Document 5DyDEMBeKZ0bZR3rO02Z2BOje

f j f V.V - V ,,i r -', rii-iJi^V&iaL.lt* :tr* ` **^ .1 m m #s& . Selected Case Studies of Suspected Dioxin Poisoning 165 and Allen (132) published a note on herbicides and spina bifida. They examined all the children referred to in the television program and found one case o f an open neural tube defect (spina bifida cystica) w hile the other children were normal in every respect. It w as possible that these apparently " norm al" children had spina bifida occulta, how ever, in none o f them had radiography been done and it was probable that the children had nothing more than sacral dimples. As a final note in relation to this episode, the follow ing brief article appeared in the N ew Z ealand M edical Journal (9): Publicity on certain chemicals as causation of malformations of the human fetus has been widespread. Some of the publicity has been sensation mongering and not all the remarks from the profession have been in keeping with a balanced assessment of scientific evidence. It is proper that there should be intelligent public awareness of the various environmental hazards that may come from the use of chemicals. . .in farm ing. . .however, those who would write of their experiences in medical journals must remember that disasters are the staple of the sensation mongers in the news media industry. Until recent publicity there had been no suggestion that 2 ,4 ,5-T, which has been used for over 20 years in New Zealand, was responsible for congenital malfunctions either in man or in farm animals. It is the duty of the physicians (and scientists) who have any concern for science to attempt to make valid observations that can be repeated. In the problem at issue, fetal malformations are natures common mistakes which we have no desire to perpetrate or to increase, although they are the inevitable price that is paid for our place on the evolutionary scale. There are extensive gaps in our knowledge but they will be filled only by patient work. Unresolved problems of fetotoxicity can only be solved by accurate recordkeeping at all stages of pregnancy. The Missouri Horse Arena Episode M any o f the episodes discussed in this chapter involved " suspected" TCDD poisoning; how ever, the M issouri H orse A rena Episode is one in which TCDD was confirm ed to be the causative agent. ' In 1972, T he M issouri Division o f Health and The Center for Disease Control, A tlanta, G eorgia (13) reported an investigation o f a horse arena in eastern M issouri w here 54 o f 57 horses exposed to the arena had died o f an illness characterized by skin lesions, severe weight loss, and heptotoxicity. Birds, dogs, cals, insects, and rodents w ere also found dead in and around the arena, and one 6-year-old girl exposed developed hem orrhagic cystitis (characterized by blood in the urine). A nalysis o f urine cultures for bacterial and viral pathogens were negative. Im m ediately prior to the onset o f illness, the arena had been sprayed with salvage oil for dust control. The report (13) also noted that sim ilar horse illnesses and deaths occurred in two other horse arenas in the eastern M issouri area sprayed by the sam e salvage oil ! !i till :! ;ii i S W: mt m ^^S lS B S IB S B S m M S R ^ 166 Tlie Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins com pany. T he three arenas had been sprayed within I month o f each other. K J Subsequent to investigation, soil from all three arenas was' excavated and dis posed. No further problem s occurred since the excavations. A s with earlier episodes, the report soon received national attention. Unfortu nately, som e new spapers m isquoted the report by im plying that the cause o f the incident w as a result of spraying'contam m ated2,4,5-T herbicide (12). C arteret al. (44) and Kim brough et al. (122) have published detailed chemical, ep idem iological, and pathological data o f the. episode. T he investigations con cluded that a hexachlorophene factory in southwestern M issouri had accumulated distillate residues containing 306 to 356 ppm T C D D . It was these distillate residues that w ere subsequently disposed of via a salvage oil com pany and sprayed on the horse arenas. Furtherm ore, as Kimbrough et al. (122) noted, the investigation dem onstrated that the im proper disposal.of toxic chemical wastes may have serious consequences. Com panies responsible for the disposal of such wastes . should be aw are o f the toxicity o f these chemical waste products and should practice proper m ethods o f disposal. C om m oner and Scott (46) have review ed the M issouri Horse Arena Episode in an attem pt to provide consultative data to the Italian G overnm ent in the wake o f the Seveso, Italy episode. T heir review focused on the hum an reactions (symptoms) to accidental TCD D exposure and the problem of soil degradation of TCDD. They also provided an excellent chronological account o f the episode. T h e response o f the horses to T C D D in the above episode is o f special interest. In 197.0, P insent*and L ane (160) reported on a illness in four horses, and the subsequent death o f one, following the spraying o f a brushwood killer (2,4-D and 2,4;5-T ) to destroy nettles around the m argin of a pasture containing the horses. T h e horse .that died had rem ained on the pasture fo r 12 days. T h e postm ortem exam ination revealed extensive lesions in the esophagus and stom ach with de generative changes involving the liver and kidney. T he authors concluded that neither the clinical picture nor the postm ortem Findings supported a plant poisoning syndrom e, and thus it was not possible for the possibility o f poisoning by the herbicides. In view o f the findings by K im brough et al. (112), it would pear that the horses may have been exposed to T C D D . Beale et al. (24) have recently reexamined the young girl who had developed hem orrhagic cystitis follow ing repeated exposure to TCD D in one o f the horse arenas sprayed w ith waste oils (see Ref. 13). In the 5-year interval since exposure, the patient had grown norm ally, and both her height and weight were above the 75th percentiles. Detaijed physical, -chemical, and neurological examinations w ere also conducted and found to be norm al. The sam e studies were done on the p atien t's - s is te r and m other, exposed sim ultaneously, but less extensively to dioxin, and the results w ere also norm al. Beale et al. (24) concluded: " Our experience dem onstrates that people exposed to dioxin can recover com pletely w ith no apparent sequela from the toxin. It remains to be determined whether the Selected Case Studies of Suspected Dioxin Poisoning 167 ex posure to dioxin in these children will result in abnorm al pregnancies or affect their offspring." T h e Seveso, Italy Episode P erhaps th e m ost publicized chem ical accident in m odem tim es is the TCD D episode in Seveso, Italy. This episode has attracted worldwide interest and concern. H undreds o f scientists, physicians, and veterinarians have participated in either on-site inspections, conferences, or consultations into the various facets o f this episode. In addition, the episode has now acquired such political significance that its outcom e could change the political structure of a nation. A lthough the Seveso, Italy episode did not involve 2,4,5-T or other phenoxy herbicides, it did, how ever, involve the potential raw material required for their synthesis, that is, trichlorophenol. Thus, in relation to the phenoxy herbicides (and hexachlorophene), this episode represents to m any people an inherent danger associated with its industrial production. Hence, the question: can we do without trichlorophenol products and thus insure our safety from another such industrial accident? A volum inous am ount o f literature has been written on this episode, although it has been only 2 years since it occurred. Much of this material has been either laym an oriented, factually confused, politically pointed, or lim ited primarily to hum anistic interest. Thus, we have seen in newspapers and magazines, articles titled " A .D e a d ly S a g a ," " The G raveyard on M ilan's D oorstep," "T o x ic Cloud over S ev eso ," and "T h e Poison That Fell From The S k y ." However, the human dram a o f this industrial accident cannot, and must not, be minimized. Parks andSuIIam (158) have assem bled, translated, and reviewed an impressive collectio n o f selected articles from the Italian press for the period 10 July to Septem ber 1976. In-the introduction to this collection o f articles, Parks and Sullam stated: The social, economic, moral, medical and administrative problems which fell on Italy out of that poisonous cloud are of vast extent and complexity. They cast a very long shadow on the future, involving the rebuilding of shattered lives, the care of burned and disfigured children, health care and the monitoring of health for thousands of people for many years to come, and the shaping of policy decisions regarding industrial regulations and the operations of. multinational enterprises to which this incident forces the attention of the Italian Government. D ata on levels o f TCD D found, the m agnitude o f the contamination, or the extent o f hum an or animal illnesses or injuries, are still sketchy. Nevertheless, the follow ing inform ation on the episode is available from published documents. T h e e p iso d e o f T C D D poisoning occurred on 10 July 1976 in Seveso, Italy, a sm all tow n 40 km north o f M ilan (95,174). The source o f the TCDD was a 192 The Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins T C D D is the dioxin o f m ost concern. It occurs prim arily in pesticide m ade from trichlorophenol, for exam ple, 2,4 ,5 -T and silv ex herbicides. Q uantitatively it is a very potent teratogen; how ever, qualitatively the nature of the teratogenic effect of T C D D is far less than m any other com pounds, such as thaiidam ide or V itam in A. T he one teratogenic response most com m only associated w ith .TCDD is cleft palate. TCDD tends to cause death o f the em bryo or fetus rather than a w ide range o f abnorm alities. Present data suggest that in m am m als. T C D D may be carcino genic. TCD D tends to accum ulate in the liver o f rodents, but in nonhuman prim ates it is associated w ith tissues having a high lip id content, particularly the skin, m uscle, and fat. In m an, exposure to T C D D is characterized b y 'th e appearance of chloracne and its absence m akes it unlikely that system ic disorders present are related to TCD D . Asthenic and vegetative sym ptom s are often present in overexposure, but are difficult to interpret. They w ould norm ally bdexpdctedlfo ? clear with tim e. There is no conclusive evidence a t this tim e that T C D D is m utagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic in m an. M ost TCD D that is applied to the environm ent during pesticide applications, pro b ab ly photodegrades w ithin the first 24 h r. Ir is p ro b ab ly n o t translocated in plants with the soil then serving as the residual reservoir. T he half-life in soil varies from 200-340 days, depending upon soil type and clim ate. M icrobial degradation is probably responsible for the soil disappearance o f T C D D . A nim als that com e in contact w ith contam inated soil o r vegetation, will bioconcentrate TCDD in their liver; however, at present, there are no field data available that indicate that the levels o f TCD D found in these anim als have a biological effect. W ith the current production technology, phenoxy herbicides may be produced containing less than 0.1 ppm TCD D , W hen these herbicides are properly applied to the environm ent, TCDD residues are nondetectable. W hether significant bioac cum ulation occurs in livestock feeding on herbicide-treated rangeland at sufficient levels to be present in m eat consum ed by m an rem ains to be determ ined. O n this determ ination will depend the future use o f trichlorophenol-based herbicides. LITERATURE CITED 1. Adamson, L. 1974. Spray now--Pay later? Environ. Action, pp. 9-13; July 6, 1974. 2. Advisory Committee on 2,4,5-T. 1971. Report of the Advisory Committee on 2,4,5-T to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 76 p. 3. Ahling, B., A. Lindskog, B. Jansson, and G. Sundstrom. 1977. Formation o f polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans during composition of a 2;4,5- Tformulation. Chemosphere6{$):461-468. .... . 4. Albro, P. W. and B. J. Corbett. 1977. Extraction and cleanup o f animal tissues for subsequent determination of mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-diozins and dibenzo furans. Chemosphere 6(7}:381-385. from t is a ctof :* .--eja :?Ss8. n A. cleft ange :inoman .'if. t the the dera sent v :d to 0 is ans, . d in ` tries tion ie in heir the -7 - cet lied )ac- <** ient this "W.r iP*Wir-?i ''Hi t'S* '4M 74. i y ,5-T t 1 of -S L5- ? for -r& izo* *,K. L iterature Cited 193 5. Allen, J. R., D. A. Barsotti, J. P. Van Miller, L.' J. Abrahamson, and J. J. Lalich. 1977. Morphological changes in monkeys consuming a diet containing low levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 15:401-410. 6. Allen, J. R ., J. P. Van Miller, and D. H. Norback. 1975. Tissue distribution, excretion and biological effects of [I4C]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13(5):501*505. 7. Anonymous. 1967. Search for chick edema factor. Chem. Eng. News 45(5): 10. 8. Anonymous. 1970: Globe's mystery. 23 February 1970. Time 95(8):42. 9. Anonymous. 1972. Fetotoxicity. N. Z. Med. J. 75(480):304-305. 10. Anonymous. 1972. Report of the Subcommittee on 2,4,5-T. Agricultural Chemicals Board; Wellington, New Zealand, p 1-10. 11. Anonymous. 1972. Spectrum: A sharp increase. . Environme/w 14(4):24. 12. Anonymous. 1974. Death of animals laid to chemicals. New York Times, p. 36; August 28, 1974. - 13. Anonymous. 1974. Illness associated with TCDD-contaminated soil--Missouri. Morb. M on. 23(34) :299. 14. Anonymous. 1974. Vietnam foliage hit hard by herbicides. Chem. Eng. News 52(9);67. 15. Anonymous. 1975. Comments ofThe Dow Chemical Company on the paper by Lucile Adamson, " Spray Now - Pay Later?'*Published in Environmental Action, July 1974, pp. 9-13; The Dow Chemical Co. Midland, MI. 16. Anonymous. 1975. Comments by The Dow Chemical Company on the presentation made by.Dr. Theodore D. Sterling, Royal Commission Hearings on Herbicides and Pesticides; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. July 16, 1974. The Dow Chemical Co. Midland, Ml. 17. Anonymous. 1976. Report of pilot plant operation and proposed reprocessing of herbicide Orange. May 24-July 8, 1976. Defense Supply Agency: Alexandria, VA. 18. Anonymous. 1977. Dioxin: Position document, draft. Dioxin Working Group. April 1977. U .S. Environmental Protection Agency; Washington, D.C. 19. Bartleson, F. D ., D. D. Harrison, and J. D. Morgan. 1975. Field studies of wildlife exposed to TCDD contaminated soils. Tech, Rep. AFATL-TR-75-49. Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL. 41 p. 20. Bauer, H ., K. H. Schulz, and U. Spiegelberg. 1961. Berufliche Vergiftungen bei der Herstellung von Chlorophenol-Verbindungen. Arch. Gewerbepath. Gewerbehyg. 18:538-555. 21. Baughman, R. W, and M. S. Meselson. 1973. An analytical method for detecting TCDD (dioxin): Levels of TCDD in samples from Vietnam. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 27-35. f22. Baughman, R. W. and M. S. Meselson. 1973. An improved analysis for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. Adv. Chem.Ser. 120:92-104. 23. Baughman, R. W. 1976. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-doxins in the environment. High resolution mass spectrometry at the ptcogram level. Diss. Abstr. Int. 36(7):3380B. 194 - T he Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins 1 - - 4 - 24. Beale, M. G., W. T. Shearer, M. M. Karl, and A. M. Robson. 1977. Long-term effects of dioxin exposure. Letter to Editor. Lancet 1(8014):748. 4 L Buu-Hoi, N . P .t G, Sain properties and identificati< 25. Beatty, P. W ., M. A. Holscher, and R. A. Neal. 1976. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in larval and adult forms of Rana catesbeiana. Bull. Environ. pyrolysate o f defoliants *. .vegetation. C .R . Hebd. Sr Contam. Toxicol. 16(5):578-58l. 42. Campbell, A . D. and D. 26. Bennett, G. M ., D. P. Earp, andS. Glasslone. 1934. The valency angle of oxygen. J. Chem. Soc. (London)l 179-1180. International Symposium Pollutants, B. Wesley (Ed. 27. Berry, D. L., P. K. Zachariah, M. J. Namkung, and M. R. Juchau. 1976. Trans placental induction of carcinogen-hydroxylating systems with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 36:569-584. 43. Cantrell, J. S ., N. C. Wei structure o f a hydroperica p-dioxin. Acta Crystallogr 28. Blair,E. H, (Ed.) 1973. Chlorodioxins-- Origin and Fate. Adv. Chem.Ser. 120:141 p. 29. Blaser,W . E ., R. A. Bredeweg, L. A. Shadoff, and R. H. Stehl. 1976. Determination of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in pentachlorophenol by gas chromatogiaphy-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 48(7):984-986. 30. Bleiberg, J., M. Wallen, R. Brodkin, and L L. Applebaum. 1964. Industrially acquired porphyria. Arch. Dermatol. 89:793-797. 31. Boer, F. P. and P. P. North. 1972. The,crystal and molecular structure of 2,7dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Acta Crystallogr. B28:1613-1618. 32. Boer, F. P., M. A. Neuman, andO . Aniline. 1972. 2,8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Acta Crystallogr. B28(9):2878-2880. 33. Boer, F. P ., F. P. van Remoortere, and W. W. Muelder. 1972. The preparation and structure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin and 2,7-dichIoro-p-dioxin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94(3): 1006-1007. 44. Carter, C. D ., R. D. Kiml F. Barthel. 1975- Tetrachl arenas. Science 188:738-7 45. Chen, J. T . 1973. Infrarc related compounds. J.-Ass 46. Commoner, B. and R. E .' Missouri: Effects and cou the Biology of Natural Sy 47. Cook, R. E . 1971. Comp' 48. Cordes, A. W. andC. K. 6:1621-1623. 49. Courtney, K. D ., D . V* Mitchell. 1970. Tcratog- 34. Boer, F. P .,F . P. van Remoortere, P. P. North, andM. A. Neuman. 1972. The crystal and molecular structure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Acta Crystallogr. B28:1023-1029. 50. Courtney, K. D- and J. phenoxyacetic a d d ai . Pharmacol. 20(3):396-4t V 35. Boer, Ft P., M. A. Neuman, F. P. van Remoortere, P. P. North, and H. W. Rinn. 51. Courtney, K. D. 1976. ?' 1973. X-ray diffraction studies of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Adv. Chem. Ser. Environ. Contam. Toxic. 120:14-25. 52. Crosby D. G ., A. S. V 36. Botre, C ., A. Memoli, and F. Alhaique. 1978. TCDD solubilization and photo decomposition o f chlori: decomposition in aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12(3):335-336. Vl 53. Crosby, D. G ., K. W. : 37. Buser, H. R. and H. P. Bosshardt. 1974. Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin at parts per billion levels in technical grade 2,4,5-trichIoro- and degradation o f dib Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 25 phenoxyacetic acid, in 2,4,5-T alkyl ester and 2,4,5-T amine salt herbicide formula tions by quadrupole mass fragmentography. J . Chromatogr. 90(I):71-77. 54. Crosby, D. G. and A phenoxyacetic acid (2,-: . 38. Buser, H. R. and H. P. H. Bosshardt. 1976. Determinadon of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial pentachlorophenols by combined 55. Crosby, D. G. and A dioxins, Chemospkere i gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem. 59(3):562-569. 39. Buu-Hoi, N. P ., D. P. Hien, G. Saini-Ruf.'and J. Servoinsidoine. 1971. Canceromimetric properties of telrachloro-2,3,7,8-dibenzo-p-dioxin. C. R. Hebd. Seances 56. Crosby, D. G. and A. trachlorodibenzo-p-dio1 ' 57. Crow, K. D. 1970, Chf Acad. Sci.t Ser. D. 272:1447-1450. 58. Ctummett, W . B. and 40. Buu-Hoi, N. P ., D. P. Hien, G. Sainl-Ruf, and J. Servoinsidoine. 1971. Tetrachlorbdibenzodioxin - intimadons of carcinogenicity? Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9:909. ' dioxins and dibenzofur Pestic. Abstr. 7(3): 163. IA'ii, 411 Literature Cited 195 . 41. Buu-Hoi, N. P ., G. Saint-Ruf, P. Bigot, and M. Mangane. 1971. Preparation, properties and identification of dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/wiioxm) in the pyrolysate of defoliants containing 2,4,5-T and its esters and in contaminated vegetation. C. R . Hebd. Seances Acod. Sci., Ser. D, 273:708-711. 42. Campbell, A. D. and D, Firestone. 1971. Chick edema factor--toxic dioxins. In International Symposium on Identification and Measurement' o f Environmental Pollutants, B. Wesley (Ed.). National Research Council: Ottawa, pp. 195-198. 43. Cantrell, J. S ., N. C. Webb, and A. J. Mabis. 1969. The identification and crystal structure o f a hydropericardium-producing factor: 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexa-chIorodibenzop-dioxin. Acta Crystallogr. B25:150-156. 44. Carter, C. D ., R. D. Kimbrough, J. A. Liddle, R. E. Cline, M. M. Zack, Jr., and W. `F. Barthel. 1975. Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: An accidental poisoning episode in horse arenas. Science 188:738-740. 45. Chen, J. T. 1973. Infrared studies of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and structurally related compounds. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 56(4):962-975. 46. Commoner, B. and R. E. Scott. 1976. Accidental contamination of soil with dioxin in Missouri: Effects and countermeasures. M im ., 27 p. September 24,1976. Center for the Biology of Natural Systems. Washington University: St. Louis, MO. 47. Cook, R. E. 1971. Completely destroyed. Yale Alumni Mag. 34(8):26-29. 48. Cordes, A. W . and C. K. Fair. 1974. Dibenzo-p-dioxin. Acta Crystallogr. Sect; B30, 6:1621-1623. 49. Courtney, K. D ., D . W. Gaylor, M. D. Hogan, H. L. Falk, R. R. Bates, and I. Mitchell. 1970. Teratogenic evaluation of 2,4,5-T. Science l68(3933):864-866. 50. Courtney, K. D. and J. A. Moore. 1971. Teratology studies with 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacelic acid and 2,3,7.8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxui. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 20(3):396-403. 51. Courtney, K. D. 1976. Mouse teratology studies with chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16(6):674-681. 52. Crosby D. G ., A. S. Wong, J. R. Plimmer, and E. A. Woolson. 1971. Photo decomposition of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Science 173(3998):748-749. 53. Crosby, D. G ., K. W. Moilanen, and A. S. Wong. 1973. Environmental generation and degradation o f dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Health Perspect. , Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 259-266. 54. Crosby, D. G. and A. S. Wong. 1973. Photodecomposition of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in water. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21(6): 1052-1054. 55. Crosby, D. G. and A. S. Wong. 1976. Photochemical generation of chlorinated dioxins. Chemosphere 5:327-332. 56. Crosby, D. G. and A. S. Wong. 1977. Environmental degradation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Science 195:1337-1338. 57. Crow, K. D. 1970. Chloracne. Trans. St. John'sH osp. Dermatol. Soc. 56:79-99. 58. Crummett, W. B. and R. H. Stehl. 1973. Determination of chlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans in various materials. Environ. Health Perspect. 5:15-25. Pestic. Abstr. 7(3): 163, 1974.  1 /.* ; f '! Vj "M 196 T he C hlorinated Dlbenzo-p-Dioxins 59. Cupello, J. M. and A. L. Young. 1976. Radiochemical bioassay of TCDD uptake in plant material. Extract. Annual Research Progress Report No. 11. Dean of Faculty, United States Air Force Academy, p.22. 60. Cutler, M. R. 1978. Remarks to the National USDA/EPA Symposium on the use of herbicides in forestry. USDA-SEA, Washington, D.C. 7 p. 61. Cutting, R. T ., T . H. Phuoc. J. M. Ballo, M. W. Beneson, and C. H. Evans. 1970. Congenital malformations, hydatidiform moles, and stillbirths in the Republic of Vietnam, 1960-1969. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. 62. Dalderup, L. M. 1974. Safety measures for taking down buildings contaminated with toxic materials. II. T. Soc. Geneesk. 52:616-623. 63. Darving, L. and H. Hultgren. 1977. Cytogenetic effects on in vivo bone-marrow cells of M us musculus induced by a commercial 2,4,5-T ester product. Hereditas 85(1): 123-134. 64. Denivelle, L-, R. Fort, and P. Van Hai. 1960. Structural study on some pentachloro (pentachlorophenoxy) cyclohexadienones and some tetrachloro (pentachlorophenoxy) phenols derived therefrom. Bull,Soc. Chim. Fr. 8-9:1538-1543. 65. DiGiovanni, J., A. Viaje, D. L. Berry, T. J. Slaga, and M. R. Juchau. 1977. Tumor-initiating ability of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Aiochlor 1254 in the two-stage system'of mouse skin carcinogenesis. Bull. Environ. Coniam, Toxicol. 18(5):552-557. 66. Dost, F ., J. Witt, M. Newton, and L. A. Norris. 1975. Statement on 2,4,5-T and TCDD. J. For. 73(7):410-412. 67. Douglass, C. D. and D .F . Flick. 1961. Collaborative bioassay for chick edema factor. J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Ch'em. 44(3):449-456. 68. Dugois, P. and L. Columb. 1956. Acne chlorique au 2 ,4 ,5-trichlorophenol. Bull. Soc. Franc. Derm. Syph. 63:262-263. 69. Edmunds, J. W ., D. F. Lee, andC . M. L. Nickels. 1973. Determination of 2,3,7.8tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin in 2,4,5-T and 2,4,5-T alkyl ester herbicides. Pestic. Sci. 4(1): 101-105. 70. Elvidge, D. A. 1971. The gas chromatographic determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-T ethyl butyl ester, formulations of 2,4,5-T esters and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. Analyst 96( 1147):72l-727. 71. Emerson, J. L ., D. J. Thompson, R. J. Strebing, C. G. Gerbig, and V. B. Robinson. 1971. Teratogenic studies of 2,4,5-T in the rat and rabbit. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9:395-404. "72. Emmelin, L. 1977. Conference on phenoxy acids. Current Sweden - Environment, Planning and Conservation. Swedish Institute, Bull. No. 72. p. 1-5. 73. Environmental Defense Society. 1972. The case against 2,4,5-T. N.Z. Environ. 2:16-21. 74. Epstein, S. S. 1970. A family likeness. Environment 12(6): 16-25. 75. Eme, K. 1972. Toxicological aspects of phenoxy herbicides use--some recent results. Swed, Weed Conf. 13.C1-C2. M I 4 %* t $ a 76. Eme;- K\ 1973. Toxicit;. 24:273-275. 77. Fair, S. D. 1963. No p I4(2):54-55. 781 Firestone, D. 1977. The In Chlorinated Phenoxy Environmental Effects. I 79. Firestone, D., W . Ibrahi tion of microcoulometri fats or fatty acids. J . Asj 80. Firestone, D .t D. F. Fli. chick edema factors in cl 81. Firestone, D ., J. Ress. Determination of polych chlorophenols. J . Assoc 82. Firestone, D r 1973. Etk. Issue No. 5, p. 59-66. 83. Fowler, D .L . andJ.N . Agric: Stabil. Conserv. 84. Friedman, L ., D. Fires: Studies of the chicken t ' 140. 85. Fries, G. F. and G. S. N dibenzo-p-dioxin byrai 86. Forth,-W. .1977.2,3,7, Seveso. Deut. A r y . Fo 87. Gehring, P. J;, P- G. \ evaluation of the toxic Menlman, R. E. Shap cology-- New Concept? Chapter 8, p. 193-270. 88. Gilman, H. and J .J .D Chem. Soc. 79:1439-1 89. Giovanardi, A. 1976-1 Seveso and Media. I Milan, Italy. August 1' 90. .Goldmann, P. J. 1973 tetrachlorodibenzodio> 91. Gray, A. P., S .P .C q polychlorinated dibenz 92. Green, L. 1978:41 Ve : poisoning. Los Angela I I Literature Cited 197 76. Eme, K. 1973. Toxicity studies with phenoxy herbicides oh reindeer. Sven. Vet. 24:273-275. 77. Fair, J. D. 1963. No place to hide: How defoliants expose the Viet Cong. Army l4(2):54-55. 78. Firestone, D. 1977. The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-paradioxin problem: A review. In Chlorinated Phenoxy Acids and Their Dioxins: Mode o fAction, Health Risks and Environmental Effects. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm), 27 (in press). 79. Firestone, D ., W. Ibrahim, and W. Horwitz. 1963. Chick edema factor. III. Applica tion o f microcoulometric gas chromatography to detection of chick edema factor in fats or fatty acids. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 46(3):384-396. SO. Firestone, D ., D. F. Flick, J. Ress, and G. R. Higginbotham. 1971. Distribution of chick edema factors in chick tissues. J . Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 54(6): 1293-1298. 81. Firestone, D .t J. Ress, N. L. Brown, R. P. Barron, and J. W. Damico. 1972. Determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds in commercial chlorophenols. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 55(l):85-92. 82. Firestone, D. 1973. Etiology o f chick edema disease. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 59-66. 83. Fowler, D. L. and J. N. Mahan. 1976. The pesticide review 1976..U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Stabil. Conserv. Serv., Washington, D.C. 84. Friedman, L.', D. Firestone, W, Horwitz, D. Banes, M. Anstead. and G. Shue. 1959. Studies o f the chicken edema disease factor. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 42(1): 129140. 85. Fries, G. F. andG . S. Marrow. 1975. Retention and excretion of2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 23(2):265-269. 86. Forth, W . 1977. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-l,4-dioxin (TCDD): Das Ungliick von Seveso. Deut. Arzt. Fort. Aktuelle Med. 44(3):2617-2626. 87. Gehring, P. J., P. G. Watanabe, and G. E. Blau. 1976. Pharmacokinetic studies in evaluation of the toxicological and environmental hazard of chemicals. In M. A. Menlman, R. E. Shapiro, and H- Blumenthal (Eds.), Advances in Modern Toxicology--New Concepts in Safety Evaluation. John Wiley & Sons: New York, Vol. 1, Chapter 8, p. 193-270. 88. Gilman, H. and J .J . Dietrich. 1957. Halogen derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin. 7. Am. Chem. Soc. 79:1439-1441. 89. Giovanardi, A. 1976. Decontamination program for the dioxin-contaminated areas of Seveso and Media. Giunta Region ale Della Lombardia. Mmistero Della Sanita: Milan, Italy. August 18, 1976, p. 1-17. 90. Goldmann, P. J. 1973. Severe acute chloracne, a mass intoxication due to 2,3,6,7tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. Hautarzt 24:149-152. 91. Gray, A. P., S. P. Cepa, I. J. Solomon, and O. Aniline. 1976. Synthesis of specific polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, J. Org. Chem. 41( 14):2435-2437. 92. Green,L. 1978.41 VeteransinMidwestreportedlyshowindicationsofVietherbicide poisoning. Los Angeles Times Part I; p. 16, March 23, 1978. i | 1 j ' | j J -j [j l.\\ jj ,ij ; j ;ji J | -------------------------------- -- 'M 198 T he Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins *' ' * ^ 93. Green, S. and F. S. Moreland. 1975. Cytogenetic evaluation of several dioxins in the / rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 33( I): 16 1. , * ;: o; 94. ' Greig, J. B., G. Jones. W. H. Butler, and J. M. Barnes. 1973. Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-letrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. FoodCosmet. Toxicol. 11:585-595. /-r? 95. Hay, A. 1976. Toxic cloud over Seveso. Nature 262(5570): 636-638. C-;' 96. Hay, A. 1976. Seveso: The aftermath. Nature 263(5578):538-540, . 97. Helling, C. S. 1971. Pesticide mobility in soils. II. Applications of soil thin-layer chromatography. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc.A m . 35(5):737-743. - Jy* `Hi- 98. Helling, C. S ., A. R. Isensec, E. A. Woolson, P. D. J. Ensor, G. E. Jones, J. R. Plimmer, and P. C. Kearney. 1973. Chlorodioxins in pesticides, soils and plants. J. Environ. Qual. 2(2): 171-178. 99. Higasi, K. 1941. The molecular structures of diphenylene dioxide andphenoxythin as revealed by dipole moment data. Sci. Pap. Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. 38:331-340. 100. Higginbotham, G. R., A. Huang, D. Firestone, J. Verret, J. Ress, and A. D. Campbell. 1968. Chemical and toxicological evaluations of isolated and synthetic chloro-derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin. Nature 220:702-703. <,l'VlTi* <; vr) 'll 101. Honorof, I. 1973. Down's Syndrome - it can happen here. A Report to the Consumer 3(59): 1-3. Sherman Oaks, CA. 102. Huff, J. E. and J. S. Wassom. 1974. Hazardous contaminants: Chlorinated dibenzodioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans. In E. P. Savage (Ed.), Environmental Chemicals-- Human and Animal Health. Proc. 2nd Ann. Conf., held at Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, Colo., July 25-29,1973. Spons. by Colo. State Univ., Coll. Vet. Med. and Biomed. Sci., Inst. Rur. Environ. Develop, and Div. Pestic. Progr., Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 175-197. 103. Hummel, R. A. 1977. Clean-up techniques for the determination of parts per trillion residue levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J. Agric. Food Chem. 25(5):K)49-I053. 104. Hussain, D ., L. Ehrenberg.G. Loefroth, andT. Gejvall. 1972. Mutagenic effects of TCDD on bacterial systems. Ambio 1:32-33. 105. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1977. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Riskof Chemicals to Man. Vol. 15. Some Fumigants, the Herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, Chlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals. World Health Organization; Lyon, France. 354 p. 106. Isensee, A. R. and G. E. Jones. 1971. Absorption and translocation of root and foliage applied 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/>dioxin. J. Agric. FoodChem. 19(6): 1210-1214. ` 107. Isensee, A. R. and G. E. Jones. 1972. Distribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodtbenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) in aquatic model ecosytem. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9(7):668-672. 108. Jackson, W. T. 1972. Regulation of mitosis. III. Cytological effects of 2,4,5-T and of dioxin contaminants in 2,4,5-T formulations. J , Cell Sci. 10:15-25. 109. Jensen, N. E. 1972. Chloracne: Three cases. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 65(8):687-688. 110. Jensen, S. and L. Renberg. 1973. Chlorinated dimers present in several technical chlorophenols used as fungicides. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 37-39. 111. Jirasek, L ., J. Kalensky,; during the manufacture oi 112. Johnson, R. L .,P , J..Gel dibenzodioxins and penta-. - p.171-175. ' 113. Janes, E. L. andH. Kizek applied to the potent . Dermatol. 9:511-517. 114. Jones1, G . and J. B. Grc: 2 ,3,7,8-tetrachlorodiben7 115.,Julia, M. and M. Baillargacides p-phenoxy-phenyl- 116. Kaupp, J. and H. Kim 1,092,480. Applied June 117. Kearney, P. C ., E ; A. ' . metabolism o f chlorodiox 118. Kearney, P .C .,E . A. W, dibenzodioxin in the en Health Perspect.. Exp. I> 119. K hera.K . S, and J, A .R l and the dominant lethal t-- 120. Kimbrough, R. D . 1971 pounds. Arch. Environ, i 121. Kimbrough, R . D . 1974. related chemicals. Crit. i- 122. Kimbrough, R. D ., C. D Epidemiology and patho Environ. Health 28:77-8. 123. Kimmig, J. and K. H. Sc* aromatische zyklische ac 124. King, M . E ., A . M. SIchlorinated dibenzodiox Issue N o. 5 , p. 163-170. 125. Kociba, R. J.,,P. A. K, chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ' Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacc 126. Kociba, R. J., D. G. K Dittenber, R. P . KalninA and C. G . Humiston. 197 o f 2 ,3 ,7 ,8-tetrachlorodif 46:279-303. ` 127. Kondorosi, A ., I. Fedorc 1973. Inactivation o f Qf. 128. Kulka, M . 1961. Octahai Literature Cited 199 111. Jirasek, L .,J . Kalensky, and K. Kubec. 1973. Chloracne and porphyria cutanea tarda during the manufacture of herbicides. Cesk. Dermatol. 48(5):306-317. 112. Johnson, R. L., P. J. Gehring, R. J. Kociba, and B. A. Schweiz. 1973. Chlorinated dibenzodioxins and pentachlorophenol. Environ. Health Persped., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 171-175. 113. Jones, E.-L. and H. Kizek. 1962. A technique for testing acnegenic potency in rabbits, applied to the potent acnegen 2,3,7,8-letrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 9:511-517. 114. Jones, G. and J. B. Greig. 1975. Pathological changes in the liver of mice given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Experientia 31(11):1315-1317. 115. ,,Julia, M. and M. Baillarge. 1953. Facteursdecrossancedesplanies. IV. Sur quelques acides p-phenoxy-phenyl-acetiques substitutes. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. p. 644-647. 116. Kaupp, J. and H. Klug. 1960. Perchlorodiphenylene dioxide. German Patent 1,092,480. Applied June 27, 1959. Granted November 10,1960. 2 p. 117. Kearney, P. C ., E. A. Woolson, and C. P. Ellington, Jr. 1972. Persistence and metabolism of chlorodioxins in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6(12): 1017-1019. 118. Kearney, P. C., E. A. Woolson, A. R. Isensee, and C. S. Helling. 1973. Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in the environment: Sources, fate, and decontamination. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 273-277. 119. Khera, K. S. and J. A. Ruddick. 1973. Polychlarodibenzo-p-dioxins: Perinatal effects and the dominant lethal test in Wistar rats. Adv. Chem. Ser. 120:70-84. 120. Kimbrough, R. D. 1972. Toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons and related com pounds. Arch . Environ. Health 25(2): 125-131. 121. Kimbrough, R. D. 1974. The toxicity of polychlorinated polycyclic compounds and rotated chemicals. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2:445-498. 122. Kimbrough, R^D ., C. D. Carter, J. A. Liddle, R. E. Cline, and P. E. Phillips. 1977. Epidemiology and pathology of a tetrachlorodibenzodioxin poisoning episode. Arch. Environ. Health 28:77-85. 123. Kimrnig, J. and K. H. Schulz. 1957. Berufliche akne (sog. chlorakne) durch chlorierte aromatische zyklische aether. Dermatologica 115:540-546. 124. King, M. E ., A. M. Shefner, and R. R. Bates. 1973. Carcinogenesis bioassay of chlorinated dibenzodioxins in related chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 163-170. 125. Kociba, R. J., P. A. Keeler, C. N. Park, and P. J. Gehring. 1975. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): Results of a 13-week oral toxicity study in rats. Toxtcol. Appl. Pharmacol. 33(1): 182-183. 126. `Kociba, R. J., D. G. Keyes, J. E. Beyer, R. M. Carreon, C. E. Wade, D. A. Dittenber, R. P. Kalnins, L. E. Frauson, C. N. Park, S. D. Barnard, R. A. Hummel, andC . G. Humiston. 1978. Results of a 2 year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46:279-303. 127. Kondorosi, A ., I. Fedorcsak, F. Solymosy, L. Ehrenberg, and S. Osterman-Golkar. 1973. Inactivation of Q/3 RNA by electrophiles. Mutat. Res. 17(2): 149-161. 128. Kulka, M. 1961. Octahalogenodibenzo-p-dioxins. C an.J. Chem. 39:1973-1976. 200 T he C hlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins 129. Kulka, M. 1965. Perhalodibenzo-p-dioxins. Canadian Patent No. 702,144, Applica tion No. 822,656. Filed May 3, 1971: Issued January 19, 1965. 13 p. 130. Langer, H. G ., T. P. Brady, and P. R. Briggs. 1973. Formation of dibenzodioxins and other condensation products from chlorinated phenols and derivatives. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 3-7. 131. Londono, F. 1966. Acne occupacional, a proposito de 5 casos producidos por matamalezas. Med. Cut. 3:225-232. 132. Lowry, R. B. and A. B. Allen. 1977. Herbicides and spina bifida. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 117:580. 133. Mahle, N. H., H. S. Higgins, and, M. E. Getzendaner. 1977. Search for the present of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in bovine milk. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18(2): 123-130. 134. Matsumura, F. and H. J. Benezet. 1973. Studies on the bioaccumulation and microbial degradation of 2,3',7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 253-258. 135. M ay.G . 1973. Chloracne from the accidental production of tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. Br. J. indust. Med. 30:276-283. 136. McConnell, E. E. and J. A. Moore. 1976. The comparative toxicity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin isomers in mice and guinea pigs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 37(1): 146. 137. McConnell, E. E ., J. A. Moore, and D. W. Dalgard. 1978. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto) following a single oral dose. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43:175-187. 138. M cGinty.L. 1976. The graveyard on Milan's doorstep. New Sci. 171(10l4):383-385. 139. McNulty, W. P. 1977. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for rhesus monkeys: A brief report. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18(1): 108-109. 140. McQueen, E. G ., A. M. O. Veale, W. S. Alexander, and M. N. Bates. 1977.2,4,5-T and human birth defects. Mtm., N. Z. Dep. Health, Div. Publ. Health. 141. Meselson, M. S ., A. H. Westing, and J. D. Constable. 1971. Background Material Relevant to Presentations at the.1970 Annual Meeting of the AAAS. Concerning the Herbicide Assessment Commission for the American Association for the Advance ment of Science. Mim., 47 p. Washington, D.C. 142. Metcalfe, L. D. 1972. Proposed source of chick edema factor. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 55(3):542-546. 143. Miller, R. A ., L. A. Norris, and C. L. Hawkes. 1973. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in aquatic organisms. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 177-186. 144. Mivra, H., A. Omori, and M. Shibue. 1974. The effect of chlorophenols on the excretion of porphyrins in urine* Jap. J.'indust. Health 16(6):575-577. 145. Mounts, T. L ., H. J. Dutton, -C. D. Evans, and J. C. Cowan. 1976. Chick edema factor. Removal from soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 53(3): 105-107. 146. Muelder, W. W. and L. A. Shadoff. 1973. The preparation of uniformly labeled MC-2,7-dichIorodibenzo-p-dioxin and liC-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Adv. Chem.Ser. 120:1-6. M # I ;u 147. Murray, Ft J ., F. A. Smith, Schwetz. 1977. Three-gene chlorodibenzo-p-dioxiri. To 148. National Academy of Sciei Part A. Summary and cc; Vietnam; Division of Biol Research Council, National 149. National Cancer Institute. 1 Mutagenic Activities ofSeU Bionetics Research Labora;- 150. Neal, P. 1 9 6 7 Note on an' ii factors in fats and fatty ach ' Anal. Chem. 50(6): 1338-1.: 151. Neubett, D ., P . Zens, A. i embryotoxic effects of TC Expt. Issue N o. 5, p. 67-79 152. Neuman, M. A .t P. P. N structure of octachlorodibe; 153. Newton, M . and S. P. S. tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxi: Contam. Toxicol, (in pressL 154. Nilsson, C. A . and L. Ren'J. Chromatogr. 89:325-332 155. Norback, D . H .. J. F. Eexcretion o f octachlorodr 32(2):330-338. 156. Norris, L. A . and R. A. M dioxin (TCDD) in guppie Toxicol. 12(l);76-80. 157. Oliver, N. E. 1969. Chlor.. 158. Parks, M. and E. Sullum. Carson Trust for the Living 159. Pazderova, J ., E. Lukas, John, A. Jirasek, and J. carbons formed in the pr< Lek. 26(9):332-339. 160. Pinsent, P. J. N. and J. poisoning in the horse. Vet 161. Plimmer, J. R. and U. I. 2,4-dichlorophenol: Asst 174:407-408. 162. Plimmer, J. R. 1973. Tc insoluble contaminants. E. Murray, F. J., F. A. Smith, K, D. Nitschke, C. G. Humiston, R: J. Kociba, and B. A. Schweiz. 1977. Three-generation reproduction study of rats ingesting 2,3,7,8-telrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appt. Pharmacol. 35(1):139-140. 148. National Academy of Sciences. 1974. The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part A. Summary and conclusions. Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in Vietnam; Division of Biological Sciences: Assembly of Life Sciences. National Research Council, National Academy o f Sciences: Washington, D.C. 149. National Cancer Institute. 1967. Evaluation o f the Carcinogenic. Teratogenic, and Mutagenic Activities o fSelected Pesticides and industrial Chemicals. Four Volumes; Bionetics Research Laboratory: Bethesda, MD. 150. Neal, P. 1967. Note on an improved clean-up method for the detection of chick edema factors in fats and fatty acids by electron capture gas chromatography. J. Assoc. Off. . Anal. Chem. 50(6): 1338-1340. 151. Neubert, D ., P. Zens, A. Rothenwallner, and H. J. Merker. 1973. A survey of the embryoioxic effects of TCDD in mammalian species. Environ. Health Perspect., Expt. Issue No. 5, p. 67-79. 152. Neuman, M. A., P. P. North, and F. P. Boer. 1972. The crystal and molecular structure o f octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Acta Crystallogr. B28:2313-2317. 153. Newton, M. and S. P. Snyder. 1979. Exposure o f forest herbivores to 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in areas sprayed with 2 ,4 ,5-T. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, (in press). 154. Nilsson, C. A. and L. Renberg. 1974. Further studies on impurities in chlorophenols. J. Chromatogr. 89:325-333. 155. Norback, D. H., J. F. Engblom, and J. R. Allen. 1975. Tissue distribution and excretion o f octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32(2):330-338. 156. Norris, L. A. and R. A. Miller. 1974. The toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) in guppies (Poecilia redculatus Peters). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12(l):76-80. 157. Oliver, N. E. 1969. Chloracne. Arch. Dermatol. 99:127-128. 158. Parks, M. and E. Sullum. 1976. The chemical cloud that fell on Seveso. Rachel Carson Trust for the Living Environment, Inc., Washington, D.C. 116 p. 159. Pazdetova, J., E.' Lukas, M. Nemcova, M. Spacilova, L. Jirasek, J. Klensky, J. John, A. Jirasek, and J. Pickova. 1974. Chronic poisoning by chlorinated hydro carbons formed in the production of 2,4,5-sodium inchlorophenoxyacetate. Prac. Lek. 26(9):332-339. 160. Pinsent, P. J. N. and J. G. Lane. 1970. A case of possible 2,4,-D and 2,4,5-T poisoning in the horse. Vet. Rec. 87:247, 161. Plimmer, J. R. and U. I. Klingebiel. 1971. Riboflavin photosensitized oxidation o f 2,4-dichlorophenol: Assessment of possible chlorinated dioxin formation. Science 174:407-408. 162. Plimmer, J. R. 1973. Technical pentachlorophenol: Origin and analysis of baseinsoluble contaminants. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No.'5, pp. 41-48. 163. Plimmer, J. R ., , I. Klingebiel, D. G. Crosby, and A. S. Wong. 1973. Photo- vCr. k- 202 T he Chlorinated Dibeivzo-p-Dioxins 'mv&5 ,'ji chemistry of dibenzo-p-dioxins. Adv. Chem. Ser. 120:44-54. 164. Plimmer, J. R ., J. M. Ruth, andE . A. Woolson. 1973. Mass spectrometric identifi cation of the hepta- and octa-chlorinted dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in technical pentachlorophenol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21 ( l);90-93. 165. Pohland, A. E. and G. C. Yang, 1972. Preparation and characterization of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20(6): 1093-1099. 166. Poland, A. P ., D. Smith, G. Metier, and P. Possick. 197 L A health survey of workers in a 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T plant. Arch. Environ. Health 22:316-327. 167. Poland, A. and E. Glover. 1973. Studies on the mechanism of toxicity .of the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, pp. 245-251. 168. Poland, A. and E. Glover. 1973. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: A potent inducer of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Science 179:476-477. 169. Poland, A. and E. Glover. 1974. Genetic expression of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Induction of monooxygenase activities and cytochrome P ^S O formation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mice genetically " nonresponsive" to other aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Biol Chem. 249(17):5599-5606. 170. Poland, A. and E. Glover. 1975. Genetic expression of a ^ l hydrocarbon hydroxylase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Evidence for a receptor mutation in geneti cally nonresponsive mice. Mot. Pharmacol. 11(4):389-398. 171. Poland, A. and A. Kende.. 1976. 2,3,7,8-TetrachIorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Environ mental contaminant and molecular probe. Fed. Proc. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 35(12):2404-24ll. 172. Ramstad, T ., N. H. Mahle, andR . Matalon. 1977. Automated clean-up of herbicides by adsorption chromatography for the determination of2,3,7,8-ietrachlorodibenzo-p-. dioxins. Anal. Chem. 49(3):386^390. 173. Rappe, 6 . ami C. A. Nilsson. 1972. An artifact in the,gas chromatographic deter mination of impurities m pentachlorophenol. J. Chromatogr. 67:247-253. 174. Rawls, R. L. andD . A. O 'Sullivan. 1976. Italy seeks answers following toxic release. Chem. Eng. News 54(35):27-35. 175. Roan, C. C. and D. P. Morgan. 1972. Alleged effects on human health of the use of herbicides in the area around Globe, Arizona. Mim., Arizona Community Pesticide Studies Project. March 6, 1972. University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ. 176. Rose, H. A. and S. P. R. Rose. 1972. Chemical spraying as reported by refugees from S. Vietnam. Science 177(4050):7l0-712. 177. Rose, J. Q ., J. . Ram sey,T. H. Wentzler, R. A. Hummel, andP. J. Gehring. 1976. The fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin following single and repealed oral doses to the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 36:209-226. 178. Ross, R. T. 1976.2,4,5-T/Dioxins: Analytical Collaborators Meeting, June 15,1976. June 25, 1976, Memorandum o f the United States Environmental Protection Agency; Washington D .C ., p. 3. 179. Safe, S ., W. D. Jamieson, O. Hutzinger, and A. E. Pohland. 1975. Mass and ion kinetic energy spectra of some chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Anal. Chem. 47(2) :327-329. .--V V? Jra 'SC .'-if'\ . 180. Saint-Ruf, G. 1972. Forma phenoxy)-propionate. Nati 181. Sanger, V. L .t L. Scott, A toxemia, in chickens. J. An 182. Sare, W. M. anil P. I. agricultural chemical: 2,4,. 183. Schwartz, L., L .T ulipan,. tional Diseases o fthe Skin. 184. Schweiz, B. A., J. M. N. Emerson, and C G. Geri Adv. Chem.Ser. 120:55-69 185. Schwetz, B. A., J. M. N Emerson, and C. G. Geri Environ. Health Perspect. 186. Shadoff, L. A ., R. A. Htetrachlorodiben2o-p-dioxi trichlorophenoxyacetic ac Toxicol. l8(4):478-485. 187. Smith, F. A ., B. A. Schv. tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxi 188. Sparschu, G. L., F. L. Du 2 ,3 ,7 ,8-tetrachlorodibenzo . 189. Stehl, R. H ., R. R- Pape stability of pentachloroplv bustion. Adv. Chem. Ser. ! 190. Stehl. R. H. and L. L. 1 phenoxy compounds: Fo: 197(4307): 1008-1009. 191. Sterling,T. D. 1975. Toxi, and 2 ,3 ,7 ,8-tetrachlorod:' Royal Commission Hearr Hearings of die Assembly: March 19,1975.) 24 p. . 192. Stockholm International Consequences of the Sect national; Stockholm, Swei 193. Suskind, R. R. 1976. A Presentation to a Confrer. Rougemont, N.C. 194. Telegina, K. A. and L. I. i the skin in workers occupi . acetic acid. Vestn. Derma: 195. Thigpen, J. E., R. E. Fai susceptibility to bacterial ; Literature Cited 203 180. Saint-Ruf, G. 1972. Formation of dioxin in the pyrolysis of sodium a-(2,4,5-mchlorophenoxy)-propionate. Natunvissenschaften 59(12):648. 181. Sanger, V. L ., L. Scott, A. Hamdy, C. Gale, and W. D. Pounden. 1958. Alimentary toxemia in chickens. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 133:172-176. 182. Sare, W. M. and P. I. Forbes. 1972. Possible dysmorphogenic effects of an agricultural chemical: 2,4,5-T. N. Z. Med. J. 75(476);37-38. 183. Schwartz, L ., L. Tulipan, and D. Birmingham. 1967. Occupational acne. In Occupa tional Diseases o f the Skin. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, pp. 336-345. 184. Schwetz, B. A.-, J. M. Norris, B. L. Sparschu, V. K. Rowe, P. J. Gehring, J. L. Emerson, and C G. Gerbig. 1973. Toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Adv. Chem.Ser. 120:55-69. 185. Schwetz, B. A ., J. M. Norris, G. L. Sparschu, V. K. Rowe, P. J Gehring, J. L, Emerson, and C. G. Gerbig. 1973. Toxicology o f chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 87-99. 186. Shadoff, L. A ., R. A. Hummel, and L. Lamparski. 1977. A search for 2,3,7,8-' tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in an environment exposed annually to 2.4,5trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ester (2,4,5-T) herbicides. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18(4):478-485. 187. Smith, F. A ., B. A. Schwetz, and P. J. Gehring. 1975. Teratogenicity of 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inCF-1 mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 33(1): 124. 188. Sparschu, G. L ., F. L. Dunn, and V. K. Rowe. 1971. Study of the teratogenicity o f 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxm in the rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9:405-412. 189. Stehl, R. H ., R. R.' Papenfuss, R. A. Bredeweg, and R. W. Roberts. 1973. The stability o f pentachlorophenol and chlorinated dioxins to sunlight, heat, and com bustion. Adv. Chem .Ser. 120:119-125. 190. Stehl, R. H ^and L. L. Lamparski. 1977. Combustion of several 2,4,5-trichIorophenoxy compounds: Formation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Science 197(4307):1008-1009. 191. Sterling, T. D. 1975. Toxic and teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. (Summary of evidence presented to the Royal Commission Hearings on Herbicides and Pesticides, July 16, 1974 and to Hearings of the Assembly Committee on Natural Resources of the State of Wisconsin; March 19,1975.) 24 p. 192. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 1976. Ecological Consequences o f the Second Indochina War. SIPRI and Almquist & Wikell Inter national; Stockholm, Sweden. 119 p. 193. Suskind, R. R. 1976. A review of occupational exposures to dibenzo-p-dioxins. Presentation to a Conference on Dibenzodioxins/Dibenzofuran. November 18, 1976. Rougemont, N.C, 194. Telegina, K. A. and L. I. Bikbulatova. 1970. Affection of the follicular apparatus of the skin in workers occupied in production of butyl ether of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Vestn. Dermatol. Vemerol. 44:35-39. 195. Thigpen, J. E ., R. E. Faith, E. E. McConnel, and J. A. Moore. 1975. Increased susceptibility to bacterial infection as a sequela of exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro- 204 The Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins dibenzo-p-dioxin. Infect. Immun. 12(6): 1319-1324. 196. Tomita, M ., S. Ueda, and M. Narisada. 1959. Studies on the dibenzo-p-dioxin derivatives. XXVII. Synthesis of polyhalodibenzo-p-dioxins. Yakugaku Zasshi 79:186-192. 197. Ton That, T .,.A . Tran Thi, T. Nguyen Dang, P. Pham Hoang, B. Nguyen Nhu, B. Ton That, S. Hoang Van, and S. Do Kim. 1973. Le cancer primaire du foie au Vietnam. Chirurgie 99:427-436. 198. Tschirley, F. H ., Binns, W ., C. Cueto, B. C. Eliason, H. E. Heggestad, G. H. Hepting, P. F. Sand, and R. F. Stephens. 1970. Investigations of spray project near Globe, Arizona. Investigation conducted February 1970. Mim., U.S. Dep. Agric., Office of Science and Education. 29 p. 199. T ung, T. T .f T. K. Anh, B. Q. Tuyen, D. X. Tra, and N. X. Huyen. 1971. Clinical effects of massive and continuous utilization of defoliants on civilians, preliminary survey. Vietnamese Studies 29:53-81. 200. Van Miller, J. P., J. I. Lalich, and J. R. Allen, 1977. Increased incidence of neoplasms in rats exposed to low levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachIorodibenzo-p-dioxin.* Chemosphere 9:537-544. 201. Van Miller, J. P ., R. J. Marlar, and J. R. Allen. 1976. Tissues distribution and excretion of tridated tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in nonhuman primates and rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 14(I):31-34. 202. Villanueva, E. C ., Vt W. Burse, and R. W. Jennings. 1973. Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin contamination of two commercially available pentachlorophenols. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2I(4):739-740. 203. Villanueva, E. C ., R. W. Jennings, V., W.` Burse, and R. D. Kimbrough. 1974. Evidence of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and chlorodibenzofuran in hexachlorobenzene. J. Agric. Food Chem. 22(5)t916-917. 204. Vinopal, J. H ., I. Yamamoto, and J. E. Casida. 1971. Preparation of tritium-labeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and structure activity investigations of TCDD and other related dibenzo-p-dioxins. Am. Chem. Soc., Abstr. Pap., 162nd Nat. M eet., Pestic. Chem. Sec., Abstr. No. 79. 205. Vinopal, J. H. and J. E. Casida. 1973. Metabolic stability of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mammalian liver microsomal systems and in living mice. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1(2): 122-133. 206. Vos, J. G ., J. A. Moore, and J. G. Zintcl. 1974. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57B1/6 mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 29(1):229241. 207. Waldbott, G. L. 1973. Mutagenic pollutants. In Health Effects o f Environmental Pollutants. C. V. Mosby Co.: St. Louis, pp. 207-216. 208. Walsh, J. 1977. Seveso: The questions persist where dioxin created a wasteland. Science 197(4308): 1064-1067. 209. Whiteside, T. 1977. A reporter at large: The pendulum and the toxic cloud. The New Yorker, 25 July 1977. p. 30-55. 210.- Williams, D. T ., H. M. Cunningham, and B. J. Blanchfield. 1972. Distribution and ! s i 1 .-*r'V. -a I I I Ii i excretion studies of ociachlorotl Toxicol. 7(l):57-62. 211. Woolson, E. A ., R. F. Thoma? dibenzo-p^dioxin contentin selei 212. Woolson, E. A. and P. D. J. Er. eagle samples. Adv. Chem. Ser. 213. Worden, A. N. 1973.Toxicolog 214. Wootton, J. C ., N. R. Altman hydropericardium-producing fa-, 45(3):739-746. 215. Yaitzoff, A ., D, Firestone, D. 1961. Studies o f the chick edem Chem. Soc. 38:60-62. 216. Young, A. L .T 974. Ecologies. C-52A),-Eglin AFB Reservati Environics and Flame MunitionAir Force Armament Laborator 217. Young, A. L ., J. A. Calcagn toxicology, environmental fate, dioxin. Technical Report OEHI Health Laboratory, Aerospace' 218. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken,' consequences o f massive quant five-year field study. Paper p February 14, 1974; Las Vegas. 219. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken, a o f repetitive aerial application Egltn AFB, Florida. TechnicaFactors Office, Air Force Ar* Department o f Chemistry anti 80840. 127 p. 220. Young, A. L ., P. J. Lehn, and aquatic ecosystem. Weed Sci. . 221. Young, A. L ., C. E. Thalken: 1976. Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetraci. Summary and decontamination Chemistry and Biological Sciet 222. Zitko, V. 1972. Absence of .aquatic animals. Bull. Environ. 223. Zitko, V ., O. Hutzinger, and :Fundy-Gulf o f Maine area terphenyk, chlorinated dibc* Perspect. 1:47-50. Literature Cited 205 excretion studies of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol 7{l):57-62. 211. Woolson, E. A ., R. F. Thomas, and P. D. i. Ensor. 1972. Survey of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin content in selected pesticides. J. Agric. FoodChem. 20(2):351-354. 212. Woolson, E. A. and P. D. J. Ensor. 1973. Dioxin residues in lakeland sand and bald eagle samples. Adv. Chem. Ser. 120:112-118. 213. Worden, A. N. 1973. Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology l(l):3-27. 214. Wootton, J. C., N. R. Artman, and J. Craig Alexander. 1962. Isolation of three hydropericardium-producing factors from a toxic fat. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 45{3):739-746. 215. Yartzoff, A ., D. Firestone, D. Banes, W. Horwitz, L. Friedman, and S. Nesheim. 1961. Studies of the chick edema factor. II. Isolation of a toxic substance. / . Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 38:60-62. 216. Young, A. L. 1974! Ecological Studies on a Herbicide-Equipment Test Area (TA C-52A), Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-74-12. Environics and Flame Munitions Branch; Flame, Incendiary and Explosives Division, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL. 32540. 141 p. 217. Young, A. L., J. A. Calcagni, C. E* Thalken, and.J. W. Tremblay. 1978. The toxicology, environmental fate, and human risk of Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin. Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks Air Force Base, TX. 247 p. 218. Young, A, L ., C. E.Thalken, W. E. Ward, and W. J. Caimey. 1974, The ecological consequences of massive quantities of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides. Summary of a five-year field study. Paper presented to the Weed Science Society of America; February 14,1974; Las-Vegas, NV. 6 p. 219. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken, andW. E. Ward. 1975. Studies of the ecological impact o f repetitive aerial applications of herbicides on the ecosystem of test area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-75-142. Environics and Human Factors Office, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL and Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences. U.S. Air Force Academy, CO 80840. 127 p. 220. Young, A. L., P. J. Lehn, and M. F. Mettee. 1976. Absence of TCDD toxicity in an aquatic ecosystem. Weed Sci. Soc. Am., Abstr. No. 107. p 46. 221. Young, A. L ., C. E. Thalken, E. L. Arnold, J. M. Cupello, and L. G. Cockerham. 1976. Fate o f 2,3,7,8-tetrachIorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDDJ in the environment: Summary and decontamination recommendations. USAFA-TR-76-18. Departmentof Chemistry and Biological Sciences, USAF Academy, CO 80840. 41 p. 222. Zitko, V. 1972. Absence of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans from aquatic animals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 7(2/3): 105-110. 223. Zitko, V ., O. Hutzinger, and P. M. K. Choi. 1972. Contamination of the Bay of Fundy-Gulf of Maine area with polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated ~ terphenyls, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and dibenzofurans. Environ. Health Perspect. 1:47-50. 204 The Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins dibenzo-p-dioxin. Infect. Immun. 12(6): 1319-1324. 196. Tomica, M ., S. Ueda, and M. Narisada. 1959. Studies on the dibenzo-p-dioxin derivatives. XXV11. Synthesis of polyhalodibenzo-p-dioxins. Yakugaku Zasshi 79:186-192. 197. Ton That, T ., A. Tran Thi, T. Nguyen Dang, P. Pham Hoang, B. Nguyen Nhu, B. Ton That, S. Hoang Van, and S. Do Kim. 1973. Le cancer primaire du foie au Vietnam. Chirurgie 99:427-436. 198.. Tschirley, F. H., Binns, W ., C. Cueto, B. C. Eliason; H- E. Heggestad, G. H. Hepting, P. F. Sand, and R,. F. Stephens. 1970. Investigations of spray project near Globe, Arizona. Investigation conducted February 1970. Mim., U .S. Dep. Agric., Office of Science and Education. 29 p. 199. Tung, T. T ., T . K. Anh, B. Q. Tuyen, D. X. Tra, andN . X. Huyen. 1971, Clinical effects of massive and continuous utilization of defoliants on civilians, preliminary . survey. Vietnamese Studies 29:53-81. 200. Van Miller, J. P., J. J. Lalich, and J. R. Alien. 1977. Increased incidence of neoplasms in rats exposed to low levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachIorodibenzo-p-dioxm. Chemosphere 9:537-544. 201. Van Miller, J. P .( R. I. Marlar, and J. R. Allen. 1976. Tissues distribution and excretion of tritiated tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxm in nonhuman primates and rats. FoodCosmet. Toxicol. 14(I):31-34. 202. Villanueva, E. C., V. W. Burse, and R. W. Jennings. 1973. Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin contamination of two commercially available pentachlorophenols. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21(4):739-740. 203. Villanueva, E. C .; R. W. Jennings, V. W. Burse, and R. D. Kimbrough. 1974. Evidence of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and chlorodibenzofuran in hexachlorobenzene. J. Agric. Food Chem. 22(5):916-917. 204. Vinopal, J. H ., I. Yamamoto, and J. E. Casida. 1971. Preparation of tridum-labeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and structure activity investigations of TCDD and other related dibenzo-p-dioxins. Am. Chem. Soc., Abstr. Pap., 162nd Nat. Meet., Pestic. Chem. Sec., Abstr. No. 79. 205. Vinopal, J. H. and J. E. Casida. 1973. Metabolic stability of 2 ,3 ,7 ,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mammalian liver microsomal systems and in living mice. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1(2): 122-133. 206. Vos, J. G., J. A. Moore, and J. G. Zinkl. 1974. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachIorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57B1/6 mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 29(I ):229241. 207. Waldbott, G. L. 1973. Mutagenic pollutants. In Health Effects o f Environmental Pollutants. C. V. Mosby Co.: St. Louis, pp. 207-216. 208. Walsh, J. 1977. Seveso: The questions persist where dioxin created a wasteland. Science 197(4308): 1064-1067. 209. Whiteside, T. 1977. A reporter at large: The pendulum and the toxic cloud. The New Yorker, 25 July 1977. p. 30-55. 210. Williams, D. T ., H. M. Cunningham, and B. J. Blanchfield. 1972. Distribution and Vla!V ifs '.it i .1 1 *i excretion studies of octachlc Toxicol. :7( 1):57-62. 211. Woolson, E. A ., R. F. Tho dibenzo-p-dioxin content in s 212. Woolson, E; A. and P. D. J. eagle samples. Adv. Chem:i. 213. Worden, A. N. 1973. Toxic; 214. Wootton, J. C ., N. R. Are hydropericard ium-producing 45(3):739-746. 215. Yartzoff, A ., D. Firestone, 1961. Studies of the chicked Chem. Soc. 38:60-62. 216. Young, A. L. 1974. Ecolot C-52A), Eglin AFB Reser Environics and Flame Munit Air Force Armament Labors 217. Young, A. L ., J. A. Calc; toxicology, environmental fa dioxin. Technical Report OI Health Laboratory, Aerospa* 218. Young, A. L ., C. E. Thalke: consequences of massive qu five-year field study. Pape February 14, 1974; Las Veg 219. Young, A. L., C. E.Thalker of repetitive aerial applicati Eglin A FB, Florida. Techni Factors Office, Air Force . Department of Chemistry a 80840. 127 p. 220. Young, A. L ., P. J. Lehn, au aquatic ecosystem. Weed Sc 221. Young, A. L ., C. E. Thalke 1976. Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetr; Summary and decontaminati Chemistry and Biological Sc 222. Zitko, V. 1972. Absence < aquatic animals. Bull. Em in 223. Zitko, V ., O. Hutzinger, ai Fundy-Gulf of Maine ar terphenyls, chlorinated di Perspect. 1:47-50. L iterature Cited 205 excretion studies of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7(l)i57-62. 2U . Woolson, E. A., R. F. Thomas, and P. D. J. Ensor. 1972. Survey of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin content in selected pesticides. J. Agric. FoodChem. 20(2):351-354. 212. Woolson, E, A. and P. D. J. Ensor. 1973. Dioxin residues in lakeland sand and bald eagle samples. Adv. Chem. Ser. 120:112-118. $Jl&jnff%\p- 213. Worden, A. N. 1973. Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology l(l):3-27. 214. Woolton, J. C., N. R. Artman, and J. Craig Alexander. 1962. Isolation of three hydropericardium-producing factors from a toxic fat. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 45(3):739-746. 1 , 215. Yartzoff, A ., D. Firestone, D. Banes, W. Horwitz, L. Friedman, and S. Nesheim. M 1961.,Studies of the chick edema factor. 11- Isolation of a toxic substance. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 38:60-62. 216. Young, A. L. 1974. Ecological Studies on a Herbicide-EquipmenfTest Area (TA C-52A), Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-74-12. $k , Environics and Flame Munitions Branch; Flame, Incendiary and Explosives Division, Air Force Armament Laboratoiy, Eglin Air Force Base, FL. 32540. 141 p. m 217. Young, A. L ., J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken, and J. W. Tremblay, 1978. The . toxicology, environmental fate, and human risk of Herbicide Orange and its associated P dioxin. Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks Air Force Base, TX. 247 p. -V VS 218. Young, A. L,, C. E. Thalken, W. E. Ward, and W. J. Caimey. 1974. The ecological consequences of massive*quantides of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides. Summary of a five-year field study. Paper presented to the Weed Science Society of America; February 14, 1974; Las Vegas, NV. 6 p. 219. Young, A. L .,C . E. Thalken, and W. E. Ward. 1975. Studies of the ecological impact of repetitive aerial applications of herbicides on the ecosystem of test area C-52A, ici Eglin AFB, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-75-142. Environics and Human Factors Office, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL and Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences. U.S. Air Force Academy, CO "i? 80840. 127 p. f;*/>. 220. Young, A. L., P. J. Lehn, and M. F. Mettee. 1976. Absence ofTCDD toxicity in an aquatic ecosystem. Weed Sci. Soc. Am., Abstr. No. 107. p 46. ' ' i 221. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken, E. L. Arnold, J. M. Cupello, and L. G. Cockerham. 1976. Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the environment; Summary and decontamination recommendations. USAFA-TR-76-18. Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, USAF Academy, CO 80840. 41 p. 222. Zitko, V. 1972. Absence of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans from aquatic animals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7(2/3): 105-110. 223. Zitko, V., O. Hutzinger, and P. M. K. Choi. 1972. Contamination of the Bay of Fundy-Gulf of Maine area with polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated terphenyls, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and dibenzofurans. Environ. Health Perspect. 1:47-50. mm Vi $1 Kgfj'