Document 4onVd8Ry5MKZNy3ogbeDKxXN

PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT * Y GS&05.Jj_ IteM rffiftto&cAed* # 4 4 If safety is to keep pace with today's rapidly advancing technology, we must continually have "new approaches." Each year, at the National Safety Congress, the ideas and experiences of many of the nation's top safety men are presented in the various sessions. Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Congress session, later become generally accepted within their fields. In order to present this information conveniently and at small cost, the Congress Transactions are published in volumes, one for each Section or Division, along with a General Sessions and Detailed Index to all volumes. The 34 volumes of the 1952 Congress Trans actions are listed on the last page of this volume. Safety directors everywhere have found the Congress Transactions a useful aid in their accident prevention programs. In industxy, for example, their judicious distribution to key personnel in management and supervision has proved to be of invaluable service. In preparing these Transactions, the proceedings of the Congress have been condensed and edited for reference purposes. Complete original manuscripts, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are available in National Safety Council files. Views expressed at the Congress or in this record are those of the Congress participants and are not necessarily those of the National Safety Council. THE GLASS AID CERAMICS SECTIOH This volume is a record of the sessions held at the 1952 National Safety Congress by the Glass and Ceramics Section. The conduct of these Congress sessions each year is only one of the many cooperative activities which the Glass and Ceramics Section carries on in behalf of its members, and for the benefit of accident prevention work in the glass and ceramics industry generally. The Section gives guidance in the preparation of a great variety of technical and educational ma terial useful in the day-to-day safety programs of glass and ceramics plants. The activities of the Section are under the direction of its Executive Committee, the members of which are listed at the close of this volume. 5 Opening Remarks By J. C. DITTMER Chemical Eng., National Lead Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. Six of our member plants have com pleted the entire past year's work without a lost time accident, while operating almost four and one-half million man hours. If they can do it, others can do it too; or, at least, they can make progress toward that goal. The flat drawn glass division reduced its accident rate twenty-seven per cent. The ceramics and tableware division, and the machine and mold shops division, reduced their rates three per cent and five per cent respectively. .-Six new members have been added to the glass and ceramic section of the National Safety Council. Apparently the time has arrived when we must expand our executive committee to more adequately meet the specific needs of our ceramic industry members as well as those in the glass industries. For this rea son the executive committee is recommend ing the creation of a new office--that of vice chairman for ceramics. There are many small companies to whom we can be of service through the trade association memberships. We can help them to reduce accidents in their plants. It is rec ommended that a new committee be formed which may be designated as the association's committee. Mr. H. F. Reinhard of the "Small Business and Associations Commit tee," of the industrial conference of the National Safety Council, announced at the June 5, 1952, conference "that more sections have set up association liaison committees and recommended that all sections do so." It has been our custom in the past to rele gate our past or ex-general chairman to work on the program committee. As this committee grows it may become unwieldly in point of numbers. I might suggest that a new committee be formed which may be called the advisor's committee and this committee would consist of the ex-general chairmen. The Newsletter committee has done an especially fine job in getting out an inter esting and helpful Newsletter regularly each month. The engineering and health committee has been working on the publication of en gineering data sheets. A number of the engineering data sheets have been, or soon will be, published. Among them are, "Fur nace Rebuilds," by H. V. Gardner, "Radi ant Heat Control," by William Hazard, "Ventilation on Ceramic or Brick Power Saws," by Fred Kriger, "Furnace Room Fire Protection," by H. Waugh, and others. The general chairman attended all of the meetings of the Industrial Conference, on December 5, 1951, in New York; on March 31, in New York; on June 5, in Washing ton, D. C. With several of of the members of the executive committee, the chairman attended the President's Conference in Washington, D. C. on June 2, 3, and 4. The aim of the President's Conference in col laboration with all of the organized safety movements in the country, is to do whatever is possible to reduce accidents. The Presi dent's Conference on Industrial Safety was organized by the department of labor in 1948, at the President's request. The first full scale President's Conference was held in March, 1949. This brought to gether 1,200 representatives of labor, man agement, federal and state government offi cials, educators and leaders of private or ganizations. The Conference was set up with seven technical committees to study and recommend action in the fields of acci dent records, analysts and use, education, engineering, research, labor-management co operation, laws and regulations, and pro grams and services. The executive committee of the glass and ceramics section met on April 3 and 4. at the Corning Glass Works, in Coming, N. Y. There were fifteen in attendance at this meeting. This was the largest attend ance and the most interesting of our meet ings. There was a tour of the imposing Glass Center as well as the glass blowing operations of the Steuben Glass Works Division. 6 Glass and Ceramics Industry Grinding Wheel Safety By RALPH N. S. MERRITT Product Safety Eng., Norton Co., Worcester, Mass. Grinding is not a dangerous occupation. The hundreds of thousands of grinding wheels in daily use with only occasional accidental breakage prove their safety. Physical nature of grinding wheel: The strength of a grinding wheel is limited by the grinding operation which it must per form. Xo grinding wheel manufacturer can make a wheel with greater strength than is required by the grinding operation on which it will be used. Technically, the bonding agent must be just strong enough to secure the exposed layer of abrasive cutting particles until they become dulled beyond further use, and then must break away, from increased "drag" to relieve the dull grains and present a new layer of sharp grains. This process is pro gressive and continuous. A stronger wheel would not break away and would be use less as a production tool. This limitation results in the development of relatively weak grinding wheel struc tures for certain critical grinding operations, such as tool grinding. At best, it places a strength limit on grinding wheels which requires care in their use. Regulations for safe use: The excellent safety record in the use of grinding wheels is no accident It is based on 60 years of research, exhaustive tests, experience rec ords. and extensive education of the oper ators. This important program has resulted in a safety code now published by the Amer ican Standards Association and sponsored jointly by The Grinding \Vhed Institute and The International Association of Gov ernment Labor Officials. This is the "Safety Bible" of grinding. It is the basis of most state codes. If grinding wheels are used as directed by this ASA safety code, injuries from accidents will be prevented. Every operator should be familiar with all provisions of the code as it affects him for his own pro tection. Instructive film: One of the aids for use in the education of supervisors and grinding operators is a motion picture film showing the basic problems and illustrating common dangerous errors and their correctives. It is the most effective method of approaching the problem of using grinding wheels safely and will be the basis for developing the subject further by discussion after the film. Importance of Safe Use: Of course the prime reason for safety in America is the protection of the individual worker. Our aim is a safe place to work. However, if there is a temptation to neglect strict en forcement of safety rules, such as allowing portable grinders to operate without guards, recent damage suits with generous awards as high as $150,000 for a single accident should be sufficient reason for strict com pliance to the code. Responsibility. Three major agencies are responsible for maintaining conditions to assure the safe use of grinding wheels. All three must co-operate and accept co-ordina tion of action as necessary. These respon sible agencies are: 1. The grinding wheel manufacturer. 2. The grinding machine manufacturer. 3. The grinder operator and his employer. Grinding wheel manufacturer's responsi bility: The wheel must be properly made, tested, and packed for shipment by the wheel manufacturer. The record in the past is excellent proof that the wheel manu facturers fulfill this responsibility. Every wheel is carefully inspected for a variety of physical and chemical characteristics and finally speed tested sufficiently over the operating speed to provide an ample factor of safety as provided in the safety code. Only certain smaller diameter wheels (ex empted by the safety code) are not individu ally speed tested since the strength is known to be ample for normal operating speeds. Each wheel is then labeled with the specification and marked with a maximum operating speed which must not be exceeded under any condition. The wheels are then carefully packed for safe shipment The grinding machine manufacturer's re sponsibility: The grinding machine manu- common res. It is iroaching :1s safely ping the the film. rnrse the ca is the :er. Our vever, if trict enallowing t guards. > awards accident ict com- aoes are itions to eels. All o-ordina: respon- r. urer. iployer. responsilv made. > the ! be *1 tnanu. Every a variety istics and over the tie factor ety code, eels (exindividuength is operating with the naximum exceeded are then arer's reje manu Grinding Wheel Safety 7 facturer must furnish suitable equipment for the operator. Since machines are de signed in accordance with our American Standard Safety Code, and double checked by wheel manufacturers before wheels are furnished, the machine design is usually ade quate unless alterations have been made. The grinding wheel user's responsibility: The grinding wheel user is a very impor tant link in our safety chain. His duties and responsibilities are many. 1. Handling, Storage and Inspection He must inspect the shipment on receipt to be sure the .wheels were not damaged in transportation. Each wheel must be care fully lifted from the container and inspected visually for cracks or other defects. A "ring test" should be used to detect possible cracks which are not visible. A sound wheel will give a clear mechanical pitch if properly tapped with a non-metallic implement like a wooden screw driver handle. This test should be repeated when mounting wheels. Suitable safe storage facilities in a dry place should be provided until wheels are to be used. Racks for storing straight wheels are recommended. Wheel specifica tions should be plainly marked on the rack and the rack should be sub-divided to mini mize wheel handling when selecting wheels for use. Thin organic wheels should be stacked on a fiat surface to prevent warpage. It good storage facilities are not available, possibly wheels should be left in original shipping container. A section in the ASA safety code gives details on safe storage and a Grinding Wheel Institute booklet on handling, storage, and inspection of grinding wheels develops the subject thoroughly. 2. Condition of Machine Equipment The machine design is usually' satisfac tory as originally supplied. However, con ditions of operation and use can introduce factors which may be unsafe. Thirty-five per cent of wheel failures can be directly traced to improper mounting which intro duces high internal strains in the wheel. This is the largest single cause of failure. There are several important factors to constantly check on equipment. The arbor or pilot must be correct in size within close limits to allow the wheel to slip over with out excessive clearance or "play" and with out forcing or "wringing." The weak zone in a rotating wheel is the hole, so that mounting stresses must be applied as far away as possible. Flanges must be at least 1/3 the diameter of the wheel (if a small hole is used) and designed with proper thickness and relief to comply with the ASA safety code. Flange design and condition is important. If these are not exactly the same diameter, with the proper relief to apply pressure uni formly around the periphery of the flange, dangerous cross-bending strains are set up in the wheels. Resilient washers or blotters under suitable flanges will distribute the pressure safely. Flanges should be checked frequently even when they were satisfactory originally. Warpage or excessive wear can concentrate dangerous mounting pressure too near the hole. Extreme care must be used with equip ment and mounting procedure when wheels with large holes are used. All conditions of wheel strength and application of mounting pressure are more critical to prevent dan gerous stresses from accumulating at the hole. Because of the importance of care in mounting large hole wheels. The Grinding Wheel Institute has issued a booklet of instruction for sleeve mountings. Special instructions on care of flange and sleeve equipment to prevent use of warped or worn equipment, as well as use of minimum torque in tightening the mounting screws in a designated order are here explained. Fifteen foot pounds torque is generally sufficient. Greater torque increases the mounting strains unnecessarily and often dangerously. Each operator should know the exact speed of his wheel spindle to check against the maximum authorized speed of the wheel before mounting. This is particularly im portant when variable speed grinders are used or when changing wheels to different bonds or softer grades which may be much weaker. 3. Mounting Procedure The new wheel should be again care fully examined for cracks or signs that it may have suffered from handling. The spindle speed must be within that author ized on the new wheel. The operator should examine the mount ing spindle and flanges to be sure that they ] 8 Glass and Ceramics Industry are dean and not nicked or damaged. The flanges should be equal in diameter and large enough to meet minimum code re quirements and properly recessed with flat bearing surfaces. A single new blotter larger than the flange is used on each side of the wheel under the flange. The nut should be tightened snugly but not excessively. The driving pressure at speed is low, and exces sive tightening can strain the whed and warp the flange, resulting in breakage. All grinding operations should be fully guarded to protect the operator from acci dental breakage. The ASA code provides complete technical details for suitable guards for all operations. The operator should ad just and secure the guard before starting his machine. He should then stand out of line of the newly mounted whed and start the machine, allowing it to operate for a full minute before approaching the wheel. Breakages, resulting from damaged wheels, mounting abuses, or over-speed usually oc cur immediatdv after starting for the first time. Now the operator need only observe the normal rules of grinding concerning mod erate feed with minimum side pressure. Excessive heating or loading of the whed face requires a review to establish a better and safer whed specification. 4. Protection in Accordance with ASA Code It must again be emphasized that all grinding operations must be properly guarded to protect the operator from acci dental whed breakage. This requirement must be enforced particularly on portable whed grinders. A major portion of the per sonal injury accidents occur from portable breakages used abusively without guards. The resultant high damage awards from this violation will force the use of guards which are easily obtainable. Education: Every plant using grinding wheels should have a key man or organiza tion wrho knows the requirements for safe grinding as established by the ASA safety code. Every' foreman and operator should know these safety' rules and be required to observe them. Beside the ASA code. The Grinding Wheel Institute provides safety' booklets on special fidds in grinding as follows: Safe speeds, handling, storage, and inspec tion, high speed wheels, portable grinding, sleeve mountings, mounted points, and discs. The safety code. The Grinding Wheel Institute booklets, and the safety film are available on request without charge. Per sonal advice and instruction on any and all grinding wheel safety problems are gladly furnished. This assistance is beneficial to both the manufacturer and the user. Investigation of breakage: A grinding whed should never break except by pure accidental abuse. Even a so-called harm less breakage should be promptly investi gated to correct the cause and prevent a possible serious breakage later. The oper ator should be encouraged to call a com petent investigator to check all equipment and conditions to establish the cause of the breakage and correct it Too often we find that a personal injury accident occurs after a previous breakage which was ignored. All such breakages should be studied care fully and conditions corrected. Conclusion: Grinding is a safe occupation if the ASA safety code be observed in all instances. If the operator and others are educated in the safe rules which must be observed concerning inspection of the wheel, safe speeds, safe mounting equipment and procedure, and safe operating .technique, only very rare accidental breakages will result Even these occasional breakages can do no damage if suitable prescribed guards are used on all grinding operations. And these rare breakages should be carefully investi gated immediately to correct any possible causes. The ASA code and The Grinding Wheel Institute booklets are the key to your grinding wheel safety problems. Use them freely to remove all danger of accidents. [uired to Grinding be ' ts fd /Is: l inspecgrinding, nd discs. * Wheel film are je. Perf and all e gladly dicial to r. grinding by pure d barm- invest!* revent a he oper. a com* quipment je of the i we find urs after ignored, ied care- ccupation ed in all hers are must be he wheel nent and ech ^e, ige. fill ; can do uards are knd these f investi' possible ig Wheel to your Jse them accidents. Chemical Hazards in Glass and Ceramics Industries 9 Chemical Hazards in Glass and Ceramics Industries By JOSEPH A. HOUGHTON Industrial Hygienist, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Chicago "N. Exposures to mineral dusts have been and still are the important exposures in the glass and ceramic industries, and the causes of the greatest losses both in time and in money. The pneumoconioses, particularly silicosis, resulting from the inhalation of these mineral dusts have been described and discussed in many papers and no attempt will be made to go into detail on the classical exposures. There has been an increasing tendency to make compensation awards for all types of pneumoconioses whether the individual has typical clinical symptoms or not; the main criterion for matting these awards has fre quently been whether the individual has been exposed to high concentrations of a dust (any dust) and whether it has appeared to aggravate a coexisting bronchial or other lung condition. Many dusts have been considered to be nuisance dusts in the past and not serious health hazards but it is becoming necessary for industry to attempt to control all types of dust whether the dust contains free silica or not This applies to all dusty industries and not just to glass and ceramic industries. to w'hat it is used for. The answer is always "yes," for if a particular mixture was used as an ingredient in salad dressing for example it could be quite toxic or at least cause serious gastric distress. Conversely there is no material used in industry which cannot be handled safdy. Arsenic, as the trioxide, is probably an outstanding example of a very toxic ma terial which is handled safely, in the glass industry'- It is a material that can be toxic by any route for it can have serious effects on the skin and can be quite poisonous when ingested or inhaled. It is one of the oldest poisons used for homicidal purposes. Engineers who see the open barrels of the arsenious oxide in glass manufacturing plants are generally quite worried about the condition when they see it for the first time. But experience has indicated that there is apparently no cause for alarm for there does not seem to be any cases of arsenical poi soning in glass manufacturing. There prob ably are small amounts of arsenic inhaled by men who handle this material but the quan tities are small and are not great enough to cause any difficulty. Strictly speaking, all materials used in glass and ceramic industries are chemicals, for minerals have definite chemical com positions or they are mixtures of materials that have known compositions. .The dis cussion of dusts will he limited to those materials which have physiological effects associated with a particular dement in their composition, with particular reference to the metallic elements. Any chemical misused can cause physio logical disturbances and these may result from contact, from`ingestion, or from in halation. Some materials have greater phys iological effects than others for a given dosage, but with any chemical it is a ques tion of quantity in the exposure, how it is used or misused, and the length of time and frequency' of exposure. There is a standard answer in our company that is given to en gineers who send in a sample of material with the question "Is there anything toxic in this?" without giving airy information as The well advertised reputation of arsenic as a poison is probably the main reason why there is so little trouble from the handling of compounds of this element and there are many other materials which need as much publicity. There have been arsenical poi soning cases in other industries, mainly from arsine gas, but this gas would not be ex pected in glass and ceramic industries for its formation requires reducing chemical con ditions. Considering some of the other highly toxic materials used, lead is still probably the one most widely used although other materials have been substituted for lead in low melting glasses and-glazes. We seldom hear of the advanced classical symptoms of lead poisoning which occurred in the past and it is becoming common usage to refer to cases as lead intoxication where only the minor symptoms are present In the latch ing of ceramic and glass mixes it is neces sary to handle the lead compounds carefully. 10 Glass and Ceramics Industry such as the oxide and carbonate, for these dusts are readily dispersed and inhaled. In general, control at this type of operation is good throughout the industries, but as a practical matter it is impossible to control all such dusts completely under all conditions and employees may* absorb some lead dust. It has been argued that the lead silicates which are formed during tiring are not toxic for they are completely insoluble, but un fortunately this is not true. The lead sili cates are not as readily absorbed as the lead oxide or carbonate, but over a period of years enough may be absorbed and stored in the body to cause clinical signs and symp toms. These clinical signs and symptoms are not the classic ones of the lead line in the gums nor the wrist drop, but minor symp toms such as gastric disturbances or the colic and a tiredness or lassitude. These symptoms may be minor, but over-all they can effect the work performance of the in dividual and his general feeling of well being. Our medical division has listed about 29 signs and symptoms of lead intoxication, any one of which can appear to be a sign of some other bodily disturbance and they can only be interpreted on an over-all basis in conjunction with an evaluation of the work exposure. Whenever there is a continuous exposure to any lead compound or to any lead work ing operation such as a heavy soldering operation it may be necessary to have both engineering and medical control. If visible dust or fume is present around lead working operations then an engineering survey is indicated to determine what con trols are needed. Control of Exposures To digress a moment to discuss what we mean when we mention controls, the main object is to prevent or to lessen the exposure of individuals to the material that may cause trouble. The exposure may be from contact with the skin in handling and controls may require such things as automatic handling, or material handling equipment, or protective gloves and other clothing; or perhaps better work practices with careful handling, and frequently good personal hygiene with regu lar washing and change of clothing. Ex posure may be from ingestion of rite mate rials, which may require such things as better work practices to prevent contamin ation, eating areas away from the working area where the toxic materials are handled, and careful personal practices. Exposure may be from inhalation of dust and this is generally the most serious ex posure. This is the type of exposure where enclosure and exhaust ventilation are needed and the object is to prevent the dust from escaping into the workroom atmosphere where employees can inhale the dust. The general methods of control of dust are: a. isolation, for example automatic weighing and batching equipment controlled from a remote station, b. keeping dust}* products moist wherever possible, for the dust will not be dispersed, c. complete enclosure, where dust is confined or just vented from the enclosure to the outside, such as a com pletely enclosed blender or grinder, d. ex haust ventilation, where an exhaust hood is dose to the point where dost is dispersed; a local exhaust hood at a belt transfer point or a dumping station can be much more effective than a fan placed in the wall to provide general room ventilation, e. substi tution of a less toxic material, such as the use of bismuth instead of lead in low tem perature frits and, f. respirator}- protection using approved respirators, but respirators should be used only where all other methods fail, for respirators will not he worn con tinuously and should be reserved for short tifne exposures only. With the engineering controls listed, a good medical control is essential particularly with the highly toxic materials. Engineering con trols alone are not always satisfactory for there may be an exposure which escapes notice or which is not entirely controlled. Medical controls alone will not be satisfac tory, for it is not economical to have medi cal checks just to determine when an indi vidual needs treatment or removal from an exposure. Engineering controls and medical controls must work together to be effective An engineering investigation will indicate to the doctor just how comprehensive the medical control should be. If the exposure is comparatively small then the medical checks do not need to be as frequent or as extensive; but if the exposure is large then dose and extensive medical controls may be needed. The doctor can be of particular help in convincing employees of the need of Chemical Hazards in Glass and Ceramics Industries 11 better work practices, careful handling of harmful materials and the need of good per* sonal hygiene practices. Individuals will pay better attention to advice from the doctor or the nurse than they will from any arguments or advice from lay individuals on these matters. The doctor can also detect signs in individuals to help point up exposure points that may have been overlooked. And with the engineering controls men tioned for individuals in the plant, consider ation must also be given to the possible damage to neighbors or the public from dust or gases discharged. Exhaust ventilation can take arid fumes from a pickling operation and discharge them through the roof which will protect employees, but will these arid fumes be discharged at a point where they may corrode a transformer station near the plant, or damage employee's cars parked nearby ? Or will the dust discharged from open handling contaminate foliage and perhaps harm a fruit orchard nearby ? Or will dust enter a neighbors factory and damage bearing surfaces on machinery? All of these require an engineering in vestigation (which is mainly careful obser vation-and some common sense) to deter mine the potential harm which may be done. Air sampling to determine the magnitude of the exposure generally requires special equipment and techniques and may be dust counting, chemical analysis of the material sampled or special meters. To come bade to lead and other exposures, a standard of 1.5 milligrams of lead per 10 cubic meters of dr has been set as a stand ard for continuous exposure in a work room atmosphere. It must be realized that many individuals can stand exposures in excess of this without any harm and that this limit has been set to try to protect the more sus ceptible individuals. If air sampling shows concentrations in excess of this limit then engineering controls are needed. If ex posures are around this limit there is a chance that some clinical signs and symp toms trill show up in a few individuals and as soon as any work room exposure starts to approach this MAC then a medical con trol program is advisable. The more severe the exposure the greater the need of medical control It is not always practical to install complete engineering and environmental con trols and in these cases medical control is a must and must be worked in conjunction with the engineering controls. Beryllium and its compounds have limited use in the glass and ceramic industries and it is mainly used for the preparation of cer tain types of refractory crucibles and certain types of porcelain. This material is com paratively new in the industries, but its adverse effects have been widely advertised, although the reasons for these physiological effects are not known. The maximum allow able concentration for this material in work room air has not been definitely set although it is known that the figure must be very low and the AEC uses a standard of .02 mg/10 cu. m. Exceptionally good engineering con trol is necessary when this material is handled and the engineering controls must be tied in with medical control. Other highly toxic materials such as selenium, cadmium and antimony are used in comparatively small quantities as colorants and decolorizers in glass and enamel manu facture. The handling of these materials requires close engineering control wherever they are used whether in the batching of mixes or in the spraying of frits containing these materials. Selenium is probably not the bad actor in industry that it was in the past for most of the selenium now available is quite pure. The malodorous body con ditions from the use of selenium-apparently came from small amounts of tellurium which was associated with it, but at present most of the tellurium is removed for other pur poses. There are other materials that are highly suspect although not as well advertised as toxic materials. Barium compounds, partic ularly the more soluble compounds, are potentially serious. The sulphate bring the most insoluble of the ones in common use is probably the least harmful and it is regu larly given internally as a radio-opaque material which will coat the intestines for an X-ray examination. The horrible looking and tasting suspension which the doctors give to their patients is given without any physical harm although some barium may be absorbed, but realize that this is given only once or twice to a patient and that the patient does not have a continuous daily exposure to this material- The sulphate is used as a flux in a few types of glasses and 12 Glass and Ceramics Industry enamel and there probably . is very little difficulty from its use. Inhalation of barium sulphate dust and other insoluble barium compounds can result in radio-opaque de posits in the lungs, just as well as the intestines when the compound is swallowed, for tliis is a high molecular weight element which lias good stopping power for X-ray. The X-ray shadows from barium deposits in the lung can simulate those of discrete nodular silicosis and although these deposits are of. little consequence as far as the health or disability of the individual is concerned, the lung markings may have a bearing in the case of any churns. Also, with the wide spread use of mobile X-ray units we know of several very alarmed individuals who received notices that they had a serious chest picture which needed follow-up. Any employees who are exposed to dust from barium compounds should be advised of this possible complication for it would be impossible for a physician to diagnose the condition without knowing the type of ex posure. And it would need some very expert advice to be able to tell the man that it is a benign condition which would not cause any disability. I know of one recent case that occurred where the man was using molten barium chloride for heat treating of parts and inhaled the fumes as parts were removed from the hot salt, over a period of years. He felt perfectly well and had no disability' of any kind until he had a routine X-ray picture taken and the first alarm of the physician had him greatly worried. Al though they have since tried to assure him that there is nothing seriously wrong he is naturally worried about the chest condition. The use of other barium compounds such as the nitrate, fluoride and carbonate is in creasing in enamels, glass and pottery' and these can be potentially serious if absorbed into the body by ingestion or inhalation. Although cases are few from these com paratively soluble barium compounds we know enough of the properties to know that they must be handled carefully. Barium car bonate is the toxic agent in some rat poisons and we have a number of dead cows to pay for where barium carbonate dust was spread around the country-side and the animals ate the contaminated foliage. - The fluorides 'such as apatite, cryolite, fluorsinr and the soluble fluoride compounds are another group that are suspected of bring potentially harmful. Large tonnage quantities of the minerals have been used in die ceramic and in other industries appar ently without serious harm, but it may be that the full clinical picture has not been described. This suspicion has been created by the large number of cases of damage to animals where they have eaten foliage con taminated with fluorides. This is a problem which has been quite serious to the aluminum industry and one that was serious enough to be discussed in the British Parliament during the past year. In the British discussion the connection with the ceramic industries was pointed out for any of the ceramic bodies which contain fluorides will discharge fluorine compounds during the firing. The fluorine compounds discharged may go off as hydro-fluoric arid or as fluorsilicates and any green foliage will readily pick up even minute traces of these materials from the air and concentra tions in the foliage will be built up. When ever there is a firing of vitreous enamel or other ceramic bodies containing fluorides then close attention should be paid to the possibility of contamination of pasture land within several miles of the plant. The fact that fluorides have been known to poison animals does not mean that the employees in the plant causing the damage are going to be poisoned, for employees will be exposed to much lower concentra tions of the gas and are not ordinarily accustomed to eat foliage unless there may be some truck gardens in the vicinity or perhaps some fruit orchards which could accumulate and store the fluoride. Fortu nately, the accumulation of fluorides in most edible plants will show some damage which may make them unfit for profitable sale and the chances of human consumption are small. However, men are exposed to fluoride dusts and gases in the ceramic industries and it is necessary to control these contaminants. Cryolite has a low solubility in water but even with this low solubility* it is an excellent insecticide and in large quantities can- do serious harm to men as well as to insects. It is advisable to keep dusts from all fluoride compounds down to a minimum and this applies to frits which might be sprayed as well as to the batching and trans fer of the original mixes. Apparently the tolerance of humans for such insoluble fluo- ted of onnage used in "Pinsi. 1 t been created iage to je con- n Quite nd one ssed in it year, m with nit for contain pounds pounds ic add foliage ices of centraWhenunel or uorides to the re land known tat the damage ployees icentraiinarily Fortuin most : which ale and * small e dusts and it lants. water . is an antities 1 as to s from ininrnim ght be l trans;tly the le fluo Chemical Hazards in Glass and Ceratnics Industries 13 rides, as cryolite is fairly high and math This discussion does not indict all un ematically this would work out to about 50 usual exposures for there are a few materi milligrams of this dust per 10 cubic feet of als which seem to be practically non-toxic. air which is a fairly large quantity which For example, titanium dioxide has not would be visually considered to be a heavy shown any serious disability either in ani dust concentration. mal experimentation or in the various other Also, whenever there is any nasal or eye irritation present around the firing of ce ramic bodies which contain fluorides then it is advisable to look for leaks from the furnace or oven. There have been several cases where an add irritation present in the work room was attributed to pidding oper ations conducted nearby when the real cause were the fluoride gases discharged from the firing of a vitreous enamel. The increasing use of lithium minerals and salts in the manufacture of glass, glazes, manufacturing uses such as in the paint industry. Cerium oxide is becoming more commonly used particularly as a polishing agent, and animal experimentation and use in industry would seem to show that tins is almost harmless. Cerium resembles alu minum in its pharmacological action as well as in chemical properties and fairly high doses of the oxalate have been given as a drug: There are a few of the more soluble cerium compounds which have shown some clinical signs on use. enamels, and whiteware bodies may occasion Contact Hazards some concern. The serious cases of lithium poisoning have come from the use of lithium chloride as a substitute for salt in certain medical conditions and the effects have been quite severe. It is not known just what the cause of the condition is, but it is possible that it is an upset in the sodium-potassium balance in the body caused by* the chemical similarity of the lithium. Skin hazards and exposures in the glass and ceramic industries will come mainly from add and caustics. Arsenical com pounds can cause a severe dermatitis and in some industries have been indicted as a cause of cancer, but a recent study points out that arsenious oxide is not a serious carcinogen in the ceramic industry and with care in handling these difficulties should not In the medical cases it would appear that be encountered. Nickel salts have a limited the effects of lithium are not accumulative use in the ceramic industry and can cause for the lithium was not stored in the body allergic reactions in a few very susceptible and the patients rapidly recovered when the individuals, and when this type of reaction lithium salt was removed from their diet is found it will be necessary to remove the The use of lithium carbonate would be the individual from any contact with nickel most suspect and high concentrations of dust compounds. from the handling of this should be avoided. With the acids and caustics there is a The minerals such as lepidolite and spodu- fairly long list which will include the alka mene probably are not soluble enough in the line carbonates and- the three main adds body fluids to cause the acute effects of used--hydrofluoric, sulfuric and hydrochlor lithium poisoning which require fairly high ic. Accidents will come mainly from im amount of the ion. proper methods of handling. The hazards Other elements that are suspect and which are used in snail quantities in the glass and ceramic industries are antimony compounds, cobalt compounds and* germanium oxide. Antimony sulfide has been used in conjunc tion with resnoid binders and has been sus and precautions for handling these adds and alkalis have been thoroughly covered in publications of the Manufacturing Chemists Association and in the data sheets of the National Safety Countil and it should not be necessary to discuss them here. pected as the cause of trouble in an isolated There are two points to emphasize and instance. Cobalt has been suspected in the one is the desirability of using an inhibitor tungsten carbide tool manufacture as a cause in the pickling of iron with sulfuric add of. a chemical pneumonitis. Germanium before application of frit. Recent animal oxide Is close to arsenic in the periodic table experimentation would seem to indicate that but. experimental evidence with animals the mist from sulfuric add baths can be would seem to indicate that it is much less more harmful than we had previously be toxic than such metals as lead. lieved and it is advisable to keep concentra- 14 Glass and Ceramics Industry tions of the mist down to the point where take a short cut and upend a drum of caustic they are just barely detectable by the nose. cleaner into a tank of water. This can be accomplished by local exhaust ventilation, but this requires an expensive installation which needs frequent renewal and repair. This type of accident is infrequent, fortu nately, but we have cases of this nature regularly; it is the type of accident that you wish had never happened for the burns are Exj>erience in a few plants seems to in dicate that the proper use of chemical inhibitors in the sulfuric acid pickle will help considerably in keeping down the amount of hydrogen formation and the consequent escajie of the mist into the work room atmos very serious and painful. The caustic must be added slowly to the tank of water, a shovelful at a time, so that the water will have a chance to absorb the heat generated, and the heat will be dispersed through the water instead of being localized in one spot. phere. Also, a lower pickling temperature will help considerably in keeping down the Solvent Exposures amount of escaping mist. Solvents have a somewhat limited use in Both the use of the inhibitor and the lower temperature will lengthen the pickling time and in some cases it is necessary to have ad ditional facilities in order to accommodate production, but a few plants have found that the cost of the additional facilities has paid dividends in the long run. There is some objection to the use of the inhibitors in that more thorough rinsing is needed before coat ing. but this is not a difficult procedure. the glass and ceramic industries except for some metal cleaning. But in most every plant there will be solvents used by the maintenance department, and in particular they will use carbon tetrachloride for clean ing electric motors. It is not possible to tell maintenance men that there are satisfactory substitutes for tetrachloride for cleaning electric motors. There are other solvents that will clean the motors, but carbon tetrachloride is still the The most effective inhibitors are toxic and easiest to use and it is the most effective. they are complex organic comi>ounds. The None of the substitutes can do the job as various ingredients of commercial com well. With carbon tetrachloride, the elec pounds are not available but examination of trician can place a small motor in a bucket a list of inhibitors which have been tried of this solvent and go on with his other would seem to indicate that the greater tox work knowing that he can return at his icity the better the inhibitor appeared to be. convenience, complete the cleaning and it However, die toxidtv of the inhibitor is not will dry rapidly. With others like tri- a serious objection except in handling of the chiorethylene, perchlorethylene, Stoddards concentrate and adding it to the bath. With solvent and mixtures of these with other the dilute solution the inhibitor should not solvents he is not always sure that there t>e hazardous. will not be an attack on the winding or Tlie other point is die proper method of handling highly caustic compounds such as die strong alkaline cleaners and de-enameling compounds. When strong alkalis like caustic soda are dissolved in water the re other insulation in the motor. These solvents will attack and swell (if not dissolve) some types of insulation and there is no way of telling beforehand! A number of motors have had to be rewound from this cause. action is exothermic, that is it gives off But carbon tetrachloride is a dangerous heat, the alkali must always be added to die solvent from its toxic action and we have water, not the water to the alkali for the a list of seven deaths from improper use consequences can be serious. If a drum of of carbon tetrachloride which were reported flake caustic is added to an empty tank; the to our company within the past year and a water will react with the surface and with half. Wre do not have a tabulation of indi the heat and dissolving there will be a slight viduals who have been made ill from its cementing and solidification on the surface; use, but the chances are good that there some water will penetrate the pile of caustic have been many. and the heat generated in the interior will be Substitute solvents for carbon tetrachlo great enough to generate steam and the pile ride can be used, even for motor cleaning, it of caustic can erupt violently. The same they sire properly used. For electric motors, thing can happen if an employee tries to the motor should not be permitted to soak Don't Bet Your Life 15 in the solvent for more than a few minutes and a little extra elbow grease may be needed. If carbon tetrachloride must be used then it must be used under controlled conditicns-- covered cottamers for the solvent, used out of doors and not in a confined corner in the maintenance department and kept under lode and key to prevent unauthorized use and to prevent employees taking some home for a little dry cleaning or spot removal, and the use of a charcoal type respirator when using the solvent It should be possible to use another solvent such as Stoddards solvent (naphtha safety solvent) for preliminary cleaning followed by carbon tet and thus to limit the exposure to carbon tet Give this solvent the reputation that arsenic has--it is a valuable solvent that can he used safely but it can't be used indiscriminately. Don't Bet Your Life By CLYDE R. POWELL Public Relations Din, Lehigh Safety Shoe Co, Endicott, N. Y. Mr. Powell entertained and instructed the audience with a demonstration of some of the parlor magic tricks with which he has been entertaining enlisted men at USO dobs. He demonstrated bis hypnotic powers, using five men from the audience who vol unteered to cooperate. The five were put through some hilarious stunts. Maybe all that seems a long way removed from the subject of "safety," bat thoughtful analysis of the deftly worded running patter with which Mr. Powdl accompanied bis performance reveals considerable substance with significant points these sleight-of-hand tricks served to emphasize. In effect; he put over these thoughts: "We're playing the game of life for keeps. We don't get a second chance. One instant of thoughtlessness or inattention can be fataL Safety has to be sold. It can be sold by reiterating its principles over and over, as the hypnotist does with his subject; until they become so deeply engraved on the sub conscious mind that they automatically act to protect us in the moment of danger." It was a decidedly new and different way of preaching safety and it is quite certain that no one who saw and beard this unusual but effective "lecture" will ever forget its lessons. 16 Glass and Ceramics Industry Ventilation Problems in the Glass and Ceramics Industry By W. G. HAZARD Dir., Industrial Hygiene, Owens-Illinois Glass Co., Toledo, Ohio (Note: A film on "Industrial Ventilation," produced by the Michigan State Department of Health and American Air Filter Com pany, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky, was shown. This was followed by a demonstration, with discussion and questions.) The film "Industrial Ventilation" clearly brings out an important feature of local ex haust systems--but one over which there is still much confusion. Many people assume that because you can squirt a jet of ait from a compressed air hose so its effect is felt many feet in front of the nozzle, you can "suck" air into an exhaust pipe from regions several feet away from the opening. This is perhaps the commonest pitfall of design when an inexperienced person lays out a dust exhaust system. To emphasize this point, we constructed a simple model, not unlike the more elegant apparatus you saw in die movie, to drive the story home visually to our own plant people. It consists of a two-foot section of ordi nary sheet iron duct, six inches in diameter, mounted horizontally on a tripod. Inside the pipe is a small propeller-type fan which, when we turn the current on, draws air in one end of the pipe, and blows it out the other. Obviously, all the air that blows out, has to have entered through the other end. At each end of the pipe we have mounted rods extending about two feet beyond the ends. Pieces of tissue paper are hanging at six-inch intervals along the length of the rods. You can see that the pieces of paper are blown almost horizontally by the air coming out of the pipe, but not even die piece of paper hanging nearest to the inlet end of the pipe (six indies away) is disturbed by the air entering the pipe. By using a smoke tube, we can trace the air currents even better. Just a few' indies from the inlet end, air is stagnant, but die smoke is violently agitated several feet beyond the oudet end. Thus it's impossible to "pick up" dust, or dust-laden air, more than a few indies away from an exhaust pipe. It has no magical power to reach out and suck in air from a local dust-producing operation. Air is not drawn from that isolated point to the exclusion of other points. It is drawn from the entire half sphere in front of the pipe, and from most of the half sphere behind the pipe. The velocity at any single point on this sphere is extremely low. Dallavalle, Silverman and others have worked out equations for finding the veloci ties along the centerline of a hood at various points out from the hood face. As an ex ample, if we have an eight-inch round pipe with air flowing into it at a veloaty of 4,000 feet per minute, die velocity at a point six inches away from the open pipe will be only about 500 feet per minute. A flange around the pipe opening keeps air from bang drawn needlessly from in back of die opening, and permits die air flow rate to be reduced by 20 to 25 per cent of the open pipe require ments. A simple rule of thumb is that when exhausting, the veloaty at a point one diam eter away from the pipe is 10 per cent of the face veloaty; and when blowing, the veloaty falls to 10 per cent of the face velocity at a point 30 diameters away from the pipe. Thus if our model (six inches in diameter) has air passing through it at 4,000. feet per minute, the velocity at a point six inches from the "sucking" end will be about 400 feet per minute, and the vdoaty will be 400 feet per minute at a point 15 feet item the "blowing" end. Hence, it is extremely im portant when exhausting dust from a local source, that this source be surrounded just as much as posable by the hood, baffles or a booth--for otherwise die contaminant won't get into die air stream and won't enter the piping. Not related to dust exhausts, but to venti lation used for improving comfort in die hot industries is the control of radiant heat Mancooling fans, and removal of hot air by diluting it with cooler outdoor air, are lim ited in their effectiveness when there are sources of radiant heat present Ventilation Problems (Round Table Discussion) 17 This subject was discussed at the meeting of this section last year. It is so important that some new developments should be men tioned. At least four exhibitors are showing heat reflective clothing. It is made of alum inized fabric, and finds use when working around hot furnaces. We also have a film loaned by Minnesota Mining and Manufac turing Company, which illustrates how this type of material withstands radiant heat much better than ordinary non-reflective fabrics. Ventilation Problems Sound Table Discussion of Ventilation Problems Discussion Leader--W. G. Hazard, Direc tor, Industrial Hygiene, Owens-Illinois Glass Go., Toledo, Ohio. Local exhaust systems are not always well designed Sometimes the plant is too busy with production. The plant engineer may lack experience. Duct systems are sometimes "out of this world" Principles involved in exhaust venting were shown by a film produced by the American Air Filter Cd, in cooperation with the Michigan State Department of Health. Part One dealt with "Laboratory Experiments" and Part Two with "Practical Applications." A demonstration with simple apparatus showed the comparative effectiveness of suc tion and blowing. It was shown that it was possible to blow smoke across the room but suction was effective for only a few indies. One trouble with ventilating systems is adding too many hoods to the original sys tem. A motion picture produced by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. showed the uses of aluminized fabrics for protective equipment Clothing and shields of this material have a high fire resistance but are still not too durable Their present uses are for rescue work rather than for general industrial use. Officers of the GLASS AND CERAMICS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1952-53 General Chairman--THOS. R. DONOGHUE, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman (Glass)--W. G. HAZARD, Owens-Illinois Glass Co., Toledo, Ohio. Vice-Chairman (Ceramics)--HARRY A. JACKSON, Frigidaire Division, General Motors Corp, Dayton, Ohio. Secretary--NELSON B. INGALLS, The Norton Co., Worcester, Mass. Program Committee--*)OHN P. STEPHENSON (Chairman), Ball Brothers Co, Muncic, ImL; 'JAMES L. MORRIS .The Federal Glass Co., Columbus, Ohio; 'FRED G. ANDERSQN, Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y.; *J. C. DITTMER, National Lead Company, Brooklyn, N. Y. Membership Committee--JOHN B. FULLEN (Chairman), Kopp Glass, Inc, Swissvale, Pa.; BERNARD CAMPBELL, Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp, Newark, Ohio; LEE B. HAWTHORNE JR, A. P. Green Fire Brick Co, Mexico, Mo.; E C HARTUNG, Westinghousc Electric Corp, Deny'. Pa. Metes Letter Committee--'JAMES L. MORRIS (Chairman), The Federal Glass Co, Columbus, Ohio; CLINTON BALLENGER, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Gas City, Ind.; M. E HORMBERG, The Cambridge Tile Mfg. Co, Cincinnati, Ohio. Engineering and Health Committee--F. S. KRIGER (Chairman), Coming Glass Works, Coming, N. Y.; W. G. HAZARD, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Toledo, Ohio; KARL DUNN, Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y.; H. WAUGH, Anchor Hocking Glass Corp, Lancaster, Ohio; NELSON B. INGALLS, The Norton Co, Worcester, Mass.; WILFORD McMAHON, Coming Glass Works, Coming, N. Y. Safety Promotion Committee--J. H. GATTRELL (Chairman), Blue Ridge Glass Corp, Kingsport, Tenn.; A. E THOMAS, Libbev-Owens-Ford, Shreveport, La.; PAUL E GARRETT, Harding Glass Co, Fort Smith, Ark.; *H. V. GARDNER, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Toledo, Ohio. Safety Contest Committee--H. WAUGH (Chairman), Anchor Hocking Glass Corp, Lancaster, Ohio; KARL W. STEINKRAUS, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Alton, 111.r~ R. H. LOWRY, Westinghouse Electric Corp, Derry, Pa.; J. R. HARSHMAN, Arm strong Cork Co, Dunkirk, Ind. Associations Committee--J. C DITTMER (Chairman), National Lead Co, Brooklyn, N. Y.; M. E HORMBERG, The Cambridge Tile Mfg. Co, Cincinnati, Ohio. Staff Representative--L. W. DUTTON, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. 'Past General Chairman 19 Other Volumes in this Series Users of this volume will find much value in'its companion volumes. .Here is the list: TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions and Ddailed Index to all Volumes................................... ........... :......... 1 Aeronautical Industries............................................................... 2 Air Transport Industry............................................................................................................ 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries............................................................................... 4 Cement and Quarry Industries.......................................... 5 Chemical Industries .................................................................................................................. 6 Coal Mining Industry ....................................................................................................... 7 Construction Industry .............................................................................................................. 8 Electrical Equipment Industry................................................................................................. 9 Farm Safety............................................................................................................................... 10 Food Industry ............................................................................................................... .......... 11 Glass and Ceramics Industry................................................................................................... 12 Home Safety ........................... Industrial Nursing .................... 13 14 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)................................................................. 15 Maritime Industries (Marine Section)..................................................................................... 16 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries.................................. 17 Metals Industry............................................................ 18 Mining Industry ................................................................................................................'.... 19 Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)............................................20 Petroleum Industry ........... ..................................................................................................... 21 Power Press and Forging Operations.......................................................................................22 Printing and Publishing Industry.............................................................................................. 23 Public Employment (Public EmployeesSafety Committee).................................................. 24 Public Utilities Industries............................................................................................................ 25 Pulp and Paper Industry.............................................................................................................26 Railroad Industry............................................................................................. 27 Rubber Industry ............................................ .*......................................................................... 28 School and College Safety.........................................................................................................29 Textile Industry ......................................................................................................................... 30 Traffic Safely ...................................................................................................................... ...31 Transit Industry ......................................................................................................................... 32 Wood Products Industries ......................................................................................................... 33 Safety and Its Relationship to Personality........................................................................... 3 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME SIZE 1 to 9 copies Each - 10 to 99 copies Each Less than 24 pages-- 24 to 48 pages-- 49 to % pages-- Over 96 pages-- $029 25 .46 .69 $023 29 .40 .63 Complete set of Transactions (34 vols.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 copies), 620 (10. to 99 copies). 5.70 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 10, 13, 29 and 31. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AYE. CHICAGO 11. ILL MIKTC0 IK U.S.*- 20 80023