Document 5KdO9EmBLy67GRvG4rO0VMgJ

HRS':r*' 1 ^. i- ` - -~*r- " , ST ``y. ,/.* Lead THE DOROT I! FOALE SU'D 11 A beautiful lendline d pool and stream on a A cu port, R. L. estate, designed by F. H. Leubuscher. and Spring Combine to Bring Beauty to the Garden I EAD'S use in the garden ranges from the purely utili- able lead flower holders for use in bowls or by them 1 tarian to the purely ornamental and is often a selves are available. combination of both. Lead garden ornaments and foun Signs made from sheet lead are an excellent means tain figures are age-old uses of the metal. These objects of identifying flowers and shrubs in a garden. They are beautiful additions to a garden with their soft gray have been used in many public parks and gardens. They li color that mellows with age and contrasts nicely with the brilliance of flowers and shrubs. Lead urns and are unaffected by weathering and the lettering is easily stamped or incised into the lead. flower pots and boxes have also been used for many Lead-lined garden pools may be anv size or shape years and lead sun-dials are extremely popular. In and may be made to look perfectly natural. They are recent years, the cost of many of these objects has been leak-proof and unaffected by frost ip winter, require so reduced that they are now within reach of practically less excavation than concrete linings, need no forms and every garden lover whereas they could once only be are durable. Lead edging is frequently used for other afforded by the wealthy. Small lead garden ornaments kinds of pools and for garden walks or flower beds. now range from a few dollars up in price. Lead-covered cable is used to provide heat for hot Lead wire is particularly handy for use in gardening. frames and green houses and has many advantages. It may be broken easily, when desired, yet has sufficient This method of heating provides positive temperature strength for most garden work. A development from control at all times and requires little or no attention. lead wire is a lead-headed nail that has a lead prong No article about lead in the garden would be com about \\/n in. long on one side of the head. These nails plete without mention of lead arsenate, which is one of are made to be driven into wood or masonry walls and the most dependable and useful insecticides. It does its the lead prong is bent back to hold vines or climbing share to protect beautiful flowers and plants and to pro shrubs. Many different designs of inexpensive adjust vide fruit and vegetables of the finest quality. LI A25A17 li*.- WURTS BROS. Nails with flexible lead arms used to grip and train vines and shrubbery. WURTS EROS. An attractive, inexpen sive cast If'cd fountain figure about 6 in. high executed by Kenneth Lynch, Inc. [2] ..'I-'DmIlv) iewi ll n it \ eir 'late, v F. ner. lem- zans 'hey liev isilv iape are uire and iher hot aes, :u re ion. ome of ' its )ro- P m Further information on any of the above subjects, which have been treated very briefly here, will gladly be supplied on request. -& Past issues of LEAD have dealt more fully with most of them. Garden ornaments have been described on several occasions and reference may be made par ticularly to the July, 1934, and July, 1936. issues. Detailed information about lead-lined pools was given in September. 1932. and hot bed heating with leadcovered cable was included in the November. 1931, issue. Lead ornamentation on stone, as shown at the right, is adaptable to building decoration as well as garden furniture. COURTESY THE ERKINS STUDIOS A beautiful garden bench, made of limestone and orna mented with cast lead. Lead Linings, Lead-Silver The wire passes through annealing and cleaning units into the cell, 8 to 12 wires at a time, supported on glass Anodes in New Coating rods as it goes through the solution. A current of 15.000 amp. at 4 v. is applied through anodes of lead alloyed Process N a new process for coating steel wire with zinc, lead is used as an acid-resistant tank lining and lead alloy for the anodes in the electro-plating cell. The process, known as the Bethanizing Process, is employed by the Bethlehem Steel Company. Advantages claimed for it are purer zinc coatings (over 99.99 per cent zinc) and uniform thickness, and that greater thicknesses may be built up by the process. Furthermore the perfect bond between the steel and the zinc coating together with the high ductility of the coating results in a product which can be fabricated into any desired final form without danger of the coating cracking or peeling. An interest ing feature is that the process starts with zinc ore, and metallic zinc does not appear at any point during the operations until it is actually on the wire. with 1 per cent of silver, which have a high resistance to attack by the acid solution. Thus the zinc is plated out of the solution onto the wires. The weight of the coating can. of course, be accurately controlled by the speed at which the wires travel through the cell, and there is no variation in coating because the wires move at a constant speed; the electrical deposition of the zinc is uniform about the circumference of the wire. Because of lead's resistance to attack by so many of the most common chemicals used in industry, it is widely employed for tank linings, piping, valves, cast ings and other equipment where these chemicals are handled. It has numerous advantages other than cor rosion resistance, including flexibility in making in stallations. ease and speed of repair, ready availability in all common forms for new and replacement work, and high salvage value. A roasted zinc ore is used containing about 65 per cent zinc, mostly in the form of oxide. The coating pro cess is carried out in lead-lined electrolytic cells 110 ft. long. At one end of the cells are reels of bare wire, in pairs, so that as the end of the wire on one reel comes along, wire on the next reel is quickly joined to it by welding, thus keeping the process continuous. In the leaching plant where the electrolyte is pre pared from the zinc ore is a series of large wooden tanks, pumping machinery and filters. Sheet lead is an important material in construction of the various units of this novel engineering development. The tanks con tain sulphuric acid into which the roasted zinc ore is carefully weighed. Zinc sulphate is formed in the tanks and is purified in succeeding operations, whence it is pumped into the electrolytic cell. m COURTESY BETHLEHEM STEEL CO. Coiling reels where finished Bethanized wire is made ready for shipment. LIA25418 [31 COURTESY CENTRE 'INF. DC VLOMB OUVRE Two vlew s of lead soundprooting dur ing application to laboratory walls in the S or bonne in France. Lead Soundproofing in a Famous French Laboratory N exacting problem of sound insulation has been ceilings. Method of affixing to the walls is shown in the A accomplished in the General Physiology Labora drawing. All joints were soldered to avoid breaks in tory of the Sorbonne, famed French university, by the continuity. Interior doors had double rabbets padded use of sheet lead. It was necessary to insulate the labo with felt and were covered with lead, and close against ratory from all outside disturbances so that energy a hardwood threshold to insure a good bottom joint. sources within might be accurately determined. To avoid resonance phenomena, the lead was en The laboratory is in the basement of the Sorbonne tirely covered with an absorbent surface. On the floor bounded by the front street wall and by millstone piers linol um 4 mm. (0.16 in.) thick was laid over a wood from 0.6 to 1 m. (1.97 to 3.28 ft.) thick. pulp pad. On the vertical partitions, The ceiling is vaulted stone and the floor Wood lofhs compressed wood pulp panels 6.3 mm. an ordinary concrete pavement 0.2 m. (0.25 in.) thick were used, and on the (7.87 in.) thick. There are open bays between the piers and air vents connect the basement with the street. Plain brick walls plastered on both sides were built Wood plugs in plaster 4-Wood pulp pane! ceiling similar panels 12.6 mm. (0.5 in. i thick. To permit ventilation and yet insu late against noise passing through the vents, they were closed with boxes con to divide the laboratory into two sections taining balsam wood baffles. Special pre 5 by 3 m. and 5 bv 2 m. 116.4 bv 9.84 ft. and 16.4 by 6.56 ft.) in size, and to close - Lead cap, cautions were taken to prevent transmis soldered sion of noise through the door handles. the bays between piers. A flat ceiling of Acceptance tests showed that the prob beams 0.3 m. (0.98 ft.) apart was con lem had been entirely solved and that structed 2.8 m. (9.1f?ft.) from the floor the results were satisfactory. This instal to avoid concentration of sound in the lation was fully described bv J. Mahul in vaulted ceiling. Double doors were pro "Science et Industrie". Messrs. Gonzelle. vided. Sorin and Masse w7ere the engineers and For sound-proofing the rooms were en contractors. tirely lined with sheet lead 1.5 mm. (0.06 A particular advantage of lead is that in.) thick, equivalent to about 4 lb. lead. it concentrates good sound-proofing Sheet lead was applied directly to the floor and was screwed to the walls and Method, oj applying lead sound proofing to the Sorbonne's labora tory walls. characteristics in a small space, thus wasting as little room as possible. [4] LI A25419 A Sprayed Lead Finish on Bathroom Walls MOST unusual application of A lead has been made to the walls of a bathroom in a residence at Stan- Another definite advantage is the reduction in transmission of sound through the bathroom walls. Lead wick. Conn. The walls are constructed has been used to sound-proof walls of compo board. A coating of sprayed before (LEAD, July and November. molten lead was applied directly to 1935), but it has usually been con the compo board to a thickness ol cealed behind the regular wall finish. approximately 0.03 in. In this case, the lead moisture-proofs The effect is said to be especially and sound-proofs and provides the 5S. pleasing because of the soft gray tone decorative finish as well. of the lead, which also contrasts For the spraying operation, lead nicely with the colored bathroom fix wire is fed into a metal spray gun. tures and woodwork. From the prac where it is melted and blown out tical standpoint, certain advantages through the nozzle in fine particles mav also be claimed for this treat onto the surface to be coated. Be ment. The treated lead coating natur cause of its low melting point, lead ally completely water-proofs the walls is one of the easiest, most economical so that moisture can not penetrate to and most rapid metals to spray. damage decorated walls on the other Sprayed lead may be used for many side of the structure itself. Since lead other lead coating purposes. forms the finished wall surface, mois &. ture can not damage the bathroom The bathroom described here is in the J. Brereton residence at Stanwick, decoration either as it so often does when other decorative treatments are used in bathrooms. The walls of this bathroom were fin ished by spraying metallic lead onto them. Conn., and the lead finish was ap plied by Condenser Service and En gineering Co. of Hoboken, N. J. Lead Used to Weight Bases of Jewelry Displays II |EEAAD and diamonds may be strange compan displays will stand upright and not upset easily. Lead A. G. MICITAELSON ions but they are found supplies more weight per A. G. MICHAELSON An attractive jewelry display the base of ichick is weighted together in the jewelry- Jewelry display base with cloth unit of volume than al partly removed to reveal lead -V with sheet lead. trade where lead performs most any other common weight. a useful function in the manufacture of jewelry dis material. Another advantage, however, which practi plays. Of course, imitation gems are made of glass cally precludes the use of any other material for this containing a high percentage of lead to increase its purpose, is the ease with which lead may be cut to the brilliance, but in displays, lead is used because of its size and shape of the base and applied to it. Since weight and the ease with which it may be worked. these displays take many forms and sizes and are The photographs show one type of display stand for mostly hand work, an adaptable material is essential. jewelrv. These stands may take many forms and are Lead answers both these requirements of weight and used to set off the jewelry in window and counter dis adaptability admirably. % plays. Sheet lead is cut the shape and size of the base The display pictured here in which lead, in a small and secured to it by a screw. The whole display, in way, performs an important function, is manufactured cluding the base, is then covered with velvet, which by Albert Borgzinner and Co., of New York, for jew -et- the jew cl rv off nicelv. The lead used is 4 lb. and elers all over the country. Because of ease of handling 3 lb. lead i 1 16 in. and 1 S in. thick). and adaptability, lead is able to assist in the solution Weight is naturally necessary in the base so the of many problems in widely diversified fields. LIA25420 [5] Lead Products Aid in Construction of Demonstration Homes I EAD in several forms can aid builders of more than Demonstration Homes should put the entire plumbing I I 5.000 Demonstration Homes now being erected all job in the hands of men licensed to do this work to be over the country in the program sponsored by the Na sure that local ordinances are complied with and that tional Lumber Manufacturers Association and National public health is properly protected. These men not Lumber Dealers Association to foster low cost home only sell and install the best and most sanitary types ownership. These Demonstration Homes will be viewed of fixtures but will put in durable lead pipes for con by thousands of individuals in over a thousand commu cealed parts of the plumbing system in such a way that nities in the hope that many others like them will be health will be permanently protected. Lead plumbing built. One essential is that the model homes be well can be installed at little or no extra cost, and its long life painted for faultv paint would discourage the use of and freedom from maintenance are necessary in homes lumber. The houses must demonstrate how beautiful of this type. and economical lumber can be. To secure the most durable and satisfactory paint job. sponsors of Demonstration Homes should use pure white lead in oil or the highest grade mixed paint. These will provide paint jobs that will be a credit to lumber under the scrutiny of thousands of eyes. White lead permits top quality jobs at reasonable cost and. because of long life and good surface for repainting, FORMULAS FOR PAINTING EXTERIOR WOOD bolt Paste White Lead... Pure Raw Linseed Oil. .. Pure Turpentine............... Liquid Drier* ................... Primina Coat 100 lb. 1 gal. l-y4 gal. 1 pt. Second Coat 100 lb. Oa. gal. H4 gal1 pt. Third Coat 100 lb. 3 gal. i pt. Gallons of Paint............... 9 gal. Approximate Coverage Per Gallon .............................. 600 sq. ft. 6 gal. TOO sq. ft. 6*4 gal. 700 sq. ft. keeps paint maintenance costs within the means of the * When boiled oil is used, reduce drier to *4 pt. low income people who will buy these homes. The For the sheet metal work, hard lead sheets that will mixing formulas shown on this page can be recom last as long as the buildings without paint or repair are mended for pure white lead paint for exterior wood. worth, in ultimate savings, the slightly additional cost High grade mixed paint. at the outset. should be used in accordance Contractors in these lines with the manufacturer's direc should keep in touch with this tions on the label. program in their own com In plumbing, one of the haz munities to see that they derive ards of low cost homes is that full benefit from it. It offers unsanitary conditions will de wide-awake contractors a new velop eventually or even im market, the approach to which mediately unless good mate in the past has largely been rials are installed by compe attempted through pre-fabri tent licensed plumbers in the cation rather than established first place. Builders of these channels. The three types o/ homes sponsored in the low cost Dem onstration Home program of the lumber industry. % M' I LIA25421 [6] & Store of Peter Jones. LtdLondon, on which, lead flower boxes at the second and sixth floors are unusual and attrac tive architectural features. N the new department store for Peter Jones, Ltd.. O Sloane Square. London. England, long lead (lower boxes have been combined with modern architec ture in a most pleasing fashion. The building is steel and concrete construction with pale green glass window spandrels. Lead flower boxes have, of course, been used for years, but the length of these boxes and the use with modern design are interesting. One lead box practically encircles the building under the second floor windows, while another extends around two sides of the building at the sixth floor, which is a restaurant. There are about 1,000 ft. of lead flower boxes in all. Expansion and contraction naturally becomes an im portant factor in the installation of anything as long as these flower boxes, and provision must be made for it. This can be accomplished by making the boxes a series of small boxes, each 8 ft. long. Joints between sections may be concealed by means of removable lead plates slipped over flanges "burned" to the face of the boxes near the joints. Since the boxes should also be sup ported by a tubing framework, the tubing must pene trate both the bottom and back of the boxes in order to Lead Flower Boxes Are a Feature on a Modern London Store anchor into the building. These perforations may be flashed by lead sleeves around the tubing soldered or "burned" to the lead box just as any pipe penetrating lead flashing would be flashed. This permits expansion and contraction of the lead without hindrance by the tubing. In the British installation shown here, the front of the box is cast lead and the balance is sheet lead. An antimonial lead alloy was used for added strength. Lead flashing was installed under the windows and over lapped the back of the box. The face of the box is se cured to the tubing frame by lead cleats "burned" to the back of the lead. The flower box was executed by the Forge, Ltd. and the construction details were by Austin Crompton Roberts in conjunction with Slater and Moberly, the architects, William Crabtree, associated architect, and Professor C. H. Reilly, consulting archi tect. Since building conditions and design of the box will govern the best method of installation, the Lead Indus tries Association will be glad to cooperate with archi tects in working out proper installations of this type. Main points to consider are adequate support and sufficient provision for expansion and contraction. Often slight modifications in appearance may make possible much better installations because they permit of more suitable structural design. PHOTOS COURTESY LEAD INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Detachable cast lead cover plate that conceals expan sion joints in the face of the long lead flower box. LI 42 5422 [7] Lead flower box during fabrication, showing sectional construction and flanges on the face over which to slip cover plates. OR some time the laboratory of the California Fruit FGrowers Exchange at East Pasadena. Cal., has been experimenting with X-ray machines to sort fruit. The machines were developed by the General Electric X-Rav Corp. and five are in commercial use as this goes to press, and more than fifty will be in commercial use by the last of April. While it is too early to tell just what the commercial success of these machines will be. it appears that they will aid fruit growers and sumers materially. The machine measures about 4 ft. by 9 ft. An 88.000 to 101.000 v. X-ray tube projects a shadow of the fruit, as it passes along an ordinary conveyor belt, onto a fluoroscopic screen. The operator views the fruit through a 1 j. in. thick window made of glass containing 57 per cent lead. Good fruit appears dark on the screen and immature, frozen or granulated fruit or fruit low in sugar appears light. Any condition which causes a breakdown of the fruit cells shows up. Four handoperated kicker arms throw out fruit to be discarded. In a steel chamber at the bottom of the machine is the X-ray tube, most of which is submerged in oil to cool it. The oil is circulated and a fan draws off heated air from the chamber. A variable speed motor operates the conveyor at any desired speed. 'ysr :.'V Side view of the machine. The operator examines the fruit, as it passes along the conveyor, through the win dow. and the ejector arms under the window throw out rejected fruit. .-In eighth inch of lead protects the operator. PHOTOS COURTESY GENERAL ELECTRIC X-RAY CORP. End view of an X-ray machine used to sort citrus fruit, which is fed in on the conveyors, as shown, refected fruit passing out through the center. The machine consumes about 1 kw. of electricity per hour. The tube costs 8150 and is good for some 1.500 hours. Safety is well provided by lead insulation against the X-rays. In addition to the lead glass window alreadymentioned. lead % in. thick covers the machine on all sides, top and bottom. The entrance and exit holes for the eonvevor belts are curtained with heavy lead-coated rubber. The entire equipment weighs about 2.000 lbs. It is estimated that the machine will handle about 1U> cars of fruit a day, depending somewhat upon the char acter of the fruit and skill of the operator. It should save growers considerable money in sound fruit and give the consumer a better product. It indicates another way in which the X-rav machine, already proved in medicine, dentistry, metallurgy and elsewhere, may be of great help. Lead does its share in all uses of X-rays by confining the rays, damaging to humans unless prop erly directed, to those points at which they are helpful. Reprints of an article about X-ray room lining with lead, including thicknesses to use with machines of various voltages, will be sent upon request. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE, WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LIA25423 [8] PRINTED BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO. NEW YORK, U.S.A.