Document 4o4nQBXXQnzzNKp7Dpg67okx

TRANSa CTIONS 31st NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS General Subject and Industrial Sessions CHICAGO October 27-29, 1942 National Safety Council, Inc. 20 North Waclcer Drive, Chicago Copyright, 1942, National Safety Council, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Foreword VOLUME I T^HE Transactions of the 31st National Safety Congres? and Exposition of the National Safety Council are pub lished in two volumes. Volume 1 contains the General Sub ject and Industrial Section sessions. Volume II contains the Public Safety. Child Education, Home Safety and Farm Safety sessions. Volume 1 is distributed to all members of the Council Volume II is sent to those members who are believed to lx interested chiefly in the sessions it contains, to other member? on request. The Transactions are a record of the proceedings of the Congress, condensed and edited for reference purposes They are therefore an abridged version of the papers anr discussions. The original manuscripts, some of which have drawings and charts too expensive to reproduce here, are available in the files of the National Safety Council. The National Safety Council, at its Congresses, seeks tc eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aims of the Congress, or which may be contrary to the Council's policies. However, it cannot accept responsibility for all views expressed, jeit^er in the discussions of the Congress itself or in this rec&rd of them. Extra copies of Volyme I may be obtained by Counci members at the following' rates: 1 to 10 copies at $2.00 each 11 or more copies at $1.75 each. Extra copies of Volume I] are 75 cents each. THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wackar Driv* Chicago, Illinois Contents volume i 43864 Council Officers ..................................................... 4 Using the Transactions..................................................... 9 The Council's Program................................. 10 Annual Meeting of Members......................................... 11 Congress Banquet .................................. '.............. 27 Subject Sessions-- Aircraft Manufacturing ................ ,...... ..... <.......... 31 Air Raid Precautions........................... 45 Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 55 Fire Safety and Plant Protection 73 Fundamental Causes of Accidents .. 79 Gas and Electric Welding 95 Government Safety Service in Industry ...... 103 & Industrial Health Industrial Nursing ............................ j.J.........137 ............... .151 V Occupational Diseases in Munitions Manufacture 167 Safety Engineering Exchange................. 179 & Safety in Foremanship.................... 191 War Safety Problems in Industry ....... j.r1 ........199 War Safety Training (Early Morning Classes) 209 cr* Industrial Section Meetings-- ` 0 Aeronautical Section........................ 227 IP ASSE-Engineering Section ............................ 235 or Automotive and Machine Shop Section ................239 Cement and Quarry Section............... 269 Chemical Section.................................................. 293 Construction Section ....... 323 Food Section 339 Marine Section ............... 367 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section 393 Metals Section 413 Mining Section 455 Paper and Pulp Section 487 Petroleum Section 539 Power Press Section 563 Public Utilities Section 587 Refrigeration Section 615 Rubber Section 635 Steam Railroad Section 663 Textile Section 679 Wood Products Section 701 Exposition Exhibitors 705 Index National Safety Council, Inc. Honorary Members Association of Iron and Steel Engineers W. H. Camf.ron Robert W. Campbell Lf.w R. Palmer Officers (1942-1943) Col. John Stilwfxl, President I. W. Millard, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer G. T. Hfxlmuth, Asst. Vice-President for Finance and Asst. Treasurer B. B. McCulloch, Assistant Treasurer Walter S. Paine, Vice-President for Industrial Safety Lew R. Palmer, Vice-President for Transportation A. V. Rohwedf.r, Vice-President for Home and Farm Safety Judge Lf.f. E. Skf.ei, Vice-President for Community Councils R. T. Solf.nstf.n, Vice-President for Membership Leslie J. Sorenson, Vice-President for Public Safety Dr. Lewis A. Wilson, Vice-President for Education Nf.d H. Dearborn, Executive Vice-President, Managing Director and Secretary R. L. Forney, Assistant Secretary Executive Committee (1942-1943) J. I. Banash, Past President Wallace N. Barker, Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company C. W. Bergquist, Past President Robert W. Campbell, Past President D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Association R. G. Creviston, Crane Company A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Association Ned H. Dearborn, National Safety Council, Inc. Lewis A. DeBlois, Past President R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California Marcus A. Dow, Past President G. W. Elste, Jr., Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company Harold F. Enlows, The American National Red Cross D. D. Fennell, Past President R. H. Ferguson, Metals Section Robert F. Gilmour, Utica Safety Council E. E. Grover, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electrical Company Julif.n H. Harvf.y, Greater New York Safety Council W. A. Hazard, Construction Section Dr. T. Lyle Hazi.ett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Com pany G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago Rapid Transit Company G. A. Heuser, Louisville Safety Council Carl E. Holmes, Marine Section W. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Company, Inc. W. Dean Kff.ff.r, Lumliermen's Mutual Casualty Company Valter G. King, Past President f jhn E. Long. Past President J. Wili-ard Lord, Atlantic Refining Company Officers (contd.) Wills Maci.achan, ASSE-Engineering Section Hon. Carroll E. Mealf.y, New York State Tax Commission I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Philip M. Morgan, Massachusetts Safety Council; Worcester Safety Council Clarence J. Muth, Safety Division, Milwaukee Ass'n of Commerce Eliot Ness, U. S. Office of Defense Health & Welfare Services Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life and Affiliated Companies Lew R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Pettibone, Past President R. J. Reigeluth, New Haven Trap Rock Company Col Henry A. Rf.ninger, U. S. Office of Civilian Defense, 3rd Region A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missable & Iron Range Railway Company Carl J. Rutland, Street & Highway Traffic Section Henry G. Schaffner, Erie Safety Council Judge Lee E. Skfjel, Appellate Court, Cleveland Carl L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council Theodore F. Smith, Oliver Iron & Steel Corporation R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, Chicago Col John Stilwell, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Major R. C. Stratton, C.W.S., Chemical Section C. P. Tolman, Past President Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President Dr. Lewis A. Wilson, The University of State of New York C. E. Wooi.iKVER, Automotive & Machine Shop Section Arthur H. Young, Past President V. A. Zimmer, U. S. Department of Labor Board of Trustees (1942-1943) Winthrop W. Aldrich, Chairman Board of Directors, The Chase National Bank, New York City Sewfxl I.. Avf.ry, President, Montgomery Ward & Company, Inc., Chicago, III. Morgan B. Brainard, President, Aetna Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn. Howard Cooni.ey, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Walworth Company, New York City Benjamin F. Fairlkss, President, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Penn. * W. S. Farish, President, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, New York City Walter Gifford, President, American Telephone and Telegraph Com pany, New York City E. R. Harriman, Director, Union Pacific Railroad Company, New York City William A. Irvin, Member Executive Committee, United States Steel Corporation, New York City Thomas I. Parkinson, President, The Equitable Life Assurance So ciety of the U. S., New York City * Deceased Officers (contd.) Kohkki C. Stanley, President, InteniHtioual Nickel Company of Can ada. I.td,, New York City Cot,. John Stii.wh.l, Vice-President, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, New York City Thomas John Watson, President, International Business Machines Corporation. New York City Chari.ks E. Wii.son, President, Central Electric Company, New York City Directors (1942-1943) H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. T. 6. Armstrong, Springfield Safety Council,; Hampden County Safety Council W. C. Raker, Power Press Section J. I. Ranash, Past President Wallace N. Barker, Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company Ernrst W. Rkck, United States Rubber Company C. W. Berguuist. Past President Miss Francks Rkthcnk, R.N., Textile Section W. F. Bines. Peoria Safety Council H. R. Rixi.f.r, Mutual Fife Insurance Company of New York H. W. Boggkss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company F. A. Booiik, Steam Railroad Section E. G. Borrkrink, Kansas City Safety Council C. B. Boulkt, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation EmkrsoN A. Braniit, Refrigeration Section Howard Hi. Brink, Grand Rapids Safety Council Joskph A. Rrophv, Elizalieth Safety Council W. F. Brown, Commercial Vehicle Section Sam W. Burch if.l, Automobile Club of Rhode Island, Safety Depart ment W. H. Cameron, Evanston, III. Rorkrt W. Camprki.i., Past President Ravmonii A. Carkv, Evanston Safety Council Ray Carr, Portland Traffic Safety Commission I). B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Association . Chari.ks A. Chappki.i., Safety Division, Syracuse Chamber of Cem- merce l.AMMOT ih'Pont Corel and. Delaware Safety Council C. S. Craigmilk, Greater Chicago Safety Council R. G. Crkviston. Crane Company W. H. Crisman, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council J. 1C Coi.i.inkv, Bethlehem Steel Company A. 1. R.. Curtis, Portland Cement Association Ion n D'Amrrosa, Sr.. Rahway Safety Council Nkh II. Dkariiorn. National Safety Council, Inc. W. N. Deatiifragk. Long Beach Traffic Safety Council I.kwis A. DkBi.ois. Past President C. W. Dempsey. The Fitpiid Carbonic Corporation S. T. Dirsiiai.k, Wo<h1 Prixlucts Section Mii.ton W. Dobrzknsky. East Bay Safety Council R E Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California Jamf.s B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company Marcus A. Dow. Past President D. C. Duncan, Public Utilities Section 6 ' Officers (contd.) (>. \\ . I'.i.stk, Jr,, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company UARoi.n b, Kni.ows, The American National Red Cross l>. I). Fknnkm., Past President R. II. Ferguson, Metals Section Dr. Hart K. F'lsher, Chicago Rapid Transit Company \ ictor R. Fitzpatrick, Richmond Safety Council Howard B. Foni.a, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. Ray Gii.i.ktt, Meat Packing, Tanning & Feather Industries Section Roiort F. Gh.mour, Utica Safety Council John F. Gripfr, Rubber Section \V. A. Griffin. American Telephone & Telegraph Company IF J. Griffith, Jones A- Faughlin Steel Corporation hi. K. Grovfr, Columbus Safety Council Harry Guii.hkrt, The Pullman Company A. J. Hager, l-ansing Safety Council D, I. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines Frank IF Harrison, International Harvester Company Jui.ifn H. Harvey, Greater New York Safety Council V . A. Hazard, Construction Section Dr. I'. I.yi.k Hazi.ktt, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Com- liany (i, T. Hki.i.muth, Chicago Rapid Transit Company (i. A. Hfuskr. Fouisville Safety Council H. W. Hirshfimfr, Chattanooga Safety Council Cari. FI. Holmes, Marine Section Dr. Rai.ph H. Houghton, Kenosha Safety Council Stkphkn J. Huri.f.y, Rochester Safety Council Wm !'. James, Philadelphia Safety Council F'. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Company, Inc. Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio W. Dean Kekffr, Fumbermen's Mutual Casualty Company Wai.tfr G. King, Past President C. F. Fa Fountains, Great Northern Railway Company George I.aMair, Des Moines Safety Council Roy Fkf, Contra Costa County Safety Council Wam.ack O. Fee, Safety Division, Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce John FI. Fong, Past President C. H. Fongman, Chicago & North Western Railway Company J. VVii.i.ari) Ford, Atlantic Refining Company R. A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport B. B. McCuixocn, Bureau of Safety, Inc. Thos. H. MacDonai.d, U. S. Public Roads Administration Wn.i.s MacFachi.an, ASSFI-Engineering Section Ai.frkii FI. Maffi.y, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission If. T. Markfe, Petroleum Section Hon, Carroll FI. Mfai.ey, New York State Tax Commission I. W, Mii.i.arii, Industrial Gloves Company Harold I.. Miner, FI. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company IF H. Moiiler, St. Joseph Safety Council Philip M. Morgan, Massachusetts Safety Council R. B. Morlkv, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations C. F. Murray, Mason City-Cerro Gordo County Safety Council Clarence J. Muth, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Com merce Ei.tot Ness, U. S. Office of Defense Health & Welfare Servir 7 Officers (contd.) Frank S. Newell, Toledo Safety Council F. Edward O'Neil, The Safety Council of Greater St. Louis George C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Company Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life and Affiliated Companies Lew R. Palmer, Past President David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council R. E. Perkey, South Bend Safety Council C. E. Pettibone, Past President G. H. Pfeif, General Electric Company D. W. Pontius, Greater Los Angeles Safety Council W. M. Powell, Cement and Quarry Section Albert S. Regula, General Time Instruments Corporation R. J. Reigeluth, New Haven Trap Rock Company Col. Henry A. Reninger U. S. Office of Civilian Defense, 3rd Region J. W. Reynolds, United Pacific Insurance Company Roland W. Richardson, Paper & Pulp Section Clifford T. Ripley, Superior & Douglas County Safety Council Miss Sadie Rogers, Employees' Publication Section A. V. Rohweder Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Company Carl J. Rutland, Street & Highway Traffic Section Henry G. Schaffner Erie Safety Council Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association John R. Sherwood, Baltimore Safety Council Dr L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Company Judge Lee E. Skeel, Appellate Court, Cleveland Carl L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council Theodore F. Smith, Oliver Iron & Steel Corporation R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, Chicago John L. Spencer Blackstone Valley Safety Council E. C. Spring, Philadelphia, Pa. E. B. Stahlman, Safety Dept, Nashville Chamber of Commerce Col. John Stilwell, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Major R. C. Stratton, C.W.S., Chemical Section H. B. Taylor Food Section C. P. Tolman, Past President John Treweek, Mining Section R. A. Tucker Western Pennsylvania Safety Council J. A. Vincent, Madison County Safety Council Dr C H. Watson, Past President M. F. M. Werth, Lehigh Valley Safety Council H. W. Whitcomb, Transit Section T. Anglin White, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau C. E. Wilson, Detroit Industrial Safety Council Dr Lewis A. Wilson, The University of State of New York C. E. Wooliever, Automotive and Machine Shop Section Roy V. Wright, Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation Miss Mary May Wyman, Child Education Section Arthur H. Young, Past President M. W. Young, Sacramento Safety Council Walter S. Young, Worcester Safety Council E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce Irving R. Zerzan, Omaha Safety Council V. A. Zimmer U. S. Department of Labor 8 58 31st National Safety Congress of material exhausted, or leakage losses caused by loose cleanout doors, broken joints, holes worn in duct (most frequent in elbows), poor connection to exhauster inlet. Losses in suction can also be charged to additional exhaust points added to the sys tem (sometimes systems are designed for future connections and more air than re quired is handled by present branches until future connections are made), change of set ting of blast gates in branch lines (blast gates adjust the air distribution between the va rious branches. Tampering with blast gat^ can seriously affect such distribution jj*j therefore gates should be locked in place in. mediately after system has been installed and its effectiveness checked). Increased pres sure loss through dust collector due to lack of maintenance, improper operation, wear, etc, vary with the collector design. Refer to op. eration and maintenance instructions fur. nished with the collector or consult the equipment manufacturer. Testing Toxic Atmospheres By N. R. BERNZ Chief Industrial Hygienist, The Fidelity & Casualty Co. of N. Y., New York, New York In manufacturing, many operations and processes of one industry are common to those of another, although the two indus tries may be engaged in the production of entirely different types of goods. For example, welding is used very extensively throughout the aviation, shipbuilding, auto mobile and steel industries; this applies also to spray painting, electroplating, buffing, grinding, and many other operations. Sim ilarly with raw materials, various kinds of acids, organic solvents, etc., are found in almost any type of plant. For this reason there are certain industrial poisons which appear much more frequently than others and which may be found throughout the entire defense industry. Some of these are: Dusts Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Cyanide Sulfur Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen Ammonia Phosgen Lead Cadmium Benzene Toluene Xylene T richloroethylene Carbontetrachloride Carbon Disulfide Nitric Acid Chromic Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Sulfuric Acid Others which are more directly associated with specific industries are: Trinitrotoluene (dust and vapors) Ammonium Picrate (dust) Mercury (vapors) Aniline Radon Thoron As will be seen by examination of tht above list, some of these substances are pres ent as raw materials; others are final prod ucts, while a third group occurs as by-prod ucts generated in the various operations Typical of the first group are the variou acids, organic solvents, chlorinated hydro carbons, ammonia, and carbon disulfide. I: the second class we have TNT and am monium picrate, while the remainder ar commonly occurring dusts, fumes, gases an vapors of a toxic nature generated in variou industrial processes. While the theoretics possibilities for exposure to toxic substance in the above industries are far too numer ous for tabulation, this list represents thos most commonly encountered. Dusts Silica-bearing inorganic dusts are prof ably found in all of the above industries. Fexample, mining of the iron ore in the ste industry presents exposures to free silldust in considerable quantities. Buffin polishing, and grinding operations done ve: Dust, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 59 tensively in a great many industries, nerate inorganic dusts, which for the most rt consist of aluminum oxide and silicon rbide, but also include free silica in amor:ous and crystaline forms. For the purpose of quantitative determinann, dusts may be divided roughly into three asses, as follows: 1. The inorganic type such as free silica id asbestos, which is collected and the num:r of particles per unit volume of air deter.ined microscopically. of dust are by means of electrostatic pre cipitators (3) and various types of "grab" samplers. With the electrostatic precipitator, the dust is collected in a dry state and either weighed as is, or suspended in water and counted in a manner similar to that em ployed with the impinger method. Several of the grab samplers have microscopes in corporated with the sampling device and these are calibrated in such a manner that die number of particles per cubic foot of air can readily be obtained by almost instantan eous readings (4). 2. Organic dusts of natural origin, the -nount of which is usually determined by eight. Typical of these are tobacco and flour .ists. 3. Synthetically manufactured organic impounds which may occur in the form of usts, such as TNT and ammonium picrate. hese substances when present as air contminanls in low concentrations are generally valuated quantitatively by chemical means. Besides above types, there are also metallic usts such as lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, tc., some of which will be discussed under nother heading. Organic Dusts (Natural) This group as a rule is not classified by medical authorities as fibrosis producing dusts, and hardly warrants any discussion in this paper. While claims do exist to the effect that some dusts in this class have produced respiratory irritation, bronchitis, asthma, etc., these dusts are generally looked upon as nuisances rather than occupational disease producers. No official physiological threshold limits have been established and sampling of this type of dust for the purpose of evaluating an occupational disease hazard has little or no meaning. Inorganic Ducts The most common method for evaluation c this type of dust is to collect air samples n liquid solutions by means of an impinger 1) and to make the quantitative determinaion microscopically. When calculating the ]ust concentration, usually expressed in num ber of particles per cubic foot of air, the nicroseopic calibration factor, the volume of 'fie sampling liquid, and the size of the air 'ample are taken into consideration. The sampling procedure, microscopic ar rangement, and calculations are extremely ''triple, but the actual counting is a tedious associated with severe eye strain and Squires considerable experience before dust cunts can be relied upon. In recent years 'he microprojection method (2) has been used 'or counting of impinger samples. With this m?thod in which the microscopic field is pro jected on a translucent screen, the eye strain ^Perienced in direct microscopic work, is 'hminated. lher methods for evaluation of this type Most of these dusts, however, are ex plosive when dispersed in certain proportions in the air and require control from this point of view. Considerable work to establish ex plosive limits for this type of dust has been done by the United States Department of Agriculture. Synthetic Dusts In the manufacture of TNT and ammon ium picrate, both of which represent basic war industries, we are confronted with toxic raw materials as well as hygienically injuri ous final products. In this industry great quantities of toluene, anhydrous ammonia, sulfuric and nitric acids are used, all of which are classified as industrial poisons. TNT and ammonium picrate are themselves systemic poisons as well as skin irritants known to have produced fatalities and severe cases of dermatitis. A method for sampling and determination of TNT was described recently by Pinto and Fahy. (5) This procedure calls for the use of 10 c.c. of isopropyl alcohol in the midget 60 31st National Safety Congress impinger. The chemical determination is based on the reduction of TNT to triaminotoiuene, and finally, a colorimetric compari son with known standards. Ammonium picrate is highly soluble in water which therefore can be used as the collection medium in an impinger when sampling for this material in industrial at mospheres. The deep color whch results upon solution of ammonium picrate in water is also evident in extremely low concentrations and for this reason a direct colorimetric com parison of the sample with known standards can be made. With this method there is a possibility of interference from dinitrophenol, the extent of which has not been determined (6). Carbon Monoxide This is a very toxic gas encountered in various industrial activities. The toxic limit for this gas is generally accepted as 100 p.p.m. for prolonged exposure. To the pub lic in general its presence is most commonly associated with automobile exhaust and gas burning appliances utilizing manufactured gas with a high percentage of carbon monoxide. As a result of incomplete combustion it may also be present when burning natural gas or other fuels. In industrial operations in volving baking ovens, drying kilns, coke ovens, blast furnaces, etc. carbon monoxide is frequently encountered. In industrial proc esses in general, and particularly where chemical reactions are involved, carbon monoxide may be generated as a dangerous by-product In prism grinding, which is closely allied with the defense industry, a high quality iron oxide rouge is required. Occasionally this material is manufactured on the premises as an adjunct to the prism grinding work. This involves the use of oxalic acid for production of iron oxalate which is later decomposed by heat to yield iron oxide rouge. In this process carbon monoxide as well as other gases are gen erated. Several methods have been developed for the quantitative determination of carbon monoxide, but only the two most expedient procedures employed in industrial hygiene work will be discussed here. One of these is the carbon monoxide indicator based on the catalytic reaction of hopcalite which oxidizes carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The small electric current produced W9 heat of the reaction through a flSa couple is calibrated in terms of carbon oxide concentration which is read dii^fl on the dial of a milliammeter. The of suction in this instrument is a small ceSS fugal blower, the motor of which is oper*5f either from a built-in 6 volt battery or a 110 volt lighting circuit through a tr*Z! former. Another convenient method for estimate of carbon monoxide though less sensitive not so accurate is the use of palladia chloride ampoules. In this reaction the palt*. dium chloride is reduced to metallic p^. ladium thereby producing a stain, the i* tensity of which is in direct proportion % the amount of carbon monoxide in the atmo* phere under observation. The stain produce is compared to known color standards ^ evaluation of the carbon monoxide preset This method is not specific for carbon mo* oxide, however; three are other redudty gases which also will produce a stain in % presence of palladium chloride. Incidental^ the standard method for carbon monoxik evaluation, adopted by the British Depart, ment of Industrial Research (7) consists ot| palladium chloride test paper through whkj the air to be sampled is drawn by mea* of a handpump. The stain thus produced fc compared with a standard color chart. 4 Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen sulfide is a very toxic gas witi a disagreeable odor. It is found in many * dustrial operations where sulfur or sulf* compounds are used, but primarily it is eacountered in the artificial silk, chemical aaj petroleum industries. Safe limits varying be tween 20 and 50 p.p.m. by volume have bees suggested by various State authorities in tha country. The most rapid method for determinatix of hydrogen sulfide is undoubtedly the tn of a hand operated instrument consist^ essentially of an aspirator bulb and a detecta tube through which the air sample is drawi The detector tube contains a chemical suk stance which when in contact with hydroge sulfide produces a discoloration the lengf of which is in proportion to the amount < hydrogen sulfide present and can be mea; ured on an attached scale. It can also t determined iodometrically, either by bubblin Dust, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 61 ough a sodium hydroxide solution and ating with iodine, or by bubbling through assium iodide starch solution and a measxi amount of standard iodine in which re ion the disappearance of the color indi tes the end point (8). Hydrogen Cyanide This gas for which the industrial hygiene ireaus of California, Connecticut and Massiusetts have established a safe limit of 20 pm. by volume, is found in electroplating aerations, heat treating, etc. A portable instrument of the type disJssed in connection with hydrogen sulfide, been developed for hydrogen cyanide 'to. I have been informed, however, that the Tdrogen cyanide detector in its original proved less satisfactory and that it has *sn withdrawn from the market temporarily coding further research. Chemical tests are available for detection ' hydrogen cyanide, such as the prussian 'ue and thiocyanate reactions, both of which specific for this gas but allegedly not *nsitive enough for concentrations encoun^ed in industrial hygiene work. Other ^thods suitable for determination of this in small concentrations are the Congo '^-silver nitrate and the benzidine--copper lcate test papers. These methods, which been adopted as standard tests by the ritish Department of Industrial Research, Jre non-specific, however, so that the possible l?t^erence of other gases such as HCL, SO2 and HoS should be taken into nsideration. In a method suggested by the Air Hygiene bQ(TKk*t*on (A.H.F.) the air sample is rivrt ^ t*lrouh 0-5 pet cent potassium Jdroxide after which the determination is ,lade by titrating with silver nitrate (9). Sulfur Dioxide P*ure* to sulfur dioxide gas are com111 Petroleum industry, rubber works, (0^ilfuric acid manufacturing. Sulfur also encountered in bone and glue du^T' otagnesium foundries, and other in1^rhere sulfur compounds are used. * thre}Lnftr.en?C'y irritating gas for which fittut of 10 p.p.m. has been sug- For the testing of sulfur dioxide, the American Public Health Association (A.P. H.A.) (10) refers to an iodomctric method (11) by means of which the air sample is passed through a gas wash bottle containing a measured amount of standard iodine in potassium iodide-starch solution. The disap pearance of the color indicates the end of the test, after which the amount of sulfur dioxide present can be calculated. The British Department of Industrial Re search employs a starch-potassium iodate test paper through which the air sample is drawn by means of a handpump. The sulfur dioxide reduces the iodate to iodine with the production of a stain the degree of which is compared to known color standards. Oxides of Nitrogen This is a group of gases, some of which are extremely toxic. They are produced when nitric acid comes in contact with organic materials and certain metals; during chemical nitration processes and burning of nitrated materials; they are also present in small quantities during electrical discharges in the air. Above gases may, therefore, be found in such industries and operations as ammuni tion works, photographic film manufacturing, nitric acid plants, electroplating (bright dipping), detonation of explosives, electric welding, etc. During the chemical reactions that accom pany above operations, a mixture of oxides are formed. The hazardous nature of this group, also called "nitrous fumes" is due primarily to the nitrogen dioxide, a reddish brown gas which reacts with water and upon respiration forms nitric acid in the lungs. The result is often pulmonary edema which frequently proves fatal. The fact that the respiration of these gases does not produce any immediate discomfort in spit of their toxicity, makes them doubly dangerous. A person may be exposed to these fumes and experience only a slight respiratory irrita tion immediately following the exposure, while the case may develop into a fatal con dition by next day. For example, I know of a case in a nitric acid plant where a man was engaged in filling nitric acid into carboys in a depart ment with a wooden floor. One of the car boys accidentally broke causing the acid to 62 31st National Safety Congress flow over the wooden floor producing the brown nitrogen dioxide gas in great volumes. The operator not being familiar with the toxicity of this gas and experiencing no im mediate physiological warning, remained on the job attempting to clean the floor by mop ping up the acid, instead of leaving the work place for fresh air. As a result a consider able portion of this gas was probably inhaled. He became seriously ill a few hours later and died within 48 hours. Cases of men be coming sick while doing electric welding in side tanks or in other confined spaces are often referred to in the literature. Many of these cases are undoubtedly due to oxides of nitrogen generated in the electric arc. While there are several methods known for the quantitative determination of oxides of nitrogen, testing for these air contaminants is not so simple as that for some of the others discussed in this paper. Incidentally, in view of the cumbersome procedures in volved in testing for these gases, the amount of ventilation required for their control after blasting in mining and tunnel work is some times based on the amount of carbon mon oxide present, which can readily be deter mined. With explosives designed for a low oxygen balance resulting in a relatively high carbon monoxide concentration and corre spondingly low volumes of oxides of nitrogen, this is a safe and expedient procedure. For actual detection of nitrogen dioxide, the method employing starch-potassium iodide test paper is probably the best known. This paper when damp is colored blue in the presence of nitrogen dioxide. The method is non-specific, however, Other, specific meth ods for evaluation of nitrogen dioxide, and sensitive at low concentrations are the GriessIlosvay and the Bismarck Brown tests. With both methods, the air sample is bubbled through chemical solutions after which the quantitative determinations are made in the laboratory by colorimetric analysis. Although physiological safe limits up to 40 p.p.m. have been proposed for these gases, atmos pheres which by odor or color indicate the presence of nitrous fumes should always be viewed with suspicion. Ammonia As stated elsewhere, ammonia is an im portant raw material throughout the chem ical industry. It is a strong respiratory mi tant for which safe limits ranging bet^^JJ* 50 and 85 p.p.m. have been recommend^ (Russian investigators 13-39 p.p.m.; St*fe of Massachusetts 50 p.p.m.; Flury Zernik 85 p.p.m.). Ammonia vapors can be evaluated directly in the field by bubbling the air sample through a measured volume of 0.1 N hydro, chloric acid in water solution using phenoj. phthaiein as an indicator; the appearance & a pink color indicates the end point. Fron the amount of acid used and the size of the air sample, the concentration of ammoni; vapors can be calculated (8). Sulfuric acid can also be used with abovi method. In another method, recommends by the A.P.H.A., the air sample is collects in sulfuric acid, but the final evaluation i made in the laboratory by standard analytics means. Lead Exposure to this metal occurs very exten sively in nearly all types of manufacturing. The most frequently encountered forms of lead are fumes, dust and dispersed pigments. These occur around lead melting operations, soldering, welding of metals covered with lead-bearing paints, and in spray painting work. Sampling of lead-contaminated atmos pheres is usually done either by means of the impinger or by the electrostatic precipita tor. When the impinger is used, as is fre quently the case when investigating spray painting and many other types of work in volving lead dispersion, the sampling liquid may be either distilled water or dilute nitric acid. Regardless of the collection method used, the final evaluation of the amount of lead present is done in the laboratory by various analytical methods, the description of which is beyond the scope of this paper. It prob ably should be emphasized, however, that al though some of these methods are highly sensitive and the experienced analysts usual ly well-trained to handle minute quantities of lead in their work, it is preferable to take large air samples wherever possible to facil itate the laboratory work. With the large impinger and the electro-static precipitator I Dust, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 63 nk sampling rates of 1 and 3 cubic feet of * per minute respectively, this is not a mbiem. With the midget impinger, on the r hand, with a sampling rate of only 0.1 | iic foot per minute, this becomes a tiresome ask, especially if the handcranked instru ct is used. Let us take, for example, a a* in which the atmospheric lead dispersion *jnst about on the border line of the safe it, i. e. 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters of *r. For a 30 minute sample with the midget linger, only 3 cubic feet of air have been kidled. This represents only 0.013 mg. of lad in the air sample, which evidently re ntes a fairly sensitive analytical method d careful handling for a successful comiWon of the test. Cadmium The United States Public Health Service ^U-S.P.H.S.) (16) suggests as a safe limit respect to toxicity of cadmium fumes a *centration of 1 mg. per 10 cubic meters of . . The metal is used extensively as a coat*C of iron and steel for rust prevention, as as in structural steel to impart certain *?perties. Exposures to cadmium and cad- fumes may, therefore, be encountered 11 *uch operations as electroplating, weld^ of cadmium-bearing iron and steel as as many other processes where work in cadmium-plated articles. Some of you probably familiar with the cases of cadJ?u`a intoxication in a plant in Ontario, ^*j*d*> a few years ago, when 14 persons *** poisoned--two fatally--during anneal ** f cadmium plated rivets (17). in the case of lead, sampling for cadT* fumes or dust may be done either with ^opinger (with water as collection A-P.H.A.) or by the electrostatic UfrIJI^7a*or an<i the samples evaluated in the _-"4tory by gravimetric or colorimetric methods. P'nt it probably should be brought for sampling of metal fumes, the "** a lower collecting efficiency I? electrostatic precipitator, which taken into consideration when * ' TM faults obtained on samples col- me two instruments (18). Mercury The present emergency has greatly accel erated the use of mercury, not only in our ammunition works, but also in many other plants directly or indirectly connected with the defense industry. In some cases entirely new uses have been introduced for this metal. For example, a recent development is an anti-fouling paint containing mercury, now used in our shipyards. Application of this mercury-bearing paint by means of spraying naturally introduces a serious exposure to mercury poisoning and calls for careful con trol ; this applies also to the manufacture of the paint. Due to the great demand for mercury and the shutting off of foreign sup plies, many old mercury mines are now being reopened so that refining of this metal with accompanying occupational disease hazards has expanded considerably during the past year. The toxic properties of mercury as a respiratory hazard when present in the form of vapors or in a finely divided metallic state are probably fairly well-known to most men concerned with industrial health. A safe limit, toxicologically, of about 2 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air appears to be generally accepted for inhalation exposures. Althouh the metal has a relatively low vapor pressure at or dinary temperatures, investigations have shown that sufficient vapors are emitted to produce a mercury hazard in rooms where this material is used in metallic form. A number of methods are available for the evaluation of mercury vapors in air. One of the most expedient procedures is probably by means of the Nordlander apparatus utilizing a selenium sulfide test paper, the color of which darkens in the presence of mercury. The amount of mercury present is estimated by comparing the degree of darkening with a standard color chart. Another more recently developed method involves an optical instrument based on the opacity of mercury vapors to ultra violet light of a certain wave length. In this instrument, therefore, when ultra violet light of a specific wave-length is directed towards a phototube, interfering mercury vapor will reduce the light received by the phototube and conse quently also its current flow, which in turn is calibrated in terms of mercury concentra tion. This instrument is not specific as it is 64 31st National Safety Congress subject to other light intercepting media such as smoke and fog. There are also other methods for determin ations of mercury, entailing condensation of the vapors and subsequent electrolytic deposi tion of the metal, chemical reaction methods, etc. The first two mentioned above, however, are the most expedient and yield immediate results during the field investigations. Benzene (Benzol), Toluene and Xylene These three aromatic hydrocarbons are widely used as industrial solvents and ingredi ents in a number of chemical reactions. Tolu ene, for example, is an important raw mate rial in our ammunition manufacturing, espe cially in the production of trinitrotoluene. With the increased demand for toluene and the corresponding scarcity of this material, benzene is rapidly taking its place as a sol vent in many industries. Xylene, which besides being an important solvent, also does enter as a raw material in certain chemical processes, at present associated with the defense industry and therefore used in great quantities. For instance, in a plant I visited recently xylene is used in the production of a certain type of resin, which in turn is employed in an article manufactured for the United States Army. All these three materials are classified as industrial poisons, although there appears to be some confusion as to the relative toxicity of each. Benzene is generally considered as the worst offender, although this may not be due to a greater toxicity of the material per se but to the fact that it has a higher vapor pressure than the other two so that for a given temperature more of it will be found in the air. However that may be, the toxic effect of all of them, once dispersed in the air, is generally recognized and therefore in dicates the need for strict control wherever they are used. For the evaluation of these materials some chemical as well as physical methods are available. Most of these, however, are com plicated and cumbersome, involving such operations as nitration by bubbling the air through nitric acid with subsequent colorimet ric determination, or condensation of the vapors followed up by laboratory analytical procedures for the final evaluation. While methods of this type may be satisfactory for scientific purposes, for routine sampling in control work in industrial plants, a combus tible gas indicator is far more expedfl Most of these devices, used primarily fori prevention work, are designed to rea4<j| within 1% of tl\e lower explosive limit ofj gas or vapor under test For above (3 stances with lower explosive limits aroue 1% by volume, this means that concentration down to 100 p.p.m. can be detected, which; approximately the accepted toxic limit these solvents. For benzene with a safe li^t of 75 p.p.m. (19) a modified combustible indicator has been placed on the marker which measures concentrations ranging be. tween 0 and 1000 p.p.m. A spectroscope method for determination of benzene .toluene in air has been described by Col* (20). Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Of these, trichloroethylene and carbo* tetrachloride are probably most frequently found. They are used extensively as met^ cleaning agents; the former in regular d. greasing machines on a production basis and the latter for work of a more occasional nature. These materials with their grea* dissolving properties are regarded by medical authorities as very injurious to the fatty tis sues of the human body. As in the case of other substances referred to above, there are chemical methods for quantitative determination of vapors from these materials, but they are mostly too cum bersome for routine sampling. Optical instru ments are available, however, for rapid evalu ation of such vapors dispersed in the air. The best known of these is probably the portable interferometer in which the difference be tween the refraction of air (the comparison substance) and that of the gas mixture to be examined is measured. This difference is calibrated in terms of concentration of the gas or gases under observation. Naturally the same readings will be obtained for all gas mixtures resulting in the same refractive in dex, so the instrument is therefore not spe cific. With information, however, as to the type of air contaminant concerned in a par ticular problem it is an exceedingly useful instrument applicable to the investigation of a great variety of gases and vapors. Carbon Disulfide This substance which at ordinary tempera tures occurs as a liquid with a high vapor pressure, generates toxic vapors for which Dust, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 65 y low safe limits have been suggested `us authorities. Russian investigators mmended a threshold limit of only for prolonged exposures, while the Department of Scientific and Indusarch has suggested a value of 10 d our own State of Massachusetts, While there is a wide divergence these values, they all tend to indicate tial dangers connected with exto vapors of carbon disulfide, gh this solvent may be encountered t many industrial operations, it is narily in the viscose--and rubber where it constitutes an important rial. iluation of these vapors, the Air Foundation recommends drawing through an alcoholic potassium hysolution to form potassium ethyl xan!ch is determined iodometrically. The .Department of Scientific and Indusarch uses a colorimetric method of bubbling the air through di- and copper acetate forming a col_ound the intensity of which is comth standards. In view of the inflamof these vapors, a rapid method of 'uation in high concentrations would of a combustible gas indicator, ely, however, the sensitivities of nents as built at present, are not tfljh to get within the physiological ge of this material. Acid* group probably nitric, chromic, ic, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids most commonly encountered. Of acid has been discussed under an"g. Exposures to chromic acid in chrome ulcers and the perforated are frequently found around plating tanks. A safe limit of 1 . Cubic meters of air has been estabromic acid which in electroplating as a mist over the plating baths. : and hydrochloric acids also cxform as hydrogen fluoride and -ride respectively. A safe limit i been suggested for the former, . been set at 10 p.p.m. for the nitric, chromic, and sulfuric done by bubbling through a *4e solution; hydrofluoric acid through potassium hydroxide; and hydro chloric acid through glycerol-potassium car bonate-water solution. For the final labora tory evaluation I refer to standard methods of the A.P.H.A. Bibliography 1. Greenburg, L. and Smith, G. W. A New Instrument for Sampling Aerial Dust. R. I. 2392, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1922. 2. Brown, Carlton E.; Baum, Lester A. H.; Yant, William P., and Schrenk, Helmuth H. Microprojection Method for Count ing Impinger Dust Samples. R.I. 3373, U. S. Bureau of Mines, January, 1938. 3. Barnes, E. C. and Penney, G. W. An Electrostatic Dust Weight Sampler. Jo. In dustrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 20, 3, p. 259 March, 1938. 4. Bernz, N. R. Dust Counts and Their Significance. Heating, Piping and Air Con ditioning, March, June and October, 1942. 5. Pinto, S. Sherman and Fahy, John P. A New Colorimetric Method for the Deter mination of T.N.T. (2, 4, 6 Trinitrotoluene) in Air. Jo. Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 24, 2, p. 24 February, 1942. 6. Sands, Frederick W., 189 Claremont Avenue, New York, N. Y. Unpublished data obtained through personal communication, August, 1942. 7. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, England Methods for De tection of Toxic Gases in Industry. Leaflet No. 1--Hydrogen Sulfide Leaflet No. 2--Hydrogen Cyanide Leaflet No. 3--Sulfur Dioxide Leaflet No. 4--Benzene Leaflet No. 5--Nitrous Fumes Leaflet No. 6--Carbon Disulfide Leaflet No. 7--Carbon Monoxide Leaflet No. 8--Phosgen Leaflet No. 9--Arsine Leaflet No. 10--Chlorine Leaflet No. 11--Aniline Leaflet No. 12--Organic Compounds 8. Method employed at the Harvard School of Public Health. 9. Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. Preventive Engineering Series, Bulletin No. 2, Part 8. 10. Cook, Warren A. Report on Methods for Determination of Poisonous Atmospheric 66 31st National Safety Congress Contaminants, pp. 80-85, 1935-1936 Year Book, American Public Health Association. 11. Fieldner ei at. Jo. Industrial & Engi neering Chemistry 11:519, 1919. 12. Evans, R. D. Apparatus for the Deter mination of Minute Quantities of Radium, Radon and Thoron in Solids, Liquids and Gases. Review of Scientific Instruments, 6:99 --112 (1935). 13. Brown, S. C.; Elliott, L. G.; and Evans, R. D. Detection of Radon by Means of A Proportional Counter. Review of Scien tific Instruments 13: 147--151 (1942). 14. Evans, R. D. and Goodman, C. De termination of The Thoron Content of Air and Its Bearing on Lung-Cancer Hazards in Industry. Jo. of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 22, 3, pp. 89-99 March, 1940. 15. Evans, R. D.; Nilson, S. J.; Good man, C.; and Bernz, N. R. Industrial Ap plication of a Method for Determining the Thoron Content of Air. Proceedings of the VIII International Congress on Occupational disease* ana rrevenuve Aicaiane, J Frankfurt a. M. Germany, September 1938. alt; tiul -el' 16. United States Public Health $**.[ Division of Industrial Hygiene, bS'jj Institute of Health, Washington, D. mium Poisoning. Public Health ReportT**" 17 April 24, 1942. 17. Bulmer, F. M. R.; Rothwell, fj. . and Frankish, E. R. Industrial Cadn^j Poisoning. A report of fifteen cases, ing two deaths. Canadian Public Heahfcj 1938, V.29, 19-26. *! 18. Littlefield, J. B.; Feicht, Florence j and Schrenk, H. H. Efficiency of Impair for Collecting Lead Dusts and FumesTft? 3401, U. S. Bureau of Mines, May, 193^*" 19. American Standard Association, {u zene, allowable concentration. Z 37.4, 1$^ 20. Cole, Peter A. Determination of ^ Concentration of Benzene and Toluei* Air by a Spectroscopic Method. Jo. Soc. Am. 32, 304-306, May, 1942. Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Devices* By H. H. SCHRENK Chief Chemist, Health Division, Bureau of Mines and S. J. PEARCE Associate Chemist, Gas and Dust Section, Central Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Published by permission of the Director, Bureau of Mines, V. S. Department of the Interior, Wash ington, D. C. H. H. Schrenk, chief chemist. Health Di vision, Bureau of Mines and S. J. Pearce, associate chemist, Gas and Dust Section, Central Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. There are several well-recognized pro cedures for controlling exposure to hazard ous atmospheres in industry. They include (a) substitution of less toxic material, (b) enclosure of processes, (c) wet methods, (d) local exhaust, (e) general ventilation, and (f) use of respiratory protective de vices. In addition to their employment as a control measure in occupational exposures, respiratory protective devices also are essen tial in emergencies that may arise from fail ure or improper use of other control eqa^. ment. Respiratory protective devices usually m employed to supplement other methods a control, as a temporary expedient, or who other methods are not readily applicable a practicable. It seems reasonable to assuoe however, that where respirators are met consideration has been given to the factor involved, and that the devices can previa satisfactory protection if used properly. The use should not be arrived at simply by . process of elimination of other methods (hr are more difficult to apply. Atmospheric contaminants include gist vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and fogs. Re piratory protection against these contamb ants may be required for concentrations fc are immediately dangerous to health or Es Gas and Electric Welding 97 sett will eliminate these hazards. Passage ways, ladders, openings, ditches, etc., should tO be kept clear and free as possible of these items. Cables installed in ducts or suspended twerbead will eliminate this hazard. A welder or a worker, on whatever job ae may be doing, must be conscious not of his own safety but of the safety of abers working near at hand. By his own afety efforts, his own work not only is made easier and safer, but his fellow workers' opportunity for doing their jobs faster and safer is furthered. These many factors--proper clothing, pro tective equipment, ventilation, goggles, fire prevention, elimination of tripping hazards, and the regard for others helps all of us in dividually and collectively to conserve our efforts so that each of our jobs can be done faster and better. Health Aspects of Welding By A. G. CRANCH, M. D. Union Carbide Company, New York City and B. L. VOSBURGH, M. D. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. The purpose of this paper is to offer some points for the better protection of ^httlth of welding operators. It is not 15 an exhaustive research document , health hazards of welding may be classed ^ .teal and unreal". The former should not * Dor shou^ the latter be allowed undue alarm. The real hazards are >*nus; they should be easily under^ _hy any reasonably well trained operator - for protection are available and when used. 4 j^ehHtig operator is usually exposed to V accident hazards common to ^Id in which he is working. V lrn workers, ship builders and *** exposed to increased accident ***m^j_ a large proportion of welding k.*1^ *** connection with such work, reason for the common asser^*ding is a dangerous and unecupation. ^^J0***^ source for the charge ** a health hazard is the cirthe formulas of most rod ijyade secrets" so that there . to indulge in all sorts of ft. the danger to health from Ifredients in these coatings, coatings would appear to have introduced any important health hazards. As for the "mystery," most of these coat ings have been patented. Not long ago the Bureau of Mines issued an Information Cir cular (1) giving much detailed information on the composition of welding rod coatings and fluxes. This was based on patent in formation, purposes served by the various ingredients and analyses of many typical coatings. This and other reports remove the "mystery." _ A third and perhaps the most important reason for the assumption that welding is a health hazard, are the dramatic deaths which have been reported in a relatively few in stances following massive exposures to weld ing fumes in strictly confined spaces without suitable protection for the operators. That such incidents do not reflect a general hazard is well shown by the fact that in the past three years the number of welding operators has increased some 400% and in the past ten years consumption of welding rods has in creased some 2800% with scarcely any in crease in such fatalities. Until quite recently the health problems of welding have been approached from a speculative rather than scientific view point. Unfortunately in a number of instances even medical men, apparently with little attempt to 98 31st National Safety Congress check exposures or weigh evidence available, have attributed an amazing variety of ills to welding exposures. These include digestive disorders and malnutrition/ liver diseases, respiratory affections even including cancer of the lung, circulatory, blood and glandular changes including thyroid disease and Hodg kin's disease, various skin diseases, neuro logical changes, sterility, and various other complaints. A careful analysis of these reports generally shows little or no evidence of any connection with welding exposures. The agents usually blamed for these various ailments would ordinarily be present in entirely negligible concentrations, if at all. but only glare from too intense li|_ eyes must be protected by suitable , lenses. In electric arc welding there' only the glare but enough ultraviolet tion to call for a deeper shade of pro2?^ lens for the eyes, and also a face shiey^ protective clothing to cover all skin which might be exposed. At present1 attempt will be made to go into details this form of protection, as these are available from a number of sources, espet? the American Standard Safety Code f<* Protection of Heads, Eyes, and Resnira*^ Organs (7) (9). Such substances as silica, asbestos, man ganese, chromium, nickel, cobalt, various other metals and even iron have been given as "potential hazards" in welding fumes. These have been charged with directly caus ing ill health or serving to activate other conditions such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc. With the exceptions shortly to be men tioned, thare seems to be no evidence to indicate that they are present in a form or an amount which would constitute a health hazard. Some have stated that welding operators "are dying every day, and others suffering permanent health impairment as the result of their work," and charge that no studies have been made to identify or control the hazards. Anyone at all familiar with the research which has been done and is still going on in this field will realize that such charges must be due to ignorance or prejudice. The very thorough study con ducted by Britton and Walsh (2) and the experimental work and observations in this field by many other investigators (3) (4) (S) (6) fail to show any excess of ill health among welding operators, or any outstand ing type of illness among them. The Real Welding Hazards The real hazards peculiar to welding are essentially from: (1) radiation and (2) air contamination by gases and fumes. to the welding operator alone, but involve his helpers and others working* the immediate neighborhood, usually ^ sidered to be within seventy-five to hundred feet in the case of arc welding. workman within this area should be prot*<2 either with suitable goggles or by the ^ of screens. If screens are used they sfi^ be so designed as to 'interfere as little * possible with ventilation. Some types g operation can be done in ventilated boot^ which may serve to reduce the hazard ^ others. Not only must direct rays be la. from the unprotected eye, but reflected ray must be considered. This invariably qj, for the use of dull non-reflective paint a areas which may otherwise serve as re Sectors. Excessive exposure of the eye to uhjs. violet radiation damages chiefly the onto structures of the eye, setting up conjunctrni* of varying degree. The damage is analogy to a blistering sun burn of the skin and i the exposure is severe very'painful reaction will occur, with some temporary visual d*. turbances. Ultraviolet rays do not penetrate the lens or injure the deeper structures of the eye. Experimental cataracts have been pr> duced in rabbits by prolonged exposure h * ultraviolet rays, but in actual welding aperience lens changes do not occur and opt* ` nerve injury is impossible from a physic^ * standpoint. Radiation presents the hazard of intense light, glare and of ultraviolet exposures. Probably all workers even casually ac quainted with welding operations are familiar with the need for eye protection in this work. In the case of gas welding there is little, if any, exposure to ultraviolet rays. Before leaving the subject of radiation 4 should be mentioned that in welding is no exposure to short waves like the x-ray]. This has been demonstrated repeatedly having welding operators carry dental x-i films in their pockets. No systemic effi have been demonstrated as due to the Gas and Electric Welding 99 bon in welding, least of all sterility. This depletion occurred. "Oxygen deficiency," is mentioned because this charge has recently then can be put into the category of unreal been revived in some quarters. It was hazard. originally made during the last World War nd several investigations proved it to be ifounded. There is no valid evidence to support such a theory. One not infrequently sees references to the -toxic effects of unburned acetylene or the "impurities" present in acetylene gas. Acety lene is a simple asphyxiant gas not in itself Gas Hazards a poison. It has had fairly wide use as an anesthetic. A hazard would exist only when Among the much discussed hazards of the gas is present in such concentration as dding are those due to gases. These gases to reduce the oxygen in the air breathed so sy be essential to the type of welding as that not enough remained properly to supply fce oxygen and acetlylene in oxyacetylene the body. As the lower explosive limit of elding or they may be produced through the acetylene in air is about 21/; - 3% it is evident 'eactsons occurring in the welding process as that in the presence of a flame an explosion ddes of nitrogen, ozone, or in some cases would result long before the concentration f imperfect -combustion carbon monoxide.' would appreciably reduce the available ardly necessary to state that oxygen oxygen in the air. As for the alleged hazard * in welding does not produce a health from impurities--arsine, phosphine, hydrogen yard. Misused, for instance, as a sub- sulphide or ammonia--this purely theoretical **te for compressed air in ventilating hazard is based chiefly on early analyses of all spaces, it may increase the hazard acetylene made from materials of foreign lran burns, as any material will burn more origin. No significant amounts are present ^^y in the presence of an excess of in acetylene produced today from raw mate *yten. Ozone, a "peroxygen," may be rials from North American sources. Re ***d in the welding arc and in concentra- cently tests were made for arsine in dissolved T* of over 1 p.p.m. may act as a pulmonary acetylene from four commercial producers On leaving the arc, ozone rapidly and not even a trace was detected. The , to exist as such and many invest- minute amounts of impurities sometimes j P** have demonstrated that even in con- found in acetylene are, of course, destroyed 1 a dangerous concentration is not in the flame. The health hazards from acety k?* m the air breathed by an operator. lene and its "impurities" belong in the **tremely doubtful that ozone is any- "unreal" class. but a theoretical hazard in welding. Gases formed in the flame or arc are the speaking of oxygen, mention may tx oxides of nitrogen, sometimes called "nitrous hazard said to be due to "oxyger fumes." They are not nitrous oxide, but are wPocy" from welding. This could occui nitric oxide and other higher oxides of Yery confined spaces, as in tanks oi nitrogen. In the concentration present in ** the small compartments in ship's connection with welding they are so diluted *d the like. There may have beer as to be colorless. Under other conditions ^ Jjptocnts due to oxygen deficiency ir of exposure these fumes may present other l^*9c*tions but in all probability investi- hazards but in welding the real hazard is as ^ show that this condition alread) a pulmonary irritant. Except in small rooms in the area before welding oper- or in very confined spaces as in tanks, etc., attempted. In the case of oxy- no dangerous concentration would be likely <2* Welding where a certain proportior to occur. Just what is a dangerous concen .1 is drawn from the atmosphere tht tration has been undergoing considerable dis Jame will usually become entirely cussion in the last two or three years. The tory for its purpose and the defi- classic figure of 39 p.p.m. by volume in air, PSnized before the oxygen reaches admittedly was based on very limited obser enough to be dangerous to the vations but has proved a fairly satisfactory ' io the heat generated by the working standard. Just as much more ex ition under normal atmospheric tensive experiments were beginning to indi juld usually be unbearable in a cate that 70 p.p.m. or even up to 100 p.p.m. before dangerous oxygen might be a safe limit for a day's work; 100 31st National Safety Congress others on what basis is not clear, are advocat ing a "safe concentration" of only 10 p.p.m. Certainly a study of available evidence in dicates that in welding operations concen trations of SO p.p.m. or less have not produced symptoms, and that probably under many conditions this amount may be exceeded without harm. Protection will be discussed under fume protection. Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide Carbon dioxide is produced by the oxyacetylene flame and by the electric arc but never in concentrations of physiological im portance. Carbon monoxide may be produced through imperfect combustion as when start ing welding or cutting of cold material or through the combustion of organic matter which may be present on the surface to be welded, or in the coatings of rods used. There is considerable divergence of opinion on the degree of hazard from carbon mon oxide in welding. A careful comparison of the various reports seems to indicate that the danger of a significant concentration is very slight under all ordinary conditions of welding. If standards of ventilation indicated by other features of the work are followed the hazard from carbon monoxide should be non-existent. Probably the most discussed health hazards of welding are those due to fumes. These are chiefly metallic, from the material being welded or used as a coating on that material or in the welding rod or its coating. The composition of welding fumes is so varied that this furnishes a wonderful field for the discovery of hypothetical and unreal hazards. These fumes also are the source of some very real hazards. If proper precautions are taken to avoid the real and recognizable hazards the same precautions should elim inate the theoretical hazards. Welding is now in such general use and the number of metals and their combinations involved is so great that there are probably but few metals which may not be handled by a welding operator. The most common complaint due to fume exposure is metal fume fever. This often called "zinc chills," "brass founder's ague" and the like, is really a non-specific reaction which might come from any of a number of metal fumes. The most common source is zinc fume, from welding on galvanized rial, or brass, or from using rods with * high zinc content Zinc should not be coo. sidered "highly toxic," however, as thjj condition is an acute, self-limiting reaction of short duration and without known after, effects or complications. In a large number of those affected a considerable degree of immunity is established so that subsequent attacks are very mild or lacking altogether The permissible limit for zinc fume in the air has been suggested as IS milligrams of zinc per cubic meter of air. If this conceotration is not exceeded it is unlikely that any cases of metal fume fever will occur. (6) The most serious condition likely to result from metal fume exposure is probably poisoning. This is not a hazard common to all welding operations, but only in the rela tively few cases where welding or cutting is done on material previously covered with lead paint, coated with metallic lead, or where lead has been introduced as an alloy as in certain steels. In such cases very definite protective measures will be required Next to lead ranks cadmium as a potential hazard. Lately cadmium has come into more general use as a rust-proof coating for steel in place of zinc. It enters into some alloys. The fume may produce a pulmonary irrita tion and edema resembling in many ways the effects from inhaling oxides of nitrogen. A wide variety of other metals have been mentioned as injurious. Manganese, chro mium, cobalt, copper, tin, antimony, mag. nesium, aluminum, tellurium, vanadium, titanium and many others. As encountered in welding fumes the amounts are usually definitely less than those known to have toxic effects, and it is doubtful if any reports alleging injury from these metals in welding can be substantiated. Manganese has been most frequently suspected, but a study o< the reports of alleged effects fail to show any conclusive evidence and the amounts involved are below those known to hate produced effects. The charge that even small amounts of manganese predispose to pneu monia is not borne out by the known ex perience of welding operators. Other materials than gases or metals nH< create fume hazards through air contami nation. These may be encountered especially in repair work on various tanks, vats, etc Gas and Electric Welding 101 eir presence calls for special ventilation. 'here is one other source of real hazard ich may be present in many operations olving aluminum or some of the "stainless" els and alloy metals. This is from the sence of fluorides in many of the fluxes or i coatings used for this work. Hydroaric acid may be formed and the fume if aled in appreciable concentrations or for g periods may cause considerable irritan to the nose and throat or even pulmonary ;ma. Prevention To sum up: The real hazards of welding ; not many, are generally easily identified d protective measures are available and ective when used. These real hazards ould not be minimized or passed by. Briefly ?y are due to: 1. Radiant energy--ultraviolet and visible ht. 2. Oxides of nitrogen. 3. Metal fumes--lead, cadmium and zinc. 4. Fumes from organic residues or wastes. 3. Fumes from fluoride-containing fluxes id rod coatings. Protection from radiant energy has already :en outlined. Protection from the rest is most wholly a question of ventilation, arious means of approach have been tried establish standards for ventilation. Stand-ds in terms of concentration of contaminant ^pressed in parts per million by volume for ie gases or milligrams per cubic meter for letallic and other fumes have been suggested, ; have standards expressed in number of :r changes per time unit. Both methods ave value and studies made along these nes have done much to solve some of the ifficult points in ventilation requirements, -'nfortunately, it is very difficult to obtain uickly and easily a determination of fume oncentration on a given operation. Local onditions may also change the efficiency of neasures based on rate of air change. Not withstanding some of the practical difficulties n applying such standards in specific cases, ^veral general rules on ventilation have been ^ved which have proved to be of con"'ferable help. Various studies of present day practice have been made which indicate that welding out of doors or in large shops seldom results in any serious air contamination except in the case of lead. In spaces of less than 1000 cu. ft. and especially inside tanks, ship holds, etc., special ventilation is necessary. Usually the exhaust of contaminated air is much more effective than an attempt to force fresh air into the space. In stationary locations this can generally be done with properly located exhaust fans or by the use of hoods and ducts to withdraw fumes as near as possible to their source. Portable exhaust systems have been designed which are adapted to field needs. In the case of gases such as oxides of nitrogen, or the rare instances of carbon monoxide, if sufficient ventilation is main tained from the beginning of the operation and sufficient to insure good visibility and to insure a comfortable temperature there should be no gas hazard even in confined spaces. If lead or cadmium fumes are present the only complete protection is by the use of air supplied masks. These are of three types-- air supplied by special blower, air supplied from compressed air system, and masks with larger hose without use of forced air supply. If compressed air is used from a general supply, special filters and pressure regulators are required. In the last named type with no forced air supply the length of hose can seldom be over 50 feet In confined spaces one of the above devices should be used. Out of doors or in large well ventilated shops and for moderately short exposures one of the filter type respirators approved by the Bureau of Mines for lead fumes may be satisfactory. In any confined space at least local exhaust ventilation is required when there is exposure to zinc or fluoride fumes, or to fumes from heavy deposits of organic wastes and sludge. Air supplied respirators offer, of course, the most positive protection. Briefly, a minimum standard of ventilation is one that will be sufficient to insure good visibility at the point of operaton, and insure a temperature within a reasonably comfort able limit. In confined spaces this would call for exhaust ventilation. In case of lead or cadmium exposures air supplied masks are required. No serious hazard is apt to be present except in confined spaces or when lead is involved. Special standards for venti 102 Stst Sational Safety Congress lation in welding of leaded steel have been given by Halley (8) General requirements for ventilation are given in more detail in the reports of Tebbens and Drinker, (6) and in Special Bulletin No. 5 of the U. S. Depart ment of Labor, "Control of Welding Hazards in Defense Industries, (9) and by Hemeon. CIO) Summary and Conclusions 1. Health hazards in welding may be divided into "real" and "unreal." 2. Real hazards should not be ignored or minimized. They are usually easy to recog nize and effective preventive measures are available. 3. Unreal and hypothetical hazards are often alleged. If indicated precautions are taken to guard against the real hazards, the unreal will disappear entirely. 4. Hazards from radiation in welding are limited to eyes and skin. No systemic effects have been demonstrated. Means of preven tion are well known and available. 5. Hazards from air contamination can usually be controlled by ventilation and in some instances, by respiratory protective equipment. Hazard from gas is essentially limited to oxides of nitrogen. Ozone and carbon monoxide hazards are of minor im portance. Oxygen deficiency, if present, is usually not due to the welding operation but to other causes. Fume hazards for practical purposes are limited to fumes from lead, cadmium, zinc or fluorine, and rarely from organic wastes or sludges. Fumes from other materials, when present, are usually in non toxic amounts, or would be removed by pro tective measures indicated for the well recog nized hazards just mentioned. 7. That the health hazards due to welding exposures are not great and can be well coo. trolled is evident from the enormous increase in welding and its applications without a corresponding increase in illness. Bibliography 1. U. S. Bureau of Mines, `Materials Used in Welding," Ralston and von Bernewitz, Information Circular 7121, June, 1940. 2. Britton and Walsh, "Health Hazards ot Electric and Gas Welding," J. Ind. Hy. and Tox., 22: 4, April, 1940. 3. Von Haam and Groom, "The Pathology of Shielded Arc Welding," J. Tnd. Hvg. and Tox., 23 :2, Feb., 1941. ' 4. Harrold, Gordon C. "Welding Fumes from Arc Welding," The Welding Jour. June, 1942. 5. Gardner and McCrum, "Effect of Daily Exposures to Arc Welding Fumes and Gases upon Normal and Tuberculous Animals," J. Ind. Hyg. and Tox. Sept 1942. 6. Tebbens and Drinker, "Ventilation in Arc Welding with Coated Electrodes," J Ind. Hyg. and Tox. 23 :7, Sept. 1941. 7. "American Standard Safety Code for the Protection of Heads, Eyes and Respira tory Organs," Nat. Bureau of Standards, Handbook H 24. U. S. Department of Commerce, 1938. 8. Halley, "Atmospheric Concentration of Lead Fume Associated with Forging, Weld ing, and Oxygen Cutting of Lead-Bearing Steel," J. Ind. Hyg. and Tox. 23:3, Mar. 1941. 6. No reliable evidence has been presented to show that welding operators have any poorer health and accident records than other tradesmen working in the same environment, or that they show any characteristic type of illness which could be associated with their work. 9. "Control of Welding Hazards in De fense Industries," Special Bull. No. 5, Div. Labor Standards, U. S. Dept, of Labor, 1941. 10. Hemeon, "Ventilation for Control of Fumes in Wartime Welding Work," Heat ing, Piping and Air Conditioning, June, 1942. Safety Engineering Exchange THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 29, 1942 Presiding:--K. A. Colaha.v, Engineering Mgr., Atlantic Div., American Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Philadelphia CHAIRMAN COLAHAN: It would be iomewhat superfluous to say much about the of the present industrial activity from the safety standpoint. Those ** -*ve attended meetings of the other 'essions have undoubtedly felt a great deal :r,e need for stepping up our accident pre''ention work because of war production ac'Jvity. There has been not only a very sharp "crease in the tempo of manufacturing, but !nre has been a very material turnover or rhange in the personnel of industrial plants, '"'aning by that, of course, that to a large extent women are coming into industry to a "juch greater degree in many of the plants, 'any plants have encountered in the past problems that required solving at the time. many other instances, those problems aye now occurring for the first time in other p*ants. So the purpose of this session is to draw J00 the knowledge and experience of those 'y*5 or people who have, in the past, . or`ced out the answer to many of the ques.JQOs that are now arising in other places for hrst time. ^jfiould like to tell you who makes up this t/r hy introducing the various members. on the left, Mr. E. S. Beaumont, I G?r Safety, The Peoples Gas Light v"*e Company, Chicago. is Mr. Louis Boraks, Supervisor, Guarding, Liberty Mutual Insurance f tty, Boston. Mr. Boraks, I might say, *nod of fifteen vears or more has > _ ______^ tc ` *11 his energy and has concentrated solving of intricate guarding probjJJsPoints of operation. To my left is Mr. Julius A. Draper, Safe ty Director, Consolidated Paper Corpora tion, Ltd., Grand Mere, Quebec, Canada. On this side is Mr. H. F. Gilbert, Safety Director, American Cyanamid Company, New York City. Next is Mr. Johan Norvig, General Su perintendent, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Last, Mr. J. L. Ridinger, Safety Direc tor, Inland Steel Company, East Chicago, Indiana. The first question: . "New York State passed a law about a year or two ago limiting the amount of dust which might be permitted in the air in a rock crushing plant. Is this law being en forced today? If it is, how does it affect the industry?" Mr. Norvig! MR. NORVIG: As far as I know, New York State has had a dust prohibition law in effect since 1910 or 1912. It was a law that didn't have any real teeth in it, and it wasn't very rigidly enforced. I don't know the wording, but the sense of it was that in an industry--this refers to a rock crush ing plant, but in any industry where there is an amount of dust in the atmosphere of such a concentration that it could be consid ered injurious to the health of the employees, that condition had to be rectified. In our particular industry, cement and rock crushing, there wasn't much said about it. Around in '34 or '35 there was quite a furor, which started in New York City in connection with tunnel work. 179 American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairmen--Wills Maclachlan, Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., Canada. H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., E. 42nd St., New York, N. Y. 'ary--Rl L. Forney, National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago. i ,er Representatives--E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter). R. M. Goodwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter). E. R. Granniss, National Conservation Bureau, New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter). Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas, (Gulf Coast Chapter). Everett F. King, L<*ver Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter). S. R. Bumann, Atlantic Refining Co., Dallas, Texas. (Southwest Chapter). G. G. Oldham, Lake City Ordnance Plant, Independence, Mo. (Kansas City Chapter). J. P. Leonard, Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter). E. M. Niblett, Stockham Pipe Fittings Co., Birmingham, Ala. (Alabama Chapter). H. E. Wright, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Bloomfield, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter). D. G. Welch, Safety Engineer, Curtiss-Wright Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter). Members at Large-- - George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Assn., New York, N. Y. R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. W. Dean Keefer, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. W. R. Smith, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. W. P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Past General Chairmen-- J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago. E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif, San Francisco, Calif. L McA. Keown, Wisconsin Industrial Commission, Madison, Wis. <V. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, Hartford, Conn. A S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc, New York, N. Y. D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp, New York, N. Y. 235 236 31st National Safety Congress G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. F, Thai.nkr, Bnick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston. Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--'Wills Maci.aciu.an, Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., Canada. Vice-Chairmen--II. R. Bixi.f.r, Mutual Life Insurance Co. of N. Y., New York, N. Y. W. R. Smith, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Secretary--R. L. Fornf.v, National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Chapter Representatives-- E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter). Frank G. Cosgrove, Employers Reinsurance Corp., Kansas City, Mo. (Kansas City Chapter). E. W. Engf.rer, Bethlehem Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter). Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter). E. R. Granniss, Office of Provost Marshal General, War Dept., Washington, D. C. (Metropolitan Chapter). C. I.. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. (Ark-La-Tex Chapter) E. F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter). A. A. Hendrix, Eastern Aircraft Div., General Motors Corp., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter). R. C, Ledbf.ttkr, Texas Employers' Insurance Assn., Dallas, Texas. (Southwe* Chapter). F.. J. McCrossin, State of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala. (Alabama Chapter). B. J. Pratt, Colonial Radio Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter). Harvey B. Williams, Pan American Refining Corp., Texas City, Texas. (Gulf CuM Chapter). Members at Large-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Assn., New York, N. Y. R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Major E. R. Granniss, Office of Provost Marshal General, War Dept., Washing** D. C. W. Dean Kf.f.fer, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago, 111. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. J. S. Siiaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. W. P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vast i.Ym.-vj/ Chairmen-- 1 l C.vsu'tvig Fng.. Chicago, lit. V. \\ R .i>Sr v . Nj-.v V --V. N Y. C. R. Boi i ft, \\ isconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. F, W. Rraun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. H. J. Griffith. Jones & laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. R. McA. Kfown, Wisconsin Industrial Commission, Madison, Wis. W. S. Painf, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.. Hartford, Conn. A. S. Rf.gula, General Time Instrument Corp., New York, N. Y. D. I.. Royer, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. j : ; \ et.o.s.E.--Engineering Section G. E, Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide & Carlton Corp., New York, N. Y. R, F. Thai.mkr, Bnick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. tA elected by the delegates in Congress session The American Society of Safety Engineers, M*insors of all subject sessions programmed lor the Congress, held their Wednesday luncheon and afternoon meeting on October 18 at the Terrace Casino of the Morrison Hotel, H. J. Griffith, Mgr. Safety & Welfare Ilrpt., Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittstwgh, Pa., presiding. magic by Mr. Clyde R. Powell, p director, Endicott Johnson Corporatio cott, N. Y. A special session was arranged < morning of the Congress, each devotei discussion of a National Safety Coun Following the annual report of the General Chairman and election of officers, the Society t entertained by a stage demonstration of practices pamphlet in the process of r The three pamphlets discussed were: phlet No. 11, "Floors and Flooring phlet No. 12, "ICood Scaffolds"; Pa No. 95, "Compressed Gases." Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--Paul S. Strkcker, Purdue University, West Lafayette, I ml. I'iee-Chairman, Machine Shop Division--II. B. Duffus, Westinghouse Electric & Manu facturing Co., Springfield, Mass. i icc-Chainimn, Automotive Division--C. E. Whomever, Aviation Engine Plant, Melrose Park, 111. Secretary--0. E. Lehman, Clirysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. .Viter Letter Committee--W. T. Buckeridgk (Chairman), Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. (jto. L. Eaton, The Singer Manufacturing Co., Bridgeport, Conn. J. E. Moore, Cadillac Motor Car Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Midi. i.in/ineering Committee--W. M. Nklson (Chairman), General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. K. E. Frederick, International Business Machines Corp., liiulicott, N. Y. Edward Manury, Kepuhlic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. 1'Rank E. Kathmell, Westinghouse E.lectric & Manufacturing Co., Lester, Pa. liealth Committee--Dr. Stuart E. Meek (Chairman), Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. 1)r. A. L. Brooks, lusher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Dr. John W. Hilukkt, The Studebaker Corp., South Bend, lnd. Membership Committee--L. B. Loomis (Chairman), Ternstedt Mfg. Div., General Motors Girp., Detroit, Mich, Mm. J. Barclay, Cainpbcll-Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co., Muskegon, Mich. Pat VV. Howard, Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Grand Rapids, Mich. K. N. Seaklks, American Car & Foundry Co., New York City, N. Y. | ' -tier Committee--C. 11. Blciull (Chairman), DeSoto Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. K. K. Bozell, Whitehead & Kales Co., Detroit, Mich. 11. A. Zachaki, Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. | f' imim Committee--*G. A. Kukchknmeistkr (Chairman), Dominion Forge & Stamping tv, Walkcrville, Out., Canada. '! L. Bower, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. * C B. Cornell Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. | tvluity Committee--J. C. McDonald (Chairman), Fisher Body-Pontiae Div., General Motors Corp., Pontiac, Mich. C A. DeMonce, Kelsey-IIayes Wheel Corp., Detroit, Mich. K. P, Hatch, United Shoe Machinery Corp., Beverly, Mass. | 'oiics Committee--Albert Vuillkumif:r (Chairman), New Departure Div., General x >tors Corp., Bristol, Conn. hi. VV. Starling, Harrison Radiator Div., General Motors Corp., Loekport, N. Y. 239 31st National Safety Congress MemLb.eErs. aAt vLearriglle,--Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich. *W. A. Bechill, Chrysler Corp., De Soto Div., Detroit, Mich. M. A, Clark, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. Fracher, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. *M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Harry L. Sain, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. *R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. *R. F. Thalmf.r, Buick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. V. I. Trotter, Plymouth Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. *C. T. Winegar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Put General Chairman M. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. 1 *Hoyt L. Fracher, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. *G. A. Kuechenmeister, Dominion Forge & Stamping Co., Walkerville, Ont., Canada. *M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Detroit Div,, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Harry L. Sain, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. *R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Paul S. Strecker, Nash-Kelvinator Corp., New Orleans, La. R. F. Thalmer, Buick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. V. I. Trotter, Flymouth Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. *C. T. Winegar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. 'Past General Chairman elected by the delegate* in Congreas session Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--C. E. Wooliever, Buick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Melrose TUESDAY MORNING SESSION ViPcea-rCk,ha11ir1m. en--H. B. Duffus, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pitts buOrg.hF, .PaL.ehman, Jefferson Plant, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Secretary--R. E. Frederick, International Business Machines Corp., North Endicott, N. Y. October 27, 1942 Presiding:--Paul S. Strecker, Personnel Dir., Flying Boat Div., Nash-Kelvinator Corp., New Orleans News Letter Committee--J. E. Moore (Chairman), Cadillac Motor Car Div., General Motors Safety's Contribution to Our War Efforts CoGrpe.o,.DWet.roSitt,aMruicnhc. , Harrison Radiator Div., General Motors Corp., Lockport, N. Y. Engineering Committee--J. C. McDonald (Chairman), Fisher Body Pontiac Div., General MoWto.rsMC. oNrpe.l, sPoonn, tGiaecn, eMraicl hE. lectric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. J. A. Young, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Health Committee--Dr. A. L, Brooks (Chairman), Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Dr. S. F. Meek, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich, Dr. Penberthv, Michigan Mutual Liability Co., Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee--P. W. Howard (Chairman), Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Grand Rapids MiLch. .B. Loomis, Ternstedt Mfg. Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. C. M. Marietta, G. M. Forge Plant No. 1, General Motors Corp., Lansing, Mich. Program Committee--W. J. Barclay (Chairman), Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co., Muskegon Heights, Mich. CA.. BA.. CHoernnderlilc,kCs,hrEyassleterrnCoAripr.c,rDafet tDroiivt,., MGiecnhe.ral Motors Corp., Linden, N. J. Publicity Committee--Arthur Dearth (Chairman), DeSoto-Warren Plant, Chrysler Cory, DeRtr.oPit,. MHiacthc. h, United Shoe Machinery Corp., Beverly, Mass. Statistics Committee--C. A. DeMonge (Chairman), Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co., Detroit, Midk George H. Bechill, DeSoto Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Edward Mandry, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. MemLb.erEs. aAt vLearrgime,--Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich. W. A, Bechill, Dodge Chicago Plant, Chrysler Corp., Chicago, 111. By B. W. KNAPP President, Warren Gear Mfg. Co., Warren, Pa. When a publisher sends a book out into 4* cold, hard world, he attempts to prepare way by including a preface or introducun which, in turn, attempts to prepare the nds of the reading public for the subject liter to follow. I am one of the vast army cil and in particular the program committee, has been presented with a hand-picked pub lic since your presence at this conference indicates your keen interest in the subjects to be discussed. d readers to whom the preface is an imper il and extremely interesting part of any Hinted matter. Why should this group, already finder ter rific pressure because of war production, take time to study additional precautions and The preface to many volumes, even includ- I (he most technical tomes, is often written V in outsider, a person to whom the field wed may be intensely interesting but who bring an unbiased view because the sub- i matter falls outside his usual line of kavur. I find myself in that position today, the head of a manufacturing plant, I am safeguards? Your own National Safety Council in its statistical year book reports that time lost through accidents in 1941 de prived 200,000 American troops of the equip ment which they must have to guarantee vic tory. The army itself has gone on record as believing in protection. I quote General Som ervell, Chief of the Army Service of Supply: dlj concerned with the matter which you > to discuss here and, not being a profesl in the field, I hope I may bring you a ip*e of the work you are doing which may you in your close contact. ``The Army has ordered an unrelenting campaign against accidents, accident hazards, and unsafe practices. Accident-prevention activities will be consolidated under the Pro vost Marshal General who is already respon IV compiler or publisher must first of all to the reading public which will be at<*4 by the volume placed on sale. In I* yrsent case your National Safety Coun sible for plant protection and internal secur ity. This is planned to result in nation-wide safety policies and a uniform system of in spection to discover, eliminate or control hazards. Impressive safety records already 31st National Safety Congress 292 always understood, in the handling of ex somebody told me that they allow us five plosives, Primas should be made up as they days before demurrage set in. I do not know are used. We recommend that they be made about that particular part of it. at the shooting face before being inserted into the hole. This refers to Primas. It is MR. NORVIG: I would like to have just a practice to be condemned, I agree with you. one point cleared up. In your description of this work that was done a day or two in CHAIRMAN POWELL: Anybody else? advance, did that consist of putting the If not, we do not want to delay you un Primas into the stick of dynamite with the fuse attached? I would think that you gen tlemen here would just jump up and condemn definitely a practice like that, because it is against the fire laws in the handling of explosives. MR. GOODMAN: First of all, as I have necessarily, so if we have no more ques tions, on behalf of our section I wish to ex press my appreciation to you all for coming out, and on behalf of our program commit tee and Mr. Warner, I want to express my sincere appreciation to those who have taken part in the program this afternoon. Chemical Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. I'ice-Chairman i Charge of Program--James J. Duggan, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp., South Charleston, W. Va. Secretary--S. W. Gurney, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Vnw Letter Committee--R. C. Stratton (Chairman), The Travelers Insurance Co., Hart ford, Conn. E. F. King, Lever Bros. Co., Cambridge, Mass. W. C. Shaw, Procter & Gamble Defense Corp., Wolf Creek Ordnance Plant, Milan, i Tenn. Engineering Committee--H. F. Gilbert (Chairman), American Cyanamid Co., New York City, N. Y. *S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Polo Sheet Committee--*R. O. Keefer (Chairman), Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. John W. Sawyer, Procter & Gamble Co., Ivorydale, Ohio. A. L. Watson, Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Health Committee--*Dr. Leonard Grf.f.nburg (Chairman), N. Y. State Department oi labor, New York City, N. Y. S. M. McCutcheon, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Hrmbership Committee--C. E. Severns (Chairman), Monsanto Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. W. L. Hammf.rsley, Electric Storage Battery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. James H. Hayes, National Fireworks, Inc., West Hanover, Mass. Enter Committee--H. R. Bixler (Chairman), Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York City. N. Y. j 'Kai.pii L. Rogers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. tnUieiiy Committee--S. D. Kirkpatrick (Chairman), Chemical and Metallurgical Engiwing, New York City, N. Y. j V K. Anbf.rson, Agfa Ansco Corp., Binghamton, N. Y. J*fy Instruction Card Committee--R. S. Mackif. (Chairman), General Electric Co., CleveVrf. Ohio. It. C. Hamilton, The Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of l.abor, Trenton, N. J. thousand Contest Committee--Allen L. Cobb (Chairman), Eastman Kodak Co., Roches *. N. Y. H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. * H. Schenk, The Visking Corp., Chicago, III. Gntral Chairman 293 31st National Safety Congress 294 1 Chemical Section 295 Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--Major K. C. Stratton, CWS, Office of the Chief of Ordnance, Safety i ' TUESDAY MOKNINC SESSION October 27, 1942 & Security Branch, Chicago, III. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--Jamks J. Duggan, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Presiding:--J. J. Duggan, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp., South Charleston, W. Va. Corp., South Charleston, W. Va. Secretary--H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co., New York, N. Y. News Letter Committee--Au.kn I.. Cohb (Chairman), Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. WE..FC. .KSinhga,wL,evPerrocBterors&. CGo.a, mCbalembDreidfegnes, eMCasosr.p., Wolf Creek Ordnance Plant, Milan, Tenn. Engineering Committee--D. O. Mason (Chairman), General Chemical Co., New York, N. Y. Dr. K. G. Meiter, Employers Mutuals, Milwaukee, Wis. E. J. Sait, Canadian Industries Ltd., Montreal, Que., Canada. Data and Instruction Card Committee--R. S. Mackie (Chairman), General Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. R. C. Hamilton, The Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. John W. Sawver, Procter & Gamble Defense Corp., Gulf Ordnance Plant, Aberdeen, Miss. Health Committee--S. W. Gurney (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Dr. Leonard Greenbcrg, N. Y. State Department of Labor, New York, N. Y. S. M. MacCutchf.on, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. Dr. H. H. Schrenk, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Membership Committee--C. E. Skvrkns (Chairman), Monsanto.Chemical Co., Boston, Mas*. W. L. Hammkrsi.ky, Electric Storage Battery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. James H. Hayes, National Fireworks, Inc., West Hinover, Mass. Poster Committee--M. R. Buiid (Chairman), Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. P. C. Lamr, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. Statistics and Contest Committee--M. A. Snell, (Chairman), Hartford Accident & Indem nity Co., Hartford, Conn. F. T. Riederer. Atlas Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Advisory Committee-- *F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. *R. O. Keefer, Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. *R. L. Rogers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. H. L. Miner, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, N. J. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. A. L. Watson, Koppers United Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Past General Chairman fAs elected by delegates i Congress Session The Use of Conductive Flooring and Materials By E. J. MEYERS Aitiitant Manager, Safety & Fire Protection Div., E. I. du Pont de ` Wilmington, Del. Nemours & Co., Conductive flooring and materials have be'oiue increasingly important in helping to prevent accumulations of static electricity 'it manufacturing equipment and operations m industry where flammable vapors, dusts, r materials may he ignited by an electrical arc or spark. By conductive we mean, basic ally, that the aggregate conductivity should material. This material will withstand ex cessive moisture and can be placed on a ground floor slab; however, it will not stand up under high temperatures, is not resistant to oils and hot liquids or concentrated loads, and may be injured by heavy moving loads. The color of this flooring is usually black. 1* such that with a low voltage the charges ill be conducted away as they are generated i" prevent any dangerous accumulations of static electricity on these materials. Magnesium oxychloride is the base for magnesium oxychloride type of conductive floor. It has mixed with it generally some of the following materials: Dolomite, wood Various types of conductive flooring which air now being marketed by manufacturers which may be of special interest are namely: park proof mastic, magnesium oxychloride type of flooring, conductive linoleum, contarlive asphalt tile, and conductive rubber. will discuss types of floors based upon nailable experience, and it should be under bid that the following remarks merely lkalc some factors which should be kept mind. The statements may or may not mdy to alt of the similar tyi>es of flooring nailable on the market today. flour, and silica dust. Copper mesh, copper dust, graphite, or metallurgical coke dust are generally adtled for conductivity. This mate rial can also he applied on wood, concrete, or steel as a base. When placed on a base which is in immediate contact with soil, some means should be taken to prevent absorption of moisture. When installed on wood floors, light metal lathe is used to bond the finish to the base. A special bonding mixture is used when the material is laid on steel or concrete. A minimum practical thickness for this type flooring is lA inch. Manufacturers usually prefer a $4 inch layer. The average is probably $4 of an inch. The grounding wires in this case are imbedded in the mate _ ' .......out excee 'TM- Common practice is usually to "islnre of this material with metalluri 7*,lust- graphite, and in some cases s with a setting or emulsifying agent mllurKical coke dust or graphite are at make the floor conductive. This floo *rul can he applied on existing conci rial. This type flooring is limited to areas which arc fairly dry or well drained where occasional wetting occurs. One of its out standing properties is its hardness and smoothness of wearing surface. This mate rial may he obtained in neutral gray, red nr green colors which are most commonly used. 7* <t steel bases. The minimum praci 7"tss f,,r this floor is % ,,f an i, Linoleum [Jnrragc used is V4 of an inch to one i Grounding wires are embedded in Conductive linoleum i s usually supplied in thicknesses of or Ai". It can he laid on 322 31st National Safety Congress Co., Inr., Edge Moor Want, 1 E. I. du Pont ile Nemours & ' Co., Inc., Baltimore Plant . 1. K. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Newport Plant.... 0 0 0 Small Group Average Rate ................................... 1. R. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Toledo (F & F) Plant ..................................... 1. E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Chicago Plant.... 1. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Fort Madison Plant--- 1. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Everett Plant.... 1. Canadian Industries Ltd., Paint & Varnish Div., Montreal, Quebec ................................. 1. Canadian Industries Ltd., Chatham Works ................. 0 0 0 0 8 8 Division III Average Rate .................................... 7-50 Large Group Average Rate ................................... 1. National Carbon Co., Inc., Factory "A" ........................ 2. The Geo. T. Stagg Co., Inc., Frankfort, Ky......................... 3. Michigan Alkali Co., Wyan dotte, Michigan, North Works ................................... Small Group Average Rate ...................... ............ 'S-0-' 1. The J. B. Ford Co., Wyan dotte, Michigan .................. 8 1. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Experimental Station, Henry Clay............. 8 1. Canadian Industries Ltd., Toronto Chemical Group... 8 1. Hercules Powder Co., Inc., . Kalamazoo, Michigan ......... 8 1. K. I. du Pont de Nemours t Co., Inc., Alcohol Plant, Deepwater, N. J. ....---- 8 1. American Cyanamid & Chem ical Corp., Valdosta, Ga,.. 8 Construction Section Officers 1941-1942 iineral Chairman--W. A. Hazard, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. ue-Chairman for Heavy Construction--G. W. Maxon, Maxon Construction Co., Dayton. Ohio. xe-Chairman for Highway Construction--S. E. Anderson, Harrison Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. ue-Chairman for Building Construction--Li.oyd A. Blanchard, War Department, Wash- mgton, D. C. . xe-Cluurman for Federal Construction--Lt. Col. W. E. Lorf.nce, Corps of Engineers, War beiartment, Washington, D. C. <octary--*W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Washington, ' Letter Editor--*Euoar N. Goi.dstine, 232--30th Ave., San Francisco, Calif. Kiineering Committee Chairman--*R. J. Reicei.uth, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. limbership Committee Chairman--G. O. Griffin, Neville Island Branch, Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. ''wraw Committee Chairman--E. A. Blanpied, Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. klistics Committee Chairman--C. H. Black, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston Mass. W Education Committee Chairman--H. H. Haves, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chat tanooga, Tenn. ^i General Chairman Officers 1942-1943f rvra/ Chairman--W. A. Hazard, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. 'Chairman for Building Construction--Li.oyd A. Blanchard, War Department, WashIta, D. C. u Chairman for Heavy Construction--G. W. Maxon, Maxon Construction Co., Dayton, r 'Ak>. m<i Chairman for Highway Construction--Lf.stkr D. Wise, Pennsylvania Dept, of Higli9 n, Harrisburg, Pa. arrlary--G. O. Griffin, Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. Wkm Letter Editor--*Edgar N. Goldstink, San Francisco, Calif. mh*ering Committee Chairman--*R. J. Rkigkujth, The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New a lirtn, Conn. mfr^ership Committee Chairman- l). Donald, J. W. Cowper Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. 323 31st National Safety Congress 324 Construeton Section 325 Program Committee Chairman--F. J. Cranuei.l, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. H. Bi.ack, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. Visual Education Committee Chairman--H. H. Hayes, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chat illations should be done as close to the em ployment office as possible. On large jobs this office is frequently some distance from the site of operations and from the first-aid station or hospital. Frequently the employ ment office will he in town. In this case, it is usually possible to select two or three the examining room and space should be provided for him to hang his outer garments and also space provided for him to be seated until called for physical examination. Usually the admitting clerk can be en trusted to take the medical history of the tanooga, Tenn. rooms in the same building ami fit them up patient and do a superficial visual acuity test Past General Chairman. . fAs elected by tbe deletatea in Congress session is a physical examiner's office. Sometimes and to test him for color blindness. Space in a private practitioner in the vicinity will con the waiting room, therefore, would have to tract to do the examining, but this, in my be sufficient to obtain the required distance rsperience, is not as advisable as having a for the eye chart reading. wparatc suite of offices expressly for the use "f the contractor's physical examinations. Dressing Room: TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 27, 1942 However, where the size of the "project will not permit the use of a separate office, this method is preferable to no pre-employment ruminations whatever. Frequently it will be advisable or even Adjacent to the waiting room should be a room where the employee' may disrobe preparatory to his examination. In construc tion work we do not have the difficulty often encountered in production of having to Presiding:--W. A. Hazard, Eng. of Erection, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. imperative that the contractor erect a phys- examine both men and women and conse al examination building or combine a hos- quently needing separate facilities for each Rtal or first-aid room in the same building sex. What few women are required in the even construct a service building to house contractor's clerical force can be examined Pro-employment Examination of Construction Workers DR. RAYMOND L. BALDWIN Iowa Ordnance Plant, Burlington, la. the employment office and the medical unit. In my experience, it is not advisable to ii* men reporting for pre-employment examMliotis with patients coming in for treatml If both types of work, first-aid and in the same rooms at times not in use by men. If large numbers of women are to be examined it is necessary to provide cubicles in the dressing room for them to disrobe as they object to disrobing in the presence ol one another, while men do not. ire-employment examinations, are to be done Recently there has been a gradual change in the feeling of the employer and employee toward physical examinations. In each state the employer has been made legally respon sible, to a greater or lesser extent, for the disease or injury of his employees arising out of and in the course of their employment. This has resulted in the awakening of indus try to the value of pre-employment examina tions. Not only does the examination estab lish the applicant's physical fitness to do the job for which he is hired and prevent him from injuring himself or others because of some physical defect, but it reduces costly labor turn-over and creates a more efficient working force. When the employer has decided that ktj the same building they should be def*dy separated. will adopt physical examinations as a yet requisite to employment, his next step thodlj In selecting the type of building or physical be to employ a physician to help orpafci animation rooms, therefore, the size of his department. If he is to hire a full lifli I* project, the availability of space and the physician on the project to care for hia I Itn* of construction work being done will and injured employees, he should work ti major factors, though there are certain him in arranging the details of the exarahw requirements which remain the same tion, the personnel required, the space taj i ill instances. examination and other pertinent detail, ' In construction work the examination fm cedure will, in most events, be different that in other forms of industry where term of hire is for considerably le periods. Of course there are construction where the term of hire may be for -- Medical Rooms Layout lt us consider briefly these general renronts as a foundation on which to build more detailed structure to fit the par*ir job. The employee is usually first in the interviewer's office of the em- Examination Rooms: The medical examiner or examiners should be in a room or rooms of their own adjoin ing the dressing room where they and the patient being examined will not lie annoyed by the presence of others in the room. Where indicated by physical examination, the exam iner may feel that he wishes to go more thoroughly into the medical history which has been sent to him by the admitting clerk on the form provided; and if he is in pri vate he will often times secure a more ac curate answer to his questions. The only other person who should be permitted in the physical examiner's room is a clerk who must be very accurate, cooiierative and have the ability to keep to himself any informa The employer and employee are also bene fited in case of compensation hearings before a commissioner or board in establishing or proving the presence or absence of a pre existing physical defect. The employee is benefited by his knowledge of existing defects which often can be remedied producing greater comfort or greater earning power or even prolonging his life by several years. years, in which instances much mot orate quarters may be provided an___ detailed examinations done. However, b majority of cases where the job will W pleted in from six to eighteen months need not be an extensive layout for ~ ployment physical examinations. Where possible, the pre-employment "it department where, after due conon of his experience and record, he is tubject to the completion of the phys- txamination. Room: **" comes to the physical examiner's r1,'5, received in a reception room, be very definitely separated from tion which he gets. Toilets: Toilet facilities should be provided adjacent to the examiner's office, either open ing from the office or from a hall just off the office where the employee may be sent to produce a sample of urine to be examined. It is preferable that this lie in such a place I 31st National Sajety Congress 366 should endeavor to establish the fact that the In the small plant it is recommended that employee understands the company attitude Marine Section every accident be thoroughly investigated. on safety and agrees that the instructions is This includes not only so-called reportable sued are practical and that it is reasonable cases but also every first aid case. The infor mation maintained on first aid cases may be modified depending upon the circumstances under which the accident occurred to expect that he will make an honest effort to abide by them. Personal talks of this kind take the place of group meetings in larger organizations but Officers 1941-1942 lieneral Chairman- Frank hi. Amks, l.yke Bros. Steamship t o., Inc., New Orleans, I .a. I'ice General Chairman--Caki. K. i Ioi.mks, Marsh & Mcl.ciinan, Inc., New York, N. Y. If the first aid case occurred in a manner that you can rightfully assume would prob ably result in a serious injury in event of a reoccurrence then it should be treated as re spects recording and corrective action in the they have the advantage of creating a better understanding between management and em ployee. If an accident should occur from one of the same manner as an actual serious case. For causes already included in the list which has example, an employee irritated his eye slight been given to the employees, a personal talk ly while preparing a washing solution for will determine whether or not disciplinary cleaning the floor. Only first aid was neces action is required, or whether the accident sary to relieve the trouble as far as the in occurred because of a lack of understanding jury was concerned. However, his failure to of instructions, or a failure to appreciate the use the protective goggles and gloves provid ed for this operation was the cause of the ac cident and this fact should not be forgotten. The next occurrence could easily be a serious extent of the hazard involved. If a manager will follow this procedure and then take every advantage he can through caustic burn and probable impairment to sight. contact with members of the local safety coun cil to maintain his own interest and enthusi As a part of the corrective action proced asm in the work of accident prevention, I ure, the manager should take the opportunity believe he can meet his safety problem. to talk personally with each individual. He Advisory Committee (Past General Chairmen)--Byron (). Pickard, Waterfront employers' Association of tile Pacific Coast, San Francisco, Calif. Caitain Howard C. IIoi.hkn, Jil, United States I*. & I. Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. Captain K. W. Fiskh, Jk,, Sikthi>-\ acuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. John S. Hunti-.k, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Captain Frank H. Cohan, The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western K. R. Co., Hoboken, ' N. J. ' Arthur M. Tom:, Consulting Ling., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Executive Committee Activities)---Frank J. Tavixir, Ameri can Merchant Marine Institute, Inc.. New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Menihersliifi)--Coknli.ius II. Cai.i.aoiian, The Maritime Association of the Post of New York, New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Marine Industrial ami Public Relations)--T. 1C Buchanan, Marine Dept., The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Issistant General Chairman ( Prtn/rams, Meetings and Conventions)---!'.. P. Hkrcks, U. S. Kmployees' Compensation Commission, Washington, D. C. ieerrlary--Harold M. (i. Wick, American Bureau of Shipping, Npw York, N. Y. (ditor, Marine Nnvs Letter--Captain Hknry Blackstonk, United State P. & I. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Umralty and Maritime Caunsellar--Hknry Fiiikniiacii, New York, N. Y. Illinium, Coastal Ret/ions--Rkak Admiral K. R. Waksciih, LJ. S. ('oast Cuard, Washing ton, D. C. ` "vector, Atlantic lie(lion--Willard F. Jonks, Cult Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. hsistant Director, Atlantic Ret/ion--M. J. Hanlon, Black Diamond Steamship Corp., Wceliawken, N. J. vector, Gulf Ret/ion--A. II. Schrodkr, Freeport Sulphur Co., Port Sulphur, La. 'instant Director, Culj Ret/ion--F. P. Richard, Mississippi Shipping Co., New Orleans, La. vector, Pacific Ret/ion--Howard J. Baird, Waterfront Hmplnyers Assn, of Southern Caliitirnia, Long Beach, Calif. 'uistmit Director, Pacific Ret/ion--Caitain J. A. Hazki.wooii, Waterfront employers' Usnciation of Portland, Oregon. vettor, Great Lakes Ret/ion--W. C. (iauhutt, Pittsburgh Steamship Co., N. W., Cleve land, Ohio. "instant Director, Great Lakes Rei/ion--A. B. Kirn, The M. A. llaona Co., Cleveland ' nhiii, 307 368 31st National Safety Congress Director, Ohio River Region--G. O. Griffin, Dravo Corp,, Neville Island Pittsburgh, Pa. Assistant Director, Ohio River Region--J. E. Jackman, McCrady-Rodgers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Director, All Inland Waterways--Lieutenant Col W. E. Lorence, Corps of Engineers, War Department, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee for the Advancement of the American Merchant Marine--Rear Ad miral Emory S. Land, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee on Operations of Liners and Cargo Vessels--Captain Logan Cresap, Isthmian Steampship Co., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Stevedoring Committee--John W. McGrath, Jr., John W. McGrath Corp., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Statistics and Contests Committee--Benjamin H. Self, The Travelers Insur ance Co., New York, N. Y. Cuatrman, Poster Committee--John Wright, American Export Lines, Inc., Jersey City, N. J. Assistant Chairman, Poster Committee--A. T. Johnsen, American Export Line, Inc., Jersey City, N. J. Chairman, Publicity and Publications Committee--Harold J. Harding, "Marine Progress," New York, N. Y. Chairman, Engineering Committee--A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N. Y. ' Chairman, Tankers Committee--H. N. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Railroads and Lighterage Committee--Captain Frank H. Cogan, The Dela ware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co., Hoboken, N. J. Chairman, U. S. Navy Yards Safety Committee--E. B. Landry, U. S. Navy, Washington D. C. Chairman, Maritime Association Committee--Frank C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers' Association of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. Special Maritime Advisor--Professor H, L. Seward, Yale University, School of Engineer ing, New Haven, Conn. Chairman, Naval Committee for Safety in National Defense--Captain C. W. Fisher, U. S. Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. Chairman, New Ship Design and Construction Committee--Captain H. L. Vickery, U. 1 Navy, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Technical Committee, (Design and Accident Prevention Measures)--Jamu L Bates, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. , Chairman, Ship Inspections Committee and U. S. Government Bureaus--Commander R. & Field, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Dept, of Ce merce, Washington, D. C. i Chairman, Committee on Education and Training of Licensed Personnel--Captain J. H Tomb, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), New York State Merchant Marine Academy, Fort Schuyf*, New York, N. Y. Marine Section 369 Chairman, Committee on Education and Training of Unlicensed Personnel--Captain W. N. Derby, U. S. Coast Guard, U. S. Maritime Service, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Minimum Safety Standards Committee--J. R. Wf.st, Waterfront Employers' of Washington, Seattle, Wash. VDeceued. Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--Carl E. Holmes, Marsh & McLennan, Inc., New York, N. Y. yice General Chairman--W. C. Garbutt, Pittsburgh Steamship Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Advisory Committee (Past General Chairmen)--Byron O. Pickard, Waterfront Employers' Association of the Pacific Co&st, San Francisco, Calif. Captain Edward C. Holden, Jr., United States P. & I Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. Captain E. W. Fiske, Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Captain Frank H. Cogan, The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co., Hoboken, N. J. Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Eng., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Executive Committee Activities)--Frank J. Taylor, Ameri can Merchant Marine Institute, Inc., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Membership)--Cornelius H. Callaghan, The Maritime Association of the Post of New York, New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Ship Construction and Repair)--Carter Kendall, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Assistant General Chairman (Marine Industrial and Public Relations)--T. E. Buchanan, Marine Dept., The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Programs, Meetings and Conventions)--E. P. Herges, U. S. Employees' Compensation Commission, Washington, D. C. Secretary--Harold M. G. Wick, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. Editor, Marine News Letter--Captain Henry Blackstone, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Admiralty and Maritime Counsellor--Henry Eidenbach, New York, N. Y. Cknirmcm, Coastal Regions--Vice Admiral R. R. Waesche, U. S. Coast Guard, Washing ton, D. C. Ainctant Chairman, Coastal Regions--Captain (E) H. N. Perham, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C. Director, Atlantic Region--Willard F. Jones, Gulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. Assistant Director, Atlantic Region--M. J. Hanlon, Black Diamond Steamship Corp., Weekawken, N. J. Director, Gulf Region--A. H. Schroder, Freeport Sulphur Co., Port Sulphur, La. 4ou(anf Director, Gulf Region--PL P. Richard, Mississippi Shipping Co., Now Orleans, La. Director, Pacific Region--Edward J. Baird, Waterfront Employers Assn, of Southern Cali fornia, Long Beach, Calif. tkrector. Great Lakes Region--A. T. Wood, Lake Carriers' Assoc iation, Cleveland, Ohio. ( 370 31st National Safety Congress Director, Canadian Region--John W. McGiffin, Canada Steamship Lines, Ltd., Montreal, P. Q., Canada. Director, Ohio River Region--G. O. Griffin, Dravo Corp., Neville Island Pittsburgh, Pa. Assistant Director, Ohio River Region--J. E. Jackman, McCrady-Rodgers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Director, All Inland Waterways--Lt-ovo A. Blanchard, Chief, Safety Section, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C. . TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 27, 1942 Presiding:--Carl E. Holmes, Mgr., Marine Claims Dept., Marsh & McLennan, Inc., York City SPECIAL SERVICE COMMITTEES 'Chairman, Committee for the Advancement of the American Merchant Atarim--Rear Ad miral Emory S. Land, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), Chairman, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee on Operations of Liners and Cargo Vessels--Captain Logan Cresap, Isthmian Steampship Co., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Stevedoring Committee--John W. McGrath, Jr., John W. McGrath Corp., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Statistics and Contests Committee--Benjamin H. Self, The Travelers Insur ance Co., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Poster Committee--John Wright, American Export Lines, Inc., Jersey City. N. J. Assistant Chairman, Poster Committee--A. T. Johnsen, American Export Line, Inc., Jersey City, N. J. * Chairman, Publicity and Publications Committee--Harold J. Harping, "Marine Progress," New York, N. Y. Chairman, Engineering and Minimum Standards Committee--A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Tankers Committee--James E. Moss, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa Chairman, U. S. Navy Yards Safety Committee--E. B. Landry, U. S. Navy, Washington D. C. Chairman, Maritime Associations Committee--Frank C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers' Association of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. Special Maritime Advisor--Professor H. L. Seward, Yale University, School of Engineer ing, New Haven, Conn. SPECIAL GOVERNMENT COMMITTEES FOR SAFETY IN NATIONAL DEFENSE, SHIPBUILDING, INSPECTIONS, AND PERSONNEL TRAINING Chairman, Naval Committee for Safety in National Defense--Rear Admiral C. W. bisuBk U. S. Navy, Washington, D. C. Chairman, New Ship Design and Construction Committee--Rear Admiral 11. L. Viiicnt. U. S. Navy, Commissioner, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Technical Committee, (Design and Accident Prevention Measures)--Jams* L Bates, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Ship Inspections Committee and U. S. Government Ihtrcaus--Captain K. & Field, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee on Education and Training of Ship Personnel--Telfair KnkjH, War Shipping Administration, Washington, I). C. fAs elected by delegates in Congress Session The Correlation of Inspections With Accident Analysis By CAPTAIN R. F. ALEXANDER Assistant Chief, Safety Section, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. At present the Corps of Engineers is one "I the oiierating divisions of the recently i'irmed Services of Supply which also indmles the Ordnance Department, Quarter the divisions and districts, and a rest safety engineer on the projects. The Sa Section, Office of the Chief of Engin master Corps, Chemical Warfare Service, mil others. Stating it simply, the Corps of Engineers is the Engineering agency for the entire United States Army and is generally divided into two divisions, namely, (1) that deals mainly with specific technical pi terns, the development of standards, unifi regulations and procedures, the compilal of accident records and statistics and an; sis of same. The total field personnel of which has to do with the training of combat safety organization is approximately 1 engineering troops with very obvious func tions and (2) the Construction Division which does all the military construction, maintenance and repair of barracks and buildings and operation of utilities, river and harbor construction and maintenance work, ond control, and other civil works. safety engineers and safety inspectors. Incidentally, your attention is called to fact that our personnel in the Safety S tion, Office of the Chief of Engineers, tot less than three per rent of our field safe organization, which is quite unusual in g< eminent service. The accident prevention program of the turps of Engineers covers all operations of *e Construction Division which has just wheel a peak employment of 1,200,000 emiLyees. The scope of this program is to sintain a comprehensive and continuous ac cent pievention program for the purpose d preventing death, injury, occupational The Corps of Engineers has a navy whi consists of 2,711 pieces Of floating plai varying in size from 22 foot launches to & foot seagoing dredges and similar craft. Tli equipment is used in connection with rivi and harbor construction and maintenam work and flood control operations. kness and disease, and destruction of and teage to materials and equipment for all perations of the Corps of Engineers with fc exception of that dealing specifically with **pi. The program is carried out through * onnmand echelons of the Corps of Eugi- namely, the Office of the Chief of l*|ineers to the Divisions, which are sub- The frequency rate for our floating | operations for the first 6 months of 1942 10.04 and in ship building and repair, ! Although we have won some trophies, we certainly not satisfied with these rates consider them entirely too high. This i urally brings up the point, "How are tl into districts, which in turn are eoniinwd of individual projects. rates to be reduced?"; and this leads us the subject of this talk, namely, "The Coi lation of Inspections with Accident Analys the safety organization of the Corps of GpiiKtrs follows exactly the same command **dum with a central staff in the Office of Small Units Thief of Engineers and safety sections in A single unit of floating plant is a co paratively small scale operation and at MR. FALKNER: Either beef or sheep. accident prevention before them as much as possible. MR. GAVEY: Any improvement? How we are going to do it is a question. MR. FALKNER: No. Is there any guard that has been developed that has proven prac Most of us don't have enough time to have safety meetings. When we do have them, it is very unusual nowadays to have everybody tical? able to attend, because they are working on MR. GAVEY: No, sir, not that I know various shifts. So we have to encourage the of. Does anybody else know of a guard that worker somewhat in making each department has been developed that is practical for that ' responsible for accident prevention off the operation? I would like to know it, if there job. Whether a man is injured off the job is one. or on the job, he is no good for the next day's work, and if a member of his family is in MR. FALKNER: Well, there are one or jured, likewise, the man's thoughts are not on two companies that have used a form of a his job, but with the family, and he is prone hand grip, but that has slowed up the opera to accidents. tion somewhat. So I think we have to use a good deal of I MR. GAVEY: I have heard of it, but I good horse sense in trying to educate all o( have never seen it in operation. CHAIRMAN McCLELLAN: That is one machine I think we have to change the design our employees, and have them in turn try to educate their own families in accident pre vention work of to get around the guarding. MR. SCHAFFNF.R: l feel that the pack ing industry, as well as other industries, to day has a definite problem in helping to cur tail these off-the-job accidents. I don't know what your experiences are in some of the vicinities and cities in which your plants are located, but in the new type of labor that we are having in the smaller plants we have people who are not accustomed to packing house operations, and to keep our older em ployees from being injured, we try to keep I mentioned a few moments ago first aid training. One of the primary objects of fir* aid training is accident prevention, and 1 think that this is an excellent opportunity fix all of us to encourage first aid training, if not from the point of view of first aid work, then from the point of view of accident **> vention work. We are going to be spe up as production increases, and we must along those lines speed up our accident prevention work as well, and do it in a good, logial manner. Metals Section Officers 1941-1942 Generat Chairman--H. J. Spof.rer, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., East Chicago, Iud. Vice-Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-Chairman--John P. O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Maryland Plant, Sparrows Point, Md. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Eari. Fyler, Carnegie-IIlinois Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. Contest Commiitee--W. A. Jarvis (Chairman), Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn. D. V. Medai.ie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. P. R. McMahon, Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, Pa. H. L. Rebrassier, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. Engineering Committee--Jacob L. Ridinger (Chairman), Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. J. P. Gatherum, Great L.akes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. F. R. Henderer, Carnegie-IIlinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. C. S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. Foundry Committee--J. H. Holzbog (Chairman), Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Health Committee--Dr. j. H. Chivers (Chairman), Crane Co., Chicago, 111. Dr. T. Lyle Hazlett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. | Dr. A. G. ICammer, Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. Membership Committee--N. B. MacHose (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. T. 0. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Mass. J. N. Mahan, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Poster Committee--Frank W. Kelsey (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Aliquippa, Pa. C. A. Bianciu, H. II. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Reese B. Li-OYD, Republic Steel Corp., Birmingham, Ala. Program Committee--John P. Leonard (Chairman), Blaw-Knox Co., J. F. Collins, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. C. D. Dorworth, Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohockcn, Pa. E. E. Greene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co, Canton, Ohio. Pittsburgh, Pa. Publicity Committee--E. A. Ellis (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp, Wheeling, W. Va. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. W. J. Hoofe, Chase Brass & Copper Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Homer L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp, Kansas City, Mo. Ri/tpay Car Builders Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manu facturing Co, Pullman, Chicago, 111. Sklislics Committee--H. H. Henry (Chairman), Otis Steel Co, Cleveland, Ohio. J. M. Brooks, Miehle Printing Press & Manufacturing Co, Chicago, 111. J. A. Coltrin, The National Radiator Co, Johnstown, Pa. 413 414 31st National Sajety Congress I Metals Section .j 415 Members at Large-- *C. M. Au-F.n, The American Rolling Mil! Co., Middletown, Ohio. *R A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. F G Bfnnf.tt, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. E. Culuney, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. *H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. John P. Kib, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, 111. George T. Fonua, Wcirton Steel Co., Weirton, W. Va. *H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. E. Hawkf.s, Macwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hf.nskl, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Chicago, 111. F. A. I.auerman, Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio. J. A. Northwooii, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md. J. A. Oartsl, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. "Pant General Chairman Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-Chairmen--Jodn P. O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Maryland Plant, Sparrows Point Md. Earl Fylf.r, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Jacob L. Ridinger, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. Contest Committee--H. L. Rebrassier {Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va D. V. Mf.dalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. P. R. McMahon, Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, Pa. Clarence A. Miller, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn. Engineering Committee--F. O. Miller (Chairman), Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pitt*burgh, Pa. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. F. R. Hendf.rf.r, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. C. S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. Foundry Committee--John P. Leonard (Chairman), Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. H. E. Hensel, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Chicago, 111, H. S. Simpson, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, 111. Health Committee--Dr. A. G. Kammf.r (Chairman), Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor. Ind Dr. J. H. Chivf.rs, Crane Co., Chicago, 111. Dr. T. Lyle Ha7.Lett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Fast Pittsburgh, P Membership Committee--C. D. Dorworth (Chairman), Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohock**. Pa. T. O. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Mass. J. N. Mahan, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Poster Committee--N. B. MacHose (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., 1 .ackawanna, N. Y. C. A. Bianchi, H. If. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y. T. R. Smith, Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio. Program Committee--Frank YV. Kelsey (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin , Aliquippa, Pa. J. F. Collins, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. E. E. Greene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. Steel Corp., Publicity Committee--E. A. Ellis (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. W. J. Hoofe, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Homer L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo. Kaihvay Car Builders Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manu facturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, 111. Statistics Committee--H. H. Henry (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Cleveland, . Ohio. J. M. Brooks, Mielile Printing Press & Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111, J. A. Coltrin, The National Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa. Members at Large-- C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. *K G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. J. E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Bethlehem, Pa. *H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Johnstown, Pa. John P. Eib, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, III. George T. Fonda, Weirton Steel Co., Weirton, W. Va. H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. E. Hawkes, Macwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. F. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio. *J. A. Northwood, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Sparrows Point, Md. J. A. Oartfj, U. S. Department of Labor, Pittsburgh, Pa. Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. H. J. Spoerer, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Tax General Chairman * \< circled liy delegates in Congress Session Mining Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--W. D. Haselton, Pickands Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn. First Vice-Chairman--N. P. Rhinehart, West Virginia State Dept of Mines, Charleston, W. Va. Second Vice-Chairman--John Treweek, Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. Third Vice-Chairman--M. L. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Daniel Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash ington, D. C. r ' 'eering Committee Chairman--E. W. R. Butcher, Republic Steel Corp., Ironwood, Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T. Ryan, Jr., Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. A. L. Murray, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Foster and Slide Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--*Cadwallader Evans, Jr., The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Program Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Members at Large-- *J. W, Alt, Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. *P. M. Arthur, American Zinc Company of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. $G. J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. Fred E. Bedale, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boardman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. `Angus D. Campbell, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada. *L. C. Campbell, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *W. H. Comlns, Baroid Sales Div., National Lead Co., Texarkana, Texas. C. M. Fellman, The Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis. *C. W. Gibbs, Duquesne Light Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. *R. Dawson Hall, "COAL AGE" McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. H. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn. *H. C. Henrie, Phelps Dodge Corp.. Bisbee, Ariz. *Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. _ `George Martinson, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio C. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada `William G. Metzger, The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co.. Rock Springs, Wyoming R- H. Seip, The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N. J. t L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. Howard I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. Howard I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. Chairman. 455 456 31st National Safety Congress Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--John Treweek, Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. First Vice-Chairman--M. L. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pj_ Second Vice-Chairman--C. M. Fellman, The Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis Third Vice-Chairman--C. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Lalr n Canada. ^ 'V Secretary and News Letter Editor--Daniel Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines W ington, D. C. ' Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T. Ryan, Jr., Mine Safety Appliances Co t>- burgh, Pa. '' lttl- Membership Committee Chairman--`Cadwallader Evans, Jr., The Hudson Coal Co, Scranton, Pa. Program Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. Q Members at Large-- J. W. Alt, Calumet & Heda Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. *P. M. Arthur, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. Fred E. Bedale, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boardman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. Angus D. Campbell, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada. *L. C. Campbell, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *W. H. Comins, Baroid Sales Div., National Lead Co., Texarkana, Texas. *R. Dawson Hall, "COAL AGE" McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N. V H. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn. *W. D. Haselton, Pickands Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn. *H. C. Henrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz. Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. George Martinson, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. C. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada. William G. Metzger, The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. D. D. Moffatt, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyoming R. H. Seip, The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N. J. L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. Howard I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. Past General Chairman fAs elected by delegates in Congress Session TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 27, 1942 Presiding:--W. D. Haselton, Safety Supvr., Pickands Mather & Company, Duluth, Mina Paper and Pulp Section Officers 194M942 Genera! Chairman--Major Clayton 0. Braatz, AUS, Civilian Personnel Branch, Wash ington, D. C. Vice-Chairman in Charge oj Membership--Roland W. Richardson, The Gardner-Richardson Co., Lockland, Ohio. Secretary and Program Committee Chairman--J. Fred Berry, Alton Box Board Co., Alton, 111. Program Committee--Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillicothe, Ohio. O. R. Hartwig, Crown Zellerbach Corp., Portland, Oregon. J. W. Kuebler, Dixie-Vortex Co., Easton, Pa. E. A. Page, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. ' Sews Letter Editor--L. R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., Monroe, La. Contest Committee--A. Scott Dowd (Chairman). Fritz Publications, Inc., Chicago, 111. B. D. Rogers, Bird & Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. Cota Sheet Committee--B. J. McClosky (Chairman), Hoberg Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. A. S. Cook, Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Assn., Quebec, Canada. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. W. B. Place, Kieckhefer Container Co., Delair, N. J. L. C. Smith, Thilmany Pulp & Paper Co., Kaukauna, Wis. Engineering--Sajc Practices Committee--Julius A. Draper (Chairman), Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd., Grand 'Mere, P. Q., Canada. E. G. Amos, American Paper & Pulp Assn., New York City, N. Y. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron 'Works, Beloit, Wis. C. O. Holmer, Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. James W. Towsen, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Corp., New York City, N. Y. E. F. Troop, P. H. Glatfelter Co., Spring Grove, Pa. H. H. Yoder, Gulf States Paper Corp., Tuscaloosa, Ala. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Louis H. Frechtling, Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Statistics Committee Chairman--Fred W. Braun, Employers Mutual, Wausau, Wis. Safety Instruction Card Committer--R. W. Croucher (Chairman), Minnesota & Ontario Esper Co., International Falls, Minn. G. J. Bienvenu, Gaylord Container Corp., Bogalusa, La. J- C. Fitzgerald, Bowater's Newfoundland Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd., Corner^ Brook, Newfoundland. John M. Lavin. St. Croix Paper Co., Woodland, Maine. C. J. Munk, Racquette River Paper Co., Potsdam, N. Y. A*thur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Waterville, Maine. 487 488 31st National Safely Congress Paper and Pulp Section 489 Vimtl Education Committee--H. P. Heubner (Chairman), The Flintkote Co., New York City, N. Y. D. S. Garber, Hummel & Downing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. J. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd., Quebec, Canada. D. T. Mf.any, New Brunswick International Paper Co., Dalhousie, N. B., Canada. D. A. McAi.ary, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Fdnnmdston, N. B., Canada. Don E. McDoweu., Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Parchment, Kalamazoo Co., Mich. B. L. Woon, American Coating Mills, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Past GeneraI Chairmen-- Gf.orcf. J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Robert M. Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis. D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Walter A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. E. E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, Ohio. M. G. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. . G. W. Phillips, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Canton, N. C. J. J. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruyn, Pruyn & Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y. S. F. Shattuck, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. George E. Williamson, Strathmore Paper Co., West Springfield, Mass. * Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--Roland W. Richardson, The Gardner-Richardson Co., Lockland, Ohio. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--J. Frf.d Berry, Alton Box Board Co., Alton, III. Secretary--L. R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., Monroe, La. James W. Towsen, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Corp, New York, N. Y. A. J. Tuccinardi, The Ohio Boxboard Co, Rittman, Ohio. H. H. Yoder, Gulf States Paper Corp, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Health Committee--Dr. Louis H. Frechti.ing (Chairman), Champion Paper & Fibre Co, Hamilton, Ohio, Mrs. Lillian Brewer, Oswego Falls Corp, Fulton, N. Y. Jane Notley, R.N, Allied Paper Mills, Kalamazoo, Mich. Dr. James D. Stark, Hammermill Paper Co, Erie, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--Fred W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. logging Operations Representative--J. E. Cantin, Quebec North Shore Paper Co, Baie Comeau, P. Q, Canada. hfer Products Plants Representative--A. J. Basile, Lawrence Paper Co, Lawrence, Kansas. Safety Instruction Card Committee--R. W. Croucher (Chairman), Minnesota & Ontario I Paper Co, International Falls, Minn. G. J. Bienvenu, Gaylord Container Corp, Bogalusa, La. J.C. Fitzgerald, Bowater's Newfoundland Pulp & Paper Co, Ltd, Corner Brook, Newfoundland. John C. Lavin, St. Croix Paper Co, Woodland, Maine. C.J. Munk, Racquette River Paper Co, Potsdam, N. Y. Arthur E. Winsi-ow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co, Waterville, Maine. fimal Education Committee--George Gibb (Chairman), Canadian International Paper Co, I Gatineau, Que, Canada. R. A. Day, A. P. W. Paper Co, Albany, N. Y. W. G. Etter, River Raisin Paper Co, Monroe, Mich. J. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd, Quebec, Canada. Don E. McDowell, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co, Parchment, Kalamazoo, Mich. I). T. Meany, New Brunswick International Paper Co, Dalhousie, N. B, Canada. D. A. McAlary, Fraser Companies, Ltd, Edmundston, N. B, Canada. Program Committee--L. R. Simpson (Chairman), The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc, Monroe, La. Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp, Chillicothe, Ohio. O. R. Hartwig, Crown Zellerbach Corp, Portland, Oregon. H. P. Heubner, The Flintkote Co, New York, N. Y. B. J. McClosky, Hoberg Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. - News Letter F.ditor--Julius A. Draper, Consolidated Paper Corp, Ltd, Grand-Merr. P. Q, Canada. Contest Committee--A. Scott Down (Chairman), Fritz Publications, Inc, Chicago, III. B. D. Rogers. Bird & Son, Inc, East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosebush, Nckoosa-F.dwards Paper Co, Port Edwards, Wis. Data Sheet Committee--E. F. Troop (Chairman), P. II. Glatfelter Co, Spring Grove, P*. D. J. Brett, Jr, National Container Corp, Jacksonville, Florida. A, S. Cook, Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Assn, Quebec, Canada. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co, Port Huron, Mich. W. P. Place, Kieckhefer Container Co, Delair, N. J. I, C. Smith, Thilmany Pulp & Paper Co, Kaukauna, Wis. htt General Chairmen-- George J. Arams, International Paper Co, Glens Falls, N. Y. Robert M. Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co, Rothschild, Wis. Major Clayton O. Braatz, AUS, Civilian Personnel Branch, Washington, D. C. D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers Safety Assn, Toronto, Ont, Canada. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co, Hamilton, Ohio. Walter A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co, Erie, Pa. F,, E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co, Middletown, Ohio. U. f. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark Corp, Neenah, Wis. G W. Phillips, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co, Canton, N. C. ) ). Plzak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruyn, Finch, Pruyn & Co, Inc, Glens Falls, N. Y. S F. Shattuck, Kimberly-Clark Corp, Neenah, Wis. George E. Williamson, Strathmore Paper Co, West Springfield, Mass. liy delegates in Congress Session Engineering--Safe Practices Committee--E. A. Page (Chairman), Kimberly-Clark (,K Neenah, Wis. E. G. Amos, American Paper & Pulp Assn, New York, N. Y. \t vS minnF. Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. Petroleum Section Officers 1941-1942 eneral Chairman--F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Ir Detroit, Mich. ice-Chairman for Production--H. T. Markee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Ok ice-Chainnan for Pipe Lines--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. ce-Chairman for Manufacturing--J. Howard Mvers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Phila delphia, Pa. ce-Chairman for Marketing--J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Mass. "tos Letter Editor--J. B. Harris, Arkansas Natural Gas Corp., Shreveport, La. igineering Committee Chairman--Crymes Pittman, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreve port, La. ealth Committee Chairman--Dr. V. M. Brian, The Texas Co., Lawrenceville, 111. dustrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--J. L. Risinger, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. ogram Committee--H. T. Markee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. J. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Mass. tbiicity Committee Chairman--R. S. Huffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla. '-sual Education Committee Chairman--F. M. Russell, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. dantic Dizision Chairman--A. J. Gorand, Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa. 'cat Lakes Division Chairman--Alexis de Tarnowsky, The Pure Oil Co., Chicago, 111. df Division Chairman--Thomas F. Brown, Gulf Oil Corp., Houston, Texas. 'd-Contincnt Dilision Chairman--C. L. Barrett, Gulf Oil Corp., Tulsa, Okla. cto England Dkision Chairman--Eugene Swanson, Colonial Beacon Oil Co., Everett, Mass. lcific Coast Ditision Chairman--W. E. Lovejoy, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Taft, Calif. General Chaiarmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. H. W. Bogess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. R- S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. A. W. Breeland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. G. O. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tulsa, Okla. - 540 31st National Sajety Congress Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. C. J. Nobmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, Calif. George F. Prussing, La Crescenta, Calif. R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Sen me, Baldwin, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. N. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. = Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--H. T. Markee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla, Vice-Chairman for Production--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. . Vice-Chairman for Marketing--J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Mjj, Vice-Chairman for Pipe Lines--J. C. Assam, The Ohio Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio. Vice-Chairman for Manufacturing--W. W. Weldon, Standard Oil Co. of La., Bato Rouge, La. News Letter Editor--W. A. Allred, Lone Star Gas System, Dallas, Texas. Engineering Committee Chairnum--Q. R. Duncan, Cities Service Gas Co., Bartlesvill, Okla. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. V. M. Brian, Indian Refining Co., Lawrenceville, 111. Industrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--J. L. Risinger, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Itx New York, N. Y. Program Committee--The Vice-Chairmen constitute the Program Committee. Publicity Committee Chairman--John C. Ebel, Shell Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Visual Education Committee Chairman--F. M. Russell, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Tj: Calif. Atlantic Division Chairman--Roy S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y Great Lakes Division Chairman--R. T. Henderson, Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Gulf Coast Division Chairman--Lee B. Conner, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--D. A. Klemme, Stanolind Oil & Gas Co., Tulsa, Ok New England Division Chairman--Carl J. Meiser, Sun Oil Co., Boston, Mass. Off-the-Job Safety'Committee Chairman--Roy S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), Sr York, N. Y. Pacific Coast Division Chairman--W. E. Lovejoy, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Fra cisco, Calif. Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, Elizabeth, N. J. H. W. Bocgess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. R. S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. A. W. Breeland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. R, E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif, Petroleum Section 541 C L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. G. O. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tuisa, Okla. F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich. Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. C J. Nobmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, Calif. George F. Prussing, Office of Petroleum .Coordinator for War, Los Angeles, Calif. R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Senne, Baldwin, N. Y. C W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. j*r*Jary--D. V. Stroop, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. I ti tiecttd by delegates in Congress Session TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 27, 1942 A\--F. R. McLean, Mgr., Safety and Insurance Dept., White Star-Ohio Div., ( Swooy-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit War-Time Security o! the Petroleum Industry By L. S. WESCOAT Vice-Pres., The Pure Oil Co., Chicago Petroleum industry we did not wait actually to descend upon us before ^^C*pecific action in the field of warr^hon of petroleum facilities. Just ago this month the American Institute, at the request of Secre* Navy Knox, took the first steps. known as the National ComI Protection of Oil Storage was *** under its direction five regional ^ 7** Werc organized, based primarily ^graphical lines of what were then Army Corps areas and now termed ` Vo*aands. 1 the Office of Petroleum National Defense was cre- ^**idential decree, and Secretary ;?**** was appointed Coordinator, after the organization of this tor Ickes organized the War Council and in vited seventy-five of the outstanding oil and oil trade association men of the country to compose its membership. By coincidence, the first executive meeting was held in Washing ton on December 8, 1941. This council was organized for the purpose of advising the Co ordinator with respect to problems in the petroleum industry and to assist in putting into effect such recommendations as his office may direct from time to time. In view of the importance of the oil in dustry to the war effort, it was deemed ad visable that the National Committee for the Protection of Oil Storage and its regional committees, which had been set up by the American Petroleum Institute, be incorpo rated as a part of the Petroleum Industry War Council. In so doing, it was felt that the industry's efforts in connection with the protection of petroleum properties against war connected risks could be made more ef- Rubber Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--Ralph Farnvm, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. ... Secretary--K. C. Loomis, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. 'nti Letter Editor--J. E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co., Passaic, N. J. Engineering Committee Chainnan--J. J. Raytkwich, U. S. Rubber Co., Mishawaka, Ind. Health Committee--Dr. W. S. Ash (Chhirman), U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Dr. J. Newton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Newton, Mass. embership Committee Chairman--J. J. Loge, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. eblicity Committee Chairman--Pall Van Cleef, Van Cleef Bros., Chicago, 111. *tistics Committee Chairman--Roland Kastell, U. S. Rubber Co., New York City, N. Y. *embers at Large-- _ ._ *E- W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York City, N. Y. *R- A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. *Oltver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. *C- F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. ^Urban L. Moler, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. R- M. Morse, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. William Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. _ * M- Weimer, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. General Chairman _ Officers 1942-1943f <**tT*l Chairman--John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. **<termon in Charge of Program--Paul Van Cleef, Van Cleef Brothers, Chicago, 111 ^***'7--John E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co, Passaic, N. J. Letter Editor--Roland Kastell, U. S. Rubber Co, New York, N. Y. Committee Chairman--Thomas H. Boyd, The Manhattan Rubber Manufaciv, Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc, Passaic, N. J. Committee--Dr. WW.. SS.. AAsshh {{Chairman), U. S. Rubber Co, Detroit, Mich. a . Newton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co, Newton, Mass. Chairman--Glen D. Cross, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co, Large-- ***, U. S. Rubber Co, New York City, N. Y. tauocK, Corduroy Rubber Co, Grand Rapids, Mich. 635 636 31st National Safety Congress Ralph S. FarnUM, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. *C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. *J. M. Kerrigan, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, X. Y. W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. *R. M. Morse, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. William Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. R. M. Weimer, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Past General Chairman^ fAs elected by delegates in Congress Session TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 27, 1942 Presiding:--Ralph S. Farnum, Safety Supvr., U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit All Out for Safety By PAUL VAN CLEEF Van Cleef Bros., Chicago, 111. Safety is something which cannot be pur chased like an ordinary commodity, nor can it be captured like material from an enemy. It can only be secured in the largest measure by education and enlightenment Everyone must be made aware of its importance. Every effort must be made to secure it. Not until the beginning of this century did any group of people band together to study the problems of accident prevention from the social standpoint. Practically no thought had previously been given to the effect of accidents occurring in the home, in public places and in industry. But as a result of the organized safety movement we are constantly gaining ground. As we look back over the years it seems strange indeed that so little attention has been paid to accident prevention. No doubt, the first man to use a lever to pry rocks loose had his accidents. The charioteers of ancient Pompeii driving on its narrow streets created a serious traffic problem. Coming through the ages down to the present we still have so-called accidents in appalling numbers. There has certainly been enough time to learn how to prevent them. Are we doing our utmost to do so? The responsibil ity is not only the householder's, a worker's, a foreman's or management's. It is all com bined. The state too, must bear iU g. Safety should be placed above every consideration. We should stress the nrnliT ness of accidents, the elimination of ^ maimed, the improvement of morale, the vention of economic distress, the better*** of society. Although we measure oar tx cess in terms of severity and frequency m. ings, why not let the whole problem be m. proached more from the humanitarian point? It ought not to be too great a problem k solve if we go at the matter in a fanfc. mental way. Until recently the world ^ not seen the relationship between the care m the individual and society as a whole Mm we are trying to remedy this by hnproi^ the individual's education, his comfort, ha health and his safety. When these are per fected, we will have a strong and happ people. The Rubber Section has steadily improwT its conditions, because the personal weffy* of the workers was its first thought It regarded severity and frequency rates med< as a barometer indicating how well it Ik succeeded. When other divisions of the Ccm cil take the same attitude as the rubber grow there will be improvement everywhere. If ** try earnestly to train our workers more thor Steam Railroad Section Officers 1941-1942 & Chairman--0. F. Gnadinger, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, 111. htaintujft--F. A. Bogue, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co., Chicago, 111. j*y and News Letter Editor--H. A. Daake, Erie Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio. bn Committee--F. A. Bogue, (Chairman), Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ^Chicago, 111. rF. Buckle, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. IW. Elste, Jr., Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., Baltimore, Md. itrship Committee--Robert Scott (Chairman), Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., ington, N. C. _. i, V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. tier Committee--T. H. Carrow (Chairman), The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, R. Bradford, Boston & Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass, i G. Phillips, Wabash Railway Co., St Louis, Mo. Committee--C. E. Hill (Chairman), New York Central System, New York, N. Y. * G. Bentley, The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., Richmond, Va. * R. Palmer (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S., New York, , N. Y. ' * J. Snavely, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co., New Haven, Conn. ^Committee--W. R. Lofgren (Chairman), Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Co., St. Paul, Minn. _ f if. Dempsey, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. A Ashworth, The Alton Railroad Co., Bloomington, 111. Practices Pamphlet Committee--W. J. Flannigan (Chairman), Northern Pacific Rail ? C-> St Paul, Minn. k TM Tenney, Western Maryland Railroad Co., Hagerstown, Md. * Helwig, The Delaware & Hudson Corp., Oneonta, N. Y. J**ho*r and Elections Committee--E. L. Henry (Chairman), Chicago & Railway Co., Chicago, 111. E* T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. g A. Leahy, Chicago, West Pullman & Southern Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. North gC-MBmiftef--Dr I. S. Cutter (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co., MiHasvey Bartle, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. 663 664 31st National Safety Congress Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--F. A. Bocue, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co., Chicaj^ ^ Vice-Chairman--H. A. Daake, Erie Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary--M. T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. News Letter Editors--M. T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas Citv ir H. G. Townsend, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. TM *** Program Committee--J. R. Tenney (Chairman), Western Maryland Railway Co H, town, Md. '' ****- P. F. Buckle, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. H. A. Daake, Erie Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Membership Committee--G. W. Elste, Jr. (Chairman), Baltimore & Ohio Railroad r Baltimore, Md. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. Statistics Committee--T. H. Carrow (Chairman), The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia Pa. . F. R. Bradford, Boston & Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass. D. G. Phillips, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. Contest Committee--C. L. LaFountaine (Chairman), Great Northern Railway Co, St Paul, Minn. O. F. Gnadinger, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co, Joliet, 111. L. R. Palmer (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S. Ve York, N. Y. '` Poster Committee--E. L. Henry (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co_ Chicago, 111. G. M. Dempsey, Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co, Chicago, 111 J. J. Snavely, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railway Co, New Haven, Conn. Safe Practices Pamphlet Committee--W. J. Flannigan (Chairman), Northern Pacific Railway Co, St Paul, Minn. S. C. Flagler, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co, Topeka, Kansas. H. C. Helwig, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp, Oneonta, N. Y. Nominations and Elections Committee--W. R. Lofgren (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co, St. Paul, Minn. C. M. Kimball, Southern Railway System, Washington, D. C. L. B. Harper, Illinois Central System, Chicago, 111. Health Committee--Dr. I. S. Cutter (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co, Chicago, 111. Dr. Harvey Bartle, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. fAs elected by delegates in Congress session. Safety Exposition Exhibitors 31st National Safety Congress and Exposition i teerican Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, N. J. Safety Flooring. Treads, Abrasive Faints. *oerican-LaFrance Foamite Corp., Elmira, N. Y. Fire Protection Equipment. teerican Mat Corp., Toledo, Ohio Safety Mats. Iterican Optical Co., Southbridge, Mass. ! Industrial Safety Goggles, Welding Helmets, Respirators. Safety Clothing. f***natic Canteen Co. of America, Chicago, 111. Canteen Food Serices. *Kh ft Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. Safety Goggles and Safety' Goggle Lenses. Washfountain Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Washroom Equipment. H. Breck, Inc., Springfield, Mass. Protective Hand Cream. Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Industrial Safety Shoes. * Buhrke Co., Chicago, 111. ... Safety Belts and Allied Equipment for Construction and Maintenance Work. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. "ersonal Protective Equipment. Vgughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc., New York City, N. Y. ''trst Aid Equipment and Medical Products. Co., Dallas, Texas Aseptics. Corp_,,__C_hi_ca_g_o,__111. ** Extinguishing Systems ^.Chance Co., Centralia, Mo. aot Line Maintenance Tools. Eye Shield Co., Chicago, HI. _ - ^**0, Eye and Respiratory' Protection Equipment. ft Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Shoes. 705 706 .'1st Xatiouat Safety Coni/icss Coca-Cola Co., Atlanta, Ga. Coca-Cola and Dispensing Service. Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. C-O-TWO Fire Equipment Co., Newark, N. J. Portable and Wheeled Type Fire Extinguishers. Davit Emergency Equipment Co., Inc., Newark, N. J. Industrial Safety Equipment. The Dionol Co., Kalamazoo, Mich, First Aid Products. Dockton Corp.. Detroit, Mich. _ Welding and Cutting Apparatus; Head and Eye Protective Equipment. The C. B. Dolge Co., Westport, Conn. Fungicides, Disinfectants, Hand Soap. Dugas Engineering Corp., Marinette, Wis. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Duo-Safety Ladder Corp., Oshkosh, Wis. Safety and Fire Ladders, Ladder Shoes. E. I. du Pont de Nemours ft Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. Neoprene, Hand Cream and Cellulose Sponges. Elliott Service Co., New York City, N. Y. Management Information Service. J. H. Emerson Co., Cambridge, Mass. Resuscitation and Hospital Equipment. Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. of Wisconsin, Wausau, Wis. Workmen's Compensation, Fire and Casualty Insurance. Erie Supply ft Equipment Co., Sandusky, Ohio. Fire Equipment Housing and Safety Equipment. Finnell System, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Electric Floor Maintenance Systems and Treatments. The General Detroit Corp.. Detroit, Mich. Fire Extinguishers and Allied Products. Hammond Machinery Builders, Kalamazoo, Mich. . Dust Arresting and Collecting Devices, Electric Grinders. Hild Floor Machine Co., Chicago, 111. Floor Scrubbing Equipment, Vacuum Cleaners. Hollywood Turban Products Co., Chicago, 111. Hair Nets for Industrial Workers. Hynson, Westcott ft Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome, Firt Aid Antiseptics. Ihtta-Gas Corp Detroit, Mich. Torches and I-urnaces Using Bottled Propane Gas. Appliance Co., Louisville, Ky Safety Devices for Punch Presses. 7 JJanufacturing Co., Chicago, III. " S ety Cans- Electric Safety Lanterns. TInndruhs.,4r-,ail*LF'iSrsutppAliyd CSou< pCphliic^aHgoos, p11i1t.a, Equipment_ rr View Co., Meadville, Pa. Industrial Visual Testing Equipment. 'KSi&fettr..00' Cl',*l,n4 om"- Voonn-Slip pFilro, or IPI oi*lis,hews eawndYTorrekaCtmiteyn, tNs.. Y. -, rInc-. Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Industrial Safety Shoes. ty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass Lompensation and Public Liability Insurance. Moot Schultz Co., New York City N Y Toilet Soaps for Industrial Washroom Use `JsS?mS,<SS.I"' '"I- noustrial Cleaning Materials, Soaps and Lubricants. Mind Fuller, Inc., Rochester, N. Y. Menttf.cat.on Cameras and Equipment. [i!;Jf,iss5Syss"'N,w York aw 9.. Los Angeles, Calif. | Mustnal Safety Equipment. ply Co., Chicago, 111. 1 Kits, Surgical Dressings and Pharmaceuticals. 70S 71st Xolional Safety Congress j. A. Meinhardt ft Co., Chicago, 111. Fiber Fire Extinguishers and Chemical Products. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City, N. Y. Life, Health, Accident, Annuities and Group Insurance. 1 Schrader's Son, Brooklyn, N Y neumatic Power Press Safet'y ( 'mitrol I)cvlVes Milburn Co., Detroit, Mich. Products for Industrial Skin Protection. Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Equipment and First Aid Materials. National Highway Supply Co., Chicago, 111. Highway Traffic Sign Reflectorization. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Services and Material for Safety Education. *- Smith ft Son, Inc., Philadelphia Pa I Hospital and Ambulance Cots! %S~r rT,Wbine Co- Hartford, Conn acutitn Cleaning and Dust Collecting Equipment. National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, Inc., New York City, N. Y, Educational Material on Preventing Eye Hazards and Saving Sight in Iiulintrp; h3'l"SS? Co-1"- --** i-. Oakite Products, Inc., New York City, N. Y. Cleaning Materials and Methods. Onox, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Prevention of Athlete's Foot. G. H. Packwood Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Skin Cleansers for Industrial Use. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolding. The Prosperity Co., Inc., Syracuse, N. Y. Air Controls; Safety Controls for Punch Presses. Premiere Garment Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Industrial Garments for Women. The Protectoseal Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pyrene Manufacturing Co., Newark, N. J. Portable' and Wheeled Type Fire Extinguishers; 'I ire t hams. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nebr. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Safety Clothing & Equipment Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Equipment. Safety Engineering, New York City, N. Y. Publishers Safety Engineering Magazine. Safety First Shoe Co., Holliston, Mass. Industrial Safety Shoes. Safway Steel Products, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. Scaffold Equipment, Safety Ladders. W. H. Salisbury ft Co., Chicago, 111. Lipr~>en's Rubber Protective Equipment. Si8,,, ,n' Chicago, 111. "SBo,,on-M~ Industrial Floors. v!c{e",Ston' Co- lnc- Lynchburg, Va WShp 1 reads of Greenstone. TrDj,tfeCfting.iCoV.LonK Island City, N. Y. icts for the 1 romotion of Sanitation. !^J!Srs^SaCo' Chica*. * Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. "`onal Protective Equipment. 700 INDEX A . ^gbcm. Absenteeism and its Effect on the IjietT Program. Panel Discussion, 246-251. I Faect of Lengthened Hours on Employees ?War Production--Male and Female Era- jfgccs (Norton), 651-653, 660-662. Mjfc Factors in Safety (Brian), 545-546. Lost Through Accidents and Illness, 260. Repeaters, See Personal Factors. i Statistics: Accidents to New Employees Older Workers. Panel Discussion, 436* 439. _ ujMntal Causes of Accidents. Panel Dis- iwjNaa, 79-94. toe Most Out of Effective Accident Rec* 680-682. * Older Men, in Length of Servise. Who Mfetting Injured? Panel Discussion. 354*355. Achieved by the Use of Standardized Acci- -Programs and Forms (Reynolds), 227-230. fSotne Occupational Disease Hazards in ; Manufacture (McGee), 171-172. j Toxic Atmospheres (Bern:), 64-65. a also Chemicals. c: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in tfcetic Rubber Industry (I'an Atta and 2 643. * fV.: Transportation Injuries: Causes mention in Mining. 470-473. ,, Section: Minutes. 227-233. _5f27- Fire Protection on an Airline (Page), ^Achieved by the Use of Standardized * Programs and Forms (Reynolds), -cautions for Industry Session. 45-53. *ypteal Industrial Air Raid Precautions L.D*e (Boileau), 45-47. tiooal Defense; Plant Protection. " tfacture: Accident Prevention in Airufacturing (Rhodes), 31-35. in Aircraft Manufacturing (Har J* Cutting, and Sawing of Magnesium Aircraft Industry. 33-34. 'ervation in Airplane Manufacturing 35-39. \ Dermatoses in the War Industries 173-178. **ctive Equipment in Aircraft Manu- Foundries in Aircraft Manufacture urine Session: 31-44. R. jF. : The Correlation of In Accident Analysis, 371-373. ' Section: Minutes, 235-237. -Toxic Atmospheres (Bens), 62. Safety and Health Problems of dustry, 204-208. jf Members, 11-16. 'roplating. I Disease Prevention in the 39? and Related Industries tional Dermatoses in the War trfx). 178. bine Shop Section: Minutes. r *ward* B Baldwin, Dr. R. L.: Pre-employment Examination of Construction Workers, 324-328. Banash, J. I.: Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in the Rubber Section Safety Contest, 648. Banquet, 27-30. Bartle, Dr. H.: Strains and Hernia. 140-143.. Bates, J. L.: What Price Safety, 373-376. Batteries, See Storage Batteries. Benzene, See Benzol. ^ Benzol: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 64. Bemz, N. R.: Testing Toxic Atmospheres, 58-66. Beverages, See Food Industry. Bicycles: Bicycling with Safety (Naquin), 595*598. Blackouts: No Blackout for Industry (Caverly), 48-50. See also Plant Protection. Blakeslec, H. N.: The Safety Record Under War Conditions, 550-551. Blanchard, L. A.: Keeping Your Construction Equip ment Safe, 329-332. . Blandx, Rear Adm. 14'. H. P.: Accidents--Axis Ally, 28-30. Blasting, See Explosives. Blatti, A. L.: Safe Use and Maintenance of Equip ment, 625-628, 631-633. Boileau, O. C.: Typical Industrial Air Raid Pre cautions Now in Use, 45-47. Bondfield, Rt. Hon. M. G.: The Place of Women in a War Economy, 244-245. Bottling Plants, See Food Industry. Box Manufacture, See Paper Industry. Brandt, Emerson: Wartime Safety Problems in the Refrigeration Industry, 629-631. Braun, T. H'.: Report of the Statistics Committee. Paper and Pulp Section, 490-494. Breathing Apparatus: Adjustment for Head Straps of a Gas Mask Face-Piece During StorageDiscussion, 315. The Care and Cleaning of Respirators and Gog gles. Discussion, 316. The Limitation of Canister Type Gas Masks With Reference to the Oxygen Content of the At mosphere in Which Thev Are Used. Discussion. 317-318. ' Selection. Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Devices (Sckrenk and Pearce), 66-72. Should a Canister be Discarded One Year After the Seal is Broken? Discussion, 316. War Problems of the Public Utility Safety Engi neer--General Safety Equipment (Dat'tcs), 609 610. What Type of Respirator is Best Suited for Foun dry Work? Panel Discussion, 431. Brckm, C. G.: Transportation Injuries in Anthra cite Mines: Their Causes and Prevention, 477* 481. - . Brian. Dr. V, M.: Health Factors in Safetv. 545 546. * __ Brittingham, M. C.: Selling Your Program to Man agement, Supervisors and Workers. 151-153. Broivn, Dr. M.: The Mental Health of Workers. 160-165. Buckle, P. F.: Greetings from A.A.R.. 665. Bulletin Boards: Visual Education (Taylor), 690 691. . Burns: Preventing Blistered Fingers from Handling Hot Bottles and Hot Cans. Panel Discussion. 352. Protection Against Lime Burns in Hot Weather. Discussion, 317. 711 712 National Safety Cmujir Index Butadiene: Some Industrial IlyRiene Problems in the Synthetic Ruhher Industry 11 an .Ilia and Noyes), 642-643. Cadmium: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Herns), 03. Callaghan, C. II.; I-ooking Ahead in Shipping, 381-383. Candy Manufacture: Prevention of Injuries Due to Incorrect Methods of Lifting. Panel Dis cussion, 350. Canning Industry, See Food Industry. Carbon Disulfide: Testing Toxic Atmosphere* (Berne), 64-65. ^^ CarlKin Monoxide: Testing Toxic Atmospheres Handling Toxic or Explosive MatenaU mission, 317. What Clothing is Suitable When Workin* Toxic Dust? Discussion. 315. What Method is Used in Cleaning Worker*' ing in the Chemical Industry? Diw 314-315. See also Gloves; Shoes. Cochran, A. /.: Hazards in the Use of SaUtfi Materials--in Production, 447-449, Colors: Three Dimensional Colors in Power fc Operation, Panel Discussion, 575-577. Three Dimensional Seeing (Winkler), 68544* Committees: An "Offense" Safety Committee C Into Action (Dundore), 203-204. Couole, C. V.; Development of State Safrii 04% 130-133. Construction Industry; Keeping Your 0<mnu Equipment Safe (Blanchard), 329-3.U Pre-employment Examination of C*mwr Workers (Batdsmn), 324-328. or, A'. II.: The War ou Wartime Accidents, Use of TriehlorethUene Degrenser*, . *t. Mips, See Health Hazards, utyphytosis, See Athlete's Foot. rt4uene: Some Occupational Disease Hazrt in Munitions Manufacture (McGee), 168 m. tae: How Can Safety Rules lie Enforced ithunt Using Discipline? Panel Discussion, %34. 351-352, 360-361. Wdtie* for Violations of Safety Rules. Panel fc*u*sum, 531-536. ti A. S.: Presentation of National Safety Gwtcil Awards in Fairer Industry Safety Conw. 525-527. * forte Industry, See Forging. (Currie), 462-470. " "......... ' Handling Explosives. Panel Discussion, 280-292, Means of Reclaiming Rubber Gloves After They Have Been Used on Nitroglycerine. Discussion, 316. , . Should Protective Cream lie Used in Handling Nitroglycerine? Discussion, 319. The Use of Conductive Flooring and Materials (Meyers), 295-29R. Explosives Industry: Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (Schwartz), 174-178. # Some Occupational Disease Hazards in Munitions Manufacture (McGee), 167-172. Wearing of Personal Jackets or Sweaters Over Uniforms Supplied by Company in Industries rHman*id..lning11T7oxic or Explosive Materials. Dis- (Berns), 60. Carlnm Tetrachloride: To Replace Carlion Tetra m*. 53H. . BFirst Aid and Disasten Squads, chloride What Substitute is Satisfactory for tdrt, M. W.: An "Offense" Safety Committee Mixing with Naphtha to increase the Flash Cwi Into Action, 203-204. Point. Discussion, 317. n fumes, Gases ami Vapors Session, 55-72. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berm), 64. Officers, 323-324. * Rest Way to Maintain Foundry Gangways Casual Workers, See New Employees. Contests: Chemical Section, 309-311. Eliminate the Dust. Panel Discussion, 428, Falls: What Can hr Done to Prevent Knot and Leg Caughman, J. M.: Safety Through Employee Mo Metals Section, 420-422. hx Hazard in the Stone Crushing and Quarry Injuries in the Packing Industry. Panel Dis rale, 693-695. Caverly, D. P.: No Rlackout for Industry, 48-50. Cement and Quarry Section: Minutes, 269*292. Presentation of Chemical Section Anntut 4c Contest Awards (Hellmuth)t 320-321. Presentation of Marine Section Safety (Vfl Umtries. Panel Discussion, 179-180, 184-185. Wk Hazards of Paper Dust, Panel Discussion, .IP 538. cussion, 401-403. Fatigue: The Effect of Lengthened Hours on Em ployees in War Production Male and Female Officers, 269-270. Awards (Tode), 390-391. , ance of Exhaust Systems an Important Employees (Horton), 649-662. Cement Industry: Cement and Quarry Accident Presentation of National Safety Council r Measure (Kane), 55-58. The Effect of Lengthened Hours on Safety Prob Experience (Cur/D), 270-272. Handling Explosives. Panel Discussion, 280-292. in Paper Industry Safety Conte*! * 525-527. Toxic Atmospheres (Bernz), 58-60. lothing is Suitable When Working Around lems in the Ruhher Industry (Leavitt), 655*658. Third Shift Accidents (A/ioV), 199*202. Chains: Chain Inspection. Discussion, 454. Presentation of National Safety Council Dust? Discussion, 315. Feet: Foot Comfort in its Relation to Safety and Chandler, Dr. F. A.: Foot Comfort in its Relation in Petroleum Section Contest (Set Health (Chandler), 398-400. to Safety and Health. 398-400. 552-553. , What Can Be Done to Prevent Foot and Leg In Chase, E. M.: Report ot the Statistics Committee. Presentation of National Safety Council juries in the Packing Industry. Pane! Discus Public Utilities Section, 599-600. in Public Utilities Section Safety sion, 401-403. Chemical Industry: Clothing for Chemical Workers. (Metzger), 600-602. What the industrial Nurse Needs to Know Alioirt Discussion. 312-313. Production Value of a Well-Rounded Accident Presentation of National Safety Council in the Rubber Section Safety Content (F Hand and Foot Injuries (S/obe), 153-157. See also Shoes, > Prevention Program (Cox)* 298-300. Should the Wearing of Goggles in a Chemical Plant be Compulsory? Discussion, 311-312. What Method is Used in Cleaning Workers' Clothing in the Chemical Tndustrv? Discus* sion. 314-315. * See also Explosives Industry. Chemical Section: Contest, 309-311. Minutes, 293-322. Officers, 293-294. Presentation of Awards (HeUmuth), 320-321. Chemicals: Dissipation of Gases in the Air From Plants That Concentrate Sulphuric Acid. Dis cussion, 319. The Formation of Static Electricity When Han dling^ Sulphur. Discussion. 314-316. Protection Against Lime Hums in Hot Weather. Discussion, 317. Should a Solution of Boric Acid or Sodium Bi carbonate be Used Immediately After Acid Has Been Flushed Away by Water? Discussiont 315. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Bern*), 58-66, See also Name of Chemical. Chtvers, l)r. J. !{.: Hazards in the Use of Substi tute Materials--in Health, 450-451, 453. Chromic Acid: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (firms), . 65. Cigar Manufacture, See Toliacco Industry. Ctaffy, T. R.: War Problems for the Public Utili ties Safety Engineer Rubler Goods, 606-608. Clothjng: Care of Clothes Worn in Foundries. 648. What is the Best Method for Computing ings? Panel Discussion, 188-190. What Type of Safety Contest is of Mo Panel Discussion, 342-343. Cook, If', A.: Industrial Hygiene ami Plant, 301-306. Cooperation: Cooperation Between the rector and the Engineering Depnrtm Discussion. 181. Cot, //. L.: Production Value of a Weill Accident Prevention Program, 298 304 Cranch. Dr. A. G. and Vosburgh, Dr. B. L Aspects ......... .. ,'* Cranes: W 452-453. Crosby, R. J.: Meeting the Safety Pt*>M out a Safety Engineer, 364*366. Cutse, A. B.: Shielding the Plant and Against War Hazards in the Robber 637-639. # Currie, R. D.: Electric Blasting Under* Coal Mines), 462-470. Curtis, A. 3. R.: Cement and Qnarrv An pcrience. 270-272. Cutter, Dr. I. S.: Wartime Selection awf of Railroad Forces--New Men. 669*71 Cutting Oils; Occupational Dermnto*e hi 4v| Industries LSVfiar/.ff), 174. Should Disinfectant fie Added Ci*ith Cutting Oils? Disc ` >- of Safety: Results of Program, 299-300. -*ttf Workmen, See Training. W Industry, See Public Utilities. --editing: Occupational Dermatoses in the If* Industries (Schwarts), 175. ^*J'*m* and Anodizing Department, 33. ^ .. Rnjie Failure on Friction Type Elevam Panel Discussion, 409. nf .f; Hazards in the Use of Substitute Ma "b in Safety, 451-452. , Relations: Safety ami Labor Relations^ 673-674. -3f44T5h. rough Employee Morale (Caugh#m. an), h Tw Management Must Actively Participate >i Safety Program (Hayward)* 494-501. *: Selection and Training of Personnel erg), 621-624. * Training. -si. See Personnel Departments. T. Courses: What Makes a Safety Kngi -P Panel Discussion, 103-123. w. Cooperation Between the Safety Direrv uni the Engineering Department. Panel hrmion, 181. t the Safety Problem Without a Safety --t (Crorby), 364*366. ...jfi* of a Good Safety Administrator Jws). 264-267. % Jt Compliance With Physical ReCommendad Safety Engineers lie Mandatory? Panel win, 359. Felt Products: Replacement for Mercury Salts in the Carrottmg of Hat Fur, Discussion, 318. Field, Capt. R. S.: Safety Equipment on Vessel* Under War Conditions, 377-380. kife. J. A.: Safety Through Advanced Job Analy sis. 682-685. ^ Fire Protection: Cause and Control of Fires Set from Welding. Panel Discussion, 350-351. 356. The Elimination of the Fire Hazard of Magnesium Through Proper Control (Thrunc), 260-264. Fire Protection in Aircraft Manufacturing (liart/rett), 40-44. Fire Protection on an Airline (Pape), 230-233. Should Carbon Tetrachloride Extinguishers be Permitted in a Moving Picture Theatre Projec tion Booth? Discussion. 319,^ ^ Storage and Protection of Flammable Liquids (Newell), 75-78. Use of Dry Ice to Extinguish Oil Tanker Fire, 562. . War-Created Fire and Accident Prevention Prob lems of the Petroleum Industry (Wilder), 547-549, What New Factors Should Ive Considered in Measuring a Plant's Fire-Fighting Needs? 1 'ire Panel Discussion, 555-556. Safety and Plant Protection in War Indus 1 tries rearms Session. 73-78Industry: Occupational Dermatoses In I tlie War Industrie* (Stlnvarts), 173*178. rst50A-5id3.: First Aid and Disaster Squads (Duffus), Clothing. Jewelry and Other Problems of Women Workers. Panel Discussion, 527-531. Safety. Shoes for Men and Women. Panel Dis cussion, 255-256. The Use of Fireproof Uniform*. Discussion, 314. Wearing of Personal Jackets or Sweaters Over Uniforms Supplied by Cnropaus in Industries MdcM a Safety Engineer? Panel Discus- 103-123. ' *. See Management. Safety Exposition Exhibitors, 705-709. r# Methods Used to Prevent Explosions ihmure Vessels. Discussion, 318. ^ An Example of Electrical Blasting Un- md Suitable for Metal and Non-Metal First Aid Demonstration. 605-606. Fir$/Aid for Cuts, Small or Serious. Panel Dis cussion, 405-406, First Aid Training. Discussion, 658-660. What About First Aid Training of Employees at This Time? Panel Discussion, 561-562, / See aKo Nurses. rishbciti. Dr. Af.: Saving Manpower for War Power. 357-360. 714 s I si Xutional Safely Ctnu/ress / tide,f Fisher, Dr. //. H.: What Arc These Things Called Accidents ? 603-605. Flammable Liquids Storage and Protection of Ftam* --Liquids (Newell), 75-78. ions for Handling Flamr* \ircraft Manufacturing, 41-43. See also Solvents. Flather, Fred. Jr.: Maintaining a Safety Program During War Production, 695-699. Floors: The Use of Conductive Flooring and Ma terials (Meyers), 295-298. What Can be Done to Prevent Foot and I^ft In juries in the Packing Industry. Panel Discus sion, 401-403. What is the Safest Floor Material for the Packing Industry^ Panel Discussion, 406-407. What Procedure is Used to Recondition or "Non Skid" Worn Metal Plates on Platforms, Stairs and Floors. Panel Discussion, 348-349. Food Industry: How Can Dermatitis be Prevented in People Who Package Wet Materials? Panel Discussion, 353. guage. Panel Discussion. 343. Meeting the Safety Problem Without a Safety Engineer (Crosby), 364-366. Preventing Blistered Fingers from Handling Hot Bottles and Hot Cans. Panel Discussion, 352. Prevention of Injuries Due to Incorrecti Methods of Lifting. Panel Discussion, 350. The Problem of Bursting Bottles in the Packaging of Beverages. Panel Discussion, 359. The Safe Use of Electric Grain Shovels Used in Emptying Grain Cars. Panel Discussion, 343 344. . , . . Safeguarding Equipment in the Food Industry (Steel), 362-364. Treatment of Tenosynovitis. Panel Discussion. 345-346. What Procedure is Used to Recondition or "Non Skid" Worn Metal Plates on Platforms, Stairs and Floors. Panel Discussion, 348-349. Officers 339-341. '--eign Shaking Rn Importance of ( _ ............... ................ .... Not Understand the Language. Panel Discus sion. 343. Foremen: The Foreman Teaches Safety (Pavlis). 197-198. The Foreman's Place in the Safety Program (Heinrich), 191-194. Measuring the Efficiency of the Safety Work Done hy the Foreman. Panel Discussion, 443 444. Method of Combatting the Problem of Foreman Having to Devote More Time to Production at the Expense of Safety. Panel Discussion, 360. Selling Safety to the Foreman. Panel Discussion, 180. Teaching the Foreman Safety (Sheehan). 194-197. Forging: Practical Method of Handling Long Cold Trim Strip Operations in the Drop Forge In dustry. Panel Discussion, 573. Protection Where Using Friction Saws. Panel Discussion, 583. Foundries, See Metal Industries. Frederick. R. F..: Retraining Transferred and Re hired Employees, 570-572. Fulminate of Mercury: Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (.SVJrn'arfjr), 177. Gases: Maintenance of Exhaust System* portant Safety Measure (Kane), 55-5 Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne), 584 . Gases, Dust, Fumes and Vapors Session, 5UJI - Gibson, G. //.: Accident Prevention in 1 Products Industries Under Wartia tions, 703. Gibson, J. IV.: The Training of State Fi spectors, 124-127. Gloves: Means of Reclaiming Rubber Glove* . They Have Been Used on Nitroglymww cussion, 316. See also Clothing. Goetz, M. F.: Safety in War Production, h Goggles: The Care and Cleaning of Respin* Goggles. Discussion, 316. Eye Injuries, 300. How to Explain the Importance of Gs Workers who Do Not Understand guage. Panel Discussion, 343. The Proper Tyne of Goggles for Use I dries. Panel Discussion, 429-430. Selling the Goggle Program. Panel *'1 185-186. Should the Wearing of Goggles in a Plant he Compulsory? Discussion, 31 III) What Method Should be Used to Get Em to Wear Goggles? Panel Discussion. If Where Should Goggles l>e Worn in tW Packing. Tanning and Leather Pred< * dustriesr Panel Discussion, 407-408. Government Safety Service in Industry 103-136.. . (rade Crossings: (trade Crossing Accident' National Defense (Hill), 666-668. Grain Mills and Elevators: The Safe 1'w trie Grain Shovels Used in Emptying ' Cars. Panel Discussion, 343-344. Grinding: Grinding Booths for Die Sandhi Grinding, 33. Protection When Using Grinding Wheel* Discussion, 427-428. Guards: Eliminating Conflicts Among St*w I Requirements (Shuford), 133-136. Hammond. L. C.: The Safe Han of Concrete. 335-337. Handicapped Workers: Use in Industry Discussion, 356-357. Handling Material: Best Protection for 1 in Handling Cut Material from Shear t| Panel Discussion, 577-578. Prevention of Injuries Due to Income! ' of Lifting. Panel Discussion. 350. Treatment of Tenosynovitis. Panel 345-346. . Hands: Best Protection for the Hand* li Cut Material from Shear to Pres*, cussion, 577-578. How Can Dermatitis he Prevented in I Package Wet Materials? Panel Din What the Industrial Nurse Needs t* Km*1 Hand and Foot Injuries (Stake). 151-llK, Hat Industry, See Felt Products. Hargrctt, Felix: Fire Protection in Aircraft | factoring, 40-44. Hayward, R. A.: Why Top Management 1 tively Participate m a Safety Program, I Haselhurst, Dr. J. }{.: Accelerated Safety ing. (Lecture), 216-225. Foundation Stones of Teaching. tLntmftj 216. War Safety Training. (LectuicO, JOt-fJf Health Hazards: Control of Welding ll Shipbuilding (Pierce), 383-387. Dirhromate and Other Pickling Oneum Dust Hazard in the Stone ('rushing at Industries. Panel Discussion. 170 IN (mm Solvents Used in Paint Dipping, 33. i Gangrene Caused hy Particles of Magnm Not Being Removed Promptly from a Discussion, 319. in the Use of Substitute Materials--in wm\h (Chivers), 450-451, 453. ft* Aspects of Welding (Cranch and Vosboth), 97-102. 'mi ^'r,`*ane Manufacturing fi cW*$JH8a. zards of Paper Dust. Panel Discussion, i fan Dermatitis !>e Prevented in People Who Wbfe Wet Materials? Panel Discussion, 353. * ce of Undulant Fever Among Packing ' Workers. Panel Discussion, 409-410. * Disease Prevention in the Leather .. and Related Industries (Meiter), P*ral Hygiene and the Small Plant (Cooke), I Pa for Dipping Control Cables, 3.1, -rainee of Exhaii.t Systems an Important tty Measure (Kane), 55-58. . ttonal Dermatoses in the War Industries ^tMwrfr), 173-178. Thinner Used for Washing Parts, 33. mV of Substitute Materials (Sterner), 144- * the Plant ami Personnel Against War mis in the Kuhlier Industry (Guise), MT 4J9. Disinfectant be Atlded Cnntimiouslv to ~t Oils? Discussion, 319. ' Protective Cream he Used in Handling trotiycerine? Discussion, 319. Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Syn- I* Kuldter Industry (Can Alta and Noses), **<7. 649. ' * Occupational Disease Hazardsin Munitions sfacture (McGee). 167-172. ` land Hernia (Rorlfr), 140-143. ! Toxic Atmospheres (Berm) 58-66. "f Tenosynovitis. Panel Discussion. i W Trichlorrth.virile Degreasers, 32-33. 'Vof Xylol and Other Solvents, 305-306. ting the Anodizing Department, 33. -*1-- Foundries in Aircraft Mamifac- ^othing is Suitable When Working Around tDust? Discussion. 315. I Siaervision: Health Conservation in Airj Manufacturing (Poole), 35-39. he Effect of Lengthened Hours on Safety Prob lems in the Rubier Industry (Leavitt), 655 658. See also Shifts. Hydraulic Presses, See Power Presses. Hydrocarbons: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Bermr), 64. Hydrochloric Acid: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berm), 65. Hydrofluoric Acid: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berm), 65. Hydrogen Cyanide: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berm), 61. Hydrogen Sulfide: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Herns), 60-61. Itnmrl, Capt, //. I).: Factory Inspection in the War Effort, 127-130. Industrial Health' Session, 137-149. Industrial Nursing Session, 151-166. Industrial Safety Courses: Technical Training for War Industry (Yellott), 272-278. What Makes a Safety Engineer? Panel Discus ston, 103-123. rnfections: First Aid for Cuts, Small or Serious Panel Discussion, 405-406. What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Know About Hand and Foot Injuries (Slobe), 153-157. Injured Workers: Handling the Malingerer. Panel Discussion, 344-345. See also Rehabilitation. Inspection: Chain Inspection. Discussion, 454. The Correlation of Inspection with Accident Analysts (Alexander), 371-373. Factory Inspection in the War Effort (Immel), 127*130. i The Training of State Factory Inspectors (Gib son), 124-127. Investigation of Accidents: Following Through Safety Recommendations After Accidents Arc Investigated. Panel Discussion, 441-443. Isobutylene Polymers: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rubber Industry . (Van Atta and Noyes), 643. /rr,,9j ![ * In(,lwtr>' Accepts the Challenge. land Health Problems of Women in IndusflAnderson), 204-208. ^Manpower for War Power (Fislthein). Nurses; Physical Examinations. , H. IF.: The Foreman's Place in the 1 Program, 191-194. G. T..* Presentation of Chemical Section Safety Contest Awards, 320-321. * S Breathing Apparatus. * Cl*ms for Hernia. Panel Discussion, 361. Hind Hernia (Barth), 140-143. mdm Lifting; Strains. 1* fA Pratle Crossing Accidents Retard NaHMa! Defense, 666-668. iH.J.: .Safety and Lnlmr Relations, 673- Set Chains; Cranes. \ Dr. E. C.: Industrial Rehabilitation of *mly Injured Workers, 137-140. i. 0. H.: Wrecking and Demolition, 332- *41 Labor: The Effect of lengthened Hours [ f Ifpnyees in War Production -Male and Inmk Employee* (Norton). 649-662. of lengthened Hours on Safety Proh* m the Rubier industry. A SvnijH>sitini. J.I.T. Training: Accelerated Safety Training. Lec ture. (Haselhurst), 217-225. Instruction Courses, 274-275. Job Analysjs: Safety Through Advanced Job Analy- Kane, J. M.: Maintenance of Exhaust Systems an yhnportant Safety Measure, 55-58. Knapp. B. IV.: Safety's Contribution to Our War -4 Efforts, 241-244. Knives: \N hat Precaution-. Are Necessary to Pre vent Knife Wounds in Skinning Operation*5 Paiiel DiMMi-sion. 103 HIS, IK).HI. 716 SIst Witional Safety Congress Index 155. Lead Puls for nipping i oinr.n v amen. ,i.'. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne). 02-63. Lead Azide: Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (Schwartz), 177. Leather Industries: Where Should Goggle* Iw* Worn in the Meat Packing. Tanning and leather Products Industries. Panel Discus sion, 407-408. Leather Industries Section, See Meat Packing, Tan ning and Leather Industries Section. Leavitt, ll. The KtTect of Lengthened Hours on Safety Problems in the Rublwr Industry, 655* 65. Lifting: How Do You Taft When it is Impossible to Use the Legs? Panel Discussion. .154. How Much Should a Woman Lift? Panel Dis cussion, 580-581. Prevention of Injuries Due to Incorrect Methods of Lifting. Panel Discussion. 35(1. See also Hernia; Strains. Lighting: No Blackout for Industry (Cavcrly), 48 Pr5o0jj-er Lighti.ng at Po. int of 0|>era.tion for Punch Presses. Panel Discussion, 579-580. Three Dimensional Colors in Power Press Opera tion. Panel Discussion, 575-577. Three Dimensional Seeing (Winkler), 685-689. Lime: Protection Against Lime Burns in Hot Weather. Discussion, 317. Linemen, See Public Utilities. Loading and Unloading: How to Prevent Steel Plates from Slipping Where There is a Differ ence in Height of Car Tank and Warehouse Floor. Panel Discussion. 359-360. Logging: Group Session for Pulpwood Loggers. Forum Discussion, 501-516. Use of "Hard Hats'* in the Woods. Discussion, 513-515. Loomis, L. R,: Safety Su|>ervision for Women in Punch Press ()|eratiniis, 565-572. M Mmclnnis. Ilr. F. /:.: What Hip ImlnMrial Nursi- Can Do Alwut Tuberculosis, 157-159. McGee, Dr. L. Some Occupational Disease Hazards, in Munitions Manufacture. 167-172. Magnesium: The Elimination of the Fire Hazard of Magnesium Through Proper Control < Throne). 260-264. % Gaseous Gangrene Caused by Particles of Mag nesium Not Being Removed Promptly From a Wound. Discussion, 319. The Grinding, Cutting, and Sawing of Magnes ium Parts in Aircraft Industry, 33-34. Hazards in the Use of Substitute Materials in Health (Olivers), 451. What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Know About Hand and Foot Injuries (Slobe), 155 Maintaining Interest: The Building of Monde and the Maintaining1 of Interest. Panel Discussion. 255. . Malingering. See Injured Workmen. Maintenance: Makeshift Maintenance and Work Efficiency. Panel Discussion. 251-252. cussion, 355-356. Safety*s Contribution to Our War Efforts (Knapp), 241*244. Why Top Management Must Actively Participate in a Safety Program (Hayward), 494-501. Marine Industry: The Correlation of Inspections with Accident Analysis (Alexander), *71 t-'l Looking Ahead in Shipping (Collaahan), Ml Safety Equipment on Vessels Under W* v tions (Field), 377-380. What Price Safety (Bates), 373-376. Marine Section: Contest Awards, 390-.lv Walertals, 295-298. iMw*\ry: An Example of Electrical BlastI Uiderground Suitable for Metal and Non-'Mines (Nans), 457-461. Blasting Underground (in Coal Mines) [(rw), 462-470. dm-hial Safety ('.mums; Magnesium; Plant Protect inti. National Safety Council: BikihI of Trustee*. 5-6. Director*, 6-8. Executive Cunuuittee, 4-5. Honorary Memliers, 4. Minutes, 367-391, Officers, 367-370. Math, ll. A.: Safe Practices in War T cation of Welding, 95-97. Maynard, />. E.: Hazards and Their Kh in the Corrugated and Solid Fibre !b* try, 517-519. Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather !mhit#w* tion: Minutes, 393-412. Officers. 393-394. .. Meat Packing Industry: First Aid for (oi.l or Serious. Panel Discussion. 405-406 Guards for Head-Splitting Operations. cussion, 411-412. ,,, . Incidence of Undulant Fever Among Prfcrf Workers. Panel Discussion, 409-410 Precautions for Tying Operations m ihe fc ?' Precautions in Shuttle Car Oiieration wr), 481-485. nation Injuries : Causes and Prevention 'inij (Adams), 470-473. -Ration Injuries: Causes and Prevention .lining from the Stand|K>int of Bituminous U Mining (Moses), 473-477. ^""Tlation Injuries in Anthracite Mines: -Causes and Prevention (Brehm), 477-481. iSection: Minutes, 455-485. n, 455-456. it*. F.: Selection and Training of PersonL121-624, tf. M.: Transportation Injuries: Causes -I Prevention in Mining from the- Standpoint f fctummmis Coal Mining, 473-477. 'Picture Projection Booths, Sec Theatres' Officers, 4, 27. Program, 10. The^ ^War on Wartime Accidents (liearbortt), Notts L. L.: An Example of Electrical Blasting Underground Suitable for Metal and Non Metal Mines, 457-461. Negroes: Training Defense Workers and What to Do to Procure Deferment of "Necessary Men" (Sehommer), 308. Neoprene: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Kuhlicr Industry (Tan At/a and Noyes), 640*641. New Employees: Accidents to New and Old Em ployees. Panel Discussion, 254. Accidents to New Employees and Older Workers, Panel Discussion, 436-437, 439. house. Panel Discussion, 411. What Can be Done to Prevent Visit and juries in the Packing Industry. PanH [Vducles: Projier Procedure for Handling a u Truck During an Air Raid or Alarm. -- Discussion, 560. The Best Way to Train a New Man. Pane! Dis cussion, 254-255. The New Worker. 271-272. sion. 401-403. .. # . What is the Safest Floor Material for the if li.: Third Shift Accidents, 199-202. Manufacture, See Explosives Industry. Retraining Transferred and Rehired Employees (Frederick), 570-572. 7 Industry? Panel Discussion, 406-407 What Precautions Are Necessary to l*Trvem If Music in Industry. Discussion, 6S7. Safety for the Casual Worker in the Refrigera tion and Related Industries OVoods), 619-621. Wounds in Skinning 0|*rntions? r*rf 9 Training the New Man to Work Safely. Panel cussion, 403-405, 410-411. . , w ^ Discussion, 432-439. Where Should Goggles Be Worn in the Me* Wartime Selection and Training of Railroad ing, Tanning and Leather Products li * Panel Discussion, 407-408. Meiter, E. G.: Industrial Disease . ... N Forces--New Men (Cutter), 669-673. Newell, II. E.: Storage and Protection of Flam mable Liquids, 75-78. the Leather Tanning and Related h 394-397. ,,# Mercury: Replacement for Mercury Salts Is HiD. M.: Personal Protective Equipment in ^ Kefrigeration Industry, 616-618. Nitrogen Oxides: Some Occupational Disease Haz ards in Munitions Manufacture (McGee), 171. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 61-62. Carrotting of Hat Fur. Discussion. It* Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Rems), Mercury Fulminate: Some Occupational &A. /.; Bicycling with Safety, 595-598. Offense: Accidents -Axis Ally (Blandy), Nitroglycerine: Means of Reclaiming Rubber Glove* After They Have Been Used on Nitroglycer ine. Discussion, 316. . Hazards in Munitions Manufacture 170-171. Metal Industries: An "Offense" Safet\ C Goes Into Action (Dnndore), 203-204 Best Way to Maintain Foundry Gi ilwl Precautions for Industry Session. 45-53. M* Manufacturing Session, 31-44. "" Defense and Safety (Reninuer), 73-75. inspection, in the War Effort (Immel), OSEEliminate the Dust. Panel Discimi ... ^ Care of Clothes Worn in Foundries, fW cussion, 429-430. Following Through Safety RecommrndatMO* Accidents Are Investigated. Panel lhri t Safety Service in Industry Session, Should Protective Cream he Used in Handling Nitroglycerine? Discussion, 319. Nitrous Fumes, See Nitrogen Oxides. Norton, L. O.: The Effect of lengthened Hours on Employees in War Production- Male and Fe male Employees, 650-653. Noyes, A. M. and Van Attn, F. A.: Some Indus trial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rubher Industry, 640-647, 649. Nurses: Findings of the Committee for the Study 441-443. accepts the Challenge (Irvin), 21-26. of the Duties of Nurses in Industry, 165-166. Hazards in the Use of Substitute MatrenAa % a Safety Program During War Pro- hull Time Services of a Nurse for Plant Em symposium, 447-454. r-mi ihlather), 695-699. ploying 450 Persons. Panel Discussion, 351. On What Types of Operation*. Will it ktwmal Dermatoses in the War Industries How Far Can a Nurse Go When a Doctor is Not to Employ Women in Foundries. Panel 9 IkWte), 173-178. Immediately Available? Panel Discussion, 357 sion, 430-431. btihmal Diseases in Munitions Manufacture 358. The Proper Type of Goggles for I *e m I 167*178. The. Mental Health of Workers (Brown), 160-165. dries. Panel Discussion. 429-430. Safety in War Production (Goetz). 41* m ^244 2"men * War Economy <n"d' Selling Your Program to Management, Super visors and Workers (Brittingham). 151-153. Safety's Contribution to Our Wo I fuKretion and Fire Safely in War Incltis- What the Industrial Nurse Can Do About Tuber (Knapp), 241-244. r-> Sr-.inn, 73-78. culosis (Maclnnis), 157-159. "Seven-Company Exchange.'* 432-446. N Equiimvent on Vessel* Under War Condi- What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Know About Third Shift Accidents (Muir). 199-202 Ni lFirm), 377-380. Hand and Foot Injuries (Slobe), 153-157. Today's Problems in Safetv. Panel ll p in War Production (Curls). -116-418. Nurses Session. See Industrial Nursing Session. , 432-446. m'l Contribution to Our War Efforts Unsafe Practices in Foundries. (Slide Wmfr), 241-244. 423-429. g^Manliower for War Power (Fhhhrin), 'Ventilation of taring, 33. Foundries in Aircraft -^le' ProlJen,, in Safety. Panel Discussion, What Type of Respirator is Best ! Foundry Work? Panel Discussion. 4*1 Women As Crane Ojierators. Di*cui** t Metals Section: Contest. 420-422. Minutes, 413-454. Officers, 413-415. Metals: Safe Use of Substitute Maieiial* Mi ^ 146-147. . See also Lead; Mercury; Silver; 7iik Metsqer, R. S.: Presentation of Nntim*l Council Awards in Public Utilities Safety Contest. 600-602. Meyers. E. J.: The Use of Cmidurth* I Defense Workers and What to Do to Deferment of "Necessary Men" ---.mrr), 306-308. pCmteil Fire and Accident Preventimi Prob""f the Petroleum Industry (ll'ildcr), 547. War Iin Wartime Accidents (l)rarhnni). 'alrty Problems in Industry Session. 199 ,05"* TrRininW- I-rc,"rcs. (Hasrlburst), - tine Security of Older Workers: Accidents to New Employees and Older Workers. Panel Discussion, 436-437, graining the'Oldrr Worker. Panel Discussion, Training Defense Workers and What to Do to Procure Deferment of "Necessary Men" (Sehommer). 307-308. * (*). 541-545. 4- Air Raids; ltlackouts; Explosives; In- 718 X at nmol Safety Coni/ress Page, h, .4.: Fire Protection on An Airline. 230 233. 4 Paint: Fumes from Solvents Used in Paint Dip ping, 33. Safe Use of Substitute Materials f.frrrnrr), 146. Paper and Pulp Section: Minutes, 4H7-53R. Officers, 487-489. Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in Paper Industry Safety Contest (Dowd), 525-527. Report of Statistics Committee (Brawn), 49CM94. ' >er Industry; Cloth' ' ` ` * lems of Women 527-531. The Employment of Women Around the Book Mill. Panel Discussion, 537. Female Labor in the Paper Converting Industry 519-525. Hazards and Their Elimination in the Corrugated and Solid Fibre Box Industry (Maynard), 517 519. Health Hazards of Paper Dust. Panel Discussion, 537-538. Range Finders for Safety. Panel Discussion. 527 538. Unloading Cars of Pulp. Panel Discussion, 536. Why Top Management Must Actively Participate in a Safety Program (Harvard), 494-501. See also Logging. Paper Products Plants Group Session, 516-525. Pavlis, F. The Foreman Teaches Safety, 197 198. Pearce, S. 7. and Schrenk, //. //.; Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective De vices, 66-72. Personal Factors: Foundation Stones of Teaching. (Lecture) (Haselhurst), 209-216. The Mental Health of Workers (Broum), 160-165. Steps to Be Taken With the Employee Who Has Become an Habitual Minor Accident Victim. Panel Discussion, 353. What Are These Things Called Accidents? (Fisher), 603-605. Personal Protective Equipment: Personal Protec tive Equipment In Aircraft Manufacturing, 34. Personal Protective Equipment in the Refrigera tion Industry (Nanfeldt), 616-618. See also Breathing Apparatus; Clothing; Gloves; Goggles; Safety Equipment: Shoes. ' Persona] Departments: Absenteeism and its Effect on the Safety Program. Panel Discussion, 246-251. Petroleum Industry: Can the Accident and Fire Protection Program be Made a Reserve I)efens Against Sabotage? Panel Discussion, 559-560. How Do You Lift When it is Impossible to Use the Legs? Panel Discussion, 354. In What Jobs Can Women be Safely Employed in the Petroleum Industry? Panel Discussion, 557-559. Location of Shelter Areas in Various Types of 556 557^UStr> **l>era,',ms- Panel Discussion. Prevention of Injuries Due to Incorrect Methods of Lifting. Panel Discussion, 350. Proper Procedure for Handling a Tank Truck During an Air Haul or Alarm. Panel Discus sion, 560. The Safety Record Under War Conditions (Blakeslce), 550-551. ^*562^ *)ry *CP ,0 Kxtil,,cui,*1 0il Fire. War-Created Fire and Accident Prevention Prob lems of the Petroleum Industry (/I ildrr), 54 7- War-Time Security of (HVjroaO, 541-545. What About First Aid Training of Fm Tins Time? Panel Discussion, 561-5 What Can I* Done to Better MainUw I Equipment? Panel Discussion, 534-111 What New Factors Should ` ~ " Measuring a Plant's Fire-Fighting Panel Discussion, 555-556. Petroleum Section: Minutes, 539-562. Officers, 539-541. Presentation of National Safety Council in Petroleum Section Contest (SU ` 553. , 4 , Physical Examinations: Importance of Php animations in a Battery Mnnufacturn Panel Discussion, 181-182. Pre-employment Examination Workers (Baldwin), 324-328. Should We , the Duration? Pickling: Dichromate and Other Pickling tions, 33. Pierce, /f. W.: Control Sniphuilding, 383-387. Plant Protection: Can the Accident and tection Program be Made a Rrarrva Against Salvotage. Panel Discusaion. .. Location of Shelter Areas in Various Tn Oil Industry Oi>erattons. Panel 556-557. Plant Protection. Panel Discussion. 27tJ Typical Industrial Air Raid Precautions Use (Boilean), 45-47. See also Air Raids; Blackouts. Plant Protection anil Fire Safety In Ws tries Session, 73-78. Platforms: What Procedure is Used to tion or "Non-Skid" Worn Met*! Platforms, Stairs and Floors. Panel IH 348-349. Poole, />r. F. E.: Health Conservation Manufacturing, 35-39. Posters, See Bulletin Boards. Power Press Section: Minutes, 563-585. Officers. 563-565. Power Presses: Best Protection for the Ha Handling Cut Material from Shear i Panel Discussion, 577-578. `Guard for Keconsolidatiug the Crimping Panel Discussion, 574-575. Guarding a Hydraulic Press, 182-183 Guards for the Punch Press. Panel Ifc 581-583. 4 Projver Lighting at Point of Oiieration ft Presses. Panel Discussion, 579-580. Punch Press Guards. Panel l)i*cu**Mi. Safety Supervision for Women in Pa Operations (Loomis), 565-572. Three Dimensional Colors in Power tion. Panel Discussion, 575-577. The Use of Plastics for Punch Pre** Panel Discussion, 574. What is Being Done as to the Safely Women Employees? Panel DisciiMka, % , 578-579, 583-584. See also Forging. Pressure! Vessels: Cleaning Pressure Vei . Methods Used to Prevent Explosion* t4 j Vessels. Discussion, 318. Prizes, see Rewards. Psychiatry. See Personal Factors. Psychology, See Personal Factors. Public Utilities: First Aid Demonstration, ( Is it Possible to Repair Linemen'* PH Jaws Are Nicked? Discussion. 61J. War Problems for the Public Utilities Engineer Linemen's Tools (Wilson), 611-614. War Problems for the Public Utilities Engineer -Rubber Goods (Claffy), War Safety in the Public UtifW (Sprinkle). 590-595. War Problems of the Public Utility I Index General Safety Equipment (Davies), ties Section: Minutes, 587-614. i, 587-590. jam of Awards (Metsger), 600-602. I if Film Committee, 598-599. Iaf Statistics Committee (Chore), 599-600. I Loggers Group Session, 501-516. 'sues. See Power Presses, r. Co-operation Between Purchasing, En- -- --j Obtaining Goods U'laffy), (>06-608. Rubber Section: Contest, 64K. Minutes, 635-662. Officers, 635-636. Rules: How Can Safety Rule* be Enforced With out Using Discipline? Panel Discussion, 346 348, 351-352, 360-361. ^. Which Method is More Effective, a Complete Rule Book or Periodical Bulletins? Panel Discus sion, 352. ry: Cement and Uuarry Accident (Curtis), 270-272. in the Stone Crushing and Quarry Panel Discussion, 179-180, 184-185. F.xplosives. Panel Discussion, 280-292. ` n, See Cement and Quarry Section. parting on Railroads i Crossing Accidents Retard National De i (Hi//), 666-668. I Labor Relations (Hoolund). 673-674. Selection and Training of Railroad New Men (Cutter), 669-673. n Industry: Personal Protective Equip* i the Refrigeration Industry (Nanfeldt), kCwind Maintenance of Equipment (Blatti), |#429, 631-633. ` i for the Casual Worker in the Refrigerasni Related Industries (Weeds), 619-621. t Safety Problems in the Refrigeration Inr (Brandt), 629-631. Section: Minutes, 615-633. , 615-616. Industrial Rehabilitation of PermaInjured Workers (Holmblad), 137-140. tC*l. //. A.: Civilian Defense and Safety, Equipment, See Breathing Apparatus. Awards or Incentives for Good Safety Panel Discussion, 445-446. , G. M.: Results Achieved by the Use of * irdized Accident Programs and Forms, i W. S.: Acci.dent Prevent.ion .in .Airplane kasfseturine, 31-35. iB. L.: The Qualifications of a Good Safety kiaiitrator, 264-267. Mwfustry: All Out for Safety (Pan Cleef), wstwm Between Purchasing, Engineering, l Of Safety Divisions in Obtaining Equipment LMdker), 653-655. i ladaitrial Hygiene Problems in the SynRubber Industry (Pan Atta and Noyes), Sabotage, See Plant Protection. Safety Codes, See Standards. Safety Directors, See Engineers. Safaty Engineering Exchange, 179-190. Safety Equipment: Co-operation Between Purchas- War Problems for the Public Utilities Safety Engineer -- Linemen's Tools and Equipment (Wilson), 611-614. War Problems for the Public Utilities Safety En gineer--Rubber Goods (Claffyi), 606-608. War Problems of the Public Utility Safety Engi neer--General Safety Equipment (Davies), 608-611. What Can he Done to Better Maintain Safety Equipment? Panel Discussion, 554-555. See also Breathing Apparatus; Clothing; Gloves; Goggles; Shoes. Safety m Foremanship Session, 191-198. Safety Movement: Safety Cynics and Safety Sin ners (Zimmer), 418-420. Safety Movement--Great Britain: The Place of Women in a War Economy (Bondfield), 244 245. Safety Movement--States: Development of State Safety Codes (Conole), 130-133. Eliminating Conflicts Among State Safety Re quirements (Shuford), 133-136. Factory Inspection in the War Effort (Immel), 127-130. .. State Labor and Industrial Commissions in the War Effort, 124-136. The Training of State Factory Inspectors (Gib son), 124-127. Saws: Protection When Using Friction Saws. Panel Discussion, 583. Schommer, /. Training Defense Workers and What to Do to Procure Deferment of "Neces sary men," 306-308. Schrenk, H. H. and Pearce, S. Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective De vices, 66-72. 4 Schwarts, Dr. Louts: Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries, 173-178. Selling Safety: Best Methods of Selling Managers on Importance of Safety Program. Panel Dis cussion. 355-356. Selling Safety to the Foreman. Panel Discm- sion, 180. Sheehan, E. W.: Teaching the Foreman Safety, 194-197. Shifts: Third Shift Accidents (Muir), 199-202. Shipbuilding: The Accident Prevention Program in the Kaiser Shipyards (Johnson), 388-390. Control of Welding Hazards in Shipbuilding (Pierce), 383-387. Shoes: Foot Comfort in its Relation to Safety and Health (Chandler), 398-400. What Can be Done to Prevent Foot and Leg In juries in the Packing Industry. Panel Discus sion, 401-403. What Types of Shoes and Boots Are Used in Napthalene Plants? Discussion, 315. Who Pays for the Safetv Shoes? Discussion, 313 314. See also Clothing. 720 ^ 31st National Safety Congn Index 721 Shuford, F. //.,* Eliminating Conflicts Among State Safety Requirements, 1J.M36. Silver: Safe Use of Substitute Materials (Sterner), 146*147. Slobe, I)r. F. W.: What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Know About Hand and Foot Injuries, 153*157. Small Plants: Full Time Services of a Nurse for a Plant Employing 450 Persons. Panel Discus sion, 351. Industrial Hygiene and the Small Plant (Cook), 301-306. , What is Considered a Practical Safety Organiza tion for Small Factory. Panel Discussion, 183 184. Smith, A. IV.: Getting the Most Out of Effective Accident Records, 680-682. Solrnsten, R. T.: Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in Petroleum Section Contest, 552*553. .4 Solvents: Fumes from Solvents Used in Paint Dip ping, 33. Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (Schwarts), 174-177. Paint Thinner Used for Washing Parts, 33. Safe Use of Substitute Materials (Sterner), 146- 639. Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Syn thetic Rublier Industry (Fan Atta and Noyes), 6-P5-646. # / Storage and Protection of Flammable Liquids (Newell), 75*78. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Perns), 64-65. The Use of Xylol and Other Solvents, 305-306. Spray Coating, See Paint. Sprinkle. H. O.: War Safety in the Public Utility Industry, 590-595. Stairways: What Procedure is Used to Recondition or "Non-Skid'* Worn Metal Plates on Plat forms, Stairs and Floors. Panel Discussion, 348-349. Standards: Development of State Safety Codes iConole), 130-133. Eliminating Conflicts Among State Safety Re quirements (Shuford). 133*136. * State Safety Programs, See Safety Movement -- States. Static Electricity: The Formation of Static Elec tricity When Handling Sulphur. Discussion, 315-316. The Use of Conductive Flooring and Materials (Meyers), 295-298. Steam Railroad Section: Minutes, 663-678. Officers, 663-664. Steel. G. H.: Safeguarding Equipment in the Foot! Industry, 362-364. Sterner, Dr. J. H.: Safe Use of Substitute Mater ials, 144-149. Stilwell, Col. John: Annual Address, 11-16. Presentation of Metals Section Annual Safety Contest Awards, 420-422. Stone Crushing Industry: Dust Hazard in the Stone Crushing and Quarry Industries. Panel Dis cussion, 179-180. 184-185. Storage - Batteries: Importance of Physical Exami nations in a Battery Manufacturing Plant. Panel Discussion. 181-182. Strains: Strains and Hernia (Bartle), 140*143. See also Lifting. Strong, IV. E.: Female Lalwir in the Paper Convert ing Industry, 519-525. Styrene: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rubber Industry (Fan Atta and Noyes), 642-643. Substitutes: Hazards in the Use of Substitute Ma terials. A Symposium, 447-454. Hazards in the Use of Substitute Materials--in Health (Chivers), 450-451, 453. Hazards in the Use of Substitute Materials--in Production (Cochran), 447-449. Replacement for Mercury Salts in the Garrotting Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the I thetic Rubber Industry (Fan Atta and N* 640-647, 649. To Replace Carbon Tetrachloride Whit fa lute is Satisfactory for Mixing of NaMi Increase the Flash Point. Discussion, 317 The Use of Plastics for Punch Press Gm Panel Discussion, 574. War Problems for the Public Utilities Safety % | gineer--Linemen's Tools and Equipment tVw] ran), 611-614. War Problems of the Public Utility Safeii neer General Safety Equipment I/1 608-6 It. Sugar Industry, See FiwhI Industry. Suggestion Systems: Suggestion Program. Discussion, 252. Sulphur: The Formation of Static Electricity I Handling Sulphur. Discussion, 315*316 Sulphur Dioxide: Testing Toxic Atnt" (Berns), 61. Sulphuric Acid: Dissipation of Gases From Plants That Concentrate Sulphuric i Discussion, 319. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Bcms). 65. Supervisors, See Foremen. Problems for the Public Utilities Safety En, put- Linemen's Tools and Equipment (W'iV. >. 611-614. kmmt Accelerated Safety Training. Lecture. Huelhurst), 216-225. fa Best Way to Train a New Man. Panel DistvMion!, 254*255. faction Stones of Teaching. (Lecture.) Hatlhnrst). 209-216. Effective Method to Use in Trainiug Women *kers. Panel Discussion, 349. hwamifiK the Older Worker. Panel Discussion, * 439. Beaming Transferred and Uehircd Employees 'heierick), 570-572. Metwn and Training of Personnel (Moberg), Instructions 1* Given Collectively or In* dually to Employees? Panel Discussion, . >*150. farting the Foreman Safety (Sheehan), 194-197. | famnt the New Man to Work Safely. Panel mission, 432-439. Training of State Factory Insjiectors (Gib- 124-127. Industrial Safety Courses, cmTM: Use, 9. mg. See Railroads. rtbylene: Testing Toxic Atmospheres jlmu), 64. "4 Trichlorethylcne Degreasers, 32*33. ling Industry: Guarding Open Vat* ftp] Beamhouse Floor. Panel Discussion, | Industrial Disease Prevention in the !*eaihvf f ning and Related Industries (Meitrr), I Where Should Goggles be Worn in tW Packing, Tanning and Leather Product! * tries. Panel Discussion, 407-408. Tanning Section: See Meat Packing, Tamil Leather Industries Section. Taylor, N. II.: Visual Education, 690*692. Tenosynovitis: Treatment of Tenosynoviti* Discussion, 345-346. Tetryl: Occupational Dermatoses in the Wee dustries (Schivartz). 175*176. Some Occupational Disease Hazards in Mw Manufacture (McGee), 169-170. Textile Industry: Getting the Most Out <4 ! tive Accident Records (Smith), 6R0-68L Maintaining a Safety Program During W I duction (Flather), 695-699. Safety Through Advanced job Analyst! I# 682-685. Safety Through Employee Morale (Csfkm 693-695. Three Dimensional Seeing (Winkler), 6*Jg| Visual Education (Taylor), 690*692. Textile Section: Minutes, 679-699. _ Explosives. Pawl I cussion, 280-292. Theatres: Should Carbon Tetrachloride EitiaMflfcl ers be Permitted in a Moving Picture nmto] Projection Booth? Discussion, 319. 4*sjt Tuberculosis (Afacliuiij), 157*159. Fever: Incidence of Undulant Fever Packinghouse Workers. Panel Discus- . 409*410. > 4cm. F. A., and Noyes, A. A/.: Some Indus* Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rub* fa Industry, 640-647, 649. KUfj. Pant: All Out for Safety, 636-637. Bust, Fumes and Gases Session, 55*72. i Ovarding Open Vats on the Beamhouse Floor <Twwries). Panel Discussion. 408-409. " . See Wood Products Industry. ion and Exhaust Systems: Maintenance of utiiiit Systems an Important Safety Measure ffwr), 55-58. if fritters: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems 'he Synthetic Rubber Industry (Fan Atta M Soyrs), 644. n%. See Isobutylene Polymers. I Education: Visual Education (Taylor), 690- w inrnne. n. i. ; i ne crimination oi ine ri ard of Magnesium Through Proper 260-264. Tobacco Industry: Safe Operation of Cine chines. Panel Discussion, 348. Tode, A. A/.: Presentation of Marine SectUa I Contest Awards, 390-391. Toluene: Safe Use of Substitute (Sterner), 147-148. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 64. . Tools: Is it Possible to Repair Lineman's r*-J the .Taws are Nicked? Discussion, 6IJ m , II. A.: Cooperation Between Purchasing, unerring, and Safety Divisions in Obtaining pment, 653-655. * Wety Problems in Industry Session, 199-208. Training. (Lectures) (Ilaselhurst), . F.. J.: Safety Precautions in Shuttle Car . fawitinn. 481-485. Cause and Control of Fires Set from #4ing. Pane! Discussion, 350-351, 356. nd of Welding Hazards in Shipbuilding Avr). 383-387. Health AsjKTts of Welding (Crunch and Vos- burgh), 97*102. f Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (Schwarts), 175. Safe Practices in War Time Application of Weld ing (Matis), 95-97. IVescoat, L. S.: War-Time Security of the Pe troleum Industry, 541-545. Wilder, Maj. F. li.: War-Created Fire and Accident Prevention Problems of the Petroleum Industry, 547-549. Wilson, II. B.: War Problems for the Public Util ities Safety Engineer Linemen's Tools and Equipment, 611-614. Winkler, li. IF.; Three Dimensional Seeing, 685-689. Women Workers: Are Nets on Women's Hair Suit able Protection? Panel Discussion, 183. Clothing, Jewelry and Other Problems of Women Workers. Panel Discussion, 527*531. The Effect of lengthened Hours on Employees in War Production -Male and Female Employees (Norton), 649*662. The Employment of Women Around the Book Mill. Panel Discussion, 537. Female Lalior in the Paper Converting Industry (Strong), 519-525. How Much Should a Woman Lift? Panel Discus sion, 580*581. In What Jobs Can Women lie Safely Employed in the Petroleum Industry? Panel Discussion. 557-559. Most Effective Method to Use in Training Women Workers. Panel Discussion, 349. On What Types of Operations Will it lie Safe to Employ Women in Foundries. Panel Dis cussion, 430-431. The Place of Women in a War Economy (Bond field), 244-245. * Protection of the Worker in Industry, 259. Safety and Health Problems of Women in Indus try (Anderson), 204-208. Safety Shoes for Men and Women. Panel Dis cussion, 255*256. Safety Supervision for Women in Punch Press Operations (Loomis), 565-572. Training Defense Workers and What to Do to Procure Deferment of "Necessary Men" (Schommcr), 306-307. What is Being Done as to the Safety of the Women Employees? Panel Discussion, 572*573. 578-579. 583*584. Will the Employment of Women Bring Added Hazards into the Industrial World? Panel Dis cussion, 444-445. Women as Crane Operators. Discussion, 452-453. Wood Products Industry: Accident Prevention in the Wood Products Industries Under Wartime Conditions (Gibson), 703. Guards for a Veneer Clipper, Panel Discussion. 187. Wood Products Section: Minutes, 701-703. Officers, 701*702. Woods. I). F..: Safety for the Casual Worker in the Refrigeration and Related Industries, 619*621. Zimmer, F. A.: Safety Cynics and Safety Sinners. 418-420. Zinc: Safe U<e f Substitute Materials (Sterner).