Document 5KDynZb2g3J5R7Oj9Xb5yz94
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Beware
of
Brake
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Dust!
M OST MECHANICS GO ABOUT tr: . " of cleaning brake and clutch dust kno'\ :hat while doing the job they are inhaling :;!m: l:i:-; dust. It has been general knowledge that lin11~: ,nd pads are made on the average of 50 to 60 I' nt asbestos. However, past studies have kll :1~ to believe that the asbestos fiber was locked into ,liur materials in the lining and that a change due t the high beat of friction took place during brakinK or clutch application. This transformed the asbestos fiber if!to a non-toxic, non-fibrous material called forsterite. The conclusion then was that the dust was harmless.
Studies conducted by the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine in New York City indicate that brake dust may actually contain an average of 3 to 6 percent asbestos with some tests showing concentrations as high as 15 percent: Samples of air were taken under actual working conditions in a taxi-fleet garage and a N.Y. Dept. of Sanitation truck repairshop. These
. . .p~ee were analyzed by electron microscopy and
Ag. 2. NEVER BLOW OFF dirt from a brake assembly with an air gun. After vacuuming, use a nearly-dry damp rae-
Ac. 1. REMOVE BRAKE DUST with high-efficiency filtered industrial vacuum cleaner. Wear air-purifying respirator.
74
~ .... ..,
revealed levels of airborne asbestos considerably'
higher than those permitted by federal law. It should
be noted that during the testi.ng in the truck repair-
shop grinding of brake shoes' was carried out.
The work of the ~earchers at Mt. Sinal was.
discussed at a meeting of the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) where the
results of physical' examinations given to 90 men
who had been working as automobile and truck-
brake repairmen for a period of 10 years were
examined. Of this small group the doctors stated
that X-ray examinations showed that over one-
quarter had signs of abnormalities l'Onsistent with asbestosis disease; th -.arne tests revl:!aled that one quarter had also r.,,.. r ted pulmonary (lung) func-. tiun~. This evid~>n ,,., tnpted NIOSH to issue an alert to the auttl""--"<> repair industry indicating
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that while thelf~-tll ~.ut of asbestos-related disease
in hrake-scrvi<'..-. pU.JtNM~l is not known because this
<K't'upational ~-
..~ not been systematically
stwlitl up to ~o"'; l'IV"t"'-1h scientific data has been
:M"<'IIIIIUiatcd t pr11..:r o... ; the need to start immediate l'Ontrol nvAr~o'"' s .;> that the health hazard of
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a.~hcstos can ht t11 ,.,,. ~~e.l
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Thl'rc is no d'l~f:J\ -f hlf"h health hazard exists and ,.
that exposure to cJ\ b..~fhers can increase the riak
contin1Ud on pagf: 1 '
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FMS\ 04791
'/- MOTOR, Martl\?1917' /} (3)
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cont~nued .frorn page 14
.
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-. ~ '~. : o'f developing four diseases: asbestosis-a non-malig-
.t ~-. nant scarring lung condition; cancer of the lung;
... ~ ' cancer of the digestive tract and mesothelioma-a
~ , ~ cancer of the lining of the chest or abdominal
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1
cavities. 'I'here are some authorities and other studies
that place the percentage of asbestos in brake dust at a much lower level than those reported hy the Mt. Sinai group- and disagree with its findings. All authorities agree that no matter how small the
concentration of asbestos in brake and clutch dust,
there is an immediate need to initiate work practices
in every shop that will eliminate any risk to the
health of mechanics.
The danger is associated with drilling, grinding
and cutting of brake linings. The dust generated
during these operations must be collected in a
1~- . vacuum-recovery system that has a high-efficiency filter. Many old'e~ grinders either have no recov~ry
. system or are equipped with vacuums that allow tmy
particles of asbestos fiber to be blown into the air.
: '\. Buying pre-ground shoes will minimize the need for
...grinding.
f~ Where possible, a separate area should be set aside ~ for brake and clute~ work and a sign posted at the
l entrance that reads:
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ASBES~OS DUST HAZARD. AVOID BREATHING DUST. WEAR ASSIGNED PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT. DO NOT REMAIN IN AREA
UNLESS YOUR WORK -~ REQUIRES IT. BREATHING ASBESTOS DUST
MAY BE HAZARDOUS TO YOUR HEALTH.
Dust should never be removed from a brake or clutch assembly with an air blowgun or by brushing. The only way to safely clean dust containing asbestos is with an industrial-type vacuum with a high efficiency filtering system (Fig. 1). Don't use one of your wife's old vacuum cleaners because it probably will do more harm than 'good. The fine particles of asbestos will pass through most vacuum cleaners and you will end up with a higher comentration of asbestos than you would have if you hadn't
.-.::~ t~e~~;':c~~t ~kcTehnec;a~~~~-~o~~;;~~:~~~
j diameter aerosols. If there is any remaining dust that was not removed by vacuuming, wash it off
1 ,.. . using a slightly damp rag. Under no circumstances should you use an air gun or dry brush (Fig. 2).
.
76
vaeuu~ ~~tt:).a. u~&-.;;o ao : ,,.,,. .. , Ill Ut:IUK . CAF'IIIJUl aUOU'-.r., r;,~ft vacuuming tht thM' l. when you empty the
cleaner bag, lh lu"t hlows all around 'oo and the '\~ ..~
shop. Brake anl '~'t.ch dust should tw <ii:cposed of in -"
a special pla.~ti 11!' marked as folio"
CAUTION: CO:'\ I \I~S ASBESTO~ HIH:RS.
.\\ cH U BREATH I !'if~ Ill "'T. HIH:ATHING ASRt:~T"' IHTST
MAY CAUSJo: !-Wille 11 ~
BODILY If \H\1.
Ewn using a high-tfl . ,., \ industrial vacuum cleaner will not prevcn a""" amount of dust from
-1''
."t
reaching some noses an! rr.ucra~ which will inhale it. To prevent this, you ~t...ultf wear an air-purifying
respirator of either the throwaway type like those
~
'
used in body shopt~ or nrw with a replaceable particu-
late filter. Before you huy either type, be sure that it
is approved by NlOSH or the Mining Enforcement
and Safety Administration. Wear the respirator
while you are operating a grinder, drill Of when
emptying the dust collection bags on your vacuum
cleaner.
There is bound to be some brake and clutch
dust that falls to the floor while you are working, so
be sure to use an industrial vacuum cleaner to pick it
up. Don't sweep this part of the shop with a broom.
A broom has the tendency to flick the ashes~
particles up into the air and that is where they are
dangerous. The rest is common sense: If your shop
has heavy accumulations of dust on lockers, parta
shelves, overhead door channels, beams and on
window sills there is a good chance that dust
contains some asbestos. Wear your respirator and
use your vacuum cleaner to go over all those hidden
places carefully and clean up the dust. Change your
work clothes regularly and don't bring them home.
Have them wa.'ihed by an industrial laundry. Wash
your hands thornughly before eating and avoid
eating in the arf'a where you do brake and clutch
work.
Every shop, IM rl{f' or small, is responsible for
nwcting the nqwmnts of the federal law which ails for indusc ri .. .l!itne inspections carried out to.\ l:-;HA reprt>st ,.. Under this law the level 11i a.~hestos shaii . ' , d 2 fibers longer than 5
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m rometcrs per , ,,, ,. ;meter of air. (For a list
11: 'n~l' firms s~ ..:
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\ttstos, MOTOR, 1790 ~
li: ,. i \\ 1y. New Yor~
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ar......., IJrakes and ,., . ..,. f.,r several years, i~. ~~~ , ...,
w ...... : t wise to ght ~nuolung.
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rnntinued on pag 8S .
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FMSI 04792
It is gratifying to note that. a Ill',.,., 'lt~lll of
money and time is being SJwnt hy hr< .! lutch
lining manufattur(n; to t!Pal with ll
;,.,,, In
addition to OSHA'~ liJII't'ilic rrnw:
,1,.1.
one firm has irll'hllild u:;l'fui " r;, 1
the warninl!' lahd on 1'\'l'ry J,.,, ' hra>
I
clutch fat'liiJ!':< it ~II:- Thi" ,.anw tinu
m1ndl'd pn .. ,durt,.. f,r rtlwinl!' a:-.1
durinf,! hr;,kt soni 111 !,,.,r ~t'r\ll't manu .. ;,, ...
tra111inJ.! tilm.
In tht linnl analysis you art! tht only""'' \ II
can prolt'l't _\'ollrst'l r frum llw polt'nt ial tlanj!l'l'. ....
exposnrt tn aslustns dust. If you wear a rsptrat ..r
or ma:;k. ll~-'" .HI apJirmctl hr:i.ke v:uuum cltaner,
dispost of t tw dust in tht preNcrihtd manner.
vacuum th tloon; and usl' good common sens... ahuut
house dtaning. t hon is little to fear frum the
prescn<t of asbestn~ tlust. The few extra precautions
involved could pnvtnt you from contracting a very
painful if not fatal disca:~e. Start tomorrow to cltan
up your act ... you owe it'to yourself, your family
and your fellow workers.
C
Tc ..v~,-w ~. .. TOOLS THAT DO TN~ JC:J r:::-. ...
THE W::IRST TC::::::z
-.....
..
How to Promote Your Servtce Department
continued from r>~rge ;x
with Kent-Moore sp:tl::! t:.OV:co
the clinic will he fa\'flrably impressed and may become customtn> in th~ future. A clinic of this type invariably unl'oven; tht' nt"t.d for much service work, and th(' daler ~huuld gf't substantial share of this work.
The best. promotion won't be effective unless
the service department can deliver what it promises.
tools for (i.M. and Al':.C Ctl'SI
Now, the special service tools you need to quickly, properly and profitably service American Motors and General Mo\on 19~ models are available directly from KentMoore.
Amon~ thf m~t frcqut-nt tust.nmf'r complaints are: work not done when prumised. tars not repaired pr..perly and high cost of repair'!\ \tnst dealerships will make gncod on a job if the wurk is performed improperly or ~t part i:-~ tlcfective. Tht-st "warrantif!S" are lll'tl:tlly in formal in nature, hut some ll'aiN'S han plan,; that are S~ific ant) widely ..d wrti:o~t"d.
Your shop tpupnwt <"an also '" 01n ;mportant
Using factory-approved KencMoore MNice tools (the J" number tool spectfted in your Service Manual), you can do those tough jobs much faster and easier than with ordinary shop tools. Kent-Moore tools save you time (which is money in your pocket), unnecessary work. and they help you do the job to factory specs This means greater customer satialaction. fewer "come-backs."
nr<'handisinlo{ loul. An oplttal "tw. : :, ;.nmcnl
machine, for ,.,,.rnpl. pr".it'<'l." a .. :ot -
front-end setup of a tustuml'r'.- ,.;,r. f.' unticrstanrl thf' p:llltrn (of a! ,_ ., .....,...
<Lr<' imprcs.-.cd hy l~t~ chalr. :o~ul'h sophisticated ~"'luipnwc.
cians in its op~ratinn.
i''inally, never forgct thu
.f the
~o~.ners tnflsl
st in
~hni-
rhan-
Write lor our new catalog ot spe-
ci.ll tools for 1977 I1\0dels. Write
to KentMoore Tool Division, 28635 Mound Rd., Warren, Mich igan 48092.
distrs arc your shor pf"rllw.
nnt lot
high-rrcs.c;ure salcsmPn. It
cu-.tt~mer with their CfiUrltsy.
.... ity and ha.k up that impress
. ~..
a~......ur investment in mu
promt~C.~oon&l !Jl~~orw will pay oil
.*.
MOTOR. Uarch 1977
. '~' the ' "inrtr.,.!rform...nt and
a
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FMSI 04793
\.
,.,.-:....
... t r4
IY, y
1 anti1 $10 st the k and
Port IOiy to use of
strike ;aying ed to 'facii-
FO-
paid 1ority >lding year. from plus
four lerelUest fees, ount
ease :omority ~ to
perthe een . to any
are .5% 1ver
our sidlion 1als ion the
)US
s. of )ay vin ::;1
Bus fleet praised for
fighting asbestos
hazard
For its "excellent performance in protecting district mechanics !rom a cancer-causing substance, asbestos in fiber form," Ca6fomia's Health Dept. has commended the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District.
Golden Gate Transit, operating a fleet of 248 buses, was praised for protecting the 42 district mechanics who work with asbestos lining while performing brake and clutch mainte-
nance and repairs on buses.
California is the first state to require employers to report workplace use of asbestos. Asbestos is the most widely used of 18 cancercausing chemicals and substances regulated in Catifornia as part of a comprehensive program to prevent job-related cancer.
Excessive exposure to asbestos fibers can cause lung cancer, a rarer form of cancer known as mesothelioma, and a lung ailment called asbestosis.
State Health Director Jerome A. Lackner, M.D., said, "State industrial hygienists are discovering in inspections that asbestos in bus, truck and auto brake-repair shops is a significant potential health hazard to California workers, but one which safe work practices can control.
"An estimated 74,000 mechanics and other workers in 22,000 autoand brake-repair shops serving the public are potentially exposed to asbestos through brake-repair work. Several thousand more workers doing brake repairs for transit systems, truck and bus lines and utility-vehicle fleets potentially risk similar exposure. Several citations for unsafe use of asbestos have been issued.
"So it is encouragingly good news
when we learn that a large fleet operator such as Golden Gate Transit is effectively protecting its mechanics against exposure to abes tos fibers.
"The district's San Rafael brake
178 FLEET OWNER I JANUARY 1978
.repair facility is an outstanding exam- pie of safe asbestos use. It is well equipped to minimize dust. The district mechanics are using safe work practices."
The district mechanics .are members of the International Association of Machinists & Aerospace Workers (lAM), Marin County Lodge No. 238. The Machinists union was represented, along with employer, government, and science representatives, on the State Health Dept. advisory. committee, which early this year drafted the asbestos regulation now in effect.
Dr. Fred Ottoboni, Ph.D., head of
the department's Occupational Cancer Control Unit, said the transit district followed these key procedures to maximize worker protection against asbestos fibers:
0 New brake linings are "arced" (shaped to fit) with a low-speed lathe rather than a p.ower sanding machine that could produce airborne fibers.
0 Arcing is done in a room sepa-
rate from other workers so that
asbestos waste is isolated from other workers.
0 The small amount of dust generated by this process is collected by an exhaust system.
0 Waste material is put in labelled containers. and disposed of in plastic bags.
0 Cleanup of brakes prior to repair is done with a damp rag rather than with compressed air, thus etiminating a serious source of dust. -
Anti-lock backflip stirs bus protest
The American Public Transit Assn., Washington, D.C., has protested the now-we're-against-it, nowwe're-not moves of the DOT's Truck and Bus Safety Subcommittees
on the anti-lock provision of FMVSS 121 (F0-11177, p. 13).
APTA, whose members carry 90%
of U.S. mass transport riders, wrote
to William H. Marsh, executive secre-
tary of NHTSA, protecting the sub-
committee's reversal of a morato-
rium recommendation approved by
a majority of members at a proper
meeting.
APTA's executive director B.R.
Stokes said, "It is unconscionable to
attempt to reverse this action by the
very questionable procedure em-
ployed. The safety of the public is
too important to allow several indi-
viduals to sidestep usual democratic
procedures.
"To reverse a carefully considered
committee action (within one week)
by a telephone/telegram ballot,
without even a claim of change in
circumstances, presentation of new
evidence or the 6ke, is a transparent
ploy inconsistent With any procedure
acceptable to our courts of law, our
congressional representatives or our
sense of justice."
c::::;l
:;}.{ '---.
~:.\....,_-
-Retrofitted bus takes wheelchairs
A 7-year-old Toledo (Ohio) transit bus has been retrofitted with an electric lift platform to accommodate disabled passengers (photo above). Inside the bus are six restraints to keep wheelchairs in place while the bus is moving. The platform, designed by City Machine & Tool Div. of Sheller-Globe, replaces the rear step well and also
serve5 as a standard passenger step
entrance. Modification was made
-=:awith help of a grant from the Urban
Mass Transit Authority.
FMSI 04794
Y-1~ 121
------------------------------
top ofthe lle\NS
Find more work-related cancer
A government study estimates that at least 20% and possibly as many as 38% of the cancers that will occur in the U.S. over the next 30-35 years will be work-related. This conclusion represents a significant departure from conventional estimates, which have ranged from 1-5%.
Results of the study, prepared by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 'were disclosed last week by Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare. The complete report will be submitted as evidence to the Occupational Safety and Health Admin-istration. The authors want it to be used as part of the data on which OSHA will base its policy for regulating carcinogens.
The HEW report represents a re-evaluation of available studies on occupationally-related cancers, particularly in the light of new evidence concerning the impact of asbestos-related cancer. It predicts that 2.15 million persons will suffer cancer attributable to asbestos over the next 3035 years-an aver.age of almost 67,000 cases/year. This would represent about 17% of all cancers detected annually in the
u.s.
Commenting on the asbestos threat, David P. Rail, director of NIEHS and one of the authors, notes: ''It is only in the last year or so that the full magnitude of the asbestos situation has been appreciated."
In addition, four other substancesarsenic; benzene; coal-tar pitch volatiles and coke oven emissions; and vinyl chlo-
NIEHS's RALL: Figures show "we're not in as good shape as we may have thought." 22 CHEII(IICAL WEEK September 20, 1978
ride-will result in 1-3% of cancers each year, the study says. Four other compounds-chromium; iron oxide; nick,el; and petroleum distillates-will contribute to 3-18% of all cancers. Thus a 20% figure is a ''conservative" estimate, Rail says.
The figures do not include the potential effects of other unknown substances, Rail notes. But the study does carry a caveatit notes that most cancers have multiple causes. Rail says a number of occupational groups, such as chemists and rubber workers, have been found to have an excess incidence of certain cancers but the specific causes are not known.
While Rail conceded that the estimates of the number of workers exposed to carcinogens are probably not accurate, lie notes, "They are the best estimates ,we have," adding that they may in fact understate the situation. "The typical pattern is that the more you study an occupational group, the more relative risk you see," Rail observed. In his view, the message of the study is: "We really have to work much harder to make the workplace safe from chemical carcinogens. There may have been some feeling of complacency, but we're not in as good shape as we may have th-ought."
OSHA Administrator Eula Bingham underlined Rail's comments, noting that "the study came as no personal surprise" and labeling it as "a clear call to the nation for action.~ The study indicates that cancer.is not necessarily "inevitable," Bingham s~ys, adding that "we should launch an all-out assault to rid workplaces of cancer-causing exJ)osures and turn otit energies toward preventive rather than remedial programs."
Industry officials denounced the "pre~ mature" use of the HEW Blair, Dow Chemical's .vice president for Health and Environmental Sciences, noted
that Califano's decision to release the
results is most unfortumite'' and "uncalled for" because the report is in draft stage and so far "unsubstantiated" by data. Blair beiieves the estimates are another in a series of predictions that are periodically tossed out and not substantiated. "A better procedure would be for these people to have peer review of their study. Many scientific groups or technical people are all qualified to examine this."
Blair's sentiments were echoed by the American Industrial Health Council and the American Council on Science and Health. AfHC Executive Director Ronald A. Lang said the summary released by
HEW did not clearly identify the scientific methods used, or the details of the study's results. "The summary Mr. Califano refers to tells us nothing," Lang notes, adding that any new data on cancer from occupational exposure "should be published and critiqued . . . before HEW alarms the public unnecessarily."
ACSH's Executive Director Elizabeth M. Whelan noted that the report 'was seriously misleading in that it cited cancer mortality statistics among asbestos workers without even mentioning the contribution of the major lung carcinogen-cigarette smoke. Non-smoking asbestos workers have no more lung cancer than the general non-smoking population." AIHC's Lang added that asbestos exposure conditions that the study linked with 17% of all cancers "were cleaned up long ago."
Cancer link denied
Dow Chemical.says that it will "vigor-
ously contest" a $70-mlllion lawsuit
brought by a Vietnam veteran who claims
that he developed a fatal cancer as a result
of exposure to Agent Orange herbicide.
Last week, Dow responded to the suit by
petitioning to have it moved into U.S.
District Court from New York State
Supreme Court where it was originally.
filed late in July.
The suit by 28-year-old Paul Reuter-
shan originally named Dow arid five other
companies thought to have supplied the
defoliant-a blend of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-0
herbicides-to the military. On Sept. 6
action was dropped against all but Dow.
In the complaint, Reutershan charges
that his cancer was caused by exposure to
Agent Orange while serving in Vietnam in
1967 and 1968. He discovered that he had
cancer in October 1977. He claims that
Dow was aware of the alleged harmful
affects but failed to warn those exposed of
the potential danger.
According to Dow, the move to federal . court will give i~ greater freedom in exam-
ining expert witnesses called by Reuter-
shan to prove his case. Dow maintains that
there is no evidence that Agent Orange
causes cancer.
Reutershan's attorneys say tliat this is the
first case brought by a veteran over Agent
Orange and that others may join the suit.
However, a veterans' group called Citizen
Soldier says that while a number of veterans
seem to have symptoms consistent with diox-
in-an inevitable contaminant of 2,4,5-T-
proving the connection with cancer is diffi-
cult. The group says it is laying groundwork
for an epidemiologic study of veterans
Y-13exposed to Agent Orange.
FMSI 04795
July 1978 Volume 42 Number 7
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST
~~
Industrial Health Foundation 5231 Centre Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
NEWS ITEMS
663/18x Actions on the Threshold Limit Values of Chemical Agents. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, May 1978.
Notice of Changes Intended (For 1978)
Additions
Aspirin Amosite Chrysotile
.I Crocidolite Cyanogen Chloride Baytex 1,3 Dichloropropene Divinyl benzene o-sec-Butylphenol Chloroacetyl Chloride Diethanolam ine 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate Dalapon m-lsopropylaniline Propionic acid Sodium bisulfite Tetrasodium pyrophosphate Trichloroacetic acid
5 mgtm3 0.5 fibers/cc
2 fibers/cc 0.2 fibers/cc 0.25 ppm 0.1 mgtm3
1 ppm
10 ppm
5 ppm-Skin 50 ppb
3 ppm
0.5 ppm-Skin
1 ppm 2 ppm-Skin
10 ppm 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 1 mg/m3
Deletions
140 Flash aliphatic solvent N-Methyl -2- pyrrolidone.
I
FMSI 04796
lECHNOWGY
Flash filling for front teeth
The time pressure is off on dental fillings with a composite developed by Imperial Chemical Industries in the United Kingdom. No longer must the dentist rush to fill a difficult cavity or build up a chipped 'tooth before the filling material hardens. According to a report in the May 8 CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEws, the new blend, called Fotofil, remains a paste until its catalyst is activated by light from a special source gun. The paste then cures within a minute to an inert structure, which matches the enamel of neighboring teeth.
The active component of the paste is a resin made of urethane dimethacyclate, a member of the family of materials used to coat chemical tanks. A barium-containing glass filler makes up 80 percent of the paste formulation. The glass is ground to particles of 10 microns and coated with a silicon compound.
The dental material is soon to be marketed in the United States for restoration of front teeth. Molars, however, require a subtance highly resistant to abrasion. The developers are now investigating whether Fotofil or modifications with different glasses and resins are suitable for back teeth. Unlimited time for sculpturing molar work would be especially valuable because
accurate shaping of molars prevents wear on the opposing teeth.
Sifting through the silicon
Finding a needle in a haystack is a difficult type of research problem, whether it involves trace impurities or basic constituents of chemical and biological systems. Researchers at Bell lelephone Laboratories report a new electron microscope technique for identifying and locating minute amounts of certain elements hi diverse materials. So far, researchers have used it to identify a few hundred carbon atoms among several hundred billion silicon atoms, unwanted oxygen, nitrogen and carbon in integrated circuits and the storage site of the neurotransmitter serotonin in human blood platelets (reported in the May 5 ScJENCB).
The tedinique, called electron energy-loss spectroscopy, locates atoms of different elements by their interactions with a beam of electrons generated by the microscope. The beam electrons lose a characteristic amount of energy when they int~ract with each type of atom. David Joy and Dennis Maher then use a magnetic field to sort the beam atoms by amount of energy lost. In addition to detecting small amounts of elements, the technique allows scientists to measure distances between atoms to within a quarter of the diameter of one atom.
Roy Rogers ta. the delivery
Cows in labor may soon be calling cowboys, if the Federal Communications Commission approves a new device. A matchbook-size transmitter held in place by an adhesive signals when the cow's cervix dilates just before giving birth. The cowboy's receiver picks up the signal, which directs him to the bearing cow.
The reusable device, which has a range of 15 miles, was developed by Warren R. Jewett, Walter Evans and Lee Ingle of the University of Arizona. Bill Clevenger of Vita Vet, the company that plans to produce the detectors, estimates that 10 to 15 percent of unattended livestock births result in death to the newborn. Cattle and horses don't always take care of their new offspring or protect them from predators. The device will also be useful for zoo animals that often kill their newborns. Jewett's work on a birtb signaling device began with an inquiry from the St. Louis Zoo. To save snow leopard cubs, zoo attendants need to be on hand to separate the cubs from their mother within 30 minutes of birth.
People pollution
Just breathing can make a room without ventilation that is al~ full of people pretty stuffy. How stuffy? Tsen C. Wang, a chemical engineer with Harbor Branch Foundation in Fort Pierce, Fla., rigged up a monitoring system to find out. Results. in
the March CHEMTECH, showed elevated levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, alcohol, methane and acetone. Wang plotted accumulation and decay rates for C02 over time, and the steady-state contamination levels for each chemical based on the number of people in the room. Equations derived from the data permit fairly accurate predictions of necessary ventilation.
Asbestos pollution from auto brakes
Suspicion that automobile brakes release deformed chrysotile asbestos has been confirmed by Krishna Seshan, a materials
science engineer at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California. Most cars brake by grinding pads against a heat-resistant asbestos brake lining, Seshan says. His work shows that this deforms asbestos fibers, which are released as dust. And studies indicate that when asbestos is deformed, its surface electrical charge is altered, increasing its biological activity .- and health risks, Seshan told SciENCE NEws. Asbestos has been linked with both lung disease and cancer in humans.
Deformed asbestos had been detected in air samples near highways, but scientists could not be sure where it originated. Seshan reasoned that highly deformed fibers probably came
from autos, slightly deformed fibers from building-construction materials and undeformed fibers from natural rock. Since crystals "carry a memory~ of their original structure despite later deformation, Seshan figured he might be able to correlate the degree of deformity with the fiber's source.
He examined brake-drum dust using dark field image electron microscopy (a way to observe small particles by looking at diffraction patterns of scattered electrons); the technique is common to microscopists, Seshan says, but relatively ignored by environmental scientists. Not only did he verify the presence of asbestos, but he also ascertained that fibers ranged from slightly to very deformed. He describes his work in the June
ENvmoNMENTAL RESEARCH. . There is probably little risk to drivers because of the small amounts they would inhale, LBL says. Not so with mechan~cs; those who clean brakes using compressed air might inhale up to
one million particles per_ cubic meter of air, LBL says.
Air pollution: More bad news
Results of a study conducted in Allegheny County, Pa., for the
Environmental Protection Agency add weight to the theory that air pollution reduces life expectancy. Using statistical data for 1968 to 1972, John J. Gregor of Pennsylvania State University
(now of Plymouth State College in New Hampshire) found that
reducing total particulates one percent corresponded to a 0.23 to 0.89 percent reduction in pollution-related deaths. He cau-
tions against extrapolating results to other regions, because it is not clear "whether the relatively large influence~ of particulates
on death rates is due to specific pollutants or to "inherent
characteristics of particulate matter: For example, he found the correlation between sulfur dioxide - one of the particulate
pollutants- and deaths was statistically insignificant.
The study, Intra-urban Mortality andAir Quality, also concludes that air pollution impacts increase with age. indicating either that the body's ability to counter effects decreases, or that
pollutants have a cumulative effect. And although impact on
bboth sexes is near equal after age 65, before 65 men show more
adverse effects than women.
, /,./
MAY27, 1978
FMSI 04797
, . 349
Asbestos exposure Luriag ~rake-lini~~ maintenance and repair
Problen:
Brak;-::.inings may contain as much as 50% c~ysotile asbestos, and th; disint~gration of the lining during braking releases fibers, some of
hich ~ecome constituents of brake drum dust. Other fibers are released ~nto ~he general environment. An investigation was made to obtain intormation concerning asbestos exposure of automobile and truck main~an~nc~ workffien, particularly those responsible for brake-lining work.
?ersonal air sampling was carried out at various auto repair shops, , .-...... ::'lee~ ..Aep&J..r shops and several municipal t:ruck repair shops. It i~ t:im& -~ that there are about 124,000 men in this work in New York Ci~y . .o.lone.
The .:.xposure of workers during brake-lining maintainance ar.~; r.3pai~ :..s of ii.~~rest as a background to investigation of their healt:h tXperlctiCe. ?his, in turn, has considerable significance in determining v.;.ether ;.;._::- . .:e.._ining dust is pathogenic. If it is not, we would have lit:~ie co:... err: :.egarding brake-lining dust as a source of general environr.l~;_;;al e:x~A-s;.r._
to asbestos. On the other hand, if workers exposed to this a... st ar,;; :;..... u..c.
to have asbestos disease, then the effects of exposure of thb general population to the same dust, albeit at much lower levels, woulo nave t~ be further evaluated.
Materials and met:hods:
Personal air samples were taken during br.ake-lining maint.::;:.:.::-.~e wo~'~.
Air s::.unples w~:re also 1;aken at adjacent sites, incluc~ng cu;;-.:omer " .itillb
areas and autc.mobile showrooms. The standard techr.:J..que& f.o.. ..'ilt.:r ,?ro-
cessing and fiber counting which have been adopted oy tne ~c-pation~l
Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor. Bott -v:Y~ic.,:..
and electron microscopic methods were employed, the latter because 1:.:.c
grea~ r.aJority of asbestos fibers were too fine to b~ detected by o;L:..cal
micro.Jcopy. X- ..;:;y powder diffraction and microch\.;nical ,cann-..ng e: o-.1:ron
micr.-".,copic analyses were also utilized to identify chryo;o.~le asb.;.s-.os
in bra~o drum s...-..ples.
FMSI 04798
Y-1~ (_f)
,
Results to date:
Table I shows the levels of asbestos found during the most common oper~tion of brake-lining m~intenance. When a brake lining is brought into a repair shop for inspection or replacement, the wheel is removed and all loose dust is removed from the drums and back plates by means of a compressed air jet. The cloud that is produced is visible, and remains so for minutes afterward. There is minimal, if any, effort to control dust in most garages and workmen very rarely wear respirators. Table I shows that fiber counts are high in the operator's area, and that there are moderately high concentrations at least 20 feet away. Background sampling during the same operation shows that immediately after jet air blowing and for at least 14 minutes afterward, there are measurable concentrations. These measurements were taken at varying distances from the operator (from lU to 75 feet) and show that other people within that perimeter are exposed, including mechanics, shop._ management, salesmen and customers.
Ten samples of brake drum dust were processed for electron micropsopic examination without changing the size' distribution, and asbestos fibers present in the dust were measured. The results are shown in Table II. It was found that most fibers are too small to be seen by optical microscopy; almost all of them'were shorter than 0.4~ in leng~h. Virtually all were of respirable size.
Prior to this study, it had been generally accepted, on the basis of limited data, that asbestos brake-linings are thermally altered to an inert, presumably harmless dust, during braking action. Our observations show that asbestos fibers do survive. This has been found in every brake drum dust sample analy~ed by x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and microchemical s~anning electron microscopy.
Table III and IV present data collected during brake lining maintenance operations at the New York City Department of Sanitation truck repair shop. Two important operations are performed in this large shop for reasons of
FMS' 04799
.-- '
economy-grinding and bevelling of linings, otherwise generally performed during manufacture. Accordingly, these studies relate to levels of asbestos exposure experienced by workers engaged in manufacturing. New linings are ground to remove imperfections on the surface and used linings are salvaged by grinding the sur~ace ~o remove gr~ase and dirt fiber concentrations experienced during grinding ranged from approximately 2.0
to 7 .o large (optically visible) fibers/ml of air (2xl06 - 7xl06 /m3 )
The background or area samples for this operation ranged from 1.2 to 0.2 fibers/ml (1.2 - 0.2 x 106 /m3 ) with a general decrease with increasing distance away fxom the operator. From six to ten other mechanics would thus be exposed to perhaps about one fiber/ml. A concentration of even one fiber/ml is equivalent to inhaling 8 million large fibers per working day, those longer than 5~. Much larger numbers of shorter fibers would simultaneously be inhaled.
Table IV shows fiber concentrations measured during bevelling of new truck brake-linings. The lining edge is bevelled on a grinding wheel, so that the brake will grip properly. Concentrations were very high, ranging from 32 to 72 fibers/ml, and background counts were measurable up to.30 feet away.
Significance:
The data indicate that, during brake-lining maintenance and repair, workmen in garages, service stations and brake repair shops are exposed to asbestos and thus may be subject to serious cancer risk. Others, at some distance from the repair work, are perhaps subject to the same hazard. These environmental measurements will be of value in considering the health experience of brake-lining repair workers, as a background to evaluation of the importance of asbestos from brake-linings as a factor in general community asbestos air pollution.
Publications:
To be published.
I
~ l-
--
FMSl 04800
.-
Investigators: A. M. !.anger, Ph.D., A. Rohl, Ph.D., Mary s. Wolff, Ph.D.
Support:
Health Research Council: U-1272.
Research Fellowship Award - ES 02565
Career Scientist Award
ES 44812
Period: 1973
ll (- FMSI 04801
.'.
,.
Table I
PERSONAL SAMPLES - AU'l'OMOBILE BRAKE SERVICE
Operation
Distance
Concentration
(fibers/ml.) *'
Blowing dust out of drUIIl brakas
..... .. .. .. .. . .."
3.-..5 ft. ..
13.8 29.4
..... ...... ..... . .. ... .. ...''
""
" "" " "
"
"
"" " "
" "
"
" "" " "
"
""
"n:
5-10ft.
" "
10~20ft .. '
6.6
13.6 3.8 2.0 4.2
0.4 4'.8' .
BACKGRO~~ S&~PLES - AU'l'OMOBILE BRAKE SERVICE
Operation
. .Blowing dust out of drum' brakes " "" "
.." " " "II' II .. .." " " " "
""
""
.." " " " "
Distance from
0Eeration
Time Lapse
Concentration (fibers/ml.)
10 ft. 0 min.
.20 ft.
12 ft.'
0 min. 5 min.
50 ft.' 5 min.
65 ft . 7 min.
75 ft . 14 min.
0.3 . 0.8
0.2 0.1.
0.1 O.l
Only fibers longer than 5~ '!'er~ counted, by .Phase.microscopy at 400x.
. ,
FMSI 04802
... . .
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF CHRYSOTI.LE FIBERS IN BRAKE DRUM DUST
Fibers counted and sized at 42,000 X (all fibers have diameters from 250i to 500i)
Sample 750-1500i 1500-22505t 2250-30005t 3000-37502 Total
1 "40% 34% 11% 11$ 96%
2 32 23 32
87
3 20 25 25
70
4 26 37 26
7 96
5 57
17
4
78
6 23
9 12 12 56
7 50 26 21
2 99.
8 29 30 21 17 97
9 6 41 18 10 75
10 11
6 31 31 79
..
FMSI 04803
' .
PERSONAL SAMPLES - TRUCK BRAKE SE~VICE
Operation
Renewing used linings by grinding
" " "" "
" " "" "
" " "" "
" " "" "
" " "" "
" " "" "
." " " " "
" "
" "
" "
" "
."
Concentration (fibers/mi.)
2.7 7.0 2.2 4.1 5.0 4.7 5.6 1.7 2.5 2.0
BACKGROUND SAMPLES- TRUCK BRAKE SERVICE
Operation
..Background to grinding used linings
""
""
"....
" " "
"" "" ""
.".
"
Distance
10 ft. 10 ft. 25 ft. 25 ft. 60 ft.
Concentration (fibers/mi.)
1.2 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.2
FMS' 04804
.. .' . ~ .
. ~
PERSONAL SAMPLES - TRUCK BRAKE SERVICE
Operation
Concentration (fibers/mi.)
Bevelling new linings
...II II II II tl
II II II
II It tt
31.7 23.7 32.7 72.0 26.3
BACKGROUND SAMPLES - TRUCK BRAKE SERVICE
Operation
Concentration Distance (fibers/mi.)
Background to bevelling linings 8 ft.
0.6
"It It
It 12 ft.
0.5
" II tt
It 12 ft.
0.3
,.' II II II
1t 30 ft.
0.3
FMSI 04805
. ....,""',. I
'" o
-----
PERSONAL SAMPLES - TRUCK BRAKE SERVICE
Operation
concentration (fibers/ml.)
Punching rivets into brake linihg
" " "" "
Chipping rust off used brake drums Sweeping floor around grinder
Background taken 15 ft. away during sweeping
1.9 2.0 2.4 3.6 3.1
H I FMSI 04806
RECOMMENDSD (INTERIM) PROCEDURES FOR ASRESTOS BRAKE k~ CLUTOt SERVICING
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and He~lth (NIOSH) has research underway concerning dust exposures during brake and clutch servicing. Due to preliminary data demonstrating significant asbestos exposures during presently used brake and clutch servicing techniques. NIOSH has rcvi~ed . alternate techniques whereby asbestos exposures are reduced. The follow~ng are interim procedures recommended by ~IOSH to minimize dust exposures.
1. If possible, an area shall be designated for all brake and clutch. repairs. Entrances into this area shall be posted with an asbestos
exposure warning sign as follows;
Asbestos Dust Hazard Avoid Breathing Dust Wear Assigned Protective Equipment Do. Not Remain in Area Unless Your Work Requires It Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Asbestosis and Cancer
2. During brake servicing, an air purifying respirator, either single use or with replaceable particulate filter(s), as approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (formerly Bureau of Mines) or NIOSli, shall be worn during all procedures starting with the removal of the wheels and including ~eassembl~. During manual clutch servicing, such a respirator shall be worn during removal and cleaning of the clutch, pressure plate and housing assembly and during installation of the new clutch assembly.
3. Dust shall first be cleaned from brake drums, brake backing plates, brake assemblies and clutch assemblies using an industrial type vacuum cleaner equipped witn a high efficiency filter system (>99% efficiency for 0.3 ~m diameter aerosols). After vacuum cleaning, any remaining dust shall be removed using a rag soaked in water and wrung until nearly dry. Under no circumstances shall compressed air or dry brushing be used for cleaning.
4. During arcing and riveting operations, an approved respirator, as described in {2) above. shall be worn. Grinding (arcing) machines shall be provided with loeal exhaust ventilation such that worker exposures are maintained at least below the 1976 OSHA asbestos standard (29 CFR 1910.1001).* At a minimum, the dust'bag of the arcing machine shall be removed and replaced with the hose of the. high efficiency industrial vacuum described in (3) above.
FMSI 04807
.'
-2-
s. Indust~ial vacuum clenncr bags containing asbestos ~ust and cloths
used for wiping brake and clutch assemblies shall be sealed in plastic bags and labeled with the following warning label printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast to be readily visible and legible;
Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers
Avoid Breathing Dust \ .Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Asbestosis and Cancer
i All asbestos waste shall be disposed of in accordance with the OSHA asbestos regulation, 29 CFR l910.100l(h). During removal of vacuum 1 bags, an approved respirator, as described in (2) above, shall be
worn.
6. All floor cleaning in areas where brakes and clutches are repaired shall be done with the high efficiency industrial vacuum cleaner as described in (3) above. Grinding (arcing) machines shall'also be cleaned with such a vacuum cleaner and.any remaining dust wiped with a damp cloth. An approved respirator, as described in (2) above, shall be used during this cleaning.
7. Although adherence to the ab~ve procedures should minimize any
contamination of work clothing, it is required that the appropriate portions of the OSHA regulations on asbestos (29 CFR l910.100l(d), (3 and 4)} concerning special clothing, change rooms, etc. be followed.
NOTE: Strict adherence to the above procedures dbould minimize exposures to mechanics during brake and clutCh servicing. These are interim recommendations and are aubjecc co revision pending results of ongoing NIOSH research.
* Section 1910.1001 of the Code of Federal Regulations was formerly
Section 1910.93a. This change was noted in the Federal Register, May 28. 197S.
Prepared By Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations National Institute for Occupational Safety.and Health
Cincinnati, Ohio
F~S\04808
MOTOR
1790 Broadway, New lbrk, N. Y. 10019
ROBERT J. CERULLO CONTI.IIUTING TECHNICAL EDITOW
1851- 60TH STREET, BROOKLYN. NEW YORK 11204
I
March 30, Iq77
To; E.W.Drislane-
Your in good company E.W.since as you wi II see on the' attached sheet t he Na t i on a I Ins t i t ut e f or 8c cupat j- ona I
I
Safety a~d Health uses the word breathing in their Recommended Procedures for Asbestos Brake and Clutch Servicing.
I
FMSI 04809
RECOMMENDED (INTERIM) PROCEDURES FOR ASB~STOS BRAKE AND CLUTCH SERVICING
r.....:;~
T.h~e....N. racthi
onadl Inst un erway
i
tute for Occupa concerninR dust
tional expos
Saf ures
ety and
durinll
Hhr;e;ta,klPth~"(N" IOrlSJHt.)r..hh
as
---
August 6, 1975
-2-
5. Industrial vacuum cleaner bags containing asbestos dust and cloths used for wiping brake and clutch assemblies shall be sealed in plastic bags and labeled with the following warning label printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast to be-readily visible and legible:
Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers
Avoi~~eath:~~ust Breathing Asbestos Dust May Caus~sbestosis andCancer
All asbestos waste shall be disposed of in accordance with th~ OSHA
asbestos regulation, 29 CFR 1910.100l(h). During removal of vacuum
bags, an approved respirator, as described in (2) above, shall be worn.
t..~1. 6. All floor cleaning in areas where brakes and clutches are repaired I shall be done wi~h the high efficiency industrial vacuum cleaner as ; described ih (3) above. Grinding (arcing) machines shall also be '1 cleaned with such a vacuum cleaner and any remaining dust wiped with
- a damp.cloth. An approved respirator, as described in (2) above, shall be used dur~ng this cleaning.
7. Although adherence to the above procedures should minimize any
contamination.of work clothing, it is required that the appropriate
portions of the OSHA regulations on asbestos (29 ~FR 1910.100l(d) (3
--~ and 4)) concerning special clothing, change rooms, etc. be followed.
. - .'-'---~-"-~----' .-'f-l-t'<""r-'"""""--~-------=-~- ~- ,._~
-""--...----,_~-----
-<-
NOTE: Strict adherence to the above procedures should minimize exposures to mechanics during brake and clutch servicing. These are interim recommendat1ons and are subject to revision pending results of ongoing NIOSH
research.
* Section 1910.1001 of the Code of Federal Regulations was formerly
Sectionl910.9.3a. This change was noted in the Federal Registor,
_May 28, 1975.
l Prepared By Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations
i National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Cincinnati, Ohio
..
FMSI 04810
.,
3:
~
-0
c~o
~IOSH R~CO~~ENDED PROCEDURES FOR ASBESTOS BRAKE AND CLUTCH SERVICING
1 . All procedures perfQrmed in a restricted area of facility. Entrances posted with an asbestos exposure warning sign.
2. Respiratory protection during all servicing
operations. MESA and NIOSH approved air
purifying respirators.
. iI 3. Loose wear dust to be removed by well
I maintained shop vacuum. After .vacu_um
l
I
I
'
cleaning, re~aining material removed with
I water soaked rag.
4. All new lining grinding machines provided with local exhaust ventilation .
. 5. 6.
All floor and equipment. cleanirig perfor~ed with high efficiency shop vacuum .
.
Vacuum cleaner bag and all other waste sealed in plastic bags and labeled asbestos warning label.
PRELH~H~hRY
FMSI 04812
TYPES OF FACILITIES PERFORMING
AUTOMOTIVE BRAKE REPAIR
I Ut..L.I&U&iHUi I
.
'
GARAGE TYPE
APPROXIMATE # FACILI.TIES
. PERCENTAGE OF BRAKE WORK PERFORMED
Se r vi ce .s t a t i ons
195,000
N 50
Independent Garages
108,000
(') 30 . .
New Car Shops
39,000
r.J 18
.Fleet Shops
21,000
1-2
- - -------~---~-----~-
NI o-SH Es t i ma t e s Tha t Mor e Tha n 900 , 000 U s Wor k e r s
i
Are Potentially Exposed To Brake Wear . O. ust
..
,
..li: I!..I,,>
1, "':'
,:.~.~ ..
.,
3:
~
0
c.~o-
c,.)
..,
I.--- ..-...,-- - -. ~----:.:: 7~-r;~- ----; "'-
..
---:-::-:-:-..-.-.-..-.-.---;-----:..... ~--~- ,.
SUMMARY 0F BRAKE REPAI R J 0BS F0R 1975 .PnElf ~11f~ t~ RY
VEHICLE AND JOB TYPE
MILL.IONS OF WHEELS
SERVICED
Automobiles
New Shoes Installed
Relined Shoes Installed
Disc
Brake
Pad
Sets
Re-
'... . "..
.
..
placed
Trucks
Brakes Relined
New Brakes Installed
12.7 38.3
16.9
7.4 2.5
.,
ein:
0
c~o
~
~
., .
SUMMARY OF FIBER EXPOSURES IN GARAGES DETERMINED BY OPTICAL M1CROSCOPY
AS PRELH,~INARV
F I BE R C0NCENTRA T I 0N. ( F I BE RS .> 5JJ m/ c c )1
EXPOSURE SUMMARY
AI
GARAGE SURVEYED
8 c0
E
Mechanic's Exgosure Mean Daily TWA* Range of Daily TWA 1 Values .
----0. 11 . 0. 13
0. 12
0 0 10 0.12
o: +o +o0, 08
12
110.I ' . ~.0.15',
0 051-o .. 0. 04+o
0 19 ' 0 ."18
Garage Geoecal Aic CooceoicaiiQos Mean Daily TWA Range of Daily TWA
Values
0--.0-7- -0-.-0.9-
_o_. o.. 5_.I -0-.0-7- -0-.0--4
..
Highest Peak Concentration Observed
0. 58.. .Z.33
0.72 15.33 0. 16
.
*TWA = Time-weighted-average. NIOSH Recommended TWA = 0.10
fibers /"5).Jm/cc
., ..
-3:
(/)
,.
0t
~
c.n
PRELIMif~ARY
V U lVII/ t\ f\ I V I
I 1 1..1 ' - 1 \ ... " , - - - - -
RENEWING USED BRAKE AND CLUTCH ASSEMBLIES
....
FIBER CONCENTRATION( FIBERS >5. um/GC)
FACILITY
A . MEAN CONCENTRATION
RAf\GE # SAMPLES ( )
.8
MEAN CONCENTRATION RANGE 0 SAMPLES ( )
c
MEAN. CONCENTRATION RANGE .
# _SA_M~E_b{_____j_)__
RECEIVING ~ONDING CUTTING INSPECTION
&:
&
&
&
CLEANING RIVETING GRINDING PACKAGING
1. 1
0.. 4-4.8 . ( 15)
0.6 0.2-1.4
(20)
1~ 1
0.8-1.6 ( 6)
0:7
6.8-1.1
( 4)
4. 0 .
1 . 0-7 6:
( 5)
1 3. 1.2-1..3
( 2)
2.7
1.1-5.8
( 6)
5.0
.1 5-9. 3
( 6)
. . 0.8
------- 0.6-1.3 ('2)
-------
-------
I
I
I
I
:
NIOSH Recommended Standard = 0.10 fibers ;5~m/cc
.,
3:
~
0.p.
co
..,lio
(7)
'.
~ SUMMARY OF ASBESTOS FIBER EXPOSURES IN FRICTION PRODUCT
-PRODUCTION FACILITIES AS DETERMINED BY OPTICA-L MICROSCOPY
~
~ F'l BER CONCENTRATION (~I BERS > 5).Jm/ cc)
- - - - - -----
c..
1 MIXING HOT PRESS- GR INO ING, BOND ING It\SPECT ION
PLANT I &
lNG &
CUTTING & &
&
F0R~.A I NG
CURI NG. DRI LL I NG RI VETI NG PACKA.G I NG
A
MEAN CONC 0~1
RANGE
0.0- 2.5
#SAMPLES (29)
.( )
0. 6 0.0-3.8
( 19)
0.8
0.0- 3.6 (39)
0.4 0.0-1.3
( 9)
2.3 0.0-10.3
(32)
8
MEAN GONG 1 7
RANGE
0. 0- 8. 4
#SAMPLES (59)
()
c
,MEAN CONC 9.9
.,
3e-n:
RANGE
1.5-18.4
#SAMPLES ( 19)
()
0::..
DCD
~...... MEAN CONC 0.8
RA~GE
0.1- 2.0
~S,MPLES ( 5)
:--"'" -~~- ~
. 12
0.2-7~0
(44) ..
5. 2
2.7-7.4'
( 10)
1. 1 1.0-1.3
( 2)
2.2 1. 5
0.0-11.5 o.J-5.7
(12) .
( 13)
-- --6. 6 '
'1.1-22.1
.. ...
. ( 40)
2.3 0.4-20.5
( 15)
--0-.-2--
( 1) .
I.2
0.1- 4.6
(32)
5. 1
0. 7-11.1 .
( 4)
0.9
0.,1- 3.4
( 6)
.>SUMMARY OF ASBESTOS FIBER EXPOSURES IN FRICTION PRODU_CT
~ R'O 0UCTI0N FA CILITIES AS DETER MINED 8Y 0PTIC.AL MICR0SC0PY
:;:;:
--. !J: r..::: c.. PLANT ..
.C...'
MEAN GONG RANGE # SAMPLES
()
MIXING
&-
FORMING
4. 5 0.6-16.2
( 10)
FIBER CONC~NTRATION (FIBER -,. 5pm/cc)
HOT PRESSlNG & CURING
1 . 8 .. 0.3-3.7
( 14)
GRINDING, CUTTING & DRILLING
5.8 0.6-14.4
. ( 11 )
BONDING
&
RIVETING
------
lt'\SPECTION
&
PACKAGING
.
2.9 0.5- 5.4
( 7)
..
F
MEAN CONC 1. 1
RANGE
0.3-1?.5
.:
# SAMPLES
()
( 23)
11.9 0.1-3.6
( 20) .'
9.2 0.2-61.8
. -.-0--.-2-1-
( 14 ).
( ~)
19.0 0.5-105.0
( 14)
NIOSH Recommended T'NA = 0.1 Fiber..s ~5pm/cc
.,
3:
~
0
~
CIO
..lo
CIO
.' ,. ~ _..... ......
-,
"' . .T
- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------- -- ..
C0MPARI S0N 0F AI R80RNE F I BER LENGTHS I N pUELJ (.11 fl ARy
FRICTION PRODUCT OPERATIONS
INDUSTRY AND OPERATION
PRODUCT MFG. RAW MATERIAL MIXING PRODUCT FORMING
FI~ISHING
GARAGE REPAIR OPERATIONS BRAKE MECHANIC
--~-
GEOMETRIC MEAN
JJM
13 14 18
<1.0
------------~-~-~---~
% OF
FIBERS
. ~s~M
I
9.8
9.2
17. 2
<1_,
'
I
.. I ~-I
. J
:1 .,
I '3:
-en
-0t
CD
-
AIRBORNE PARTICULATES IN FRICTION.
PRODUCT PROOUCTION FACILITY
--1-.~'-.~-
."~' .:
.
-. ............
. _t..._. _.._--
-,.
. ....
..- ~ .
......
-
..
. .... ~
.. '
.; '
.
.
.'!
.. .
. .,..... ~
,.
.
...... ......
~
'" ' J .
..
.
. .',
....
I!.:
~..
..
.~-..
FMSt 04820
PnELUJ!r~AP.Y
.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF GARAGE LEAD EXPOSURE STUDI'ES
~
Peak Exposure Using Compres~ed Air For Cleaning Wear Oust Brake Reassembly
Garage General Air
LEAD CONCENTRATION l ~g/m3
.
2,660* '20
10
.I .I I
I
. Ii
... These values do :not represent time~weigh~ed average exposur~s.
OSHA Proposed Lead .TWA = 100 )JQ/m3
!
I
I ',
"T1
-3:
Cfl
0
~
N....
I
"W , ..
'
SUMMARY OF LEAD EXPOSURES IN FRICTION
PRODUCT PRODUCTION FACILITIES.
PRELIMifiARY
LEAD CONCENTRATION (pg/mJ)
MIXING HOT PRESS- GRIN DIr~ G, BONDING 11\SPECTION
PLAt\T
&
lNG &
CUTTING & &
&
FOR~A ING
CURING DRILLING RIVETING PACK AG. ING
A
MEAN GONG 28
.2
8
45
RANGE
<1-89
<1-3
4-15
2-6
<1- 8
H SAMPLES ( 4) ()
B
MEAN GONG 7
RANGE
2-11 .
H SAMPLES ()
. ( 6) ' .
.
C.
MEAN CONC . 729
-"T1
3e0,.n:.
RANGE , H SAMPLES
co
N
()
N
2-7000 ( 22) ' ..
---
--
( 4) .( 6) .
19
2-55 '.
(4)
a
3-16
(4)
4. .
' 3-7
. - ( 6)
.
'
6
1-11
(7)
( 2.)
..
4.
2-6. .
(2)
______ ...,.
..
' . ( 4)
..
3
. <1-5
(4)
..
.
.... I
6 ; .I
.. 2-10
I
{2) i
I
t
'
.
.Proposed OSHA Lead TWA= 100 pg/m3
...
__,--~_...
.~
-'~
'
I"'",., t t , ~:t'~~f~' .. ~~"':" ~:.-~:~::':::.: ..,-.: ;-;,~~-"'"',~~'
:~ . :.),;,,;~~~.:.......~.~~.,_.;,, ~:.,:.:..... "',1
.... ----..--
..
SUMMARY OF L.EAD EXPOSURES IN FACILITIES
PREllM\NARY. RENEWING USED BRAKE AND CLUTCH ASSEMBLIES
LEAD CONCENTRATION (~g/m3)
FACILITY
RECEIVING BONDING CUTTING INSPECTION
.& &
&
&
CLEANING RIVETING GRINDING PACKA.G I_NG I
-
AI
MEAN CONCENTRATION
187
79
77
77 . I
RANGE H SAMPLES ( )
60-700
( 15 )
. 40 .. 170 (20)
50-100 ( 6) ..
40-70
~<4)
I
8 ..
MEAN CONCENTRATION
34
9 . 16
I
RANGE .
6-80
2:... 41 .
2-57
------
.
# SAMPLES
c
(
)
(5)
MEAN CONGENTRATI.ON
3
-n RANGE
2-4
-g
en
# SA~P.LES ( )
( 2) --~-
0
t
N
OSHA Proposed TWA' = 100 )Jg/m3
(~.)
( 6)
------
( 5)
.
3
2-4 .. . -------
( 2-)
. . . ' 4 ~. IIIIi
" t I I " ~
J
1 :
'
~
01
'
;,
~- ~:... ,.
~ .~~ ,,;r..
,. ;:;_, .:.~--.~ . . .:...~-~~~~;:~-;~:.,~-~-~:~. ~--~.:.~:;.. ,:, :.:r:,f~.i. -:. :......,._. :-~ .:"~;-/7~ ~~.:~~,._...
.
.~ - -;_-
. .--------~<-1-'w.-~~~'' ''~""~-"'""'"'"~-- .-...~v
'* , $"
~-
-~Q--~---~-'"----
SUMMARY OF LEAD EXPOSURES IN FRICTION P~ ELH,11 NARY PRODUCT PRODUCTION FACILITIES.
I
LEAD CONCENTRATIOK (~g/mJ)
PLAf\T
MIXING
&
HOT PRESS- GRINDING, BONDING
lNG &
.CUTTING &
&
FORt,IJ NG
CURING
DRILLING RIVETING
D'
MEAN GONG 4
RANGE . 1-12
H SAMPLES ( 4)
()
E
MEAN GONG 11
RANGE
. 3-45
# SAMPLES (.)
( 4).
,.
.,
3:
F
MEAN GONG
3
~ RANGE
1-4
0
tN...
# SAMPLES ()
( 2) ..
' 3. 2-4
( 3)
14
' 1- "!1
. ' (6)
.
2
2-2
..
( 3)
<1
<1-1
.I ( 4)
5 ' <1-17
. ( 4)
..
1
1-2
( 5)
;
.
~2
1-3
' ( 4)
..
------
------
~
.
: .Proposed OSHA Lead TWA = 100 J..IQ/m3' ..
-.-....,t~ ...
It\SPEGT ION 1 I &. I PAGKAG.I NG .
_____ ..
.
3
1-5
( 4) .
..
.. 3 ~
. <:1- 8
(4)
i
- .
.... .. f.
I
' t,A ~ -,
il
AIRBORNE PARTICULATE IN GARAGE PERFORMING BRAK~ REPAIR
't
/
'
..
,.
.o....
PRELIMH~ARV .
FMSt 04825