Document 5D0mpXp3Y8gbaLzmpG6vEM9j8
PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT
-t
n
" f|
xQtotu.i_. 0... J"2> o" <>
!-! I"
tfo1
of'1 CO1T1 rVof
4. 'ZtoS O C*j TT
Qi2
tn ri
^ "55 > 2 si c.io. m^ QC3 --
cm
3 IM>
COAROS/OAJ
Reprinted from and Copyrighted as a part of
Journal American Water Works- Association
.
Vol. 60, No. 6, June 1968
flflfll 1
Printed in U.S.A,
Perfromance ol Ductile-Iron Pipe in Soils
-----------------------Melvin Romanoff-----------------------
A paper presented on Jun. 8,1967, at the Annual Conference, Atlantic City, N.J., by Melvin Romanoff, Research Chemist, National Bureau of Standards, Institute for Materials Research, Washington, D.C.
THE field investigations on under loss and pitting, as gray cast iron in ground corrosion, conducted for the same soil, environment, and that many years by the National Bureau ofthe graphite corrosion products of
Standards, have contributed signifi ductile-iron specimens have' the same
cantly to our present understanding general characteristics and adhesive
of the behavior of metals in soils. properties as those of gray cast iron.
During the 30 years preceding 1952 It was concluded, therefore, that in the
data were obtained on 37,000 speci same soil ductile iron and gray iron
mens, representing many varieties .of not only corrode at about the same
metals, alloys, and protective coatings, rate, but that the pattern of corrosion
some of which had been exposed up to and the nature of the corrosion prod
17 years at the 128 test locations ucts are also similar.
throughout the United States. These In this article data are presented
data, reported in part in many differ giving another point on the corrosion
ent publications, were all assembled in time curves, after exposure for 8
National Bureau of Standards Circu years, in soils at five of the six test
lar 579.1
sites where specimens of ductile iron
In 1958, new specimens were buried were exposed. There are additional
at six test sites to obtain additional in specimens, still exposed, awaiting later
formation on metals and alloys not com removal.
pletely investigated in the earlier tests.
Before discussing the results ob
Included were specimens of ductile tained on the specimens of ductile iron
cast-iron pipe. Carbon steel pipe was in the field tests, it is advisable to re
used as a reference material to corre view briefly the data on the perform
late the corrosiveness of the soils at ance of gray iron in the earlier tests.
the six test sites with that of the soils Present at the 128 NBS test loca
at the 128 locations at which corrosion tions are 95 different types of soils.
investigations were previously con The chemical and physical properties
ducted.1
`
of these soils cover a wide range. Ex
A progress report was made on the treme acidity (pH 2.6), as well as
performance of ductile iron after ex high alkalinity (pH 10.2), is repre
posure of 4 years.' The data pre sented. Electrical resistivity ranges
sented in this progress report indicated from 51 ohm-cm, approximately that
that ductile cast iron corrodes at nearly' of sea water, to 54,000 ohm-cm, indi
the same rate, with respect to weight cating the absence of soluble salts. In
645
V' CAPCO JEN 002084.7
c
ff'
w u z < a
ut?
3*2o rz 80 3 3 "** 2
*Zo.'o
1W*
O
ud
tub***
a
2
*T3
i;
*
CO
-
c *S
v *-
0J3 ,3"* hr S
v
o
*_ _
~'S`SE
M t) M >
3
C,5 d *3
o
? O
S c u po 4n *x?
to P
o p
o. i- 5 bo.e*
c ns
c <o
8 gj<o 2
O 2 g ra o 3 n
ii rt ,s "113
I .1'S-21 g id w -- 3 II?>
o
o^ a. u
S gs "6
Vus
a s -s -c r - 5 Ps 2 .sV Ui "
e * E < tn .g o
r0--t
cot_o V)
JC+ZX*
*r*t
3P_
*-
*c
^3. J- if W)J3 rt bp
rt o o
i 1;
o 3C/1
o
c
.2 C o
o *c
ii 3 g t>
cH E
rt to d. J4tf/ (i, B
uo *1
CX-P C3. ,bO WC
.k -p
*D *cn
b 5 c; w -'r3 3 ^ "j2
w ij
id t> T3
8
2 ^5
r .
re
rt
_
a *{? vi
o w jz
^
-
p
'o S rt &2 -u Lg3va -l '. "cx.o
" w Og
! 5
cn*
W P
.*iJi JZ
~-< ^2
u
jz r"e * c rt x
&u. p 2 - o *5
g M Pif 2"> QgP
C
N
<^*
>. a
Ifl o c
eg -2 w 0.2. If h
<0
icf !2o co
O
6 o'
4/ p: .ti
c re JcSc u*t:: i-
o o u 3
V l/l
xtZ; JtUo.*
2
u. V > co
o 4; ko
3 O c bo
w v g 0
uu JZ JZ a<o. t3xo
i_> '^3
re to JZ u *3 o -- 3
*o
3wu
tuion*X2tj
P ~
*---.
3 C C 3 -C
O o jS H
w a^ i
c/l O C
rt rt ^ *o ,J55< h >*r5
c
83
p
E
o C
c5 O *o
.k ^
co'
4> c H oV5 *3* *O3 C3 S E
i k:
P .y o tj Lc 3* x
o 3 *Kt-
.^
.E ^ *
eg
.
rt -o
m*2C3 W
2C
3* o
y. _
ovn
t0*3c: o> ort* *p Pg
++ Ct cC f 3
to . 55 bo co 5 c -5 5
E
"x "E d.~ 8*2
&
Cl C/ '
ji`_: *> 2!g
re
>
re <y c o-
U J_,
8.^
D
=3 2
"'g
P O
CO" w. cJ
re
j;
o *t<s k3 o x>
3*3
S ,2
5
U
fc
"> U
# "O . .-
u O
P *C
41 PC
to c rk o 0>%6-XS>
C ho UC E0
*u . 4oJ,C~ * N
41 3
-?*0
>
VC
4U1 X^
c_
i 5o3
= 2 <3*n >2sa
*3
,, 00 *r ^
tuO (O Cm
p *3
o
o 'c - 8. s-
* U (ft
ow r w-
3
d 15
u
f
W
GO **,, *7 1 W> J Hr a> ._
^*0.0
p 3 i QJ 2 v ty .k c Cf
.|S
v a a
O ,. ^ a-T g CO (O M
s g|a *32 * r- 3to o cV O eg Vw mo o * 4/ Jco *-< *a *i3
t.*^r5e
-Cc to *cv
HS- 'boeg*
1 '"5 -2 23 wd w
o c *3
P E.'o S
O *3 u
k *C 2 ^
, M1
tV Ms;
0
, e 0, c4 J 3 ? Ou'j
> PW \lu* - mdo nj -xr^
W 6V * -**on igliM
e
4U > rt iK
ho vi Ps O
*0
rep
c *5 !P Hup
c
OP ex c
o - w0
^1.
11d
to CO .. . a.
| 8 X o E
re
K QJ
2 te - 3 ] `3 ' <
W -O
1> y
co QJ *^=
to.w
3*.*d3CO
c re
c -P *3 `u
k
k2 ^ QqJj
o
> S.a-s . *4J *3 S
u rEQJ *5
2U/ t1 o /a*',, CP a3* r*- td* v u
*c q.*5 bo re c d ^2 oE bo o
0^S o
Odc
uudLsk^s --aif
3 "
*P CdO
re = &
CO d
*3 pH
cdo ck *
s s>>.O ^ _
CO to *3 *S
^ &. Cj 3 u re y w u JuZ 3 4j
CJ O *3
if o
W *-c *"
2^ ho_ .
^4 re
v
*-5
is w
125
* d 3O
^
*3 3 2 *3 o
^O
.2 M
E 2
^ O.E
if 'S'g-as ><
*33 ex kex ^ ^O -JCu*C 2--tu! XjS3p' qHP
r sg" O ~ -S
E ^2 re *r
tH__OJJ_i__-__a_ w
IIbo re `*2
igrex
-~X J"= g S W> U
32 .3c do
-
^u
.2O*1J> .". " d **CI3
.if T3
o 0
o0
cj
?ere?x t3co;
dLU
to -P
bo c
c o
c3 >:> re
v o
s-g
.2
fc fe S 0 ,,
S s M-s t;
* .2 to 3
og
^
d (J
k p,
CX'-' ..o, -*-
U> oVO* - cUdo psX,' bo-i udej jVo > re qt/jl s
.1 eg
o c ** t s*g 3 c 4/ c r*
d JZ
rt CO CO ` d . . co 3 O J! !S c g
o j: to ex* u g k P !
2.2^3 CX t 41 rl
Q..S.
-2 .2*
. 0 .
5 r''1 bcO4*O" <c~y Ctn
G cwo
3P 3 'ud .if H ax d . * O "p
& *
4. to rt if re .1: re ^ .rf
2 `a.`-5
-I g *
js S
c
u
o
>
S^-3! OP U
re > d
N W
d ex
s^-g re g.S5
P
Q.
bO c n ;
^3
r3e
c *6 bof-* *Q
3 JS re <j
=
feO
nr co Il
y* to c3
4-
d w'
a a o z < a o a
> j w a
8 ? CO #* CO
.k k c
>s if
E rt 5
d E1
*d *P
g. K
K, w, " v !S ors.
!jdtpC 2s o' i
I--
O
5^2 Krdrt pCO*jW: i>0
rp .2 ^ 3
-3 re
0 re .5p3 rk p w 1
- g o pc t ^ Sxs .?
?sH
` J.J2o, d d
. o w>c -
to J2 .Srd p
>
` ^.k
o>.*--c2o
raheJJ2^\.*j2ow"
u
4-*
.1
w-
re ,5 o d
pC d
ro
c>c>.S
- g j= !2
d
= rt
.2' *co
P 5 5
3 rt u
O
k *C ud td
c o,
rp* OP ^ *to
O
Ou -C3X J>D% J2Z c. 2
.2P -- o .2 kP O
'S JZ u o
re P CX
k
>,
C1
o"
d.
4
^1 .0 ;
1 pO
; jz ! *r3e
bO
3 to vP
"3 o 8
v J2
.^g-S h
2
js
-cP
3.5 lu~s
*5.2 -
. sE
^S,,
P
t-
3
3
a
g.
bO 4*
rt- 2 -t; 3 3 o.^
o re ^
c2
*l!Ul-yx)^l|^ 1v
2
= ahu
o si
*. Eu S
* g a2
PE^
a
Mp"
^ob
:im
w
n ^O
U tn/M-ttoi mt'iM
&I
CAPCO JEN 0020848
Os
3
.Sctoo3 o*
Uftj-*S0 o
rt ? O
3 i,i iirst --w 23 . 2 Tu5
3^ "
fe'l-gs
jo P> o
.~2o
rrwtt
"o-
If Jo
s td
"> -s
s *
Sy* **c2
a.
H is o 55 i- rt
.S
</> U
c
VI
s
s
IJ
Q ov *o* _e S.2 So
IS ICU *
o
g-S*z
to
53 C g rS 8-J:
<a
a=-s
! 8.-S
(A
UUO]
ft*
uft*
c
Uou3
ooroCUti
C
O0
to
jurrt
O*
12
rCtJ
V >
*&oJ i*rt o
co *>
.*uu a.
*5<5/}
w
rt
*5
-Cu
Vrct)
Ic 1
O rj-' Uo-t
Wo*
rt
rcot
5,002 0.0
55 0.0
216 6,768 1,133 1,709
330 3,529 5,765 3,259
O <o |, O--O |, ^ft) fO z u JS
CO. 1 HCOi
1,960 0.0
2,242 0.0-
3,230 0.0
2,392 0.0
108 540 302 140
+-- zn Z-*
M S
*C+4i ,1 tI"o-. ,1 *<*>N). V<wC>
(fJt
QV) H
<nuOuo
7,080 14,640 11,020 11,580
O |2 1 S8 o 1 o *
*o r
00
o
Ii Ot
11 *to1 rot
to o
1l V9
1 too Oto 1 rd
on 1 q S o eo 1
o q o o
(M
CO , *> iH
S3
2 " r^- troo d <N -*
5*0
no
E*
t--o r*. CM --
111111
<eauCub
c*a
Is*3
Oi *S
.2*3 0DiHo
Jour, A W WA
M E L V IN ROMANOFF
*uuj-md*a ijd in
m/ro-tsoi
-.s IE CO
113
pUuj stsji ema E*
EE
2 `u '0j
>3 o ,y
a C</X) O(/). J8%
.
i;
rt _e
uPsrjs
rt
cO
Z,
*
E
r&Ct . U *w
ii
rct jort <
rt
c
.E
tU
OO *w3 _ rt
'
2
siTM
Uw
o _r-
rt
c J>"=
cu-g xu r_e
o fc
22U
fc P
u
s
*
CU O *o O
o *5 S'*
Ka#*c
*o
rot ,ue trit co r*oe* *Sj f
OCrt wrt
rt
(O
rcot ons
O .2
gE f_l*
cEu r_<32 E
M o o
,.* J? *o
.ryt roe o o5- C a*
v>\ 1
C
3
.2
T
U
o- *
g.5-2' D.
J
^
*Vo
i>*2
IQ
C
.=
V)
H COJ 5 0 2.V
to
*
rt
to
VI `vc5 oo.
u oo
CAPCO JEN 0020849
to X3
ci o c js VI *3
r5
cd t? . c M.b
ti ci e V
aa.Sfc SS
J * i a4fu> c S
Cl w <- *- Cl t?
*3-0 8 Cul J*S- Pc cd E s tJ s
m Iseu cELun
sX2
" IS
xo
wg 'S. I
in
v
rXt cj X~ u>
c
"
E
~
<e o_
o 2 - W.S
to
"Sgsg-8.1'
S'. o. u
o_-
ov*"' OO ^ 2.
' x
S *5
^ M-i *= 2 -\g 1 cd
.5 t3 *
5* e xLa_t Cd
w
cci//8o>i
O
&nrwr*nyE o &&
bHU
uz
< 2
+* *c0
U Cd U S oP
~Ciu/il i: n
L. o
1 cd
iS.S
o^o
* *3
5!
b
js
,tJ5 ^r
g
^ a. t~ ?
*- Cl u *0
au. Ow
V) fcj
JSo
H
11
to
D. V
.P c C
Cl
o c
w Cu
tS-5
7j *i
c
JUd
i 'rud
i Or /<
>5 X in * -5 S3 u <
*o *
o,* *!
.5 'u
a
* *vo>
3
go
V) i
wci >
--tu2o 2gu S
v> .e O ""' fco
5 w
Z s js I'M
rg e>*-
c
Pd
>cd> ~b
to*
u o' fd W 0,*u
'. 5J
^ o. u J=
t a.
Pu * rS
tua c ;
c
Ec ssT
'Es.50
CO
O5 *c3i _u-T. -^
-O
,
S-
to
g
o
2 ci e
o
r x
C
3<J
a rC-
1W u c
H JSPuS r
tc
XL ?
Jo3 o
O'B w to > , 2 wU
O
o
5O
`<A
P
*o JS|
Cl
E
cs U3
03
!S
i
oo
c" .2-0 g
s.-s s! |
^:s o . "
25oc
Ml
o|.?S
MV bfEc --n^ M.
o + rt U> ckS> <Oa.<
1
s; (\
\ \\
\u
Uo, Z
o
o
o
<
S S|iui-i4id*a I'd
o K
to to to
2 U
J 'o
2 >-
?8
JS "O c
prt
o
to O
pm e
ll b/-t*oi jy3;9M
Ci .C, *3
o f ii
<aV
5*o 8
ft. o
^ wo
cf q
03
a
ho* o^ i
'S. c. U * < ** .2 *2
o
o .g
H S'
3 2oK 15 *S . cj (0 s s -o
E oJ C :
^ o c,
5 *ta 5 .0)^*7
lS 3' S <*, Cl
Cl
ns
CO
e
u*
Q..S
-7'nu oo
fc "O
o c>
c jo o
Cl cd ** H
GX
u c *5. o a
eC
to iuo *--rt
^ *t s
! Sr%
Sam.' oc d*e c0 .St3 G
Sow
U
S
S
o
o
j=
i
40.
.
*"
i tS
E
u
J3 cd
ci
Cl jo
O TO w
S5
, C>l _*to:
11 wu ucd
' -O
^
5o
.
c
uU. 41 > ^
y
Cl *0 ro c
u
1 1
O ci
E 8
--oj .y
s
*3 u
ci *S
bw41-
Ui G
uu41
Vnr--ti Q41j JUt-S*
. c: *o
^
Cl C- l c
(O f cd ' JS
C "> y o *o td
n P O ^ L^r
<: os,
I*
E a*=
<u
ns ou
tr *c5 ;ts
tn = *^ -
0/0 ci s .y w jo
COi TM
rt<o
*C e b
ncu
O u
n y
c 7 o sQ ^
C
v ~d ll
3 o
C P ,3
^ O
O) *c3
^>
ci
X
.s-
'o to O
->< ca X41
X tGo `-Cfl
Cl
T3 5
cd
^ G
C
0
tX5 *C
oO
*o
yin ^v
Om uCl
p
Ot
7Pl
G
j*
S ?
to
cd
c
o .y
b_
C to *w *
2 1a;i cG
b *% J2l--h _b _T"' bjo ^ :
X <! : C \3 !Oo I3 I cd *o
c
1 &E 8
2 "K o y cC
c 4, c
to C p?
" C u u o ^ Cl
^ y j>;
"ts j
4. : 'b-=s:
2
W
M
Ci
4,
2 5 s: c. c,
.- C o o _ **> c* s> & O
.&*:> *i?; *
^1.
CAPCO JEN 0020850
in
o 8 g J i l8 i ii-i gto
c t/i a yy i
4*3 = oa .s o
S 2 5 ja z: 8*g "
*o C
e o
.5:
--t> tJ
t>
E M
*c ~
,>rOut>* C
u
u
"5
.Kt-
O
-S'>
l*O-
3*4
tA
.c
**-< 5 i e*
t,s
*4j
*
h 3
*o a
Jn
zSc
3
v M
Go
*foee
-o c
3^0 *0 c
o
. *3
t) o e ,Ji B
*^Cdouu t)V3)
l-g 2
" 4oJ t! 22 To
S '".2
W lO
; jj #c t0fi *0C rt
c u *<5 ctf v n- duU^ uci wN o
oj O _ o *- J- <2
rut J2 c Ert -'.SHwS'o1-0
u .ts
E.
CO o vC
Coc .5c HIvs-
cVU
>* g 2 *tg
2 g ,O3 *rut Pc.'nSo
~ 5 t g S.S.S.E
'S
_v_ *5 ~ CO
C w cc
G
j-j *5
T5
*uao
T3
ghfe
w
g
a rt 2^
2
c
su
|8
J s sCX v)
g
tA
m2
UO
c o
E
^ 2
fe
oS
E
c ou
c .5S3
v 5
> ,y3 o "3
PIPE PERFORMANCE
8u
buO (4
TS
O
o s
g
,
.
s*s
EI
w 3
tt
W JC
~
tA
a
C JC
~
_*_o
3Ow JCOL .*2 u
"I
C co u c
se 3
g
00 co
$qwu :ss >3<
23
o
-rUo>3
Cw ^
rC w '5
8 CX-K
c ^r*
,
E B rt
'a 3 O
I
J2
-O o^
-T3
G^*^01' 5u
g uc
g
5
C
O -5 ^^ r5t uo
a*i3U3
cl "
no
*,&r"
-
c-l
S' b 3 ^ ci *
rP*..Cg
w
5 o *ico
e .oh
o *
ii
w.
o
rtO=o
n-> bycO
nuJr .w2E
2c
u=
<4
CW00
,rr C-.
Q Cryt
c jw* ,ti.
*5
o*3co- *gEuu3 9w*
o
gTO tn CU o
: 11 u w CUTS w 5^
t ^ f S^-5
flj -- t-
w vw
3-g
June 1968
I--
L..
C r
cz
L C" c-
C
L. r~ L_
-k
-J >
1 \
,.J-
~A
?; <
CAPCO JEN 0020851
1.1rj i
Q t\Co C
>rt
IS *T3
ou . U *> S
1|
*B ^ OS U
X9
|fl S ; c .
a a* c T2
! o'c r x
; a*w S ~ ..S3
A w
*-3 0 [ft- 2
i^s_> xv
_ e c>
as
o
5
gD c
CO 2- ww
w
fUc s<oc
Ou.
3c
.2 S-a
u to
z.2 ^ o * O'
5 a 60
gJS&.S
a; .U"rt U~"1!
a -ti 6
{jjrtp O ci
~S-a2 *g>
.
*
C P
(0 eo
CO cci is C T3 CC g. -
s qg-Sta g, m .. jq =
.E a P 8 O,, C
m w o b29
-U
o *
--bc/>
*o >
>VJ>- uCCli
C ,, JO -1JS *S
Ea
vU
bo, rt
O .(* vc U to .o *o
rtci
3
w rt .2 G W h W> rt 3 _ .a
O E
O
rt
cx.s
Jl,,.
rut
CX
. Bo,
J; C5 -g-s g
.n .a o c *a 3 K rs E "3 ag -o
fc-oc E < -t M rt t> i- o
u^O
to bo P.S 1o -eg
CojlJS 'iMaS--OsSecv.
P*r g* gco
te u a .2 S ft. --
*S
r>ut
to
Cl
rCCOt
-o
rt
2
c 'c jtu.
rt
Cul J E *55
cc
to
c ou
u rCti
*r2t
2 "rt
wrCtl
cCl
truot
c
rt
cCO
crt
c
u
ou >
jj Cl o .2
c
H
b/) .*u
Cal w
C -5 5
rt CCOl o
of
*CCl
c
*rut CrutX
CO
jcr*ti CO
e oC
9 P...5. o_U t rr
*w o8 2 uc
i
c
rs
cw
tw; _C
*--ao
2
<ov^-o.
rcStot
-- VuI uC ^Cl
r- O c
to *0
o
c
< *- Cl "
W
rt ^
CO ~
U -o -o -3 co
Cl 1
rt C ci
k. c
u> u:
*9 *9 rt >
o 2
y
r: 9 "J co
c i- P .2 jo
ts o
s Cwl a.
9O CO (J O CX Cl X ^9 Cl
.--yc oio
r>t *i 9s ir. ~ *t3 J-
rt-> v.4 J w ^
O^ So
o - o P _ CL. 1
'3g:
_>L '.2vj '
^JHOo-
^ Ou. '
V Cl U i
* cc-Ct Oc j
'j
rvt. U)
Cl ^ >> CO
00 L- <0 Cl
O *rt 5 ' 05 _ w
C , ^ feS . v `r: *9
uCOJ- <J95- ^H4, C>J
to C P" ir_ tX H
y.
Ci 3
a=T"
t '
r
/-- i
i-
r~
LZ
CT IJ
"i. (O
05
. iy{ <M U> o
n .9-a * <T>
n a.
fO
O y* co CO
c5 ro *^i*
<
CO
vi ?
&O c>l
d5t-?
^ Q. _
. TM t/T r<
5 = s=
m <o S in O c in O KD
<N
r
r-- - --
L. .
c:z.
I. j
\
i
r~ t._
i i.. r
i
j \, s j S-
t
CAPCO JEN 0020852