Document 4vZkJDxQBB3B10bQdJNn596gR

FILE NAME: Metropolitan Life (ML) DATE: DOC#: ML DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION:>:ZD . -- --..- ... , ...... ' ~ ... .-1 ''''~'. '" . - . _ e . , .1 .,.' ," .".,- .... ~ ...O# ,- .... . "':".-:---- .*' .. to:' -- ---.', ..( / I CJ ' ... --_ - '. .--. \~ " ' \ . . . .. _. ,Ql MznOPOIJ'thA.N LIRn.IMcasaU.""I"..'A-N-',CI CoKPANY . .t.In"II01IY I.L.ueU..... ""-a..~ .........."D._...~ Nrw1'bu CIn t ;' 2*.r ......... 11' [1MIw1.~ "~ _~. ~ c11.wtIrIse...~ ...". nflW\ s.a \tie ~ \M a eI rt_ toM ..... --t.l7. ..pir\ \bill pl&n ";.0\ ~ toM rill l p2.a.rN t ...b,'IId", ..-u...l oj _tM \U101d-".1&:1r.1,p.a. te1 fd' 1aa tIIPddl.1a"a'\-A. ..1 I ~ 0 ,_. a\ ... &lM -.tiac ta ~. ""-1.1 1.1 . ..... OAW \ I wU1 11., ~ 01 '" lie ....,. IW '- 41, 1p_1.Mw.-..1nI"W_' 0 ~. Mr ..,... 1 " " ' 4 l. . . ,, .. ~. pa"'\ _ .,., t t7 Uf ~ UII .me.... fill 1\ 1\ 1Sda.,Uw_t_p_._. ._.#_..,.....1.1.... \.ba\ ~ ~ " ..-.:w J U,.It ..J.' ... 1\, ~ I ~ U._ lre.\.M.... d. . ~ ,.. ... lila. . __ .... II . ' n.~ u...a . - " . 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'- J.' n U ,;. 1 ,. I ~ n tI) .- 11 .... ., JJ .- n h.... ... t1 C ~: '" .' I '" I'" \o.lJ'" .... u ... _ 1hl':: , too r: () t1 ,t p'Of 0 P '\1 uc'- ..... (). C' .. D ~ II .)'tt ~ r 4 ...f (, M r:.r. ., Q )', - ,f.'. 'ar......,...r......I': 0 n l"clI"p~ ) .. rt fI .- 0 ..... 1)1 .. {' 1-1 JJ 0 , c tJ ., f .." r: ., n WI CI \. J J 0.' ...... ,,... rl tof ,: " II I I p .... - ,\J.' 'I" .,~.Uf (l .. ~~ n J; 0 r. P: ...,~c-, I, '. I . II' : r !. I ~~ I "\. (-., ...'' ~\. '\\~~ ".,o '0 . () \~ l",l r' f ~ "~,t n h \\1 ;! D -' h ~~ !]~~.\ "!: ....fl ..,. J: \ 't .' .' . II' ft" ~f " t.J J, .n ..II ~' c' " DO "I:'" ~ J, ;: u .'S:';".. u ., 0 J' ' ; (;. '\.4 Hn 0 r. .1 ,....' .". ,.. r:" : n \~ 1 ~ !~..' .. '1 ,-.~) Hobart & Minard Lefcourt Building 1180 Raymond Boulevard Newark, New Jersey Dec. 15, 1934. Re preliminary study of MetrOpolitan Life Insurance Company Mr. Vandiver Brown, Attorney, Johns-Manville corporation, 22 E. 40th street, New York city. Dear Mr. Brown: I received your letter of December 10th with enclosures, including proof of the preliminary study entited, "Effects of the Inhalation of Asbestos Dust on the Lungs of Asbestos Workers". I have carefully examined the proof and return same. In reading this proof I have compared it with the paper of the same title which was prepared by the Industrial Health Service of the Metropolitan about three years ago. I submit the following suggestion (for convenience of reference I have numbered my comments in red pencil in the margin of the several pages of the galley proofs): (1) Gal. II. At the end of the paragraph which discusses the "variables" upon which the progress of the disease is influenced, the following sentence appears:' "It might well be assumed that similar variables would influence the occurrence of asbestosis." You will recall that in dealing with the New Jersey Legislative Commission which has had charge of the proposed new legislation in New Jersey whereby silicosis is to be added to the list of occupational diseases for which compensation is required under the terms of the compensation statute, we have consistently agreed that there is a sUbstantial difference between silicosis and asbestosis -- both as to the clinical nature of the disease and as to the reasonable probability of its incidence, and you will also recall that in particular we have urged that asbestosis should not at the present time be included in the list of compensation diseases, for the reason that it is only within a comparatively recent time that asbestosis has been recognized py the medical and scientific professions as a disease -- in fact one of'our principal defenses in actions against the company on the common law theory of negligence has been that the 'scientific and medical knowledge has been insufficient until a very recent period to place upon the owners of plants or factories the burden or duty of taking special precautions against the 'possible onset of the disease to their employees. I, therefore, dislike to have this report suggest that asbestosis Mr. Vandiver Brown, "2" might be assumed to be similar to silicosis, either as to the period of time within which it might develop, or as to the dosage received by the lungs, or as to the quantity of dust, etc. (2) Gal. 11. At the bottom of this galley I observe that there is set forth in a note (instead of in the body of the article) the statement that appears in the Report of 1931 relating to the enlargement ot the particles and the use of logarithum (See p. 7 of Report of 1931) As a matter of curiosity I wonder why this statement (which seems to be quite important) is put in a note instead ot in the body of the article. If the authors prepfer to have it in the form of a note, of course, their judgment should control, as it has no particular bearing in any event upon the points in which the company is interested. (3) Gal. 12. The last paragraph on this galley has a summary of the dust counts with respect to the several plants. I notice that it is stated that plant E "was unnecessarily dusty". I understand this does not in any way refer to any plant of Johns-Manville, but I am wondering whether the proprietor of plant E has had an opportunity to review the comment. It strikes me that the report would serve every purpose if we leave out in the first line of the paragraph on that galley the words "was unnecessarily dusty". Galley 13. No comment. (4) Gal. 14. The word "death" should be inserted after the words "6 of 36" in the third paragraph of subtitle "Insurance Claims". You have already called attention to this in your letter of December 10 to Dr. Lanza. (5) Gal. 14 under s\1btitle "Conclusions". NO.1. I agree with your suggestions in letter to Dr.Lanza of December 10th that there should be added to this conclusion a statement similar to that which appeared (at p.30) in the Report of 1931, namely, "Clinically, it is of a type milder than silicosis" -- or, if the doctors do not want to make the statement in that positive form, it might be as follows (an suggested in your letter): "Clinically, from this study it appeared to be of a type milder than silicosis"; or, if that is too strong, it might be set forth as follows: "So far as indicated by the study, asbestosis is of a type (or appears to be of a type) milder than silicosis". The exact wording is not important, except that I think it would be desirable (if the doctors are satisfied that such is the fact) except that I think it would be very helpful to have an official ,report to show that there is a substantial difference between asbestosis and silicosis; and by the same token it would be troublesome if an officiai report shou14 appear from which the conclusion might be drawn that there is very little if any difference between the two diseases. Mr Vandiver Brown official report should appear from which the conclusion might be drawn that there is very little if any difference between the two diseases. as No.2. I understand that the statement/to the cardiac enlargement is correct from a scientific standpoint, and I do not see how we can consistently object to it. No.3. I agree that the word "preliminary" is superfluous. No.4. o. I. No.5. This reads the same as on page 21 of the Report of 1931 and, hence, it may be a little late to object. However, I point out that as No. 3 now reads the inference might be drawn that asbestosis ~ ~to the mortality of tUberculosis cases. But that inference does not seem to be justified from this study. I am wondering if it would be a more accurate scientific statement if there were omitted from No. 5 the last three words, to-wit "other than tuberculosis". No.6. This is the same as set forth on page 21 of Report of 1931, with the exception that the Report of 1931 at the end of the sentence has the words "than free silica (3102)" and the galley proof has the words "than granite dust". Hear again it may be a little late to criticize the statement, but I do not like the suggestion that there is a possiblility that asbestosis may cause pneumoconiosis more readily than granite dust. The reason I object is that many cases of silicosis are supposed to originate in granite dust and this statement as it now reads suggests that a possibility that a pneumoconiosis may arise more readily from asbhestos, than granite dust. I think we should, if possible, eliminate all that part of corelosion No. 6 following the semi-colon after the words "of air" in line 3 of the conclusion. No.7. This is the same as in the Report of 1931. To comment. (6) Gal. 14 and 15 subtitle "Recommendations". In my copy of the Report of 1931 I have a pencil memo. as to recommendation No. 4 to insert the word "possible" before the word "effects" so as to have it read "as'well as studies on the possible effects of asbestosis on the heart and circulation". I do not think the point is of much importance, but I call attention to it so that it is not overlooked. I agree with the other suggestions in your letter to Dr. Lanza of December 10th. very truly yours, GMH/HF Re-typed 2/14/95 :-0- Bridgeport;, CanJ1. "". \ Jan. 2, 1955. Ur. Vandiver Brollln, Attorney', Jobna~!anville Corporntion, Neff Yo'rk Citj'". Dear M.r. Bro'<lll Thank you for your letter or Dec. 24. Doth !Jr. Simp:30U end CY3elt feel quite, Bafe in loovin.3 the approwl of the :-eporl in your hmds. I do think thet Mr. Uohtirt made S01:1e excellent suegest10ns in his l~ttor of Dec. 15, ruld hope that Dr. Llln~o. nll give a "lot of consideration to the COJ:il1ents. , I taka it for granted that when tbio uticle comes orf the press, the Uetropolitnn Insurnnce CO:lp~' ~i7.l 8ee th&.t you get copies of 1t~ in wbich event, we cert.1nly \iould like' one for our files. Yours very tru.1.;r,J LlFJ-O. Secrct8I'1._ " .' t} l~~-~ f\ \'\.. l .. ") ~ )1(p,1 .n, PUBLIC HEl-.LTII REPORTS TOL.50 UEEC'IS NO.1 . 01 THE ~U'l'ION OF AS:aESTOS DUS!' ON TlIE LUNGS OF ASBESl'OS WORKEAS lila 151 A.. I. ~ ~ Jl.J.lccl Du-.cw, ~lUW& 1. ll~ A"... eM Ulltll.o:l D~, l. ~~ Fccr::., 0acU, ltctr.p,W,. !.il' I a.IW'CIACI C4. Ia. 1m tho ':.retropoll~ Lila rnsur....nca Co. ~ Ilpp~cd by of!i';nj, npr=ent::;t!lo c:sbe.stcs i:d.=t.7 in the Unit..--d S~:1tc:s, \\U eowli.a..z:ard. m WUI d.Csiro~ of a.sctr..:.i:2.iD; wUot!w- ::.sbcst.=s 'dust m:s m o=upa... thdr e:st:.:1lshments cmd, i1 so, wh:l.~ ~..:I the nAtura of this luw.r.i'1U:1d. what shoUld. b. 'donI! to prcnnt or C:::1t.rol it.. About tbh tim, SQn..~ a.rt:it:!l=s h.:1d 4p'pe:1..~ in l:";'!g-llsb mccilc:U ioa:r""'..n1s ci.e:sc:'lIin; ~ pn.eu=ocOnic.sis duo to ubC!5t05 dcst.. \\1wc 1:1 OQ.I or two i:sola.:ed ~""'I'n tho 'OCl:U..":"CnC8 allhis trrA ot pneumo- b. comosis hAd b~ a:sdbed in'Acor~ jour:Ws. t!:s2 i:dUSl.7 it3cl! '4ppund to quite ,-j-'or-...d. ot ~ cis'~= of 4nY' such oecupatiow 'd!3e~e. ' 'I'ha h:1%.:.rti oC siIi= clust, wiili stltd.:U rai.:."enc:: to tb lue,;" b5 Ion; bCe:1 ~;"praC4ttd, ud .0. P""..t ded oi stua,. '-Dd rac::.rch w bee.:1 Ilpplltd to the p.""Oble::1 ("tn the :%1J!W m;c;n: ud c::ru.m oUler iD.dtat:ic:s) in Orut Brit4i:., the U:tittd Sbt.es, t.':%! British Do- :no. a:mio'C3, in oc..l::.e: couet:1.as. 'I'h.e. l14!tlrt at tl:.c cCccu o{ sill= dun c::;nssed. :::. t:c tn'::1 "silic:m", W'i~ tl:a rt'!ulunt !%~r di=:j p~csi:o~ to pt.:1:::cn=r tubett'..:.!o~ is ~ll k::Or.1.. mta 'I'-...eso effects hu.t'e bHU ::.ssocfettd. t,h, i:W:h:ion ot d.ust coe.. t::.:nin; ires ~ i:: t'1!..;:"'; ::::ounts. T.:.e enects ui'0a the pul- 'moc.u..rr Cs:5ue ot dU5t~ co~tl1i1";"'! ccc.bmetl si1icn--uu.::t~-ua still a. Erie field for bt'nt.!;:.t!cn, but e-:idc.:..e:l is ~.:t:1~t::l~ t!!D.t' ~";ri of tl.:.:se- c:JJu ?rod~~ p4iliolo~..t""..! ~u!t.s ctu!te ciisci::.ot {."'.;Cl. t:nc sili~. The ~ ":sb~tosis" h::.s Oem Applied to the pnetulloc:orUosis or C"'..UlCd by ~bHtos dust lUlU it mll !;)e so used i., ~ re~or"_ Chc:n . ic::.Ur, the ::.sbcstos coau::eree is :. hr::!..":lt~d aw.r-PSium silic:l.!o C1)=ti::.; pri-..r:..lr ot weD. (etirubill.c~ sWe> 44.1 l'e.oo:ene, :21:';- ~ ~ perc:!nc, And qt~l" 1!z.9 pcrc:t'nc, while Cc..oo:oUj !roc ~ !U&&l 11..." P;Uf::: iu sm:ill qUA!1t:itie:s. TIlls comm~!"':k1. ,-:.rict.r oi 10W,,-:':-, (1) '(.\J1 :(;" ',' .~"I . E. :, . .. . . .~" ," ..'. .' '-. : .. :- ........ . , , " -,"-.~. .... .'.". .. :{ ._\..... .-,", " . 3 ~t the solueoa. of soma ol the d=t3, p::.rt:cnl-:T :.rJ.T ,we::, =- ~ mi;!::.~ b. prcs.aa.t. The :mpiu."V was ILCtu::u.ed. by CU1 elec:!:i. =DT d:m::l rotuj pw::1P a.ud the c.ta ol ~.t.d. n.s ~UreL by ~ ol :;~..::ce tjpe 0{1loW' ::ate with ~ i.ncUned. m4MlU-o ' *. tar tor mnsc..~ the pns:suro <Wier==. ~ s::.mpt. :C[)res~ t.ha dust ccl1actcd. !ro.c1 a TClm:1.8 01 100 e-.:bic C1:~ of 'I'ha elect:ic preCpibtor Is dcsi!;l1ed upon t.he 'Cot!rcll preepit!t!or pC,dple used (or nconrlnr dusts o.nd 1:::5 coa:mt..-Ql!y. '!his .princ,le c!apenrh 011 ~..:il:ri:u: the cWt purtic!es br l:1.:1lcin; them pas throu;h U1 eleet:ost:.t!c Oel.d o.nd thus c:u:si:t: thtrm to settlo 01U upon & shed ol CJtlluloid. The elee+_-cst::.ti.c fidd Is set up by :zn.e:= of II. t:-..=o.cur oper.sq &um the liPt,iq ti.:es oc. 1:0 Tolli, ao"" alt.m:::.ti:; ~ J.ir Is dmwu through. t.h4 a.p[':..~ by II. m:.ill fOwr!.an. r:m by & motor, t1:.t qaJll1tity beinr ~ by & mate'. . Samples o! .1tUt br-..shed rom beams md pipe lines :1C!" the Cl!1!tn:: ~ ;n::t s.ec:u:ed.!or ehem~r,1 ...ljSis. An ~ '""' shipped to the i:dU3t:ial hr;:..c.. ltLborstorj of t!:o ~Lot::lp<ilit:.:L Co., cmd t.h4 du.s~ coa:.t:s W'!11J ~ ~:illq to tho :et!:.o6 =;:ted. bi !he U:1iUd St.D.t.cs BUZ"'..:..u of ~ :nd. the t:":+:d St:.tcs !'ublic: Ec-.ilih St~..es (1). p~..les b ma up to 3ao ~l:.i in t!:4 ...~. w: (rn, &mat.r Wl.." cou:t.ad.. Om""i..,l ~ n."'O ma.d.o lor totuJ. . . cd c:r..hi:.ed) silic::. a.cc::mfin; to !he ~tea. St:.:ld:rri rut.!:,:,ci ol Eille~ (3). In ~ tmt pWu st1::iied ~) ocl1' p:uti:!.es 10 cic."'O:S 4r.d t2J1d.ar in si:a nra =untad. It has hem dl!!l1OC5~~ re;:~1 th:.t no silic:s. p:.:tides e.:HC!lD: 10 cie...ous (a. -:C~ equcls Oa.Hl1illiollU1. par: of 4 n:sw or ot:.e-thou:s::.::dtb. pan of :. oilll-c:tc) in ~t=t. di:.c1eter eeiter tl:.e Ian; tWu ; lor tl:is :e::3Oc, thQ lu;e.r pAr.i~ usu:.D.yan c.ot coasidend nen dct~;"':1h; <lust co~ I..1ter, Q.S it ~pc:.-=d. ~t:1 SOl:1e of t!1a pubiishlci :"-:;:..cl= (4) (E-SZ.uh) th:.~ we:rtos p~du :::r:E. ~:!:. n:~ w~ :ol1"d!.: It:::;' tiJluo, it \T"',.s deCded. to co=t ~ p:...-.:icie a.:d. r-..ka di:::.."'t1X1ti:l. ~u.::.:! at ILU t..!::.ow 10 ~z:.s a..:td. cCC'.' Total p:r:....:i.H par C"Jbic (oot ~d. the =~nd!=; ~t oC ~8 d=t i:1 t:lilli.;:--, ' " " obtd:cd. S1.~ I:::) rcl.o.tiocsr:ll bct\\I!!!.PJ, ~ du.st ~w:::s ::d tha =.m!pO:':j",l' \\"ci;ha WllS !aw:d, :ha we!gl.J.t3 U8 z:ot b:.!ucied. in the ubuLutioas in this :zper_ . Two 1 sho\'C'1 br plAnts :!.ad by dcp:t.~C!1ts ~ ::1~um cd =i:w::ll!:Il dc.st cou:.t.1 in :nilli.oll po.r:ic!~ pC" c::bic !001: oi o.i:. J.lt..'un:;':' tl:.e coal1t.1 i:1 pI.:m: .J. :..""!: ol pr.::id:= 10 c.ic..~ ::d \Ind~t .. I ~ ~ )yo ~ ~ =~':=s ::.. t!~~ ~l'4ruar -.. ~ :a !Id.t~ ::IcrIIoall"C:~:.:.r ~ t::- c:= ;ora.c:. , . . UIooI;:It br Hn::: ~cc:ad CIItI. _ _ w;c:l .. i:..w.:.-:- w.s.~III'.ClI.t~~-==C~~:.taJu. ~~~-.I:r~'~T --~. :I .... fV7' ta a&=:.s:.I U:e __a r.ftnlda siD (JI. liT I!N ~.: jl:Jn', b' ~;.~~. L:a ~ ,,~ CUcciicl I. ~. ~ (!a tl:I:I c:IM::ac-ror.aI _ )IMaa& .. ~-==~~tC~ ~ .- t ." _.... _- . . . . lJuI.a. C; ... 00, r.o, 1:-,. . , .... a.. ""0 :..~ ~ -..1 J1aaD ~J: . .-:. - ~c-:1:.I~1-:r-_ -."."--"'" EII ~ .-: . ---- :c.,.=Ii :wfe_t I,..~.,. !wI( _~ bel'" ~ . l;=n.lo- ~_ 2f_ :"-::n.o.j 1M '" tw", _~ pica ~ ~ ilia !IW cU.c.t t.et air . ~et '~ cubic till, r-cet 1Doc'" . ~ , l::m J :: ~ ~ c:.w s s & ~t.' ,I lU-c CtaI:a QI&:I=:I tt:.mI , ! Jlv.l.tl , ',Ho-' 'T- ~ 'Ir...-.1ft n:t:-r "! loA IIIwt 1AIII1IG.~ ..... ,... I ~:-'-"- 1+-' :0 4 : I.... I 1 )to-( I 1 a II'- ~, I .. ~; ~ 1 U 1 -# , J 1 IIS~CI J\.Q~' ~ I lr'llenl1S the dust i: the ~r:pu::.tioa :cae !.s pr:~:!~j. an dllo to 'ubestcf, tho eout:-..ry is tho e:.sa i.i the other c!.cp~~oc.ls. ~ the c::lldic;, spinni:1J, 4J1d ",,=rl:!; :OOCl c.sbestos coc:;:r..se:s a.bout ~ P8fl:!.c.: ot ,the c:.t4.":.:1 u:;ari. On S{)e61 jobs the pn:-eC!.!lU;t1 of 'asbestos tIlAr bo l.Uer, bu: in gc.e.r-..l the ~ quot:d 11 :lPPro~ mst.e1r cor:'!et, tho othu ::us.t.a::::.l cor.m~ F..::cip:llr of =tton. ,In the iz!3ul:.cj..: dcp~""-"" b ot pl~t At :.shcstos i~ but S ~I::~ t:.c ol t.!a total m.'\ter.:ll used. lA e:t:;::.loS 'dhisioa ol p~e D, :.s=estcs Maldld br:..~g :nd cluu:!:. :.bout ~ pt'r.:!."l.: ot the tot:.l u 'cAted:!. 'l"ue &etwU ~O:iIJ~ to, :1.3Ce:stOi cU!S!, t!!c..'"'Q!ora, ~nsid.. er-h1r t.e:u 01,.. : iJ i.:.d!atcd !A !.he ~t eo\Ults in t:l.bLe 1. " -i1,'Thll ,roct9H C t,!:", j:l:.ub ,;,m nrr ri.-:UIur to thaso in eottou i: ~en!. Ear illU5~tia:1. tha prac!:SS in the pt"ep:.r:.tiou ~OCl of pLU1~ a is 11e.~ c!et&d ,.G lc.,-th: Asbestos i3 ~~ed i: Q::l;3. TJ1e:50 Ilr.t r:1ptil:d ut:oc. ilia aoot' ~ci e:-..m the :.sber~s i.s sho~led i.:t.o ;Ie; mi!l.s 4::1 run :or :loQout ;3 :li.:lutl!S in order to e.:lU O~1m tho 1nlc."'3. 1::'0111 thcrc ~he :l5b~t05 13 sho'C'e!e:i" into ~c.ks :.nd ,,"ucdtd tu hoppc:s -:ri:!:. rit.!!tr huri::onld orT1rticl opee~t si.nJ.iiA:' to thc50 ~ in to-oilc =ill.:L ..Ute: ~~ t!L.~u;;:!:!. tb.Q o~c.cr, the ::!mo:.:.!. is dlseh~",;,:d we:) t.-..:c!::s. \V;!lea , m:mui"~ur...:.; :14t.er.::l i.J :'-st :::n t.a.-ot:;h a. ;::--!t ..... c::-.. ~ "I) .~- '.1.. .. ' " .- .: .:. ..0.'.-....:.. ' \. 0. ", "0 '0 , , " 0, ' . - -.. 0' .':." ' .:. ,-, " -.'. .-. ~&) " ..." .,. . : '... '. ~ into tr.u:la, which A..-Q wh.e.Jtd to tho openaa, IUld t.!le .. :::4t..r:r.4l is red. Qto thae in the s::na m.:um1U' o.s is the nlnY' m=tnr:...o.L ea .A.Ctu bci.n: dlsc:h4rr-d from opettl!r. Ulo ln4teri:1 is put onto ~ nez.....t:ng or sh:Udu; sc::cea, wile... ilia 10:;- !Wers :.:'13 picked oa 07 A suct:.aa hood 'w bLmu iato 4 bia. to b. wed ~..in i: t.cr:-1es. The short 5bacs l.a.lliq throa;:h tl:.a SC\:ca Ar'It either sold Do", S1.lC or -! : . , a:sed in ::zakin; II.=. asbestos Cl:%iiea..t. The cotton. is,reecind in bales, ope~ IU1d. :Iso ran throu~ !' Ta'tic:l openers. I~ 15 di:sch.:..7!d into t:t:ck:s. Tho SlIed trud.-:s tram the TCrti~ and hcni:onw opeaer.s caat:Uninr tither tho :1Sbest03 fiber, th. cot""~ or tho T:tSto ~.:.l ua t::1.kcn to sup:r.:.tc star:g-s bins. .A.:s needed, t.!:e:so ::::L!:iW a:'s ""ei;:1cd. :nd dumped onto ilie ficor in proportioe to the mi..t-L"':! desired,:nd tha rc:ru1tins; mhcd cateri"ls 4lt thm pllSSed throU Q. c..i::ir.; p.ic:!tu. A5 th.i:s mi:t.~-r: ~ ~ Crec. the pic!~, it. is sp~red r-ith 11 liGht m.illCr"..l oil. 'I'l1a mAter'.:.1 is t!:.c:1 t:.!:au brll m.eclo....icl C=I1\"C:;-or to tho stor:;o bin in tho c:rd rao::1. TW'O ol t.!:.cse ci::i:t~ pic:k1!:3 w~ onto this caa.nror sr:ste.m, \'C'hila 11 third ta4China is e1:!.w;:ped. willi ~ =-.a :s suctio.a. d"rico wbich. =n\"~ tha z=t.e.r.:! to a. st:lrnp bin. La. tho room.. The object of the rn-o Sj'Stccs ~ l::dlit:l.t.c LUo b=.n~ of t';\"o ~d1'5 of c.:.tu'.4l :I.~ ilia w:e lbe.. T.le t=.ird tn:c!.sine is not. fquip~eci trlth IU1 oil sPnr. '!lui objet:":. oC the oil 'pm)" b pri. ::::1.:.::ilj to tnt::p ~ smn.il n.sb~t~ ,~bL':3 IUlcl hold t.!:CQ e:l!ll~cd in the catton Ell!:" throa;hout t!1a ?roe~es of ~, si'innin;, :d ~-r..n;. Inclcic.t.:illr, it is apl'c.:u.t thAt it ilia di.-ui..ti..hes the a.caunt of dust.. T.le c:tate.':.4l is ~tur:.tri ~th ~ut 4 pC~I.-:1t. of oil. I1t ~ poi:.t.; but bj Cle tiro.... it ~es tho !coc:.s, tlus oil W:.d or dicinhb.d to leg th.::.n 1 ptT:an:. mile mi:ltr"'..l oil "'-u U3Cd in the pnpl1r-ftiOn I':)OC pL1..at C, i~ 1lppl1rl!:1:ij ~ not u c!L'":1CcUS :I.S in ~t B. In ;:~t :; oil ~l1S --.::-1:-= not 1lHd, 11Cl" T:I.S there lUll ~tt~t ~t.lw.::tidifi=t!o: or::..::17 sr:ttl!.o:l 01 ~us~ e...:",~. Clln1j"7i ,~~ Ccd by 1,.. _..1 III pwt J.. th.n W""...s ~ humiJiI~, \"enc'1'Ci.n;, :nd be!dq s:ste:n, ,\"hilo ".:,.s pl4nt B de;:e:d.a-l on ::"::''t1.~ htt::icllir. In p!:.:::~ E ~he c::..-:i.ng l:1I.chi::.es "-"1) f<\ui;:ped -:rlth a. d\!.St-4~~ ~:cm. but. it cat e!lic:i8ndj ~td.. I.:1 pl::nt C c.:rd!::.; W"'...s dono i:1 2 buildi.'1;S, 1 of w2-...ich 'It"'...:s eqcipped roth. In &!r~nc.llt.ionhg S)'Su=., a:d in both bcil~ the ~:bieC! !.:.d e:e::.us: ~~.,meCLt.. Two jlL:.:1tl, B :..cd C, !lll.d u"~c:::.cl hu::lidi~ i.!::.5~..ll-';ons in lhci: rpicnjc; reoms. In ilia Coc:er the tc.."!l?C~turo ,ro-s ;0 0 F., r-elc.ti.-o, humiditr 10 r~!l.c. Oau DLlnt, C, hAd ::. hu:nicUfic:tion ~ter.: !n the htisti:l; ci!plll'C'\c:.~ :lnl! :I~O ~'1 the ';t'cTing dcp:::-::nent, \\"b.Il.~ ~ ~14tin hw::iwt;" \\"115 ia percent ',\'itb. ~ drj-ouib tlU::pe::.tu::':l oi Ga- F., :s comparcci ,,-i:u ~ rvlwn 1:.::::lidilj oi -H p1!rc:~t io. ~ha W~\-i.a.; ro0C:l ot ;:i:..at j,. ,.. .I \.I ;..- .;;. .l '': . .... 4 i y '. .... e ... __ _-_ ...... .. - . . , . ." .~. '.-;: . ~.- ~ ..... ... ..... -_ ------_ - _.- ... ..... .. ~. t.. . .. " .~t~-'~ ,t "..."-..~.!,.,\:I.. .....-,.-.,-..-....,...;'~...:.-.".~..~ ...~ ....,t . ..." .....~ ."..i-z~ :.n,..q. Asida Crom pbnt ~ it TOWel ~ppc:=:' thAt the cla;,t,. hn::.vd 'r.:l ~ot :a e::a:emn u:!pt i:l ~a prepllr.I.t!on rooms ot pl411ts 4Dd Cl Tho d~t. COU!1ts a..nI int..l!:'=lti:li, too, whC:1 coc.sidered in th& Ji:ut at U:a Jler:ui,ssibl. st:u:.d:r:i lor Volrut.o dust., QS~bllsh.ed by tho Ucitcd m. SlII.tcs Public lidUl Scn-rica lW:1el,.. abo'lt. 10 million pQt'ticles (10 =ic::-aas and ucde:) per cubic loot. D'oweY'tr, we an not. justffiad in ~ tluIl b~us. livailo.bl. inIOrm:uiotl.5~ Lh:.t.t. uce:s.tom is Ii milder ~~ c.!!uic:illT th= sili.c:osis, t.ha thrt:shold of pe:::!is:nole d~t counts is bit-e. Asbestosis a.ppe'l1r:s to 0. pzUho10;:=111' diEtrt"...t !rom silicosis, And the a:tpuienea SQ'!::r does 120~ W'U%'Dl1t 11!1 at:l!!:pt to de..Cno Ii 5t:.:d.ur:i oC d~tin.c:::s for ubestos dust.. meant Vll.%iou ~ such 11:1 oilh:;, hucidla=t1on, 4~ loc::sl cl.:msts, . t.endtd. to miUC4 the dust.. N~..hl!.!e5!I, it. WItS tlmt. thsj 'nrO Wi ~1' su~uL U i~ is e:;rf'!ted. to ~Dtrol d~tin.es 1::. tlase plAnts, f.::lrrn....et c~ mt upoo prope:1j =cst:u~td e=.a.~ .eququ::!ent. I::. p!:Lct C in 000 d~llrt:::1tnt. An c:ptrl::lmw instill:.- tiaa wu set:p. b stria oC somo ob~ious l=lts, this ~uir.tUCn~ on tho bl1.Sis ot ~=l=~ti...o ci.u3t coanu, reduc:ed the dust by .50 pt..""'=lt. :.~ mili t~tt' Alter.:.tions win prob~blj be i5 ptremt. t'fi'coe:he. 1:1 this C""_c.: rod.l ~ ~duct:ou St-e~ed qui!Q s:ll.!:si:tC!or,:-. It u neie:.e pr:tcticble c:)f ~nccic:!lj dcsi..-ableJp itubll ruo ~uipClC!1t ~ will:::W;., t:r ~i:: ~t::rcl7 d.ust t..,ft. 'r".o.8:.or.::.:tl d.;!u::sin ru~h!l":S:=r. oC the lNdj" ~ ~., al 4 l4ir :':Otlllt ot 3.t=osr-beril: pc11utiaa.. n .\. is w-he.a tho bodr.b apcud to U1. e:cesnn :lDlOu:t. oC dust th.:lt thi:s c!efenu mae.!:" 0;5== bre~ down. . 'Il1c ':r-1'lic:tiOD ot c.!aIolSC equipme!'lt to tct.1lo =dUne:::- in,"Ol~~ .-: c:cn.sir1er.t!lle c!iS:::lt:, e!pedillr whc:-e th.t c::mstn:::.on ol the p140t. is suc:h t!!:.t i: i3 :tOt possible to ~pptj do\r.l-<1r.u~ su~.on :0 the leo=. It is dcl'"1!.bLt to i:ut:dl d:::.ust a.p~!:3 in 4%1:;" ~l.ane 00 :m c- ~cr=-',":':u ~ r..:3c, 4Cd th~ ch.eek it! eifu:ienq br dU!lt eQ\I:1U. i nil pr"..c:!ca T:':ll result in s:.r.:li ~ ~Qtd!!!S c:pe.nci!!:..-o ol ::1ODaj'. t:a III :S:-nL1' iilc.s were !:lC.d.e ot pe.!':sons (lOS ~'lS tr.)C1rn) '.\-cr!ci..~: iu uhHt:s cl4n:s in the t"'cittd StAtU. .!l1 but. nt'e of th~~ ~"ro I i !;i~ pllpi~.J ..":'I;....::on. 'rDe e:.ses ~t'U.."'C scl~tz:d n:or.! or le3 I I!.t rundom iroC\ ~tcQ::; t!1osQ. Im'-tnl: :no~ t.ll4n 3 l"t'::s o( cmpior- . ment i::. .ili" incit:,;t:::. It ~ soem ob~ot1S thAt the f".1r1)" cU!1;:t"m of ubC!4t~is lnt1!t r!5t to ! l:!.:;a e.~..:nc 00 X-r:tr pic:-':rt'3 oi tl:e J I ! clu.!5t. ..!:.a b. ~ ~~-ii' st.,--:=! oi si!kos~, the clicld srmp'tortU of the :UUelItos \t'Ori,!!'S ~e.."t: U51!:1llr i:1dcliuitc 4Dd ir.~ndu.~h-". The ~rr:~do::3 oC ~esQ fi!c.s !!.rC bA!~ on the reuBu;-.s of ouo com- ptte::.t r'Ot!1t;:,:olog:,s:, b\:t: they h:....a bee :"C~und by ~t'::..-:U .r ( .', . , 7 or othc::r cper~ In this licU1. The di.fI'e.":nco opinion ,~ 01 = CL znin.or wtc:'!, &e.r.1 then '\TI!S c=e.~ ~ment to i:l!.::.rpt'Ct:..tioc.. ,'The lI1.lll5 W'e.."'O :ucl COl1SJ!rnW.Tciy, t:Udn: into e.eeount the I'h,.,iecl. = e:c.miIuWoa ~ the 4p ot ilio huiividt:.::l, cd In!'U clAssed po.,itmt oaly wile::. th=1: wns 110 major ~nt.., .All e:n m jn.t3 '\lrVa cuidcd by their lXj'enec= in smccsis imcl otJu:r mcs ot pnc::.. ~es. 'I'ha UIc.s,c!..c:ssed ~ ne;:tiTe tor we5tcsis nre !ur..b:: subdirlded mto doubtful a,pd n.cg:1cn. OWl' time c:.:1 tel.! whether the indhidu:l!s cl:L=ed ILS doubtful ua pro;n:::Q.:;: totr:U'd ~ I dennHe csbestcsis. P~Jcul.ar a.ttcmtion wu !ocUSRd. on the Pt"C:SCC:l or a.h.uncn oC i:::.di.r=tiocs of tube.rcul=, a.nd. in this respect Ill! the ~ ot the films lnrI! in =:ord. mth the anhppy .!:pc~...enCtl of silicosis in mind., it W"'..s felt t.h.a.t a. ~ d~ cl c::.."':1 should b: d.eTob:d to :sc1:rl:iliUni. if poaible, whetbe:' or :oc. uuat= pre. disposes to tube:culous wec:Cn. The c:.sos cl ~bestosi.s ~ dhided into mo dn"~i lir3t stn..,,~ ud. ~d stdr- T.l:t.a fi."'3t sUr- tmbr"~, thC3. who shll,,", '07 A.mT c:=u:ni.::4t:oQ d.fuilia lw:; p.e.tholoa sc5d=.t i:I. a::tc:.t to wu:::mt a. &~ cl pneu.mo~n.iosis, bat. who b:l~' no dcfinit.;, Srmptoms. The soeol1d-tt.l1\:1' c:::ses Wfoit man c!crui\"0 l1LC.i p~~ "..~ 4!!o de.fi.cita sr-r-tCl:l.S. An thfSO indhidullts 2 ~e.." o.ctiTclj e!lg:!~ in fnc~::r roon:, :l:d it v.'US IlOt pr:c:i...."blc to r""I:, 4.:1T c!lsti:ctioa OIl. the bw oC W'ori~..-; AbiliLl' or w4billtj'. i{::d ~j indiridw:.!.s 1:C2:1 iot.:d rouo ,....I,ioited =:c:sin pt:.bcruuj' tn\'Oit"Cl:1f!lt &it! 'ih::.:.'.ad. phyricl ciliabilltr or tot:.! wbilitj, tl::aj' \C'Oul.ci h:1t"e b~ cl.o..ssifed ::s t.!U...-d st:~ bat co sua e:LSCS nrc CoUI:d. or the tot:.! of 1!!G ~-n11 ~~.cIl!t 4 nrc c:ll.:.;n~cd o.s sccond-dtp'to ub~osis, G3 15 fiat dc;:H, ZO l1:S doubt!ul, L~d 20 :3 ~tin. , a Thera :l dc;"lite inc:'e"-:o in the pert=t:~ e:~scd u poncn in nlctlon to tlle jC!:1r.S of e.:c;:o~, 4J shoU'U in t.:bia 2., ~c:.n or 11I1l::1bc:::s C1:1k! it i."ntloaible to d4t~:""+e :"O\V' it!!' ilia !:.r:!cr ~ mtcr.s i:1to this !nt'!"CWa. T..utJ: l.-c:.wi;f=titm of Io'CSCI 07 !1ftJn IIfC::;:OonC'r '1 i ,~ .c" = o . -.cAl .,."..~..r f:=tl'J m=:l n=,....l 01 ~ ..... ~ l:caa.. 01 ==-.- Ia UIIa~. C& io ICIl UO&I& 4&1 ';:NcI. :::e. Tf'SD ~_ O.... ..... '.- .. _----- 8, or the G4. per.so~ gina phYlIic:tl e:om.in4.f.ion L"1d diA;nosed 4S luni:q positin asbei~, only S Mlnt entircl1 !rcc !..-=m s]7:1Ptoms, ",bile 10 out at 37 wit!l. doubtftll a.ud 1 out ot 20 r.~ ~t.i..."8 cling- noses were f:'ae UoC1 sympton:s. D,.,pnoell o.:1d =~-:t W'1!n ~e syc.ptoms m05t ~mpWnad ot, but nOM oC these ~ c:Wibited. the w;;mt or endent trPe of "morl wind It SHe. i4 true silicosis. Severe..! 0:( ~. c1:s.:sscd as i1ep.tin mtcd t..~t. t.h.ey nr. II ahort winded" emand 1IrU"I so t"e'Conied., but too muc:!l. ecphnsi:s shcclcl not b. plw=d. ~ent:s ot subjeccTO sytn{ltoms. During' t!ut llro~ of tha stud1, ph~ whO nn pnctici~ in the (1:Im::llmities "h!.t'8 41bes:.os wocim:s liT'Od wue quc.stioned amd St.:1t!O. ~~ they d.W not . find an unusual !&mount al tube~.1losis :u:ncq ~ m:lrklr.!. The coat::ut. between tIlis state of o.Hnirs 4rui iliat foUlld :n & commwiliy with 4 silicosis h4.t-=...-d is not.werthr, ". 'th. incl.d.one. of tuberculosis (b~ upou 3:-rnr $:=) is ;i~ in , able 3; 40 of the 61 e:cmined b.:1d !cst thtl:1 15 11=%'3 oC c:1plo!,- mane in the industry. u c : n . , _ ~~..u 2 ~UbWI:"""..Ml~ 1 Toa&r,c:t-ed :I T&.ble "' ~ns h:iot::'.4U:l:2 3.S to ;:hrsw.J sIp ol ~t :cubic. TAM.: "'-Out ~ ____ __ ~~e~U~oe~~:t~:~.~~~:;;~~::::::::::::::::::::::~__~'~=1at1l:' TanrJ.'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ ~'1~1'11~ ~'~~T :J i = ''''11 1.1& ~ ~ ell.'!... ,~..s ~.-r1-J_ ~"I'II:! .::,~ " . , ~ "'" ~""I:\ -'~... ~a= .u1:eW;" I I~:OC~ ",C::I.M&.It.c:nJ "' _ _...au. . m:.~ si;ci:c:::C!, ii mY', c:m b. a.tta.chcd ~o ~tC p~r!lCt! ol "~bestos. eor..s" au the h!utcis a! n-or!tc."S appe=.:-s doubc!lt4 :s 13 per:an: oi the pontiT'!lS (12 out oi 64) end 15 pe!e:!l~ ot tllC others (doubtful. i 01:: at 3;, uc;':1ti\"o, 2 out of 20) sho~ sw:.~ Ctlrru. E.l= rtlel1t~::.olog:.5C ,,'ho ~,-ie,;\"Qd ilia :!:ef':.7 ii..., e:.!lcd ILtte:.t.ic:l to tho ell':: th:.~ ilic.sa r..s :nciic:.to:d ~ \'err ~.,usu,d bddecc9 ol /!..I"~ntent 01 tho he:.r:. I~ i.s pmbllole tlll~t t!U:J is :. eomn..USAtor-r , . m!.:it;!ment due t~ the ~ditioncl ,,'ork put Uil0:l :!!c !:C~~ i.u t!!orts ... -. 1"1 .: I ,. U : ..:. .!. .. c. . J!"". '"0 "." -. 0. ....;. i ..-- .' .".' ..' '. .' -'.. -- 9 to pam., blood throu;!1 ~ fihrotd lun.;3. It U ,onn~le t..'t::! no~ su!5dent ~tt.el1ticn b.a.s bee paWl to the tlIect:s of e!!e ilc.c.t:lI!Ocoaic.se:s upon tho ~_. M1my wo~ar:s lwi ~ from. ono dcp=-~ to cothar ~d. L'"'tjm. OUI pbat t:) :=&11= cic..':~ t'-c;r re:u:s 01 emploj"::lM1t, i:l the uber'..cs indust:'j'. Si.cca oalT ~ amoU:l~ of d.wt~ c:oUectaci M LUe time al this su.n"'1 in t.he w.cus depcr...::::1.C:b ua bwu, ~-u ~ no ~Y' ol k::cowinr t.h.e ~nr41 amowU oC dl13t in ~. ~5phera inhded by these people 0T'Cf' th. ,.~ oC ilieir e.:lploy:.t!1t.. Cocsequa.a.t!y, it is not possibl. to e:on"'I:hte incllridtul. =.ses with c!cfin:te IU:lOWlt:& ol d;st upOJurt. J:Q'U1l..L.!:C ~ T~ Uttow- liiht on the rW.tioc:ship bet';;"ecll a:rQes~ :.r:td pule,o.. JWj ~re'.uosis, IU1 .... rlysis oC d=ili e!..:ims &:d total o.nd perm:me.r:tt ci.isa.bility c!al::3 ~ rn::.de in re;:..-u to ca.c:;:1Ulics ~ nero we. 'l'Oup WW""..llC1J c.:ui hD.viri; ILTZtilAbla ~-ure:s.. 'Ir1rD 2,O~ Uns inTOlnd, with 0. coul u;l05un of T,019 :r=-~" T1e dc:th. e:!::.i:= ~n so s::cn11 in nm:clle.r ili:~ rcl.inble COilc!usicz:.s e:ul:!Ot be "~ L"'OD1 Uj" s-.l.bcllrisioll oC the fi~r!:5. ~ sa.me is t:u. oC the si~ d:.i:u.s u:dor heGlth i=.n:."':Ulce. Tha liu:::ber of c!:.ims Cal' ~('l~tof'j" dlsoa.se is high. in tm) ot ~Q p1&."ltl studied. hut low iar the othm, as com!,~ l\iili tb :\Ietropolit4.!l me o;r.., nperic:::.cl!' ot 1!)~. EO~e\u, cl.:::; t!l.a btU:: jltl.."! c! 19~ ar.r.l ilia p:..~ ol1929 there I1ll epid.!:::ic c!.b.I!::e."l:. The re"r.!..3 ot ot:.e est:hu:'Cmcat, <r-I~ .. ~ B) sho,\-ed ehd G oC 35 de!1Lh d ..:.... s :.::d S 01 10 i'.~~ =d tot~ dhubill~ e!.:W::5 we.."'3 li:st~ ~ du! to I'ulmo~ tl:be:eu!~is. Th1s :1ppur.:d to b. :..a InordiaJ1tc 4.CO'J:t oi tuberc-.uos:s from thls punt. Ee~~r, m~DY' of the t::lplo,.~ ~ NC;:-"e5, :.:d cl50 tu.becalom e'~:-' are ~ dl,. high in thi3 !el:'tion of t!l.e et)u.. t:::r. Re!liW.ng- ilia diffi!!'.ut]' in diq::o--.JJ::; pceo~ai0si3 ~d the tod.e.!lcy to ~::ill3e i~ with t:1be.."'edcsl.:s, t:.ese el ......., It'tre .stucUtd h1di-ndu::llr. 7':a phJ'3ic!..:1:l! 1rl1.o Iud t:'~ted the .bcii~..dwU.s w-e.--8 intcr'oieo;ved, a.::ti thll h~ptta.l ~ !c.::.!ori1.!!:l l'1eoru, indcdk;:' al":tild:!o X-~j ~, TC!'3 CTe5ds,-:.t!'d., ~.:.=. :=.a !oUa\rin; ruuio: DUItlI. claim,.,: 1. A ~i5c, :0: f~oscd to dt15t; died oC t'u!::lo=:j o.z::i iat~tin4f tubC'C:Uo~is. . 2. Colortd m::t., ~~ 27; '='Orl~ in a.sbotos 1 ~Cllr :u:.cl S maada; cii.ed of nuimoruL7 tllMrculo:ri.s toilu\\':.n;:. :i!!l10du~i ,,'0.5 ia ,SlI:.:.tonlirn 10 months. .Usc h::.d Ii Cour plus WI!.S"~:. (Ie = . ~o c,",dccc ~bcstesis. 3. Colond. .!%241a, 4~ 32; mlci;:.d in (\Soes.to, pl::..~t 1 jt!:l.:- :o.:.d 1 co:.t.!u; died of ~ul.::lo~ cubt'!"CuJoSl3 ::.nC!.!' t menta ::::. ,w::.stow. hospi~. C~ri:..:.tion bot!.1.1~; :10 ~,-idcne~ ~C - r:. . \tI _ , N J.C .- .. .. .- -.---------------_.. -10 S ,. Colorod m:Io, 4q'! 34; moaths. 1::'1s pb~ TCrked in :.sbe:stos belilr.-cs thi. \\""'.oS ~l\l!t 2 r=."'S ~d ~ e=.:a ot uneotn- pll9tod tube.reulosis.. WCoS .net imzuI.tc ot bos;:i::.l or ~ri~ No mton:c.:Wcll could bo obt.:ili1ed . . ToW :ttl p.~.t cWchiZitV d4inu: Oll th. ot:c: t".TO ("'~ . 1. ~e, c:nolorcd in' a:sbc=t03 statlS t!ut,ho fl:.st =.me uru1u his pLmt 3 ~ m.. obsuncion \\-:th :m phrsidn.c. oia.! e:st.a.b- lished c::asa o{tuberc:alosis ~ot:t 2 ~ :lftu ~b~tos employ- me:t stArted. ,!ho-hD,d t:1b.:..~.1l.osi.s of the k:.c:!ll.ey and l:C.~c::l 'Mue tmplo~ ~he:st~ ~onth5. .bles s.at ~ ot old in aoroid pltmt S t-..tbtrcul03a -:nth Ris pby-,ici.:n ~uberd.a bsc1ll in. ~tum. No ::S:-l:I.l a:rWble; but aceordi:1; bates bodies wera found. in mutum. to pbr-f6n., u- 3. him ~We. 4t d.if 10 cn: 1 lt tUS' time c:1ploS~ ~et!t. Tw s :s.n :lOW inc!inI:d o to physici.:m5 bcll~o thi ~o s ::w ~icd 1!s not tublltCtllous, bat b.ns a:sbe=stosis. \\""bite DULl" -ns re~-:Untd It tim. ot m:,:,es~tiotl.. . 1:.13 p~hr; s:i: dmcZ'Ic!~!rutbsbninllrnoo!uar.Un;.b..-e~;dd, ihl:un:idn.l73hltdoCo""~'.,..::gr_o~Ooldl;. c=lor, ::0 inex:ss:u1t =ath; tun;,. ~-tUj shC1T3 No m.d~ s.no moc:.lin~ ditse::Ij:J!l.t:d throu;;!1 oI tubt:e-.:low. P:ob~1" ~ botb. su..~ ub.,tosU. 5. White :We, 13 j1:1rS in ubetes ~l:::1:. Is rium. h in:.e.."UCn;, cue. E.is phynC3Jl st!1!es %:O\t" :h.at in h. 5D.lUto- b..:1s e::- ~n ube=st05'i! and pulmOC4.~ tuber.:-.:lw; et\;tj in right In:;;; snutum loaded r.:h rube....e. bclilTe5 tuoemUcsU lot:~ IU1t~~ted becijll ~ We=st0.si3. ~:~tos bec:iic.sj T.ci3 ;:..:i~!lt. is progresm; in & utis!:.ctQrj' :wl~a. It wu ZlOt posnhl. to loe=.ta t::s other. t.h,,"ee c:ut5 of totAl ~d p..~ . t diubillt:r who ~d b~ &~osed as bnn; pulmctW'J tabucuIom. Oll the buis o{ the iniot:::UI.tion oot..a.i:1.ed, tho ~ths in dHth..d.:ics e::.s~ Ipp.....: to bo d:te to anc:.ompiientd. :-.:bo1"l:Ulosi:s; .' tlzree ol t!um 'Inn N"~es, wha wua probcb17 t::!:c:r:'.t!.ou 4! ilia tina their tC?lojIllel1& itt the 4.1oes:~ pl4:1t eom----I!a.. 0: ~ S &.abmtj cL:lm e:3e=s, l-:ns U!1~C1rlic--...!=d tubc:::ulasi.s md. 2 '"" t::I@C1;:UCA:ed ubtstom no Ten put OD ciU:.biiitj be=usl of L\ ::U3td:en di:l.g:lolSi3 of n:be..~ulosis. I:: this s:!"..!e e~rn m~r;:" ';;"e k:.o';;" of oc: de...1" due to u::teomplic::.tcd. 45b~tQ';u in Q inc!hicit::.! wir.b. c.:.:lr ru..-s' ec.plor-ce.: in Lb. in-~UJ.~  .. .. _ .. _- u 3. A ~..!:spositlcm to =bamllosis due eo c:sbe:s~ cit=t ~ a.ot indic:ted iA this ~tudT. '- Asbestosis Q.S obK.~ in t!:.b se:=...cs oC cses hnd :at :csult:d ia n :=:'.ced ~tj C:. a.rry CASe. 5. b not bowu ho". cuch :.sbestosis =sJ.7 ~ci to t!:.e cO~Q' of pnaumC%1iG. :::.d &eat. cc:mt::.!:l~.l.!.ot:3 ;:nu.=oa='.:7 i:U~ n rot 6. is 11O~ pr:ct:icaPla II.S to e:s~lish w..c.d.4.~ Cor ~ asl?e:stos w! coutcnt 01 Wo. - m 1'Tha a,moant o{ du.st. in tJ:.o :.i: ~e ube:stos pI.a.c.t:s st:.zc:iw.i =n be subst:t:t!:.llr :td:lc.ed.. n b n=mme"ded- 1. 'I'h.U the indu.scrr ser.cuslr l=.c= tl:. pl'Qblea:. of ci=~ cont:"::II b. ubestcspl::..n::s. 2. Tl:At !1C~ employee:s b. c::1..~ed. pbj'3icnr, inc!ud;"~ ::t-n.j' .",mMllUoQ ot ~ chest, u:.d. njee:1'd Cor e=ploJ-=c i! they shoW' .tilbe:-::tdosis or J:Ceumoc:onio.si.s. '''Uj 3. ~~ =;:iorets be e.~fd pl:jriC""'..llr, prciet':clj e-re..7 ~...r, but It. le:.st 2 re::-~, this U!I"';" n cioa to iz:cl::r:o 4Z1 X-r:lj """..,:no.ti:lQ'of t.:e ch.=L 4. ~t ~ ir.citut:7 r,l0a.:sor st.:.:eiiu Oll bo~ e:3~ ot :.:Jb~t6:sU, II:! well Q.S st=.ldies 012 taee~ 0' 4.Sb~t:leis on t!l.a ~ &:i d..'"C".llAtio~ The a.nt.lwrs r~ to ~ their si-..::ua t!:ur..ttb to ill :.hose w-ho a.id.td in :Il~~ ~ studT possible, e5}:edD.ily t.he omd.cls Ina em ployee:s of the 4.S0HtOS co:::r::.n!es ~!:o c::oplIr"'..!cd to.tha!cilest. c....e!1t: &:lei ~V~ t-r~ f.sdlltr lor ~..r.!:i' d:tA.; tWo to Dr. P:u:.=Q.st., of t~ Umn..":Sitr ot ? acs:i":'"I!.:.iA, !or hl.s i.:t~rt'5t :::.d 0;-:1=1. a.ciV:.es i::. interpretmi ::S::.r:::- 5l:::s, c.:d to Dr. 'E'.:;. ~teriwether, ot ~a Uuit.."Ci or ""'uosa St.a.t~ ?t:blie Et~th: Ser-;:..c~f su~n b C!i:.~ of the t;citcd Sw.es DIlr"":'U of :'!!:li:s C~p~'":.t.!n Cll::icin ?!r:..~er, Ckh., intL'"- pnt:l.tlon =-ll ::.. ::S::.ruT Fimi !U~ed in t.!ili "!l0~ ti [acow-ed.. ~p. pn--..ilttion!3 WO e.."'"Prasled. to Dr. \\. At:::.:.: Seith. :.::::. ~r. Kc::.::2t.!J. Lj:lQ, ot C'lw-l..Hton, S. C., {or bfor.r.a.tioa 411d :d-:-:Cf', ?4r-.iC-.u4.+; a a.s to t!le pat.b.c~ o( ub~tosi:!;' to Dr. \V. W. Wild, of Cb.:u':'=tc~ S. C.; to Dr. Joseph E. '"'rstt, of Nf~rI.t, N. J., and Dr. E.. a Fe1lc~J, Ot ~e\\' io1'k, {or usistin: in i:tefilnc--..; ~.."":lr Gims; 10 D:-. l':ul O. Snoke. of uCC"'.Jter, PIl.; to Dr. It. Stc-rc~.snn. ot DlU1r.n~, Qt:..ebec, C~d4: !.nti to Dr. L. U. GArdner :Ul(l :.r~. Dounld 1::. C:':::'-:"C'. ot tile S=-":1n:lc LA.bo~torr, who hA....~ uncie.:t:!lu!~ :ha st:1d7 o{ tb r:.~lo;:=1 effee:s ol the inlull!\tioa o .ubest05 dus:; to., . , 4 i. ..". e'"'" It ~ e. ,. I. ( . 12 " thnlugh a.:W:u.l upert"nl!obtioa, nth tha ~ cl a. ;:-..!1t lrorr: the MOc-opoUtlUl Ll1a .I.:.surUnce Co. ttl ~ Leon.ud., J.:Id Dtoot:1C!..1d., 1.1.: n.IIZI~~ d~ 'JnplI:1: ~?- pua.bu u ~ br Ua C'AiLad StAtes ?:bllc E'=l~ Scni=:. ' 1b. E.ca.l!!l ~ ~ 47', co. ~ }Lu. l3. 10n ac;,riC& no. un (2) Dtink.u. P"..!1l.,. a.ad ~-B.oO.tt lL: DoltnniMUoo olrosp.!: iIb bT al.t.ttr=t!:c-=::1lO& ~;:iWoa. lour. I:u:!. lin.. Tal. ;n. z:o. 1';. :a:a In1. r.: ro.... (3) lDIJebro..Dd. ir. 4D:lpil ol aUIc::.ta a.ad ea.rl:oc&.t.o rocb. BulL. ~ C'DltAd states CieolG~.A::al SurTeT. W4&h.La;tOD. D. c. C"1 Coob. W .E..: ~.AI~..aais. Drit. :.tad. lour.. Dec.::' 1~. (5) Oreal. lL: A ph.o~..;IWc ::.cth.cc:i (ar t!u t!etC'J:lll=1l4Il 01 ;wt!.c!Jr :our. w.."'=ta. m. 01 ~ a.ad. ~btt piq;::a:Ats. r~ L.g~ ~ 1n. 531. (5) 1nIppL.. Go Co: lib.l Jhtlrt!CL z... Po '-51. nun. (7) l!Jut.d. A. E., DriUe. :to 'nm::P'I"D. 1.. I1-. me! B1oon"dd,. J. J.: 1'..~ ol ft'Ini,:us In ru:r t:"~ II.!..-po.su:u t,:,.a1!c:ou.a dust U::::Wb b:du.st:j). ?-..b. XalCl No. In. l.!l:9. ..uo. 31 :. N. D,,~ lI. D.. l.ul%3 Co !Jc:.u.""C%, ~ D.. Ulc! D. G, "Cu.:.. ~L D.. D. 1. lL. ~ s:~ DQ=rfm'N ~/1Itdi!....... JI~er: In a. prrl:-ii"'rj' :'!;:or: ~d! in Jc:.a of lhi:! ~ cdom tha Con- Ctro:.e! of Sbta 1Ll'.ci l':onnd.a.l Hclth Al!t.!:.or.~, hcid in W::sb- ~ou, t:! :tuthoo disC""~ed t.!:.o epic!do1o~d uF~U of e.nde.cic tjyhus ~ it O~:x:3 i:I. 5Outb.u-: United St:.!.::3. III th:tt ~:lrt it. W":I3 noted t.br.t C:c..~ h.n.d bMU a. ~pid. b~~e in t!:is cilit:3Q in ~::.in co = SouthC!r:l Sut!5, ~ i.; iliomt b t:LLle 1. T.ila.t other eow:.t.:ie:s 1l:1.-a upC!rlll.QCl!d ~ ri-p .... in mddenee1s nicit.nctd. bj t.ha !!~ bbll.' 2 . Tht c:ia~rloa. corn-e<'..!l epidc.cL: trP11lu :.:lei :..~ e::c!!::Uc tnhus of t!:h c:oc:"...,. ~ !to.,: ~..i:ed in lS9S by Bril!. Eo (1) (ou::ui b UQ timted 5::':!:5 :I. ~e of (~tr ';\'hic.h, ~embli::; ~id, ;:,...a .. :.epti1"O md.nl rn1C:en.. In furdle:' 5tUd!!S he (2, 3) dc=ctl.3t~~ its si:::J.i!n.Ctr to tn'hus, hut snnwcd t.h4t it ':nt5 mfidc: i:l c:h:tr:.e!er c.:.! au &.ad l.!..., c:=r.:~oU3, oelr on8 c:~ .1.S =. :.-.10 he.!n; !ou.:.d. in ~ ~USI!.~cL .!..l3o he !'?portt'l it ~ -cort prcT"'...icnt d~..n; Ue o the 7C!l!' wtc!1d ol !Au ~tl!.!" or sprin;. l.:l 1912 .!.:.dc.."3on a..cd. Go1db~: (4) i':"OTed tbt BrJ1's di.~o \\'!!.S L~nlW1olog:C"..ilr identic::! ~"ith ~(dc:l.I1 typnUJ, 0: t:..bll.~. X::.tu.-:illr thl:s led to t!Ul belie! :ll:!.t it Wl1.S Iowa oat:.!. "'.,.<1_ 'Read Wste UA ~ s.:::sa ot I:" ~ :'I:blIoa a..wa .u-:s"" hotI.:. tJ:4 0 .':-', . 'f <::..lit. "'" ," ,3(~1\ ,~ ;tmT- ii~ st ASBESTOSIS-LANZA JOII~. be clbmgedilal s jltlheitssuirnvfiavnacly,perPioodstoinpcerreaatsivese, observations may ner and Cummings A. M. " hn. I, 19J6 Cwliollsea5a1oEor ptehreatisounrgbiceatwl eienndiclaatbioonrsatoand the scwleh.cictiho.n j(ofit cdaoseess., menced animal and rep exper4imatenStaatriaonnacwiLthakaes,beNst.osYi.n, COI\1- 192 'saenldectiJni~llnl1olofsucragseeosns foirs siumrpgeerative inryoridnevresttoigamtoarkse, ctlhineicbiaensst orted authorities in their observations in 1931. the United States and G 8 These two result$ abtained, whether ry they and to evaluate accurately arc failures or 5I1ccc~ses. the dhoamveindaenstclyribpeadretnhcehypmathology. loyne " ill Englalld While silicosis is Ill't- stitial; 1101' formatio is atous, asbestosis asbestosis characterized is mainly inkr. hy tltt nodula ASl3ESTOSIS A n so distinctive of search of all the death silicosis. records on r Assi:.tllllt A. J. LANZA, 1\1.0. hpaodlithaenenL igfhe ' eI nnsausr aanccaeuC o m p a n y file in the Metrorevealed that asbest{)~i~ Mtdical Director, l\Ietropolitan Life Insurance COOIII"IIIY NEW YORK in only ninetcen 1924, the cases.se oTrhceonftirrsibt uctiansge' c1a1l0its(e'r\owf daseatihn Asf~lfstosis tion ( as is a pneumoconiosis caused hy thc inhala and the re were rest have otwccouri1re1d-19s2in7c, eon1e93O3.CCUlTed in 1931, patlimllUJ.1{ogy baensdtocslidnuicsatl.ly.ItWishdeitshtienrcatsfbrom silicosis ill its was six supported hy the primary autopsy cause ill only six. The <Iiagllosi~ ] n Ollt' lli tIlt' a distUilrct forlll t{JI !bit' tilf a type of pulmonary C0l1111 dust estosis will remain discasc or will prove another glioma tuberculosis of. the of hrain, death and in was carcinuma. in another puhnol1:ttv tOl k seen. t.tTa!ll :R So far, it 1i0sn tthoe aonnluympbneeur 1ol1focdounsitossirse, moains the primary. caIunset,hwe ioththce<r ltnhliraece faasihluersetoassisthwas giWlI :15 uk llIl ltad1yicofsirso, mthapt ahtahsolroegciesitvse, dcalinnyicciaonsiderable ther <lmOllnt ing cause. literature. Some of these cases were e contrihut_ reported ill the hygii-msts. \YTrereas silicosis ns and industrial as Athsebecsatoussies ocfomd plicated by heart disease I"as gin'lI t~, is ~ asbestosis is has heen recognized [or man)' a newcomer. Asbestos (Cana cell- bydrated magnesiulll silicate containing dian) no free :!it~ but about 44 per cent of c autopsies was di in eath in these seven seven cases. There \\'t'~e 110 and pulmonary tuhrr(lIl()~i~ so agnosed perhaps too in sevcral by the attending mllch weight canno l'hy;iI,:ian. ocurllir!romnagannedsinuimck, enlearly 13 per cenotmobfinwedatesri,licaan,d4t3racpeesr certi !kates. Di<lhetes :md pulmona t he giYCIl til tIlt'" <!lmci-ltlts, c-Ol.'I the . '\Thill' fahricating of asbestos asbestos was knowlI to on a large sca the l1_lParatively new; it received a tremendous le is impetus tioncd in the no autopsie remaining ry tuhcrculosis were abn six cases, in which ther!' Ilil I:, one s. exception l\lInineteel1 patients all were white. were males and I\'n,' ,'. ii!: fnJJlV\l its use in connection i~til1g material and with automobiles and as an va!am.ty of lllec a heat resistant for a great plaInnts,"outrhestucdliineiscalofpiacstuhestos mines ami i;Jt"'icu!II:' 1lanical purposes. lV11ile HoITman 1 called attention to than that of silicosis. with mark re of ashestosis \Ya~ llIi: To be sure, the indi\irl\l;J1 ' hatrmfulness of asbestos Fcbttuary 1927 that asb dust in 1918, it the possihle was not until reoJgnized in this estosis was, so to country by the filing speak, officiallv of a disab ility \'idua.1 exe ed asbestosis will greatly ",ith silicosis. There is the ));1!:, ; i l'esel11hlr til;' j,!, ::same dy~pll";' rtIon, indefinite the salllc dry cough, physical signs elicited and the mllr!' (I)' ',:I j, .. TdGhle',rmclafiomr awntowrkams eanf'sorceommapneinnsathtieonweianv l\lassachtlsetts. npoattieunstuawlliythseaesnbeisntosis is apt to bhyat\h'ee dsutebtbhoe~dc"lli'll1,~" I: !" of an asbestos Massachusetts plant, and Industri the claim ing department was upheld by the faced patie and even showsialiscliogshits-caynadnohsies.iswhapilte tn III the I' " tiwn eEnntyg-lseven years afteraltheAfcicrsidt efnattall3Co<alsnel.wasTrheipsorwteas "ill eacnht iisnsatapntcetoI breeffearirtloy praotbieunsttslowoking. -iiI"I" Oi (,,1;' " again and by in 1934 a Dr. fatal Montague Murray. case was reporte d In 19lO and in 1928 the British Factory Departmden,int cEonngdluacntde,danand complicated by infection. hose t\i:':c:t"l' i, .. ,; bwialiWst\'emidniedd 1o10rt ffalth1driciantecdOtIlhl1el1fuanmitiielsiarill pwichtuicrhe IaI,il" ' im'estigatioll and enacted laws .compensation of the worker for the protection ami whole subject ill England against this hazard. The has been summarized by rock ma ni ndi ntugbceorcmulllo1lulnsitiinefse. ctOiounr soobc h a r a c t e r i s t i c IIi " i '" ,1 tphoersteedcObl1y1mthuenitisetsa.teAments of physsiecrivaantsiopnrsac\\l'i('r1i'l,'l:,,'",,' eMsteimreawteetdh,erth.2ereAatrethaebporuetse1n2t,0t0im0 e, as nearly as can be in the chief ashestos plants in individuals employed the Unitcd States, of whol11 10,000 might be exposed to asbestos we detected at the were, ll with the one patients with asbcst,,~i, ,. ,: exception, working ~!!,;;,;:i, of actiivretrtuadbeesrc. ulIonsiosllal1y1(1otnheatcadsieagdniodsiwe find c"i.j,"" In 1927 a reported to fatal case of the Medical uncomplicated dust. asbestosis was on the ruentgen appearance. tuberculosis. Gardner an s was based ,,; ",I' Several showed Ill';':' ,J md since then, :leYen btal Society of including this case, South Carolina.3 there have been called attention asbestos dust to the d CUlllmings in difference between their rei'::' the art i", ,,:' mcomplicatedcasaensdretphorerteedcoimn ptlhiecatUenditbeyd States, eight ['hese reports, together with the fact tuherculosis. that asbestosis tliiolfnescltieonnd itno ebxeapanredroimustielnoictuaarl cdaluinnsiitmcaailnlss,tlrHealnhad't.iotlhl eitro n1h~u(i'H"':'"-,:,,]n all, our clinical data are base( :iloghnuorrteahdtaotirnyhtaahsnedsepfxrietraadorodvienrartyhisocccouupnattriyon, arlesdui!l;tecadseinlilbiogath- mexoarme itnitaatniotnhsreoef yeaashestos worl,ers. al-lloilof12",611(1p1l1l1l,i"h:1il1d eld studies of this new hazard. Read ',dore .he 5ec Gard- at randol11. appearanc Sixty-tl1r,!:;e' eexopfosthuerseeanpdreswehnoted"'earer(slle'lkltr~:(l''ldl ,I.\ie IIt"lIh at Ihe cdieal Association, tEioiRnhtoynSiPxrtehveAntnivneuaal ndSelstsli!olunstroiaf l Medicine "nd e whiclt we thought indicated a Plll'l1l1l1l(,'I1:i. I. Hoffman, F. 'ades. lIull. 231, Allantic City, L.: Mortality N. J., June 13, 1935. {rom Respirato.'y Di the American U se l'neu4.lllGon.rodklolenrio, siJs..: U., V nnd ClllnhlinR" D. E.: Stllllic< 1OI. E ,12.69lIl(eNreowve.)tb, e1r,09E.. RS.. DAe.p: arAtmeMntem01oraI.nadbuomr, JounneAs1b9e18a.ses in DUSly l'rimnrr Tlihereulous 5. (,Ioyne, S. n.: lTI.!{elenthinonl,a~ti.onIndonf .tA. sIh!eysgto. s13D.u1o6t5: weri,'" ,,':.1 11< 1"1,-,'1 to:"," ',3r..'cL. y2nc3h,,6KU. M(J"u (nDnee!cS.)m1it9h3,3W; 1. (A;1.:15P2u(lmjaonn.).ry19A3~4h.e~tsot.oisois, Tuhercle Tuh6e.rcLle.n1.4.,14A4.5J.(;Jnly1)h,e49M3or(hA.ud!!A.)n, n5t5o0my(S.enpdt.)I"1s9to33lo. g(yFe"l,f,' .\1,,",,,;"1-.'0,;-, ne) 19.11. , Alii. Rev. the J"lml:otion o( 1'"1,, IIr.llh Hel'. III rColI1Ir11. A.hr,too Duot W. on J.. '"1\ I'.hnrl. the Lung. Ilr J, A \Y,: , En""" roo, 1 (,I.n, 4) 19.1,1. .besln< W ..ri:' '-, .. ... ,. . i \'01.1:" I~ !'Jh Sl')III,.;n ., ASlJnSTOSIS-LANZA \M'"cis.c!aJulkt dthe{hlei5ylellpctaOstel1sSfiwrsetrestiangdee.finFioteuand inconclusive. patient nltu to correlate thi 369 . g,lrealn\tl.p~.lllwllclrmtta'ffl)l'lesdymsepctoomnds asntad corroborratpivreescrloletinntggeenvoi-- twositihs itshejusrtoiefinetdg.enAogram befsoreamaI dthiaegncolisnisicaolf paiscbtuerse- . palitll\~. twenty had :lnrlthirtccn more becn cxpgoes.ed 0mfortheetsheansixtetyn-syeve(a,r1sl tional health tendency s noted in ha7.al'ds, there relation to is an all other occupatoo frequen lilluill~ Ill\\' arldil iOllal than fifteen years. ashestos studies and \Ve are still COI1hope to secure disease betcoaumseakoef aprdeisallgmnopstiivseoofraacstplelaclifeicxpooccupationalt 1I1111t and in j ormation Ihe tendency Oil the time and rate of element in progress. de\'elop- coourtretchte dcioagrrnoobsoisr.atioOnneofisotnhoetr jeussential facstuorres wtoitha- ()III' ieature ._illl ,.ti!.!ators i that ouml has impressed tiS asbestosis more is that the British J1ll'lIarill;':- than we did. This severe and difference may be more more diagnosis prcsence of of asbestosis any a roentgeno more stified ill making a than of silicosis in the pulmonary pnthologic gram c1mnges . showing no distinctive Associated 1ai1al0('1l'''a'r':1rl1i'1(a'l~itlaltb1h\laaely1 abrneeyalm,cohruet ditusitsy ptohsasnibleoutrhsa. t TthheerEengwleisrhe occurrence peculia in wthiethspeuxtpuomsuarend topulamsboensatorys dust is the tissues o III;"'" . illll'r"i"lilllIlIlI.nis; hased oonmtphaeriartirveepodrutsstancdOl0l1n1ts,stabteul1t 1ethnitss oasbestosr bfoordmieastiohnaveknboewenn daesscarsihbeesdtobsybaodines. Thef sea t\iIlli'dl ~trhiet En~lli'lsihacnodndmit)i'ocnosl.leaOgnueespbroycepsesr,sodnesscrfiabmediliar tibsssueervseorsn atnhde aarsebedstuoes afpibpearr.enTtlhyeitro ethe actiounmboefr thoef he, I.ll'\i'lsIhIdyredpuosrttys, adsoe"smnaotttreaspspmeaarktiongh"avaend stated in to tiismdeotuhbattfutlh,eybuatreit niost cdoimagmnoonstliyc xact agreed at significance the present pan IIa r(' 'i"'('(t'1h\istackoeunnttroy.coInntroblotthhecOdlullslttt'iheas,zaenergaetCicOUslt1etpers- piau, ' .."0 I hat it is probable that rd in asbestos further cascs of dis- eaxnpdoseindditcoaatesbemsteorseldyllstt.h~at the of pulmonary fibrosis individual has been when these asbestos dU\11ps, they bodiesSoampepeoabrseirnvetrhsebeslpieuvtuemthaitn, ,,!lliil': a~ht'~tosis ",ill be rare. ." - ill ~ilic()sis, ~r:t'I;. 110 the diagnosis centers on the roentgeno- tissue . indicate actual disintegration of lung ill": I '1'..., iral tll\t\,'e~c\'('lIi'.lllltsheanwd hcoolerremlaatettetrheomf attempting with the to Dr. l\[iller 0 vice describes of the ttheechUnincittehdatSthaeteesmPublic Health Ser- ,llIi ....;.. kIrnerth'.adii fa(llulyn.d isa tmlifolircellcit1eaanrd-clcltlllasnhde. If, inc1oiunr- peritoneal injection of finely of suspension. Miller defin dividedplodyusstisll itnhea insttarate- tli . :tllIl"COlli()~is ,,itl! marked ;1J,i::: ,. :1:' wdl as a (jistinctiYe severe type symptoms and dis- absorpth'e, illert and duced by relatively ed three proliferative. types of reaction: The first is pro- I,I"hIj",:j' i"lll~'()cunrllcpar~elyIicosllasnd myself rhoaedntbgeeenll aapccpuesatroamnceed. ond by dusts thc third that mhiagrhmt lceasusseorpiunlamctoinvaerydufsitbsr,osthise, st'can "ta,,Ili.,' ::1 alIlhle'lllepxtil1~ to miamk-eesatigpaotisoiltlisveofdisaiglincoossiiss, aonudr vl\aIiller 10 daessctrhibeedtypthicealcfrfecacctstioonf tohfe siinlijceocstiiso.n Recentlyd cnial'll!l:'.!'.!ll'There is tennot doofubtthethadt,iseeaspseeciwalolyuldin hthaevehebgeienn al1r1ioestiitee.s oCf harsyuseostitloes;isnaCmaenlyad, icahnryassobteilset, crocidoolfitetharnecel '.1',' I\'t're aslll'~I",i:, ",ith haasllidliiccoaspispefdoobtyruelned. eavoring to enlluate '1':1, lviitoeusalyndstaatmedo.siitse lacrognetlayinmaognnlyesiuam siloicsataen.d,Caroscpidroe-- as ill "xi-lriacoy~iasppaenadradnocesnoatrc l1eIn0dt dtehaermcsuet or distinctive mmaatgenlyestihuem,sacmoentaqiunainntgityin. stead iron sl11a11 quantity of silicate ill approxi- :,:r"" I palh .. ,ill!,!' i j"gic nto progressiy\! stages. rhallg'es in these film : r h e l ' e lves to \"eady are less evident The three of reaction; types name of asbestos produced the same type linCl'. IllOrc granular ashestosis film gi,-es and s and softer than the shadows are in silicosis. The gator as inert. ly, the one He states: described by this investi- alld 11ll'I'C dCllCY oi is no the impression nodulation with the of ground consequcnt glass, ten- t'caWcteionhacvaeusbeeenpnacussmuomcionngiotshisatofthethdeusdls producing this inert area5 in the the nodules to coalesce and films. The distribution give dense of the sha opaque fdibisrtoisnicst. froTmhitsheaspsruomlipfetiroanti,l'aesreyaocutinkgnodwus,itfsfuwsehicfhibcroasuisse ntyopdeulaars sOlllewhat r1i lUllg-. except tTerent. ill far occupying tho a<h'allced cases, lower dows is third of the rbeysuclotsrre{srpoomndoihnsgerIvIantimioanl oefxppeartihmoelongtsic wmith htahse nsoatmbeeednustpsr,ovbeunt lIIay orcupy the (requenth- the maj well or portion mark of ",hcn the lung. the shadows Vie noticed t.iss.urs. hIasbefuliretvheerIlswtrtenthgelhcgnrcodssthbeehvaavioarteroifal afsrboemstoasutoinpsitehse. seplullI her of oi, the films right side. e\Vd eoaultsloinenotoifcedthethaint taerIlobar othfe dhuasrllsllfaunlrl dtuhsetsinbtyrapitesrictloinneicaall lceostrras lauem0e1anosuorf cdlaestesirfmiciantiinogn hearts. all (1 that the in this cases Illight of he asbestosis showed expected when olle lUtn-- enlarged consid elation. l\luch work !ljJoken of relllaills to be done before asbestosis hIIrloIJnncalriy hploatohdolo"~gsiscelpsroacsesstheteyndrasmtiofycoanlsotnrigct the .1merls- ilsimbe,e asbesatossauptlhaontrsitaatrieveblyeinags icslesailniceodsius.p aInnothteh meanis- i ..les.; It is PlJ~~ihle that the x-ray appearanc with the Iltll11biellrg 0 c( onpterroslolends. emThpilso,yetdo,geimthpelrieswitthha the sme adlulesrt '. 1!1"1aayp1pIe(,at rhaencdeiswtinitchtivpeneoufllltohci~ondiiosease e alone of ashestosi~ but uniform Iptar!o>bbaebelny anvcavilearblhee inthseiliwcoesailst.h Iotfisclinical mt attehreirael twhailtl nrl~urs:tIsI_I1":\p[\ilchillmdmorteriaiml 'ewstigatioll sis due to and study other silicate of rocllh,(:I1- sliJcatc and other dustsorakreersneeexdpeodsehdeftuorea\lit wrts will 1) br. dthraawt nalsbfersotmosidsupstroegxrpeossseusrea, sn does hy no means certain silicosis after with- he as closely and intimately or does infection seem to associated with asbestosis ns with silicosis. T )JllhfOlasssciblot'f 1t0hespdeiaakgndoesfiisnioteflypnoenumthoicso, ntihoesism. ost important lems resulting' further he answer rOI11 exposure to to thc::e and other probsilicate dusts demands r-ar-c--nn~ee-c-Idh-ei-dn-g-t-ois--ec-lei-rc-tiat-i-nt-.h-e-T-hocecuuptmatoiosnt aclarheisatnodry poatfienthcee Metroposltiutadlly LhiofethIninsutrhaencelieCldomapnadnyi.n the laboratory. It IJ~ t,~"!I'".br,ro\K\,o. lJa-n.L.a, nidn discusdolt Fray on--l\-lc-C-a-n"-,-W-.--S.-; -J-lu-rt-n-do-.------ A , l Ash8e.sto;\sIitrewLelltlhlceert.21W13o8oJll. (DWec. D., alI(I Gloyne, S. It.: PulnlOhnr l,jt,Hty ill the Pulmonary W. W.: Fibroses, 1. 'fhe A. M. Eoti",.lioll A. -1031 of 810 herto: l'u"ctio".1 (Sept. Ihe 9. ~liIler, !'trill",eal ]. W., TI.sue Rn,1 . 22) 8n),er., 11. 10 Duols Intro n19.:34.Til. l'hy.inlol!irnl Itts!'ono. y of IS) Itr1r0.. 4~0(i1lttRrOt 0J0. 1\1\.'.:19)Prr1~9n.i114:'.11 cOnlndmunriecd:alninonI'otnreigu Ilodiu, Pub. Health \ " ' ., .\ 'j . ',; .1 ; I I. \ . :;' '_j- , -'!.,' 4' . - . : v . ; \, ,:.> -'.'' ~ :1 .~ ,~ -::~ -.-~ q:.f I I i i i~... ~:I,.- " .~ <1. "- ,"" '1.. ,: :;-:-}~ .--.?~~~\ . j :)l.1 ::~ .::~ ':'~ ):.~;:'.:11 ,'. ~.' ~ .J; 1;~~~:1.'...~"",,-"", ~ ~,4.: .. ~:~ .:fk, I \ I Silicosis and Asbestosis BY VARIOUS AUTHORS EDITED BY A.J.LANZA, M.D. ,\ \.'~I~TMH ~IEDIC,\I. I>lRt:c:rOR. METROI"OLrrA.s LIt!:: I'sSl'R.\'sCE CO~II'A:-IY; CIIAIR~IAN. I:O:OUSTRIAL IIYCIE:>:E CO.\nln-rEf. Of TilE NEW YORK TU8ERCUI.OSIS A:>:O IICALTII ASSOCI.\TION .' ~ :.,........~..(.:....~...~. .. .".. ... j. I OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON' NEW YORK TORONTO I ..:- .... -J :!(J Sll.ICOSIS ANI.) ASBt::STOSIS esscs in which dust control measures can be readily instituted. As soon as the h:17.ard was realized, industrial firms fahricating as/)estos took energetic steps to contml the d'i<it so t.hat it is pnlbahle that cases of asbestosis will become uncommon. A recent report from the United States Puhlic Health Service details dust control methods instituted in an asbestos textile plant which illustrates ill a striking manner what can be done t() aIled,He dust. 2J Ashestosis has not appeared to he as serious a disease in the " ~ (ll1ited States as it has in England, judging from the various rep()rts frol1l the latter coulltry. Ashestos "mattress making:' ,I. l1lelllionec\ in the British reports as a serious hazard. is a : . ,' .;~ ~.::"\ process not found in this country. The role of infection in ::;<.~ :~ asbestosis is not as clearly defined as in silicosis and the clinical " ! e\'icience availahle indicates that tuberculosis does not have the intimate rel:ltionship with asbestosis that is so-conspicuous i11 si I icosis.24 2S EFFECTS OF SILICOSIS UPON THE FAi\lILlF_'> OF SILICOTIeS F!'Om the earliest times, when silicosis was first described as a disease of miners. the fact that the wife did not contract tubet~culosis frolll the hushand W;lS mentioned and the many recent investigations have not upset this general conclusion. Holfl1lan 16 staled in 1922. "The frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis amollg immediate relatives of granite cutters, hut particularly wives, daughters. and mothers, is much less than. as a mere matter of pl-obability, would be assumed to be the case." This was horne out by the later studies of McFarland 27 and Russcll.38 Cummings of the Saranac I.ahoratOly, who investigated this subject in connection with Ihe Picher Clinic, COllltnented on the fact that, despi te tIle wretched Ii vi Ilg conditions. and the lad; of cleanliness and sanitation in many homes of advanced silicutics whose SpUllllll was loaded wilh tubercle bacilli, nu I'UIU.IC III~ALTII AI\:() r':C():,\O;\IIC Asl'ECTS 421 adult type tuberculosis was found among exposed children lip to the age of sixteen. Nevertheless, these varioll5 testimonies do l10t exclude the necessity of treating tuberculo-silicosis as a cOllllllunicahle disease and of ma king folIow'lI p iI1vestigatiollS of members of families of advallced or disabled silicotics. to determine the presence of tubercle infectioll or the desirahility of segregating cOlltacts from the diseased member of the family. SOllnd public health procedure should be the rule and reliance should not he placed upon the supposed imlllunity of the family because the tllber~:ul()sis is complicated by or cOllSequent upon silicosis. CONTROL A:-:n PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS The control of silicosis is both an engineering and a medical problem, as are so many other situations that concern the public health. Both the engineer and the physician. \\'ith their technicians, have their parts to play. In sOllie instances. the medical phase may predominate; in others, the engineering, but'it is seldom that they can he separated or be independent of each other if a thorough job of pre\'(:ntion is to be done. ENGINEERI(,;G CONTROL The development of si Iicosis is dependent u)lOll the dosal?,e of silica and the matter of avoiding a dallgerous qU:lntil}' might be thought simple. TI~e Jay mind, familiar with the definiteness of the hazard of carbon monoxide. and other toxic substances prodllcing acute effects. usually fails to appreciate the inherent c1illiculties or estahli!'ihing a threshold limit for a substance producing a chronic disease whose de\'elo(1Il1t'llt is measured ill terms of years rather than hours. Fro\11 time to time, critical COIIlI1l('nt is dir('(:led toward the industrial hrgicnist hy Ihe engineer hecause the forlller has railed to inform the latter of the safe or Ihreshold limit of , , , , , " ; . INDUSTRIAL IIYGIENE AND " ... , '. '\ ;I " \ \," '.', 'j I , ,: f:I ': '/1) : I:I ,; :ltlr!1.l I .. , /, I \, II/ :,1; Ii ( ~ I .'11 \ I", I, \.'\,,\ , - TOXICOLOGY .. --.. FRANK A. PATTY, Editor \. , Contributors : I. BROZEK F. F. HEYROTll L. F. CURTISS F. 1\. BOLDE1'i E. E. DART G. W. lONES W. B. DEICHr.tANN R. A. KEHOE D. O. H~IDLlN I. 'D. LITrLEFIELD I. HARTMANN C. P. )IC CORD F.A.PATTY :r.: SCHWARTZ H. SPECH,T. J.,,' J. H. STER..."El\ J. F. TR.EO~ w. ~. WITHERIDGB VOLUl\IE I , I I I " : ;" 1 948 INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS~ INC NEW YORK INTERSCIENCE PUBI.ISHERS t.TO., LONDON " I. the U$e p . 5 6. . (1937) : DUST IN THE CAUSATION OF OCCUPATiONAL Dll:IE.A.S& 511 of aluminwn by physicians for therapeutio or prophylactic purpooes, makes only ome investigators, notably Hannon,73 have reported metallic aluminwn available. S the treatment of patients with severe disahility. HO\,ever, when have been. mpuarrekleydosbujceccetisvsesintcrriiktienrgia. hGavaredbneeer,n Duswedortsokim, eaansdureDdeilsaahbainlittny thhaeveressuulgtgs ested that. . : ... somewhat variations less in response to aluminum therapy may be due in pad to the nature of the that dust which is primarily free . dust that has caused with the silicosis. They suggest aluminum more readily than dust which contains high per- scpierlnioctpaahgmyelsaaxyoifsreiorafocsnti.licTohseis ushseouoldf ableumcoinntuemmpglaetneedraollnylyinwiitnhdtuhsetruytmfoorstthceautthieorna.py or I. ASBESTOSIS Asbestos is a hydrantetrdymanadgnGesrieuamt Bsriliitciaante.isMproordeutcheadnin90thpeeCr acneandt ioafntchheryraswo- ....... mineral used in this tile mines. Asbestos cou is used in two general types of m.a.nuIacturing pl'OCeS8e8. It may lating materiala such as diatoma.- be used either by it:;elf or mixed with ceous earth for fireproofing, packing, other insu or insulating; or it may be combined wi~h ther cotton and woven as n 8. textile for ates that fireproof there are and heat-resistant clot~ and o about 10,000 persons expoeed to asbes- substances. Lanza United estim States. 1'l09t observers feel that the incidence of asbestosis in however, been reported more tos in the American asbestos workers is quite low. Asbestosis bllS, frequently in England and Canada. Lanza, McConnell, and FehneP' concluded from their studyof asbestosis thB.t:. Pthroaltopnrgoedduceexdpionsusrileicotosisaasnbdesdtoesmodnussttrabcaleusbeys ropeunlmtgoennoargyramfib.rCosliinsicdaiDffyerietnatppfreoamrs. to be milder than silicosis. Definite cardiac enlargement frequently was found to be associated. with - asbestosis. :\. predisposition to tuberculosis, due tQ asbestos dust, t extent asbestosis may add was not indicated alto the morl&lity from. though it was not known to wha cute non tuberculous pulmonary infections. pneumonia and Symptoms. a The onset of asbestosis, as of silicosis, is slow although symptoms is. In silicosis there ma.y be . are apt to be fsionmdienwgsha\t\imtholriettlmeacrokmedpltahiannt oifnssyimlicpotsoms, wherec8s8.rdthinealospypmospittoemis.. marked x-ray likely to be the case in asbestosis. AB in silicosis, dyspnea. is the and cya.nosis and clubbing of the Anorexia occurs frequently in appear with adva.nced stages, greater constancy in asbestosis. tends to predominate in. the fingers are apt Pallwlog1l. to 'The fibrosis in asbestosis is diffuse and sis of silicosiS basa.l portions of the lungs in contrast to the generalized nodular fibro n J. W. G. Htlnnon~,l.TrDawlUo.rsClda,ll.a/nndBtA. .MBin.i,D..oelMaheat.n,.t,4J8.,1I8n0d.(1[9{'J4I4U).. Tozicol.. 28, 211 (1!Hr4). "1"1LAA... JJU...LLGaananzrzada,n, Je,.rr,A. mJ.. MJIceC4-oAn8n3e0llC,.,anJOd',J3. 6W8 .(1F9e3h6n)e. l, [:.s. Pub. lleoW. ll~p"., 50, 1 (1935) ,,'\ .. , l:DW.\ltu i:, U.\Irl' 512 with u pt'cdomi!ulllcc ill the UPPC\' portions of the )\I\1g, Bl'Ulld.icctu:;i:; u(Hl ll'tiol1~. ellS till' hru/lcbio- pl'olifl~ru lect;l:5i:i nrc fl'cqUt'llt, l':;Ill'cinlly in the 1ll0l'O Horalls pl l\u8cd uy dwmicu\ :\\~ti\ln ill ::;i1icn WilL-f expo:l\Il\!, it i:; illtillL'c,1 by lg tion of lihl\l\I:; ti:5:5\1U it! c i()ll illntlhc:;t():ll'Xlh):lUI'I~ri. G:II'dlll'l'irbf'ylllgnrdillt,hlinntgththoeli\l'iwlll:';li'::I::il-1l'Il"ltlldwlltl'ilIll) mCphtl1llrclllh'i:nctcnl\ciCt-s1I'I111011n0crlc\l:ithiCtubltlO:2l IcJoiunldlenhgethn\lwlIle1l:'cit pc1reimseillllltl.!tA,,1s previously Illcnt,iolU.:d, :I..;lIo:.los i:l ng tim inurL dusts . icroscopic U\)PCIII'IlIICIJ of c1ussilfliiecdI'ou8rcnoopic Analomy, \\'Jso: hinnsthtoenccullrlyt1cplllcuriisLccsuofthtehomdh;C8SC thereislhickcning the lungs somcwhut as follo or the IIlveoll\l' scpta. which I'csultlJ from fibrohllls:llsicioll1O)IC'I)\tihfceI'ndtii:o;Cnl,l:l(T) hfoibwI:\:livi:oJ oblnor- splices contnin lIumerous i tho htlgocyte~. With nlv(l()lnr tlh'uchu'c pl'ogl'C gl'ndulllly di:!nppcnr~, nllt! ill itl! plnce ii>l'O:sil! coille~ mol'll thc\'C ill now ill:trkcd (Iell~e fi,Ul'O\hS tissue. The rew u\ytchne\lil'llllnlnlltllrlell\llcl)l:initgilnl\tnidlll!llHnil'e':l1Ipupfl~fnr:tnce, III'C lillml wilh luw cuboidul epithelillm givillg hout the lung in uoth tlte di~en:icd nnd hcul~hy pUl'ts nre 20 to Sentlere,1 t hl'Oug 8pindhl-:lhnpct! ll!t'uchll'CS descriued fir:it uy i\lcDollllld,n The:!o hucli\l:l mo cnd:;:lll tllllL. Lhey IIPPCIlI' dlth- or. 10011 ill ll'ngth lind IlI'e ed, Th!!y nbr"clbuol'o\l\s\''noin!lh01i1n0 ~~0o1l'olb',odtho noL slllin, 1I1Ill give tl Pnls"iull-bluc cxpcri\l~cl\tlll dumbbell-:;hup rctlction fOi' il'lln, ::Iimson'o hns producIesbdc,8ttOheS~.c Lbyudnicch:J"incognucinluedllespigth;;;abt ythc:!c "clII'ious expo:ml'c to nhnllllphel'e cOlltniriing I 'y OXpOS\1I'C to I\tlbcslo~ dust ulIlllll nuL Itcct'~lII'ily indicate (\:ib(!1ito:li~, fil1dil1g~ ill , bodie:;" :;iguiJ , X-Ray ~.r:alt/illatiQII. }'Ol' lut cxcclll'llt I'ovicw \If t'Ocntge,nogrnphil: ight wclI rcfcl' to l'endcrgrn:iH.2 Cllllrnc:h:r- bisuttich ld;ii1/iTc:col:';(i:'lllclicnsd iuns,btchseto:rlio:;cnthtgecrlleollgdle'urllmhic findillgs ill :lilicu:;is nnct 1I"!.C,'itu,..:i:, MC tnbuintcd below: :3iliNli. , - - - - ,\,I....lo.il FibgrInosg:!isaldlipiTcInISrnIlnc(fcilmCrommapyl,'hu"mvleingvroolllvned- menl). Findings nllly bll dlher hibh'l'I1l nt IIlIi o hLI4!rnl. Lesions It\l'g~h' in 1 h~ low!!r Ol\~ irds th\! IUllg lichls. hu If . Ilr two th En!physl!ma in upper portion or hlllg hrlda, Fihro~i.i 11011"I"r. Fil1dillg~ dHlt.1Ch~ .. j"lknlly l,iI:\Il't1l1. J.(~~i0I13Jlfl!lllll11il1l1ldr in IhcIIJlJlIr IWI1":lltIhpihrYd::!lCoIClIIIlheinhlllolgwehrddp:3o,rlil)l1 of lung lioMs, Control. Pl'c\'cntioll (jC nshestosis dcpclIl.id (,l1tit'cly 11110n \lI'ovcntil1g the chltl'nctcristic expo-5ure reaction. ' to concentrutiolls of dust sullicicnUy high ~o produce "L. U, T, Gardner. Inti, cl1ed" 9,i5 Johnstone, Occupational (1940), Di;lcdsi';j, S'I\\nllcl'.~. I'hil:"ldphin, 1012 s, II R. It ~fcDoUIlId, Brit. Mcd, J" rit. ;\led, J" 2, 1025 (11)'27), 1,885 (1928), .. F, W, Simson, "'1\:, M. Lynch, B J, Alii, .\lcd, ..t~"oc" J09, l!).li (1113d). , Dingnosis ill SiIi"",i" 1\11,1 .\~I":;ln~i,." ill .\, J. LItIlZIIII, ES.ilicPo.sisPC(D/d/1c.r1g.\l'slblc9s~(o,,~i"JRt,O\llOllxgC\o)II"1I1-UttJllll'iv: "1'1.'~ti, 1\.,\\, York. !!lag. ,_, ::to ,; , . ", ~:". .' ', .. ' ',I". '; '"it'! "li::C",i,:<+,;:I(>'f;,(:\:::, , .:., i ," I " "I'; I "I', \ " DUST IN TIfB C.\UI:IA'l'ION U.' OCCUI'.\1'IONAL DISl:ASJ..: 51a 110- DrccMscn, DulluVulle,: Elh\'l\l"(J:I, 1\1 ilIm', uud ~nycl'rllI2 111\\'(1 found evidellce to ";t- indicnte thnt 5,000,000 particles pC!' cubic foot of nil' ign tlllti:;fnl:\ory ligmc Cor tho by' maxirllum permissi\.lle IItmp:Jphcric conccntl'otion of Ilsbesto:\ to which' workers'mll), -- ;lIg be exposed. Definite pernlisdibic lItundnrd:l, 110\\"<:\'01'. iun'!) lI0t be'on (':lllIl.Jiishc(L 110 . is VI; D".. , CIlUlllIIg l\lIl1~IUI1t'Flhruatt1 or No FlllltI~ld Gn,nlnCl71 1Ifl:l pointed out thlll,nny kllO\\,1l ill()l'gllnil: llu.. l otllel' 1IIall 1'1'('0 Ililil:u of anu tho nsbclltos siliclltes mny produco nonspecific dU:1L 1'(,lIctioIlS, liS de!l~'i~)~d on ,ng page 4~(}, X-ray mnl'kings'mny be CO~\Ild In, other cOllllitiOIlS Huch /IS chronic \IIfcclion lar and heart disease. No interference with pulmollurj, function 01' cti:mbilily it! PI'octllcet.i .Ie- by dust oUhis type and thol'e is no influence on susceptihility to luhl'I'ClIlu:li:l, I,I,~~ .. ,A. SII.ICATBS or I 'c. ~[cCOld. ,. from '\I ~limbtJr of BOlll'COS, huYcompilou IL fitlt tho cllIIlllloniy Urll!d I,ro siiiclltcs, ,,;h1t11 i8 J>I'I!H(.mtOc\ hol'O: ::' I I to OUI'i"~-n mnRllc9lun~ silicate wltlcly IJrcRlIllllri nil bnslc I'o(ks., !lIHIIY \'''Ihllh:~ III li,l~ 910110 II ,r pre known. !.,Ie CalrilllJl 8i(ira(~-lIuIICxi~ll!lIlln IlRl\lte, bul n l:ulI\lI\un product or hlll\l~II,),i IIlIly bu roun,* Ilt " tn! hllllli lurnncl's 11011 In production ul cemonl olltl hydrotl!\\ \i1l\1!~. Olhur 9ilim"l~ fll culclum nro ,lI:J known, " :, I\';/Il'Jllitr-1l zillc Hilicalo (ttil'e). IS. SO/iii"', .ilic'ate (mt/rI)-lho I\'ellknown wlllet-solublu ~iliCIlIC, COllllllonly culld Willet gil,,,!!, in /" ,This b wldoly I\seli in intlu~lry, lIolabl}' as a liller In 801l"~, 'rills islhl! unly ('I'},:lllIlIihU si\icllte of ,'r- sodium, the olhers hoing IIlIlor'pho\ls glass, ,rc \ Tremolit,,-a magnesium-c,dcium siUealU" J~bl'~(o~-tr(!hlOlihl, urlinollle, 'ch~ysotile, or I1lI1ialllhll,-I, 1111 of 11:111.:11 III'Il 1!9~ontiaily mig /lC~itltll SIIiClIll:s, Jlllier-pnotiler lurlll,oC nlllgllesiul1I:clllciullI lilicilte. Cror.idlllile-"billc lI~bcllt08." It i~,a Bolilum Iroll si1icalo, 7'ulc-a Itydmtcd magnesium ~i1icate with extenslvo IlIdusll'i~IIIJlJllicl1llo". as SOllpdlolle-n lurlll oC Inlc. , .'OIIUte-a vllricly oC talc rcsomblillg a~bcdtod. It ill U~I!J ill tho CUllthlK "C Iltlplll', IUlli a palJllt mlcr. , ' ' . .lleUlchal(III-also called sepiolite. It ill closely akin to !tile. ' I Serpentine-hydrated Rilieate of h\agnl!sluni, It III ~ ('0111111011 Lllilliing ~I()ntl, 8illim(lnit(~alt\\1lIIlI\II1-colllaillillg ailirntu,''1'111I lIourt:l!oC IIIlIny HtOIl~ tllul~ or lin: 810110 ago hre, Topol-a 81!mlprcclou8,,~~ono oC ailienlo origin, Chumically It 18 nn aluminum f1uo~i1icato, '",'n. FI,It,,', earth-a hydrated silica-aluminum compound, I\s90clatcd wilh furrio oxide. ,I " I' Kaolin (kaolillite)-mnIlY relnted silicates of mixed consli!uobcy. ;i Cl~v.-hydrated aluminum sillcatcs contninlng Iron. Titanium, '1ul\tlz Ilnd micll, iuc likr.I}' i 10 be present I" clays. I; t .. W. C, Dreesson, 'J, M. D:tlh{\;alh!, 1'. 'I. Etll\alll~, .J. ''':, ~lill"I', 1'1111 n, It. S:t)'I"~, c. " J, U,S, Pith. JldO/tll nll/l. :-':n, 241 (1938), , I' ~ P. h!,!Cnrd, /11'/, .1In/" 2," (I!l:IJ), Ii .... r ,::t