ngM*c of o*e up in Hawfcmc, who hasn't fern abb* to breathe gxl for a long tutu.* nmr. Ain! Kd I.and, urth tlx same trouble. Am! BiH Morris, wire was spitting up W*l, cih and t4 himself over to tfe Ctadcwaivr MunSe- ->d^He^feL> ;jw, Wfere tfey '; found' pot* an fens Jungs and made a busy- And a whole bunch of others 1 mold name, fin when feme Wfefe and I Went mf p tfe Em Texas . Cfet Huffed in January tf swot with' Hum. Gram, Karin, Spfegrl, sod lesufl, and I feaid tfet seven <*f us wfe'd worked In tfe pfet for ten yean fed symptom* of fertnris, I wasn't surprised. Wndfe and I asked for a thorough medical reading un the health prdtkta of each and every man In the plant, and after that we began to hear a different tw. Early in February, Van Hon* put up a notice on the factory bofeiia board scheduling appsntreejit* with Dr. Hum for twenty-three of us, wjw, is turned out, fed something wrong on our medical tests. I went over there ret the ninth with Arthur Bearden, who'd worked in the plant for about sixteen yeare. I went in first, and Dr. Hum read off a lot of num ber* and said that after a recfeck of my cess they'd made a new dagneafe. He told me that I fed symptoms of early asbeimss hut that my condition wasn't so fed as lumc of the others'. He said that a few more weeks et the plant wouldn't hurt but that after k shut down I shouldn't try to find work in a foundry or a welding shop, or anyplace where it's dusty, and fe ad vised me to look for a truck-driving p*. He odd tfe exact rente thing re Arthur Bearden. Naturally; me of the things i asked Di\ Hum wad wfet 2 could do for myself. And that's when it dawned on me that 1 was m real had trouble, because he uid that there was no medicine or cure for asfestosas, and that 1 had to keep com ing hack every two years for another exammatsre re am if k was getting . worse." . 1 asked Vandie few he feh there days, and he said one had. **!<* kind > d hard to explain,** he went on. **8ul ) if I exert myself real fast, I kind of 1 jtist give nut." Yandle added that in > addition to Bearden and himwlf, Rob ert Thomas, Mhchrll Walker, Tom Bukfer, and Harold Spencer hod hero add Hy Dr. Hum that they had symp toms of eariy aihcsuoss, and had been advised nut re work in dusty places. "Tfere'i a seventh gay with the same trouble, hut he's a suprrvfcor amt he wmr*i talk about tt,w Yandle sail. "W* fear that ife company settled tax nnenths* fay on all the mperviren. Tfew mfer fellow* i told ytt about, tireUgh--tfey*lj talk, ami if pat want 2 ranjntffalurv ywu resume id ilem* f tM Yandle I would like iw ram tfem, and anyone vfe fe could think of who ewuld feif* U* pvemr a cfe^T . pwiure of wfeVVfed greu* at w% tfe ' Tylerfdaiu. '?A' **\Vell> then, pw ought re ak re Frank btvnerrS'H: afel. **Hr's |Ur- nld's falfe-r, aiuh the feenseng thmg few* ham is that fe used re w*t at the tdd Ufere A*vtb & Kidifer CW W * McGrague, tfown by I WacR. aid Frank's got an awful profe fen feftKhfeg these ifejs, re fe'sahsuut always at feme. VVhy don't l ea* Km up now? 2 mtghr & wr caR Ray Barron, km. Ray Kvv* riglrt chue, and fo'* fon of tfe* numtertancr crew tfeVve kepe on re clean up the plant** 'larnlk' tvlcpfewwd Sfwncvr and ar ranged for us to vbit fern at ho home lathr in the evening, llien he called Barron and inritvd hint re ttwnr tlw motel. When fe had Hung up, I anked Idm to tell me what Ik knew about the burlap hags that nfesrea was shtpywd re Tyler a and that were later sold re nurseries the DaBas-Trier am. `'That's a real laugh,4, he said. "I mean abut them mailing dfey-five tfreumnd of those bag* from the fecal aurtcriit You ux, the amodte caaw m Hundred-pound bags from South Africa re New. Orleans and Hfeignn, and then it was IrnyM over fere on die Citron Bek Rihhc. Now, l happen re know Butt from 1963 re 1967 Pkoburgh Oirnkg 4d those hag* to the Ctusal Bag k Bagging Ct^atration, of Hiwsttm. Then, after 1967, they started reding them locally--nuodr to live nuraerws. Anvway, what l*m get ting at b that tfe thirty-five tfeHeattd bag* arv just a drop n tie bucket. ink at thb way. We mi two hundrwl sacks of amorite a day m pnulaction. and we worked a fir-da\ week. That make* a rhotoand hags a week, ami fiftr-twt* thousand haw a vvar. 1* that right?" "Right,*' I said. "O.K.,** ^'amBe wmt on. "FTfn*two thoumnd lugs a year W ten jears givesjou how much;" "Mncv duo half .a mitbon," I repJkd. "More than half a million,** Yandle reid quietly. "And you know what? '11k? leafed fife crast*--all of there, t know, fetaufc* I und re help unload them famt tfe freight cars. TIkv leaked t&c emm*, and thr\ wviv dvotv a* could he." 17' was nearly wira ofen Raj, Bar ron arrived--a iiamf%iim% strapdark-ftrired mao of (hint-four, with a roft-$Mikeit tu.uvmr, lie uihl me that fe had worked at tfe Tv for pbm for u\ years, firsr as Ung f<%nlcr, then C c rs a .iM _ i a the budding department^'**4 now m mamwtatKe man. "I mm m hag feeder lot ahoc* mx cuwtha," be odd. "h vis my Job to vinj*y the amushe burfaji acb ttd uu the feeding tfuduM, 1 fed about irtvsi? wodrH*Mwd bags <rf wbestmoo ev ery right-fair shift T y, Trou ble was, the ashms wouldn't jot pour mt. It ns packed in v dgbt we hm tw dig a out with riar bare handv" 2 asked lnw if be bad ever worn a mpbur when be was a bay feeder, and H shook bs bead. He had amr wnm on* until August of {971, be Bid, when the company suddenly made it> mandatory for the entire work force to , wear rwpiraior*. "Scme of us were *sued mptrators a few years ego, but n urn voluntary if we wanted to wear these* and smec no nne tab) us uatd last August that asbestos was dangerm* to work wish, we didn't," he Bid. "AH of ua in the maintenance citw are wearing 'em nuw, though. Except for Van Hrnc, who keeps say ing that asbestos won't hurt you. He af*> claims tliat none of uur medical proMon* arc caused by asbestos. My own X-ray a supposed io be clear, and my other tests are O.K., and I don't have linger dubbing, so they mid me I was probably all right. VThat worries: me is that word 'probably,' and whetHrlUbv all right five or ten yean fntrn now. When 1 dunk hack, all X can re member is the dim. Why, must of the nne X worked there you couldn't ace from one end nf the place to tlw other--especially when there was any sunlight coining through the win dow*." Barron then said that for the past several weeks he and three other main tenance men had been dismantling ma- dwnery and equipment with acetylene torchts -and burying nm dsns dump next to the plant. "The tittle Mai's left k either being shipped up to .J'Ktsborgh nr king sold W scrap," he went on. "When we gel thmugh, the place*!! bo empty exrq*t for the surpht* fibre that's stiU in the wnrvhmise." "How. modi of that is there?" X w^ivred. ' "There must he abut ten thousand fetg%" Harrun answered. "I hear they'rr already sold h to *#nc outfit up in Canada." "Do you know win* tlwy are or where in Canada live art'" Iferron wid. "It's supposed to be n srtrvt. Hut well be busy full lime down there fur at least *tx m**re wwk*, w I might hear ft*Hnhtg. We've only Ivguh tn bury tk ventilatam &*', and we H have to fin*4 culling up SigsSSJSr rr' TOrfch aimrtly; after right e'efoefc/and die* Yandfc and I drove out the'toe? highway-one ,d dn M roads Mat girdle Tykr m the east side of sown, where Frank Sprnrvr ami Ml Mr lire. We dimfed the potvh steps, and Yandk fovekrd on a screen door that opened into a small tivmg room. Mr. and Mv Spencer were in side, siting b racking chainand watch ing a (pox show nei a brgt color 1*V set, Spencer, a while-haired, ruddyfaced man, was wearing Wuc-andwhat str^ed overalls. Ha wife, ah*> white-baked, was wearing a pbin call-, co drea. After Yandk had introduced us, 2 Bt down on a small couch and asked Spencer to tall me ahum his ex periences waiting with asbestm. "Well, { worked with asbestos for twenty yean or so," he said. "1 started in 1949 or 1949 in the old plant down m McGregor, where we used to five. The factory was in the Bluefemnct Ordnance Want area, where they'd made bomh* for the Air Force during the Second World War, and the gov ernment began reactivating the place m 19, so Union Alfa** & Rubber moved out and came up here in '54. There was about duty nf us <m the. work force at McGregor, hut there was a big turnover. M<* nf us were1 farmers, and there wa ai cf young, farm boys who came and went. Har old, my own am, worked tl>erc, t*. la fact, I signed s paper saying he was eighteen, hut be was really only seventeen. Thai's an he could get rive job." 1 1 askrd Spencer if he bad ever worn a respirator at MvGrvpw, ami he gave me a lw*k id smstmcnL "Wore a respirator!" he exclaimed. "Why, | w*v one all the time down there. They never mid a word in us about atfe-sto* bring dangerous, hut tlwy made u wear m*r requratiuv, Actually, it wasn't the craiijnny Muu did tlut. It t was the tnsorantv niuferwtiters who bmI we had to wear 'em. 1 gum they ntM have kwwn clue that dint cmddn't be Ado* us mxieh goal, ehf Hut, gtMdovM* takes, insurance underwriters of not, y*n* would have Aed tt* wear a respirator down Uu-'c-^yaiJ owiWn't have breathed mhvrw tw. hti of Mtv time, I couhln't liardly xt tlw man wurting next tBK'!" "1>* jmt ever get hack tlwrv?" I impured. MVVu used tn g** hack all the time tn fcwi4siic frieiwU and rektiies," S|ucrr re|dk>il. "Hut, one by tuw, just slmt all the itv.n win* worked with me at tleit pfnee have-, died, ibwily, they jm MTsariX tn n<5> breathing." "Some d them died of cancer, u*v" Mo. Spencer added, wuhotit takkis her eyes from the TV set. "Ow* r-q nr, ue wdd me." "lU he stxrr-sn years utd m hfav," Spam asd. "And X swear |'a a)nut the ohtirB one I know tha(*( ative from that McGregor plant. Ex-, cvpt for nm, of cuune, and he's 1 nady got cmuMr wtit has hangs. X*ee| had tmubie with mute for yers. J final!}; had w tph the Tyler plant h 1968. They deuhkd me. Jus couldn't hardly breathe no more. New I'm out of breath all the time. Can't do nethfeing. Can't walk any distance at ill. When I quit. Utcy started gmng me tome retirement payments--eighteen dollars a month. X should've done what Ed Land did. He spot around about 1962. He couldn't breathe, either, be cause a lung engajaed cut him. I heard he was going to sue, but they settled with him." I X asked Spencer if he was rtcovrag! any medical attention, and hc'smSed. for the first time. "I've been gtting to these local doctors W my lungs for! yean," he mid. "I^nupta awful lot, | and t'm always out d breath, and IVe! a funny-soumKng cough. X gue*j K: been sa Jub about every last dec-1 tot in that Medic*) and Surgical C&rieJ AM of.5cm ban vdd me fhad sotiw*' thing wrong un my X-rays. Same of 'em have t<dd tn X got emphjaema, and wane if 'em my h*t asthma, and at \ ww time they even thought X had cancer, but not one uf 'em ever lax! it was on account of asfcrs*. Well, they're a hunch of quacks. 1 know what, 1 p* now. I got what Ed Land gm. I g< what Harold's g. And att the1 Am. I gut that dust disease. That dutt4aiatc>us49." J As YsttdW and X left a few minutes later, Spencer rose from Im nuk ing chair, saw us it the tkair, sod maul m the porch and >dd us p-d- hye. M we went down the Heps, l turned to thank him, and saw* ban teanmg forward, hands <>n hh knot*. rckmg his head up aiul down. Ilv wat gwpmg forair. j T c%ht oYhck the nr\t mnrufug A Vandtv came hv tlw motvl in baitorrd blix* pickup. We had a vup > rofTre m the dining m>m and tlu drove out to Arthur Boardrn's h*oc, *wt the east tle .f town. H*ardvnV (dace wat a faded-green frame dwell ing that Mt n cinder bbx'ks, Kke uufrt *f the houses m thr arrn, and in tho fru yard there was a lun-nty-five- WAigji, V*tnc*&r muiwfcrd,*nd witpatfewc. He J eetiU krrp . wirodcrfuBy frsivr Mdly live, su full f working at the plane dm way. 2 wmt hy grrro lrv4* *ml bright-red ber- yt hun for about two awmsha. During tit k looted aa if it had hem bung by . Diwnkr and January, I went once a fend. . week, cm Tuesdav owning. They uuk Bearden oo ut ihr hr, ushered i nab, aeJ hnmn&trl}' offered ip X-ray (kiun ri me every tame. Must J stunrinp, they pot task a cnifk, hut brew * *une mfftr, Hv a grave- K one mnmfftg they rank eleven--one beed, mft-spikvn man m 1us saddle kg Hstanding op and ten 1st on my bock. Arties aa) wfaa YamUe nU me he . o Another rime, they swabbed tt my was famnos be making vmn( coffee 1 *55 mouth wkh anesthetic, put to mate kind he Mpmy with a bnad grin of 4- 4 of a roaring, and looked kws km my light. Then, mhf! mv ai a table in ehrst with flocue triad of a tube. After- the dims; room, hr dwippcarvd into want, Dr. Seaman tohl me my left the knebro. YanUlr went in ^t! Har * Mag Wasn't funettonhg* property. 1' old Spencer, who fired at a trailer next 'asked Mm if k was cm account of the door. When Bearden returned from the ashesos, but he said he cmikln't say. . All he t**te ray was that there wasn't kitchen, he sat dime across from me any surgery for k. Then, no February and told me that he had gone m work 9th, 2 gne sem over there tn we Dr. at tMrYyfer plant in March of 1955, Hum. lie mid I had what looked to a few months after k began iterating. MI worked there vntS I960," he said. "Then ! was laid off for a year, but Mm like advws scar tissue in my lungs. He udd me Ml tn work us duuy conditions an)*mnre, arid he mid I went hack in April of 1961 and stayed until the plant doted down last io c<ane hack aad see hire m twn ymn. By that time, 1 was real worried and month. Su> afl in *B, f figure I worked didn't know what *> think. WhaC wnr- wkh asbettui ataut sixteen years. Dur ing that rirw. I .gortB 2 worked in. moat arm of the production depannpit. 1 never wore a respirator end * rird roe must of all was what a doctor fntm'siOSH teU me hack ki1 October. He had Bsctted m me hrmtlw, and he had looked md anrhd at my fingers, bs August; and 2 sever raw snyunc eke wearing one except for a few fcl- w* on the feeder machines and in tlw aw fpnm hade m 1969. Tlwac were probably ttw dtmkv arras in the plant, hue the whole place was so dusty it's hard *> tcB for sure. M*t days, you CAu^n't See from tire middle of the building m either end." At tha pant, Yamlkr returned whh Harold fipencvr, a man in Ms late thtnin, who wear* a grin that masks a diffident manure and an air of fatalism. When l told Mm 1 had met h father and mother the night before, hv simply noddl'd and grinned a Ihtlr wider, and sat down at the table. 1 asked Spencer how brag he had worked with aslwstin, and he tM*ugh( for a Irw moment* and raid be gutmed for-about rceemven $c*ft. "I worked at thr Un ion Asians & Kuhlwr plant in Mc Gregor from *51 t *53," hr end. "Then f worked at Tjltf from *55 f *57,iM the* frame hark in i960 and worked Mead* from then on until tin* plant ckxwd down W mouth. NoKmlv cvv* *4d me the stuff would hurt ie, land 2 never wore a reqarator uttifi b VuguM, when cvvryhidy had to start nearing them. Iktck around tatt 1'hanfcqpvtng time, *1 g*t called over to the East Texas Chest lltupital by a | Jr. Seaman, wIh tM me I had a *p* Wi uif bit buig. lie didn't say what h wav, but he offered to treat me as an and lie had told me I had a cate <d athcttffRL* "I'hat's what we aB got," said Bearden,,hvHng around jthe table art his frirridt anii then at me. "W? just hettrr hope we'don't get cancer. You know, sunt people have already died of dmvr who worked there. Mr. McMfllan--*he was jdaar manager hc- frr Van Home--hc died aKwt a year and a half agn M some kind of cancer In the {Mk. And Marv in King, one of tl>e snprrYwwi--he t>A sick hack an 195H, I think it was, and dird of lung eanevr. And Chester Hickman, vho'd brrn night watchman since tlw jdace pencil--M' died <*i cancer m June nf 1971." Bi arth'it *vm out to tlir kheben and Itfmjgto hack Uie ttwrytutc. Jt turn-4 ibh to fw as sir.wig as any 2 had . ever tasted, ^ntl when l tdd him so hr jjriniwd with drhglit again. "Spencer hrfc wm ih*> only one *f us that got tnatvd . as an iMitjeit^m,** he said. "Back hi Ocudn'f, J)r. Sphrgcl.t*4d me r* I hid a had sound in my lungs, but I 2 didn't i-v Dr. Hurst unt3 I went over O la 0n> Fa* Texas Che*4 lUupital with 3 Herman here m b'ehnun*. Dr. Hum O fold nu* l hid each' wage* d ashrsoMs frith mh-s m my longs nd (Jut 2 S jhoirliln't try to fiiul a ji* anyplace ^ Iticrr was dst. 'llw thing that Mwbcr* me is I >Jwi1il'vc reall/j-*! snmethmg was ttfonj* Iwirk in 196S. 1 was off fnn wurktMn witIra ddudder tnfKlinn and gsu tcm over In the company tn se Dr. Smyth, at the Medral and Sargbl Cfinic. He gave me a phy*?) cvuBtnaMm and Kstmid u> my cbesi i and lunk some X-ray*. A few* hours j kuer, he adknj me hack and lisuwed j K ray again, but h: didn't tell me aBything." t "Fucmy thing," Sjvncvr munnoA-4, j "Back m 1969, f p my fim X-ray at j the Medical and Surgical Clm*-. and a, Dr. Marshall nw there odd me*l bad* a spot oft my lung. He raid iw'd be in touch with' trie, but after I waited six months without hearing froin Mm 2 gut worried and went back and w a Dr. Wbetsell there. Dr. Wheuell gave me * a checkup, and in 1 was thmugli 2 odd Mm ! thought that maybe ! ought tu change jobs, but he said he cadda't Sarantee I'd he lured cm*wliere eke, cause I origin not be abb; so pass a pbyried." Wide Spencer was ulting, w were juined by* ivSlic Hum. whom YandW had wished over. Hum s a gust man m Ms Ian fifties, wkh sunken cheeks and a shy tnaencr. He.wU me that ^ lad seined work at the Tykr pbm in January of 1956, and bad stayed until Kuvcnhr of 2969, when he quit. "I worked mostly on the freeing macMncv and the ovens, and ! hanlly ever wm a mptntur the whole cane," he raid. ut rtmemher, thmrgh, tide around the end of May of 1969 sme ftBows from * the unsna commirtev went m and a^ed Van Home how come a few of the boys were suddenly wearing masks. Van Home told them It wa cm account of the dust kveh were high in the saw room And the fwdmg-raarhin* area. & they asked Mm if tlw dust would bar us, arid Van Home just arid that ever, if it.did there wasn't any way anybody could he sure of k. Of course, by that rime t was brgianmg t get some ides of my own tlt the stuff wasn't pW to breathe. I!d been o-igMng W fur nearly three years, and i'd been a a lot uf doctors. I went to Sr Dr Thomas and Dr. Smt eli at the Me^ cal. and Surgical Clink', and ! wen t Dr. Krtfght at the Qcnmt Gen era! Hraratal, hi Tjkr, Dr. Snji! tnbl me I ought not to work in dew hut he never raid 2*d hv driablod. D> Krright raid f had cmjihyfenu hi K lungs. Hr kept tm* at the Clcnw< General Hnqatal for a wcvk after cpiit the plant. Hr tik a bn id X-rav and a*ked nw when* I w<uCcd, b*< hv didn't tvll me auttMug about tb X-rays and hr didn't ray anytlun uMiur asM**}!*. K<m* I'm jwn w^ireli M*H to do anpMng. If 1 walk jo*  fok jwo, I cao't ms tank." * "Sam wife as,* irid Ranks. "2 foed * row In the pnkn the other aad I me r nf tersaUi catinlf.* ' Tk om t!ay of aR>r cut't --a * phyrieri to g ajvxbcr job," twersrid. Beiges nodded *1foriy. *1 got to tlfScseu w a pbm ikt mss* {actntet a&KiofKlhhmcn,* he tald mr. "Bt I'm. Hart* to death of tk phrricai rB xake a, but I'm afraid of k, *auK I bsw I w't p*m h if they take an X-ray or bus to my kings." For a oflsicnt, Bearden was dent, looking around the table at has friends. *Yu 'know,** he mid reflectively, Ht*t everybody was as dumb as we wen. I renumber a new man walking in a few yon age. It ms m 1970, I think. They had told me to explain the feed ers to foa, and k was rigbuiw end the %hts were ua and the dust was so duck it was fogging the ighs, This feUow--1*8 never forget ksn. He took a look at the feeders, and he walked partway down the plant floor. Then he turned and wafted back past me and gave hb head a diake. And then he went right na cm the door, withour a word to anybody, and he never came hack." T was afoot eleven o'clock when Yamfo and 1 returned to the motet ! had an appuntmem to set Van Home in an four, and YandW had to do some wnrk around h*s 'fount.' We flanged to meet them late in the afternoon. Half sn four later, 2 drove cast to VS. linkway 271, where I turned north as a huge foundry that was belching smoke into the sky. About right nwfo down the road, 1 paurd a large, modem brirk holding surround ed by expansive lawns. A dsn hieftri'frikisKlfo Tw<Jfefl wcapiod.** A few hundred yard* past the fopial, 2 turned writ onto State Highway 15$, where .share was a rig* planting tfo way to the Owntows Industrial Dw trio. At the bottom wf a hfll, ifot a dk< iKUikwot uf the hsptal, I tame u a flat vaBey fiUrd with sheds, pre fabricated building*, and simw wodtn warefouse* ihu had met hern part of Gtmp Fannin, a Second World War framing ccnferaml F.O.W. ramp. The w)vde place was criernissed hy spurs rf the St. Uuk Southweam Hallway. Vr winding through the area fur fee ten minutes, I came uf**n a pair of bmg, few dads with peeling wooden iu;a{e9 and corrugated roofs, and saw a dpi affixed ut tfo ride of one of them wfoh read "AH l*cw*s Kmcring This] Aroa A/otr Wear Aj^roml Respiratorj ' rroten**.- It was iww wfekr rig* wik fogkt-ftsf lettering, ami apian * Ur shabby background it shut* 5kr a hao. At taw end of tta sheds was a green emdrr hhri uflkv folding with a agn reading "I'kwhurgh Coming CorporatJuu." I parked the car nut front, wvm in- ride, and paw my name t a rvcvptnmbz In an aatcnwm, who aunounevd, ay arms) on an sntvttsu. A winate fatrf, Van Hurw came out, dvtk my fond, and utbnvd me mt life office, tyherv we sat diwn near fo desk. He was s gray-iiauvd, self-assured man in lu* middle forties, and Ik- was wearing taro-rimmed g)av* am) a mustard- Colored jacket WJfen 1 tnU him tfot 1 wanted to talk wkh lorn shout the plant,.he tail he had hcen in touch wkh tfo Pittsburgh office an imu* be fore and had rvcris\d certain order*. "I haw hm* instructed to read a sotcmrnt to ytm,* Van Horne c*teioed. "Jt b an autUmacd statement, and after l am done reading it I will lutve no funfor comment.** Haring said tha, he got to hb feet, picked up a shevt <*f paper frost the top d hfe desk, adjunct) his glasses, and* in the Ann, mcfound tone of a schoolmaster e*|A*mmg the rules to a new and pusfldy recalcitrant student, fogan reading. "ISuftforgb Corning, on its own iniusitkr, has dosed the Tyler, Texas, plant and has ceased asbrsn* production emuriv,*' (be statement taul. "UV haw rv |dans fur further use of thv *1 yfer plant and are making every effort *o m*ure safe d- p>al of any remaaiing waste material. W siacervty rcga*t die adverse mimic knpaet that thv plam chang m%ht have *m our ei4*jws and their fareSfo. Since 1967, we haw made e^uru and biveMme^x to ruduev dust fends at the plant and haw kept gut- efsuaeat j^nrica Jtdcfod. il has be come ecroiiumcally hn^^wubfe to reach die increasing rignl dov fevefe vMafe fohed hj* the federal government. Kach of tlu; employee* at the {dam foee hwn given cocnpk*te jdiysic^ uxamHtatatM and, in cooperation fe) bval officers M the Oil, Ckiwal, and Atocnic Wnrkers Unam, We have v*ttdUhed a ydnc^umsclliiig lervKe u> aid tnva ini heating other Work, Tfon* fe snh- &tmtarin fitr tlh dwm that huriap h^s from the plant are a health Imvard. Despite tUU, we iiat'e rvcemtr bought from nurserymen in tfo Dalia-- Tyfer area some tlHaacmd hags, urlikli mat have come ftun oor jdam. * When Van Home fioidietl reading, iIhOu was a imunent of cownufH-d *dencet tfon i got to nie fe^, efonked him for giving me hi* tutH*. and a^ked him if 1 euuld have a ci^ae nt fo StaeM *> swnt. HcVrang fee .the rrivptfori*, vlio eat** mi, tnok the Haunwru, wvnt ; cot, and returned with a Wrox rop*. * Van Hum handed me. the Xcgov Bfoofc or hand, accompanird me sn the from dune, and wished mr a pfeftom t^i hock to New Ytuk Cm . I udd him I was pbmuif to stick around town for o while. Then 1 got who 0* cur ' and drove away. TTTHEN I got fork to the motel, I * VV west to my anm to make a few phone cmB*. WMk I was fodung op ante numbers in the Iocs! directory, l happened upon a drscriptfen of the own, and teamed that it had hern esufa&fod in the early v^hteen-futties and named for Frericfem John Tyler, who had sd*fttrd the anncaatiun of Teus to the United States. Accnrdfog to the phone fonk, Tykr had been **a * * ffoal! agricultural town with m aristro enw tockgiMind" until 1930, when the great tan Texas m3 fob) was dis covered. At that yntnt, the phone ife rectory arid, "Tyler bream* the of. ftee headquarters fe two hundred and sry-rvm independent and major nil producers, cqaeraum, end refiner* working in the fields sairrmmtfog the cny." Beneath the dArripiam was a' hna wkh the heading "Some IntcrvK-1 mg Facts About Tyfer." One of the mtermmg fans sa that Tyfer has a twenty right acre mirnicipil garden mmaimng twrnty-fitc thmimnd rose' hushes m three hundred and fifty vari eties. Another fntenrttMig fact was that `more , than* half of the field-grown rosebushes supplied to the emu* nation dime front within a fiftv-mdc rados of Tyfer." lie mst mtcrefimg fact afemt Tyler 1 ciw, however, was that H is the medical center .of Cast Texas, wkh as rxpa,adaag cuafdex that m-. cliufo the hfediralCrnter H.spoal, the Mother Ppnni Hispu), two other general feapiials, feuir private dimes, ami, nn the outskirts, the Fast Texas Oat !f*|4ta), which has c%ht Ih* dn*d and twent)*-firc beds. . After lunch, I drove out to the East Texas Chest Hupts) t>> keep my appfetfnrit wkh Dr. Hunt. It was a windy aftcm<Mf, ufeh cfori* acudding aernaa the sky, and on a flagprie in front uf tfo main entrance to the fenphri Ac' American and lame Star flags were flapping to the aceion|umtntent of ratlHng grommets. A ho of Texas redhud tree* on the grounds were joM foginriRg to W-hb, and tiivy cast a sheen of purple agaam dw well-trimmed green lawns. &.nw dmance ofF, ram~ hackfe wvBxh n Kirracks kh upgiug From USX evoivvig *w--irbrfa indicated tfafat, Gbe thr mstrin Owvri*r Indus- trad Dfatrin, <1* fan* Iwd rowv hn part of Camp Kimw. ' After qwwUng a few mmutit fas `"'tun; nnra, 1 *ras directed, to ibe v of Dr. Hunt, whin i fiauri to *c a taB* tfe man fat Ml late dartan, to* dark Mr, an earnest manner, and, a bi2U war of qmfcing. Boro fat Mina Gerais, to Kndl, wfavro In faster w mamat?, |>r. Hurt* received fafa tnfatfa^ai the Uniivnoy f Te* Southwestern Srh4, far Dal las, be t!tcn became a fpeefadfat in puU rounaiy dfaem, and for several years was a member of tlw staff ? thr Cheat Dtvisaua of Wdfawn Hrapfaat, fat Dallas. Lt 1964, be was ajqaanted cfcnfcal dtrrcotf of the East Texas Chew Hoqiital, and in ti* autumn t*f 1970 be became superimcmlunt of the msfauefaMt. He told tnc that the Ivspftal bad bora founded m 1949 as a tuber- rufaw fauspicat, ami that fas may*r work bad atwaji been fat Mw fwfal of tuberculos* troatment. "Since 1967, however, we're been treating patients afflicted with-other Mail* of pulmonary daewe*" be laid. "The fact fa tiwt when Dr. Gram, as medical coondi- ast to Pittsburgh Corning, appmocind me late fat 1966 shorn conducting a 'ical survey of the worker* m the , fa<e}' here, fa promot'd to be a real departure fro W "What reason* did i>r. Grant give you for wanting iM awdr performed?" 1 asked. "He t4d rtw that the mutt were working wfah .irubuv aihratftf, sitd tlui the company wanted to krone if they were ettftmniering any medical prohkm* as a mull of thrtr cxpwurr." I remarked na the irroiv of the fac- I troy's pmxknky t a Wfvtrf specalw-1 mg fat pdintmary rim-asc, and asked| Dr. Hunt if hr Ml known ttf thej plant's rKaimri' bfar* Dr. Grout's visit. Jh. Hunt shuok U bwl yimbrely, "No," be mid. "I'd Bcvvr Iward of the fdarc," "Did l)f. Grom give t'i am mli. ration that hr sutpected tlie men might be getting nek Wiauw d llwir e.\jfcft.u jrthc*fw "K, he Ud *n," Dr. Horst rvf4wd. "OhvftMidt, lie knew that cxj- hi* tu advsti could var jroWmarv wsift. He sfatiph hdd me (hat M*r ..rfiijciBy bad Men u*utg the .Vied*-*! ami Surgical Clone. and that it now , warned w t tmdvnakc a tTtmprchvit* ,5te tuudical nrvct .*f fas wtrkvro.** 2 asked Dr. Uuisj if K> lad ever *"Ti iTTTTTrrTT7n e&al uM Surp^l Oink almit any , witffcfar at this Pktsbui|^t Corofaig fhust Who had M *vrit becnat of ium&ciettey. . **No," be Btb "Nmr. 1 mh' e*- undned men srnt me fay the cronpatty, who were working and were apparent- Jrwl* I told Dr. Hunt that several of the aabetto* workers 7 had talked with had FtU that doctors at the t&ak had udd them they were afifated with ea^by- arms or branddth, and that I had raw yet met anytma who had her* tuJd by any doctor at the elkk that he was af flicted with sdwHflds 2 asked Dr. Hum if ihh seemed strange to Mm. <V' For a moment, he was (dent. Then . he laid, "You know, there's an awful k of ignorance about occupational dis ease. The avenge duetor tends in minimize the danger of fa. Srone dtrs u/td to bkme everything on eiga- rnitt* l asked Dr. Hum if far had btfiMti at any lime that Dr. .CnlWy, .of the lluneau of Occupatfamal Safety and Health, m Cincuuuifa had not per formed the medical fetrvvv "f the TyWr wwkers be had agreed su hack in 1967. "No, I did nro," be answered. "I aaumed that (be stud)* had Men con ducted, as Dr. Grant had indicated fa wuyld he." . . *^VhM reason* ditl Ur: Gram giw when ha cdlnf y**i Uu AegoB and unce again proposed that you examine and test the workers?" I inquired. "The tame rcauxu he gave nearly five year* hefote," Dr. Hum rejMvd. "Did be tc8 you that Fhnburgh Coming had filed a mpiest with the Department of LaW U* a variance fruen txxiqmknal-heahh rrgulauuu, and that the ropiest for a variance sated that the ciutyinm* bad alrvadv expanded fas medkabexatmnanun pn- "No," said Dr. Hum. When ! asked Dr. Hum u> dewrfaw the tests that were jwrfurmnl m tin* Tyler workers at tli* Kas Texns Cluvi Ihspsul in Angus of 1971, he mid me that they included veftlilatmyi Sinfies, m delcrmfav h**w fas air g'-J into and **n d tlw lungst tug*vibtmo sudiro, (> show Mw much air <hd kings can Iwbl*, hUid-gM uudva, indicate how effiewnth uarg<*n fa gvi-i ling tntn tlw bbaxbarram; diffmfan^ Swdiel, M indiratv what lappens t Aygen ami carb* diusklr uxihu hingfe; and rkot X-rays. ! then atked Dr. Ilurs when hi fim Suspected (list vnnv *d (tie Hvrkur were afflicted wfab udesowfa. "Well, *ial {>*& ( w, oivauw i,_retvtrT e&c m potl all rur data ?cttwr and [ j Xwrtnhef,": be mal. "Hy tlwm wr Ibwv thrre as< aeVenee <*f ffbnw, m 1 *csrrinf *rf the lungs m <d iW K-roys. Some of the mm al had dyspnea, c dvrftnew of htv^uh, awl there wefodectemeam diffuAw ca^w% well In fact, all hut ** f the ferwn mm fat ml trouble had low &f. htnnn. The trmdde was, we had made a mistake in our formula for thr diffu- din studies, $M& didn't disnvvr it uadi December. That's %vfj\fe desk u* * long to crone op wfah a pronivv tfiagm*- tfa of advstiifM." 7 then asked Dr. Hum if he or anyone else was pbnofaig to perform Mlmrap medical studies of die `I^Wr workers or their families, or of former workers or their fmulfas. "Pvb alked,about that* wfab Dr. Johnmn, at KIOSII, 'vfah Dr. Norman Dyer, of the Environmental Freeecvion Agency, m Dallas, and wfab my su periors In the Texas State Department of Health,** be bU. "2 rt% can't say* what's grong to happen, however, t suppose & ft quesBun of where the money wBI come from." Kern, l idled Ur. Hunt if the East Texas CbcsT llropfaal had ever hehur eurofated workers on a consultant ba rn wfah a company. "N to my knowledge," he replied. "Would you do n spin?" "i doli*l know;" Dr. Karat said slowly. "Thr studies we performed f*tf Pittsburgh Ctwtiing were good studies, and once we rvcofied the ermr in mir difftSBon was iHrj* were ^u>nugb. But whether we dwaild have got tnv>4ved with the company in dw first place fa snmctMng I'm not sure abroit." IT was alamt ffiwe-tldm* when t left the hupitai, m J t/vk ifar shortest *Kite to YandleVbroise, drittNg-noith on State Highway ISS, past tK* Owen- tnwa {mlustrnl iTwtrxt. S rrouimMl, thriHigli Wtmma, to thr town of Big S-rndt, wlwrv ! tumvd ww oh U&. IUghwav 80, toward Hawfans. Atone pitot, I tnwwd a bridge over a muddy, swarutenrig stream, and then tlie rusnl ptmd through snAe afu*r miV of p- .can grows, where snow-white eatA' graved among ^ounnd of frail 6U* 2 ' trod, uAuac delicaw hraitdws UxvxetX o an imtscfttc tracery ag.wi'U iJv *\. 'Fbe M O ,ivnter of IUwkin vroi>4s of four o eorarrs when- VS, Highway K} ** jhiwcud hi State Highway 14. A fagn fOwn sys that tlie t*w iws a p^nitt- s tfarn of nine htmdred andseivinv-wmi. i turned north m State Highwav 14 and, wnhiu a mih or . aimed ui Fiom USX YaoJV*! pbft i small wHfcc_' jtuK finuse....and ImAi! Yasdk standing fa ts=^Jmmg;d&dltr breathing. "tt*1 the driveway. '* ' Ymndk and 1 q*nt the rest nf d* jigtjtvmfl he aui hfetrriy;' "About Wo7tTago, though* Imnrd m bfenvaio hontfag op mew who Sad * *y fee! Memt h tmnr chest. It frh wtd 'wW m the Tyler abut. A a* iR the doe, end k Hurt s hit. ItVhett At wd, a pm our flm nil. thu"way w met, and these days I o Dab Vrrk, a Iran, pn]4kiiit| <rf cough so much an the Burning 3 can't law o M fa(e twvMM, wIms vr hardly Bond Su" fmmd fa.the yard behind fat k*ure, A few moment* later, Belcher's wife b&n* awr the engine uf a car. Peck oN ms mi tfa home and showed was wvariag a navy-blue wm! vairfa site a copy el Dr. Hum's dfagjvwtir cap, a iWrt &)> ike ikrm ewWt, and report According fi* ike report, Bel tcvfs. After we AnA hands, Hr stuffed cher bad a feduetkwi f forred vksl ca- bo hands inn the hip pehti of ho pstit)*, whkb as the maximum amount I-crfs, wt 4.rt*n m a Mr >f bn car, of air he can take into bh fangs; a and told me that he had worked at the twenty-fivr-per-cent nduciinn m total Tyler plant for five jtaa "Like mi lung capadfy, which Is the amount iff -of the other fays, I bad a whole bunch atr hit lungs an holds and a dtght re- of jd*," fa aaitl. "3 was a feeder, a duetinn in she amount of oxygen shat buddei** saw-mom laborer, and a scale geo bitt hti Moadsmn. lit addition, man. Scale men are the ones who his X-rty films Anwed an bcresK in weigh the hrwes carrying the Soaked brunchratcuhir ourkhp on the hswer pndect I finally quit the place m July kfhhni field. Mrs. Bnehf atti that W 1969(<m trcoum iff rite mprator* her huAand's chest wu grrmg him a they had started making our* of gnat dd of pokv, that he was worried wear. K couldn't breathe through the about k, and that she was worried damn thing. I jun cimUn't get any air about fcb worrymg, because in sddkim tnio me, so 3 quit Now I wotk mating to his pulmonary problems he had Mgh fumigated bates at the Gmrineiwri titmd pretture. Can plant. Tbu'i the Owcntiwa When 'wc left the Bckbers, Yandle, ladimml Dwra, wn The spring be Peek, and 1 drove torn place about seven fore 1 quit I'd faer* decred chairman m&* north ff Hawtins, where J. C. he union cnmmiucf. and 2 went m Vajfflc, HeimanS knither, twl, whk Van Home in ask Mm abut some hh wife and family, and worked m a snbin Apt %nm*. of the fetfaws were tenant rancher. He had a types! stnaft leading that said asbestos was'had for Tctas spread,, with a fang bUcbep yew. Van Home pawed k off with a shrug. He sm! that as far as he knew drive leading up in a native-rack farm house that was tumnndd by pastures the donors had n*> wav fa the world ni separated by wvlf-kcpt fences. We knowing for sire that the Kiiff caused you i get rirk." With Peek accompanying tn, Yandie and I drove wen about fifteen miles to the town of Mincola, tn see Tran Belcher, one of the seven men whose symptom* had been diagnosed as those of ashes***, and who had keen advard .by Dr. Horn not-to.work in a dusty haired J, C. Yarn!)* fa a field adjacent to dw hnuse, firing a cultivator rig. Hr was a uR, (tin, ka4*ced man m ha middle forties; he was wearing 2-eri*i ami a drntm jacket, and be fanked as if he had *tp|d right out iff a scene fa **The Tab Picture iW." Alter Herman introduced m, J.C. fanned agaimt a corral fence and, speaking environment. ()ri the Way, Yandk told me that IMchrr had worked in the plant fortixiccn yean, and that hr had aaiW as a feeder operator. M3!n and \V3Kt Horn," Peckj wry d]$h.*ratv1)*, odd mv that bv had gun* to work at the Tyler plant Nnvvinhcr of 1961. *t worknt there steady uatfl the place shut down fast month," he sahl "IHiring that wfaite said. 'They're real old-tknen at that pbre. I m) to mt them skating Anwri the dim eidfecwit. Why, the stuff wm at* thwfc n cfo-m vwt couldn't tardljj uutkr out tiwdr hair or faces. I remcm-* her Y *<*mein<^ wore a mask. It sn't a real m*sk, though. It wasomi . thou* gau/.< *wu-s, like v*m tee them Wrarmg ** fa*pitak on tin* 'I'V." llA'ker was a florid, bract wt mar at hh laH* fort**, ami as Yandh', Peek, amt f latkfag with him tn tin fnml vnrd it wot that he time, no one ever t*4d me or any one eke I know that adwMos could harm pu Why, 3 can remember sonw O of or supervimn asyfag it m*t dy 3 wuuldn't hurt you hut was fe* 2 `ilu-y t o! u> ich us jw O could rat k. They. were saying riuit ri^ti up till August, wlwn all iff a sudden we have to wvar resfarators. ^ Vtrv tiling I iveard ahmw my X-rays < was on the ninth of Pcbmary, when l>r. Hurst cslfed me in ami said they didn't show up anything wn>ig. He VtoU.ae I wa^hfewhiM fa fatter than :fe*l w braavhfag uut, thm^b. J Mm whr^He tarisnmcpe^dedRtfatt. . He sari maiybe I was taokfag ; . much, fumy thing fa I mO my own and I Am'tenaktaa awfidfac Ahmn haH a pack * day, ctuyfa. But I am issre *wfet Aon-wfadcd, and far Ae Jk* *? yem ft's been grttfag worse -Sand wone. { beta caugti^ a teP- ribk nrm fa tke morafags, tn." Alter we arid gnadhy* tn I. C. Yindk, hk brother and Peek and I drove toward Hewtias ore State Hfgbwaj' {4 and, ikut a mfie before Her man Yaadk's (ffecc, stnfqxd at a frame house with brown athmos sidfag where Ray Hicks, * former Tyler * worker, Bved, vrith his mother. Hrit wasn't at home, an we drove a fade farther along the mad, to a home where Hubert Thomas, another of the Tyler worker* was vfatmg some, friends. As we wm getting out f the car, Hubert's brother Robert drove up, with hat wife, and parked just fa front uf us. Robert Thomas was fifty years old, he had worked at the Tykr plant for ten years and Arte smrcJw, and be was one of the trees moo whom symp toms had been dkfftuoed at those of asbemfa "At the end, jus before they rimed the place dews, I was wnriffreg fa the fishhfag department,** he odd me. **2t was my job to posh cartons of ffnbhed, rrsbktfan'down fang the factory flom.-Trouble was, 3 just couldn't push the damn Afagi with out ttoffaag every hundred feet to get my breaA. My chest's been hurting something awful btely, and ]*ve bran shun of wfad for ihe past five or tfa ran I alto enugh a fa these daysWhen 2 got called tn by Dr. Hum fast tmuuh, k mM me that he and the other dnetsn fa tKe'faopiu! had de rided t probably had emphysema or broncho*. He ak> laid I, could have symptoms M 'a dfafae cauwd.fay aU.ihe live I'd breathed over at the factory. He advbrd me rent tn .wept any mri sear dm* Hke at one of the fcca! pipe or foundry outfits, ami hr odd tm to <pm smrictng. He faj that I should have another X-m s*n and flat .the uses they'd Acvndy taken showed smr* thing wrong. 1 ihsA W said it was ****** eftfargvd iksttes ihma there. When he sdd ate that, f rmemb^d b'lnv'lifag funny that hnfqrneil hack m the last part iff E97U. EM fain mv hack, ami the cmnjuny luid wm mv v> the ?.fesJira1 and fiurpvaj CKui. wldch nw over * tie Mhvr * Krancvs Hpital for *tme X-rats. Alter they fmk tlse X-raj-s, J was limg m my hnl wki*n a mirv* came fain ifa* *! Wa& ^cfqArefd. She. k4sxii. at S .YgkA^. Peck,'' aad I left, we dnivv cJtpfc.i*n| (<>r a rainuer.anrf then south Scate Highway 14 and a^pn) osivd mr* if t [w9* there U* ray Mrmu Hay !Ikka*a pace. His mother iart Mf far my Jang*. t *W her I tea* Jgrcv inr my hack, amt tk* slmtife her t*dw dnuraarf toM Yaadk that * ^Kay bad roar and fra* met we were mjI and arid that dtat k- ` tbtv Mar bif tbt she was petty three wit n ometbotg Ttw| . mrv we could find him at the aim .^onknpk'* nackm Amm by the four comers in At that pant, I said p-hOhc *. Kirfw Hawks*. A few ibiihim later, Yandk* n up * dnvfM)' kpjctrd Hkks*> car at the amrr as* nvani ik kn, IV dmonv ctw^ tern, and wrbvit I drew up beside k be i deep mhfi V dir nsilwlr, and on' cfeaM out to get hb. Harks, a talk chc the nkrn wa a Jai^c tlat, Koadanme, pale mast m hb earb* sank felt f dsmflrl cilfidt, which arc ihna^ gnt no the hack mi woh Peek . a k*)inn that pan of Trias* Two and Yandk gut in fnmt whh me, and children, armed with long-handled dip we {pent a few minutes chatting. Hicks nets, were trying to entrh a pur of 1(44 sne that he had gone tn wefk at ttar-fiff a raumper wl* lad stopped the Tyler plant on April 30,1962, and off * boy ho oupfwr. Tlir catfish wm lad worked there unti the factory was mrprwtgt}' agik, and die chadran shift down. "That nukes nine yean wm htybg a lot of fun hut not much and tea months, and I never wore a bet When Hubert Huiiaai smiled am to tee if dwy needed a hand, I Atradoced myerlf m him, and we ***! iterator except for the last six months I was or the job,** he said. MI never knew h was dangeraut to work with tadtang inr mw dmr beside the tank. asbestos uoiS but summer, when Dr. He odd me that he had gone to work l the Tyler plant m October of 1961, ad he had srayvd on ont8 tltc factory wm riuu down. "We're all kind of Grant came down. He odd us it was hazardous, but he mid you didn't get any symptoms in lets than ten or fifteen years.** worms! about what's g*ng m liapprn 1 asked Hide haw he felt, and he t oa,** he md quietly. "KipecuHy tboe d a* tfisu*s gnt a U of yean us due said that he frh pretty g*d--that, un like a lot nf his`friends from the'plant, place. Kohndy'i toW me anything about BBudkal *aminaran yrt, which . /hi goodriga, hut f can tell you wwwthing fur sure. I'm to short- winded these days it's ridiculous. I can't on) walk from tl*e tank here to my ftiotisr without gening out of breath. Why, 1 nnt naly Iwvc to a couple of trmrf to get k back hut sometimes I have to sk tight down on tlie ground1 " I asked Thomas if lw had ever worn s iterator and if anyone had ever t*4d him before Dr. Grant's w tint ash*aaiva dangerous w work with. He dank ha head. **i never wore a rmpirator until last summer,** be ft- pEcdwAad anfamly ever said to me that the waff c*itd hurt you. No...oswt to dank of k, that ain't right. There rnw a statt wb> odd me whv*<' waft dim* grrott*. Hut was Mr. McMillan, wb* was plant manager before Van Home. Uray back, when I first went to work there, he told me tlw atuff could be harmful. He never said to wear a mask, tl*Nigh, so i didii`t. 1 got m mpect tint man, because n**- turfy else fmm I'ittrintrgli Corning was r tlut braiest with me. Hut k* fim*m*t it: I mean, Mr. McMillan knew it vow dangvrmis and be died uf esneer himwM boig ago, but lir never said to wvur u mask. S 1 didn't. None d did.** It ua* growing dark, and wlwn he wasn't ejqwrwwmg any shmt-windvdnem. **Dr. Hum tuik X-rayt of me m August of 1971, but I never heard fmm him, u> I gum that mein* l*m O.K^,M he added... "Hey, why don't you teB us what Van Horae told you when he ailed you in last month,** Yandk sakl, whh a unde. "Oh, that," Hicks said with a sherp- nh grin. "Why don't jwu guw lay off that!** Hacks then shook hit head and unded ruefuSy at mr. MWvO, Van Home called sne into Ids office juu heion (be place shut down;** be sail.^He told me report on my X-ray* indi cated (hat there was a little spot on the * lower tohe-nf by kft apd he sat I'd better stop smokiag. I odd Jam I'd never smoked m my bf*--except ci gars. So he asked me if I drank a W if m3k.** When Hicks mid this, Yamlte* began t* chuckk. Then, by fVk, wb hul bmken kto a guffaw, both men Waned hack in their watt and gave way to pin nf blighter. "And what did ym id) him?" adttfd Yaodlr, making a vain attempt | in idfie his bughter. "I tohf him I drank a Hub milk now and then," Hicks mid. "Thai's tbc^tnith, too. I don't drink aD that much mific.** MA fittk hb?" said Peek, who was 'suddenly mrrtiken In ameW(wn*>. yn ulMtrtft, "Just a SttW Kr?** "Afld what did Van H>mw m . whew pm odd him that:** Yandk cried, stS bugbmg. SIMs gbncvJ at me, bit hr had fe. ; gun laughing hintwlf nme, and nuldm- . H be dmdded tw as the mhxh hub. bird oat nf him. "Van Horne odd me Ihad a *? m mr Utm, and saU ! tome t* drinking Uh, mflk.**' At M point, Hicka broke Amw cmnpbtriy, and I hipn to laugh arif. For some nmmetm, the f<r nf us sat riickiog wkb buglin-r, musMv to spetik; then Hicks straightened up and managed,m get panial eiuitnrf nf Jrfm- wU. "I walked out of there rval mad," he cdd. "But when f told my fritads fade un the &*, all they did was laugh, and they've bmi riNxng mr ` ever nnce,** **But, Ray, we Was worried ahnut you!1* Yandlc pmwstvd. "We was worried about ynu m acoumt of all that milk you've been drinking.** Ths comment sorted tverybndf laughing again, and we were atSl bughmg when we cbnrfwd out of the car, a few minute* later. I thanked Yandie for all his Jnrfp, shook hands with each of them, and bade them fare well and paid luck Then I g< lack Into dw car and started for Trier. As I drove away, f aught a glanpv of Yandk, Peck, and Hicks in dw rear view mirror, llwrv they u*erv, m frtt of ebv filling statiuD, with tlasr arm* l around cadi other's shouMcn and tfarir , heads tbnmit hack--thav Tvxant ; Standmg bvnratli the stars iff the |n- ' mensc night sky and Uuglnng to bat ; ilw band. motid. i was planning m drop by* tlw IMedial and Surgical Clinic t ai die ' doctors riletv wfiy tuuw of tb; tm-n who had enme t.. them wkh putmwtary pnddems had Krh odd that Uk- tnatble m%hi be the w*j\t *4 xW {dice they Kvre working and riat liter were mhahng rat rite pda. Son* d tiw men I feul spnfam w&h bad Nvn.totrf iIkv bad hninckt^, and utlwrs had kvn tdd ehi'y had.trmpliixitu*. M txwu* f ilw t at tlr cbnic, a# far as I cmrfrf . mab* Hit, tent cv<*r vdd thorn iWv Wen* suffering fmm adietowi, uducli I Is { cH<rw, what tvsn afllieiiog many d llwm, and wn* the rcn>nt thv wvrv cvp iiwKWjr stch d*ffMlci mi bnadtm. Ihwrwr, afu r riuuig ivlund the M'Jwvl of my Car for a fete momvm* i Smmal CSareJ Whm |k 44fc4* * mkt'a bunch' *WWaTwmHb* they (daU bfC.hM'WMMK;! Imw dmtor that had fern rflfcw* /wiSddu4UWUdnlak a than fifty jvf^ on such b Dr. Cnat, Mescal rmmlnm to Wmlwgli CM|, aHb) dfcwrwr'nf PPG fodogrbs, pn4lfturfthc Amef- ksut Co8*f* f Preventive MvSdne, and the holder of amral mher Mgh pal in U(dM yfi} health ugasfeatairu, at*d Dr, Lnrii J. Craw ler, director of the Dnwno o{ Epidf and Sprtiil Serves *f the* Umr{ Sous Ftih& HcaHi Smin'i Bemw rf OcupftBt Safety and Kahk, not only had known for ftan that worker* at thcVTyler plant were Wingsuhketed u> hVchd adware duet that could qmc whtwe hut had Mjkcuil to give them mrdkal s- afBtnatkms that would have MrenaJncd dm hmd a doubt? AS of a euddea, I (rk i had adid tai|b pmnav for ibe time twin*, and 1 wo ready to ac cept Dr. Hunt't ripUAa&a that met doctors are ^mmutt of nceupatincuil dura** and prune to hitme cigarette* for pulmonary tnwhh. la any nor, what eut of Judgment tudl one make ahum? the doctor* at die M&al and Surged Clink, who, ihrr V, bad had . char working arntageownr wkh find*rghComaig \*tf otsny yean? Haring derided n*t to go to the htvdSral and Surgical Clink, i thoiigh* { would mum tn Dallas and fly home. I wasted to take * U*t Vid at the is'* nny, however, o* f drove out past the m Texas Chest Hopiu] and turned north t State Highway 15S. It was ahuu 10 A.M. wjicn I came So >b Ontmwm Industrial IHarin, sad as I wound toy way through the arra, which * shout s tn3e h*ng and h*H a mSk wide, 1 saw several hundred ears pirW uutdde.thr factoring sheds, and tranbsmof the xheraduBMthere. Among ihw Inductric* were the Chiu ihvitta} Can Crenpativ, where Dale Pwk now made titrrapitid hns**; the Nodvu) Homes Cmpradn, malm of Imnr traders Bpl pvfdirnhil* burning uruu; the,TT*Tr\k'W Surenjj ]^ru^tovVAii% \sk.s Ns uooal Ohtiit} ud the Texas Tubular Prdsctt Company, next (haw tn the Pittsburgh Corning pbw, winch Hay Barron and tlw other men *4 the mam tvAsnce crew were dnmanlting am hurting. AU in *B, iJwrv man lave been close to fifteen hundred men and women working in that bulirarfetl ptA. and, remembering the iw of the 7m*priioe of a junk yard adjacent t au kK^wms^ab' JcnerfwWbSf `~3S&\ anil the AkumrAwd AaTaf'fmndvi other dwtthe&mi *ktm vh*rHun3y e^iiWv to --hn-- staph' that they had fired nr urhd n the rkwt) of sshvstos betodn, I could tan wondering what reihl hs|gwft to there OwcmnwB workers. .iVn I nM* bared tie tor <d the daughter f the engineer -who krrlpd (hr product dm had horn toiuibnsmi h the Tylrr plant' Cor seventeen .year*- she had dhd of acwidic&Vftt, though her udy known exposure & xaUawt had occurred when the played wkh sample* ufAihcscns jm*dwfts her father bnmight hrenc from time to tune--and the cases nf linen and cbntrns <>f other mnn thcluma vkem* whose <mly known ex- f*mtz w asbestos was that as the wives of adwsms workers dwt had washed their husbands* work clothes, or as children and rrladm of ashestus worfc- tn dwt had simply lived in die same house, and 1 found myself wondering ahum the late of die tanulif* >f ehv eight hundred and mnetj'-five men whi had keen naplnj'ed at the factory' dur ing so Bvenceen pore of ^eotmi. eUi that puint, the Owem>wB Industml Darrin bceaihs ton depmug for uwv and I drove away. A few m3c* d>wn the fund, l cane to Xmvretste 20, and turned east toward ])dlu.t It was a warm, *m*f Mr vnr buhemg everywhere, and the green sheen ! had nocked on the way to Ty ke two days hefwv had become pal* paWy greener. Overhead, the butreards were out n lorrr, --Pavi. BiniKVK ( Tirt k the / loin J a/tkU.) ASB 0010642 ANNALS OF INDUSTRY Casualties Of The Workplace By Paul Erodeor p' uS" HThe New Yorker /*>***-' Reprinted by permit* ioa;(> 1973 Tfee New Yorker fclagaxme, Sac. 4 ASB AMMTAWT aatstfi**- WJMTCTO* U*fT*9 TATU *** - o e4irr *n*tT ... - r., vii HTtUueil PA.UIM 0010643 A' NAI^:>.OFyNDUJ iten.usi. CAJUAUTCi OP THE VOIUCFLACE r : Medics) Dept. Files HHOHE CONFLICT/ OF iNTthtiT BEN At Pittsburgh Coo** Coepontten shin daws Its aobsn*AKilattifi plMt is kr, Texas, in fvbntsiy of 19?2 fc did so teause of tfrttnmn^ and waw m ante taken % Dr. Wjgfem M. jafamon and Dr. Joseph K. Wagoner, who had parted the Diririnn of Field Studies and Cbnkal Investigations of the Department of Health,* Eduraivm, and Welfares National Inahmc for OcespsuBfwi Safety and HeaWi the ?t*maer of 1971. Sternly after coming fo the divwm as g$ chief mreNcal nffi--<er, Dr. John** discovered data show, teg grossly excess** and dangerous lev els of ashestna dust in the Tykr plantdata that bad been hutted in the files of Dr. Lewis J. Crelfry, the tenner direc tor of the dtvtaufl, for years. Dr. John son and Dr. Wagoner, the new diwtor, set out to Rube sure that this tetermatbn tnU he pnifvrriy dxscromated and osed to benefit tbe workers, whine terrible jeupardjr from asbestos* (puknumry sesrrfeg muking from the iahaJatina of asbestos fibres), lung can cer, ntesothe&>ma,aiitl other malignant conccpt at KIOSK by atewring hew the organisation could utterly cany out the primary mteten aligned tt * by Coogreat in die Occupational Safety end Health Act M IWO--ste ai preventing vmpdnil dterase. In ad dition, they bad helped to -emck the cornernone of tht medical-rindostraj complex of company doners and in tiustry conaukana,* whose triangular' structure had come to rest largely upon an unspoken alliance with a number of key accuptoonaLheahh official* at nrtea M M tune and federal gov ernment. For several Maxrecrht had been gathering evidence to show chat industrial douse was rampant m the Unitri States and that knowledge of it was being suppressed fay the medieaW industrial complex, and since the Btua- ta* at the Tytcr plant provided a 9a9rMal example of the working* of this CMtpte, he decided to draw public attention to a. In the mean time, be and Shriteft W. Samuck, who is the director of Health, Safety, and Environmental Affairs for the A.FX.-CJ.OA todwtriaJ Unha De partment, had amused the concern *ri other tiadti linten leaders over the as bestos hasard, and had Keen urging Irnruiy Hritmt tu declare an emer gency standard far occursstetul exposere to ateestna of two asbestos fibres per cube centimetre of sir, which would replace the totally inadequate jwtfvf-fibre sundanf thin m effect.The unions were reng1v s*Rrttfd in this effort hj' Dr. Inhig J. Selikoff, who is the director of tte M-wni Smut School of Medicine** Envirmimesua! Sciences Laboratory and a pioneer in the field of modem asbestos ejtetemiology. However, te ipit* of the fact chat Dr. fielteuff and Dr. E. Cuykr Hamround, vice preswfent ter cpdvtnwtegy and ttausocs M t! American Cancer Society, had provided tedeputabk ev idence that one nut uf five asheamsinsuluten workers was dyteg of lung cancer and that almost hull nf these men were dying of wnne form nf asbesnwrebted dkeaw, Secrmiy Hodgson, apparently searching ter m>rw rrdddk ground that might be snurfactury to tumors it described. Hy dating v> ft- kaor the gwemmem's that counts at the Tyler faewy to Anthony Maz- <do and Steven WWim, <*i the 03, Chemical, and Atomic Worlten Irncf- national Una**; hy expressing their concern to Dr. l.ec 8. Grant, the med ical consultant to Pittsburgh Corning, for the plqgfis of the men wfe worked in the plant; by inspecting the factory and writing a report setting that a criti cal occupational-health tefttation existed ' there* and by imwing t tbrir n^xiiurs in the National Imitate for Occupct- taufci) Safety and Hcatth-r-or SiOSH-- that flcuri mus be taken v remedy a, and that pressure hr brought u> hear opin Secretary of Labor James J). Hodgson to pmu^au a safe standard tec tedusirtd npairc t*> ashvsnx, Dr. JahtwA and |>r. Waguner kid done snmrtlHBg almost unheard 4 in tbe annals of occupational medicine in the United States: 'Hwy had taken r$ to fc<* the feder*] gvmtmi>nt from it* f*tairio <*/ weH*i.vpH*%1 newtreCty and had pterc! iIk wv!l-hcig of workers before the self-interest of industry. In *> doing, not rrtdy had they htwix apnuatvs xgaiitst the old jvtlky of sop* (vetoing iW'ipiiiunal-iwalth data that Wev embarrassing to tmhntry hot tlery bad sU* tmowhiud a revoUttltnary new ASB 0010344 rmergeacy waodard rf T T fo Am per cubic CfcOPBMU'c. A fun j tbcr mdicstfen feat titc prtruBww i *m seeking (fiayreatife between / die wrihtring of the naifen'i iferena vorfem aad tbc hna of fedustty nmc ha b NongW of 1971, whe* }" &*** of Labor*s Oetupn- TM sy Bad Hold Abim* im, whkb hat.fec frtportfihffity ofw leftfe* fee pcurttm of fee 1970 Act, inspected fee Tytef phim as a result of Dr. apart that* critical oepii(iilWth rituatfon asked there.' Although major tikencKt in the feetoty*$ vendkoun system etmsrituced seHmh telttBflt of the Act--those like ly to rank fe dksbSity ay death--die AdmuuRis&oa chose to consider then aeftttTM end fused Pittsburgh Com* log juit two hundred and tea dolbr*. At the suae time, h gave die company a deadline for mating cmnsrc ha* proeemrnu fe the ventilation system-- pwnaua dot were considered too costly by Pittsburgh Coming's man agers, who decided to shut die* plant. Afi fell provided a arue buildup for ! jlhe public hearings that the Oceupa- | twal Safety tad Health Admmitn* j tins was required by law hold as part of the precos of replacing the tempo-1 cuy emergency standard for asbestos I ^sfe a permanent standard. Since the 1 mnatu standard lor asbestos was! to be dw Admfekmfon'* 6 ruling under its mandate to redefine occupafewri-healili regulations, industry ami bfer were prepared te \ook upon the ruling as an indication *>1 whether the Admfeatraifen would be determined or lenient fe setting new standards fnr ocher hazardous substances. Thus, the public hearingson asbettio, which were I scheduled for die middle of March, | loomed a* a crucial contest between the I bdepcmU-atworthed amt sciemific teft. mumty, most el whose mmnbers were batting labor** demand lor a twwfibre standard, and that pan of the medie&lladustriat comjJcx supported hy the ashestr* industry, shw farmhen were preparing tesuosmy to mntvml that a fire>hrestandard was adequate to pnw test warier*. In weighing the evidunce and deriding up a safe level of expo sure, the Adtufeferaefen nhvaHidy ncudvd tn aj^wiacb site problem m^nr* ua%. Thu way ihmgs stood, however, the Admiaimsline's impartiality wsi W ** tph-stiai, because nf its previous Hurt tn enforce even rlw inadequate twelve-fibre swmbrd at Uw Tyler plant ami at liundrvd* of other factories across the fend. Speatingjtt a_ pre c.mfe r* i I ASB 00X0645 : ary 10, 1072, Mmoafe .th* featureaatirariy mhe dti feebb- mat dhrvgard chow* by the manages* ol Kofeurgh Coeafeg and bs medi al wwlaw, Df. Gmt, who, he dmmed, had for years known about and ignored the oomt dan in dw Tykr (riant and the awful peril it held for the workers. * During the Sat week fe March, I (?ent severed days in Tykr talking wkh *aea who had iren empfeyed fe fee plant and wnh other people who were involved in the atutm time had de veloped there. Shortly after I returned toK*w York, 1 arranged tofiytoCfetinaati and spend a day with Dr. Johnson and Dr. Wagoner. 1 also tele phoned Dr. Grant, who, fe addafen to being the medical consultant to Pitts burgh Corning, h the medical director of PPG Industries (formerly known aa the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company), which, together with the Coming Qass Works, had established Phsburgh Coming. When X retched him, at his office u PPG Industries, in Piaduargh, X asked him it be coutd apart an hour or so tn talk with me about the Tykr (riant. Dr. Grant was extremely cor dial, but he deefined to gfee me an interview units 2 first obtained the permtmnn of James H. Bierer, the president of Pittsburgh Coming. X fern called Bierer, and he, too, was vciy cordial* but was somewhat hesitant re garding my request. He said that he would have to look fern the matter be fore gyvfeg me perrafeaun tu talk wish Dr. Grant. MI11 get back to you as soon as possfbk," lie said. On Monday, March 13th, 1 took a morning flight to Cincinnati, and ar rived at the offices of the XIOfiH Di vision of Field Studies and Clinical laresQgaoons shortly hefere anon. Dr. Johnson turned out be a call, pnk, hefpectackd man of thirty^*ne, with a quiet way vf qrakiog and a icrimis de meanor. Hr* fe. Dr. VVagnnfer, `was a fe^iih-bvilring Mu<-e) cd man of thir ty-six; bku Johnson, hu tt extremdy ydtHfidcen, hot hs manner mure in tense. X had a lot of questions for them about Ur* survey Ukt had conducted at Uw Tyler friant, tn OcMarr of 1971, ami by t\w limr wv had finhlivd with ihou wy were in the middle of lunch at a rk-nrb) rewauram. At that point, ! told Un*m omwilung abmrt my recent trip to Tyler, am! h>*w I had met srvreal men w'ho itad become 9! and sHtpjiud working in the plant wen be fore it was shut down, When 1 finished kirin- them niv bnpresfem* of tfese . fromUSX -T * ^n^Tr^CSSSSh mfe fepok bfehamfe put aont (phT / ~f.As ymi know. Dr. Sriilmff fefe |>f. Hammond bare enridumd a study M ** K**tMStr tspgnei*t of nine fem- dredand thirty-three men wbowusM hasrem 1941 Md 194$ at the Una* Aflfcm&IUterCnatfttay'apfcug fe Paeerean, Hnr Jeren, which w thr pneittrmr hoary tn tfe nor fe Tykr," he aid. "Because of their findfep,'wc*re awferSy' d>pttad abut fer few* of many of the right hundred and mnctT-fife men win worked' riw Tykr plaint during the seventeen years k was fe operation. And wlat even moredepresafeg isthat the Psrermn and Tykr iragedimare being repeated over and ever, from one end of thfe country to die ether. Last summer, aa Joe and I were unearthing the eorironaenal data on Tyler, we came *^pf momlrty data on men whn had worked fe asbestos Kjqfle pfeim throughout fee Uahed States. Lflce the Tyke data, this fefeimatfen had keen acamuihufeg wflly-ftHy fe fee dirisfen lor you*,and, kmfeb as it may sound, no one had scon fit to do anything about k. Just i from fee most cursory brie at feoae i data, almost anyone would knew there ! had been a triply of fesmeasa peepor- tfens fe many, II not all, of dmae. fac tories. Why, fee men working fe da . were dying of ashewnmi and enr pfe . mwiak-- form ul heart feilure feat oftenntwnpumfee dhraai right on j fee Job! Men fe ferir fifties! And some ; *dy in their forth*! Recently, Jw and I pulled together the figures on just nnr of feute plans and analyzed them. It manufactures ashes*w-texck, friction, and packfeg products, prvdonmandy from chrymik askths, and feat's fe- wresting, fetouse fee regmem tri the afeesun industry that mines ami uses this partkpbr variety of asbestos has been trying tn feim that ehrysnnk is not as hiriogkaliy harmful as other Qpes of asbestos, inelutting anvritc, which was the t)pc the Tykr men worked' widu Betu^'vn Jarmaiy 1, 1949, and December 311962, thirtythree hundred and avtt'-h'vrn inm and weoncit rkri m ilw tlmsfe'rio* KS ^ant, and, using fee data that wc Ifound fe the files, and tm^e tluu wu developed, made a fdlwiq> tmdt tri thsiu fmm fee time tluvr uutplm- mem tyawtt um3 jamian nf 196h. As <* that date, twentt-fiur fomdreil and rigl^-cme of these sreirburn *re kw*wn to K* alive, rix hundred and fifu-fivi- were ktuwn to hasv and mu j hundred and tlurtv-onv eouhl ma lv * tracetl. IXmth evRifivjte rre nhcauKv! (t# ux hundrvd and twciui-ris of tlv taBtr Have been af prosinujfly fire hundred wf twentrtcren deatfo arwmg ihcv thirty-three . Hundred and ii\i}-*c*cn people tmarad if ttk hundred ami fifty-five. Of the im* of a htmdrcd and twwtn^jghi dmthi, the m majority---** hun dred, w he exact--were caused hj 4m- ***** nf rile canliupuJtmKUlnr ayaprm. ApproxOruiefy iWnrtrro Scathe from tag cancer u*re h> hr esjwacd, but there wen actually huty-fix. Seventytwit deaths occurred (mm chronic Ittng ^raf mcczjy schema*, whereas there IkuU hare hrm only ahour t^rry- . five. Twu.hundred and thim-ninc *f the tttirkeri drd f tart dtteftse-- many wwfc cur pulmonale and con gestive heart Mure at nppuaed u> two hundred fnd twu expected deaths from tW*e causes. Amucg the righty- three other deaths whose causes were known, sown resulted from mah- fiancvs of the lymphadc and btad , tjvot* I>f, Warmer (rtW me that be ad Dr. Juhiwm had also rvaluat d the distribution of the cardinpuimonary deaths aerordrog m the elapcd time sme* trmifutatft **f employmem. "We did the fwrriy to stal Kgtawt che-con sequences of a common prattle* in the mtah imtary, m well as tn many other butane*, nf toing rrtptra'nrs m the absence of strict enrironmetttal natr<dSvM fcc-xod. "Our findings jcM a deprwung story. 'Ybe majority f el*' tag-cancer and ostacta death* << currnl within five yearn of terminalion of wapln tncnt. la fact, fourteen of iiw forty-six tag-cancer dead** occurred vulwn sc numil* of reremnarion of einjdoyrncnt, and tltc average age of thr fourteen ps^dv was uitly /rhy thm.' and a half. And of the forty-one astatta ilcaUw tlut occurred wfcltm five years after tvrmiiutta of employ- mmt, a majority took jdarc w&bm site first year, bclm&tg srvt-Atcrn deaths that haftrHvd wiririn w.v months, at an average age uf fifty-four.** l>r. Jdinsuo broke in tncty, `IVIrich means that a V*, if not most, d ilwre jmjdv had advanced tag dura*', ma- Egrunt or iwwmafigivsm, even as they wvfv working. How, what Jrtml btf medical program dad that factory hare, to atbnr envn to he dying of fwditwuwry dta*c right ou /Ac fh\" l)r. IVagiewr then amuRm-d, ^During uor medical my of ilw TjWphm, *re M (hat almost fifty vf cent f the envn with ten *r mote years of employment tJtowed X-ray, putaarj*fimction, ami cHctkal fittd- kgs otnattcAi vnilt mhesuoa. Tk atftca daficulc cr> borathe through, in such a papulation of men * cjctrvBefy kasardcius, beaut* k puts there at an cm* resfc f csrda^Milnmnary death. For that main, the Setnwy sf La- bur's AdviMy Cemsutcec an the A*> botes Standard, of which I am a mem ber, has recommended that the me of respirators during periods nf exreidre mbsma dust he preceded by strict medb qlndutisv" .. X had heard previously of the earn* owe d the Advhnry Ounndtxee on the Asbestos Standard, and when we returned to the offices at KtOSH, I aaktd Dr. Wagoner to tell me afeout il He e^dained that tie crenromt was pare of a kwg and complicated pmee- dare by which criteria are developed for the recommendation of oceupa- rionatdtuHh standard*. "The primary source of medical evidence and tnfor- matma about a^mos was provided in the KIOSH utotMcriarii docunrene, wkch Xhe^ed to wriat," Dr. Wagoner said. "This document included a cridcal oahsatmo of at! known research on asbestos dtva* and a recommended standard base* on th* evahiaoun, and it w sent u Secretary Hudpan on February 1st. The document recom mends that airborne asfeeswi dust be controlled m that no worker b ex posed over an eight-hour working day tn an average of mere than two fibres greater than five micron* in length per cubic ctwtlmom of ah. It pruposes rim the two-fibre standard become effective two years after its promulgation, in order to permit manufacturers of as bestos product* to tnunH U* necessary engineering controls and sIiac m the tneanfime the temporary' emergency standard of five fibres remain in effect. It urges that medical sufvetUancr, including pcrvnlie pulmonery'-funeuoR tests and X-rajt, he rrtpiiml for sfi wuriccrs expnaed tn more than one as- betuo fibre per cubic centimetre of air, and that these e&atahutiom be con ducted at die employer's ejqwnw. It also recommends that warning labels he affixed tu eoMamcrs <d raw admbw and to finished ativum products Mating that retains a harmful, tlat it may anm? delayed hmg injury, incfudiRg: adwsindt and cancer, that tt* dure ^mdd not be inlreted, and that k rimidd he used only, with ailecpiare vcntSatat and ajgwnvcd respiratory devices.*' Dr. Wagoner wvu on e tefl me that m prepreeng a permanent xwo-fibre standard for adwstm dure he and rtw other nodutre of the Kiostt tanmt gave great weight o> the fact that Iriutt scaddanl tal tan recummendsd Hvgwnr Society d had tarn *d^ hj H<r Majy In*pectrtOM Fartones the mow year. "Hnwe^r, ^ ttat care m p^t out that the 8resih standard wre desgoed only to the eariy signs of mtatore, and nm m prevent reberens-mduced <aceff +hieh may onrer after exposure to fcvri* ^ arfwssoa dure that are Ur enough m prevent tag rearmg," he added. Coatfetaf, Dr. Wagoner said that the Advisory Cemsuttec cm the Aata. Ms Standard had here set up by Secre tary Hodgson two months before, fit January, to provide ad<Ut*wta! rudren Md mfoAuriea as to what the perm*aent standard should be. "The ceoetm ha* five members, nprtustmg mdarefy, labor, government, and the independent medical and sribafific * community,** Dr.^ Wagoner tred. "L addwta to me, a tariudes Isaac H. Weaver,corporate director for ennrao{ mental ceatnl of RaybestGo-Mar^atun, Inc.: Andrew H^s, the president ' of the IntemitmAal Amocsirim of Hot and Frare Insulators and Aahereoft Wurien; Jack fit&fi, the chief gv aeer of die Division of Indusrial Hy- .. fdene of the State of Hew York** De partment of Lohnrj and Elm Hyart, of the Uorverefcy of Calrforak't Lea AtasosScwneAe laboratory, wholsri* chairman. We held metrings tn Wash, ssguwi (nr five days m Febniary, and, by majority vote, we supported the ewofihre sundard an- all the rcvC...meBdalinns of rise KlOfit criteria d<v:UDiac. In fact, certain ams wc m.<de reeumnendatM tn the Secretary' of /...< hir that were even stronger tha* .v u i of the erhem document. For t impU, as I said, we recommended th; before respirators emdd be issued to workers for any reason, each worker mure treve a eomfdete physical examauumt to de^ icrmine whether he could wear a res pirator without endangering bis health. Wr tad this action w av.ad the recur rence of condiriom !kt thre at Tyler, where respirator* were dapjwd onto men who ^ready had fKifcnonsry preb- hins a* a result ef exposure to asWarn.** * That night, I ydwur with Dr. Jobnsoa and Ids viU, who fired, vrith thric two cMUWs, ta an apartment in die .suburbs Of Onmnari. ! had been tnM dat Dr. jahnn was fcdfiObag Ms raittwy nbl^reion by serving with KIOSK, and a* he was driving aw to my hotel brtcr In the wreung X ashed Mm U he intended to remain there when fin two-fear tour of duty was over. For a few mrenmu, Dr. johnmn V Vftjk.'. fm m MSX dJUl UAW. t grriulr nrtAiei by the rinT l- JP.o \Li4 SwriAwr acToM a*. "Tyrrisvetr SSgj&rrg^ *a me pmfetea at 4c j2lSSE3S2L_ Wmuaored fappued m tfr- Ky-3 omefoaung part of the fabric ofhnw thnp ut oone w ftwtc bureaucracr. fee, ttic way dungs are m up m oftu|utioal health these da>*s, k's nil tw easy for * man to Imk at the writer of problems awaiting sriuekm, to ft* aSve the lack of any real fatenoon on the part of many people in government **d fa industry to take any sgnifican? Mtka to remedy them, and to txy to bkoself, *WtD, I can't do anything on *7 , I might jut ms well m hack and fit into the mold.* " *"B"t jm Hi do something about V i mid. "You and Dr. Wagoner dkl mowtldag that could he the beginning of turning the whole thing around.** "Yta, wt did BuMthmg,** Dr. Johnmo replied quiedy. "But trill they let u* keep on doing it?** IL*ARLY the next morning, 1 lew n ~ Washington to attend the opening mmn of the Department of Labor** public bearings on he propwtf perrasneat standard foroccupational AKpnaurt m asbestos. They were held in a large conference room in the Imerdepart- taentai Auditorium, at Twelfth Street and Coasntuuun Avenue, and when I , arrived there, shortly after nine o'clock, the pbee wit filling up with some hun dred-odd RpRUjattfliei of industry, labor, government, and the independ ent nWxstl and scientific community- The nuntag uuuT gives &nx to scheduling and rescheduling appear ances of peipje wishing to give tesrimooy during the rest of the week, and ;thg cmplieatsd htamess was acenmp&icd with wit and dspatrh by ArtltUr M. Goldberg, a dfeninNiive, bearded man, who was a hearing examiner fur the Department of Labor. After Gold berg had arranged the agenda fur the four days of hearings, a tall man in Im early funks, wuh dark hair and white srielwrns, gut u> his hri, introduced lumsrif as Bradfey Walts, amt said hr * reprereated thr Arivstt* lfarmtth wvkitMwi of North Ani'crie*. "Wc .aw a number of questions asking for} rulings from yog, Mr. Gohlherg,** hcl sahL "I preface them by saying that,} in light of the number of wimreaesJ w* (uncur with y< tfof crere-examh! > *"*r*>*lt (pitKjmu be re^uans. d*y hem com* from pm, dr. Secondly, we woaaU Kfca jeer ni&f pair poohio* with regard so pfcrial n> drew*, efther Bring or phacofriphfe We would prefer that it not be pre sented, maamuefc as we do am think k would be helpful to iho hearing.** Wh a puwrird frown, Goldberg fen "May I ask what you mean?" "Bkher baker eases or X-rays," WaBi said, wkh a grin. "We fed that thririntroduetwn wmdd care the heere mgs into a arm.w "The only thing I con a/ now that evidence mutt he submitted in dupfirew,** Gridherg said dryly. Walls grinned again. "Thank you, r," he replied. "We wfU accept that." When Mr. Walls ret down, a slight man m hk early thirtrs msc at the reir of the room and, in a vtace full of emw tkm, inrrmhwrd himself as Coha D. Nml, the admhmtrauve taatiant ta the president of the United Psprreukert and Paperwork** Union, which repreicntt twenty-woe hundred workers w the Jnhns-Manvfilc Corporarion's aa-. hesres plant,m Manriile, New Jersey. "Sr, the" United Papcmuten and' Paperwnrkere would hbr tn express our indignation at Mr. Walk* characteriza tion of those who may suffer the efferes.uf afthesms-diot .disease as 'Stakes wk*;'" he sari. "Usrng 1m temh; nriog)*, however, we have a `basket case* we would like to present to you sometime today.** Gddherg haifced at NraJ and nrefded riightV- Then he saW, in a quire voice, "We will hear afl witnesses who are presented, sir" and adjourned foe fcmeh. On tny way nut, I encountered Shrldun SamueK <* the A.P.U-C.I.O.'t Industrial Uniun Department, whmu I Itad previously met and talked with tm several occasions. Samuels, a stneky man u> hh mhhlle h*rek*&, is itrdmanly ndd* mannered, hut he wns itow fliodwd wl> anger. When 1 asked him to explain whai had happened Krtwevn Walk and Neal, he fthiaA hs head grwvly. "We*re luddmg a pfi* ewnferemv at ilw I Intrl WadangKwj in a lew mjrtot<V* la* sabK. "Come m over aril yu*B find *." 'Hh' pnmotnfrrviwr wm reiuliicic4 by tlic industrial Union D^v*nn>*m in with the Unhwl Paper-; makers and Paf^rwi.rkere, anl was at-, tended hy n rfttxrn irr mi jtUimaliM* fnun various ncw^p,re sms! magnxuua smd l*y a Mvtrmdri tcVvhim Cfcmera tieim. Seated frunt Wt tn right i K*himl n hmg laMr at h fnmt of the I r.u were Samuels; |>r. kVflJwm J.t NeWr,-W;-on( u< asuoat- osedlrine at the khwm Sat Schuni nf Medieiiw and a mrenlwrcdthr Mount Sod Kiwirunmental Srireces Lriretur> i Maxwell Ituow, a thowt wrgeun fnun Bmmd BimA, New Jersey; which k o*-ar IktanriBri Jbcob Dayman, Mrmra^tt dtrecmr <* +***1*$* Unim Department} C**1 J^ph Xfnodmnc, presw dred W Liscri.fiftO f the lSr*TOttW mm bt Bfanrilluj Kidwn Kfegcr, WCi ricv-presiiii'm *and dir chairman of its Health and Safety CtxBadttte; Daniel Macihunld, a mem ber of the inerij and MarshsH Smith, the load's iatereutional representative. Samuels got the press contemn under way by* reminding hu kmere that it had long Wen kaown that the fahalariort of asbc%m dust coutd scar and destroy the lungs. "For the past thirty pan, asWrn has beret a prove* cause of cancer of the lungs, and of die Bomarh and tAtrerioes of tW workers who breathe it,** he went un. "Usual!)4, exposure over a long periud of time necessary to praduce ashresua-rriatrd disease, but (ken is now evidence dut eve* a ringlr day of breathing large icnjfto of asbeshts dust will hann the Wags. Cofttmifutm in the crenmu- ntty, e^rthQr in the Wanes nf asWs workers, has Wrn shown tu catou can cer n women and efdldrrei whu hare rearer been in ar mbetow (xs^. Jja-*} deed, no one who ha hum or who it brag exposed b safe freon thv effects of ssbcttos, and ternof cWtwnnds <d work ers and their famSai may already hare hod their lives shortened hy exposure to asbrstnsdnsi.** Samuels wviit on to cay that ilw h> vvbqment id stfc metlKalt of wurimg wkh aahcBD* hod been hampered for Jrare by the efforts a managvtru'm to hide the facts aW< adrstre disesw. (h ' mpprr* goremmem and privats' undies of the subject, and to prevent state job- safety agencies fnn taking effectire acm. tie then declared the irn^v*. ni) emergency standard id' five fibre? jwr cutar cmimietre t*f sue to h totally inade^uati*. **The Imlustrial Unku* De partment retionnwm! at the hi^r- nigs this wrefc that a aml;irel of two nsheesus fibre** jx-f cu)w mitum tiv of sir go mtn effect wiilun six unnitlts am! that witlrm two ware the M.indanl W* biwered to mx* fibre p*r ndac rent!- metre*," N* said. "Mim^ner, in*vvw- sraot moriloriug of fibre U vel' hi hun dred* of pbutts obeaourir we are* railing for i!k* tn^.iliaiu*o 4 eoghnxrriug ouMmfc ami work preuiwv* dirigiied to bring adx-uio exp>o<-- nhiin.ifeli to a rere* leerl/* . 5aSuri6 \ who Has hern w*fa the* industrial > tfnta Drp>/tBrn{ knee ka tarnation, 5956, and had bee* its sdffiinkrraJwf tKncbir nn 1960. Cbyman, a mr n hat middle sank*, * v ipcm a SMor in the bbor gove rns, fim m a nrla-iMW^ dim a j snemhur id the Ohb flstr hgirti tuiv fighting ta noprueed wuHemsA**<MmpvRB hwt, and, pm befetv /Ming the Industrial Vrmm Department, m teovun-tAmiirr id the Cxt{mt l fndustml OrpniuDoM .in OI<*. Speaking in measured *mews, (y'bjman u*M hk *udicv< that * the 1 prvf* *ctmfcrvTKc had been oiled to bring in public attention what might well he the tmt dcrasuiang environ mental dssttvr yet perpetrated fay any Mditurlnl natta. "Today, rafiBuns of Amerem workers, their bmflics, and their ncighhnre mar be cxpim-d to tiuoc concentrations of askew*,** Ctayman aa). MG) only knows taw man)' thousamls f workers hare dird; and taw many will <!k or he terriMv sick, because of the murine way the t<HiW) has deah with the problem of occupa tional vkpouurc to ashesn* ta so many . yean. We <annt faring dead wnrkrn tack to Bfe or prevent pain long rince experienced, hut we can and MW Sling an end to ritk inexcusable cn- mnOttlftal crime <4 hwjfe pruponi^S that afflict* wwrtm and totally wnawan* victims in thv plant community." Dr. Bornw w then introduced, and he described the caste* of malignant mesothelioma dial iv and Ms a*ciatv* at the Somerset Hospital, m S.anvrvflk', Nt-w Jersey, had begun to find m 1904, uud fokt lieu he Had witnessed a sharp raw in iJh* inridrnce *4 the disease sincv then. He quoted front a Wtu r he Iwd written *i* Ocintar 12, 196?, i Marshall Smith, then jwtdent of the Papermakers* Local 8**0. The Wtnv stated ilwt Dr. Roruw and his *wwwu* were planning an exhibit <m the ridng mrideme of mc*hcliafM U\ the Manvflle arm, which they had htqwd m riiqday m 196X at hwir mayor . medical c*tvcnri8i* throughout the countrv and at varimn lyapitah m New i JrfwV, hut that, iJnaigb they had ap* [ pfa*si to farm' different sources for I funding, they had Men unable t h- uin soatev ta th |H>rpae. M\\V were \M frankly that kwal industry wsutld nrt ujpjwat thk project f<*r fear of nf* ruing tlh* johm-.ManvDIr Coqwmilii-n," th*- kitvi ctmtinued. "jhrManvitle ttmnachv*, after >i\ ws^'k* of 4h lrlk`f;tio, rrfuu'il as lwy wvrv o>a readt t acknitw'i.'dgt* the ( n sduMoskand * theihima." D<v Soraw't letter t Smith cuadoded hy itfctng the unarm to pro vide the three thnmnnd duGtis that would fat aywniiy io anablc mi inuupna ihe eaddbft, and after he had fipahed reading it Dr. Borov said that the orfiw had otqifiBrd the money and the eadubat had been widely daplayrd. Dr. Bomw then rntrudueed Daniel Mjcdvinld, a patient in vhn har had dnctmrred m ahdnmirul pemhduu a few months hdhr. Madbenk^ a gaunt naan in Mo middk fifties, tnld the aucSence with calm and dignity that he had contracted mewxhehmn* while working for John**Man*9k and that M hoped Ms personal misfortune would eneuttragv government oficuh to act preenptly m that k would not he abated hy other workers, V* urns *" l', h the map*' prubkos. Cancer attwa inrMvet^r^^ P** ^ ** txcm , Acaxba among the ashmos-msulaihui wriccn studied by Dr. SeHkoffand Dr. HsmmoAd, and tMs sahmusonevr kaari Is flat appropriately catered hj die pstywrd Hhsw tuniaci* Dr. Nkhnfan we on tn tay that no knowledge now exited of a safe work ing fevel of nqkaure to ashes* which would pwreat the occurrence of cas ter, and he rg*d that adwsns net W ueed ia die workplace ekecpc with ap proved tcchmquet and methods de- ^twd to remove ashrftuadus from dw I working enrirrmmem. `There is cri' dmcc that a tu*4*ri of two fibres per (ubic cenrimctK of air wSI be made* quate for the prevention d ashesm dis> THE hearings had begun by the ease,** he said. "The recently nwamred tan? | had had some lunch and tag-term exposure nf the asheso4n- returned to the conference room. As I tkdauuo workers, wk>u< disasroos do- took a seat, l saw that Maribonki and Dr. Borow had Men giving trebmemy * rase experkmce has been documented by Dr. Scfihoff and !>r. Hammond, | at a witness table at the frtmt of the was appnmmatcly three fibre* per| room' "in t!te right *f Goldberg, the chie cendmctre, even prior the im- hearing Hammer, and directly opposite plcmcntaom ri jmpntwfd' fwmfl a cn***amiiuriun panel cotubung of measures.** * * * '* Nicholas DeGrrgnrvi, an steumey with Another of die aftermwi'i wsamn the Department uf Labor's Office of was Dr. Sidney Wuife, who k dw di the Solicitor, and Gerald Seannell, act rector nf Ralph Nader's Health Re ing director of the Occupational Safety search Gmup and a former medical and Health AdmintstraiWi Office of researcher nn rite staff of the Narimud Standards. Toward the end.uf Ms re fflukatc* t* Hohh. Dr. W.dfe tew- marks, Dr. Boruw said that lie had fied that "a workers were guWa p*g* now encountered fifty-two cases of and asbcuo* were a fond additive, the mesoditfaoma in the Manrillv area, and Delaney Chnk uf the fnd and Drug that all the victims of the disease Had An [which prevents the wurmluctta worked fr Johns-Manvfthr whit the into the marketplace of any substance except** <4 two, who had simply hied known to cause cancer in ten animals] in die community. would liave mandated the cKminatwm Dr. Brw and Maeihorski wen* of ibis carcinogenic thm fnun the en- 1 fulWwrd at the witness tabW hy Dr. rirunment hmg ag- However, io Nidvibrm, of die Mourn Sinai n~ 1972, twrlvr years after the publiea- wiofleatti Sciences Lalwutuns who iun tU data xhoavmg the jvia*shg> togan hts testiimmy by stating that the between ashettus eapnure and mrsn- health cajwrieiue of American ashe#* wurken cwld he docriM'tf mily as a natimaJ tragedy. Referring t a mor tality study I >r. &likiff and Dr, Ham* immd Ind madv f intttari>* u*orkn m W Newark-New Y*rk area, Dr. NirhoM* reminded bk listeners that two ht ten M thine men bad died of lung cancer, i*ne in ten id gart*-- tcitiaal tamvr, nvar\y nnr in ten 4 mewithctk'itia, one m ten f tnlicr can- cvn, and almost one in ten of atkw tiaim "Past stuulards are mU an S]v imtprwtv reference in terring n new' permanent standard fir ncciqvu**al vx|wtife in simply hccauie alt thefirena in humarti, and at a tiow when there arc now hundreds of case* of this cancer m woriwrrs cxpwacd to advMns, rite daughter contimiet. Under thme rirmms&mcea, regnbmais wUk-h do not uhmtptriy rvdnce t]w fibre mum m wn.ha in enrrqriy whb the Oevupatiunal Sahty and Health Act *4 1970, which fivariv state* that V em- ^oj're wffl suffer lUnumshi'd health, fumrional cjqtrdty, r life expectancy as a result of h w'ork experierKv.' Dr. Wolfe was wKCvedvd at sK* " tht* table by Anthony M.vx^a'du, wla* was ncemnpnnicd by hk aarirf.ini, Stetvn*. Wodka, and who stated tlw phta ff pn standards we/v ctwicrived on))1 fur die 08, Chemaral, and Atomic Work the purjuae nf pretenting mHchuns, Dr. Nkhidsiin r*ntinm-d. "Hut ashus- ers fmemaiauul Unii in Nwu bn- guage. "'Hie t^ib.r Depart- From USX Them kJitUiiU I1MP dux B very sad document," l*c laid. "It term to confirm whst many mcm* ben of Wf mtcrjutanal union already leu-diat it* fOctu|t**ul Safety aad Health] Aduunetratiw frivolous kb the health tad right* f working fb.M Mi&UrIh w<ri on m tty Xttt there were far more people ex posed adwwm m rite wurfcpLcv thSit k wb usually W to Wiere. "The Cebb fMtd labor Department figure ot two hundred thousand worker* is't cnMrmrive, it's ridicule*," he 4edafcd.."In ir international union, whkh represent* one hundred Mid eighty thousand workers in the oB, .chemical, and atomR-cnergy industries .alone, almost every chop end pUnt toe* < asbestos in one hum or another. For j `fgamydf, in a ttu}or oil refinery on die. Eat Cent Medal 03 u Fauhboro, Mew Jetvy.... irimxcw has captured our concern * the ringte most serious hi* Kt or mocc_yrtf^^^p^rm<A, meet as Wax three of four criteria for adwv earn- Worse yet, H.E.W. studies of the plant daring back to 1967 have found gnwriy extraire level* of asbestos dust throughout the plant. While this parxdar factory employed only dxty or x people at it* peak, the turnover was such that marfy nine hundred men had worked there hr varying peri*b of rime from 1954 to 1972. The story of Tyler s aadly filled wfeh episode* of corporate indifference and governmen tal secrecy " Masxoeehi went on to say that, be cause even very small quanoric* of ashmi were known to cause cancer, the umnn was recommending that 0 exposure to asbestos ultimately be reduced to acre* by the enforcement of wriet equqimeat-pcrformajKe stand ard*. "All manufacturing, mainte nance, and other industrial and canxiuetiufl proems** mug asbestos mux dunriil hiitrh hoard in that bcHhf. We had nineteen workers who handle j ashrsw-insulapon material* in that ft- | finely examined by Dr. Irving Selikoff, I be reengineered > that they perform at tem erasure," he deebred. "We propose that Industry be put on notice, as tonn as poxafale, that within ox months of he Mount Sinai School of Medi cine. Dr. SehTcoffs tests revealed a very * of rite effective date of rim xandard, tw worker shall be npsed to snore than miasm cetupariorul-health problem reaiUng bom their exposure to asbestos. Mow our concern s that two to three 1 two fibres per cubic centimetre of air; that within two years rids level stall be reduced to one Aire; and that within hundred ocher omten pipefitters, | three years of June of 1972 wre ex- leimaken, welders, bricklayers, and j pusure dull b the bw. As for mp> -nets who work in and around this in- rotors, they should be autfoimrd only suIapoo- may also have been overex posed. Asbestos turns up in the moot uftupeatd SRuatimts. Recently, ! was touring a plane in iwrriwm New Jersey where Prestone anufreete is made. At when the employer has b definite abate ment plan to reduce riie exposure to ashvstm through enguieering means. Ilie other mtottato m which mplrators would he allowed h where tlxre is no one point in the umr, 2 caught a com fcaidilc U'chrudogy* for controlling as- pletely unprotected worker dumping atbexio* into a rat of antifrette. He cold ane that aslvttos is what giw* Presonr its amMvak quality. If riiat was an unexpected rituaiEm, then what hesti dux." Mazxocciit added that the Oecupatairud Safety and Health Admins*ration's pmpused sumdard on medical rxamtnatsms of ashestn* workera would tru^ allow the fux tn gtwrd has been our experience la a primary plant--*for example, one that manufactures saheun^insubuinn pmdUp until recently, the O.CA.W. the chicken*. iwitlical renwmmri- tc. like many otherjtrufrstkwiai irmups at tins e*wmr> riias idiysicfam ilut indPglfr ran rety on tn"Wy vaiat nrep {Oil, Chetmeal, and Atomic Work UllhaUWbM^h- cfiStw* ut ers International Uavm] represented workersat the Pittsburgh Coming Cor poration's asbestre pbrn m Tfier, cfiU. "TfMIVfdH'r Wt1' ridunmend that worker* be .alhnvcd u* have annual physical riiniiu&titf prrftirmed no Texas. Thh pfeux was the riet u> the ; Unmt Asbestos & Rubber Company^ factory in Pateraun, New Jersey, where Or, enriaebd his m*w famous morality study of amitne-ashestcn1 workers. At rise Pmenua plant, Dr. them hy durkei of their nun choice, but at the employ*c^s expense. Purthcrmore, the rrrurris of thrae exanunariuns should not he sent to the itopfciyt'f hut to a central itc<edAu|hift facThr at XI05II, wIkit such records RKikl be Hwff found that total deaths were _^re rit** twwv the * numlwr antici kept imact ami omfidetuasl. Nlrisn would then Brad cadi <n{il^vr an an- pated, and Dfiw at the Tyler plant rise' , n<tal tuibiiril summary **a (lie cxsnriNuainal Institute for Occupational ;; Mtmtflf all ha eal[)%rra ft has brim and Health lias already found * 'our vad experience, in case after case,' riiat sere" out of reglttrrn workers with thnt *** mwupiMtu finds not bow'lUdiy JK MK IWibIPU U Kwia of a worker, management does m hot * get rid of trim. Tho* Utesr records need to be kept inact for at least forty para" Mataethi concluded ly 4. risrirtg that s defirinu saadard for ptwttbs fmm the haurds of ashes** would fcfttatr rirkness and an early death for thousands M people. "Faced with thbpfrapect, 2 would seek no new ride at a^, nther than hr held ytapunsi- dH surface thirty years from oojv," be taM. One of the final wetnesses of the aft ernoon was Alex Kuamuk, a governor of the Ashestrx TexriW Imritutc winch in 1964 had sent a letter to the New York Academy of Sciences urging cantfcm in the public dhcusriun of medi cal research into afheft< dbease ip or der "to svtod fimvidtng the bash for possfldy dasugiiig and aabrading news xnrira." fietawk now testified that the AsbrXus Textile Institute was opfwaed tn the KIOSK cracria docvmcm aad to tie reencnawndariiKU of the Secretary of labor's Adfwory Oumnmec on the Adams Standard. "We find riiat even t)r fiee-fihre sandanl is tw IeshMv' fnr us," he mid. "Indeed, h wffl price | American-nude ashcSKB-eutfie prad-i j act* right out of the world and do- ; metric markets, wkh tie rtxdt that import* fnuu nataoru wirre worker* 1 are under no such protection w81 fiuod. * the cawntry. We frirl that iW prupmed scuidard a bated upon mrompbrte wud1 k* and that new rratuaiinrts are nerd; vd. Pcmling more compreheitrivt stud- | ivt, uv resfwctlully urge riw Secretary of Labor n reconsider the cttthlfeftmeni of ad*cM(B Kamlarels, to remauur the Uircri-IJ Ihnk value hw ashrsno dux * at awvlve A*rcs per culric crtXmsctre, arwl m provide for rrjMVScniarion of thw ,Wvx<(S Textile Institute mi future) advburk and study conunttu.***." 1 HEN Goldlwrg fcctord the Wfins day** mum, I flew hack U Nw York, where bushww Iwpt me during riw second day of the bearing*. 'Hr day after riot--Thuradsy, Mardt 16th--f Bilik ax' cariv pbmr to i ingtiti to he pmenl for what Gold berg had referred to pre^siiudy in the proceeding* a* the Jiflinf-MonriQe ' Sceriarire"Tbeconferencenuandthe . tmerdc^emmental Aobtriim wataW must full When I arrived, jux before 9 a.M^ and die bearing* got under way priunptly; with John H. Jd, Jibw- MaavSlr** cxrcmive rimpriwbai for uperarioft*, rnring dinm at the witneaf i t*hh; and scaring that the adwsarB.in^ . Awn laid fint xippnrted mrutk in ' dki a*' durio*'* ll*-< AtoHcen- (Wcfttir*, i the Saranac L*b**nU**<y d 0* *i'rmt**an F<*ia<Lii, Saranac Jjlte, S* w Y*arfc, aml wns a< present uf^*nrng such research At ov^rc than kaU a il>u~a medical schnnls In die United State* ami Catuuta. He weirt *m ay that ahfomgh the mhcsu* in- -*ry wjiwni in mpntfmbBty to mpfuet the intent of the Octuptwaal Safety ami Health Art, tlwre was no CfnJWe etificner denvuireraiing the iweetstti (or a standard hiwvr than five , fibre*per cubic cmuWtre d air. Jriw wa followed fey Dr. George W. U'rigla, a hwigrime paid medical con sultant I'f Johnt-Manrille, who was a\*\ director <4 medical research nl the Department 4 Mcdieinc Su Lake's Hospital in CkrcLmtl. l>r. Wright he- g2R h* tciaekifi)' in saying that-be had beta condoning research asbcrenrei nee 1939, firat as a member of the Satuat Laboniary <*f die Trudeau Feondatn and then, since 1953, at Si Lathe*! Huqaul. After nriewng the various standard* {nr occupational es- pntff to nhrus that had been In ef fect over the years, Dr. Wright odd the hearings that no evidence lod been found tnjbdkatc that the present aa* beau* standard should he changed. "Macron*, met t believe that the five-flhre standard w8l cvnamfy pre- 't avhesbisk, I atu m C'unplctc dit* teawiu with ilw KIOSK criteria document with reject to ns cxpentd npinioo that the data relating asbestos exposure w biological reaction are in* . adrifuate in neahlcd* a meaningful standard at ths time," he said. "While tfc evidence may not he far-reach ing ns we would like, k k scientifically valid, and adcipiaie to **i|>{**rt as a finx appmahnatiim the* <pmion that the pres ent standard of five fibre* per cubic cent*metre should not he lowered, but} drftasww.** * According in Dr. Wright, a recent study conducted by Dr, jdia Cor- fertj MrDimaM, i tlie Ufjimamit f Epidemiology and Health f McGifi Uatvenhy, in Montreal, furnished strong vqqmn for At Wiring the haw standard Whw five fibres per cubic remanent of air, and proof tfost-mctodirlfoma was virtually daest in pifb u^ were rspnd only to <hry*3v* Jrihrsws-- j p of d nift- mi that accounts for ninety-five per - eras of the mil's pruducthui. and the ie dot JfliuwM.iitvSir crimes, uses, i relb atm*** cxvlodvcly. "Mn>- tbrivma appear* in he predommant? Jy Sided with c>j*ure to enrefc^dae or aavaate," Dr. Wright declared. IVirire, hrtfc're* npei *f aa- trm d**rid be. rem*nlh*l more strut*.., i. ,t... .....t. * n. then aidened ccmin aspects of Dr. SeSfceiT* and Dr. Hammond's mor tality snwfifrt of die asbcrerwrinauLtiun woriemj the studies did aot include adequate canned popibnu, be aid, ltd the incidence nf mesotbrliums among these worker* was caused not by their exposure to cbry<cdc but by their dual exposure in ehrysuifl* and tixxmtt. He endvd by resenting hb support df the fivt-fibrv standard, be-1 cause, a* he put it, ^dds u a correct smndard and erntriums *^ level of ex posure that wiQ protect against the de velopment erf ashcsHcb and bruneho- genk ameer.** Thus far In the hearings, there had bean very gle cneMaatzunmion, but] when Dr. Wright concluded bk re- maria a number of people made known that they bad quetrioro to ask and points to make concerning bis testi mony. Among them was Kkfcotas De- Gregorin, of the Depaitmcnt of Labor, j who pniawd set with some asperity that 1 be had never beard the validity of Dr. 1 SeSibfi and Dr. Hammond's study of the sihmns mnihpon workere tptes* doaed by any of the kadeig epsderru* ofegaoiatfie field. ; After a short recta*, the Jolmi-Man* vflk sesrimony conunued with the ap pearance at the wsns table of Dr. Tbnous !{. Davbon, w^w intrudtietd himself as the medical director of the corporetirm. Dr. Davison's rvwmni}' was very fwief, and was chiefly con cerned with ha objection* to the' pro posed frequency of medkal eiamtna- tuns for asbettns workers. Wlten he corniced ha remarks, hr was suc ceeded at the witness tabic by Edmund VL Fenner, the cnrpntw's director of cttrimncncmal amrnd. Fenner testi fied that JubAfr-Manrillc bad worked dfl^entl)4 *> bnver dm Ivreb in all its plants. He aW> critkf/jnt the tWiwflhrc nandanl pregard m the ^'cumcnt, on the ground that adetpure onmiomiig Mid dust-satn|ding e^aj*mcnt was m*i available u> mcAsurv ukU a level. Then Dr. Fred L. Fumlmti, Jnhnv Manvaic*s vropniid.'nt fiw rescarrii and drTebipment, came i tlw aiuuw tabic. "Pcriafs tuotlwre rise in the a- hrm standards bring considered u*~ da)' k the ojsportanUv to bring alvuii hail riotrige* dearly evidem as b k in sf<m* <4 the pn^Koefl tilvl retpure- metso," Dr. Pwiduri mid. "If there Lhrl rv^uirenwflt* are ad<purd m their propivci] form, they trill m our opjnr'n , dectret' Urge amounts of the industry am! dtmuuvte tb<fsaml of ydo." Dr. Puodmk went on to dedare tligt wsrekig labels fterd only indicate that * precautsNinry steps dwHihl be taken red not conu rerri()*ing language, t *ucb as the word `cancer,'' He |wivd 1 wtt that asbestos k not an acutely t>rw ditnbl or drug that reacts wvdwi snmues or Hubre, mr as it m uphiit, nr cm ft be absorbed tbnaigh the skm. "Therefore, the ap|dkatkvi <4 frighten ing bbels to asbestos is inapprnprmr,M he said. **Xn*rad, w recrettownd that a cstmoa or warning lahri witb tire fol lowing type of text be used tia teg* or =3 e us. containers of ohms fibre: *Cautm-- Tlw bag contains ebryaoefle *&*om fi bre. IshilitM of adtews in cumin tfuamitkf over long period* <4 tame may be barmfut If proper dim control aaot he provided, respirators approved by the United Sates Bureau of Mines for proiccaon agism preumocwUasb-pcu. during dusts should be won.'" When Dr. Pvndnck finkhed Jt remarks, there was as hour's teem for botch. The fine afternoon skim was Henry B. Moreno,reabr rirr |wfit'in for the fodtutrial and btmotiml fid. sfoos of Jnbns-Manvaw, who add that the company** dua-enmnd pregnuas bad already am twenty mfiBan Mkrt "For us to achieve a sundsnl of two per. cubic ccnrimetre would re- qofre ct^tta! ncpndsuiw of twelve i msBkm ddBart, and nddmonal operat- ktg cures of five niBra dollars per year," Moreno declared. "It would rempfy not be ecrevurokallr inside to opens at shk level in five of our idants, which, if rimed down, would put sixteen hundred emphyns out of work. Thb and similar ckufogi across the etHuuiy would have a sdmantal effect upon the nauna's tcunay, od would reside in higher emu wfeairi aU send the htanl. In addtum, Japan, Taiwan, India, other Asian cnanthet, and nations in South America would eume tm nnutg and find the Aanv can market with sfir pmducts. For* these reasons, wc hlieve that k would be nothing less than CHOjku torisl irrr*p*sM%- so aihipr a two-fibre standard for tccnjtttMml opout to ariwno* wkhnut remogvr mrdktl eri- dvoct tW that whirh pmrntly nfo." U*het* mkrehmed hyj>r. Krbdbm. MnrcnuJ me I>r. Wright More Mn. i- mughtreft*oe*bry**Sc lAao abnt reiqarirm as a cause uf mmohrirema, mid, Ifiur Dr. Wrgk, he kspBreted acmrw. Morenn dvciind that fore . 1930 until 1960 all Mgh-temperaturemsularinn materials nouiiad amwnr, that Met I960 there bad hern a trend away from am*ode, and that for the pare fire yean ilmtM.itu mwwke bad heeri used. ... Knowing that. J(ibR>-3>faariBe bad lonmgsbeeanauemptfo^s toaahredveehrn^ UU. MIXUlltUU'U! " thehneu, and siiat av mcotiwri f the fodeyundrtt miJtca! nd scientific , emuunity timsfcfofvd such efforts to he 1 teU-scrvfog, I was r*n surprised to hear Di. Nidi*Jaw wnmgly question Morv- ! hat In mmsefit that samwc m M hen a najtir comtHucnc erf fosahtirvi rwrriab between S 930 and 1960. Later, 1 learned iliat Dr. KitboL ton restWeed this relutarim hy setid- fog an ad&adum to Gtddhvrg on March 24th isr.Bdurw.in the record of the hearings. Dr. Nichrison*s K* ! M^ui)ia(Iwrr Rfrrrcd Guldbetf te i iw table* of information )k had in- | da<y in Ha addendum. The first table, which Wed die quantity of asbestos | used in the manufacture of insulation ; materials in the Unbed States between : 1920 and 1963, bad been furnished by : Dr. ftmfart himself u> Dr. Srlilsfi t for pitaentatitt the Fourth Interna- I tfooid fotaapctauas Conference rf the httftidwal labor Office, held a Buchan*. on September 29, 1971. The second cable, compiled from, the Vmtrd titles Mmerdt Yearittii, foted imparts of amocitc asbestos into the United States during those tame year*. Since a atnpnwi of the two tables dmwtd that wfy a few hundred tons of amnsru wasanported each year h"*c*a 1920 and 2940, and that tha m was only a small fraction of the tool ssnouet trf sabom used in the manubeturc of fosulatfon materials during that period, Dr. NidniUon' printed out, "duariy, amouw could have been only a mtimr cnnstkuem ol ' msubonn material until WorM War 22,** and crew through 1950 "k eouW vrif represent a small fraction of tltc ssbestus used in non-marine commercial and mditftrial msubrion. If one con siders the extensive tnu in siwphuiMing." Dr. Kiehobon concluded Im letter* fry eaJKag Gridhecg** attend*** to a table* showing that tlw dfrvasc experience {fodutimg SK*hel**ma) of shipyard fo- aubaw wtufanv wa not agmfiafttly different from (Ik disease wprienct of oa-shipyafd fosuCawm wortm. "It a But pmribf* to assign an important tide m amrritc fo the fosularim workers' caprrirtsre," be wrote. AnXK Dr. KirlKbm't rnswi* -iY Mumariai 4 Morcnu, the seatat 'Che wbocW table was taken by Dr. Me1 *vraaW, uri stated at d outset that m a. pi*rfc***r rf T*fotnfofyg}` and W ehahwan 4 llw DrjanftrM 4 Ipbwi'hpl' and Health <4 McOlU Umveffky, and that he had tpccklfetd fo vpbbpoubigf for twenty-four yean. *| wfojd now |kc 0* add one or two 1 [UUIU AW U1 UIJ UhUIR u\ order to clarify my pritfoo here.** Dr. McDrvuld condnurd. "The first point * that 2 am a fuU-rime .emphiyee at McOtU Un*vcrriiy,andaft Mcpnrfrnt rearsrrh mrktf. 1 do not wiii, iur am 2 amneuted, wnh any asbestos pn* durcr or manufacturer. The nsesnli I duH he describing a supported hy grants, not to me hut to MeGHi Uni- venbv, frum a number of aourers--* the Imritutc of Oecupumuf and n- rinnflMul Health, the Canadian gov ernmem, the Brimh Medical Rwarch Council, and the United States PWif Health Service. 2 flin not here to sup* port the testimony or positum of Jidw- MaavrUc or any other Iswly affected by die prapnsed fegulatktns." 2>r. McDmab2 wem!ttn to qooee rx length fnjm report eitritfod "The Ktdth rf Chryu3c Admits Mine and M31 Wuiters 4 Quebec,** which he and some cofirsgoes wvre prrporing for pridicarinn in the acsr future. Dr. McDonald mkl that he and hit mod* ates had begun an cphlrmadmvit study of miners and ndUrrs in 1964, sring records of the Quebec idhet&w-mining companies to identify sB persons Itaown lv lave worked in fhe kulusfy ribev ns inetqmun, in U7U. He cxfdsuned that the mortals)' aspect d ihe study was Kinked tn thue men who bad worked for a numb or more, and who were horn betwevn D591 and 1920, adding that he and Ids colleagues bad already published an mhui analyris of the mortality vxperimar of these work ers. |)r. Mc1>(huiM then laid that about righty-seirn {rr cent of the II,- 572 |vm>ns kirluikd m Hie mortality study had hunt traced by the end of December, 1969, and that 3,2?0 of them liad died. "Cancer of tlte lung showed a ridog death me with tn- crearing du eapmurc, pankulaHy tn the two behest duu-cvpuore groups," lie continued. "Of tine hundred and tbiny-fwr dvarit* fnnn respiratory eniiccr, tlwre wen- five fmm |drural Rwsirtlieliitma. Thk' calcs however, rfwwi'd no vicar ribiamsh^i wtiH dust * expofetre." . . Laicr tit, fib pftrcowtfcm, 2>r.. iff* \ Donabl iw sm iI the muht uf his mtf* tafity study hy declaring that the rums- Wr of excess itestiis related to asheauu exposure arming the w'orkvn he had ki* Vififgated probably r^mabmed no mote than twn jwr cent of the w! of 3,270 death*} ritn m>ac of these drat!* were caused hy huig canrar and phcvmo- <ont-w {b\ widrh be presurnddy meant juhesnris)} and that ilmm all of these cuta adxntw-related deaths * *orcnrrvu arifong workers employ ed in far pemring out Out the death rates; man ameer and fue*xJ*c!inma amnng: tbe chrymcW-asbesna ntinun and mdu] ersbe bad studied were eery fow .! ' pared wstb the sfoach nucs from efoe 1 disewes found among the iuularii swten Ktsdied hy 2>r. Sritknff jutd{ Dr. Hammond, Dr. McDonald can-< =3 chided that ly b%b forth of exposure' to riirndtik ariuasos diking mining1 and mOSfig npemriDns bad an apprecs-1 fak effect m swatiiy. Dr. McDvnrid1 coded Ids prceentatkm by further- con ducting, from the findings of ha mid}*, that a ruudable standard for diryss^ tile mines and m3b would be somewhere between fire and nine fibres per curie centimetre. When Dr. McDonald finished hb antimony, he was questioned at somt length by Dr. Kkhofson and by Dv Gregorio. Dr. Nicbriaon's questionfog disked a statement from Dr. McDon ald dun in a previously pub&hed re port no ssoftaiky among the Quebec asbcims nmn and nmlcrs, he hod concluded dot among those workers in his cohort who were exposed to the highest food of chtysoiSe dust die foddsnee of lung cancer was five times that of the workers exposed to the b>wm kreL He afo thonri an adj morion from Dr. McDonald that fc recommendation of a standard 4 be-' tween live and. nine fibres was based up6n a total of only ^utty-two fibre counts made in nunes and riilb of Quebec fo the summer of 2971. 2>eGreguHs, too, aibcd Dr. McDonald a series of printed quest*ms shout the sci entific vatidky of Ids study. He ex pressed cn duptkfon of Dr. McDon ald's abttity to sufotanuate the accuracy of cheytnritc-exp^re levels that work ers wens exposed to during (hr mnetern-fifties and the nineteen-sixties. He also obtained an aHmutiun'frrnn torn that nut all the effects <4 whatever ca ptures tWrc may have Kxn were oh* wrved.directly by Dr. McDonald and im asenentes--thrwu^i, (or rxatrqde, tlie caarntnathui of aunqw) matemb-- but dial tltey bad been ukmrvud by oth er prupk and tecurded by tlwm fo rv ports and death certificate*, whkH Ik and bk taaorfotr* had then included in their study a* vtlhf. I was nnt surprised to hear 2>r. MeDonabl qwnkmcd fo ths mwmrr, for serrrsd snrmlwn *4 tiw iodrpendem medkat and sefoutifie community had pmfoudy cxpnssed grave mrmdini to tnc about the accuracy of tlw tw* be and ha critcagues drawn fo a report of thek stutty which! bad sppoiml in June of 2971, *Vi^ V>U >V<SM *' ^*< m*ntd /AWrA, Metier the title "Mor tality in the Cfmandt* Aitarm Mine* ami Milk of Qocbet." &>** peopk had p>ani*ri *n that many, if not oust, M *lhe worker* scodkd fay Dr, McDonald *ld hat* had fmk uf ao cxpwrt to 4Hrm ariwffa fibtt, taawe they had worked ia uprn-air pit*, cuncaaf dnn ui ti*rock fawn. Others plured the het that Of. McDonald and km asKwa had conducted wry Side pthdopo! review, such s the exafflioatain (aompq material and hmg-rogue $lekt, m arriving at ihdr owW* liana. SdH dthers punted out that ninety per cent of the lung cancm and me*#* thefiumas found m iMeltdon worker* occurred twenty yeti* or more after d* Miet of orpnrere to ubtitM a*, for example, in the eases of men whobegan worfcing with aibrttm at die age of twenty, and who died of ameer at fifa'-^fvd that by oeriidag penwo Wb before 1 Wl Dr. McDonald and Ml xmacsttea had excluded from their csVvUbtim precisely the people who might be expected to taw the effect* of ubnw tnhaUrioo. (It wa* a* if in iwdytfli she total occurrence of gray hair we refuted to look at anyone both inert than forty or fifty y**n ago.) In ddkta, a number of people panted mil that fay inrhaSng only death* that uretd twenty mn or ks after the ^ae% of espDiurt, Dr. McDonald had perforce diluted the mayor dscav effect of juhcsin* in Mi study. Perhaps the n#M idling cridekm of Dr. McDon ald'* atmly, however, was made in a letter lent to Dr. Selfcofi on January 7, 1972, by Herbert Sridman, who k chief of staskikal analysk tn tlte Defwnroent of Epidemiology and Stauuic* of the American Cancer Society. ScWnun's critique wu included in the ad dendum fur the hearing record that wm sutamed by Dr. Nkhataa. It described ftane if Dr. McDuul4** meth ods of computing death roe* as "3advaed." it printed out the lack of cwdtmta that Dr. McDonald and fait amentes had given, so the imper tanee of the tag latency period in the dmhpromt of rotate* tumors, and it dtag&rj she mtftadqtoy *d to the study to as*** tepapatriy the snpo'tance f tiimdim dim ttpoiun and dufatta of rxpDtarr nidnia to tag cancer at "Snappmpriaw,* become of thr "parity of bade dan.* Ia enewta it, Sridmw trw, **! talk that the have farm collected fairly well but aadpvd qtnk( |anriy* As a h}iBM, I had Huh way e judgkig the xitm& validity of Dfe AkIVKtIPs work except through die .dependent ipcdcif eocnnuMcy who had romaunkared their epinam of it tn aw. Hnwr, X had brought with me to she tarings a of Volume XXII of the Artmm ef itaA* td H*dth, arocaututg Dr. McDonald'* artfcir no tsomhiy smreig ta cferyaodk~ednett4n miners and mflfen of Que bec, which had been wot to me turtle month* .earlier by Wlibm P. Raima, a rkc-fitmlcnt and diiycmr of pu&e affairs for JutaMindlh Sew Dr. McDonald had referred tu thk mur- tabty study during die twnc of km testimony, and since anyone attend ing the public hearing* had die right to CTOtt-exaaine witnesses, nchidang member* of die prt* I decided to id him seme quesdon* about fa. After re edring prnmoBon from Goldberg to address Dr. McDonald, I reminded him that h ba opening remark* he bad declared that alt fab research had been performed fabpudnttlr. "That h correct,* t>r. McDonald replied. "All things are rtarire " I then reminded Dr. McDonald that John Jobe, the executive vkepresdent fur operetta* of jofaro- ManvflU, had testified at the morning testa that his company wassupporting research oe asbestos disease, and asked him if that was research other than what he had performed. what Mr. J*w b referring to b roc fact that Jota-Manvffle, To gether. with other mining companies, help* support the Institute of Occup* ttaftl and Environmental Health which * a granting body that receives research appKcatums, and which there fore indirectly supports our research," Dr. McDimaW replied. "Now, it b a very indirect relationship" I risen planted out tu Dr. McDonald that it the end f hs article m the AreKnrt of Jkwvswrvfd H/dfJi, a credit was listed m small type: "This wurtc was undertaken with the *** Mice of a grant from the Institute of Occupational and Envroromcnral Mmhh of the Quriwc AsK-ure Mining Asftiriation." "That k eorreet,** I>r. McDonald sudd. Wafa that, I rook my *c*t. Dr. Me- Donald had jus* Mmttly odnritfa^ flat jtdms-ManvSW, lugvthcr with alter urixotro mining romjwnk'*, aup* pnmri tlw Iniritutt *rf Occtqvtstari and Emlronmental HrtWi, and that the kmitwc, in turn, had helped sopput fab study. Mnnrovcr, the credits ar the end uf hk ankle, which laecd no financial support ether |hatt that uppfrd by the insuttttc, bad given the hiT bikI correct tuk id ihk fugam/arinn-- *nznrotal HroJih **f the Qucfxr AtKtem Mining Aav<n. Ii scrfiwd wAneccwry o> print nut w the repre sentatives f mdustrr, lahnr, gmrm- roent, and ihr independent medical mi admire cummunhy whu re pth*red m the conference re*uu Mmcitag riut saaay of them already knew--chat JdisreMasrik k, and fair the pm 4xS03 e quarter of a century has been, the dominant member of the Quebec As bestos Unig AMocktta. When (he hvarireg* were adjourned . that storran, Iran Sahorin, former attorney for-the Quebec Asbestos Minbag Amuchtta, came qs to mt and . mtfuduced hiuiself. Wc talked hrwty, and then I ok4 a plane back to Kcw *Yk I bad wer avt Stark be fore, hot 1 rrtnefahered reading some thing about him in connection with . McGSl Urirenfcy b s copy of the trimnn uf a 1965 owning of the Av beams Tcub Iwkut*. The foBnwing day, 2 took the anttm from my files and read riwm agriru They niunsri me that a meeting was held un jane 4, ( 1965, at ri Mutel tc Provence, is 'Dnfnri Min*S Canada, and quoted Stam os skying that a recent ankle amiriiring asbnsus and turner m the /awrwtf uf ths damrei Mntud itaauB wa* m eontaring, and expressing regret over the advene pub licity riot resulted from such arucks. Stans then trid the meeting that the Quebec Asheaun Mining Atariatta wkhed tu study respiratory dseasrs r*> Sated to chrysmSe ariwatua, and that n wa* seeking "alKanee with a*n< uiri- venaty, aurii a* McGill, for exanqdc, m that authoritative hackgremnd Uv poh- lirity can he had." According to the mmwtes, the wM qwsker at the meeting wa* Dr. Lrwt f. Cralky, of riw Urited States Piddk lfdth Service, "who forth* pat sre- cn1 yrara has hen siqwrvkmg the ex tensive rarimnmrAul Rdy uf askew* employev* in textfie plants to riu UJLA." Dr. Cratky udd the meeting that "the study wa* gang well," that the, Pufabc Health Service was n**w w* fe..'* irmtag fas work fata other anheaua m- diotric* that '"the Vrauks ro daw ceruonly jmtify the program and ii fitnher eqaiwA." Dr. Cnlkt dW not ebriurate > wtot these redts bad tan, nor, jnr tat matter, da! he mt are fit to AfikoSj1 warn any acgmnu of the ohaua tndoatry, least d aO the workers, that the data he wa* cdlrtt 2ng ihetwed that men crojdoyed in a- Waren factories acres* riu? land were faring ejquwd to groudy cMiatTc Jn*h irf ataflea tits), ami that evva* nta- bfitT from ashen** <**cjuc amrcig wwkrrt in fa*v?n*-terT3c factoria had niched tragic pftjpnnnm. (Indeed, ux jan pawed before Dr. Johnson and Dr. Warner unearthed the dam ' fanned in Dr. Cnlky'i Sea and under* tn d* mmetfang tn ne% the , ..og stoauin th^ diKenrei) Is tow n or many asnccuHaju>ui4noong aset, with an attendant has nf jobs and an infiux of foreign nbc*t> prod ucts into the Uoferd State*. Reprepenadvc* of Ititv unsuns, no the other band, urged that the safety and health of ttorbn be placed ahead of any eco nomic eunriderations, that the two-fibre "Vs this connect**, I found k interesting to note that out of the>cvtftty-odd people lrd in the minutes as attendfeg the 1965 meeting el tlu AtiwatM Tottife Institute, Dr. Cn% was the only invitee Inna any government, and the only one who did not represent an as* hews company w a related orgarazatina. standard be adopted, and that efforts be made to reduce occupational expo sure to asbettta t> aeru. In a way, much of tius testimony tended to be misleading, for the hearings the aahestna iQidinJ had become far more than just a disagreemem between in dustry -and labor over whether the sumUrd should he five or two fibm. At the same time, 2 also reread a paper am to me tome months More by Jnfans-Manvfife, which gave a Itis- wy of the company's health-research programs. Referring to Dr. Me* DwuU'l study of the Quebec asbestos miner* and mfllett, the paper had this .many: * This study 0 faeitw funded by the lasd* tote of Occupational and Earimmcsul Health, the sewneife mrifd arm of the `Quebec Asbestos Uintst Association fQAklA). A* austiuid More, Jafans* IfsonKr is a principal member of the QA&IA. The Institute of Ocnpi^Mil and Envinwnentsl Health plays a vital: rule In the Jofma-kfaarilte Siuldi re fs effort. Resides dhestiaf; QAhlA t for muid projects, the sevenmao scientific advisory, cnonuirtee of Ac Institute also reviews, rcooests J*M te* etjee* frwo sekntisu and sariirife: orKaiuutium fur money to conduct trseareb m the ashvstos/healch field. The introduction--fay Dr. SeKfcoff and his associates at the Mount Smii n vimnmental Sciences Laboratory, fay tfic autiuirs of the KIOSK criteria docu ment, and hy the Secftory of Labor's Advisory Committee on the Asbestm Standard.. of pmpomb for perform ance standards that would a priori re duce dust levels fa the manufacturing and installation of asbestos products fay repaying the use of proper equipment, efficient exhaust a&d veaokrioo *y*mbs, and safe vork pacticts was.of ktwsO importance, (ot the carrying out of performance nandards would obvi ously put the horse before the can, where it belonged. In slum, effective (terforaunce standards would be hound to lessen the importance of and reliance upon (he laborious and time-consuming process of taking air sample* snd count ing asbestos fibre* beneath a microscope in order tn determine whether the as- T*bc paper then Hsted the eiuurman hrstos standard was being complied of tlw Institute's wven-man scientific with. Thus, performance standards advB.iT) committee as Dr. George W. would go a long way toward obviating Wright, Dirvctorol Medical Research, the kind of cooperation between indus St. tub's Hiepiu!, Cleveland, Ohio.I try and government that in factories such as Pittsburgh Coming's Tyler DID ant rvtuyo t W^dungtiu fur . plant had /or so many years reduced I (be final day uf (he hearing*, but during (he fo&twtng wrk, thanks to che-uking nf air samples and the count ing of aihenos {articles and fibres to a Gersiion KisMrwi, vditnr of the Oc- farce rf tragic proportions and fetal wpnriuwof Hfdth (3 &vfo/r trfffr.asd eocMc^wflcev a* a rtdi of reading tie 0*enfmhttmt Two |wees *f Kvtirmmy delivered So/err & llrdth Rrfonrrt a newslet at tlw scutum I had mweil were of ter puMshcd b the Bureau al National particular amnn tu me in this ret|>ect, Alws, 1rch I was able i keep abreast m a few days after the bearings were of most d the MBao}' that had faecri concluded I obtained fuR texts from delivered,during tiur two ibn of hear the nwn who lad preupted them; 'D*c ings ! mfaned. Ay and Urge, this inti lm was given na thr wetmd day hy' ffumt rail true to form, tn that it rc- IhaciB A_ Ktdaday. rvsearch aMomte btlnl tiw itiivft ami stif-inirmt of professor at the Mount Saul Esdnw -* who dvbrned h. Ktfmrftmfm Mental Scfeitm fahmtmy and far* hr adH*SM.indiMt), on tlur ufle wtij* a senior mdiauriat-hygiciic en- land, clanti tiuu an afasb* standard of two fibres j**r Ctddtf centimetre of air Cfaevr *A*uh tile Ushvd States PtdiKc ileslth Service, where be had been eslwr couhl am Iv arhrud tecrhafeally or would b pnAWiw m art, fifed that j amrumrnial fat develupfasg standards ^*r ^Meeting uranium fednen against it would Wreh nwlt u the shutting ( **w*tn cxpMiT. (Ker tWs woric, he v torn gv'rn .vn* Award of dw Health Phytia Su ch)'.) KoUday addressed hfaturif *, the bearing* m the problem of how bes toowrol ssbewa dust: The me of procedural sundards, be wfakh { meau rvtuUtMms rewruw the we 4 epeofied tueAode af treatint aial pwiiog wserrial and awrk ndes that re- duoe dust pmduetmi and dupenaon, is the best weaaa at preeentuw eveempeeum to femfd Mtitmts. It k baaed upoa toe fcnewfedp tiwt certain operetiwu mi mewl Wffl nfaiw eeacamiowt* m tbe warit am uttiwa they are cusmdted. It fa also bm from eBperfcnce that oettaw eeetrel measure* wiB markedly reduc* or dfasbite thcar minwas. Therefore, the prudent enru k to remtir* tiwt mud procedure* be instituted without waiting for tofomatios obtained by sir aaapte* and duet mn to dccaowtrste that eoofeiilosHon bae, in fact, occurred. The second piece of torimony that I found of special iaterev was delivered on the final day of the bearings by Sheldon Samuels. He began by saying dm there were certain advantages in appearing at the end of the prauogod barings. "A* you know, Mr. Gold berg, I did ant plan tt that way, but k has provided me with an important overview, which I intend so exploit,* he declared. "The baric ettue before us was made crystal dear at your pre hearing conference, when Mr. Walls, of tbe Ashcsun Information Assocfetarn, attempted tu prevent Daniel Matibunki inn bring beard, aad -re ferred tu him.m a db^fstingly uamepUMiable manner. Damel Maribnrikidid iMfi ask o* be heard at these hearing* for dramatic effect. He was trying ** tell ymi that irawc than the company's admittedly advanced environmentalctuund and inedieal-survriUancc pro grams wm needed tn reduce the risk tu other unwhers. The issue before us is whether human life can he traded off fat the ossriErtjdace, and wlwrher work er* kmut really facedeath tm*tbe yds.** " Samuels continued h te*timrmy by urging tW adopting of performance Mandanls that would wouire equip ment and work practice* designed for arm entipam ef.fehfea. "Kor a rix- ^ month tnnritamal perind-the ladustriil Unfam Urpartiamt rernmncnfai twofibra level,* M *d. "Within two yean, tin* level tfaaoU fee fowvrvd tu one fiHre j per etdd^ ctprimecre nf air, and, fekb matriy, there rimdd he a m rxpeaurv in isfeiw dust.* Samueh ifax urged the ndnptitm and strvngthenhig of the KfOMf rrentnRirMUuiifU for bklEh| ariwstifi, for munfanring atriawnc adu*im dust; for conducting perfaidtc wreBnl euadnatfams ri iritwe worisrr*, and lie 'pBanhring that ifeTrfeftU From USX f oickexsmmatioM he rhc property of *tiie employee. and not die employer. *M4 ampnram f all, any empieyve *whn beki cnn&fence in the jwipnenr fjdstaran who it directly mpocwbk the employer dimrid have the right churn* souther source of A.l rre,M Samuels declared, addfag that Danul MariWskj had famed s medi cal examination provided fay 4 Jahnt- MsnvSe pfcysran wily a for weds fartoiv ha own phyridan had diagnosed him as udciiiif from terminal atne- ihftiwiyu * community with whom I spoke teemed pleased fay what had taken place at the ami thought h %c)f that a Iml would he adopted by the Ocaipaaonal Safety and Health Admmantian as a permanent stand ard for occupational exposure to ashes**. Their optimum wu based largely upon the reasoning that except for the teebaony <rf Dr. Wright and Dr. McDonald...neither of whom could be eonddertd completely independent medical frdearehers--the ashndhs indowy had set forth nu real data tn irfute the tonclibni and rectxnmenfbtsuns of the KtoSH criteria docu* 'trt and the Secretary of Labor's riswry CosuntUee on the Advos mandard. Mtmch, Samueh, and hcr umm people, however, expreoed a skepticism concerning the 1 Depart ment of Labor's motives and intent which was based upnn long and hitter experience. In any event, once the hearings were concluded, nobody in volved In the matter could do much hut wah until June 6th, when, having presumably weighed all the evidence, the Department of Latwr was required hf law to .promulgate s permanent standard fur asbestos. On Monday morning, March 20th, 2 received a log^mixt ca8 from James Bwrer, the prvsdem nf Pitts burgh Owning. Barter started not fay apnfcigtiMg for m gening bach to me smMabgrRf>nthtir> view Dr. Gnun ahma the Tykr plant, Then hr tutf me that, upon.the i&tkt of legal conwsei--because of the recent hearings in Washington and on - cmtnt nf jawfidc Sttgaunn inherent in the Tyler skaatirm---Pittsburgh Com*' * could nut autfamc me to conduct ntervarw with 2>r. Grant, or, fur aw matter, with anyone rise in its employ. * During the dm week nf April, I drove nut tn Fatenra, New Jersey, and sprns a day at the offices nf the Mum &aia> $ri.d hf lawnoa Ashcsba Control Prugiam, where Dorothy Pcrr.si ami *-*rra! de (among them Shi'riey S. Lev**. Rayk Margries, and Charles Nolan} hare been working since 19*8 u tr*v the tone hundred and tWrtytlMt* sun whn had worked h*r at least a year tv* tween 1941 and 19*5 at the Utwm Aahewn* ft Rubber Company's plant dtere. I leanud that, pmaed by its in- uimnce company, Uni* Adwstu* had paid ks workers five rents an hour extra w wear ftspimon, and had threatened in editorials puMrdwd in the plant new paper to fire them if they refused. I *bo discovered riut tlw workers had fudged rtumemus complaints about the Mfdmsws, saying that they were diffi cult to breathe through. Indeed, some d the men had complained that, maWe,t work with the rttpirunn, they had mated their imscrfis with Vascfew and drunk large, quantmrs of mi& in an attempt to protect their rmptmtury tracts from the irrigating amounts of airborne asbestos dust that filled die fdant (Obrioudy, suck measure* were phiful protection against the pemare nature of ariwstto fibres, fur vbs Dr. Sdifcnff and Dr. Hammond conducted their study of mortality among die men who had worked m the plant, they found a gmss number of excess deaths resulting from asbestos*, lung cancer, mv*Athriioma, and other msfigmm to- mrs. Moreotvr,* die a^estn*>diwasc Juxard extended 4*r behind workers directly involved in the production of I insulation materials, 5or example, Ku- |ddph Wild, tlie eogineer who had de- 1 vdofwl the product manufactured in | the Farenon and Tyler plana, died of nwsothrihtfna. Hv may law had ample occupational exposure u* ashest, but h daughter also died of mmahriioms, and feet only known txptanre u as hmens had occurred when A* a child the had played with sarnies of products her fatWr had brought ktmc from work. In Mldhuui t the engineer and Ius daughter, Rdvft t. Ctyor, who had hen manager *f the Pitmm pfant between 1941 amt 1944, died of mwilirlhms in Afml of 1970.) Dur ing my nat to the S*atrrtue Adru Control Program, 1 went ihmugli nearly fifty separate rvjvtrts of medteaf examinatiiuu conduct<d b> dw com pany's fdijricbn wldcli rithrf bdd of nfmonnat king X-rap or cmHaiord such nmatitms as "'rim man k a ptew risk** and 4*'l*hh man ilutrid imc be put "Uo a dmy area.** I aW dmwvertd that taring <hc war al Nadu hired at the Uushi AsKt( phmt ,bi Faletwut * werv automatically avdymil t**hc d*qw ag department, where dm lcvb were eoosid*rWy lower than *m the production kxurs, because of a hriif-- wUefy held at tbf time--tliat the lungs of fdack people were nunchow more taccp&k to dua than the lungs of vhtrs Whir I was Fatcrson, I called Thomas Ca&ahan, of Waldwack, New jersey, who had hern a foreman charge of d* ariwsma^ucl: depan- mem of the Fatemn piant. Callahan bad heca srm to Tyler in October of 1954 in help set up machhwty for the new factory that Union Adems was evening there and that was later pur chased fay Pittsburgh Commg. "I stayed a couple of months in Tykr, and chfn l was lent to the Uninn A* hrao* -plant,in Bbmmingthn, DUnok, where 2 worked for the next eight yean," Callahan told me. "Ai far as I was concerned, our biggea prob lem u health. 2 atom wort a r^i. nttor at FatmoA, at Tykr, and kt Blooasmgtan, and on one eccariaa I discharged a man who refused to wear ha* A lot of men hated to wear them, you know. None of them seemed to aadrimnd the hassrd.? CaBahan went on o tell me that fie frit that the Union Asbetfo* people had been concerned about the safety and health of the workers m the Paterson plant. "THe company iketsr X-rayed all the men cnmimwfly to detect ashes- Hub, and, once he suspected k, he would always icR a fellow so get han sel? a Callaltan smS. "In addition, the cwnpafly used to pay ks workers an extra five eenu an hour to wear their masks, but the men were human brings, you see, and a lot of them wouldn't eonf<rm <u regulations. Briicve me, the comfoity <ud every thing k cmdd an dutse dxja, but there waswo way ft corid improve the vrn- riktinn qvm. In any case, dv were a h*t snore humane than other pctijdc hi Use business. I svmtmbcr pg >utc day in the early fifties whh Edward Shu man--he was then the general man ager of the plant--*sn sec ame John* Manritk ptepk.W New York. We wked 4heca M (hey knew <d any way we corid. kstpfove the dust dtuatin in uur factory. My 0*2, die}' wen.' brutal baairtkt Ww, they pramlly laughed in our facts! They odd m that worit- nri'sKnopenitm ftsymena were the same fur death as for daaWky. In ef fect, they mid M su let the men ivprk iffrmtrton to drothi Afterward, wv went to the Mvtmpulkan tile Insur ance ple. Only une doctor over there Ww anytNng riawf otWn. He odd us that die only 4udn was ui >** k early ad <J3 l*c gwy i* mn U# Ukdifc. UV did *H*f Ivm, "' *`"dcr- *aml, hot a k ( thv men wcHiWii't w-*f ihrir Mpimufi, ami *r cngi- iutfi t<44 u* w ua< u> im. -u\t die vcRUiiin.M -- DrrSc&knR Uwn toki me that in 1971 Local *00 of the Unwed Paperflukcrv and Paperwiakm Urriun had *ked hm and Dr. Hammond to re- ' view the medical tnorin of ks mmfen bdp crrahsce the effectiveness td Jnhns*ADnr3le's dus-comm) meas HL* next day, t dn^iped by' the rMount Stftti tfu mmmvneaJ Sritnra Lahnravry u> set what prioress, Dr. Sefiknlf. anl Dr. Jtaroroond had made In their investigation wv the mmta&cy experience of tlw Paterson workers. Dr. StKkuff tld me tfui as of December 31, 1971, Mr*. Perron aod her associates Had been able to t/ace right hundred end cremj -seecc of the nine hundred end thirty-three men who had worked at tf*e Pateraoo plant during the war years. M!t an nroariuMc jub of detective work, and Chad** Nolan in particular has been SneradMy adept at tracking down then who appeared to Have dropped from fight," Dr. Selilwff sab "On the ham of the standard mortalicy tables, Dr. Hammond has calculated ures at its Mattvfile plant. MWe Have ance completed iho study, wWeh, ssdfv serves tft (nmbtnti our previous imfings," be add, adding that He would call Dr. Nicholson h and let haw describe the actual reada, since He had headed the field team that devek <prd the InformiiM. Dr. Nkhtdom t4d me that out of a lota! f three thmstnd and aeven em ployees at the Manrille complex of iirctmiesHe, Dr. Sdibf, and Dr. Hammaid htd derived tp review the hjstorics ef the tlx hundred andV%btywuM producrinn workers who were actively at workon January 1,1959, and had by that time had at least twenty years* ex posure toasbestos. *Wc stodwd the moruKty experience of tlicse men from January 1, 1959, untfi December 3!, 1971,** Dr. Nicholson said. "Unhap-1 dm in a normal population of that exe, two hundred and runecy-nme pfly, the muhs were at least as depress-1 mgas dime for the Newark-New York deaths were > he expected. Instead, a*hri*-ift*il*tMi workers and hr the dun* were four hundred and eighty* four. At with the studies wc conduct ed of the aahcstnwnfulatiui worfcvn, mm employed in the Paterson plane Using standard monality tables of the National Center far Health Statistic!, reason hr the excess deatl-rifil r.^adnd and ^hty4mpn th*\suA" , `was wc jtard w crane by. There shout! Dr. Hammond calculated that one hundred and tbtnj-four deaths wtn to be expected m this group of people. In have been about fifty deaths from can stead, there wen? a hundred and nine- cer of all silt*. Instead, there werv a ly-jonc.** hundred and forty-three. Only eleven of the torn could lave been expected to dk* Dr. Nicholson went on to say that the reasons for tbs large number, of of long cancer, but ilwre were actually execs deaths among (he JtduMrMan- seventr-three--a rate tbnt is almost r31c worker* vie, unfanunaU'ly, all seven twn as high as ttat of the gen tuu familiar. "Only right deaths fmm eral fmpuiauat. Anti though virtually lung cancer should have occurred, none *f these worker* <**itd haw been Soi there were twenty-seven," he ttte expeccrd to die of me*hrikxma ac* me. wAnd thagh tu* deaths from. cradtng'm the mortality tables for the fUrsnthdiuma Cuald normally he ex grn*r*! pquilarem, there were seven pected, there were fifteen. Cancers uf dcatltt from the dtwase. Moreover, ia the ftramch, colon, and rmum were (Ms greup of men tltc death rate from cwu and a half tones what they shuuhf cvtrvrs of the stomach, cidra*, and have been. In mtdrtam, thmigh vinuatly esoplugui were twice as high as they no deaths tn*n adwMusk would haec sharid have hern. And tfawgh mutt uf been exfwcted among the general pijw- the mefl (uiU haw been expected to trim, twemy-four *if the Julms-Man- die of staboo* Wvwj wtffl <d them vfile rmri^ivi dad f iMt risrasr.*! dab- ... When ! asked Dr. SeBmff Wlwit I a*nI Dr. SetiUff Innr he UNwght n Skriy that the pmpnaed twn- hit tlrfc Mtittire (>r the Pater*** Skr* level wmU he adopted by the warhen apfdwd to (fo right hundred nd iunm4rc inn* wb* Wh! worked Department of Lahur as a permaamt wandard for wccupadonal expmorc to| the Tyler lactuty between 1954 and 972, In* dwa*k hfe lusul. "f enn only asbrsim, he shrugged. ut have noI ides," be (VpJicd. *STbere ha* heen a say that for the itunp r men--(km* enutgv development in the past writ wju cinW he r&jwctvd t" live fnun - that lead* me tn'vmfo, hut More I tweeny to fifty years slut their fins tcH you aW U, Vd Kke Df* Nxlwlsurt tapmire u dwm*- -.the future k**k> i. give you let imtlonk n nuadwr BU'fuHt l>wbM ! r.-fdVd. undard n g*kcra<. .wartedh <*cor wirh *1 (end t think id somber Randink m this way," Dr. Nkk.W bid. "A standard specified as tw fibres j*r' cubic wtcaiwtre td ait or fire fibres per, cuMc cvnrimetrv `d w sound* fairly fa., (WCUOU*. However, a u well to feuwm-1 her that a wittier mar inhale right1 cube menu*, <* right 31bn cubic cm-! metres, of ait in a wori&tg day. Leav ing aside the fact that there are many* more firs JK&alkr than five jaucran* tn length is any cAwnfUBrnt containfog airborne asbestos dust, a fiw-fibrvper<(iuc-<cntimetre standard thus he-| comes, in terms of a man's Sungs, a fony-mOliiM-fibre-a-day standard, and by die same mbs the proposed two-j fibre standard would allow a workerI tu inhale rixteen mfition fibres a day. TWs, you see, is why we tesrified at the, hearings in favor of performance stand ards designed not only to cnntcol as-1 hettot emariom but to reduce them a*| riose as possible n aero.* When Dr. Nkhofom had conebsded,] I asked Dr. SeKfcoff t iril aw about1 the recent dcvriupmmt that had cawed fern to wonder whether the Deport ment of Labor would promulgate the proposed two-fibre standard. By way id reply, be banded me a set of dons-1 mcRO that included a page with h heading: Ewbun A. Expert JidpMMi:Aihnn Medkal k fodottrial Hnfiem Beneath thb was a request: "Return {a! imm at foitiMt' to Arthur O, /*<., 3S Aearn Pari, CivwfoW/e, Matiaehkiettt, 63140. Retain a eafj Jar rtferrorr ditritig Phase ll.n Be-1 neatli dw request was*a ipe for (He 'name and aRUcarim f the permn tj wfoun the documenb- were seat, am ^utteaUt that, under the words""Expi*-' wre-ReSpuruc Judgments" wa* a triA: if hes dot aied the fcrqwnt tt esri- matr wiwt might he the inridenec uf1 lanbustiris lung cancer, ami meuriw hmna in a hundred workers after htty iyear* f ex|ure, on tk< has d sa nghidvNir .Workfog day, i two, five,! twelve, and thirty heo fibm* per cubic c*ttlmirtFe *f aif. Dr. ScWsiff lud filled in the Wo,-and ***** were ids estimate*: At twd f'brrs per cubic wiwmviv, fifty-fivepuf * hunl dmt worker* wradil o*mra& aiMtum,1 Itavln* of a iumlmi n|M dctwhfi eattevr* ami fiuir nf^a hwtdwd I would he afilknd trkh iw&odtelcBft. (At five fibre* per eiddc mitouttv' (low. ing lm judgment on Wfoit hod hapH jpnwii the ashi^ttoriusulaiion ttfk* from USX ,, **!,,,rightv-five 4 faumired mini * drvrk^ adwc<*o, twenty of * h*w*dn . h*iW contract long cancer, and wen *d a hundred w*'uW develop mevftheU* *mra. Dr. SeiiofT* cstmutn twt id cneffe, higher lot worker* cxpracd m twelve fibre* jwr cubic centimetre of swr, ***d for worker* exposed to duny fibres W mimin! that ninety-five M a hundred would hr afflicted wit* h-i k*AHS twenty rf a hundred wvwdd fir affined with lung cancer, and five id * hundred tvoulrf deveh? mmeieli* <iw. The remna |)r. Sclrkoff estimated fewer uwtntkfkinwu at the highes fee. rl of exposure to nK**o wm nifly that pterins studir* had fodi- died that chefe tmuhl he more early death* from ashemoh <y soch^lrvelfe Md that fewer indivldudfe \hhitfe* theftfort, survive lung enough m de- Veh*> meoxhelirmu. 11k Arthur I). Little PJiase 2 qwes- thtuutrt also asked for a Judgment * how fevqucmly adwoto workers thmiW hr examined, and it stated that all the donates and judgment* ^dinted would he synthesised and included m a Phase II questionnaire, which wuuld he amt out birr. The -front page of the queajunrusre, which wa* headed "ffeahh & Athms, Phase t Jdg- sea,Backgn>uml,"explainedwfeit the Arthur D. Link people had in mind: The fenflatSun of puhlfc poticy for hping whh aa Mcupctiensl haaard eeh as aibem* will ftrccs**rily rel? upon iwd*oka ootd a great deal more research evi dence k sralahtc thao aow ethta. fa partinrlaf. Judgment concerning the relatkmhfe between exposure and response will he mtphett tn health standards lor asbestos wtaWrtfaed by the Occupations] Safety ood Health Administration in the near future. But ludpoentt. posufafe different ** on the ume hsoc will he implicit fe me response of titwr md of industry to the proposed standards. As Imc u judgmema on he response ce exposer* rU* ttmMp arc onpfkh rather thon emtiet and as long m sronpa affected by the standard lack needed diutofenrru their Jsdcmeim. protracted coafifett are . evsttdde and difficult to moire, Moreover, the abamm of a elearty ddfiorf and credihfe setofjudgments makes ItMerit, If not hapouASe, m hkatjfy the varfaos aadhmefes amarimad wfthpriick* feemdiKhdwhaaard.1>hisissobmrusc me hrsfefrti of candidate auuriirds deJJfri apse prafrrtfera of lire* sored or fluKMa thsiiittH at variant eipcan ferns. So crucial a matter should net de* pmi upon hopfeii judgment or eve* the f*fhrit efew uf a e^ert. We are t So a search far a consensu* that *9! he raplick and eredSde the necessary rydgmeMs on the enoMee-resfumse rda* floa^dp fet ubnw. Such a nmnan b "dfe ibrnifib the pertieipaim tfl 12 to p mudififtf etpem iHmsc Jodsmenta wS he tteaSned. oatMacf. and refined m a f(tnMtk rsj'-i rtrisat of it* IMrdn pmer-- that has bos used rxn;--iuly ' tfilr eipenW to bMumant imocs not open sa analyses. Wfees ! mid Dr. SeEknff that I had ncecr bard of the Delphi p*cc, fced ram what It meant, he ehouk hfe hmd andimikd. "2'n new heanl of it, either, helaid. "B Pm pretry rare I know what k mean*. It means gucs*- work. And what's the point of guemvtg ^out the hfalagicaJ effects of adwKusj when mortality nudiri of *Acm* workem hare already shown exactly | what the effect has beta!* , Dr. SrHntff now handed me a fetter the had written on April 3rd to Mr*. , 5oftji T. Stnog of Arthur D. Lferie, irtc, ancenung the Pham I gucarira*. aatre. Regarding the effectivAem of dum-oou&tmf m a method of eaurkg safe woctiag ceodkkms, Dr. Se&koff wrote: As matter* now atand, nwager use of perfeMMMe standards aemaa to be ktended. la rids case, oothb* fe er case*, eoee fedictta that the threshold Vmh values listed la your aesriaanaire w9t provide aaf effscove wfetuard against Ac oramneenf dnewe. Aa ehvfem rejasader *ht he: "Yes. but what if they were ettforced? How much dfeease might theo oorurr/olfowm no into this aereruwvm land, is wtueh enc tinth of the workmen wear \ personal tampiem on dwir ceeenlb aod ! me mtof as are at riw phase ^crososps* sn the laboratory, the results would sriU nor be very much different, ttthuugh per* hsps ewiwhat betfer, tom peat excantons would oat nrceosaray have been rocmeered out. I have previously cnmweauJ on the sorry Mate our nuclear-reactor industry would be fat if radiatfen control had de pended upon "threshold limit value" rather tfaaa engineering criteria. Can you magirKaueh regulationdepeodfeguponan army of mspeetor* with Geigercouatent After dmcfSratg mmc of the data de-! vefeptd fo his Mudfes M asbestos db-{ earn, Dr. Sdikpff fold Mrs. Stmngl that dt* was hnpnodbfe to answer wkh < any degree of accuracy the questions p<ed by her firm, fie went on to point nut that the weight of medical and scientific cridenet concerning the occurrence of mestuhefeuna is non- necuparitma! cfecutostancrs, such as m |fomflfesof ariKM workers and m pen- ipfe firing ki the vicinity of arisen facI ttirim, bore hoivSy na the adriaridky of m^dng a fevtl of eagrasuf* as rinse to tiaro as paM*. "The numerous lo- cuMrs of swftithtfeim* tmosv work men pmumahly exp>*d tn arbestas as a mult of indirect fletupdoni] txpatart in sMpysrds, even sa the afocner of fibre cum* thirty years ego, Kfoagiy points t*> tdwumAnte Wferdtof expoure,** hh fetter comfeurd. "I^tcmUy Iwndreds of cans of awsmhcfe*- Pm rnm * ~ ma arc kn**-n <u ha>v >Kxurrvd in such ctreumsoaers." When 1 had finhlKd reading tfe. b*t- ter, 2 asked Dr. SclAnff why ^r_ thur D. Uttlr torapany damld be *Kriong expocurt^npoiue judgnwnu at thh rime. *h h my imdrnumlmg that A. D. Little has fee* awarded a contract hr the Occupational Safe^' *d Health Aftwnteidna to formulate a cw ftensui regarding exjwaure-rpanae for itheitci ffmsr. Dr. Sfeljfcoff replied. "But the XIOSH criteria document and the Advktry Committee do the Asbeunt Standard bv< already cov ered this ground by reviewing U the ifeitturt concerning stfous dhrat," { sail "Not to mendno. the tmritmy given dumg four dip of public hear-1 .g** Tiw enough," Dr. Se&off plfed. "However, the A. D. Uttfe peo ple appear to have been qxetteafiy charged with drtrnBtmng the ecorana- k icrpaci of the pmpwd permanent standard for octupatkuial tipwre to ariwetas." "Then why a ^urstfemsasre foru*ed rifely upon medial Judgments?" I asked. "Hurt a ^ictd l have been rak ing myself," Dr. Sr&koff srad dryly. "I don't know the answer. If you find out, pfeasc uQ ffit" 111 L _ ' ...................." rnsfefer-' , " 1 DURING the next few days, 2 made dozens of trfepliefte aQs to people in various agencies of the De partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, m the independent medical ttxnmutirty, and in a number of tabor unhms, trying tn ascertain what lay be hind rite involvement of Arthur D. Lktfe, 2nc^ m the pmevra nf promuL gatmg a permanent standard for oeguyarinml opwirv to abesua. Ife jwopb I spoke with at XIO&U were cfearly unhappy ever tlw fan that a private annulring firm had been asked, in ef fect, to dupfieate (if nut amend) in the span of few weeks aft the effort that over period d }vars had gone into the lanmcaa, nachaww, and rcammMmdarions of the MOSH dacuRTiti. "Lradt," one uf .them void. aw. "Our rccommrndautri i<# a twodforv uMkrd,jd imr ctiftckriuft that k If tedtricdlf'Mh were upheld % rife Secretary of Labor's own Advisory Cianmiuee on the Aihao Standard.! However, A. D. Lhtfe k iq> tn tnme^ i thktg tint has on laris in .crime? and' hn ifwcffk Dibrixatkui m the Otnipaihmal Safety and Jleahh Act. It's trying to form a amcemus for what h1 svmishis calfed the Swiafly- accept-; B aW.' rr*4* inc'dwni in ex-' insure i luVanfou* solfeuncrs. In nln-f wnni*, wV ttvfo? determine lw*w imtHi wKivty is, *c should he, wiTlasg m |M)a to av<ii tlw W of fim. IV Act, Wever, chart) sates that ; *ch vmjfo*y shall fomkh *> each i h viti|fo*)m tmpWmrm and a I P*kv at cffl|4"ynwnt which at* fm I fnwn ntogiiford tuxanU that arc t*us- ' dalinns we made t fo* pub&c hcvringv and iu* t" participate in the A. D^ Uuk rconomk-iapact study. We have good na*w for blaring list the A. D. Little propie were 'hrwglx men the standard-setting proem ikk Just tn taisfy the Office uf Afanagemem and Budget hot fusify the adrum fo dual's pamina. Wr have learned, for * example, that tn the cemamr-feaAhfihy hg or an likely t. cause death or srrimsphyMmf bam life etnpkiyM*.? ** 'Vkn 1 called Slvkhm Samuels, at the Industrial Um#i Department, fnwvvcr,. I wm able tn gam a new part of thdr mtdy the A. I). Uuk peo ple are relying almost cnu'rrjf on guesscstlmatee from the ashesu* induury-- particidaHy from the sWpfoalduig in dustry', in wbrh tbc govrnunent hat an penpt'CbVc oil the matter. "The wW* esAinom Make.** of econoraic-im|et irodies, u fofT nw cost, began hack in {$68 with the PieaifH* Tad Fot on I Gorcrnmcm keorgamzautm, which I asked Simurb if he was aware that the A. 0. Little uudy was also seeking smlkt! Judgmcius on the m ofohoc of ashestoo fbeau, | was headed by Roy L. A*," lueock "Indeed Tam," he replied. "In fact, mid me. "The Ash comrawirwi called just the other day I heard that A. D. for an amessmeitt of a13 gnvrretMM Lmle* so-called pnd nf medical ex programs in terms of their effective- perts a loaded wiUi ductem who are or acm, and tha has foee been made by hate'been connected whh the asbesm the Kauai Admcnmmuim's O&t of industr}'. It*U he Mterasing m see dw Management and Budget through a roster when the final report of the study whole aria of iat-f*nefit analyses eomesout." that are conducted under the |uk f enmonmmtal-rmpact studies. The proem A. D. Little uudy lias mme ts> tnorV srrima nnulbnim. Congress IK the second week u( May, I rimed Dr. Sehkoff again and asked if he knew of any further developments in u* the enmrafy, and throwing to Oc- the wMlremrw nf Artforr D. Little in rofomal Safety and Health Act to the standsrd-oetting process. He tr4d . winds, tlw executive branch of gw- me that the film had sent Mm the tnuncm hu decided cm us own that Phase I! cpuxtiiuuasYe of * f^onomk* the cost to the n|foyer nf meeting impact study. He also showed me s any new* occwjmkmaS-hcahh standard letter he had written on May $(h w . must fail witiun an economic range Dr. MeaH. IV truer said, fo pan, "I that s acceptable to industry. The twi- Jtavt carefully nnsdtnd the sshcvtm y# pmut, <rf cocrv, s thr government's data forms sent me and *j returning order of priorities in thk whole mat- them to you imaaswerod. To have ter. I mean, how tn dw name of God completed them, in my opinion, would can a serous, In-dcptii cost-benefit only cnntr&utc further (u an inappro study of the proposed asliestos stand priate exercises aty origirut misgivings ard fad to anew as one of us first pri (see my letter of April 3, 3972) are ority die cost to the worker and the row amplified,** in tundwm, Dr. wbuk community <7 tlx* terrible m- Sehkofi trod Dr. Mcak that the meth- cidrcce ttf ashestm diwasr?** hAigy upon which the A. D. Ullr When ! asked Samuels d the In study was based "could Wad to srnius dustrial Dnatn Department had heard mbconceptions and mhd^rctrd advice.** from the Arthur D. Dtde people, he fhf following morning, I ceW- told me that two rvpfrarotuim ttf the firm had rioted Um the prveiuut wmk. phoned Samuels to find nut if be had any new informafiim ab**n the Anhar "A Dr. 1M \V. Mcab and an e- D. Lkde study, and be stud iw did. . pwr spent a wU4e day hero,* Sam "Have you limbed your, mad kk uels mil "They indicated dut they day?" he a*M. had been brought wtto the picture to* mediate biwrefl Idmr and wfotBry, aud io row up with a standard for mpatimal exprourr t mtatot tint, add make everybody loppr, and they arked hw wr help. DuHog thr I dd Wm dm I bad mx yet had umdtoidosu. . "Wtll, are if there'* a letter from me." I went through the tnvcViprt on mj desk and saw that there was. pent few days, f polhd die mem bers of our afofow Cotmriaee nil thr Ahm* lUucd, and we haw de nied in stand firm m the nrommen-1 "UVR, open it up and t& to tw * . tstrr,**amurW md. ?Ytw aren*t gidng ` . fo hrlWve whafsindde,*!/ , .. After hanging up* I^ewdSaBWiV `letter and pulled *t thnv d<uuu>nt titac bad hern stapkd tug.ihrr, fin* was a prv* frieoss for Ahwdji, Mar Sth. sent nut by the OwtmvTrot IkvAfmrat Comnwio, m Harthed. TV second was a Wuvr written tm May 4tb by Mark IVuiherg, manag ing dtftCW of the Cnmowam, to Jack *s> Cawthorae, cxevumr drrrcbw f Katmnal Assocwrvio <d State iWMip- mcrit Agcacwa, in Washington, D.C. IV tWrd focuwnt was a letter writ ten on Anhui 1). Unk mtimuiv m January 25, 1972, by one John . , Kentl The letter from FvinVrg to CawthcHise road: DbasJacc: W bare learned that a MuudMorto. based canautdog fine, Arthur D. Little Inc, i* atteapsme to sdl a Cenncoicut aunihetunr ooisorfog iu plant to Mut ko. That iahmiriw ia kseff is not mrdisc, but %at is asarttiog la the (set that Amir D. Link lac. hsa a eeanltfocm tenet from the U1 Department of Labor tn measere foe impact of die standards betgg set for the sibiw industry oader tbe rasnsy maned Occupariooai Safm . and Keadtb Act. And foe camper which Arthur D. Unit h tlying tn movt from Cawuectimt Meska lamso in foie snbes' tea fodustiy. Thus it appear* to me that at foe same one as Arfoor I). Unie is earryfof out a federal notratt dcading wifo foe sfofstws tindustry and its pnUeau, 1 Arfoht D. Link s Asostteenyriogtoifoc me of our companies m that same indnatryto Meske, TW activity by Arfoor D. link in any oplitian looks like a Troian home which II feel b biaMy mpnpei, On foe one band,{ Arthur u. Little k aevepring federal fiu^s > and on foe other band, it is atwvwpring to' hefo bfexko attract a firm djrntly tn-1 voli'ed tn foe federal project. Further more, it is sbockiitf iu me that a Kew finydaad cumoltwiB company which has so fre^weody put forth the ibctrine of help, b ecooumk devefofunm brre wdd, I "raid" company in tmt state. As you | know, we are crnamly ndroeates of comi .peikmn, free emeiprise, and profit, but, 1 when a consultant prteumaMy making a ; profit with federal dollars w M the mow . time ettrmptiae m take yobs away frem not state oqd out of foe country, it b a most scricMU matter. I do mt know u hat other curapames hi either states are knns apiwomhed as oor company was. mi I ltd wrongly Hut ik dceriupmcM dimton of foe ofoee sutro shouldbeerarwrd ifoout fob Trojanbnrse epertfont afokh cmsWy seems to be gaum the best interest of ri pnfdt ia the earimss states wbkh have similar 1 nmitbrn TVs oprtntwm wy Arfonr D. Urtie also seems to be cuntrsry to a foe . efforts which we state devefocmuit* dirertors are making in cuoperatum With the , Ui.fbunusiut to improve foe nstiunal balance of payments and thr eromimb 4cvdimmfwrof oor bidiriduai state*. Therefore, 1 am ncksiig, for nf use, tbe copy of foe fetter on Arthur D. Lbtfr Wafoiorry odfoh was seat twfoc Comtmieut cmnfHmy bring "raided.'* 1 have taken out for company name and aUrrw in % 4trto ivoidqaWrcfnit for the fim, | ffWr orge yea to sesut * fwlUtfa eo afi --r iwlwft stating them to Ab uiv -- prstrffTT --n fff rnrrfVr fawwIyywiH,. Uaak Famine Director I TS. Yoo *m't tmnm* there emU be a < Msiianhip between At heahfc --el --lr wrier* Arthur D. Uttk mnli Mcn of cfem to Monte Antrim * Well mepenn Mexico? _ After imnl ^am eaUs, I teamed flat dee coipn*n Arthur D. Uttk hadattempted to rcluatem Mea lU^ettotoMiaiantH, lee, what t*cmy in Suttbri Cmmcom, a ma jor producer of ariw* brake timag*, duck hemp, and peken, A few . owh later, when I was ab|c so '** aci^y of Artkttr D* Little** fit* report to the Department of lAv, which was entitled "Impact of Pro posed O.S.H.A. Sudani for Asbes tos," 1 saw fitted sowing tu panel of experts John H. March, who the director of planmng for JUybestak Manhattan, d who had tndfd at th phfie hearings in Waahmgtnn iprw the KIOSK RcamaesfiM refirin| warning labelson arixamsprod ucts. McanwHSe* 1 had discovered that tfe osfaeCffiK fndoBrp wk ubftg a hard U*k at the Mty of ruvint use of iu plana and fadtmes to fsrwa and Korea, where, pnuniMy, a etwdd operate unhindered by occupationalnfety-and-health regsdionru. It was already becoming cletr,'however, shat by meohriag Ariur 0. Lmk, Inc* in the Bandard setting proccas, the De portment of Labor was anempdng to counter the mummendatto** of the KIOSK cthtrii dncusrm, if the Secre tary of Uhtr1! Advinvy Committee te the Ajhettt* Standard, and of the mrm^vn of the independent medical and scientific community who had testi fied at the public hearings. It was alm kcoautg dear how deeply the mecsMadteitrial compta had succeeded in penetrating the wndrinj* of the forentmrnt in matters Macing to the proswim of industrial disease. --Paul Bmottok (TibifhliWs/eirnrt . * iforf&fa.) Rom USX Medical Dept. Files From USX I Medical Dept ANNA1S OF INDUSTRY Casualties Qf The Workplace By Paul Brodeur Part IV "The New Yorker" - November 19, X973 - Reprinted by permission;1973 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc. ASB 0010659 twv.o jot amr. ASSISTANT Mt&tCAL OtftSCTO* VMftfO CTArca am? *Ttrr 'THwwh, Pa. <st9 NMLJ V^r USUUd XX .. . CmJUAIJIU of the vorkplace *om usx vv-ho TKHoiau tmcr oh jahu an earning! . Medici Dept Hies UNDJ.R *hv pmt aeons *f the Or* cnp*ts,a! Safetr and Health Act nf 197*1, Congtv* M. iJu retary of tabor to pro mulgate nndatry standards for ckp>virv to u*.\k materials, so tlut no empWw would wiffvt ditmiddwd health or life expectance a result <4 hi* work cNjvrvMei:--a considerable undertak ing, inec American worker* were bring s{v,*cdt tho>and> r*| *o\ic substance*, afttlnir federal HJutdsrds, olv bwidc* quau\ v\i*u<[ for fewer than (m*c Huih dr*d anti fifn M them. Of all the in* dostrial haxardh none was considered to hr more serious than occupational exposure t a*lw*s. Indeed, mortality studies mmlucie^ by Or. frying J. Sel* koff, 0tv director nf thv Mount S Sclu*d of Medicine** Environmental Scwnve* Laboratory, and by Dr. t'.. Curler Hammond, vice-president for tpidrmiolugy and sattttksof the Amer ican Cancer Society, indicated that one out of evtrv five deaths am<*ng ashes* tns-eituUnon workers in the United Sum was due t lung caoCvr^ that alnwt one mu of ercry ten deaths among rime men wm doe to me*eclelinm* an invariably fata! tumor nf the finings nf the cfwet r abdomen which rarely oenin without some, even if slight, cxpttsure to aslwsu*; tfat anotlwr one nut of ten deaths among them teas d*e to a*ksueAy which h scarring (the lungs resulting {nn tnUalaum *4 asbestos ft* hm; anti that almost half of the men were dying id some form nf ufxt< diseaw. In spite d dtesc findings, and m jpv of die fact that the insulation w>rkcrs c*instituted only a fraction of the total work hn.\' <xped m as* hest<, no action was taken on the prob lem until Urctmher of 1971. At that tune, under intense pressure from the A.F\L.-CXO/i Industrial Union De partment---an organization representmg Labor unions with several milk members who had cither direct m in direct exposure m ashesun---and parti)* as a result id disclosure* made by Dr. Wiliam M. Johnson and l>r. Joph K. Wagoner, of the DivirioO of Field Studies and Clinical Invesdgatinns f4 the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare1* Nat-uul Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, who had uncovered data lung buried *n the *% files nt their prvdece*#** that showed cttreordtaariJr high lt*cvl of adaXo- dmt in asksb-s factories acn< the land, Sccmaft' nf Lakr Jamo I). Hodgww decbtrrd temporary mvrgen<y ttamlard <d five a*hesw fibers grvaicf than five microns m kapb jwr cubic cemimetr\' of air to npbier the groaah' inadequate standard of twrite fibre* per ctdiic Cvutimetre then hi ef fect. (Five microns is one fivv-tluw. sandtb of an inch, and a cubic centi metre d air w the attunmt that he contained m a *maK thimWe.) This, lutwever, was more titan double the standard--twn fibre* perenfuc cen timetre--that had been urgerl upon tfw Secretary by* Dr. Sehknff and the utrirn people. It is mx known what medical data, if any, pnmtpvnl Secretary Hodg son to riua*e the fiv*.fibre standard, nr why he chose to disr^ard data fur nished by Dr. Svltkoff and ntlier lead ing epidemiologists indicating that disease couhl occur at thh level of exj*ure, and that even a twtwfibre Vandocd could he esperwd t> pvtvtm only the nccurrencv of a*he*t>is, and iN*t the development nf ashesto*-tn- dueed cancer. It t* hvlicerd, however, that h*r vn seelung ame middle gnuifwl that he hope*] would be accept able both to industry and to the union* In any esu, the Act eutpdted Him \ repbev the emergency standard with a permanent standard within rin m<uuhs. and to kdd puNic hearings before do ing so. anti since tlv ruling wmtW lv thv first he would make under hu mandate b redefine <icCtpati>utal-ifv- lY-and-healiH reg'dariuo*, Nultntr)' atu\ lakif were prepared to A*k upn h as an mdicati>ui d bw <lvtvnn>mrd or eattgning the federal gnvemment uiruhl he wlten came time to set new standank lor otlwr liararU.oiisuH- mjiicc*. 'Vbv pddk Iwaring*, vrltkh t-d: plscv to Waddiigum, D.C., i<t M:tr h o| 1972, prm'idcd a ronfnutratvui he- tween tkuv mumbrrs <4 tlw iiuiepciu!rnt nodical and scientific coraemuaty. who kvn stud) mg tht* hazards >f ada*st< and memh n of tlw nn.lkal- Huluttriaf t*>m(dvN w|u< were wiioflvor jwrtlv Mupponetl ht tin* in. dHtn* On thv H.iihI, <he uul^vodrnt mvtlk'al ami wicutifit' commuoi't senutgh emhirM'd a tvctxnnitlubtsoi nt,ole 0 the <if i.almr In th>' Narimvd lottttuir for Okvoi'.itrutil Safctt and Health tv<*- l tarn the | j | | I ] I uyyuiuu asv xp*ure ; iv s-i <t( (wo i^fss yr culw Centimetre-- level Out had W* Uuo rrc<*amnded to Secretary f!;fw*rt,h)' it* G*mmhtcv *fw AsU-mos Standard, wideIt was hade up *l five ah cb*cn bv the Jkc- tan' Iwittelf/Oa tin ntWr hand, die *}** iilwwa rnfi^aiiti, led by the emt Jtdm^Mamjlh* Gtp"fati*n, pro cAtcd testimony at ilk* hearings which rprTrti w s1kw that the five-fibre tafjd-irJ would pntrflt ikcjue, and mn hath cttm*mic lutosin to dero**naratc that thr cmc of meeting a twoihre standard Would drive them oat of names*. Since tl* thxtort working for he asbestos industry were usable to amah any conclusive proof that aswiins Jocssr would m occur at the ivv-fibre level, man)* observer* felt hat la setting a permanent sunward he Secretary of Labor would surely allow the advice of KiOSH and bis *wn Adviwry Committee. Thi* new, towever, was mu shared by Anthony Maxxncelu, tiie director of the Leghauve Department of the Oil, Chemi cal, and Atomic Workert international Union---the uniun tlut hat! rvpreseftred rapUycet at the Pittsburgh Coming Grpriration's adwstns-tnsubtion plant n TyVr, Texas, where Dr. Johnson iftd Dr. Wagmer had found an ex.Temely critical health situation be ne of atroexw* working conditions .rticb eventually Ld to Pittsburgh Coming's closing tlw plant. Maxtocrik irmiidvfcd the Tyler stuation/a prim* example of how the mtdkal-mdustrial tompicx cmuM b# yean neglect and mn suppress uccupational-iKAlth data without opposition Crum key industrial* health officials of stale ami federal gov ernment} and, at a press conference held m Washington on February 10, 1972, he had harshly criticized not anjy Pittsburgh Corning ami it* rordi* cal consultant, Dr. Ix'r 11. Grant, f*r having ignored tl*e peril of workers at the factory but al>* the Department of Labor** Occupational Safety ami Health Adminirfration f**r laving failed in enforce at tltc Tyler pfctM even tl* tstal)y obsoletestandard of twelve fihfri per cub* centimetre. Hevsuse ormutbr failure* involving do/vi* of oiwr haz ardous substance* in hundreds of be* tMiio acr.os the lamljMazzocvM was high!) skvjrtical of iik'.'\dutiiiisirnt*ot*s commitment to carry out the prove*ms / the |9"I* Act. l-Lr the wda-stio vmrd wav concvrmul, ii* skejiticmn .as reinforced each in April, Mionty after tlw |**Wic Inarin**. were Con cluded. when word g>t ,* itwt the Adinintra)i>*u had hin d Arthur f), little, Inc^ a cvsu.uvh ;*nd cinulling firm hard CmhfiJot> M.iwicho* Kick, i j<ntui ejt *01^0.1 study f the propnd two-fihix ard. There wtrt several drourhing Csmrs in this Mfauttt. Fim, thir was an providoa in the Act requiring the Department of Labor tn undmskc a ctat-henrih analysis before prontuV gating a health regulation. Second, the impact study was apparmtl) initiated in response l an executive pfcy handvif down by Presilient Nixon's Office *f Management and Budget...an organtsadun notably we^ doused toward lag bttfoieai. TNfd, by sendmg nut ^ues- dunnaim sn&i'tmg "guess esdmates" from doctors as tn what d* inculcnce of disease might be at various level* of exposure m adtestns over long periods, tlte Arthur D. Little people nnt only were questioning the exhaustive re search already conducted by KiO*tf hut also were apparently beet lets on *ot- lucting scientific dau than on arriving at a coRSrnsuf standard that wmdd hr morr acccpoHe to industry than the standard recommended by XIOSli. However, tie most uiainous aspect <4 Arthur D. Littk'aitivtdvement came t- f^ht at rite beginning of May, when it was homed tliat even as the firm had been negotisting a mntract with (Ik federal government tn conduct the ftw- . benefit analysis *tf the two-fibre stand ard, it had urged Kayhesno-MaaHatI tan, Inc., a major producer of ashestn* products, to move a plant from Strat- ford, Connecticut, to Mexiro, where, 1 of course, asbestos operations would hr unhindered by any regulations that miglrt he establnheii in the Unhcd States. 1'htS nbvinus cnnfiarc nf mtervst was simply anotlwr imhearion <4 Itow many tentacles the nndicaLuulimmt complex liad acquired, and how deeply it had penetrated the working* of tiK guvemment in matters rvlaring to in dustrial diwntc. Wldlt waking to Wr wltat action tlw Secretary uf Labor wotttd uke in the first week of June, bt* deadline far setting a permanent standard for as bestos, I received a copy uf **'f*lw J*rew ident's Kvpc*rt ui Occupatvmal Safety and Health," which dvwrdKd wlm had Ikvn dmw U* earr) out <1k pnoedun* *4 tiie Act during iw fir year 4 tqwra- tam. `Hw report, addre--ed n> Cm- gr-w, actmllv eond-wd f two ^parate ref**!', Mkbmutvd to I'roulrm Ni\**n In Mav l*V Jncrttarx of t.aW Hodgum ami hr S-vn-lan 4 IJ.-ahh, Kdcal*n, ynd \Wffare WlaU L. RkltaidKU*. Ihal^*n\ rejairt lupin bt* xavkig that each teat, mil of eigluv mdlaui {nnijde k'lojJond in tin- cUtlun labor f*rc. ^)oiv*tii.m fouruvii tlwotsand arc killed and tvi million two hundred tlxoiwml iofTet JisiMiiiy mjorio hi the job. Hv m, v.at to.o <..< o.t m. fek-iide tigof.-' ** tN uomivT f vntfknv ui.i **rvf tt*r.*r, maofksMm^ njurk** **r Kc**m.- ill after King v-x|v*wd u> harard*o. c*m!kaw^ Ttovard the rnd >{ id* repot, bourwr. HMlg*n fond tint ccup.itaoul 8lne^>H ucre "at h ast a* great a profdvm a* hut tiut Mit wa` (UHclt nvo. difficult to dcvchq* a ^xvul jmipRim tint u.miU aRow O^.H.A. (elk* CXvt|wtHud Safety and Health Adminscratinn ] to vflW- rhvli fivu* cm tiwm.n He went <m in vy tiat. tiinwgh It* Target Hvtdtb Kanrd* Program, the Ailminwratl-m s'oivenirate im five *oh*t{uce adv^t.H, cutn du.u, lead, and carbon w.uMVV*de---whicit were anumg the m*t haxard*u* >4 more than eight tlwwtsand m\k stdstance* currently klenritiedhc SIOSM. Secrctart Rkhard*-n was consolef~ aHy ennre exptkk in hh assessment of t)k- problem. Hi* report matteru>f- facth' Mated that accnrdmg to recent estimate* tlwre wvrvnt least three hun dred and idnrtv tluuUaml new cases <4 -V disabling occupational tS^sraae m the Gnkrd States each yvary This figure uv followed bv one tluu boggles the mind; "Basrtl on Kmhvd analjw of violent nnn-VHitcnt mortality in several industric?, yjare, may be as myiv as deaths per year .fronvjxcu- & pau*na10 caused,dueiKJ." Kicbardaon c went * t*> sav that at the end of I9TI tad rompfoed a erserw document for rhe S'cr*`un- of Labor which ret`mmmdrd a tw>-fibre ashe*- t> *umlar*l. Aevordtng n Kklnrdson, th, twmfihrv Manilard pnqmMd by N>>'!! xudd Mpn*tect agalint ashes* i**4* an*l aJvw*--uuliKvd [cancer fu mvauirab'. by techniques that are valid, r*prodik .olet ami available to jmlun` am! offield agencies; and K- attamabW fth ekheitty UVtuHdq*V.w j In a|qundive to RkliarilvmV re-i |*rf. there w-vfe bng Ihts f cH*tra*u kd gram* that ld Iven awarded by VIO.'J! t" varwm* unoermio, mcdkal -oijnitv*ns. ami r-s*':irrh *- !* Mmlks rvUtmg to oceiqta- tvot.d s<fet> and Iwahh. Anvng tik-m wer> tw* grant* and one vontr.tct, t- ulUng m*tv tlan a hundred sod forrv. ds t!i,Hi,-*nd dollar*, t^it bad lueii awarn.il to the lndioiri.il Health bW,*tda(f.*n. Ine., in I'urdurryh, ami t* J)i, I* ,*il Go**. tbs- diitM**r of tlx- louoit lim'- o-w .ireU I il-ir.itork*. hr u*\b i r.l. tiu^ t*. di-.-aw. .V* U i in`1' ih it. Dr. (*( h.rl t.*tili.-d l.u fohr--,M:.o*i|b in ,,t l ,ot i-ri-' w*uk- o'^A.^HjM.silxiri i.i*.>, and he In* d'Miit! Ih.iljli f-'omul.itxw*, 1m*.. wa- n:e *!! r that* rite idd ImhoMtal IK^ g, it, 1 <u:fnbtm of Amerk'a. Ir.t ..the l&t. ^ j team USX **4J-**\h*l ./ tn<i*rvi fn dtv *<Hftmvicnt 4 Iwalihfui working y*ndu*which wax hired hv Pkt*. Imrgh Cnrpiup in th*.- wmnvr f 1903 t" evaluate tic *dvxo*-dfat liaftard at a* plant, Oka newly acquired, in Tv- hr. More-ocr, xirwii** pmp-vt officer S b*e a oimravt under which more than fifty-eight (li.wa.Mf dotlan find hern | suck'd p to that time was. Dr. Lew* *2 J* CniJIvy, wh**, wlten director of XIOSU's Divisim *f fvptdviniiilogy ami Special Services, leu! ignored the data showing lAfeuiv* *dk>u*-dst counts at tlc Tyler plane. One <0 the appen dixes ' Kkhardwm's report also Ikied a contract for forty-eight thousand nine hundred and *eceiuy-six dollars which had hern awarded tn Arthur D. Lktic, Inc., f Cambridge, Massachusetts, to "develop a pmnt)' rating system and identify general areas and specific prob lems where fruitful and necettary re search in AccupatiunaJ safety should be undertaken," IN the middle f May, something oc curred to shed Kght on elw rtde of Juhns-ManeSle--the world's largest producer and user of asbestos, wh mines, mills, and sxnr sixty manu facturing plants in else United States and Canada--in the puMie Jwaring* (A Washing**, where, acting as rm*~ mer frits for tW entire asbestos in dustry, ft had mounted strenuous Af- puutmn tn the pnq*ed two-fibre Standard. On hiay ISth, speaking In- fore the annual meeting of the Amer ican Industrial Hi pent Atewiarioa, in San Franckc^ Dr. William J. Nkhtd- son, of the Mount Si*u Knrtnmmen tal Sciences Laboratory, described a mortality study I*. Dr. SclikofF, and Dr. Hammond had conducted which showed that a bundns! and ninety -nine deaths had occurred during thirteen yearv--r sixty-five more tlian wvrv to he expected according tn the standard mortality taMo--among ri\ hundred and eighty-nine worker* at Jolm*- Manvdiv't plant in MauvtUc, New Jersey. An eaamuisteHi showed that a east majority of the excess deaths were the result <4 ad>rt<e-induced drs* case. On May 23rd, John*.ManvSIk* anwl a prvas release <p*uing Wittwr L. Huff, the manager of tile Mauvdk plant, a* spying thus tlw dv*-d*t beets tint caused the fatal disease among riw wiifkeri wrr tfnac of past tar*, "when nmdi;i.is were much w<wu' than they are now .** After prais ing the. rofimrat*#!** dcdkaiKut to medical research and inilustrial liygknc, Ruff vail tlot "though spvndmg nuuwv. 'doesn't a tldup wlwrv human health h coMvvnwd, die ?iv and n liatf ti t.lt'ux ,bdlar> w*Se ***** 41rt d o.nmd pmjen* wr 1949 dun mat u e'rc a oimpam with c<awocc.m Ruff al. said Uuu a mem dust survey gr*nducted hi the OvriipatMoal Safety wand Health AduMmwratktn indicated ^ihat the Manvilk* plant had **jmi nn- >standing record in dust rofttmf." ... 1 Jik was dh- first I Jwd Itcanl of .y Uw Admiutrati*nV inspection at Man 'S ville, * I called R.dvrt Klinger, vice-. S preddent of laical 860 of the UfiRvd j Pu|vrmakers simI Paperwork*!* Unam, I wl;.m I had nwt at tlnr }wibl*.' Waring*1 in U'uddogtiHt, and asked him to tellj ok* about it, * i "Since April of 1971, wlicn a gov ernment sorrej* sb-iwcd that some dust Counts in the Manvillc textile operacitm wvre running as high as twenty fibres !*cr cubic centimetre, tWr* has Wen considerable improvement," Klinger said. **TW 197 \ surrey and a previwis survey chat was conducted Welc in Aw jurt of 1967 were buried in the files of die dd Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health's Cincianaci offices, until Dr. Wagoner and Dr. Johnson UnMighc them t light m the summer <4 19*1, along with a 1969 medical sun* icy showing that sevtnttea per cent f a hundred and seventy-nine workers tn the ManrSle textile operation had X- mys dust were comkrent whH ashes- !**, Wiien we learned ahmK these hidden studied last fall, we requested on immediate trepevrion of the Man- idle plnnt hy the Occi^athmal Safvtr anti Health Administration. Its peofdv camv in November and DcevmWr id thiit year, am! returned in April of u<:> year, *I'hvir lateu survey shows Oat vfyhty-oru1 j*r cent of tlw dust sta- ;.>!< in the |daut are operating at he- tttv*n zero and (*<> fibril per eulde cvnrinivlrv of airj tluu avvrtiteen per cent aiv og>cmuogax between two,and fi'" filr*s; am! that only two|xrrccm indicate dust Count* above the fire-fibre level. *1*1)k iut> crtiU' abuit shnplv W- t.'iuw J.-M. let* vc[vttdcd a g*i*at of motifv and effort over tlte p.,t two iear to engim*er improved ilo-t-ci^itnd e^u^niH'nt and utctall it! tit*mahout th .Mativdk pUm." | I aded Klinger what iud tmpi.lUt! ili* cott^eiiic to make tlm vxjwndiiurr, ;.nd Ik* told nv dial k was |WohaM) a eonthin^tion of thinga. "We lud a hg amI eth iA* bvrv in tlie autumn of I97,%* Ik* said. **.\* pan f the- settle- m. m. tie.* outturn puarantved io make ;s reul effort t* r duv dust levels ut tiv plant. Tmii, m 1969 J*hn^ ManvilW paid ncarlv trine him- drvd. ilnoKand ddbrs hi uafkme*% ,.n;|Vi.voi*n in New Jvrac>* fwad*>- i^i ^bme. ov rand ab*v** what h mav h;r. settl.d -I .--'O m hfarjjht ii l "rl;rc, %H f.,{n. 1 ill,-. *f u.arku-, wlo. h id ooi(acted j>. I fv-tt-iiidia***i! e^iKVr, In addUi.t. jlu.1 work <4 nun like I>f. AliW? and 1>.| Hammnd wa- K ibn pdkr- pr..f {-?} pr*f of iIk* a--vi.iii.il bnv^.n i*S*0* and diwan*. pie 4mpK vt sin iIk* f.-.\|. and tUcxl*d tlwi had Smo t act.*' At thk point, I found imkH re- mrmhering tlt Mth>.t esccptinn die testimony dcKverei! hi Johns-.Manvtlie ufficcib ami tlnar imdkal a**<iate at tin* pldk In'arijsgs tn U'nddngton Iun! Strongly urged Ik Skvrctan* of I^dwir nut to lower the it.mdard for iccujw- th-nal vxj*urr tn asbestos fmm five tn two fibre* jxcr cubic centimetre 4 air. ^Vt during dw jtfcviiKis two years riw company had undertaken to accomplish just that it) l)te hulk nf its oprmkns tn ManvPIc, wltich has the largest com plex >4 ashvti'W joints ni the world. When 1 remarked u|*oi rids terming contradicrion to Klinger, however, bv was not at all sufiirvrd. "There's a ample explanation," be told me. "Tlie Jhn*`Manvi2e people sell huge amounts of raw adwstm fibre to eompemnn here and all over the wufkt. In fact, dtcvVc prettj* wefi gm the clif)s<itile-ad'ew**s market cnmeivd. For example, according to their own announcement *>f 19*t earning* before taxes, rile mining, nulling, and crIHng ef raw asbestos bnnight in twenty-five million dollars, wluvh was nearty half *4 rheir ttal gr h*r that vear. So, vihi sec, a lower standard might drive the Oinheritors to whom theV sdl raw fibre out ot hurincs, or cause riina to b>k abmt fatr as1*cst<o xilKikutrt," i ON June 6, 1972, Secretary Hmlgand Ovorgv C. Guenther, wbo.uas^lw Aasucuit Secretary 4 ia- birand tlu* director *4 *1* Occuparion- al Safety and Tfealth Admuibtratiim, anmumnd the bmg auaiwd lUcaion on a permanent standard bn* asfwstus. It .*rved to confirm tlxr d-nibts that fiad Krvn exprvswd hv .\L/recld amt utlier labor Wadvr* alNiut dw Department of LahorV commitment to tl* pnwiditfw of the OiYi^iatkuul Safety and Health' Act, for, depute the nvommcudaTuu^ <4 K*th tlk' DvpnrtRK iU <4 Health, Kl- watbin, ami kV\*lfarvV National ln*> tutv 6>r(XKupitionalSat*tt and Health and thv m.iiK*r> <; tin* SvcrtianV* on a Adv w.n C^nmlrdK on die A- bc-to* Stathbrd, thr new rt`gulation ftqvdutvd tlut tlk* fivv-fihre stanAtr*! uihl rvinaiu in effect hw hmr and iliai a tw-fihre Vvel wxtM j l*ecomv vfivctiw onh o*i J4 1,1976. ^ R>*(*'( /, <fb> %. T K at*. and i (t*m all quarters. On Ju<* 7ih, J<im H. xac-pfeddcut in rliargc ! ho Johns-Man- tflk, hmwiJ a tuii'nwm fr*m (he comporn** hcadquartert, m Denvrr, act ing itoa*kb*Jder that the new control* w*dd haw "fto tangible effect on sale* wl rtrum^" On the same day, riw 'timer nil a d*rt aick'lc m it* inside back pap- dtat said, w'jV Or<U|tt'<nal Safety and Health Adminwration nr- dered today a commuatixa ef arises** dtitt tKfure bmitt for four mure yean dpe the recnmmctidaiion* by a scientific panel that titey b< cut hy more tlwB Italf." The Wait Strr<t JaurtttU, .in an article in its June 7th k*M\ put x slightly different Imciprcuthm nn tlw news. "The Octwpawmal Safety i and Health Admmbtrarinft announced tough ow curb* oa asbestos m plants, hut gave empinyco four ftan to com ply/' h sated. That same day, ShcWon \V. Svntuk, the director of Health, Safety, and Environmental Affairs for the Af.l.*C.!.0,t Iwiuural Uotoo Department, wW me that, in additvm u giving industry two extra yean in which to comply, die AdimniMraiiwt had rejected Fccnmmendatkms from KtOSH fnr mtdical survrilUnce <4 asJbestm worker*, lor medical reenrd- ikeeping, and for label* on aibeUus prl*ucta warning dot inhalation M adw mold cauSe fishntneis or cancer. ''Moreover, heasne the Administration has ooIf a handful of industrial hygwn- ttts, the deterrnmatiort of actual keel* of asbestos dust in workplaces will de pend upon tests conducted hy the em ployers,* Samuels said. "No controls wtU be required if an employer finds, or believes, that dtru level* do not ex ceed the standard, which, of course, makes a monstrous joke of the whole humcn. In fact, tlw new standard k yy appallingly dcficiriH titat wejrian t fight it rite courts. i)f- Selioff was quoted by one source as saying, wlwn he was asked ius uptoaui of the new standard, that hk remarks "would Jum* (n l written on ashestnwenated paper " Then, in a ipeeck Ik gave in Washington m Jw*w )2ih wtieb was qu**ed In an aneV in the 7 imri, he predicted tint tens i4 thousands of workers rxpl v* as- faecnw would die because <*f eiadetpcHe rvftdatvm* kwil k dtv OvwpKv at Safety ami Health AdminUtntsm, and added shat if iW dixwtri the timr disregard for *- KifWil prec*mtvui* hi setting standard* f* ndwc toxic vuImukhm **wv face an wifxn&rkJ danuvr to die working people in wr crtwin." Hr charged Askuw Secretary (Iwndut wkh cre- ating a situatiui in wldcl* `'worker* i8*l%*fc,d ** m am tmdr art re- jAiireii to work under cditauw wl*ki^ yg.'mM tl*em n mlak twenty ntBKon or `"m Udrtr rmH* fihrrs in a wmking .. !}"! vTf\ luMilv w.** ritt D. \ei-hw( wk kad o*oir^*oted t<* t5* uU. w.* ^ hu.d 'm riv r*i*>*rt a- ^ ttuudvr f the jvttul oi IrwHIi vx^vn-. wloU tJr. ?n the Same article, Gucflther H*a< qwned as saving that |>r. Sel&j'ff ha( ctMMrfl to overdfamatwe the matter. "There k no question that exrvwurc to abct> k moft hanrthntt," Cwntlwr diclarvd. *`U'e hehece that tlie new semdards w01 provide sadistanusl and real pouect>*u (or expuw-d w**rtu.*r>, and that tlwv prividv h>r rvductVuis ht Week of ahe*ti exposure that are reaunaWe and, in our judgment, hawd on from many quanerv" Cuenihcr thd nut identify tl tests and the manv quarters from winch they suppnfedly canw% hur he certainly cmtU not have been referring to any tests described in a story endried "Asbestos: Airborne Danger," which appeared in the May* June, 1972, km of ie/rfy Standard!) the official bimonthly magazine of fan own Occupational Safvty and Health ! Admuustrarion. After Mating tltat "as- (heitos has been recognized so one of tlw most hjixardaus of air contatrunants," the arricW described nnly one test con cerning the effects of ashera expourc. Tlt was the study of the doastmus ! morolky experience of the ariwstoawn* suladon w'orkers which had hern c*t- detewd he Jir. Srhkoff and l>r. Ham* nHoul. For silver mnr, Ivwvcvcr, there was an event in tlw early pan of June that ricelfvri Guenther's comradivtn of hk own Jmu*' puhlwatiin. On June 9th, Xl0*lt IwU k* lira-anniversary' cvV- bratioti and awards ceremony, at tlw Ckwmuati Convcnum Center, Am*#g the rsxifik'ms of award* was Dr. Cn>l- fcr, wlu was presented with the Pi&\k Health S*'nkv Meritiuiurs Server Medaf. "in *f 4 Aewarch Mt dv'vhq*irtg safe worker c.\f*soev ietets to such pHenrial occtifctrioeal luiuinU a> uranium. nhvMts *&m, (x'fvllium, atul datoinaixx*us euth dM." kiff, wlu` had written t"`*h,tler to ih> Anhwr D. Utth e-Hing tJtvt tlw uwth*Jo1"j;t - I their stiuh1 haJ loik wta otide v;il*!iit, did h<h rvritv 9 v*p* of iJr* nport letter *4 ap. pri'i'tati-rt lr-nu Dr. McaU for hhout- tri^itioo (< thi' studi hot w*a feted m rin* rs-f%rti a* n OK'mk r thi* panel of he.ikh evjxrts, No *ie sum to ktv*w wfet tlw Arthur D. I^ctk (wxqde Icul m udnd in all this hiit tlw poMhdky th^t tluy felt llw need to achieve umie h^nblance ,4 habiwe amt impartuititv in their pan el *f ttcahh exprrii pfi-wiitt feelf to anvme examinaig thv roster <4 eleven men hoed as its tnetnhert. In the order in which their names appeared, tbry wvre Dr. Kdward A. Uaensler, piK fww*r ri surgery and director of tho racic service* at Boston Dfricetsit>*s Medical Center, who has made torful cuntflhanen m rite study of ashesoa dbi-asv, and whr ha* afet been fe* tamed bv John**Manc3le B* cotanr workers at hs asbestiw-iralfeiaid plane in Bdlerica, Mawacimseuss Dr.Tben* i i(. Da'bon, tnriksl dscvcbo d Joliru^Manvflte; Dr. John Cnriwtt MriknuU, riw chamnan of the lk> panmetM d K|ddvtsuhrgy Hcnlrit of McGill Umvvfttt), in Montreal, ami tin* author of a study vniuled "Momli- n h the Oirtaorilr Adxwto* Mines and Mills of (jachr," wfuch tea* fimneed Ht riw Arir*fr>* .Mirdug A>* csiti**n, of wlucii Jtdms-MjRviUe rs a leadio^ cnvuilvr; Dr. Cralh'V, tlw for mer director of \Uv Divmoo of Ephlc- mvd**^t and Spevbl S*,rxkx>, in whose fiW- Dr. Jolnf>m and Dr. WapH&f iiad uncovered hidden data *bowmg grKiJ excvMive IvVvh d advftoW duM tit the TvWr |daiu and oiUr ashes factories acroM th* kind a- well a* data dioMHtg an apfxilliug rmc d dcatfa fneii ndvxos drw*Mw among mbesnn- Kstih' wv<ria*ras Howard K. Acer, riu* UP to riot time, no *ne knew* what r asriaftt director (Ik* divkwti. wiks ax k. *.tir indostriai hyga*Hwr,l;' cimclustiHw tlw Arthur l). littW fwuplc kul drawn b riwk uudy of riw wax iuv4td in tlw tntvrprci*tt of the L pn^vned a4ww standard, hreaute the iluw Vwk ntcBwmd over tlw year* air firm did not rertritv is'rmMMun fnnn ndwato** Dr.* <!wrge IV.K the fb|nrttnrftt of to print and Wrigla, kad f luediral research at& St. l.ukv% H*qul in Cleveland, ami at diMt^tute a rvfk*n of the study untQ June Kfl. IViriiin a frw ibis, however. 1 (}r. Nk'hoUuit, of Mount fticU, tv cvieetl hk oqw d the report and a let ter fr.Rit Dr. D*hmM \V. McaU, of bwgiim-1 pail e**RMslti.ut 4 ft Manvfile, who |*ui^d for tlw o*T|iora- ft ivhi at tlfa jsil4i' hearing hi WaJaug- t*o; Dr, Hans MV31. a prf<**< *rifi m 4k4o- h tU pulm-^n^rt^iiwaMv *-r- I Artlmr I). I.nth-, 1cn thankinj hhu hr Mvir Mtpport a* a memlwr f one .*! of rit' Tutm* l'mv/4t *Kdu*d *4 f tW jvuwrW of expert*." Ow Wca* f%*n *h^< flu* Avrimr l> >lMlkhir, wlio had given fuurt- *d oqtjMKl hi ik' `JorU:^ A4 Mn klmm** (< CoiulsK't .i Mtk h{ aiK-u.**'am**!)- imvr working a* a J.dK.-MiiinilU' <vuH'<tt-products jAmi a* Marrero, l,*Mr*cuiA> I3f. W. Cbfk C*qvr, * former head of the rdd fcntvau *f Occupational Safety and **ahh ami a (onwr m Talwfdww- pvr Adrian*, hie., a <on1uig firm in Berkeley, California, whirl* has ktr reward* fontract work n<*t wJr for tW Naiimal ln*dat*m Manufac ture** Assawriin, of which JointsManeille is a member, Kn aU> for JSttdmrjrh Corning; Dr. 2'lnlip K. Kn- wriinv, a profeMnr in the Department of liaeutiMics of chc Uiuveoity of Pittsburgh, wlu. u*n retained by jtibn*- ManviUe to study the foahh expert* cnees nf is retired employees; Com mander Samuel H. Bart*, an indus trial hygienist in th Medical Service Corps of the United States Navy (a Urge purchaser t sdwstn* insulation), who lad sever been invoked m any studies concerning W health effects <4 asbestos; ami, lastly. Dr. Scliknff. Coawkrmg the backgrounds if most of the members of the expert health panel, and die fact that two additional panels of experts consisted of a com mittee of thirteen wen representing private shipbuilding companies and a group of twelve men from various as- ^-stos'prodnctng companies (Including executive* uf Johns-ManWHel, it was hardly surpriring tltat die Arthur D. Lmk people c'ncfuWd m their fepm that "reduction nf the exposure of workers to asbestos dim (mm present levels t five fibres |r cultic centimetre will significantly reduce a*bc*t>*-rehtud diseasesami achieve more iluin ^9% *4 the benefit* attainable from the control of dust Wvek.** (In talking ahmit a re duction "from present levels," they ap parently firg*t that an emergency five* fibre standard had been in effect fur nearly five months.) Their report went on to say chat because of the (OK the twtv-fihrr aandard vety pmhaMy cooW not he met by the asbestos industry* , within the twmycar period rec*n- Imvnded by KIOSH; tlut the soadard | coobl not be aebtered at any cost with* |ta two years by mnpiwt engaged in *n-4vtard ship repair in private ship* yards (adwina mtuUtmm bring used extensively in shipbuilding); and that it would certainly lead tu tmensifivd foreign enropetiwm in this field and tu be tmpMjawtn <d "difficult problem* 1 ctntly wdutams** upiwt United ^ates Navy shipyards. In making this smteiucrtt, the Arthur 1). Little people meriooked evidence and statistical ta ble* IH the MOSIt criteria thrument siimeiiig that many swKsiie |4nm% were sirred* ojwrsung at *r Si-Uw a iwi*- fihrr Ivsri, and that moo of t)w iim ituiusttr could cwjdv 4tlt a ew<*- fihrv nniylard without undue tvchniexl hanWiifc And, filing oversight |n oversight, tlwy went m n> my jlut <*tinu* of wWn esK'h sgirn'ctC <4 Hc adv>-* tmlunr* endd inevl mriws fibre U*veb at a first glance tluu wily m twvlvi-fihre MaiuUrd can he iu t imnh'dutvlv**--an assertion that ig* nottd tlw fact dwt a twHvv-fihre stand ard a* su|i|nrd tohiitc hvtt in effect fnun 196X until tlu- tvm|rary emer- grttev st.nolird d five fihrv* wav de clared hj tlie Sectvtary *>f Labor riv immtiis earlier. Later in thetr rr|xut, m a suction that was e*tkk*d "Benefits front Adk-w no Kxfxoure Cournt} ficamlards," fW Artliur D. Ltttle people got amuml ( defining wltat they meant h> benefits: IV case cakut ashestos dust is firm id iKKpirsCtMned by thwse {amStar with radaWe rrscarth dat.firik*df and utWe* have amply demonstrated an aaauriatum hetwrro exposure to ashettm f&m and in creased morbidity. It lulhnes that reduc tion of the lisasrd will provide increased freedom frnm disease and looser lilt for those norkinc with **e near asbeetos. IV uurstmn of how riosely the sl <4 uru risk to ssbestos-rrlated disruci can he approached mpiifet further explora tion. 'IV reraeval of fhw baaard re^rim thanee* tliat mevitsdily involve the ex penditure **f time and money', and ut the world nf husinrM foKludiitE worhing men when |>d are sr stake) the relation* abb* between benefits and costs ts an im portant issue. Numerous rxamjdes of the refusal of people individually and col lectively to pay even modest Mtcoavenieiwe cost* to c*impletely rnnmr risks demon strate that rISminarins a Hauvd at aor cost is not alway* feawMr. However, those who must pay the price fur renun < ntg the hasard may be willing or able to do w within limit*. KhHKng these limits usually involves nunpa/ing less than the maximum obtainable benefit* with a*soviated costs, `litis, j course. the faotSiar cost*'benefit framework for evaluctfnic alternative courses nf action. While we do run hrite^ a purely i*u*ntitatir cust/heoefit analysis is fcatildr or deairaide here, tl*f crureptual sriieme k useful. In the nest section, we examine the prob able costs for various reductions (fibre I levels) m ler hazard of asbestos dust. To place three costs in a petipttiiT ritat mi}' he useful In setting tudkiy, it as Important to estimate the benefits aassmiated with each of several such levels of risk. At this pomt, tl*e Artlrnr I). Little pev^dc drew anentum to *l'idde 2 of tlnif report, whW inco^uwued cult* mate* fn*m right 4 the eleven Ikied hraltlt-^unvl im-mN-re a to tlw uuv dvnev of advt<m, long cancer, ami nwsotltelunnn among a humlrvd wort- m expued t<> varicuts lewis of solx*sios fihr>s during an vight-lwuir worfchig d-sV mvr : #vv*m.I ,f fom- v*sre A fa*nxc suited <bt > tJ. n. tk r. - |um went t" prv%- t"*' adJni.^1 rv- Sfaui** had Kc rev'iivid, whkl. did A*x ritan^v either Ow Median or |h,. rxng*'. f`Vtni*tv did ruA nuutM# that Dr. Sebkoff*> ri^Mhv u. Ure <pt**'inai'v were tlw only ,mvi n,n included. A* a resttlt, hd>V 2 con* ^ eluded diat rurt utw uortrr in a bun*3 drrd would devvh<j adusc.-i. aficr K- ing exposed to two fibres jwr cutiv cvn- , timetre for lofty years, whereas J>r. Scliknff had estimated that fifiy-fivc 4 a hundred workers wuihl dcvvlo|i the dheasc un<U*r these vondici<-n. In mUlii firm, Table 2 concluded that *ml) ww { Worter in a hundred wmld ilcwlop av I besstw* after working for forty years u an envmmmcnt ermtaining five fibres * per cubie cemtmetre, wlwrc.is I>r. S* U- kuff had estimated that eighty-fiw workers out of a hundred would e*u- tract the dbcaae under such condition*. Ai for mcvxhelinraa, the Arthur I). little report concluded that only one nut nf a thousand workers would be d* fitted with the discate after forty year* nf exposure tn twn fibre* per cubic cen timetre, wlwrea* Dr. ScUkoff had e*omated that four out of ery hundred worker* would devck? metotbriinma under these circumstances. And TaWv 2 concluded that only tun out of a thousand workers would tk velnp mev*tliriinma after f<my years nf exposure 0, a working rfivvtmmni ctimaioaig five fibre* per cubic centimetre (4 air, where** Dr. Svltkoff had estimated that seven out of a himilml wickers would K.* afflicted with mvsotludioma at this level. Now, using Tahir 2 at a spring* hoard, the Arthur D. Little.people Laped toKher uitfouiMlvd cimdusams. "It L apparent from this set nf }udgmrnt* that relatively large benefit* Cttfe rr^amd to the reduction of closure from tlurty to twelve fibres, nnd fnxn twelve e five fibre*,** tlwy wrote. "Tlw judgmeno suggest, however, tltat a further reduction of tlw exp>csirc level to twi fibre* h attended I? wry small beoefiis--*n iltv order of lew than one per ecru." *!W could make such i aascrtiim, nf course, only g hvcauw they had mh seen fit to amrkule < in TaMe 2 the response* d Dr. SHL g b.lT, wlwi b widely regardvtl as *mv of jS the world** fbrcmoU e^wlvniad^tfs in fe tlte field of Mbre dt^ aw, and winue & rpitlctnhdufpcal, tnvvrig:itMt* d asK*>-g to* debase hmt iwver Kvit d by B any wgmvuf <4 the mK> unluun. i lax Big made tK1 anx*rti<ui. jK*wv\vr, the Arthur D. Lutle )R*o|dv Kmtu*-*! ( ahmg tiMtcbvrs: Data cm bvofwho^voic eancvr and iHfurtUrlbuna Micuret that the** diwates irr *1... fritted l~ tW degree wrr. '{1- tM*nWr are small, Iwi**?**?, and c\f*'t*r*r inxfr }*n*iril dun ka Iwf IV (n f*"" *e are prepared ft. draw from < the* data t that their rafdkh omridrra- ** % the panri members eery prAWy rid. better *tW4'c- than tkf? had not Wn notat'd, C'wcSmiMe adtn -t tUn* arauny ad*** urker TMdd c**rihr *,, estimate* tksr kei- t*r >*uth iwrpfrfatM*. and sfwvidariun ban ri*r-e. AN hi% of cmirse, mvrkatfced the fact that * their ntudk? *f the dis.laeott* ojwnaliti t'Apcri, ftc *.f six hun dred and thirty-two a*bvflo*-m*u1ii* worker* bi New York Ck> ami NVwnvk, mu! of ittiiv hundred ami Uiirtjcki\T man wl* had worked mi a*hcaftwcoMiktiMin factory m Paicrftoi, New Jertej, Dr. $dU;**/J and Dr. Hammond had furnished incontroverti ble pnd that two hundred and thirty w *f three hundred and alnctrvii caveat death* arming there men were etuavd by krac form **f cancer. Tin* Mt of the Arthur I), Utile rcp*n consisted of aiah*a id such thing* aft the gtuas-^aW* profits of variouf seg ments of the asbestos industry and (lie estimated economic mipact of various ajhesfcw ftoruUrdft on shtpfuukfing emu* puuut and on manufacturers of asbestos duels. A sretarn entitled ucmiomic jsut ftfl Manufacturer** cornnrnvd | tbt* jw*iagv: Wid* reeard to itcWwal fewihiUfy, w t i judge that the thc.Jihf* in*rl it achiri* !Me. f.vtm with the hct aiallaMe t*d. n*qn. however. nr do not know whtth. r a twe-fihrr YmU eaehl he cart, (in fact. wt cannot Ik eumjdrieljr certaio shout riw tier.fibre !r**w until tfc fesr available equipment hat hrn hotaMrd and evaluated.) 'IVu* a trliab>U ***. : meat of the validity of the 'Vur*timatr*' .put furdi **i the nor d cucnjdiaRct* j tnritr twuddue Vwd r* o-r eetdh' ynarfble 'until technical fea*dnJir>' has keen *. . tahUdwd. In rite mrantmir. the estimate* ftliown hi 1'iNr 54% are the hrst that have been drrrinped. Tire vHiwvi, *r '*gmu^tirrwu%*, m TaMc 6 ma) nvl! have been the ! hrtt chat wvV avadahW, hit to mv tlk-y | were im^unprrik-o^h', f mxit( tii : Mount & and hed Dr. Nh'hotom, whine <wpj' of the |M*n I ind hxn ,rcaiitog,ftMmrfptvi thUu for mv. Dr. NklhtUofl rinad: hh In-ad and |tvc a vvai> sm3*. ^IIk* cor vi* 'tsaftev nhuuicd liy Anhor I). Uttfe 8* pantd of vxjvrt* an.* rru}ipri>* ut twi cwmis,** W said. "Fir*, [die part. wvrv a4ed to mtnfaiv* tune am! costs t* achwtv specific do* Urli, and turf to achieve effvetiev Horkrf |mtvvt4t. Svv>ml4 the nM cs* davit.4* were obtarovd In wdn'MNi^ ^chvm** from r.prvvnUrmvs of riur a* ro^ tin and cfuctovncw of awj ifijr ifi'tsll.ic* mi*. Th. wihdr ai^ocuh **' iikv the >dd ston of askm- dac foe > guard tlw cUkk.n cip, Herr tin' i*`\ Ivi^ K.-n sdtci! b*.w manv chkfcvtt* Ik wull kill. 'Win, hurdle anva bv r4|di:*. 1'ik-it tin- fox fc aftkvff Imw much it w.^ild cm ( ktfvji htm from killing )u>t tijo- few diickcnft. `Oh, iomcIi (> much t> oHiodvr/ lie auftWefs.*' (ikiiicitig over iliv names ami cir- pornu* nfiiltatkmft of Arthur I>, Little's tubv*m,m ^en paml from the ai- besroi iodiotn', 1 saw tJiat all eleven of the companies they represented had Sent ofiimli to the public hearing* to totif> ngaui die proposed two-fibre M^udnrd. VN'Iwn I pointed (his out to Dr. Nicholson, he shook hh head again. "The ins and outs of rits whole af fair ciutsdtuw an endless labyrinth that never ceases to aman.4 mc,n Dr. Nich- nl*ut <atd. '`I pat nmked, for example, that both the Certam-tetd Products O.qmratMfl and Xk'det Znduttrin, Inc., arc represented vn the panel, and that reminds me of a *f>r> I read in the If'*!! StM't Journal eariier riiis naemh. It v4ai about the wW Keasbe)4 & Mutri- fn Company, which used to make milk of magaeaa in the town nf Ambler, Pcn>yh4aftLi, near Valle)' Forge. Tile atticlr described an bivalent in the rar- h bii*n .f tlw company, when Dr. Kmal Matrix* accUentally tpfiled some milk of magneria on a hr* pipe .tmf found that h adftercd. That brought the Kead*'4 & .Vfattivm pet^de into the imuhtion burineu. In 1962, lutwcicr, the company went out of bwm'H and dd ks EacSkies t*v Cef- tsuti-ivcd i*r.*luctv which started man* uf.u.-turino ariwRoSKvnient pipe. Since that time, Amhhrr hat al*> been the site of a plant operate*! bv Kttdet Indus tries, wlm h iivmufactorci otJier ashes- loft-cement pr*luctS- In the Uttrml ar- tk*k4, tlnrs4 was a description of a large <|vtvsiir dump that has existed in the town rioce lh6", tint downed by Ni- viil. t and CVnain-t.vd, and riui n still uxil in lVrtai-tcl, which adds twva- tt-N* i,'U hundred t-fa of crushed adaw* t* pijv *. the dump each year. Natu* rnlK. ri*i* nroHrsl m\ curiri't, * I drote down to Ambler the utlwr da) ft* whv a h.k at h. Whii t p tlierv, l could Iwrdh K4le*v my etc*. '|*he dump io*t <inh' vukc Kagell) through trie vert rcuft-r 4 |]m4 tow4M, w hai* lio- a ji)oU'Mi of aKuu right tloHomd, tHtt k U fill) h vt high, auv* wlwfe frn one ft* two city hhwk* wide, and ab>it tmek) lA<fc* lump, fit Li't, it t ^routed ft* outcrin suw uid- U*n a>ul a Iwtlt n*bk4 *anh of w.wu*' Mdicil Dept. Fdes **f dvhri* fti -ir min,*rjV^v JaU*r*i<.rv bo aoahri*. and u,> f,*.nd (list all *d rlM*n coMulned Lr-e am*ums f . Tik4 BicrvdiMc tiring, btscur, k. that w'hfle rift towrufie*ph* *.f Amidvr wane t* get rid of dk4 domp kV an n rM*r%\ d course--*hu* o< n4 down thcr,- seems < hi' aware of tin Iwahh bayard it {ftftcs. Kid* play on an a-^Uh ho^ t- hatl court that has Kvn hoi!< smack on top of material from rift4 dump, ami b Itterallv covernl with a4v*<<* f|. biv and wad* of waste materia! e*n- winmg arik-v**. N*t irdy dint hut the ldmt*{i kfteU h p*H4km;irik4d utl Jh.Ics land tunnels dug mvr jhi4 Vvaw W kills | ftearcliiug b*r old milk-d-rnagiwsia hut,tln, which have K-cume cnlkcuw** items. A* you may alrvade Sc awarv '<aMS ni mc*riicliwna kz*c keen rv- 1 fft*md steimg per^le wh***c rvp>Mure to aAotm was that u dddrrn tlwj- hod played oft aricston dumps." A few dap later, I was mnktdcd of the Ambler dump whQt h*kmg at an exhibit submitted as evidence during the public hearing* by Jinny J, Ph&ipa, a senior vice-prerident of CemutHeed. MW do not feel that there t sufficient medical juificarii*n for a tuv^fibre iunk at Hits time," Fhaiij* bad said. "lYc propiue a five-fibre standard." However, this suNemcm of : aroused my otririt) ic* than the next. "We fed that afthe*r* scrap and waste, including ariwMi** du, can he i%M*#cii of in Quantity only w a kindfill, whefr tlw waste can he covered each day, and wd! present no danger to auvonc. Fur thermore, |1k*sc di*p.*j! problem* are Sftlid-waftte-dwnagemeut prWem* ft hr Cnvervd In- the Knvironmental Protec tion Agency, am! not OA.H.A," he jaU. \Vhrriwr -Phillip* had the Atulder dump hi mmd w^teii he made this taumeijt a matter of conjecture, lutt it a matter of rivonl that thr Fnemmmeftta! Protirtiiki Agencv bail mu then gut anKiml to declaring a standard f*>r adkfttoft duM in the ambi.m air. OW'AKl) tfk* etuf of |mw, Ifer-^ man Aarwlh, the fortinr tmiinfe1, vommativ chairman ai tl* *J*i k4r |dant, ^ calk'd me fnm llawkws IVxaft, mg' inform me tliat ten hag> &*, of arik-H-ft fibre left hi llw warrioum' j& after Pituburgh Coming ckwri tlw K factory, and eklwr buried *tr nberw4**' *:' dofaeasl of virtualh all the I'eU *f h B innards, Jiad ftvvn *. tVaL B during the trr jMr d M.t. h andle B bad Keen uU riwi tin- fibr, Ico! l*r>-n bought by a c*i|vmy with i.icilha* MaiiUoolm Main!, in Oin:f>*. fij.TI {>'.. ,,{ Jr./.i... ... H. ....... M.'iieu-dm pa t.n large idarai u ' northern pan **f tak* llir*>, ale*. . hundred m3.-* ear* of Sauh Sn. Mara*. A* i result of inquiries I miutv to Aral MMneeuw wit** might he iHc t tell mv wmnli2 about dw company, 1 gra m touch with Dr. Ernest Mastn*matteu, w|*> * tltc director f tlie En vironmental Health Services branch of tlie Ontario Mmisrfy of Health, m Toronto. "ManrtwuKn Island way up in rise w&U, and I'tr never heard of any athrton plant up there," Dr. Mstttomatfto mmI. "Hut 111 haw oof fvi$4c lords into it, and get iwtek b> you at anon as we luve **mctbing tn report/1 URING July, awotlwr intricate D 6et w*s added to the labyrinth constructed by the medkal-mtlustml complex in is dealings with the prob lem of oceuparional axpmurc to as bestos, and I heard about it from i)r. Seliknff. I had ra*t seen him since the Department of Labor decided tn keep the five-fibre standard for four more yean, and I had gnne tn Mount Sinai to ask him about an article from Eng land which, X had been tuld, bore on shequestion of the asbestos standard. "As you know, the two-fibre stand ard we had hoped for was designed only for the prevention of ashvwww, and not of earner,** Dr. Selikoff will. "It was Am proposed back in 196X by the Brimh Occupational Hygiene So ciety's Committee on Hygiene Stand ards. At that time, the committee re ported tn the AuMntt of OcUf>nl'tr'Hi a respected Hriibh medical journal, wliat aftwared t<> hr strong evidence suggesting that a person working with chry smile asbestos could V exjvacd for fiftv wars to a Irwl of two fihnt Jvf ct*h*' centimetre with practically n*> rhk rf developing sdxv tnsis. The committee dtcref**rv reenro- mendrd a twwfibrr level fr wcu|linnal exposure to ashest<" a prq*wd I considered to tv rva*nah1e, and one whvh was ad'ptvd by the BfjthJt fn- qwetorate of Factories that wim* yv*f. The British action wn*om' of die chief determining factors in the dec**** of XIOSM to fec*ro*uvml a tw-fibrv standard to die Seed'Llry of 5-*W. ` The frp*rt of tlar society's c**onliv t noted riot ki rvnroinciulat**n wav j based entirely *q* informal*m (Uo- viiTrd l*t two d the cummhuvV uiem- ) hen who werv emjvbnvc* of tV Tur- 1 ncr 1tr*Jwrs Ad*?u Company, Ltd., of RivhdnU. England- - <w f the , largest **** CMUqvnie* in Britain. - 'linn' were D. John I*. Km**, who then ebvf ntctiknl ofVuvr fm* 'I'nr- m-rH'oilo ^ -*ol t..t...... the oMnpanj'% tndtMriil hj git Dust Ciwnt* had been made at 1`unKf Brothers factory tn RorhtbV for many years, and in 1966 Dr. Kra\ and Dr. HoJnwi had undertaken tt CorreUte tlw hrahH suurs of rurri^tt employees with past ct^more t-v.k Accordingly, they had rvvietetsf rhev X-rays of two hundred ami niiwty workers at the factory who Itad been unphnsti fi*r ten years or more after January l, 1933, and were 31 em ployed there as *f Jmw 30, 1966. Tltey then rcfnirtvd ts* the commnuT that among tKse empbnees (Juy had found only eight wlw*c X-rays ctmhl be dvignosed as ashestotic. Aittmtg the eiglity-one men e\pi*scd tn lev*ds rd somewhat more Ulan ten fibres per euhk centimetre fur twenty years or m*re, they fuund tly sit with relr- vant X-ra>* changes, and out of thirty- seven workers exposed over a twentyto-chircy-year period tn levels of about four fibres per oddc cenrimctre, they found mh* no* man with a poshly asbestnric X-ray aWnulny. This was comforting information indvvd, and committee, after providing a safety margin by halving the four-fibre level, recommended the two-fihre sundard m the full aauraoce that it would pre vent the occurrence *f tdiewkH l was remtndvd by Dr. Se&ofTs re marks that Dr. Holmes had flown to the Utnted Sates m March to testify in behalf of the American asbesun indus try at the Department **f labor's pub lic Itearings, and had stated 1& (pinion that worker* cttuld safely inhale air conuiniflg four or five fibres per Cuba* centimetre. When I mentioned thk to Dr. Selikofi, he told me that not kmg after tl*c bearings ended, the April, 1972, isMie of tlie Xayf Svcrtf of Jlrolth ioutml arrived in the Unk*d Statn. "h contained an article fy Dr. Hih'*n C. LcwtfHohn, a young &H*th African ifbysirun, wU> liad replaced Dr. Knox as chief mt'da'al idficvr of TMenerTIrTithers," Dr. SeKkotf raid. **i)r. f A'Wiiindm unite tliat m Decvm- Ivr of 19/fi W had pvtn clc X-rays to ivorkvra vmjd*nrd at the `l*orm`r Horibi-r* Rochdale factory'. Altlwwgh mime w<ffcvfs had left the firm or had died, and aldvwgb other* had only iv- centlj completed ten year* of i*mpl<n - mum, tlw men wvh long-term ra-j |Nure who were examined tn Dr. | lwwhimdm wm in large part the Mine men w)* had hern studied f*wr ami half year* before In* Dr. Kmo. ami. Dr. ihlmcK. However, |>r. Levin-' d*uV avMsvravnt of X-rav fiodaigs among ilwra u`ax quite tNtiVrrnt from that of k predcvv*or. Dr. Kn**s. I tv iviiOt>il vrn.r.- *!< I..H .>< * .i oh*i A-Vrfved to*' v^rt rtr kin-ef after fit* t* jJvmk M*i>v alwrmat lung vh.tiig,**. More over, u|n anat)ng deing,* h,. deterrained that aluo*u h*n |^*r %\nt uf the ntrn who had Ken rmptnid at the factory for twenty u*ars *r more liad lung scarring conusant wh av IwHosk Unhmuiuteh, our hearings w<r concluded by tU' time rite i Softly of //rWrfi /uW arrived, mi thrrr was no importunity to ask Dr. Holmes about the fiftcm-m gr dis crepancy between the tw*o sets of find ing*." I asked Dr. Sclikoff iww lie ex plained the sunling disetepancy, amt Iv replied that it must Ik in the inter^irv- tntiun of tlw X-rays, unee it was liiglt!; unlikely tliat there could havv been such j a marked increase in detectable lung ! disease in four and a half year*. He added that Dr. Nicholson had prepared a ftaaukal anafyas of the dme-dacase responses that could be derived fmn these two confiicring sea of data, and had determined that they showed as much as a tenfold difference in the inrikset of X-ray changes character istic of asbestoses among the workers at the Turner Brother* Rochdale factory. "Do you mean that Dr. Lewimuhn found ten rimes as much disease among some Turner Brother* worker* t* De. Knox and Dr. Htdrocs had found four and a half years ariwr?"2 asked- ... "Ves," Dr. Se&nff replied. "At least, tltat e what thv data puMUwd so far suggest." ,Sn the two-fibre standard, wen if it had been adopteil w*idiout tlw hwryear delay, nm sufKcwnt," I said. "Until the dbcrvpaitcy h rewdnd, h wxkiU appear uwful only as an interim tncastirv |i*r tlw prevent*** id ashex- Iutfik," Dr. Svl&nff "Kutahcr, imw' rixxdd remeintwT 'that vrfiea rite British Oecuparintal IUgk*ne St^wry rcc*unmndetl riw tim-fihfv standard in I96S, k t>*A the pmdent poririiin that the standard wa* tmendvd only for tbe prevuntam uf Imig waning, rithx ii was nut ptissfide at (Lit thne * qved) a cutKXFUratiun of ad*"** ni iIk* art which was kiHiwn f> K' (rw of the rad ofinducing cancer." HE pnAMbfihy pux ntvd 1h tM Tnew data--that indurin mfitto-cw might have had an vluvt u und oxnhleratkm* cumvrmng she pr.Wei! .f rvufiatiaul v\{**surt t adw*t** * England -came * j vwepriw t** nv f* two reasons. `IV fii>t ws tlui mi Dr. 5w-ltL*fT and |)t. H;>mim*rat lia< condiwted tlti'ir ptouuvring *4iW* ' tlw ud-uK-iusitkit**> wt^Vrs *** tl fvaifv nmvte*'-ri\li* In far iV K aim n. iniit4 jJ* . J;'* ; hid fv sl'odticted to ^'n^Und, ivherc *dv*t*i* lwrf heel* r<u;red a* a fc ft occuput*mat- health I'- fanl wore tlw niiwtceh-twe- V, Tin *<ond ws.> clat I itad talked .< hti^tl* H wivral leading Engthh T*hmed I.omUm some month* earlier, an*) *\wn I u'A diem tiut oc- fuparimd-lwahH data wen being sup pressed an*! ignored Hi the United State*, t.> had *U'imi1y assured tne ilia;, Kcau-c of the in.Ujiendertf char- After *f English rindkine and of the Bri&h i'-ivrnmrntV <jvuiwl- bralth agvneie*, such a situataw* eouM ih t WH in thvie emmm*. When l tdj Sheldon Samuel* (he itw# frrm England, Ik was not at all surprised. "Bownras \$ always business," he said. "In fact, I havg-a new wrinkle fur ihi here at homeCyhen I came tn the Industrial Union Department last year, 1 undcno>& an investigation of the company-d*<ctr system, Wcaim- it ncturrnl to me tliat the system was operating t* thwart the Occupational Safety and Health An. A month nr so alter ] Iwgan the investigation, I tailed with J>r. Noriwn Roberts, whn nsanCBte medical director f tin- Stand ard 03 Crponitsm of New jem-y,; id was then president nf the Indus- a! Medical Ajawbwm. Pr. Klnro add me that he and h associate* in hc Industrial Medical Associateu hnped t** reform and improve the in dustrial medical profession by Setting standards for tin: professional |K-rC<rin- \ ance of c'unjvmc doctors. 'I Hey pi**- ptned r *et up an *jj3m*Ati<M called the Occ^vuionnl JWltH IftMitote, wJrih w*dd A-mv its chief *ufijrt irttrrr the Indiwriil Midkal .'Woa- lii, (h.< American fmhottrial Hrgiene .Vs*cirri<fc, and the American Awi sti-m *d ludu-tml Nor**, Inc.*--all of wldrit are supported and <**nnv4Jett in ittdorrt. Tlu' in*ume ndd uinlvrwkv to create a program !> validkt. K4'up:iriMiaMieidtli pio- gr>iro> and to **% up standards tlwt Mould enable indostn, thr.mgh v.duii- tan '-4njdi;incv, to i lean p tin major Hold. aflfvlhiy Mv-rker* in iIh t'nk -d Aft'*r Itweioup hbn, I toM Dr. R*dkT that in mt -hmian' ethical 4taHbrd> r,H arcuiipliJt (he purj*n I :i* |>ros'vMiin:<t |v rfrfmame of .rtnp.m* 4 >.'tor Hot dumhl tv fvot of O.S.H.A. (e^olu(>mv m o'd^r <; irHi(t*e On* }cirjHqwtor\ r*d* ,.{ evoA* r< . u'rwMH d >o (He Ocvm|U- 5*;.: is m*\ Hv.tHlj, Act, s*mIi _* tbh yt;/.><>! rir'h( to hate j*Ve^ l. >-.) i! . < od* ;?<! o r*rd |i r- tviflcug U* tenure (o ocw wd*Li(*> THat wu the last I heard id (Ik naatte^ for some time. Last KovcmU r, Jv> tnt, I sent Dr. K<d*et> the rrsidrs of the NI05U surrey nf fatAurgh C'*m- Mtg' Tyler plant ami asked idm r Jan- the ImiuKrol Medial Auavw- tirm omduct w own etccsrigatMm of Uw wiatsut. Then, m KHruary, ! xnt Idm an aveoam of the charge* Xhi/* Kcfd Itad levelled againH f'lttshorgh Oirntng at His presa conference, trhih included sne lAforntatsut aHn Iww the affair liad been handled by iIk com pany's medical consttluni, Dr. Grant. In the meantime, Dr, Rohcm and im asmeiates iud pursued ttivtr plan i m up the Occupational Health Instume. At tbeir request, a meeting to dwcusa the amts of the insmutc was IxU hen* at the Industrial Unioo Department nn March 24th. In addition to Dr. TtdM erts and myself, the meeting was at* tended by Dr. Duane Bhct, medial direct**- of the Ford Mwr Comftany; bj- Dr. Gdberr H. Colima, general medical director of the New York Telephone Company, who had been named to head the Occupational Health Institute; and by Dr. Marcus hf. Key, who is the director of XIOSM, wht* was being ashed to give ViOsi! support e the new msrituB and hs programs. Ace^rding to Dr. Knhens and Dr. C<lUngi, aft aclfcditatatfi truO- mawm initiated by tlw insmote would prnsurc management to become rn- lightemd in rile fk-H! <if fkxtipctek'nal health hy certifying valid utdtwra! medical programs. Imagine me nr* l>r*-, Ituu-vvcf, when I learned tltai Dr. R*`m sntl It* c*Bragtws were pn^^iflg Dr. Grant as one f the mvttdwft <*f thh accrcliiatH*n commis sion. ! |M*iotc(l <it that the very fact tiut Dr. Grant was bring cottstdered htf such a pnut>n wldlc serimis allcga- uutts vniuvrning his professional c**n- duct remained to he resolved scnrcrlt insfund enofidme*1 hi the pu?7Kiw and viability of iIh- Occojtriimal Hvakli In- 1 atitutc. SciHK^.k-nth , Dr. Rtiheru and Ifiw awK&tes rmru have brought prv>- ' utr* to (war u{vm Dr. Grant tn remove himself fnnn corwuh-ratim for tk' com- mtMftin, for tariv this month ( rvvrisvd a teH-fdoifw call from WSHam O. KA- Wy, tlw dirt'cmr l Xf><U' Divkim of Trauihip. hi CoH-innsti, teUmg me1 llun Ik Had received a letter lr*m Dr. Grant cmtifdambig tlwt, hectutH* of his owvwdtant rviitioi^ldji with l*ius- Horgli I ronwkivd bmi to ht- antd.iU<r ami, theref.rfc, macc*^*t^dc a\ a cf(tmHu>Kr. Now-, what do ih< (2w(L*if that*" I t<dt Saimn'H tiut I f<*jml it wir- ,,, {.I., f >< *!.. m- medk*a1-ioHiurial <*ojh\ rB| Us kioow mi w(f uh>v in. i trvachw were a w.*wder ( Ukdd. anj [ 'that I iud been HdWing j s mmiy m**mh- s*n*me4 not re|VJt StwU riMlIesJi hot en^iloi' ^ amc caw 4 cJnracK'fK **Aml now* f*r the clincher/' Sam uel? sahf. "Guc uku has just received a sevcnn*-*ne-(kHiKirol-hwr> iiundred-aml-eighty-*mr-doHar contract from XfO^U, m order n*--aad'I t|uote--Mevelof and validate eritrru for pftgraoi perhieinaoee standard? of (Kcupational-lieaHh programs wharh w3l provide goidvltnes to XKWH in promoting the dcveh^Kneiit n| such programs as w-cll as prnvidv guidance to lacSiua in <taMtshmg and/or up grading their own operational program standards.' *' "The Occupational HraltU Ini- tutc?"IsaU. "Of_ Chicago, IlUnois,** Samuels repHed. / A FEW dan later, I telephoned Dr. MaKromatten m Tmofii, arid asked him tf he had been aide to find out anything about an rahratm pfcmt isb ManhouUn Island. "I'm sorry to ay I haven't," Dr. Msitrantanm npUed. "MVtf cheeked all the available records and made tntpdria by phone, but dierr duesn't wp* pear to W any aahvwu mdustry M all <\ Manttoulm lsbm!.n I apohigtxcd to Dr. Mawromattev for Naheriftg him w-hJi what was nhvinudy a fal- h*a*l, and ikmked Idm b*r ulttrtg the tftiiihh* m follow k up. I'lwn I telephoned Herman Yamlle in Hawkins, and tHI him what had bap;irned. "Well, tliat's what tlw>* tU the hots a: the plant wlten the stuff p< en*-j Hit," YamJk said, with a chuckW. "But l got a new address h-f j-ou ju tlte itlwr Aat*. from a fvlbw who saw a sli^ipmg rag. 'I'hv askMos wvnt t*i Canada, all riglrt, hut to Manhmiin Island. It g*H sent t*> a <*enpam l called Ilotmra Inwiiitaus, I-ttk, at fHu'ftt Edward, Ontario." 1 calk.1 Dr. Maatrmnatteo hack and ttdd 1dm what I had tamed faun Yamfk*. "UVIl tr/ b* nm k dov*n f*r siw," Iw raid. `Tw sew heard of ffofcm* Imtdatioft, hut I kn*m* wlwrc I**t Edward ts. lt\ *d**Mt two hmidr.il mdcs wnt of Ikci . in dv middle of a Urge pt'tridvuren'lkink-at cwmpta." N the wcond week of September, 1 I rccvtvr*! vmw rather intt*ro4tng maS. Kf'im the August taie of the Artkiir'i #i f: hj*rw//.W/X ! AAVA m i leaned fkii l)i, lud K%n rlcev.d ma^mr of tlu American Auidenn .4 Ocrupati>Hwfe Medwfor. lit a fmm few August 25th edi- Tvn few Cfocfooao /*ui{, l read fetal Dr. \V*pter aiui Ur. jfcn*Mi had 'em h4;mg mr feu spratmg of a*fo** m fo*dat*Ki un tfo Mvrl girders d a new Procter & Garnik ivclaaticatl cen ter in KW Ash, (a uhorh of Cm cfonati. Tin Pair ankle %w*tI that fete Spraying of asfow.is insuforicm fo con struct** had been banned lit New York, featuit, PJuhJelfdii*, and Chi cago, hut that lit Cincmiiuii anti (tie rest of Ohio there were no ordinance* cither banning or cuntfulitng it* use. Oh; article went *n to qtiuie Dr. MttcteH K- Zavon, Assistant Health CnmmiufctAcr for Cincinnati, who surf that fee had nut ccn fit f< issue any rcfulaoutt, fence the evidence focrimitutfog ubestu* at a health hazard iwt BuSnenfey clear-eut.'* This sur prised me, fence 1 knew that Dr. Zavun was a member tf the fextvn-nun Threshold Limn Value Airborne Con taminants Committee of (he American Conference tif Governmental Industri al Hygienists, I filed the newspaper dipping away with a mental n<*tv to make tome inquiries about Mm. A week cr an bu r, Samuels seat lnc a copy of a hatvmen; delivered be lt the Hcmlie Sckct Commuter on labor by Jacob Clayman, admmforapre director of the industrial Unfotr Department, concerning the activities of the government hi enforcing the Occupa&ma! Safety aml Health Act. It was obvious that dayman did not ffeink much of the government's per formance. After rcmtmlfog few comasito members that tlw Department of Health, Kdgcauort, and Welfare had estimated feiat tlsrc might lw as many as a hundred xfonua&d deaths .each year fmm occupationally caused dis ease, hr told them that seventeen month* after the Acr weru into effect tberr were only four hundred foqtrc- Mi v* enforce its provision* in more fetan four milts* workshops, and that only <me sew health standard--that for afewsnu...hvd been set during that time. "vm then, Wr Juv bad (n corn- plan shut its Mtadvquacics,** CUjuun said. "Indeed, wr have gone to coon to empfeafeec its failure, hi air jdgtncm, W parur few bw |*ir|Me of the Uw " Oaymt said that fm organization had vvr erased to point i*ut dial not one of fe*e nc wrefongm* rated by the Cmfrrvncv of Hyguitw* ami by Comfive stan** fofog ( dangcroos for mm eapiSuMr at aB ;va> hwluclvd in few frferral stamlards. "Hen/idiro1 b <mc <if rhr***,** b'lVdiMl, "Mure than sc'vvo* tern hundred u*u uf dto chcmkal and three .rf ks m* ctimmonlv used rra* pounds arc pmducvd, dotiffuitcd, and uii hi tlm coumrs' each year. We luvr itn Wa bow many wnfket* arc expised. Wr have im> idva a* to bow norny of the hundred thousand deaths tlu; ll.K.W. rrporuate due to expo sure to this ami otiter carvinogms.** Ul* to that feme, my m\w%atsm of feic wuiklngs of tlic metficalhidustria! comj^vx bad ernlved out of tlw critical situation that had existed at Pittsburgh Corning** Tyler plaru, am! had focused on the proWun of ex posure hi asbestos. During the put fex montlis, however, ! had been told by biazzocehs, S&mucfe, and others that the cumplex was hard at work trying to put few fed on do*m of iccupafeonal-health problems involving, among ether fedngs, beryfKum, henakUne, and bepi-naphthyUndnc. (Indeed, Samuels and the Industrial Uafon Department had been pressing unsuccessfully for the Occupational Safety and Health Adminiunfeofl to take action on known chemkal orefougrns for more than a year.) Now, reminded by dayman's testimony of the mukiplicky of fete hazards, I decided W take a ckocr look at some of them. On Monday, September 25th, I caught an carij'-momng flight to Ctnrinaati and went to the Dirifenn of Field Studies and Cfenkal Invenigotfoos m ask Dr. Jdms*n, whom 2 had not *.*0 since March, wkat was befog dnne nbout the problem of oceujwtimal ex|vi*ufv t<> IwrylUiim, hrnekfene, ami hctt-naj^ifeiyfomine. "Let's start with Ivo lfoim," 25r. j<dmsn said. "It is a metal that has been used in the United Sutrs fence fete nfoeteen-twrnfen, | wfon k was alhn ed wkh copper and, cither motab io order -to pxr dvm1 greater tvnsfle strength ami fatigue refetfauev. During the late nineteenfedrties k was used cncnfevrly fo few manufacture of fluurevivm-btnp t\dv* Subwquvvvtly, however, thanks t she pinticering wek id Dr. Harriet L. Hardy, who w Own an nceupatimalliealdi pliyskaR at fea* Masaxhuwtts Irwtauteof Tcchmifogv, bvrjlTwm was found u he a tame of acute and chrcm- i- judmimary dfo'ase among owiers fo tlur AuitfvKvnt-iimp foduU)*, and m 1949 it* uk fo the manufacture of feoav jqydfonces was dsvonnnucd. H*eauw of ka %ltt uefolu, it* rigidity, and ii suhBuy, M'^Uium has achieved whir uw in ofewr area*. It t> employed hi nuvfor rv3H*t<n>l in arnopacc Mruo tuml material* amt owned guidaiue ^ and fo aatvtlfev anr<mnav, rockI vt-uvxir n*r< h'M sJr*t'U ;t*ul L *!-< anvar* |.. have V'.nu.U.njMc a* a !!. r.ickvi fm*l. k <u tbit Ivrtl* fottn a`l Ms(rnpiMmd- lesv, an uni ttw' in r ^ that, a* I'lv HMlwatvd. fen*m can in N nlliom whicis can eauw Wuth ff>nn fmlitMMun inMViflvvna, or right-fedid heart Lii- Dr. uvnt on * mu that during tlu< Miinmvr of 19/1, wluk* M*j '*< uuvaithing frinti hU jr**dvvvwM*r** i filr* (tiv <bia ai thv 'IbVr pUut and | hcr factorks la1 had come, across Ok* rvport <>f an rmfouimratd Mirvvy tlwt leol Ivvi* txiolucud fo 196S h\ engineers front Dr. Cralfoy**, IfevtMut of K|w1cmh4gy and Spree! Scrriee* at a factory wn! fo K-. wveki Hcvyfoiv Industrivs, lncn fo IU-] sdctnn, Fennelvansi. "A* in dw rase d j the Tyler studfo*, m* aefenn had ben uufemted as a result of fe* Hasktw plant survey,*' Dr. Jufoam odd me. "Yet the data showed fotreifehly high aofeumc Wrefo of berylfoira don^ <*P^*1 inally fo the tacOM?'* ttrint-m9. operations, where herr&tum (nrirr ' made. Indeed, the engineers had rc- corded eoneentmtfona in tfo Haadeowi plant a* high as two hundred micrugrams of foryllhun per cubic metre of ah, tfoaigh feu- Cunfrn'ncv of Hygk'R-^ foi had already adup*vfe few Atomic: ^BrrS5'..CwomWmV mndsrd d a, peak value of twenty-five micmgranM fvr euhic metre of air and a feme-, wetglitvd average of only two micro-1 grams jkt cuhk' metrej Wfon I akcd Dr. Johns,m what 1w I had done wife* the mf.wmatiim fo- tm-' covered, fo* odd me (lot, pm as in few! vase of the <Lta on condition* in few i Ttier plant --dita fetal wen* Collected ami ignored--he had ridaved them |o .Aathony M3taicvhi and Steven Wfofo, ka, of the Od, Chemical and Atomic Workers Inurn^iion.i! Cnvui, whkh. a- haj^wni-d, aU rvpr^ntvi! uvrk. r< ai tfo- Harleton fiant. "A* a n- -nit, just as fo few nw d Tyler, few unaiu exprewvd concern t our dtri!, and tee conducted a tomprehenfete environmental Htrtev nf few plant bt Nnvemlvr,*' Dr. Johnson ud. "The fo*nllfo-dta Week wv wsv uml at that thne fermvd that the oanpany** piwdtr-fwruHing i^cntvmt wrfv vrilt gr*oK n of e*itr4. In March of feus tear, U-nlNum letch at few Haxlvtiai plant uwv measured rfgain, fo tfo Ibnnstlvatm Stale Difwrrment of Health, and n.v mmv the Wav1 for vMsdsl few revotnitU'fMlcd 'th^'diidd limh valor*f twobumigTaiBJVC cWe metre of a*r. Cuunqmgfev. Cmm M9Y (Mir i .# (n jh nwu, wnu a letter t* tin' Kawvcki HcrtJc* fkx^dc Naying that wv pUmied to conduct au- other wirvvy of Uh' II.ir.Miitj gtbat m tlte war fmurr and asking what iiiqirmemvau Uh^ intended tv nuke hi thrir poW'der-ftsftdlmg: oprrstvma, how tIwy were going t make tlwm, and wk'ii iJivy would complete them. On August 3rd, I cent a second memo of concern to the regional ad- irunearamr of iltc Occupational Safety and Health Administration in Phila delphia*---I hut sent him one on tltc tome subject U*t December 22ml. I t<J! lum again tlwu a potential lor wrimo medical consequences exited to the Hazleton pfant, and t cnebaed the results of a medical turret' of two hun dred and nineteen of the plant's ere- jdnyvt* which had been conducted bat November by Dr. Homajoun ICazem*, the chief of the pulmonary unit of Manchuria General in Boston. Dr, Kazcnd had found symp tom* possibly related to hcrylHvm dis ease in twenty-five cases and significant beryllium disease in half a dozen cases.*' I asked Dr. Johnson d hr or Dtm- aU(- had rwrKvd any reply fmm the 'company, or if any action had been i taken srith regard to the situation at | the plant. He smded grimly and hand 'd me a memorandum. It was sent t*> divKioo direct***, deputy directors, and 1 acMS&rn dieaaim dlrvtfoWs u was head ed "J'olicy Memorandum,** wa dated September 12, 1972, and was signed In' Dr. Edward j. Kairclultl U, acting Mandate director for MOM!'* Cincin nati f){rrations, w*l* wo* working tteder die directum of Dr, Kv) Uic i dmetor of Niosii. h read; I There have been <n (hr recent past err* [tun emummicauofu. verbal as weil a* I written, with distinct overtimes of abat| suenc-tyfc language.-4t * *wt the intent, I nr fhr f*dier, M XtOSIt to convey tv the .nutside world that our ndc under the i Occepatsuoal Safety arwl Health Act of , JV?0 one having authority for enfurcr* I meat. KatHer, we must present an image I tnaec in keeping with that of a research i agency. 'I'he Aet distinctly separate* en- I IrtMMflt, (he primary aetierty of the Utpirtnna a4 labor (CV&H.A.), from research, the primary activity of tte\V <x<qsiD* Acwadtfttflf. ywu are c*tur*eeJ to nom* for thow actions which could evoke <jms- Hotatsm* of ewforremertt. especially those which may he *n borderline that XICWM twriiivemeiH eowM be appropriate under certain cinwmtjmvs, yet hi&My mapmquistr mute* iliftrrrwt circumstance*. `Hi.,*. of your people who may have ur> raioa for Hoohrmmt should be in* formed oi <lu> p*dic>, Through authority debated to me lf Dr. Ke>. and h) cope of this memoraoiuw.'J a-ts>< Dr. | William S.{ f.auAart a< ywi r*anaet m the rvrm that ipies* (ifuiaMr ar!r, *n>u, it ion are in hmhi a to uhnher aciHoi* cwMiiHi' abaxeasmt-Crpe languaee -r utji aeri*hir mfrifuce upon cnforvemerH, o will hems ***eh situatMU to die an*i*m of Dr. Lambarv. If, rhen, the i*e h not yei ffwdved. k w^ hr hnm^u to no at fmliwi by Dr. L*Warr. Vour cooprtathm and altplomuey n Hik tWicate. hut tmportant. matter of policy is ev(un*ted and appreciated. f rvmcmU'fcd Dr. l-itultui wtx well. Hv had Nvii dia'C aweuam to !>r, CmlUy in dw olil Di'&irn <d ! f'pnhiniiA>gi and Special Jwrvw*, and luul bvn m Hiarge of thv tiivdval* vnvinauiwnwl warns tlmt snrwyvd th* Tyler plant and other aslwstos fac tories during tlw middle and Lite uiiw tvrn-ristws. It was Dr. Lainlort wb*--in March wf I96S, sluirtlv lwfore nnaficathm of the high asfvsti**dust counts cikni hy hs cnvirunmenol team at the Tyler plant was svtu in Dr. Grant and Pittsburgh Conung without an)' warning that tlie) con stituted a h%h risk of dtwaac and death f<w die men who were wurling thvrv* -- lutd said t me tlut (he ideal method of tracing the natural htamry of a** ho dawase wvndd hu to ukc a buiich of twenty"ycar-sdils, f*u< tlwm into an ashestu* plant where the exact dust Wvel was known, and nharrvv tlwm (r the next fifty y'ears nr until tlury died. I hml often wondered ariut tliat state ment, and rum*, remembering tltc poor comhwm of imn f had rm^ 'ho iud been cmplo)`ed at the TyWf plant fur only ten r fifteen jvars, ami ilw num ber of deatlw fnuu cancer and asIwsmms tluu find occurred anvmg tlic unfortunate wHkvi^ at tlw Paterson fac{*<fv, I fiHHid imwJf H'uridering about tt again. Tin'll Dr. Juhnwm slumvil me a second memo, ft was dated c|embvr li, 1972, and k luul k en sem to the director id die diriwm. li was headed "jibiwt- and f^uig-Tcrm `HjA demiibigv,* *' and wa* also dgnetl Dr, KairchPd, who wa> once agawi acting under the direction of Dr. Kc). It started out: Pursuant to uar Jncummw earlirt wvfb Dr. Key, a> wcU ** f.dkwup dheuwuM you and I bare had. thb w'9l \efl> kr the record the rrsultuie dmtbuw. Short-term firid mihNc* wfiieh liarc been referred to a* `firefi^ifins acini* ties" fcfil he awc*ed print whligatits rctourec*. We arc mutaally aeretd that you MuDwr Dr. Johnuui will krrp Dr. laBNihart apprised of suh catr^tfical ' tnlties. Wlieu nee*wary 1 can be hrouuht h* die drwtiKsbin*. Dr. iaiiohart h aw ate <ri thU arrangement winch U ii*mraeiourate tcUb hi etprririwr and (lie rrspoo* | nlity of his position. Also, m cownmiMf; with uwr rarfirr ami m keeping with the in* [lieati'iw ghew by Dr. Key' to Mr. d* ib-rrlvo ItVlu-tne*. l*w. dw 3| ^ JveU*vd lor VM'Sl! Cr-CuDfe*:** ulirrehy n.lu.m-i^r studies are to W eooaitK-tnl. .^t^>rdin^, { ^ rrquotSng (list thw alo br Courdiiuted with Dr. f.aodmrt w Aar be * kefn informed throughout dir pr<*ra ,U regalatiwtH derlof*oewt. Wlkii I luni rintsln'd i vatlioo ^|v w-i%uul Huun'ramlum, I J)r. J1ut*tn H* give uk- an c\,>m)dv of a d<riHvrm Ik'bl sloth. *> `'Hftligbting akthirt." -UVH, hi vmK w*;us v**o ndglit vail ir wtrvet >f Phidnirgli Coming's Tsh-r pkint ;i slkct-nrm field study,** Dr. |.!tn-m r^dk'd, '`Ami wliat alkkit tlw rvfvrvm*c pi tbv *imlk*ateo* given by Dr. Key p* Kdmuml Wltvii.irf Kawvcki BvrvWo?" f inspriVed. M'l*liat diitply mvus that tlw N'ryl- Uom industn will lie cmisuited hy s'losn wwh regard t>* any pnquwed biduscrt'-wiik* studkw mculslrtg hcr^l- hum,** Dr. jolmami eki. **Thc fact *S our criteria document for hrr)1- bum was completed and forwarded to the Occujxitkwial Safcti* aftd llealdt Administration wvvral m*utdts ago, As of the date, however, rite AdmincBm- tHi has not seen fit to cunvciw as adiwon oumniitec on heryDwtn, much hwt aorvmtHV puWr Uarings. M*an- wIhU*. workers w N*r\Ilium plants are t(2l King mrresjkwcd to beryllium dtmt and i unntng tiw Kwdbv* cc&k s*f dvi.ltqiing KnOiom dvvasv, Inciden- t.'ilK. Mr. Veltvn must liavv comfdauwtl to Dr. Ki'i aU>ut the b ttvr Out Don- itiiKui sent t*< Ids comfvmy alumt kn- l<roiemvtits in Ok* Ha'letoi* plam. In am )'m\ Dr. Ky wr*te When a let- t-r viuitainmg an ap"kgy f**r tlu ton.' *d Don.tbUuA letter,'* M thk pwu, I ask.il Dr. John***) w lint a* King Aqie a1**uf tlu* pmhlnn <d twt^citb<n.d rs^mife t*>'KiaHtapb,A do l.otiNk' .ind Ivoridiiu', ? l'Heta-n.'i|diihvbmHfk', wlwl* k v*un- ut*mh known a* HSA. ami heo/idtm* are armtutk* amin.'s cKinwaU de rived frn v*al tar aol atv ww-d a* inu noedsit.'S in it* wntKwsd 4).%*' Dr. J4ihui Mkl. Mfhnharv highly )*- ( carvioogeirv kiutw n n* 4*3u*v hlid* At ratKvr, .and K^b are *m Ok* Iwt 4 tune sarriivgeK tl* bate Uew rated in the Cimferenve ol ir\gk'iuts ;i K1- ing ! dangifoo* M am known leul ..f , .;v,-nre. V idler *4 Ohw, Kmete*, Ua* Ise n tii*. t! lw the federal j->went- ount. Il: fi*r* I sotntoooriHioKv'Hk'Ht wiih 1J\A ^nd Un/hline. I tiuttk tou t:;k. a LaA at a stodt-of w.ifkei* v\;i*d to Okttt n a |djNt qua n*'d hi til* '^K'Vfcilti -k'Ktoi'iilC di* Aim of Ok* Allk-d Clnonvnl Cofj**l*. . .. fri.d jt iud m l%2. In Ur. (rri- Kbmlvbl, tlir. cior i the l)i- srtn nf Imiustrbl IKgieuc of the New rl: Slut** Department of Labor; by 1. foulard J. G'Jdwaicr, a consult- 'otria1-ht pi *w physician; sad In* .\\W:n J. an aweiafer in- n*tria1*hj gienr pk\>hian ui the Di tto. U ** puIdklK'd in the Arrhivet Emir+umf*/*! //*W//< w December, 965, Dr. KlumfcM, Dr. Gddw*f vd Dr. Row* studied throe hundred *d stcu-ix worker* at tlte plant tft -offalo, going hark to 1912. Half of jph DKn were between twenty anil venty-nmc years 4<l when tltcv were nt employed at the plant; about a carter were between thirty and diirty- me; and the remainder were between >rty and fifty. Some nf them were *- asrd to BNA akaw; none t BNA nS benzidine; siqm to BNA and Iphn-naphthyUndng, which k similar BNA; fnmr to knxifimr alno*; and tine to ear*mu cmnMftations of alt tree compounds." *Dr. Johnson handed me a copy of the Wr hy Dr. Klrnfehl and hh asmet- crs. From the entmduetitn I teamed tor cancer *f ri Madder resulting non expnsanr v anasatv ammt* wa seneertd m Germany in IK95; Mutt r* -*n 1905 ami 1932 bladder t- n dir wnrkm wero reported tn wtorriand, Great Britain, KosNa, and kHsma ; Mar chc finr ease* of M< cwt- irioa to tlic United States w-ere rv- rrtd m 1934; anil that the dkcav ad subsequently been rueugiHxed hi tab, Japan, and Franc*;, Toward tlw nd of the introduction, Dr. Kfcinfetd nd b* aweiates ikwcrfcied a Urge .rir of bladder rumors caused by am* iaeV amines which wefe reported In' )r. T. S. Scott in England in 1964. ir. Scott iooml Mist of fix hundred nd s\tv-wv*n person* deposed to the ItemicaK fir more than su months a umlred and twenty-three had detel- ^*d bladder and Uwt Madder inner* osxurnd hi folly seventy-one r Cent of those wlm were vxp->wd for him year* **f more. As for tile result* 4 tK> tmlv of three hundred and >*My- r\ tnvR exposed to afncoatk* amine* at he .\1fwd Chemkal plant to Buffalo, >r. KletoMd and b* a**iatc ivj*t- M hi the main body of thrir article that- un*c-**v *4 the nu n bad deveb^vd d- ' hr tumor*--an iifrr*#ll awhtenev ^Jnh (tfire than twvntv-a\ per .-ent--id of tluie had dietl n% \ r. ujlt, **bv any ti'so-uwhh' rfandard can tw 4ate<l that the incidente or at- tack rite h*r Madd*r tnittof* m wtaker* .`|k-s;d {hc*cd tar die interni`4Lt*S k frigb*nttgU b^*b," i1h-i curo'luiletl. i.-.,., i is< ,.......... me that the manufacture and utr *, BNA bad been banned ui Swiater* land in 193b. and lieu tlie prodiK tiui and bK <d liU' chemical Had rimwHv stof^ca in Pennsylvania after 1961, when th.' atc adopted strict regulatute {*f cafcinogrns, MThe Brw*h ahaRthifKil tiu* manufaciure and uk of BNA w:* Stuck in 1952," Dr. Johnrf*n *tiJ. *AVhr nor goevmmem has not tiikcn sioiiUr actiojt a beyond my r.im|'rvii4<n?i'*o, c^vcialh in tl*c liy(it .f coodicvui' we uncovered recently in Georgi't. and South Carolina. During the earlv littk-*, the Augusta Clwmic;d Gunp.nn, of Augusta, Georgia, wiikh had been rveeiving shymeMts nf BNA faun the du Pont pei^e, began manufacturing and wing the chemical at its Auguua plant. In 1967, the his> party was purchased bj' the Blackman UhScr Chemical Dieonn of the SynaC V*y Cnrpnrat*m, of Spartanburg, South Car*4ma, and thereafter BNA was manufactured at the Augusta plant and nhipfwd in drams by truck to Synalhiy** Spartanburg plant, where tt was used as an intermediate in 'dye synthesis. Our regional director in Atlanta Warned nf ihs activity last (all, and got in touch whit *dfieiak ui the Georgia State De partment of Health, wlui t<dd him they knew .f n problem aancuted with tile manufacture of BNA in Georgia- In January of thi> year, however, w sent ibfew ti <<ur pmipte tu the DWs^on of Field Studies and Clinical Investigathm* t*. rake a hk at the Angrnta plant. Thct hwnd men shovelling UNA from : luge slurn umk into drurus, and dooiered that n.>m< id them had eier Mvn given a unnahsu to determine IhrtWr ^h*d i*r arypical or malignant bbdder eelh were present in the urine. In April, I Mted Sparunburg and Augusta, and td*l the Synalhw people the medical fact* knplk'ating BNA as a juiteM bladder carcim^en. Tlwv elnimed tiuit heenuw the cfH*m*cal wa Iwndled in wet durry form U was n**t lotMrdoti-, whereupon I informed tln*tn lh;it the primary route of entry *d BNA int' tin* b*l\ under tlwsc tircum-tances wa> n*t hi* mhaUtion but b\' ^bnuyniiui tliMu^lt muct or unabradd skin. A a mult, ilw pnuluctiou and uw of BNA luite been d&Cimthiik.d at cite Augusta acid Sparuuborg aiol Tdiho> at"id--a reUlivc^'1 mft* sub-mute for BNA, which ha*' fv.,'tv avalUNe for tears, and wbWi -H> **nU a few vents more a pound --- o<w Ksng um.i1 av an intemh'ilwt*' ki die svmh-TO-. X5*e kve begun a Jin'wfyni *>f urine etiology on the worker* -mrreiwU vmpVwrd at tlw Augusta |4;tnt, lut since UNA W'aMt't used tfcTa' until ihe late nimie*`-f.rtk*s. nod dove ucetll jvri*} i"f I<h de\el.>j*m.fM a. ( hLohfei cutuvri. menu t,.irN wv iHidwbli kn*w tin-if tnu* Ikalth dtosraui f`*r *oim* time. One proldi-m wv'n k>e**l with i ilmt, K*. cause of n\mi Wmrnvvr tti ibe w*trk force, (erst employ *** e\(o.xl to BNA ar anatailahk* f*r tmilival hdWuj., we have only cIh* pr*wni workci> to evaluau*. IV thing to rvmembcf k tlwu uiitfl 1972 m* federal *avu|va**oal-l*6alrii agency Ind ever rmnl ritlwr of the (daniy^-aiul c!m< d.*^nu* ck (act that tile liarard of BNA was brought up hi congressional testinwmv in !9>t* a* |u*t^WatHi for pitting the ()evu|vliona! Sa(en* and Health Acc, and lud hern CRcM repeatedly w Iwkig one of the health hataeds tlw g*errawm was anxious to control. Moreover, nunc of the appropriate state occuparinnaMwairiv agencies had ever taken effective action to bring the hazard under control. We're cup trying to track down odwr ^ano where BNA may he tue, be cause we've heard That the cUemicaf i* bring smpnmd into thv Usuted States from South America.** Dr. Jnhftma went un e S me that the AUied Cbetnical plant in Buffalu bad maanfaccured BNA until the mid dle fifths and had received shipments of the chemical from a {dam in Penn sylvania from Mien until (961, when the Pennsylvania plant was htrved fay the state m Mint down. "Shortly vhcKafter, the Allied Chemical peojilc dasCuntHtoed the use of BNA tn their Buf' fabi plant," hi* Saul. "However, thev continued to harulU* benzbline, w idth chec not only manufactured and used there hut ab* slti{^s>d to tin* Tom* River Chi-mkal Corporation's pLim, in Totns Riirr, New jerwa, untd wuni*tim< m 1971. Now* I undcfsond duct dter a*v uspg dichhuoheozMine, which die)' claim is k* hazardous than Ivari- % I dine. However, wi afv ctmcernvd nbit dichhifobenridine because B k know'fl to caose cancer to tK animals and Iwan* k U also on the Met of car-, cinogen* rated by' riw Cunfertwcv of J HygietuM* a* being v> danger*** atj any brvA of exjawMrv. In fact, we'll l*v I Conducting a firid survey' nf tile Buffalo |dant next month." I asked Dr. jobitom what other ki- dustrial camtH^e tW Divkkm id FieMI IWudics and CMnical Imntga* t*i* was b*kkig Into. Hv n'jdkd that tlR-r*- were many, ami Mint new *us came to Wn attention alone* ilafiy. "Kvmidv. ue*vv Kvn w'orik d alnt a dieiorsd ealbil bh-cM<rmicihy1 etlwr," < W said, "ft b> fornit'd a* an tnt*r- tm iliatt' to the poelm'ttMti'd anv4M-\* change n*dn, wlikh an* manofa**tur'd i. .* .* M nrtieet fl***l C-ln* % Km.m n*i4 H.m- ,n.l D.*ie Cl* foie, Jii'*-<l*'*'Hi'.tJn I *1its r has ivkMi tU'HMKi- t< Is* a |vint too* wrvhw^-en n (' *< am.iol*, ,-mJ a, */, K tL* Iwt <( bnyi f>K ca*nvf-pnMincing agcm*. J-w .\U.h, at the requmi *f {ark I Wa-Jikuhn, sn iiul*tfcd byyirititt from the Sat* Mau>* 0<untv Hvafth IX*- paftflvitt. u* C*:iW"' net, { went m* *iU Ham likMi;UUd to thit the Dia mond Sluimr*<k C'orjioratamS plant m Kk'thw-nl Cm, uJr.fk- the chemical fa.i* Ken vn^nmirfoJ s> a hy-prndtK't since ?95T. 7V j&m einplow nh al*wc a hundred men, Init we reviewed the tu<*< of bw vmpb*\e* who, Wttihk<hn Ititl learned. had died d hut* esnw within via* jvm eight wars, and we UarjK'd tlui two former worker* at (far plant had drrcl'tprff Ring cancer lut wrc *31 alive. The first death ammtg ihc* men occurred in 1964, the Srroad in 1965, the third in 1967, ami the fourth in November of 1971. Something that cause* n great Concern te den the age at death <*f dies* f*uf mm ranged from thirty-two t ftm- eight--wJwcfe emsWefed to he mute/ the age at which nvt Uing cancer* de~ setup ta a**chiton with cigarette smok ing. Moreover, we are parrkwbrlr con cerned ahiHit the worker wlm died iie November of 1971, because he wai only tbtrtv-tw> vmr* *4*1, ami he had worked tn the pkrtt for rmW two years---a circumstance indicating that Wfr-chh*rwmethyl ether mav he a far m*re {vHviU vareioi^en tl lud pre- vauniy 2mvb suqvcted. .Xecordmglv, v rwunttnended t tlw enupam that chest X-fat* and sputum cyt4o$) k- conducted on <t< workers. A suhwquwi Niney l\\ aqkch! lk*Uf team from r Salt I-akv C> facility slwiwvil coi.ddixiide amount* **f nhtomtn1 cell* hi the ^nitun-*d wtt wlto had-hven 4uockwtg> ut the pfcim. .<\s a re**ih, the c*utt|iny ha* iuttwted u |elilh' ^uuim*<yt4*irv H'reentng jw'^rain <d it* current ami toiisU'f 4ii,*h t* king ear* vd H4t with tk1 ek-^urathni d Ur. CWm. Wad of the |tttkd- gy fUprtrm-nt at St. Man's fat Grand C*6ra*l*, wh i* well bma h*r Id* ^mmnn*<yt*d.** r(in1i< of tinmnn mii^r*,** Dr. ua calhnl away attetul u uniting. I dd him titat 1 1h<jv>1 to talk with bhu ajja *n<3iwi ;cha`ke4 2dm h*r id- thne ami k*4j*. **VmiVe emir dt k* ft*- ySekt, **|U tl* wat, ymi aftfcvd iw -^r^rUxT for an of *k- kud d 5<*|v*c*-;efi . **r fiio^ght- . B? :!**h*, w arv " required to %teur fimu^fh Iw'jfkr j*n}+tnty, II fl, it >* uiMntd o* tne tliat i*ur \tdt to (he i>stiDOAd Shamft<k |*bu in Ke wd City h i {v*rfect nae.*1 X inatvm- .^tJaiMgl* (k k -e ^ahk- at ih.- tiww. o ur ik* |.,st, Hamr ACK in New* York, I teWpkoin] |)r, MaMromancti in Tr*m, to dnd mit if k kid ken able to dkruref anvtlmig fnr nu ahnm IWtnn Inula* t*o, i^d., in Kiiut F.dwafd, Ontariu. Or. Mastroni.ttteo tdd mi char not only had he acqwred aumt inhirmatkn akwt tW company hut that an tnduv trial hygkuUt fruin die Onuriu Ma.&- I try of Health had >vtdtcd the ci>m|cm>' i plsni iet .dtrgurt to cate sffhumc dw vmi|i1ea ami to arrange for X-ray <s- amiuauons for ttje worsen there. **A few momfai ago, claimj for aihestuus ; put in by workers empWjed there he- , gan to appear before our Workmen's Compcnudoii Board," he sawl. MDur- tag our August inspecuoa of die pkast, we found generail)* speaking, as- heBM-dust fenk were well onr two fibre* per eidak centimetre, which h out unoficial setndard. Since we always uka aetkm jf dust IcreU exceed dw five-fibre level, we recommended that the company install better ventilating equipment in order to avoid the use of respirators.** "What dul your X-rays slw?" 1 asked. "Titty indicated,*' Dr. Mastromat- tm replied, "tlvat tua of a work force of hetwevQ fifty and Severny-five n>e*v six or seven had tign* comment wkh the development of asbestoses.** for tk arid *hih > u% * fa were a- nioed n Jwu. K\.<k increajsn^H evotevened w^J, (|H. ikuitv with winch it lw< h.,,.me ui- tvsft'd hi tk1 iuiernHiiotta) fiild." Dr, Hn1nie>i ruled hw jvija-r H\ nHtn^ dwt in cidkhifMim with Ur. !wmdm arrangvflient> were k inp made to have the information fr-n ilu> facom hroeght up to date. Kssentiallv, wltat l)r. H4ttw> ap- fvaftil to bn\t admut' d wru tleit tW Ltn he ami Dr. Knft U.nJ fumhhrd tlw **ewU' concerning the irwidence of ashrstoMStn tk Turmr BrocK'i* work ers were questionaMe. Tlw ramifio* tion* of this were, of curw, stagger ing, for if the data were inaccurate, the two-fibre standard fur ashram*-- which would not wen go into effect m the United States until 1976... would be without medical or scientific vaSdity. In the meantime, Atnokan ashrams wiwfeers had hern asu.rad by Scerrtary of Labor Hralpon tl- u U wa safe tu breathe ak containing five fihm percu- hk evnumetre, which was higher than the dust tiiwrwrtftau inhaled by a significant numfcr of die Turner Brother* ashran worker*, many of whose chest X-rays had hwn mteqwo-d by Dr. Lewfcuadm as sla*wing abnormal ftmg changes. All cho, of c**en*e, cmdd affeu the health F tens, Jf m hun dreds, nf tkwsandsof adK>tw workers, and it ha*I conic ahmt simplv hveausc URING the second week in Oc D tober, I ralWd on Dr. Seliknff at iwn men--a medical doctor ami an induril 1*>'gk-nw--tmpU*,-d by tlte Mount Sinai and asked him wherkr Brindi asbestos indiotn Ivnl, one way he had heard anything from b'x Brithh or another, furntjird queitsmable data, colleague* concerning (Ik marked dis winch ttuv low mtded ieiqatma1- crepancy brrweeti the findings of Dr. hi'afth agemks m huh sides of tiw At Knx and' Dr. Holmes and those ul lantic. One could only wonder eocth Df. Lewinsohn m regard to asfiestosu when Df. Hdm> Itad K.-Cie-*in- m the Turner Brothers worker*. Dr. creadngh coitcemnl*' ahmtt t!*c au- ScHk-.ff had ju returned from a tliorfay and validiry <d Dr. Ktms's in- World Health Organization JVnrKng tv'rpret.mvm of tin dtvrt X-rv <*f tL* Group tu Kcvk-tt- tl(c Bkdoginl K{Frets Turner Bivrtliers tvorivra. It can hard- f AfAratos, m l.yon, France, and he tv I'n'*' hvN<n jiir u* hi- apjienrance in way of rcjdy lie liaiuh-J me a coj'y ol a Ivhalf <d th*' asheuo* BuluMiy at the paper that Dr. Holme* lud delivered IX^virtmrnt *f Labor''* jmWie Innrings tlie confrrvnee. l`1c {tptr was eiwhled six irumih- earlier, when In1 declared "Crilrm for Knnnmmenul Data and tluta stxmbnl of Mu or fiw film'sper Bast-* M 'Vhrvakdd Liow Value*---Kn- vuha* evnrhnrtrv .nvodd pno arh* ade- virunmuual Data in Industry ,*' and qtmtv pniti'Ction fnin diseuw fr a*-( the first semrnev read, "'Hie need for hygiene standards for airiairnc adwstns dust ha**d ki witkr studies than were acwlthle t<> die Bmish Octupatkmal IlygkiK Society in 196K is emptashusl.** Of the sumIv that he and Dr. Knox had cnilucil of the workers at the I'urm'T iirtidwrs R*<b4alc plant, 1WM` utirL'f* in tlie Unttixl fitateSs, \Va B, .ml) aft.1? On* juildk'iititi >f Dr. fA'Wu^.dm*- firalings, whk'h^ iwijyv^ted tint Dr. and Dr. \ Ktv's omh! hat. uderutv*l W a] mrh a* t.**h4d the ni-ul d fldx'rf'w di-'a-v among Ok* Turior - I'aci. Bwnw.ra ! and the data iliey tad fu-iddotl die B*iety, Dr. suU, "Tlw iufor- (Tk n f**rrk k; Aa employer with * carefully planned rehabSitatiea program for injured wodnk-4ndading (be option to change or modify Jobs to *> commodate limitations doe disability--wlU uatiU confidence and reassure the worker that there will be a place for him after recovery. Detrimental results of the employer's failing to handle compensation and rehiretnent compassionMriy may include: Revengeful lawsuits; the need to recruit and train a new worker. lowered morale and suspicion from other worton; lowered performance from workers who eaay come to feel that the company doesn't care about their welfare. The company also may earn a bad reputation m the community. The best of It . handicapped persoa most often pvt ap strtvteg for eonzuticy in certain tree and accept a par soot) limitation, says Wright, The disabled person may encounter soda! prejudice in the process, but wffl also have to deal with his own prejudices against the disible<L Attitudes a person bolds toward others with handicaps determine hew he will view htm^ should he become disabled, Rcsearch * wmatopsyehology, the study of ^ aspects of physical illness and a^iity, debunks the notion that persons th tfl tep4ired physique are as a group less well adjusted psychologically than physically normal pmxa. There ts also no clear evidence that certain personality traits art connected with partieular type* of physical disability, according to Even if serious psychiatric difficulties ire averted, wort accident victims, especially those who must adjust to physical disabilities, face <tifflcult emotional trials along the path to teb*b& tariem and recovery. Wright Social attitudes also play a major role m determining bow job accident victim* will view ti* P*in attendant to their injuries. *TTo a large extent, people know when they are suffering be- Tbe psvdtetegtGM shock of hast bodily teaetics h usually followed by a period of mourniag comparable to that of bereavement, says Dr. Beatrice Wright, a University of Kansas j*y~ choicest This can be a "heating period during cause society'defines the condition* under which t* will regard them as ill and grants them ficeme to experience pain and distress,** observes Dr. Frtaklin Shoo*, a psychologist colleague of Wright ti the UfiWerrftyoMConsas, who has aho wfckfc the wound is first anesthetized and then J*obcd into the psychological effects of dUabtl- gradually dosed, leaving the least scarring," she "Social norms may diminish pain by raoh- writea. mg a person's conflict over wbethex he has a It is characterized by despair, depression and right to experience it... Pain without anxiety emotional withdrawal. Preoccupation with the may produce minima! suffering, whereas anxiety loss is primary. Unimpaired capabilities ire ig- alow s sometimes suffitiem to produce bach cored. This narrowing of focus is accentuated suffering and paw.** ' by a natural desire to preserve the individual's In short, the researchers have found few tti- old self-concept and body image intact at ail reet and consistent psychological effects of n easts. Overcoming this painful but necessary re- jury. Each individual make* his own unique tteDchmem requite* the tadrvkttfad to shift his -adjustment baaed on the particular blend of concern away from new deficits and back to tes physiological, subjective, and environmental to- remaioing assets and correspond^ satisfactions, fluences that eomc to bear. Despite the compti- Coming to accept a disability and containing cations discussed earlier, observers Hie Wright its effects often entails a change in values. Psyehobgbt Tamara Dembo ctpena this process as a change In attitude from: *T am nothing but an incomplete, injured person who has always point to the tremendous human capacity for rtevaluating, altering aspirations,and changing the circumstances of their lives to cope with the sometimes severe psychological and soda! db- to moms bis loss," to: *T am as 1 am, and locations triggered by job accidents. though 1 don't have all the pws&le assets which ................... ................ can be imagined, my life h full.** For mental health help, contact your local men- To be successfully rehabilitated, a person may tal health association or write: The National have to reject for himself society's adulation of Institute for Mental Health Clearinghouse, the perfect body. So long ss standards for be- U400 Rockville Pike, Rockwell Building, Room faavior relevant to the nondiaabled are main- 503, Rockville, Maryland 20350 tained as their idea!, permanently injured work- Mn Ath,, u Maot^ * apa Maxtor, cn risk feeling failure, inferiority, and guilt. A /enn Asher is a tenlfin rehtWiftioa teawit*. 11 ASB 0010734 he* (/$* u\i> *v c;i*t ts Vegas, September 2975--A paper on (be The current osha standard oo asbestos I discovery of asbestos ia dangerous amounts in the air of certain multistory (291CUOOt), issued fet June 1972, limits worker exposure to an eight-boor time-weighted aver buHding*was presented before an Environmentalage (twa) of five asbestos fibers per cubic Protection Ageacy/Wortd Health Organization centimeter of air (five million fibers per cube symposium, The study report, "Asbestos Con- meter of air); the ceiling limit is 20 fibers. Effec ttnrioa&ft o( BuBdiag Air Supply Systems," war tive July 2, 197$, the 1972 rule would reduce prepared by William Nicholson. Arthur Rohl, the exposure Hmit to an right-hour twa of two and Irving Weitmas of the Environmental Sci fibers. ences Laboratory, Department of Community Following recent development of clinical data Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medieiae of on the carcinogenicity of asbestos, a proposed the Oty University of New York. The study rev&on of the oska standard was published in wu supported by funds from the Environmental the Federal Register m October 2975. It would Protection Agency and the National Institute of reduce permissible exposures (except for con Environmental Health Sciences. struction activities) to an eight-hour twa of 0.5 The researchers found that where a dry-spray method Had been used m these buildings to ap ply fibrous asbestos-containing materials (before the health hazard of such applications was well known), end particularly where oo sealam was applied over the sprayed materials, erosion over the years has caused a quantity of fibers to float loose. The presence of asbestos in air supply teen per cubic centimeter (500,000 fibers per cubic meter of air) and reduce the ceiling limit (to be determined during any 25-mieute sam pling period) to five fibers per cubic centimeter. The deadline set for filing public comments was December 8, 1975; in response to requests from a number of firms, the dosing date was to February 9,1976. systems may be creating a serious health hazard Asbestos in its various forms is a significant for building occupants --- perhaps especially component is about 3,000 U.S. products--{ram severe for maintenance crews who must work in asbestos cement pipe sod brake iimngs to sheet spaces where asbestos in. various mixtures was thickly applied in the past. The study found that air contamination may vinyl flooring and siding for home eoostructieu. The more rigorous proposed standard, 3 ef fected. is likely to have an impact of some con exist in public buildings where asbestos mate sequence on the operations and expenses of the rials were used for fireproofing, decorative, or companies involved. acoustic spray applications. "Noteworthy," states the repen, "are a school Wyoming, a Yale A need to change tfeo standard? library, the Long Beach courthouse, and a U.C.LA. dormitory. In all circumstances where significant ah contamination has arisen, how ever, directly visible damage to the sprayed materials was evident** Nicholson, who ran the study, estimated that half the new (circa 1958-2970) office buildings in the United States were fireproofed with as bestos materials. Millions of people, as a con sequence, today could be endangered by the air they breathe while at traditionally nonhazardous jobs. (Because of better knowledge of the health hazard, spray application was largely prohibited by the early 2970*s.) Health hazards from asbestos exposure in clude: asbestoris, a nonmalignant scarring of the lungs, fata! in its severe forms; cancer of the lungs (particularly threatening to cigarette smok ers), of the stomach, colon, and rectum; and There is disagreement! is the setentifc com munity as to the acceptable keel of exposure to asbesos fibers as a possible risk to beatth,* says Robert Mereness, executive director of the As bestos taforaation Assoriation/North America (am). There is no question ia the asbestos in dustry, he says, that excessive tnhaiatioo of as bestos dust Is a health hazard, known tor years. However, "the present standard seems to be ac ceptable among many medical scientists through out the world,** according to Mereness. Representing member companies, the au has mounted an extensive education effort for man agement and employees in plants where asbestos is handled. The association has worked whh osha key people to develop and share informa-' lion that may prove helpful in creating standards for the safeguarded, continued use of asbestos. mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining of the chest Data presented today on diseases caused by and abdomen. excessive exposure to asbestos, says Mereness, AS8 001073S j from USX Medical Dept files *v . .fibers represented'* threat haws aroused public . isterest and, tnaome cases, consentatkua. One Virginia institution, given a dean bill of health on the asbestos question from the state Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, pursued the matter fur ther and asked osha to come doublecheek. * W^iai did the *tudy report say to stimulate so * much concern? . It begins , with a discussion of the use of sprayed, asbestos-containing, inorganic fiber i&~ . sulation for decorative finishes and acoustical treatments in nightclubs, restaurants, hotels, and other buildings in the U.S. during the late 1930's and 1940's. The material later was found to be effective as a fireproofing agent, and by the late 1950's became popular in construction of large, multistory buildings. "This use expanded rapidly,'' states the report, "until, in 1970, well over half of ail Urge multistory office buildings constructed is this country made use of suds sprayed material as & fireproofing agent* As bestos also was sprayed for thermal insulation aad coodefisatkm control. - With the passing of years, however, some of the disease-producing fibers are falling loose from damaged or eroded areas in these build ings. Where asbestos was mixed with water, * fibers are falling free In greater numbers. Mam- tenants activities within buildings may have damaged asbestos-containing installations, lo' creasing the potential of freeing the fibers. The report suggest* that the air supply system to a number of buildings, therefore, could be con taminated with hazardous amounts of asbestos. cf'RRcss(y based con* dtttons dating from 20 or more years tgowfeich q the approxiraaa teencj period for the development of such *>"--* As more has be come known over the years ataet the health hazards, industry has woatxd to control asbestos exposure and "has dot* a preny good job of U," iaji Mereness. Coodrioot is the handling and use of asbestos today are mm the same as when the hazard was less known; or was thought to be Ins serious. Therefore; oc element of panic should appear is Ac approach to new rulemaking, he says. Newspaper reports of the Mount Sinai re search aad of the tearug doww attens of ceil ings in several schools where falling asbestos To test this possibility. 19 buildings m five U-S. cities were chosen to represent the various construction uses of asbestos-containing spray materials, and 146 samples of 4b*ir indoor and surrounding air were analyzed by Mount Scat researchers. Higher concentrations were found where the dry-spray method had been used. (In terest in sampling outdoor air is heightened by accumulating data showing that a number of persons who never worked whh asbestos but only lived near mines, mills, or roadways where asbestos was handled or transported have de veloped mesothelioma.} Because only a limited sampling program is refected in the Mourn Sinai study, certain con clusions of the research are tentative. Examina tion, monitoring, aad corrective procedures-- such as resealing the material--are suggested by the authors of the report U ASB 0010736 M*MW ANNA-LS OS' INDUSTRY Casualties Of The Workplace By Paul Brodeur Part V "The New Yorker" - November 26, 1973 Reprinted by permission; 1973 The New Yorker Magazine, lac. 4 ASB 00X0672 o*v<d jo* .o. ajuis*amt uac(. otfttcroft LiNItie ** *>*. COWOHAtK e*>eiUN? stkcct toTTAJKtfteH. pa.u%* Ah ALS OF -INDUi'-T Y CA5UALTIEJ OF THE WORKPLACE PrDFn USX v--a ovtsuoH or the fAtiEKTpucht/ ' Medici Dept Files CKXISJIKP with ineontRn'm* Wc evidence dot induxral i]mk mmpanr m tk United State*, Gtnjr*!* pntj tk OcrufBUXtaf Safe ty and SIvalrH Act of 19 authorising tk Secretary f Lakf to promulgate maiutn.ry M,imUrd* f.*r cxpnMtre to toxte material* y> tlfcit ft vinphuer *M yitfrr (liimnuk'ti health or life v\jvs'Uncy a> a result f Iti* wori* ex perience. This was a <**sdcf*Mr umlcrtaking, yiove American workvf were king vapored to thousand* of toxic substances, anri rinee federal Wamkfds, often inadequate, execed for fewer than four hundred ami fifty of ihem. Of all the MxiuKrial hazards, n*mc jiad ken studied more thomugldy nr had been proved to he mare critical than occupational exposure to asksios. Mortality studies conducted In' Dr. Irring J. Selikofi, cite director nf cite Mount Sinai Sd*d of Medicine's EnvH*tmental Science* Labttratflry, and In* Dr. E. Cuvier Hammond, vi,*eprrsilent for cpHlcmadogy and $CHte* of the American Cancer Society, in dicated that t*nc out of every five death* among ad*si<dnwlati wnrim in the United States was caused hy lung cancer; that alnw one nut of ten dcallu among these men was catavd hy rar*utkl*>ma a rare cancer of the tinmgs of the chest or ahdomrn, which usually occurs many years after some, even if slight, exposure (oaskstm; that another one unt of tot deaths among them was Canted by ask*tn*k, which t* warring-f the hoigs resulting Crura in halation of ashe*u fibres; and that nearly half of these men were dying t>f some form uf asbestos disease. Yet m spirt of the fact that the insulation worker* constituted only a fraction of the total work force exposed to asbestos, a permanent standard for the mineral was not declared until June 6, 1972. At tliat time, Secretary of Labor James D. Hotlgfea and Asixant Secretary of Labor George C, Guenther, who was the direct** of cite Deportment of La bor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration, derided that until July ), 1976, worker* could safely whale air containing five ashrstn* fibre* greater than five microns m length per cubic rentsnetre nf air, and that after that ilatr the ouhbnl vnwld k* Vmvrvd to two fihw greater than five mvrm* in length per cubic wwimrtiv. (A firemicron fibre can k amt only with a MCftiWfr; a tttk Centimetre of air ahmit a thimbleful; ami m a normal right-hour working dav a worker will bfwttk in am! out ahmu eight milkn cubic cemknettv* *4 air.) Since the hew ruling would |wrmh worker* exposed to askst** to inhale and retain in tbcV Ujnga a* many as thirty miJI**u asksto* fibre* of aH rin w a wofcing day, it was considered gnash' tnadetpmtc k almost everyone who letd k*en studying the effect* of expire to the rmtiml. Indeed, daring ik previous sis mnntk, a (Wo-fihru standard had hern urged upon Secretary* fhalgwm as a minimum retirement by |>r. Svlikoff and other mvmkr* of the inuepchtkmt mrdval and Kvnrific community, and by tk A.F.L.-C.LO.** Industrial Union De partment--an organnation represent ing tak union* wkb several raiHaw cnemkra who had cither direct or iodtrect exposure t* aak*ta. (Dr. ScUknff and tk onvm pt^^de hod also urged tk Secrvory t* rvtpiire w.trk practice* that would ultitnately reduce asketo* c^vwurv n ahnost aero.) In addieiim, tk Department of Health, Education, and Wvlfare's N'atimal In- sauite for Occupational Safety and Health, or XIOSH--an **rganiam wt up under the !9`l> Art t cimtWt medical research on industrial harardt and o pnwide tk Secretary >f C^ikrf wkh criteria for setting new stambrds for toxic materia!*--had fwrmdtcd &- rvtar)* Hodgson with a carefully re- scarckdaskstiM-crkeria document rcc- , mnmending tkt a two-fike standard go into efivr wkhin tw* year*, and *- fomuttg Him that such a stamUrd ^t* MCkHiahte with vabtmg techn*4*j'y. *l'k N10*11 document Kfe^*d tk fact liut a tw'o-fihre standard find Ivvn fo- oimjH*nA*d by* tk Urni>lt Ovvopuion^l 11ygk*ne Society, and set k the Hi iti*h lrupeetunic of Facuuki--tk- |X^cut> meat of Color's KitgkJ* vtmntvfpart--- in 196S. Subsequently, XiriciiV ricoi;)- mvndati**n fora tw.*-fihre jj^mk.rd uj> trpktd by a five-man adiH**rt votuoattvv d Ssa*retry ll-lg`u,> own claawing. It k not Uwn whit a 3 |M**m|K**d Secretary t> rehvt tk fiu>-filre ttandard, **r win 2h> !. cak'd to dkrrgard data fi.inuiud Dr. k1ib<<tf rmd 001067a " * , * ^ *ccr uhe five-fibr* level <f expAurv, | and than *<* * |w-fibre standard | vuuU be expected to* prevent only the * currw*ce*fasbrBand *thrde- | vrlnpmcat M ashc*MMaJuced cancer. \ ft k hr&ni knrrrrr, that he' w ! tfc$ a mi&e gnmml that be hapci! ,mM he xnfBhb to* the ^ww in> dusrrr, wlach--fensog Ju claims on hv- fiirmidm mfpLd hy a mrdkal*ftAttiral tiw^fei owMsitg in pert ef enmuhaos and researehers whose mrfc wa supported financially by various segments i? the iiwhuttf) --hail fought against the tw*fibr* standard on tlte grvund that the cet of meeting it would drive many asbestos companies out of business and that the five-fihre standard was sufficient to protect the health of wmfers. Jn any case, the permanent sanibrd for asbestos was the first ruling that she Secrets'}' had made under M* mandate to redefine oceufttooAal*aftfn>-and>he^tU regula- cams, w* industry, fcrimr, and the tmlrpendem medical and scientific community viewed the ruling as an in dication of how diKgm the federal goemment would he in setting new stand- ard* for other boardmn substances. The reaction a* Hodgsm's ruling was strong. Sheldon \Y. Samuels, the dt> rector of Health, Safety, and Enrinn* encal Affaus for the Imliistrsl Union epnrcmeflt, declared tlutt since the |Secretary* Had tailed set a standard | chat wuU adrepurely protect wort> `ers, the Indusrid Un** Department j would challenge b ruling in tlte t coons, Dr. Selikot? wsi* quoted in tl*e j Tima as predirtmg that tens nf tl*u| sands of worker* exposed to asheson ; would dtc uneecessariiy early deaths < because of the inadequate regulations, (and that if the Occepatamal Safety jand Health Adrotcttsiration siuiwed the i$aroe disrepid for cscntul precautions in setting standards f**r other toxic [substances the working population of (the nation w*uU face an unparalleled disaster. As k happened, j^iu chat the disaster predicted by, f)r. Seldujff was already at ham! had a|q*&rvd only a few weeks before, wiirn Str While House ewued "The I'resident'* Report *n Occupational Safety and Health,M j describing what had been done to exrev I nut the pv*i* f the 1970 Art in | the year After k kn! been pawd. Tivsr- | |dcm NlvuTs rep.*re wa*. addressed to `ngfeto, and tt contained a rqvrt m the Seve*tar\ of Health, Kducs- ti, jnd Welfare, Kll*>t I.. Richard- son, who todd ilw Trewdcot Out recent estimate* mdkared there were at least three hundred-d uinetc thmuand m*w Vow* d imhotml iltwaw *n U*e uuhcu iutes eaeft year, an4 that there aught he as many as a hundred thousand deaths a year from ucopaek*ially caused disraaes. ta tfks of these ^ifalhng figures, mdicatkutt that the federal government was less cimcemed ahmc the physical health of wwkere rlum about die eew* munic health of imlostrr appeared at afinmd the amc time, when wnnl got out that the Occopatsmsl Safety ami Heahh Admirmtratsxi had hired Arthur 1). Little, Inc., a mearch-andennsidting firm based in Cambridge, Maaadiusetts, in perform an ecofttnn* ic-unjiact Ktudy .if the proposed twofibre standard fr asbestos. Tlwre were a mnnber nf disturbing factors akuit Arthur 0. Little's iimdecmint. Not only was there no pruvifiun in the Oc cupational Safety and Health An re quiring die Department nf Labor to undertake a cost-benefit analysis before promulgating a health regulation but the study wasai^arenily iniaated in respimsc to an exeemive p>Bcy handed down hy PreM*lem Nixon's Office of Management and Budget--an urgam- mitabl)' well lU^suscd toward big busmen In addition, n toam developed that even as Arthur D. little was ne gotiating a contract with the federal govcminrttt tv ouuluet a cost-benefit anatytas of the proposed two-fibre standanl, it had urged Raybcsuw-Manhattan, Inc., a major pnJucer of asSesiiw prebliim, to mftte a plant from Stratford, Cunnectieut, to Mexico, where asbestos operations would be un hindered by any regulation* that might hv rMnbfahcd in the United States. M*rcvtfr, when tlw report of the Ar thur 1). Little study, which had been directed by Dr. Donald \V. Meah, wu rekaacd, shortly after Svcretaty Hodgftoi ikrbrcd bk omtrmersBl nandard, h turned tun ihut the firm bad todschrd "gwwt-^tjmaies'' on the biological rffret* of a fire-fibre wandard, as com-1 pired with a two-fibre standard, from I an eleven-man "expert Iwalth panel" tkii incholvd only me medical doctor who had not fwen a |UI consultant of, or whow investigations into asfxrstu^ related l*-eaw lutd not Iwft >itpp*rted hy, unne segms'Ot of the aslv-fos mdiistr> , and that k Lid Mdkiud "gne^fr.'xtiiisaics'* on ihe vc>n*mic impact of ihc foqX'ctsee staulard> from a pine) of twAv.> men rrjv.'M'ntiog various aslw>s-jtf<Mlucag v<ufwnH*s and frra a fmrntt* v of ihirtven men rvpre-srnt- mg private >hqh*Bhling companies. Small umuler, then, tiwt the A. I). Little report avored Svcreiarv -*n fbai a fivv-ftluc aandard us.uld ^dcipulvh pnu.-vt llu> inallh <{ t* wtdvi`( and iJi.,i ,( fibre imUrd wiiW npm' undue Ju'd^up a dir aahr<to industry af*l <*o dp- | buikEng companies. AH this simpb I another mdicattm of hn>' much indu- ence the imtlicaLtmUwred complex had aetpurvd, and bow* hv|dy k had pneuatni the workings **f the pwern- meat. During the summer amt early au tumn nf 1972, imuvoeer, k became known in medical circles Out tlw BritUi Oerupatamal IlygL'iw Smvty'* tw'n-fibre sandanL which had been based *o infonnation sojqiHed to die wieiy by Dr. Jidut K. Knox an*l 0r. Stcplkit Holmvi, of the Turner Broth ers Aiivtun Company, Ltd., of R.vh- dak, England, might he tqvn to ques- rivn. New data pohhdicd by Dr. Hilton j C. Lewinsnhn, wfv% had succerded Dr.. Kntvt as chief medical officer nf Tsr-. ner Brothers, suggested tlwtDf. Knox and Dr. Holmes had fumtslied the an-: rirty wkb mfornuoun that appeared ta l understare by as mud* as tenfold the! incidence vf asbesfawk among the | Turner Brothers workers they had. studied. The ramifications of dm d&- ck*lurer were Staggering, fur, if the British twu-fihre standard was medical ly and acwftrificaUy ihvalkl, s*, by ex- tenaxi, was the propusrd two-fihre Bandard in the United Sum, which was not even m gu huo rffeet un<9 1976. In addition tv making an obvi ous mockery of Secretary Hndgwm's five-fibre standard, dm ifccelupiBcm presented the (wnaibility tiut imliutr) in- fiuence might have hail an elfvct on of ficial medical cunstderations concerning the problem of occuptkmal v.^onure .ui asbewo tn England. By tbk time, : there c*Mild hardly be any dmd*t tlut such influence was at work in the United States. Indeed, the medical' industrial Ciwnplex in dus countr)' aj*- pearaat to be kwuL'ed in juaWg 1 than a MaoAt and {lervarive effort t. suppress and %nore mrd*ca! infitrma-. turn concurring a^wsue ami otlicr ha/-' ardous substances tlwl were ewimated to fw lulling a burulred thousand work-] ers a tear, and to* prevent any effecd'v 11 enforcement >f tlw (X*cupu>uial Safe- . tv and Health Act tlui might ;m>( an ! eml pt die skmghrer. N the middle of October id 19/2,1 I went to Wadiington i talk unit Ambotiv Manvm'cM, the director of the iM'gidanVe IV|wrrmc of the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers Intel-1 natimMl Unii*n, uLnii wmiv of the <*d>*1 nf bvalll* problem^* tLi( wen* idngttmg} Anu.*ito>au worker*. Ma/./^x ehi'. imin I : Lul represented at tb< |`m-- l * foirgh Owning C`*rj-w:i,./> ad* ,|,H. j from USX wj.brin jAm: b IVkr, l vxa*, where yr.AVTBbirf M. uhn*m and Dr. ,-di.K. W'ajpuwr, <4 Stilt's Die*e**n i f*iU Smdi* and Ctimcal fnrnriatie*S had found atmd>9 working MA^nwu and a moral l*afeh pru*>- fiauMiTiit die Tyler im a prime example <4 bow the atdrMtmmi oonjikx had bf vaf* ignored ecupariami-health dm nth Interference /mm key mdusrfetdwslih *d5riah at rariuu* Sends ut (aic r Wml pirrfmMM. At a pm (knfetctiCv held in Washington m Kdvmiy of 19/2, 1m? ha*S hardily criu* ix*d Pittsburgh Corning and its nwriraj rumuJtartr, Dr. t*c B. Cram, h*r -rt.mn| the peril of workers at ihe fxei ry, and had hern equally hitter kt endcARing the Dcjktrtnynt *>f Laeir*s Occupational Safety and Health Wmswsttatitm for fading t enforce t the Tyler plane ere* the gntly mdequate standard of iwclrc fibres per uhie centimetre which was in effect vJwR the Adminkmtam had omucted an inspection of the honey in ate November of 19/1- Over the pa rwVen, Airing which .Wxzzorchi and wncciti in (he l^gt&aiire Departact* had hern holding conferences for aeiorv wwbm around -the country, hef had sma*#rd and published, in a cv* rf pamphlet* entitled "Hazards - jAdwuml SBrinfflmrm," a gnat _./Htni *4 mformatitf on the effects 4 chemiraU and physical agents *m the lealth of working men amt women. In filtering thk Htforroawun, they had nnp"W a large dossier of the names, ffilarinm, and activities of people who veCe iimdved sn ocCuparional-lwaltH oatters, and sn were known to have 'ibe baik** on tl* medieal-mduKrial wmplvx. I had wen MarvoCtHi at hs press *mf?rvocv ahowr (hr Tyler plenty s noaril bier I had encountered him fgsm ta Wadwngwu at the public waring* <m ilw pnyacd twn-ffltre esndard, which wor laid by the De inrtrorm of bhe; am! in October, aopmg jo Warn more about the workng* of (he nieriiciMiuhisfri.il complex n area* otWr than sdvsios, I catted tins and ha a^kinm, Suirn Wxlka, tt the ttiiaui office* there. Ma/.xiicclu, fehmt-if'dun nun m bh middle* Wtws otih onruh* btwk hair, h;id inn niA'a **n tlu* go m jlw BMerva)--dying tr/e and tlwre around thr e*miry-- Sc b-*ked tired. \*vc hvn sttolving tlic TyWr which tit manr way* t a perfect *f !h- kiitdv *d pr.JA'OH we fcttr,'* hr tM a*. **Tthr lud ;dl Ik* .*V*na>BtS %n;ipr<*v*Mt d *Yop;ilMial> *vahh ibea, eaflobwwM ut tlv pan >*f ,Srwr m pmrinns f ^inriharty m m- <U**fV and p'vtfnmmt, and danger nr* wrdy for w^vrUt* Wi abn f-u their brndirs and tlw cttmmunkt* at brge--and f y,,u could h hearing much' (be same sa*v about any nuoihrr of hnurin thh counter. Y*m could he atudpng the Mr*d Chi Ovpon- tiiin's ivfincri* u Paubh.*ru, Kew jer sey, or the haweeti HvryWo indiainn factory m !fa*Wtit, ?enns>irarua, nr any otw of hundreds of other pbceS where (he health of w<ri*rs cither hat hetn or is being needle$.ly endangered. 1 hardly know* where to hegm. In fart, I don't know where to begin. Swve, here, (cv tinted the nxdtijdicrty ol uur problems h)' saying that members of our union dwi't get Mack lung, Kke coal mmers, or brown lung, like cc*tn-tex- tiW workers, hstt minK>sv lung, because they're exposed to sn many toxic sub- stances." 4Twt*s start with tK* Kawvcht Bcrj'hm pbm in Hazleton," 2 said. "C've alrvady heard snmethmg abwot tlw situation Uiete," MazKch> asked W.dka t* pull out a file <*t KBf, as thr ttnnpany rs known, and udd me that the un**n hati ivprrscnted workersar the tuctney smee the summer nf 1969. "By August of 1970, k was apiarcnt that much more information was needed concerning the hazards of beryllium, the local union representative* emtiated fdnns to hold a <*oftfr/rCe <*n the problem in flrid-Oc- (her," h sail. "At thaj conference, the KB! workers odd us Out beryllium dust was ctnummating the HaiWv*n plant, and that several deaths and cur rent cases n( lung daeate among them were thouglir t>* hr related (u her)/bum eapeoure." Mazclri w*m on to uy that, armed with tape* <d the confer ence, he travelled u* Cambridge a few* days Uter and met with Dr. Harriet D. Hardy, who was asriKam medical di- rwik iti charge d riw etteironmentaf medical service at tire .MassstchoseKV Institute uf 'IVbtmh^y, art asioetate phj-skian at Massnehtoetu General Hmfa1, and a rvnownvd expert mi benibom pointing. U|mi hearing the l tapes, Dr. Hard* expressed concern ahiHit (lie repnrtu .if o-mlkews io*ile the Hnalrtoii |dam ami philped her a*- wsumcv in wW sampW* .d the w.M'kcrs there. "Shofth' thereafter, an infx*c!iH' fnun the Ihpnnmem id (wdior c<>n<lnCted n xirv.y <>f dw plant,'' MaZAHvhi j-'.M. "Tin wkieb (lie hicnl had ivqw*.(vd wxiic hV tveu i^onth* earlier, wu So^wriWiil, {> pot it mMW. V.c e\amj*W, no samples were t.iken t** .leivrmin, the uniount of Kf> ilium duM io ife'SiV. The in^>-> 3. 4id Mk99%\ KTv-sf, that ktwr Vs- 2miw< vvnt2ari*n was retpdr.d, m thst wouU me have u wear tv*p%m,,r* lMt T4**m pn!uet*on y4w. Hv 3i*. cmkfatvd the plant W ja%f iag pnx*vdurc ami fiw uring 3it ^>n dump ftv drawing *f nfiw owume ivuni with K*nIlium. The eam^unt was given until February I, 1971, , corveev these enwdhum*. hut a AA with the IKyiantmmt of LaAktr to Alarch rvrealed (fe*t no f>Bowi^> SpeClkUt had he.*n {V/fiifmed. u% ,k - itmihte wither the comjtmv lv<d c.ni^dted," Mazz*<ehi ashed W.Ha m cottrio' we tlw sort d ihv Havleton phml. siitce he had Sftrm onrideruMe tti* there in die fall { 1970 and the winter *f 1971J \V*dka---a man in bit middle twenties, with brown eyes, curly hair, and a tacmk nwmier--told m< that hr went to fia/Jei.m in bte K.wrmWr f 2970 to gather informatiKi on con- dsa*os w (he KBI plant, ami rvmmvd m Dsvemher Hih io aitmd a unam- maangement health-ami-safett* meetmg. * When I pw*tincd company d- ficinfs on the unwfs* procedures 2 had heard about, the)* offered to take me on a uwr of the pW>" Wndka mid. "It prtvd to he an mvaluahle experience in asar*ring unsafe condium*, for alm.t ifS'errthmg f pw confirmed what the workers had tidd me. Inadeqiuiv ceUtflaum repripmem had alliMevd dim t pile up around machmerv ami in hW thnwgJuwn the pbm. Another Sern pnddrm was the company's ex- coave rclisnce *m (he me *f rqura- t>f*. Instead *d mstalling proper ven- tdalim rc|oqnnrnt to reduce beryllium, dust levels, the company had simply dvS%nalcd Avne rd the dwrv rectauis of thejdant as respirator anal As a n> dt, many workers were fotred to wear respirators f.>r long perils--a pracii e that is extremely difficult, B not E 8 tlou'ftrighr Kt^xMdhle." A noqde *d ihiys later, Worita said, He went to Cnmhridgx to reprft whit Ik* h! learned to Dr. Harriv. "She ps : n tlw plunk* irmueilinivh ami roun.hd * op a ivam of Iwrv Ilium ^vcialMs to & lp * m k," Iw nmiinonl. "Ilivi lovlndcd Kirhard !. Chamfvriut, an BulHri|. hygwm* enpiovvr a* tin* MAxvhs**it* lorttWM< C TvvWAigv, NsU vrmU am)di* Hert lHuinoliM U*vrk in the phot i/ r* e * c c 5od Muly tlw wmihnum Dr. j.dm D. K(o*cklr, an cxjvrt in io* (Ho/rkf long li>c.w at Minwiclum-n- * 02 Vi < (J.Hiral IH-ph^l, h> y.ouhk't ; a Miopt.HU urv,T'of all wn*lu*rs; Dr. | U%owaywm Kawim, rt*e chWI of *V l piiloeuutri' ims at Mu^mIoi- iu (J.u* , cal. who ,i,, 5n<U>.'. Alfred U U'elwr, a rad.A^v r ll**k*m (dam. Later, we Warned from the tuepiul, who would Hfctnk .at in an annual screening program el a rrus X-ray program *<iri read and KB! worker* the Pcansyfranet prop!u interpret ik mulu. When 1 returned had Wtn usutg X-ray r^aem that. m WaJmstto, I dnv up i n d ccrwiUsg w Dr. Hardy, was made- proposals W die nrtf roeeting wt dtr putt W detecting facryffum dkair. wm>aa(tfsntfM hcritb-auW-afetc During hs telephone cnnrvmdn with rttRHBiurr, nrt January S, 19? I. The Bdrr, Steve learned that the suit had chief pnmanm w*r that beiyWuro* ufccn hefyKium-dux counts during hs dtest kvtfe tn the plant he kepc at w he- uvpe<;j>ro of the Harirtrot plant. hw the thrr*l*M Umk value *rf two Ifwever, Kaier odd Steve that he ctm- mkn*gm fwr cduc metre ni air; that adered tire data confidential, and felt the ana* have the right n observe the that their release tn the orinn Would Compaq's ditu-Aumuoring nperatinrH damage the relationship between the art4 hare access to Uie result*; and that srare and the company.*' tlte company finance s thorough Indus- MWkj said that he then went to inaMngkne survey *f the plant, v he Harrisburg to meet with Baler. '`Dur conducted by the team of ing the mvvttng, Brief and specu&a designated by l>r. ho staff admitted that they Hardy, which Chamberlin ha<L~csemat*d cmdd be ac had recently taken readings of beryllium-dust level* fa complished at a emt of about the HaalecoR plant, and in twenty-one hundred dol lar*." Matzucchi continued the story ly telling me that at the January 5ch meeting plant officials informed him that they were not prepared tn deal with such extensive proposals. "They said they would have to consult higher authority in KB!,** he said. "A* things turned out, we weren't ahk to arrange abocher meeting with cl* KBI peo ple tmtd March 1 (Mw In tin; meantime, some section* they were ten times the recommended standard,** Wudka said. "Brier assured me that each man fa these contaminated arras had been tdd tn wear a respirator, hut he also ack nowledged that such pmrrcrinn should he used only few interim control. I asked him why the state had not forced the company tn comply whh the recom mended beryllium standard, and lie tub! me that the KUi people were co- urine umpWs were collected from five workers and sent to J)r. Hardy, who had them analysed at M.I.T. by George \V. Buglea, Jr, an expen in mdustml-Kygiefte chemistry. H< found varying amounts of beryllium m all tire samples, and both he and Dr. Hardy said they believed that beryllium would not be present fa the urine of men wh*> were e*pt*cd at or bekw the level of two mierogroim per cubic metre of air--dw standard recommended by the American Conference irf Gnverrtmrw- opers&tg. When l again reused ac cess to the *mc*s mspretim repom, Baier pnantsed that a copy of die mosr recent survey, which had been con ducted m January, would be sent t rite company for transmittal u> the unhtfl." Manured* then *<W me that at the March IOth meeting of the unionmanagement health-and-safery com- mr*e, C. Dale Msgmrom, the mduacrat-reUteuift manager for Kill, rejected the wnimH proposal for a strr- tal Industrial HjgWniu*. As a result, vey of the plant fey the team of fa the union local voted unanimodsly that duunaf-hygiene expert* that I>r, Hardy each of the two hundred and sevemy- had aswm^ed, "According to Magnucight memhers working in the lUrit* *n, the ownpany already had a g<d ton plant support the cos of our health nduriald>Ttisw department, :smd proposals fey paymg a dollar a month surcharge on memheninp dues.** Martocrfci went on tn ull me (bat there wa< m need t bring in another gnMip,** Maz^Khi L "W.rika then abed the Kill if the State of, IVwlka conducted an inrcsttgatiuA of Bennsylvunu had forwarded tliem a dx State of PmnkflrsBta't redo in en cop)' of its January tnsfwctvm fr trjnv forcing health regulating at the Haadr- mtttal ti the union. 'I'lwy rrpli'd chat ton plant. Hlt turned nut rim tire State rite report had mu once in. When pi<pU lod metre tbta <m the plant than Steve preriucnl a leurr fn.iu Baief - arevmw ohe,M MawuvcW arid. ***riir Nig that the tepr? Irail Ka'O srnt ! jptahiy of the daw, !wewr, was an- tln'm o .March Stlt, the KBI matter. WIh-?i Su c tehydaun^l admitted after all that they had re Kilwanl Baier, wlu. was dreet*r ceived the copy marked for transmittal f Ut< state** Diri^ixn of Oceopati"flal in tha^niott, Imt said (hat they h it iWi Health and b ru>w the deputy director der n 4digatin u torn it over.** ( N*IOSt<, he *'xf- t4d that tlwrrv had J1*c tly c<niote^*ro|o*.il made he k--n w. . K'.iHm-i iIUcm. **<" It,. V lt( ton. vring. Masre^wviu cl, a5 ifut .mid give th- univt a tpufterly fkprt of the crnpany** oumuriog daw benibum-dust level*. **On April i9th, we went hack o- gvi the 6m of these reports, taking aU*g CKsmheritn, fn* M.1.tn a net- wiring capacity. At the nwatiog. the KBI people were represented bj Mag. nus>a; Kdmund When, nnc of chvtr rice-prv'ridenU; and James Butler, the nriffint the president. Tire com pany** report showed mriy tore area in the plant where there wre excessive IcveU of kiy lluim dust. Ujxm review ing rite <Lta, howcwr, Cbamkrlio td that tt was difficult for trim u> interpret tlte figures without knowing mcihmg ahotit the layout of tlw pbm, then suggested a quick naif, to which we readdv agreed. At the <ml of the tour. Chamberlir> k! he h! ren enough c oArince ban chat the com pany's mterpfctatNA of its dau an hcryi!uim-du*( lerels did.not give a true indication id the fxKcnria! hazard in the plant. Then Steve produced copies ei the January- hupretsm conducted by the State of Pennsy'lvania's DirisioA of OcctipataNul Health, and two earlier state utffKCtM* of rite plant as well, ; which Baier had finally decided to re- i kra* the day before. The fvpmi I showed scrubs vWauom of hnh sore ' ami federal her)*11nun stamlanb in Wr 1 sperific arm of the factory, gootg hack . to 1969. At ritat pant, Vclten and rite j other KBI ufficiaIs agreed to >ur key ^priquusl that a union-Jerignajvd tn- vtigatvn team be allowed to vmtdtict iftdurul-bygicn< and clinical surtvys at the plant, and riot the costs be ritareri *{uai!r In- KUi and rite union. In May, we got the BennAivana peo- ptc t agree n* ukv X-reyssiring esprijs mem adequate for rite detectam of iwrvUcuBt dheaae uf -a!! rite w*4vr*.! the llaxleam plant, and to alknv Dr. Weber t awix in the interpretation f the X-fat'*. In tnid-September, an in-1 spectam nf the HarWnui plam c<n-' ducted* hr tlw Ovcupatamal Safvre and Health Adiirinharaikm still d'owvd *-.vcenrive levels of bcrvlluitn dust, '(lie Almibtratam fimri Kill dx Inmdreil d>4kirs and gave a month to dean things up. Then, in Nnvmk*f of 1971, Dr. Kawmt, who x one idlliv world's leading e^H:rt <n tin* dv tvctHm ami dligruW of Unllnmi dUaw, eoi>- dueled a medical -urvev of tire I l.v/k ton w^irk.-re. Dr. Kaxeuu fu<nd But, ml of iwo hoodred and nmeiveti wrek- ery. invmj-liiv had m {orildt related n> IrertMniin dtwsw amt wt<it of {hex4 uteri had h>ng aleuwmahrir^ d mk! m.iguttmlv ritat ll*ry -h-MiUa't h.ie<* iks u SitM't- duo Iiw-il S "*'*_>> Jute k.*u ni-^.,1 *. taring knlUom dk'3<\ In a*Me>**, two MiWr m* fr.mi ilh' pLnt, wlw foul K--rt c.wmiiwd .it X la*- savh*eM General, were iltngmtfrd a* -nffrttng fain #k- dherMr.'* '*\VKat haftvnod a* a rrwh 4 tk ~-k and tk* *tuc for cleaning thing* p?" l asked. Maravlu gmv a >2>n, hardi laugh. "A of tltS$ daw, nu.pc than a year bkf, the Admuibimriut pe.pU* haven't Wvn fit ia make a followup in>fwi*n of the Hazleton plain," In* i*M h\ "No doubt tkt assume rk KB 1 fk*iple km* v.nnpkd with their order. Soundslike Tiler all * *r .ij*;in, doesn't hi" FTZR a ilwn coffee break, Maz- A. zocrbi vixl, "Nw lei me lei) you afinut tk M.dil re-finery- in Paidsbona, which if jus; *>K<thu'r< <4 Cam den. ! emphn* ahmt a thnovtm! wnriters, and it manufactures a wkd< Spectrum if *3 |ir."lnctf, including heating 3, luhricariui oil, gasoline, and aviation (ncl. For a Jong rime, mcmkr*of ur Local S-X21 kid hern com plaining abut henlih-aml-jsifcty e*ndjrimt there, ami on October U, 1971, we filed a c*mpbh>t with Alfred Barden, acting reghwisd administrator the Occupational Safety and Health jmin&tratwft in New York Cy, reapwsringan hroRik*M4-dnnger awpecrim ref the facility. The pvririm presented Barden with a pantil list of health haz ard* at the refinery, including exposure tnaskstn*,$<tl}`kirk-~aciri fumes, phrnu} fumex, csrhua-tnonoxuie gas tetraethyl lead, cauie v*tb, Iviwm*, cumene, catkin tetrachloride, ami chlorine. Since the Administration's regulation* permit employee* t tvsjnest ikj a third party accompany hs own representatives or. watit-aivund iiMpecriui*. th** hval asked ft* few Wrtdka, who )d insisted tkm Wi fiKng thr com|&iint. The first tinmU mnt*danger inspection began on (X'* n*hcr 15th, rcMinteil on ilw* 19tlt, and Ln4rd through October 22nd, ami .Sti tt's vffV( <wi 8 was <*tn eewh-m. Itven the NKpeCtor* renurked tlut he provahi! a eah&ihk extra si of eyes luring the wylk-xnumd. On \\w otk'F IkumI, the All'll jv*}de grew invnuStnglr *rrnaiel bv hh prosnee--wi moih ws m fact, th.it on ()e!*dxr 22nd site jdant nunager i-dd Sieve ilut he *eil Jiave lum retnoevil frn the 'MiKeSv" \V|ka then 4escriln'd mi of tin1 tlc| were divm.i.d dm in;* tlir first j*n *f tin* in*|%*etioi <<l iIh* reJuKry. ^Ve h"ind worfc.*r* notailing in`nhll*>iil vimdo |*> il Kt. trtmufzc^rvd tn Uw Tyler plant, <hi h>ileft and pipes tn rarima areaa of the plant.'* he taL **fn Uiv sabm< thi^ vhene die insularinu wa* cut t* tr/x, the mec were u-earing surgirak type pip r masks pawiy fay* the com pany, which arc virtually useless for protection againM enic dusts. More over, there was ah*4utcly no irriuQatm <^uipnt in the cutting sltop. Htse*hcre in the refinery', we finind places where men w*rc K'irtg rxfsnwd i ndoene {an aromatw ctm^Mtnd rimAaf tohvnrene), t excewiee *, tn welding fumes, and to hydrogen-: sulphide gaa--a highly toxic s**haiKC | Out u given fi in the iulphur plant, | where sulphur is fenmved from the ( crude 3.M j Wodka went on to tel) me tliat; when the inspection resumed, on No-; vembef 8th, hr was denied entry' to tlw refinery, "f was odd hy J<dm Kearney, the asustant regional admin- f tratir, that a deciwm had been made, to far me from aconnpanyinp the* walk-anmnd any tanher" IVodka said. "As a result, I kft tlw plant, j under protest. The uupectimfs con- j tinued mtarmitiefttly for several more, weeks, buz thetr totality deteriorated,, for by giving management advance notice of the areas tfwy wWwd to tour,. the mpecton ah>>%aw management an; opportunity to mlusv operations iknj were generating harmful fumes amij duu. In tfi way, il* M(4m1 people were ahk (o dominate tlw ut^wvtam process. As a result, the imminent- danger inspection of the l*aulsKr re finer}* was an almost failure, l ake the pnddem ofcxpure to aslwstof. The AdrmnMreoun faiWd to ksue a citaixm for excodve <heto du, yvt wlwn Dr. Sriikuff exautuwd and X-rayed curveteen workers w:bo uce erapLi)il at the refinery as welders, pi{w-c*vertn, fedlennakefs, aiul tirkfclnyers, k* found that more than half *A them Sluwed X-ray ahiMrmalks ftuirirfem with ad*e<ris. Wkn tk* Adtiuntura- rim, twi jamwry 2S. 1972, OMwd vitatkHic .\hbjl, thei carrvtl with tkm fines p<altkg wremy-threv hundred and fifty rivllan. f*r three hmnlred aul fifty-four snfet\-and-k*altU ewktiohi, nr akxit tweniv dollars jvr violation. {)lv twvlvc of tlw v>olarin> Invidvvd uccupitvmal-livahlt t:nuhirds, <*oc of which was for an uiiKuniruv w;<trr c*-4er.M Mi(//><vhi Kml that sinnlar |vr* f* 0 01,1 nsV> hi ik (Veopoi-mai fi.th-tv and Health Admi(o>tratMt h;ol -.*- v*irr(jl hi resviit m**tk at a clwnui'af plant in Alalxuna and at an oil refinery i hi Kanxts. *'*J'hi-K- are ju*t a few <f .-mam*4n**ancrs m whtn tk AJ- s munwrarim has faiVI n. ettfnnv the prviuis of the OmqtitS'n.il Safriv and Health Art,** k- raid.-fX the HJ l tell y* t)tat wk*n tk Admtnhtrarim pet*^ fined KBl sis hundred infer* h*r excewriv k*nlkir JtM fe tk* HazWtim fdaof they a?w fined the vim^toRV the grand total 4 mv 4<W/r> for aibming fund t he wim ami tfored where tnxv marernh were pres eat? *rhat wa* ju a few* wxvkiv after they fined l^tidsuigh C*rmng the of two hundred and ten dollar* for s>v- ralkd `notirerious vadnta<ns' at tk* Tyler ask**** plant. Swh fiiwa are ridioilfHis, **f vSMtrre, hot tlw Administra- ri-n peoph1 don't stop tk-rc. They ruh salt tmo the wound by hemg secretive whh wlwt. under law, public infor- matim. U'e face debts ami deneds pmicaHy every umc we ask them f*r copies of ouiiwra, notice of profinsed penahiev and inspectors' reports of plant surveys. And, rememkr, we're tning to exenrise the rights d our fumdred and eighty thousand-odd metnkrs through an exreRave union hnrranrracy. Imagine what the chance* are for unorgsrtivved worket*, who ac- cmrnt for svventy-fiee per cent of the tusl bhor force in this country!" At tHk pant, I atkl MmistM if be had ever heard id Dr. Mitchell A. Vbvnn, Awrant Health Custmsriuacr for Ctncmnatl "Ye*, I've lieanl of Wm," ehi replied. **\Vhv l yui adc?w M1h*eAne I understaml hr bi4 re- veiiily eoHed opporiritn to Some pro- jx*eil city regnbtkDB that wiwiU ban live spraving of ask-sre* insubtion hi ffom USX lutdding construction.** **We luve a whole file on Dr. Xarnn," Mszzocdu *M. "Ill haw h Xeewsnl for ywu. In I960, the lUutc Committee on (iovemm'm Operarim* vrriBr a report on Dr. Zaiiw*s Mtivi- ri*s with regard to tlw Xml'vse strip, . manufactured hv tk* Slx-R Ck*mieal CnpRny, a vUvirion of \lw Shell Oil CH^uity. According t* ik* reprt. Dr. /jicmi had kvn a coitudeant h. SIk II Chemical <ltirirtg a *\-vvar peri- .!-- 196.1 t* 1969--wlww k* was ak* u .u**it)tam to tk* IXpsirtOHnt *d Ag- j ri*nittire's l,eth'itrt Rvgoblion Divi sion, wlkh liad rrgruvrvd tk* inviiK .!.* *>i}> for ik in re>taorentn ami hom.*s, During tkit tune. Dr, /av.ui i eonthieivd iets lor the .'mipauv whi*)i | >lmwvd the fijw u hr safe. U'lu ii i| | \vi*e rinu-OMral.tl bier liuo the slri|w J f t e ,mmM leacc <kmi*.'f rr-xke> ' on expw*d h-l, tk* |>. jriOK-m *d j Agru'ullore* rnpiire*.! thoi tWv U.*r .vafiling l,ilv'|. in ilv mt. >k* IV- partmem infurcnei Cosunfato <ut Government Operauets that* was re ferring questions of pgable cunSkt of interest ktiJwg i)r. 7amt w the Department of Justice. Kuching came of k bower." KEK ! left XUa*neM?t *, WI W3i ormng a mai3a eavclnpc that eonutocU the file or Dr. 7jw and ettpics nf letters, petto***, inspecMi, and surveys relating to KBI's Hazleton plant and Mobil's Paulriwru refiner}'. On 0*v plane hack to New York* l read tins rcpwt nn Df. Zaven, which substantiated what M*zzccH* had told me. {Later, 1 learned tlut in March ci 1973 N'JOSir awarded a contract for $205,873 to the Agatlia Corporadon--a private medical con sulting firm headed by Dr. Zavun--~ for developing health criteria on car bon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride, tetrachhmwtinhne, and 1, 1, l-triehlomethane, whieh can be symherixed from ' precursor chemicals obtained from pe troleum.) I ai** glanced through the annual *tklmld*r$' rvjmrt put out by KBI In 1971. It was full of handsome photographs and interesting statist**. It iisred principal plant* in H*Jetn, By- enown, and Reading, Pennsylvania, and in Wenatchee, Washington. It listed. company sWivv*m. and ibridi&ries in Boston; SprmgfieM, Ore gon; Revere, Pemwytvajib; Tin*ma$lon, Connecticut; Yonkers, New York; and Rnliatlc* Bark, New jer sey. And it listed international t>pvra tions in 1`raiue, Germany, the Nether lands, and Great Britain. In a letter to the shareholders, dated March 2, 1972, and signed hy Joseph C. AbeWs, chairman of the Uarl, and hy Walter R, Lown\ prd*lertC, riicf* ua> rim paragraph: No industrial cHerprur today can *! lord to ignore thr crowing insistence u^.u dean air. clean water, and safe, healthful places of **urk a manifested In r.ntifwdlutwMi ami jh talcty and health Irv'ishitioo. Comiiletatiini* of environ mental quality which have pr.-nptnl vt to make swintanriri expenditure* ** rqot|Mnent s*ul *jh* to vontro! fudiucitm and ptumolr ivu|Mtnui<il health Have, in ur view, nuiued j jN*titMitem place in tli* eondm' ut .i lm*inr> ih at Kill's, We r'i*e\f to continue to ime>( in mvi- r*nt*urotal |u;tliiy yrr-erve (He gain* or Have made and ui<* \ on* lf*.venent> t (idni'l<^y as cltee lrcunr aniht<lr, A few lw. n tHv () t4v' 29, V1972, ediiiun of lit. I v:iuh* aeross : <*' Hy H*.m~r f*!g- ar| whit 11 ,ippv,icd nod. t th. li. .<dlin.- I "i.uhg-l V*.m* IV. T'jeid (. . Bcfy&tt .finctY, Plagues HaiWfC Pa." Bigart's article began: In the grfao year of 1956. when unem ployment in thk srorn net eual tm hue* rml war 20 per cent and the regain vu writhe smm depreseed tn Appalachia, there was pwrii rcjwewR whea die Chamber of Cnmraerre enticed a beryl* Bum refWung plant ta settle four 1*3* tist of here. There was only ant discurdanr evict. Dr. Herman H. Kristncr. J(, who has a euqr walk-up office over a tore tn near- Freeland. began cautioning bb patients j at It might be dangerous to work at the . plane Nobody paid much attention. After saying that nine present or former employees of the plant were suffering from chronic bcryNioas, which he described as "a rare disease that bivalves a slow but progressive-- and apparently irreversible---deteriora tion of the lungs," Bigart returned to the subject of Dr. Fetwner: The tall, white-haired physician wat ftraduaetd from Lehigh University in 1928 and frunt Jefferson Medical GB it**. Philadelphia, in 1932, Now in his late sixties, be sprmJi much of His time working with retarded children at the White Haven State School and HorpetaL However, be still practice* medirin* and among Ids recent patterns were sev eral beryllium refinery employees. "At (cast five,** be said, had symptoms of herylltnsb. Dr. Fetssner's first encounter with the beryllium industry came snen after Ka- weckl Hriylco acywired an old Lehigh Valley Railroad machine shop and round* House a few miles east of Hazleton and began converting bvrit nr* into beryllium. K*w**kt Berylen is a major ompaoy is the specialty metals lieU, with sales total ling $70 million last rear. What disturbed Dr. KeiVsner tea* the knowledge that rite eotfutrstW* ^ant in Reading, l*a. had hrv* cited in several Iftwsuits chatging oegli^euce in evp^rins wurker* and nearby rrsulenti tu unfair kwris of us< dust. Dr. Keisanw -snrif 4* wm ftprvacfced Hy a local radudogUt, Dr. Edgar L. Dev sen, fur ''telling my pattern* a little too much about beryllium poruMtog," Dr. Dessrn was rite leader ul a Chamber f Commerce drive tu bring new industry tts Jlaelciim. a campaign <u successful that unmploimvm k now doutt t** 4.5 per corn. Dr. Dessen c*mfinnrd that he had ken tu Dr. Frwwser. "He (fir. Feiwner) "as r*0ig |**ple bcrylltunt w a :>xir maitrial at a rime llie company was hiring men/' Dr. Des- sru said. "I tell it u:i> uniair lu pe^qde m'Iih w ante*! work. *1 h^ pi am wj de signed under Atomic hjy C**nmUh* -peeiltcaliun* t. keep irriiatits *tt ui the air. W'.rh Mfmgput pnvaorions. (hr men w.mlil he peupeily priin'irl/' f)r. Ihutn -aiil lo* ha*l Ivrti a dtivciof f Kauei'ki llrryhuhm did m*4 -land X-t ss-rhvih** lhU'>v,r, IJe ,.,nl his (ir *.* tafefn o|t with tilltrr maiteV-, in* hiding ihr chaiftnan>hip <>| the Amrtn.m C*>l- l*1;;* ( Kj4i>*i* - to* ui g TM Kos O ooutaoflft CD r** U9 (o *-t Io o S3 CD < A. n^xon^A**, * generic terra lor Iwas Ja ease* ved "i'm *ur<Mttatcal!r so*!*** for h*mg bee* a dirvctut.* I>r. **d. "W I <nm*Jcr tMpclf a p&picu* 6rt." When 1 bur made inspciriee af*u Dr. DcMfi, I Itamnl ibt, in add***, hJ wren ocher JhwA~ efetred. I.ate/ in ki ajwch. Samuel* remind- oi ) biarn tW MM of ihw nrkn! fur ontipBMi that vtt mem* lvf> *f () Unknt Soui Ckanivr d OtiiKnv, the Nair<nai AtuU f * being a former director nf KBI, fo. Manufacturers, whS Mit&r gnwp*. had been paid l the citfnpany for anv "Head tlx mated td tlx ftVwit Senate years a* f*i anal okc X-rays *d m- and House oversight (tearing* uf thu jdnym K lb ffoa&rtau pfiutt. commuters am utuB butene** ami U- p" -- -o-i b*/* be mm2. "Tlx Chamber y* that 1 *DY tbs time, l was beginning to \ w>ffecr> (avt no greater rek than dy- U understand how multiple and u- ' ping hi a bathttdi. 1 only wish the vt- tricate ware the reasons fur tlx ap- wer* confined i, the gteedy Mu*- juilmg tasualtv rale in the nation's ter such moral midgets. More ten workplaces, ami ham- intertwined ami ons tlx subversion of government Cor pervasive were die acnVitws <* tfx profit. IV* NatHHiaf Asancncwui <*f tncdiejl'tftduurial complex, which was hfanufacturers ls a fuR-tnttC repfeapparently b*m on perpetuating the su- sentative dfice, piMines, even a gov uam What termed mure and more ernment rxpente acciumi--*i %be teO* incredible to me as the month* passed, Waxx of the Occupatimul Safety and hnwtrcr, was bow such a siutatMut Health Adminb*ration np^rimu. Pv ctwld he---indeed, was being--udefated at thv highest level* of tlx federal government. Then, in die jocund week of November, Sheldon Samuels *M me a cop)' of a speech he had delivered he- litical ituluitn' appointments are nmv made si the fcrwest levels. Xmlutef)* t:mUrd-tetuRg organitawns, such (he Amrnctm S-x*ct\- fur Testing Ma terials, ate attempting ta b}yus tlx are a joint tessam of tlx American Society of Safety EflgiWrs and the vatietul Safety Conference, in Chica- aiidard-te>ng mechanisms . in the | OrcupariimaS Safety and Health] An. Industrial consultant* dondttau* jt on Noveudxr 1st. After referring the contract route chv federal govern tu Secretary Richard**'* estimate' of a ment has taken in Bvo uf adequate hundred thousand deaths annually staff in tt>andard-*ettinguperarioftS. runt nccupatfonal disease, Samuel* ad Of purtkaUr imerest ft> me was dressed himself to the r.*rv civic ^cttmieK* claim that indnstnat ciift- had been troubling me. odtants were revtsvuig contracts that ``Tlx ecwiornk* o$ the .drswrisj aiv hi i'0*-a sJhm'td tlo-m to usotp flic very simple,M Samuels *aid. **Nearly xtindnrd<4eumg pftteitemsid the 1970 half of tlx maW blue-odlnr work force Act--which bad clearly intended tliat b affiictvd with chronic--ami * Uidt >iamlard lx derelojxd and rvenen- partly work-related--1-diwasoi ch( arc largely paid for bv the wari er and the cnmmuum a* a uwnded U' SU^ll ami then promul gated and enforced by tlx Occupnt>;ma! Safety and Health wfodc. Even if ah of tlx iden Ad<ami*RttH>t. I w already tifiable whs'Were pitted i tlx employer, < caiu stU wap be sure that it would not he cheaper f*r tlx vmyhnvr t* faiwdtar with the acoode* -uf Arthur |). i.kde, Inc^ in Ixlpmg set the quesiaviaWe ' cH!i|*ronwx standard for as- replace dr.-wl Workers tlwo lo keep them ahvr. It mat even h< po>6tahlr, if miU <idlar and cem ate c*Hinted. In tlx* caw uf t'lnnim' oc cupational diwaw, k mat K* chi ajvr for nnv nation t wcriHce a life th.u ha* ultvady acliwvvd peak prliKt:\iu U*sts aiwl a few da)*s earlier I Itud r'Cvived infoenation evusI'ernin" another Hnfmimf-omsultmg firm omlvr contract to tlx government, which \ut\ attempted t play a dmilar n*h\ Thn had ixcorred when Msxvk- chi called to wggete that 1 telcpSioiK Samtxh *eiu >t to iuy that in uvriil monllM he- JikJ |i^r>kd of at hv-*t f*kr plants in which U'U-iijphtUvl:ii'i;i*- :titd Dr. jf3um M. Stclhrun, wlm B Wt:mj i..i .xcojcn*iu.-.l health to the pmodem of tlx Oil, Utctniral, and U'liaidute wxiv owd witlmnt pn^xi Atomx \N'..ri**n, at the Nnini's Ixad- eHtr*4vb)'etii}iloVer* well awaf* *! thea t|ani>r% io Denver. "Ask her t tc*H| |V>duHV drraatt!h (roiM cancer of a third \ tl- trv ab*t K'tvftme, Mattel ..r mofe `d the Worker' evjv*-ed i yixchi sil. them. "Becau-e its prvritk*.- ar> deter- Vl`hc* { called Dr, Stellm.-iM, she ntined o a crude r.Mt-fxdefir h, j K^rio with, jlwr Wir- Inovvccf, the hileral g.iwroio, i Jjw- vcn'-' ,t e>4>rh<^ litpiid --tj prtaloced rcf'wl rhl--,*: sundaed* f'> the-. . ;o mtcyi'a) jvu t of rvfining *i and Moline. *ii * hanJhd be nxxr than a third of tix Hundred and Hgbtv th*MJml-o*U mmlvn of the Oil* Otemiraf, in4 Asnc 1'Wtm," she "And Kvaute bvnacne it a^ widely rmpkwcd in tht' ruHxr, crmnsi, and plastics bhIumHcs, adJitimal duuK sands of wwfcm come mt- contact with it there. The trouMt* with ben- tent, as has long bnrn known, H that tr is a nnzmms pnoon, whu*c fumes, wftvn inltslcd, can induce blood changes-- anemia ami WukvntU. Indeed, benrenc t considered so dansvrt* that the American National Stantbrds lnKute and the luirmattimAl Labor Office, which s part nf tlx World Health Or- ganizataiR* have recommendvd tlutt hi anv given volume of air, liquid, or *did material k should he present only t the ratio nf ten pans per million--winch comes u> nnc-thnunmith of one per Cent--wkh a ceding nf twentj-fire parts per Th< Amervan Cun- fercnce of Gnvernmencal Industrial Hygienists* however, has recommended a standard whereby benzene can be pretent in a ratio nf tweiuy-five parts per mSUon, wkh a ceding of fifty parts per mSUon. 1 tell you all this as back ground to the fact that in order cn de velop criteria for the establishment nf an official federal standard for benzene a twenty-thfee-tluMisand-dnlla romtract from KIOSK was Awarded last May to George D. Cbyum & A<ewe*--*an mdustrial-cunsulting firm in &'UthfiHdl Michigan." On October 10th, Of. Stcllman continued, Clayton & As*<nte called an informal meeting nf a benzene com mittee it hail established. I'he meeting was held at the Wtlfiam Penn Hut*] in Piraburgn, where the Industrial Health fountbeiun, Inc^ was then hoWnTg its smrasl ciurfcrenev. "A* a member of the Committee, I uas in vited tn attend,** six said. MCby*>n fit As*<btcl called the meeting at that time and place simply bvca*tfc Several of the committee's members were at tending tlx fiiumlatkm's annual tin- fefence. The Mca was m Iwve us. give ouf nptnkm d a prcUmiuan draft of the document oh Ixnzrne critvrn tlxi had prepared U* mosh. In addiraifi u Clayton, Robert 0. Keenan, *iprcte klrot and of HKrju*rirS fix Clayton fit A**ctauz. wh* was fr*ncr ty 1w*ad of the annU tka! lalaxatorxs at the Bureau id OcvupatSHial Safety ami ffealth, and tiy*df, the manlxr* ,,f tl citimntucc uwhkU'd Howaid 1.. Kuuxt/, win* w*s fitrmt riy firwt*r \A the Ifi/teakV P- '/*/{ ,.f (X (Injury nod Dih-.k,' Comr<d w.w with the !*yx*uv h}'nrtK,m < ' ottj,e Sheii c*l wnpum; m. n-n*. ^\*. iK^r^. ***** wan formerly ehirf nedniigH *t *1* r,"*) Research and Engineering 'Otmpint and is **w ** fatririgh Dirkim-* UwMy,* N** ivpc**votav 4 *hr M*ft*'tfwrin{ CkftMU Ajkavm wl fnm i) American Steel Imuwtrf ami Lou* ftvtifxlnr, the dtrKtm tf in* thuiml hygiene W the Uiwl her, OA Linoleum, ami P1*w Workers *f America, who could * arm*!. When I read the prrhmsnary 4raft of jhc fcrn*rnr document pre pared In' Ctivttm & Asmemrs, I w*> shocked m**ev that ic was pr^ering * Jvftxmr standard identical to (He ww frcommmded by the Conference ftf Hygwnisttt which is it and a half nmei as high as the standard for henxene recuenraended hr the American XihS1 Standard* Insmuu and the International Later Office. 1 tnW dw cmnmirtc* Uwt tfare was no way labor e,*i)d live with such a standard. After a whole An- d arguing. I finally walked out of the meeting, t`*k a plane m Washington, and mb! SheUlnn Samttch what was g*dng on. Samuels pmcnptly lodged a complaint with Dr. Marcus 3d. Kev, the director of S\0*Mt and, as a fewdt, Ctaymn & A^itfutrs revved hi preliminary iUhwkw on benzene criteria, ami has since swim?ndcd the nurse stringent standard ,r Wwwf of ten parts per mfilinn. The point k dui the firm ohvhnnlr called the Pittsburgh meeting m the hope of obtaining approval for a cumpmmac standard for benzene which, wb3e it miglK m adequately pmtect workers against anemia ami leukemia, wimld not ruffle anyone's feathers. SINCK Dr. Stellman't aecK*nt of W Clnyun & AWMCwe* had tendkal the NIOSK contract for deveVipmg eriteria w heuwne wt Wty ftdlowed by SMA* Samuels* sprveh, I sUrted to fi,fe iaw d> aspect *4 the medieai- jtid'Wrul complex he examining a hook nihtvd Contract ami Research Agreements," which the DejanmriM J Health, Kducatiim, and UMfarc Ilad pohWwd in September of 1972. Without much difficulty, I IewrmSned that ** d a Imndrrd and furty-rigln contract* for res*'arch m i*upatir*tud safety and health winch had either hi * renewed in tl fiscal xrar 1972, eight had lv**n award* -1 to Ck\lott fc Aweiriiits. In addilbm ... the contrail f hen/.m*, tle firm luol r<hl `Ultras ts for deveh^uag l(Kmn*iiu .mi criteria f*r t`duem*. ehrtunic acM, and trL,*hb*r`'h>k*nc; !> hnpooiii Mivifuulohwv f* mook ki.n-ug uanstari; i-< wfft- *.*** />*//W7r*x *o Mg * mansal of' paid ndustrial-hr- mfiia Jwaraai, and that h.<h irm practfew fur uni wcUang and fcad Krn K tte Natamai cutting; U* string up a baric owraMt particulate ciutumiaants foe pcewn- Insubtam .Manufacturer* Amvation. of which PPG Industri-*, the ()w cuir* at thr college krel; ami foepuh- Cnfjuuwfum. and Johit*- hddng the third edition of a Puhlh* yUnvak (aQ large prvutncvr* of fihmi* Health Service manual entitled "The richer are we were mcmhrr*. Industrial L*etftmenl--It* Evalua I fiwnd it downright wrir, npval. tion and Control. K- when I recalled that the tmd of As I rail thruugh the tisringv I no- the sswdwal-mdimrial ciunjdex, which nerd that the project officer Ur the I had hem hdlowmg fur nine months, contracts awarded to Clayton & Aw started at the 4Tvler advstos pbni, viitc* fur the deveh^unent of criteria whifh was um'd he tW Phutergh fiir Wnaene, toluene, chmmk acid, Cuming C*rjam*ioii, a ysni venture and trichltsnwthyWnr was Dr. Charles of. PPG Industries ami itiv Cnnuug H. Powell, who MP5Ji`$ aueunt CRa Works,-which, in torn, had es director fur Research and Standards tablished and still partly owns Owvn*- Dceeloptnem, at the InsatutcT head Y' Girning. quarter!, in Rockville, Maryland. Con Bm if the labyrinth in which tlw sidering Dr. Powell's pnririun, this it- medial-industrial complex operated sdf did not appear to consmutc anything now seemed to branch men a new net out of die ordinary. Nor was it paroen- work of tunnek, a truly remarkable bri)* surprising that Dr. Powell was example of the elements making up this listed as project officer fur fiv out of cionplex appeared in black and white seven other contracts let by KtOSH, for sereral davs later, when I received m tiw dewh^imcnt of criteria documents the mail a copy >f a KmA enutled "In on mercury, sulphur dmxide and sul- dustrial Envirmimcntal Health: The pliuric acid, mWne dusoctanaw, fi Worker and the Community,** newly broid gifts*, cadmium, arvnie, and published hv the Academic Prrw, of pararitton. What did seem somewhat New York and London. The K*4, unusual, however, was the fact that whose fnotri^fiece pcucLtmed that it ftnir nf th fiT< cvntfaoa for whMt Dr. was sponsored h)' the InJiotrial Health Powell w project offior had hern Foundatim, Inc., idemifivd it* nlicur as awarded to the coosulting firm of "Lvstcr V. CfaRcy, Knvirnemal Tahenhaw-C<*fvr Asaviatn, Im.% of Health Service*, Aluminum Company 8rlWy, O^fnetm. (l*h firm ted if America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania*** also received a fifth contract, for which and listed h* associate editors as "Ixwis Dr. Powell was not fated a* project of j. Crallvc, National Institute fr (X*- ficer, for developing enter* on anc- ropatimal Safety am) Health, Ctnrin- nie.) The fnt contract for which Dr. nati.OhMi; George I>. Clacton,Gvot^u Powell was project officer wasawarded D. Clavtou & AMMivkrtv*, SvHilhfieUl, U> the S^^ucn Gnnqv also of ilcrkde}*, Xlh'h^an; and fnlm A. Jurgk'l, In for developing a paratliion-criteria d*w- dustrial Health ktmdatn, Inc., lfats- wnent. The cuAtratt f**r a criteria docu ment cm cadmium was awarded to the borgh, PvimA'ivania." The real and ye apparent two|* in tlfa edhiwul nnter University of CmrinnatTs CnUcgv of wen* Martfin-. t`xv tlw least, and they Medicine. Thus, out of the ekren most went m mam different wavs at once as crucially im|*rtant contracts kt lw t`> he almost t> much t* comprehend. KIOSK in dw final year 1972--tluwv However, after making a few tele fur thv duveh^um nt of criteria tlcripmd phone call* and tmHng with varinis to en^dc tlur federal government t %% i cone op with a way of Specific standard* fr texanhw* hstancet--Dr. Powell wa fated as proj haAlug at item wiweh amounts to a ect officer U* huir ctxitracts, tmalKng Us with the fx* Ihat $115,32.S', ttet Iwd Kvo awarded i , of tK- .Muminom Clayton fi' Aiwviates, and W four ctm- travts, totalling awarded in, Taher*lww-C"`|wf A**Kblv>. In vww Compam of Am*rica, k j twin huulvr d Dr. Lewi* J. CrnIVv, plu. m 197**, MwhBv In- was diftn'tor of the Huft ao of the wav Cbtton k Ashh wIv* lad (Xctqv*tion:d Safett and Health** l)sL liandhd Kiw hen/vne-c riteriu d'ViMiwut sion of K|wU niiol`g\ and Sgxvsd Kre- in Phtshurglt, l hnmd tlfa a hit fwcm* cvriing. And m view of the fact that Dr. \V. Cbrk C`*jvr, a |cirtner m *Ialvr- k'es, rrwctvd a pr{*>wd tihh of lh* \J hudo**k*,d vlicets of eojil t.ir-|Mth tola- (ties on work'rs in tlw alnonimni dwiv-Ci-qvr .\--<tr, icol puldhJied lift* twilt* of two Mtidic* oi exjvwurv iinltfstre { e*1* iar*pin h '**!atile* fa* ing caK'ef*jo*hking agent* t< ninth to u> ariklt* in rf>nvmJ< -d .'.(k.-.t.K are J /* (lie riiat k ft** <iri without even resprauw pnwer* l-^ntcd ** an *odMf\-widc study, an on--but never evaluated sn terms id acts** >ku ww rwvrwd by the ocw the tncradiUe dbeafe-smd-death haz.* pnqdw in X>$tl, *|u approved a Mud? anl k pnsed for these men hr anrone in A tin eff*S of Oed-isrivtvfc vnlatife* the Dmrina of Efodemhdogr ami Sjh- --< aluminum workers far rite fiscal ns] Services, Snelmlins ic* A'renwf dur* 19/3, which h*h2 was Kfflprfjn- hg thb period, Dr. Lewis J. CratWy, .. dvlvrd at N*iOti kndttuMtvfs when who, as associate edkuf of "Industrial Mtw ah*n*inwro*iidMetiY officials vtcrd Envimnwemal Health; The Worker objects*** to iw*l living krn consulted aod the Crwnmunky," wrote a *rcim during the fdannmg wayc* of the in* n( the bunk entitled MFpkhmWogie mugatim, an went th.it apprared tn Studies *f Occiqsaiiuna! Disease/' con freest the prevkws .iciiw* taken by taining a fitT-pngc rlwpter un ashrsto* Lewis J. CraHri. who, now retired that ikscribcd in detail some studies of {nun government service, participated dkeasc among asbestos wurkers con an writing op tl* in-altb effects *f ben ducted bv Dr. John Knox and Dr. zene a* a jowl rr;mUan( to Clayton & Stephen Holmes, of ilw Turner Broth Aancutes> which k tl* firm that re ers AsK-uot Company, who later fur* ceived a Iwndfid-nnd-riKty-thouttnd* . ntshed the * British Occupational Hv-1 dollar contract from NiOSK t produce v giene Society with data that appear to the third edkkni of "The Industrial Eft* have underestimated by n much as virooment--Its Evaluation and Con tvnfoM the incidence of ssbmnm trol," not t he confused with "In among the Turner Brotlters wtsrfcen, dustrial Environmental Health: Tlie and by Dr. John Corbett McDonald, Worker and tlw Community/* which of McGill University, in Montreal, was sponsored by the Industrial Health whose research on mortality among as- FouMlation, Inc-, of Pittsburgh, where / hesms milters and millers was financed- George D. Clacton and Robert G. W supported by the Otwbec Athesws Keenan, of Cb) :*n & Associates, called Xlining Association, but tltat failed to a sneering of ri* firm's commince <m mention either the study showing the benzene in order to propose an map- disastrous mortality experience of the propmte and btrr dscredmil com a*best<*-isubiM<ft uvrkcis conducted promise standard fur benzene, at the hy Dr. SvHkoff and Dr. Hammond or tel WBIum Penn, on Octuher 10, Dr. Craftey's own unaccountably un- /2, which waj the wry time and eom|dvted snufy showing an appalling place of tk anmul meeting being IwhS rate of death from a&rffctt dbnic by the Industrial Health Foundation, among ashe(o*texiBe workers, all of loc, which employ* John A. Jurgicl, v whkh, tn turn, was accepted for publi aa associate editor of "Industrial Eft- cation b>' his brother, Lester V. Craltey, .wonmental Health: The Worker ami assistant tlirccior of Enrimomemal .the Cnmmumty/'and also employs Dr. Health Services of the Aluminum Com Paul Gross, who, in addition to having i (of Jchas-Manvfile in a sum* jber of workmenWonpenwrion cases, is the director of research laborato pany of America, who u the editor uf j 'Tmiunrial Enrimnmental Health :TTi / Worker and the Community/* whkh I B the book that inspired i ries of the Industrial Health Fuuiwla- eon, Inc., winch n a new name W the oU Industrial Hygiene Foundation of Amerka, Inc.. the w-*tyW *#* HOKTI.Y before Thanksgiving,! S telephoned I>r. J*dmin,ar S50SH* Dtv*h*t `f Field Studies and Clini oatbn of industries fr the advance cal Investigations, m Cinrirmatt, and ment of healthful working cofuKtaw*** asked him <n tvll tuc about a survey that, tmirirly financed by industry, in tlt hr and **mc asaocutra from tlie cluding jnhn*-MaBic, was retained divkam had omducted tn Oct*ber at by HnsburgrU Corning in die summer the AlHed Cbvimval Corporatam's fdant | cd 1963 to evaluate the ashti4ust haasar*! at Its newly acquired plant, in in Hnffaln.41We believe tliat there an?i tiM /m>4i*ms with ib> comfxini's Tyfcr, Texas, wlterc, during tta next hcnxuUnv oprratinn( and that dure are1 eight years, several m>** evaluations n major probWms with its diebbr*4vn/t- Uu hazard were made, tncltnlhig two dine .qvratim, which k a rvhlivvb by the Bureau of (hvnpaticmnl Health's open st'Mvm/* Dr, Johitwm M. " Hit *>ivtn *i Epidemiology ami Special Allktl Chemical jk-oidc hatY vlurti to rvko, winch ashes- tr at dichhirolH OZBliiK, %vlmh has been level* at tliv Ttlcf plant t<` he gn9dr i*Mt of c*nli**l, a fact that was prnvvd t< tv varv*0`*jvnic in t\si am* nah, its a tvk: %ub*t.-oir*- >n'*l ;< a mu ****k n**t ut.*U' W*wn to the tiwn who %*rfkrd h the jdaut--* many d winhu b.**l hduied ?* f`r |kitemi:d lunan as ha* luvn m-onmK-mlvd In tlv Kngloli, who wy tfK'n.' o tinorn afv kovl / tpneurv t*> Uchk'<4wn/klin**. aiul tlr toerksn Ciuifi'rencv of Gmemnvntal lmlwrtU Hv-vnke*. ul** mi tk there slvudd K* an 3hw4m< nrkumal exjkaurc !* that chemical. For rim rrafrw, wv'ic fertvularb onwertwxl Aul empfciyee* *t thr ButTaV. jdant, who fare bad pise expnautv to heu-aaph* thylacruru' and K modioe. ami Hh are 'eurrrfttly Wmg vxfuwcri to dvhhiro[ benzidine. Inodcnolfy, I have yw I come bock from Nt*rrh Haven, Dm* I nectacut, where J talked with indastreri i bygienisu fnm riw UpHm Ciunpanv. 1 In 1962, riic Upjohn bou^u a plant in N'nrth H.tsvn that was uwnvl by the Carwin Cmntnoy, whkh hail been a manufacturer of Ivnsudine oicv the btc nmetcvft-fortitfS. The Uppdm . people discontinued the Kn/kliuc uprra- ttun in 1963, and their hygienists told us die other day that there had been no problems am*mg the w*ker*. Ht*w- ever, we then made a check at the Connecticut State Tunw Rcguary4, in Hanford, and discovered that there had already been six deaths {nun bbddvr cancer among workers emptied u the old Car-rm plant For this reason, we are concerned by tin* faet that ww hun dred and ieventy*ine emphn'ees d the plant, whose onset of exposure to hen* fttdine, dichloroheozidinc, and other arumarie amines oeconxd more than sixteen year* aps arx* m* buiger em ployed there, and are vwe^*wady nut inchided in any existing program of medical sunreabnec." Dr. Johns**n went on to tell me that on November 9th he had addrc*d s meeting of the National TuhefCutafe and Respiratory Disease AMneudon, m Houston, where he |*fesentvd **nr new mhirmatbn concerning the men wW worked at PittsKirgli Corning't asheMi plant in TyWr. uUsing data from Dr. -3 SvlBsofTs and'Dr. 'flasnmomt's mirtal- e icy study of the nme Itundrvd and 2 thirtv-threv men ivHo woricnl at the Uimei Adysns ft Rubber Company'* i'afvrsw. New Jer*y, b*-n*ry Proven 1941 and 1945, where e\p*e*ir*s wvrr dmibr to tbfte meumd at TyWr. we now estimate that there wdi he be tween one hundred and tu w hundred excess dvatlil fr* **v>o*s-rclned caw- j cvr among rite v^rht huudcvd and min1 tv-fivc men wlo wtrkvd ot tlv ItLr i ' jdant/* Dr. J*4sn muL ! 1 deatlis** arc deal!* h> .nl tlv numlvi [ that the wandanl momliu t;thk> 1 w<Hild projeer.) "l-'ilv !.*< Muniuer, I j ^iit memorandums to v.nihi rvgimi- al adioSnitrato(> of jlw' Oeewpariomt | Safety and Health A*himti-trati-*i. go- | ing the name* nod nli!t-** < *d *<5Im- I nslu'snM pHnr* W'lw'Ce I h.! m *.*1vet that, tv.'ioi- >( dtj.t u.* <>;id td*u4 Ounrt ia i Ac hk*s (jtcr were 1 fiJ'ifiLuit qf werjvwaure that thou' ^be investigated. I hare n<f been ir>- by one *d the iMttat directors fti nosu ha^wimn, h*wcm, that such acnwt cmdd commute sa cnt* bamameat h ur dime*>c, Dr. Kef, who i ipfensu^ aiuiiM to numah an image of XTOSli as a pure*research agency. 1a effect, I hare hern ,ao< timed again* alerting the governstm't rchttmtM agency ubuuum where .there might he a dsnsetn^ death hazard. I now intend to leave MOPif an the end of June, when my tour of Juty with the government over, bcat Pec come t the conclu sion that 1*11 N better able to function ss a medical doctor ia >me other attan^herc.* I called Dr. Selikoff in December *nd_ tjird him to comment on Dr. Johnfrm** carinate of future mortality among the Tyler workers, and he told me that he thought the estimate would tom oat tv be snej lew. "It most he re membered chat only thirty-one feats have passed since the onset of exposure among the mm who went to work at the Fateram factory," Dr. Sel&off aid.! "It must also be remembered that the < excess mk of lung cancer m men cx-j posed to ashesos increases ye.tr by year, j For example, a man at twenty-five years from omet of exposure has ait in creased risk vrrr a man at ten yean fawn onset, This risk a greater at tinny years, and even greater at Cony. Oo the bask of the mortality study of the Fatrrvut workers, 1 expect a dismal future for many of the men who worked in :1k Tyler plant. In fact, I anticipate that there will be a hundred and fifty excess deaths among them from lung cancer, fiftv excess deaths fruro Eftesnthcbima, forty-five excess deaths from cancers of the colon, rec tum, stomach, and esophagus, ami fifty catecji deaths fmm advsi<s*. In other warE^ akiMfl three hundred, r rcmglity a third, u( the*: men will piohaUly j*c uftftccvsaaith' early deatlis,** uring * *ric <j 1073. D aetitpatkvuMw.'iUli prnbJeir.s be- bin those awtfbiei) with he* gan to mvnf mvn'.TSHig ;mblic inten tion. On January 3rd, the lluilaln CMwmv-ifi'prco Ciirrusl an ankle Mill ing that chemiak used at the Allied Chemical gdaut tn Buffalo hail kv irojdioied In a do/nt recent caw* of eanvrr, s*me of tlum fatal, among workers to the facuov. On December 29th, a fwriihe* ld Ku fikd w ith the Occi^tatutixl fiafviv and Health Ad* nunbtra'tmi by dw Nader Health Re search Group stnl tit* Oil, Chemical, ami Atomic U'wtcrj International UiiiM rehearing that a am Irhl d exposure fw ten carrinngetts be set reL and then, c*o*hJ>, went *v So that if com*irs del i<*nf tiny were rc-mrfd *kog Ivfore malignaivt' k thmwgh a empynry umiryeacy sand- rcptud so iVp'lp.** dam MaeCutaid to be iwued under the authority d riMo, mipuatc dirreow h*r ufrt)1 aad the OectfUMul Safety and Health huu pfrvmdo *f thr Dmr Chemical Act. A press release ssm! u the tame Company. a*l that the ai|pri day read, in part: reandard wwnld sene as a hamuiwnt Aspamntdf KD/300 Antritis workers die cadi year as a melt vl occupational deteam. As toere is teamed about fie origin* of cancer, is become* dear that thomandi of ovr^er death* are esuof by expmere ** onwgriw chonseals m the workplace. H*e IfCaleb Research Grwp a**J the Oil, Chemical, *nd Atrenk Worker* Umnn arc that petitidK the Depart* men* of Labor to promulgate emergency temporary standards to eliminate human closure to the following 18 canceKaot* tng ehemsesl* tn order to protect the tires and health of American workers: and would i!3utt present cooperative effort* between indium1 and guremAmt ag*'BCW% .MarCutchvnn went oo to say that studies related tn l^chlorvnwtln'l nher were hi progress, and dut, hccaiHe id t)*k im|v>rance and tlie thr)' would have, the chemi cal sImmiUI he removed from conddvrat*m until diet were coni|deted. Bbcbbtrometbyl etlier was al> much on the mmds d jwofdc at tlw H.dim and Haas Company, in FbQadc^diu. Fred erick C. Movsri, Jr^ awant wereuty 2-Acctylamiaefiuorene 4-AAsoadjphenri Bensidinc and Ice Salts Bcs-CbtoremctM Ether Dkbtotobeftaidioe uni Its Salt* d-DimethylamtoeasobcAsme Beta-N aphthylamioe 4-NitroJipbtnyl N-Nttroavdimechyiamine Beta-Froptolsetonc of die firm, said that exhaustive epidenivdogical scudars on the chemical were umWr way, and that ltt$ company expcvtcd results slworing a m>-effeCt level well above one part per billion. Ou Mae 3rd, having assessrd the pctnvMi and the hfu written enmraencs, the Admit*wratai)) bow'd an emergency tempimn' samlard enmestmg of strict When I telephoned Dr. Jolmfrin toward the end of the month and iriqtsred about there developments, he in work practices regarding the manu facture and u*c of f.nirtven carctrmgcns, mchnliog bb-^ikinmuriivl ether and formed me that on January 24?h hv the nine bvrs tlwt bail Ivm listrd in tu><S called Dr. AWn J. Row*, who ts the prriboft. Aecoreling to die Adminb- associate induscriaMiygirfte phyocun at iraDnn, worker* were* King exposed A tlw Buffalo office of the New York the fourteen chemicali, such exposure State Department of Labor'* Dm***) pwl a grave dungvr to thim, and tht of Industrial Hygiene, and that Dr. emergency ManJarJ was nveessar)' ft* Rnss* had revealed that no fidkiwup protect thrir Ik-xIiIi until permanent ifupecrkm of th; Allied Cltemkal plant Mantkirds revild K* promnlgatvd six had been conducted by the sate rinev months hence, a> tl*e Law retptired, the N*IOSH survey m October, whkb Tlie subject uf bis-chtaomethyl showed that men worki-tg in the factor)' ether came i* my nttvntam again in the were at risk because of expire tn hen- uriddh* of June, w lk fi Samnvl* sent me *ihne ami dkhlvrftheAutW. On Feb a copy **i an ankle viithled "Lung ruary 8th, die Anatom Scentsry of Orncvt to`C^hrr.nnerhrl Methyl Ether Labor poh&hrd a mtk*' in thr /.vf- Workers," which IaJ Iwn published rrn/ Jb-fiitfr acknowledging receipt of in the Mhv 24th Miurof the .Yrtu s.r\ tlw pvlirem mi tlu: ten earvinoyrm, a*I /W J****/ u*l of .l/rttit'i**' In* thrcv re^ncstirig addiinuul infornurnin from Flitliilelldtci ph* *k*n<--Dr, W. C. interested partV'S. In rvsp*v to tlw Figueroa, d the Germamowt* Du- mpH-M, fifty wriuvn cotmnvnts were prnssry ami lU^fUtaTs j*ohiHvtwri" rcrvivcJ during tftv turM fvw rmmtl. cav %%'*e; Dr. K*fvrt Rakowdd, Stunc of thorn wvfo nttfu'f totvresting. of *i'cm|d' LTni'er*ii'*s of Mnl- Dr. Harold kkd'a, tin- diics <**r **f mudi- hUwi ami Dr. William Wviss, of dw cal-v<nviftmm*'m;il alT,iir> fm the Aimi- Ihjanmoin of Mvifvioe 'of Hahne tcan Hetrrdcom huntiutc, sak! that iIk* mann Medical CdU-e. (UaKhlon*- lvtitn dom!d in; d. iikd, m> ti-v grooml mi-tin! ciIh** k a coiit^muiant bx-|*rwl- tlwt the pro]u*Wni rules w*sv `'un mt i<cMrring with riwmkal rv.viw** realistic, Uvltnicallv unfvudhk', and in - riot wkv placv ui tlie prltH'ri**i *f cmiMstcm" and riew "tvi** totitauw < dibiOHmiln l iiwtlnl ether. | `Fh** ar* 1 a ptiilovjdticxl concept and an oi<jvt'ti* tK'h* k'gatt k xitktg dial in 1962 the j that w neidier achkvahV iuv nu<v iimmgi tnent of a clsi***al-n*.im`f.K*- jary/* The* llvttrkliiw 'Fasi Force of turing plain emphniitg at*l t" thvSfntltcu* Orpnk Clwinie.d Mano- tlxorsOMl uvnkcre "kvanu- aware Hut {xvtorefi Aw-viaiem as^'*td that :m . (MMlltk-l *1 uoftef' uinkers w.rc :nhi|n.i!.h |m< of Lome htri" (jnrvi *>t W-- ASB 0010682 ftfcm USX jn.!****"* ** f d the jibm,. siwl turned *.. a <Ik** conadtant, who I'cc-wnmcii.led a program to establish ilir degree of r*k liy semsmima] icreenfog** This screening program, which Chided chest X-rari, w fo progress (he neat fire rears the article said, and during that time die pbnt manage- meat "made a careful focetrigaiam f eKe work hurries fo wwral men wluoe lung cancer* devrkqvrf whaki they were wnrking in the area under susptc**, and cimchidnl that the wily common denomfoator was evj.*irc to chhou- methyl oirtliv I ether (C M.VIK j. " ` Whai acrim, if am', the plant man-! ngert W*wfc wide regard to the conclu sion they had reached by 1967 remains a mystery, for die ankle continued: ^ Maaajpearru is as ye* unable tw pro vide exact information oe the expwsure id the rotplufm to CM.ME. Further in* temr that CMME nmld be a carcinogen was ttkauUted by.. . 44-year-oM man adtmned tu Germantown Dispensary ami Hospital in {December. 1971, because of coegb and banoptym. A detailed occu* patrons! hotory revealed that he was a chemical operjuir who had her* exposed to CM ME foe 12 years. The patient auted that 13 of his fellow workers had lune cancer, and he suspected that this was h diagnosis. All had worked as chemical operators in the same Wilding of a local chemical plant, where they " ''*ed formalin, methanol, and hydro*! rie arid in two 38CO-laer kettles tu ( . --duct CMME. Dariog the process . fumes were oftro viaiWe. To check for Imaes, At lids on lie kettles were raised cversl rimes during each shift. The *. ^aycco considered it a pood day if the entire Wading had tu be evacuated only three or lour rime* per eight-hour shift because of noxious fumes. The article went on tsay iliac when a retrospective tovrtrigatxwt of *fe htur*en cases was made, by an caminatii >f hospital records and autopsy results tnd by consulst** with family plsui-, dans, m was determined that all ei Ben had mired tlevefoped Wg'car*- *r; that their age nc dtngrurse ranged tom tharty-threv t fifty-fire; tliac hr exposure of thirteen of tWm m 2MME ranged fnmt three to fourteen cart; and that thirteen of them liad Red wkhfo twenty months *f dktgnr**. fhc article c**ucfodetl that the data `wroogty ftiggcH that an industrial axard * auuniaicd with CM M K." .At that j*m, C put Wo ilw article, ;h'ph*MH'J fo Washington, nd asked him d he knew sriiich plant 'erredt*. .fore," lie *l. "It'> the Klin and lux* factory in f'hd.Mlctplifo.** ["NUKING the winter, Snfc- Hgiufi* vant demges it( personnel t-di l*e ut the lhrWwt f hkh were aid to hare Wen mmoted under the dtrectiun of Charles W. Ccd- m. Special counsel to t)w ?reriirac In January, George GutntWr's. rerigna. dun a$ Assistant Scerrorr id llbor and director of iW Occupatamat Saic- it and Health Adnunmrarim wsa accepted by the White pre sumably Wcausc his performance had! rcceircti smw highly puhticned nega* * art reaniiMU fmm ononoed Johor. Guenther1 was repine*/hy' J*n H. Stender, a former viee-prerident of the Inurrnoii.nal BrotW*rh*! of 8iVr- makerx, Imnah^h.,jhhri, BlaekimKlw, Forgers, and He^nt, who was also a ..farmer Republican ntc senator m Washington. Then, t Fchmari-, James V. Hodgsoa, who ha.tl rerignctl. as Secretary of Labor t murn to <b i-KkledAircraft Cvnu*fati.msciuor vkt-presidem for corporate rdatinns, was replaced by Ptter J. Brennan, the president <rf the New York City BuQdg and Constructkin Trades Owned, who had organbxd tlw owmerdeaumuratMrt of hardhai utsrruction work ers that disrupted the student peace rally at City Hall fo New Wi* ,* .V|aT S, 1970. Early in March f this vear, I learned from Samuels that President Niwm's Oflc< of Management and Budget lad pLn* for a reorgatrizaoon f federal njpncfcs which included a scheme fa disinaniNttg forge pans the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Department of Labor, and merging them into a De- funmemef Economic AfFoan. "There is Conwdefahlc specufotinu that thh sliufile may W attempted without the consent d OmgiVMk" Samuels said grimfy. U it cakes place, k will ef fectively do away with the separate r.des that were cnvhnuted for the 0<- cupatkmal Safety and Health Admins* intion and MOfilt hr the Congress wiwn rt wrote and |acd the Ocn^a- tkmai Safety and Health Act. It will also to sweep under tlw rug the wfMtk* wctipatHnul-lwaIth scandal we've been trying tu eap,** Sukv then, it seems, whatever plans tlw Office *f Management and Budget hal in mind for H.E.W. and the LX- {urtmem of f^fotr have twen held in alvyance jwmling a rcodmfon >f the Watergate ends. It* Mav, however, XlOSJI wastranderrinl front JI.K.W/s Health Services and .Mental Health Atlmhtmraifon (winch was dr*dvl) t* Its Center for |)lraw Cuurd, :t< jwrt of a decision Uy H.K.W. to redv manpower hud rei*rganire Iwalth pr**grams. Some people >ow this'as'a f`(Jur ihisengradtn^ of XIOSIf, ofor< u* uHcimjm fo II.KAY. to presetu- unC aemMamv d a prevtnmv-niedC ^ cmc prueram. In anv caw*. CivB Vrrwc rvjwforiots regarding A'lwtrier fopmvd KI05II of more rhm fifty*4 fo six hundred and fifty empLnrrt. Snce it already lacked soScimc funds and manpower s* keep up tvfcfi cnrrrmrd demands for research rrainm-. fodusuywide ttfe<y-and*health studio thw- wnems on criteria, and heahh-haxard mfoaante, rhm* trenr ptedforims of j rint work backlogs and an attradam lowering of morale. In June, the con fusion surrounding the future of N'10511 and ns oprmmns was compoundcil hy Secretary Brennan, who rr^wrued sup port from the Office of Management and Budget for merging Ktosii with tht Department nf Labor, Commentfog on the general shnatim m the middle at the month, Dr. Key, the KIOSK director, noted that aR r* activkfos would have * J* curbed, flJH| that "the health and mfetv of the American uwfcer is not grfog to he protected as much"--a rather ch3ng pcedictioft fo view of the fan that only the previous >ear Secretary Richard** had emmated that tvcupatamal dhrsse kSfod a hundred thousand Arrwritdn workers each yr. Meanwhile, on April 4th, a hearing a he petkkm fikd fo- the A.FJLC.LO.'s Industrial Union Department d fiev aadt unims foe reviewed die Secretary nf Labor's five-fihrr md- ard for cxpu*trr to asfowo d. had bn held fo the United Sntn Court of Appeal* for the District f Coiumhfo Circuit. In a brief for the petitioners, the Industrial Union Department ar gued that the Occupational Safety and Wealth Act had cfcarir rc^iurvd tlw Secretary to set a nandard that would ^ ^ adequately pmtrct the health d work- ^ Rite Induwml Unim iXpart- o trwne's case that tlw Scctrcin,- l*ad not ^ <foe m wai hawd largely upi t\ m- tcfritr f tlw XIOSH document m criteria for ad*est., wbh*h had recom mended that a tiv>-fihrv sondard go fow effect wnMu two years. However, o tlw brief for tlw respondent--fnnnrr Secretary <Wrr wen.* two documents f startlutg origin wh^h de fended the SecretaryVacritm m drdar- j iog a five-film* taamlard forJ.K,r mm* > < \ years. Tlw first f those n rune- 1 * tevninpc sin-fo-Sfcuvd critayuc d the i \ voiKlusiub. and tvciumnrmiafams ! i tfo' MUSI! ciiieiit dontmrnt, whvh ' !e*d Uvo suhminod to |>r. IWell, aa j nssMiant director ,f s*0.<*t, u* fom- ! c * * rr>* H, 1972, by I fo, Ccwgc \V. M right, a bmgtiinc )viU nutsMlum *J J<>hii-3lxmilV, m iIko h.vut of rlHl r*exrch at St. !.** m CleveLbd, and w|i testified later that year m WWf of johns-Manrill* (and apiftat th proposed two-fibre standard) at the Department uf La bor's puMic Hearing*. Curfously, Dr. U'nght't letter w Dr. Powell was er StfHmtttnl as pan *d the public ..cord that the Department of latfeor u^s reqiwwl %* compile m order ro etublhh a permanent standard Mr a*tv*u Hut was, only later suhripttrd by Dr. P<nwll as an extra-record state ment *d*eitnl by Aswwm Secretary of Lhor G"etl*cr in fnler t<> justify the Department's controversial decision to tU-Uy (He imposition of a two-fibre Stamford for four rears. The second letter m support of the government brief was an extra-record memorandum sent v Guenther ky Dr. Key, xm May 30, 1972--Hhrec dart before Guenther signed the contested standard for askewn*--which, in effect, disavowed critical pterions of the criteria document that had been prepared fey Dr. Key's own staff, and under h Hi* reelfoa. Dr. Key's memorandum to Guenther ended, "In summaiy, if your bearings and feasibility study indicate that a two-fibre-per-mdric-centimetre level is not achievable um3 four year* hence, I would accept this as a rea sonable health Stamford.'* Dr. Key led three safeguards to his accept- id the higher standard, including provtsfons that new plant construction, be designed to meet a two-fibre level; - that plants and operations that had al ready achieved a two-fihre level be re quired to maintain it; and that an ants- smoking campaign be required for worker* exposed to asbestos. As it turned out, none of these safeguards were incorporated in the standard promulgated hy the ITeprtment of La- foar. IlMHwver, *fce government did make Sural use *f Dr. Key's memo ten m*etths later, in its brief defending the Secretary <4 Labor from the fed- u>m brought against >m by the onions. Tht did the director amt an as- snumt director of NiOSH take the as- tiwiedimj' ttep of aunpromMng m r- rrt their own sshvstoi-cmem 4octi- mvttt and its m**mmcruk<! two-fihfe standard, which Secretary Richaril- ntn lud wutred PmAlern Ntwm, leal than a immili More Dr. Kvv wrote' h* oivn v doigmrd "i* protvet ag-mro ads-Mods and dvrtn*-imlnced mvr...am! t* he attawwhk* with Ming technology." Moreover, as UwpioHJcatim tliK.vMr;iortiwary ;id- mutWtrativv act. Dr. Powell vl**c v ivly i an <qtuii>t }K. k* Dr. VVrSgfo, tlu* Jolin^-Nfontilk' ***iik- :,oi (ih* "-injuin *a*j ;,u m* cufme >m the government ride), and |>r. Key professed no qualm shout feasibility data gathered by Artlwr I>. Ltule, Inc., a firm dm not only had rrSrd mainly upm snformaifon rohriicd . fnn the tube*** Kuluun, and font a ; group tif medical duetM* the vast ma- 7 jorky r*f whom had conducted research on asbestos dtuaro that was fmanctaiir ` m^urted by the induMrv, hut afen was \ mrrdved in a direct conflict of inferos* 5 in behalf of die asbestos Industry rren as k prepared t undertake ks study. No one know* for sure what voohl have nturivated Dr, Key to sign this extraordinary memorandum, which turned nut m have been written by Dr. ^uwcll, but many pnifde sftuins tint be was reacting to pressure frmn Ids ennfrre* in die Department of Labor, wkh which NtOSH mi^u be merged. As for the Industrial Union Depart ment's peiHim for rvrivw nf tl fivefibre standard, a final decision upon k is sriU pending, Most observers feel, how ever, that the fact tliat the integrity f the criteria dneoment no asbestos has been questioned h>' m primary author has dealt a Mow to the Induttrial Un ion Department's calc. Y the late spring ni tka ctac, I bad B fofig since come to the oncbtsiwi that there would he no qukie end to the curisunc* uf the medicai-uutuumi complex t* actvm that would amelio rate the plight nf worker* exposed to ttwic substance*, for dtst matter, to the capacity nf many key government official* to react with timidity am! de ceit whenever they were required to make decisions regarding nccupauma!- hcalrh problem* which might run coun ter to the interests of the cmpimte giants that had been supplying miusn . am! manpower w pn&Ra! adawnritm- tions h>r tlecade*. One of tltc chief *lif- ficulrici m owrcommg the todwinnal borine*s-asHnatal appmach tn mdiotrit! dhrase was ririt|lr that puMic ojMtiti'm e*tukl not carily bv around agshnt tlw deb) ed carnage occorrfog in tlw work- pber. In shun, unlike the casualty fig ures *f die Vietnam war, which for yeat* had been reported weekly lr*nn ^ Specific geographical area, specific r dratnaik: npnrtiitg of cnsusltfos Inun irulustrial disease C-mkl never K1 |m* vulrd, for they wvte *Keuf*mg vvso after the nwt of exposure to mxk* sob- stance* and among men and women w ho iiad Hen working in litvrallr tviu of rluntsaoils of sJtop* and factories in every State of ri*c uomhi. Kr CNam|de, be hkvh* to remember hrrv wars fn>m nove that several lotmlred nun m tin* hill c.rnnm of K.a<t *!Yxa, l had died of a*hei,-ds lung cancvr, gacriMAte*iirul ranevr, and oiem*he6- * una had <vut hevn empknetl at a msidatiim plant in Tyfor owned by Pittsburgh Coming? It thervfort appeared that cvtly an nnusual dbower--a drama of van mag- : nhttdr--was fikvly to evoke the kind of [ ptdKcoutrage that, asm theo*f the ; war, mwdd demand an end to tlw un- ; nrecy ihughicr, As thing* turned ' t*ilh rinetjaprra and (cfos^nn sutfons ' around the cxmtr)* were earning storics shunt the j^iwihilttv of pw such a dkser--nve tltat iwuW affect the Iwndrcd tfourtond ritr/ens <ri Duluth, .VlinnewHa. Wheiher or not tlx Duluth M(untn prv>ve*o he truly caustropfoc, it cerumf)' serve* to illustrate Hew a pmrfttisri diwster can rrrdve without warning, ami to suggest fow *Hu with ilNmm are foamd to occur in the future if *tr]s are not taken to curb industry'* indtvrimiruie mhi uf the en vironment at a private sewer. The Duluth story broke in the middle nf June, when the Environmental Pro- tecta* Agency announced that the public water system *f the <hy, which derive* its supply from Lake Supcrfor, contained grossly excrssve amounts of ashrst-ltke material. UpM further analyris, tlss turned out to He smrifor to aimwke aslwsttis--the tvpe that was handled m.lhc patero*0.aiid Tyfcr fac tories. *l*He contamination of Lake So- peri'f with nshe*tt Itad vvidently be gun in the middle fifties, when a new pmcrM was drvrhqvd for extracting iron fnun the taconke-nre drpusfts m the nearfo' MefciHt Range. This pmcrtf <ms^cd in crushing the ore, grinding it m water to a fine muddc sand, and magiicticall}* separating the iron from the wet slurrt*. In the Reserve Mining Omyetny--a threc-hundred- aml-fony-million-doUar suhsHliary nf AkMt'O am! Republic Steel--began us ing the nvw process at hs |dam in lidver Jfay, a town on the lake ^ifoui fifty! miii nonhead d Duluth, and aho1 Itegan dumjimg, through pipes and vlmtc, tfom&amfs of ton* of pulverianl waste tailing* into tfo< lake rarii day. (At the Kime rime, forge qiumun** of \ mineral dosi Ugnit to be released into the amldent air through iIk* snuder- Macks of tite'plant.) H) tin* inxhllv sixties, when the omipsin w. hmqv- ing riMy-sewn ton of want tailing* aw the bkv each dm, a large| green stain almost twenty Mpure mihsl in area wu* ^ireading nv. r the fokv uij the viimite .<{ Silver Ikn- a -tain that was llMHight U# n l"i> time to I. eoiiqviu'd id algas* Vvho-e gu*wih wa- MitmiJn. d U) (Ih' <lnm]'i>tg <<f tfo1 lail- ksh irvv Iti l$b9,t*.AC*fnd ak.ut tk o- *uct a pfehmwun' study am! rc- ui the wafer tlie Ukt, tk State Hhic findings at him withm tm* f Minnesota wmt u. own iceking v week*. Since tu> Ho&et had ever l*en cn'jnin Reserve fmcn the pracrcc f jwrfomvrd on people whom exposure to dumping. In the couree .( (be procwl- asbestos was purely hr ingestion, Dr. mgi, it was suMhM that the green Sehkuff and Dr. Hammond, and Dr. w nwltcd bw into algae but frwn %hwnrntiR| effect rha: w* eatued ,hf sunlight shining on suspended par- UHam J. NichuWi, tauratr * of community medicine at the Mmuu Smai School id MetNcW, and .tidev Then, in December uf 1972. isutpeering that siMw might be prev jent m the (aconite ere mined for prto aK* a roemkr of the staff of ks nvtmnmcatal Science* Laboratory, un dertook o* determine the pretence of jduettan, idScbtfe d the Minnesota Pol uh^nt fibres in the tissues of such lution Cnntrrd Agency commwarned pr*<pfe by comparing autopsy material two geologists--Stephen Burfell, of thv from pc<pb wlio had lived all their Umeerrity of Wisconsin, and lame* Nre* in Duluth with autopsy material Stout, of the University *! Minm- from ttbcfMs workers who had hero undertake a study f the emjrioyed at the old Union Ashes* ataan. Over the neat seven months. & Rubber Ounpaor'a factory* in PaterBurrell took samples of ore at Reserve's *n. Because workers at that plant-- Peter Machdi Mine, and when Stout and other asbestos workers as well-- analysis them, ashettns-type materia were known to hare incurred three turned out to constitute- atom twenty ' rimes as much gastro-intestinal cancer per cent of the total. After the iron people in the general populaunn, U was separated from the ore, the waste project appeared to be an urgent one. ladings that were left contained an Toward the end of June, Dr. Selt- even greater percentage of tho materi koff, Dr. Hammond, and Dr. Nieholal. Thm, since the dumping had begun. ff*ii Htfortacil Judge Lord that heesusv r could be estimated that the waters of thrir initial ttutlk* showed chat the authe lake had been polluted nnt only nnm* material from Duluth had been with about two hundred mSIion tuns prepared with formalin which had been of ore refuse but with tens of million* diluted with water frura the Dohith of tuns of asbestos-type minerals. Small water supply* thv material was ctm- ender that when the Environmental laminated with asbestos to stare with, rwetfina Agency--which had -irwri- and thus made it* analysis very nrneh mud m own tuk agamst Reserve hi more coit^Ucated. For this reason, a February *4 1972--collected sample* proper evaluation of rite potential health of the public water supply of Duluth hazard to thv nsideiu* of Duluth fnnH and Sent them t>* th< Environmental drinking water contaminated with s- Sciences Laboratory of the Mount Si hcsto C'Hild roc he matte on short m>- nai School of Medicine, in June. o> k* tiev hut w<mld take nny months id analyzed tiwy were found to nmum pdnstakm^ stinh' and evaluation. As a approximate})' a hundred result, ti*v study combi limes as much asbestn*type fibre by weight per ned through tltr summer and fall. laic Jts .any her water Alranwkik, the sum samphs that had crer that had let'R hnaiglii been analyzed there. During May, preKmi- against Reserve by `Min nesota amt tlw E.P.A. had nry results of tlir Bur- kvn merged, and went t" relkSpwt study were re treat h> August Ik in ported to ofticwli of the K.P.A., til United Stales DBtrict Own, with Washingoni, who, after mulUng over Imlyv 1-jrfd preridinjT. and vrith tlw dieir iq^dacariotu and tl*r puwtdc ef lustwv IX-jwrtmvm (acting in behalf of fect* of* their public dijvbreitrc (in- titv K.f.A., ami ydned in a* action In ekdmg the iwis'dulhy of pauic .-otiouy Wocoji**), and Mirlugan, (Ihr ckireti* if'Ihdurii), fonttAlivd ri*v nv well a* In li\v cminMHtwntal groups) information to thv vinirt, thin ;uldm : mit*M.lii^ dial Rvwrve** dkdwrgv of nvv tlimenrioii to thv ordinal suit. At Coooite \vsiv mi*, l^tkv S|Wfiof pored ik- sauK- rimr, the K.P.A. nskvd Dr. a ihreal t<* inddi. health and dnmhl k* 'H'ltkuff .iml Dr. Ikmmond ui w^hi.iiv h;dul. Ihv.noe of the complvakv of Wthin riety day* tlw jai-ihilrty of ad- iIh' o-m> im>lvril, um of the govern- trrc vffeet* ilk* hv.dth of tiiv n)>iu% k wik'*s were not i'allv'd kitin> of Duluth. Sliortlv tlwrvaftvr. tbs* sumI notH. die varh* pot *4 UuitvJ States Di-tfXt C'`*irr Jiidye S*-|Memkr. One of dw fir>t of tkre wa* Miles \V. Ijird, tvk was schedukd to |>i. Nwl^'k'O, uho tvStiKed that los hear the Ca** against Re* rve, rcfuvH* ^nylvk of water san^do from Duluth ed Dr, Si'likofT :iud Dt. H.miio<<>nl. t-> .licu, .l d* u tIha .'.Mttauu'd veri l.irj* w.ts *d am|*b^k*h* muwrah. i Am* are a complex grup of -divare ruuu*rsl* that ehwriy contain inagnoh urn, mIkoo, ami irem. Include in the ^Tunp are fire different va<vk? *4 . wkmuv, Wkding enicsduthe and amm* Me, kith of which are known to hare rawed affas>retti lung eanrrr. imb thekaus, ami cancer of the gastnomtistutaf tnct in workers vrki mhakd iirir fihrew.) VVhrfl asked how many ampfiBedr fibres. wimt**Rc might ing<H from drinking a (pure of water frem ihe puhKc water sujifily of Dulath, Dr, .Vvitohoti uMifieil ihuc Id* .inaliM diowed that a i^unre of Duluth water could timtain anywhere from tucatr miiku* toa hundred mdiinn such fibres. 1jut m Ht* testummy. Dr. NwHokm -kdiested- that Krserve't i{vreif*ut* rniglit also comiitutv a serkius air-indlution hasard, suire* h analyte of air temples taken in the. vieinifi of the e*o|S<ny's plant in Silver Bm' diowl that tky ronuinol cimcvntrati>uft as high as rietvn mdiion amphhik* fibres | js*r etdde metre of ait. (Anton* breath- iog such air vouhl inhale more titan on* hundred million fibres in twentv- frtr kuirv) Haring ha nwriiAM on the air and water samples he had ana lysed, o*i ha research on petiple wkt Ivm! k*m in*qationally e^mred to as- hesua, and * ha kiwwleifgr of other research into tk* koh^ical cffn* iff askssns which showed that ashrmns-mduced mcvr usually emit twenty rear* or Miurv to kvc)op, Dr. NRhulsna stated chat the situation re-suhmg frm Rewrve'* dachafge of taronke waste i>Htitud a serixis puhKc-k*alth ba*;ml. "If we waited umil we uw the hodk** in tin* street, wv wmihl tlwn k emaio that tlwre would k annthef thirty or forty vrsr* of mortalnv ex perience before* u\" Dr. Nk^ndwut naal. "\7e winilil have built up a Kn*kW*g d diwaw over wik'h we wtuihl haw littk com red." Dr, Nk'kdson was followed on ik* u'Bne-i Maiul hv Dr. Huredil f.. Slew- :.rt, who ld kvii engaged in cancel rt'xnfch for the Untteil State* Fublic Health ServvA Nsrii*nal Cane* r In- uiiuu* riinv 1939, aiul who had ken ihief of {ath*d.e^v at ik IioiHute from J9S4 .Mml |%9. k<ii k* retired. Dr. St.*wan tvoifud ilvtt m *^wn*n tk ar^dok.U* tdo\i hi he l>iduh waur uqijdy v***i-dinted n . 3rein^eri, "Vm give it l*. tk infants,** k aid. "VoC give it t*. pami| thddren. *ri> k .i cap- riv.< }M|iiilaiB*)t. The) **h ing**l the waive, *>i virnuHi a .i.hfhhv. I.wrv thing ilwi\'...ked > c.Bikvd *<i |adkMifTn minerals f. All ik sk.tr and tk |dhnveaw> and tk eh'tk- :ne tomdio-d i,, ilu ,,.|k>..k w-vte. Ii riturt he almond*?,*. Ii tnuH k Jtuptmg arn*'i*d, The dr^cf dul dri** . the clti*c& ita cellar mu.i Mow thh <Htt *mt*whetv, ! would assume. ft's a carcinogen introduced through the tnesric water supply miu tlie homes people.*' Toward (Ik rod d hk di rect trtttn.*ny. Dr. Sicwar? said that I anybody who fwrutits stick a situa- ltkui -nw real:re that he'* Jemntn| people t (tpnnrc t a cardflogca that may* take their lives and pr<dWy wOl" After Dr. Stewart'* apitearanee, the Crmmvru called Dr. Arthur M. gr the dnef mineral*gi and bead of the physical sewnert section at the Mount Smai Environmental Sci ences Laboratory, wim testified that hb analysts of fibre* in samples of tlw Du luth water supply showed tltat talf of them were of the amphihede variety, that approximately two per ccot were identical with annnitc asbestos, and that between four and five per ecru were consistent with amoske. Dr. Danger also stated that almost lull of the fibres found m the air samples taken in Silver Bar were either identical to **e <**> sistent with asueite asbestos in their chemical tumpnritiMi. Dr. Langer was foUnwed to the stand by Dr. Wagoner, -f yfOSH. A cnnsalefahle pnrtwm of r. Wagoner's tesumon)1 wa> d<vrted xu the excesriee amodte-asbeSR dust concvntraooftS that J>r. Johru-m anti others from the Division nf Field Studies had found during their survey I Firohurgh Owning** Tyler plant, in October d 19?I, and to dtr critical oceupatanubhcalth satMiioo that had existed there. During this testimony, it was brought oat ttat previous surveys of the Tyler plant, which *imwl gr*s* abuses of gfel industrial-hygiene prac tices at the factory as far luck as 1967, hat! beta conducted under the direction nf Dr. Wagoner's pmlrtrwe at the dtvbam, Dr. Crallrj ; that Or. Crathry iutd rrpeiri the fesuhs nf Ids findings in Pitcdutrgh Coming but not, insofar as Wagoner knew, to any federal regu latory agency ; awl that Dr. Cfalley was at present a c*usulum for Re serve. Dr. Wagoner ym lolloped on tW wkttere stand by Dr. Selikulf, wk, during huir days **f testimony, pn*cvedrd to iwrw ife* history of asbestos dW*t <l*e nrwlts of the major utmltai < the bid-gical effect* of ad*e*u** wldch Iwd k*r carried out during tta pMt forty yea*** and tin- r^tdi* of. the soulies l<e sod Dr. H;mmiud tad conducted sUnehsg tta disavows *t*r* tality vxj*vrw*ev *i advw** worker* at the Tyh r pUt mf ur US }>cvdeev--*r. dw Utam A*hr & Rubber Cnnpant's facuuy in Raterann. Dr. S<li3 S.Uf went m t describe *we pre- hinsvuy findings of a study Ik ron,hiding of the relatives of men *cfe had worked at ib Paiervm [6m, He pdd the cuun that upon examunnjs a Itundrcd and fifteen people who had Uteri in the stroc houx with workers at the jdant (and who eKild, three- . fore, hare hevQ csptnl to ashcstns'duM brought hmnv on the workers* clothes), he baiad ttat tldrty-rune per cent dtuwed X-ray ahmmtaNties, most of them m the form of lung scarring tyjd- cally found among po^lc who are - cupsthmally exyaned to asbrsios. Dr,, Schk*ff abn testified shat he felt h was jhighly prubable.thatingcBtm.of asbes fibres was rv^tomMe for the fact that he had found a threefold mcrease m cancer of the gaatroriatestin.il tract among the asbestos workers he had tndird. in aRcir^tting to deny the govern ment's charges Reserve contended that the fibre* found m the Duluth waser wip^dy were n*H cstised hr its dbfatfal nf taRmite waste iiu> lakc Superior, and ttat, in any case, the fibres were not f the same chemical tvf*f that tad been htund to cause ewer of the lungs and gvrsnt-ffursrinal tract among asbestos worker*. However, Dr. SeKkoff sd- fin! that he stnngly believed, on the tau* f Wn experience and upon evalua tion d ail tlw *ha he tad sudied, ttat cancer was induced In* the 4,*c and dupe of tiw pinicies ratlwr than tlwir exact chemical cont|awitam." Later, wltcn ndird if he tad an opmion as tu whctlwr or * the presence f am- phdade fibres ui the l)iilutH water n>- t.*m timstttmw! a health hazard, Dr. Selikoff rvjdied that he thought it posed a dkiinct health hazard to the pM|wla-' tion d Dolmh and to other p>^utsrions drinking r wring uch water, *We will not kiuw wlu'sfwr **r not these fvirticu-l lar irircumstatieo 31 causw cancer un- | tl another twenty-five t* thirty-five > tears tae pted," Dr, SHStoff f^aud. -TWs b io Mic ^riniin a form <ri Rus sian r>Mhnte, ami 1 d.m't know where the bulLi t* l,au,d.** Upnn fwnlwr pnMudng, Dr. Scltkofi hTuJtnd ileit a>ta*sto* levels mra'ttrvd In tlw* air at Stiver H.iv, lesa than tall a mtV fr>*m i*v* <}*!*, wvfr abMt ieR links as -reat odu-mn levels measured near dn-s wltetv muibrti>i tad tavn od hi Iwdhlmg v*stsrMCUon New York Chi' (a |wacthe tanmnl In the riit as a iwahh !vrd m Vtdiruafy d 1972 |; ttat ihe advrt.sleVeh.il> Silver Uav Veefe nlunrt tin* Irigln'X eOVICun- ioental Utl* he Ivol ever ***; nod i rimi fvplc wj. mf^| K- hrkatlrmg m> ei doing Mich vtcvit traitw wetv, hi Id, rising tlv devvlipment d mc*nl>limiu. At Judge Drr* n^uew.a tentarive Ita of vrictvwcs u*taun the bwyvrs for Reserve imcmtal u call u* tUc wand wa* furwidwd on Se|vmher 2fith. It Cimutoed the tiamvs and aSiatmns of sixty-four men, wk uvre feted ac cording m ten different categories of information ahnif uiiich they could Iw cxjk*cted m testify. Some f the am** ,were familiar. '1`lvy inchoh-d Dr. CfaT- ley and R'dvrt G. Keenan, Cbycort & Aswcntcs; Dr. Paol Gross; Dr. Stephen Holmes, now chvf health phyriebt (t>r ilk? Turner Rmthen As bestos Company; and Dr. John Cor bett McDtMiab!, of McGSl Umvtr- scy--alJ nf wfeen tad figured in the riddle afeui tta medical-mdimrial complex. Also listed were Dr. Donald \V. Meals and three other members of Arthur D. Little, tnefuding Dr. Charles J. Kcnshrr, the firm's srnior vicepresident in charge M operations; Dr. Leonard G. Bristol, director of Imtmmobicdogiol Research Lobon- tories of the 1'rudeau Inwtute, Inc^ at Saranac Lake, which johns-Manvtlk has hc^ed si^iport for many years; and Dr. Hans Weftl, pr>*ln#>rnf medL cinv in die pulmonan-dWaMs wetnn nf the Ttibisc Vnirerfity School of Mrdkuw, whose study of arivstosis m workers at a Johitchfenrilltf cvmcnt- producu plant at Marrem, Uwwma, had been financbllv sti^vuird be the Quebec Adorns Mining Asuttminn, of which juhns-Manvillr is a WatlSng member. l^liawvcr d>e income of the trial, all tbuse involved m the I feluth affwr, and cspccidh' the city's hundred thou sand roidmts, arc keeping their fingers criused. On the face uf it, the ptvdicai ment w.kiM mvw to he an meredihlr | ataord s nd tapie><e>e forche people nf | any city m thh cmimn --the mnse high- ` ly ih>vrlii]wl ami tcchmdogicnlH' ckfwrt narion <*f Uv worhl--in be in. The may* Heed companies are anxh*about it, because many >ri them have mine* and nriU* m the Mvitdri Range, and the fwahh uf thourtMui* of tfew workers nuy bate kva h riu^r. ^fnrdked thnuigh rxpiMurv to adtauo* duc M ri amin* uf all. fenviwvr, arv AKMCU and Kv^mhlic lkv1, f>r, a* coowners of Rewrve, dary oitght, if worst come* to woe* for die psx^de of Duhttb, he sued under Mhuh*^ Uw. A* k tap- l>ens, uuv d die chief coftnih- a*m f**r Reptddic Sirrl |1hk days L nniw enher than Dr. George W, Wi^jlu. Or, Wright'* vahx* k Re- m* ' (4'lh firr ri** !><!.:<< jrf.iif *.* h 3iw>< 4 ills' (,> *KV m flu r\|,4...... Urn- 3W -the wrU> poKliKvf of ^nnN^ ariWM'H- fir o-ufivd ?t rl*e tVpartnwnt *4 Ijih-r'* j*U'ie hearing* . amodtc. t** chrtotfik, wa>, in h ftvjaKidhlt' f..r the gn**h ex- ,vmw weulemv .} m.'Hk>iai tu |fw *4U *4 lUudattOrt WnfWf* v<oi- ducted K Dr. KWoff ami Dr. Ham- m*d. DURING lK Mnimur, iK* doorim in |).t)mh *;> making JivadUuc* aero-* ilw viwmrt, il. IK* partnwar .4 LaW jcddn^-d u*{f.tu die Kotow d Mtiing ^ ntutk itt tnml- ard*4or rxitiMfii1 i* U* f*trtrvn rWm* cal varriroigyu* for * fetch it lud protnulgatcd 4\o**oth iv hi pra ty emergence swndarifc* * Mac 3*4. A* tn the me *4 it* avhc*** stumlard a tear and a Italf k-fnrv, tt* Secretary 4 LaW convene*} an adri-ur comurit- ler--iW StaitdanL AdvL*ry C`*mnr in Caretn*eiw---u, iedcr to avail hsfevff 4 cX|**t advice mi tin* peoh. Vm. Tlw oxnmituv wjw tuadc up 4 fifteen iikinhr* drawn from govem- McM, labor, the independent im^fical and seirntifie <tuiutricv,>and ituhwttv, and in A*gut, it rrranvded m Secry lifcniua tl*a the jvnnaucnt jdanU utefudv a suvt permit sys tem, * that cw< e-unpam *ouM ntann- fartiirv or * am* >( the fmeen or* amigcns wtW**K fir*t iirmiMt rating as ahclttt t* Imndlr the chemical in a nufincr tJwt fr.-wU dett'Ciahlc cvpftufv t ant wUr. This fconn- mendataia earn** ah-ot large!** because af cvalence puoer*t4 tn (hr advbwv committee K Dr, Wagoner4* Division 4 Kk'ld Stmlie* Clinical fmv*t!gA- which ^t:a 'btrTsWt' bnm)fed* >{ aenns tl* Inml w*'fc ut.mnlactdim^ sud itamj* the chemicals with :rtnticptaCe r, w wniw n*i cotttmla U* tl* pna**ctai 'kciv. (n SwpU'tulvr. wlmt tlw IK^wn- itwni .4 laW< Ocvipjimul Safrtv wmI Mrahh AilaiinMraivm K ill jmhKc Karat-* m tK pr^*>l *f.iml;if4s to \Va-dwNgt4Mt D.C., tin* r.-ciNttm. itda* tm <4 the aihKif) canmai*. was 4h~ vitfmtcil K* !<< I e|Wm*, a *|^vul Cmt- ltant U*r (Krwairm i'<*nn>>hir>. lm*. a OMKcrti n jN *.m^ * fian mapw m^rfaiidt)., mam *4 either itMiinlaciurc <*r w *K' ur tttute nf die CJr**W`jrcn# intvdrc*!. Totiiihig at tK hrann-< . S'|Ncm- U r 11tli. 'I%^4w .Wcbrvnl licit tK* nV'votmmljiHtfi JMcritril u-ry Jhlh ;*J* wotkoi. ^**4 ^4l*4, ** I hi> i* a t i.*r cin.*ik*oti*n l {vuptc nf far n<*rc gcnmlracil ojutvihv than *lnfc' -iat w\*f< primarily tftxa'tth^nu anti livgieftW dial cmnptwtl ih* ettmmauv.'* On SepternWr Mill, Tephtw'** au-mms wxrv cttfuraUictcU hj* f>r. 4 NIOSil, who on litis iwcasaot tmi a strong and forthright scmtl on the matter of occuftatintiai exposure t*. known carcirutgcR*.44It is tK* finn emt* vicrinw uf Xl0$lt duu no eriJeace ex* be* to socneifiolH ctmcludv tlut any one ef the hmntrn agents under nm* rideratiun ft- nos carvito^cnw in man,M Dr. Key testified, "I make this presen tation as a concerned puhlac-hcalth of ficial in the iptric of fosutwg a hettec understanding of occupational carctmw genesis... and also in the spirit of tn* cmiraging a prudent approadi tn standards setting, tn that we ean profit fmen those ksetms learned (mm expe rience with htca-ruphthybotine and bt-<hlonvnethyl ether. Such kswns, although advancing the state of knowl edge as far as experimental versus hu man caranogenkity concerned, were unfortunately dne at the expense of the health of the Aaterican worker." On the same day, Samuels, of the Industrial Uninn Department, attacked the timing of the public hearings- **Th hearing could have been held more than two years ago, when our depmevent and afiniates fim gummed dw rxdesNm of kn<wit carcinogens from the interim standards promulgated un der the Occupational Safcn* ami Health Act,4* Samuels testified. 44The conse quence is that, as a result of two years of uojuKifviWe exposure to carcin*gentc agents, regardless of anything done now, hundreds and periops thou sands oi men and wttmen cart he, ex pected to experience agoniring death .frum tMUxr ia the next ttui iUcades. Sir, in a truly ctvikml .sofuay we would Iw4d personalh* requmsdde those who participated hi rim crime, Kith (he callous political creature* and tlw can cer peddlers who bartered moral and scatwwy ohh'gatiom. hi a juft mr the)1 would now K- undergoing tv?* hahitnatum tn a penal mMbutwm. in stead, tl*y walk frtvh --some nf rium arc or'luive hern in tins Mm-- if erfi btuown rewanl.44 AMmigh Sverctan* Bmuun and .\bmuk Secretary Stendcr were re quired by law to aniHmm'e the pnanu)garim of fivrmancnt standards for the fourteen carcinogen* \w Niuvenlter 3rd, tluit deailltne jawed wkli no actum tak en. However, m Novemlwr Sth, Gcnrd 1*. Scanmdl, tfw director of tl* Occupntkuul Snfctj1 and Heulrii Ad- mala*ratii's Offkv of Sumlordx. tn- I.imiN-d Sjio.kU tiut ilw <H' -taiuLnh u * mi* a rroi? wldch lol h.*n t\e*oim'niU4 K fk'V rvtiin Brennan4* advb.rv c-^unhwe, K .vnjSil, and In the nu, * (Jim <le *undanW c>uld I* elfivtivtdt vnforcvil under tiw 1970 Act. If tlm prmxs i hr hr raA*, ihrn *oc' again, a* in tW cafc* of Hw advuos standard, a SecrvtnA' of Labor will haw dbowned the n<comfm*ndatios*. .4 the mmthcr* *4 )u* own advbor)- ousmutv* and of arctipanonal-heahh e\j*A* from SIQ*it. (fit this utManer, he w31 even have dKiwmsl the advice *4 the 4 the Presolrnt's CHira m Kntmuimenta! Ou^htr, who liave ahn Mnm-Je urged the twCodty <4 iturhtdiog a permit system in the new stand ards. ) Indeed, continuing the long hoflnett-as-uxuai apprmch of the fed eral government t<tward the crucial pnddetn 4 utduscrwl <hvase, he wilf have set standards foe known caneerpnUictng suhtunces which fail nt adequateh' pnneet the health and Hves of w*kefs. 1 HAMVHltt, there were sxac M new dcveliq>meitts ettneeretfig Piu*hurgh CeBW|'t Tvfer jdam, which had provided the starring piunt f**r my twentymv-momh tnnuipi* taut of the medical-industrial coaqdcx. In Odrivr,.l wrirri a (ipj> 4 a repin entitled "Tyk*r Ashcst<4 Workers Siudy*4--a propet tlerigncd t* conduct a medical followtip <4 the IVler wurkvis in the coming yearis--which had Uvo drawn up hy a newly formed, nonprofit (^ganixation called the Texas Choc KiHirwiajiim, with headquarters at tlie Texas State Department uf Health4* Hast Texas Chest H<pia1, tn 'IVkr. The idea If the project had Iwert hritau'd hr Dr. Jduuum late 5, the summer *4 1972, and it had heed dcvvbqwd dmv then bv him and hf Dr. U'spwrr; by Richard A. Luwt an .pidvmidogiM in the Divisim uf IVU Studwx and C'h'nicnl fnvestigati; hr Dr. (iv*rge A. Hurst, the Mqwrintemknt *4 the Kut Texas Chen IhrtfMj); and hy Dr. Setftoff. UjHn making cmfuirivs, ( learned that tK**c men had nui in May and June 4 tin* year with Dr. Michael K. Spm,l tfw dtwf 4 tK* hmg-cam-cr branch >4 ilk* Department 4 Hi'akh, Kdurataut, and Wdfarr* S'atamal Camvr ItmL suie, for Ik* purje of egen<leriftg w- i hr>t m am! funding for tle propTt. I. I al*o kvtnieil tlett during the bte ! juatig and *wnou'r 1.%-Hton lud man ured to (Akv th.' w |u r^h>MN 4 *K. louidred and ninrtv-two 4 tltr ei-ln Kindred and miKtv-fisv uvu .K> M 2"i tad been emph.ivri at riw Tyler ptaRl taun Noeeratar of 195*, wlien it 'pcftcd, until bVhrnary "f 1972* when Ptfcsborgb Coming shut it A>wn. Infe addiriw. I twd nuc ckn on Juncp ta iotaW <mni ntau Ittan. M pfwsfioatfly iwi* InMlred end fhpw fWpJvfcei trill develop etkper, matalr hru"hfif rarctawna. and dir fr**a riu* duesee nobs* mm type u> Ck toeewfd ixttrvnuta it wukmkcn. | Sih, Dr.1 jnhwn had wkih Df. At (WUrtt, wf cmifse, n truly w- Cram, medical director J 1*5*0 In- <juitnc4 and medical coftsotant to Pitburgh Cocning--who lad first igfurred s ivwhd jmcm-writNi to cmubi the le- r> at vhipm.'rtt *f tang caneer k ktuntn to S tta mtdica! and scatutSc vtenmunHy, and then nuntmixvd the prril *( die hm it k at leas a h*ic{ol sign that if woric^ tmjdnyvd at the Tyh*r tlur Xadnnal Cancer Ihrmpte funds tta informing Wm of the |nf-*d Kdy l*fi]ect the *rylrr workers wtH n*K he and of the National Cancer Institute** wtadly abandoned to the awful peril tnirrni m K. they have hren vspewed to' (s have * I talked with Ixmcn recently, and many mher asheMOt workers in tike W t*44 me that ot August of this year United States), and that if in tlx next he derided to tcviw the Mr of ll old few war* snow< kind*of successful in- Tyler plant, wtare tta Imperial Amer terw'nrinn is discovered some of these ican Company onw manufactures lawn men^hn m^ht otheAme dir unnee- furniture. "I had tww tarn back r early deaths may he saved. Tyler sac January nf 1972, when Stcvra Wodka and 1 visitfd the dump where Pittsburgh Grning was dispos ing of asbestos waste/' he told me. "Imagine ray surprise when I discov ered that the 3 with which the companr tad later covered ttam over had eroded, and that tax* wads of astattns fibre were lying everywhere o** the gfowij." Ixwn went no to tell me chat he had brought the mauer to the OkTLY before the Duluth $*ty broke into the headlmcs, 1 received an annuuncvnimt id the National SymI /pMsittm <m Occupational Safety and U HvahU, which was in be held at the Carnegie Institution, in Wathingum, 1>.C, from June *th to June 6th. Among tlw listed sponsors of the tinpudttm were the I^ridnn of Industrial and Engineering Chcnttstf)*, the Amer attention of official* of tire Team State Department of Health ad of the EJ*-A. I later Warned chat Pittsburgh Coming had hern directed hy the ,P.A, this past September to remedy ican Owma! Snvt>', ihe Matmfactaring Chemists AssoclatioA, the Nadutal Safcry Cmnu^'s Clieaucsl Section, .ViOSJt, and the OccnpatrMWtl Safcit'and Health AdminMratim. Ac site rituawa*. The company ttan pro ceeded m re<uvcf the dumps with two feet of *>3 and with four inelwsof t*psoQ, and tu seed them with grass, at a meal cm of **ne sixty th***sand dot- cording to the announcement, Seswm Six of the sj-mpiwunt, entitled `''I'he Human Factor/* would he coK'loired hv |)r. Grant, who was sctatltihd to <lellwr ftuttc ictrmfuctoiy remarks. fan, The prudence f tta F..P.A.** ac tion was reinforced by an anfcrk' that More recently, I received a ropy of the October 3rd issue C CAvm.oW appeared recently in tta Anwlt of IV/*l, a )vuNicath>n put out ta* .Mc- Qsctt/eusd lfgg*rne. The amds was cnochd MAsbems k the Work Place and the Community;** h was written Graw HilL It ciuttmnvd an article en titled "Health Fngrams Nnd Kira AM,** winch described a meeting of the hr Dr. Mend l. Nswhowe, of the Manufacturing Chemists Awnatatam, Eoadna Sefcd of Hygiene and Tropi IwM in Atlanta during September. `TU* cal Medicine, wl h weH known for antch* xriil itet "OJUI.A., mw in its her stadies of mevutafinma; and a in- tmrd }i*ar, tad taw'd its first fvmu eluded (he description of "a psrictn suf nene Iwalrh statMlards--fnr snla*is,* fering fmm a (wiwmn! iwjntheltt and that "wa or more t-utatanc** w9l (who] recalled playing with londfol* have penttanent standards Ik the *ul M asbestos <n waste ground near s .f the year, aivonKng t* tax Grant factory as a small tuy, some forty years medical iKrretar of taduxetas before he 4cTvh**d be* tumour/* vdtn uuah'fatetl tlw dtHustam.** '1% As for the "Tyfcr Aslwww Workers arude wvm on t* **sc tint "Csfnnt Study," which * bring considered for yav* OdkH.A. will drfins* 3 `Kalthfol funding by tW National Cancer In- eitvmutmvm* aral take other con Mttucr (and v winch, at yet, Pitts cerning method* and Kitt^dutg pro- burgh Owning ha* ion otfvred make cednro* ut tlw* w*>rk eovtoomieitt, *y cieurfeutewO. tt *>"*, under *he luvdvsd emHuAu* fw vnt|dovrtis tailing"Jtafimtfon f lie Problem'* and prvst rSxri w'urk praciWes." In 1973, afp`u'""*<*fr hundred and wentf-hv* emph^'r** vi TfWr u* tat4 pleat eumpl<*trl mave espusare Although t was unable m attend iitar the Nathmjil Jntnjtodtiin Oc- cii|vo>>ut:il SafeJV Health `O the bGnufacturi;>g CWmiv' ftikVtiog, I tad iuil a dunce < Dr. I Grant pr'ridv over a rinittir gatk<mg a1< a year before. Th' w> the One Hundredth Auuual Meeting id tta American 1`uWic Health .Wxi- aMi, which was held m AiUriv City fnnu Nnvcndwf 12th through Niwein- tar 16th id 1972. Ac tlut ntw, nearly va^bc tTktxuhs Itail pawed jtaev James M. Bwrer, the prvridcnt of Phtdwrgh Coming, wlcptamed Rtr to say t)t he cmdd nut give me pvrmtaum to talk uith Dr. Grant, or with any othet 1'Moborgb Grning emphn ec, abut the 'IVlef plant. During those riglit oHunlis, 1 htd gsiihen-d a g>d deal vf iforraari*o about Dr. Grant, and if tad nude me all tta more curitus to meet hen. Therefore, when 1 received a copy of the nffirial program of rite ; American Public Health Assureboa's ! tneetstg and saw riwte be was scheduled I tu {troiiii at two of its sramo, I de cided to attend, to (ta hope uf tslVing with linn. I arrived in Atlantic Cay on Sunday, November 12th, and went di rectly co a meeting of thr American College d Preventive Medfcbw, which was taing Held ut ftallnwas A and B tri the Holiday Inn and was bring pre sided over by Dr. Grant in his enpaoev as the college's teitginng president. U|m reaching the ihwrway of the taSIrhofn, I cmihl see half a down fwro pie ritring on a jdatfonu at tlic front of the nunn, about twenty* yards away. I asked young man sundtng in eta diMfwac if he knew vritich d ttam was Dr. Gram, ami Iw p*inud out riw man rittmg at far stage right--a lean Wwu! man, u*it(i deep-set eves and a promi nent ru'!e, w'ho l>kel to ta h* mnldle forties. However, when (hr *tam ended, a few* immmv* htcr, and I advnncvd acnew (be 'bsrih ward the pfatf..rm, l realised that Dr. Grant was at lost ten years .Aler than { tad riumght, and that h was his bb*nd tair --farted and comtad in tlw flat voUegiate style f twenty years *g-- that made lum app-ar y*ungrr at a distance. Wtan 1 veaclwd tV jdathrm,. I tutnuluced mysril to Dr. Grant, who^ was standing utave me, at a|ir**M-1 matclr knee-w*-\ctaU Wwl, ami re*| rairnk'd him dot 1 tad tcVyduxurd hUn; March hi tlw hpv f k*g aWv t* tali with Inm aHnit ita TyWf |4ant. U al> rvnuiidcd Mm itat at tta thfW ta* liad referred ww t* Utar. wh tad udmxpK*tlv iclos'd (<> giu m>' mtahu* tali hb any *l llvontijuiir, "I ttomlvf if (tu re urijin W ! tim- in tlw nest ef.se of tw-- shot I: tteifd tali whU y.m/` 1 >ail. Ur. Grant appeared w Woutr. 'iTk'ii, gbndng quickly *wrr die hnltnaun, which was emptying, W d--k hi* Wad. "I'm afraid ! can\** Ik* repli-d. MM lids assume*, *V a qorstiwi if <)te jw<Kflt*s right** r*r a nwmwnt, I thought 1 had m* beard him n*rreccly. Then h tlawwJ .mi nw that W tea* talking about the c*Hjwnr. "I5t yu mean 1'ittdvirph C.ruHigr*' I said. "Why, >," Dr. Gram repikii. MH dwy don't want me to talk with v*m, tWtv't nothing I cm iku" "But isn't the jotwnt aU thntt men who worked w the Tyler plant?H t adted. Dr. Cnnt Kntghtrflni tap ami looked down it me from he full heighl'' <m the pbriomt. MWeS, m the* larger sense, irf rmirsr, that's probably true** he replied. MAnd now, ft ru*l1 excuse me, I have some feuss tt attend tr.M I u.etd at the pbthtrm and watched Dr. Grant, who, as he moved away, pot a cigar in Ms nuwth, fa U, and ex haled a chiud f unnke min the Mr. A nxanent later, t MW turn throw an arm in greeting an*md the th**d<!cn <>f a colleague. Then I turned away, and found myfcdf looking straight into the face f Antfumc MazzkvM, wW, ait it turned .art, had Kv incited to *peak at one uf the e*ventajn's ri*iis <m occupaiiifta) Wahls. "Did ymi hear that?" I ashed hint. "DsJ ytni hrat what Wsudr" hW a lung time, Maifcnceid lked at tmi without a irate of ux}UK`*rion tm he face. Then, very slowly, he nodded lus Wad np and down. Ami then, jtw at tWwh^W'sluaik it fmm aide tn tide. ~ --Pawt KttWRt** (Tlu ii the latt / tervt / arlkht.) From USX Wedtcai Oept. Files 1. _