Document 4azw5215Re8vLYjy74Br5ZZYR

yot* ia, X'iu. INLMJaiKJAL. MEDICINK Pagetf9 . <* The flow sheet shows in Fig. 5 indicates the steps in processing raw materials to synthetic Buna rubber. Organic reactants were stored in tanks and handled by pine line throughout. The polymerization reaction vnplished in emulsion, usually in soap water. r tion vessel was closed and under pressure up w , pounds per square inch. In the three plants visited, no attempt was made to recover excess acry lonitrile, so that the reacted mixture was transferred directly from reactor to a semi-enclosed vat where ad dition of electrolytes caused coagulation. From this point to the drier, there existed potential exposure to jxeess acrylonitrile, since operations were either open >r semi-enclosed. Some variation in procedure was seen in die three plants; for example, the lack of a drying step in one of them. No attempts were made to obtain air samples for acjyionitnle since no adequate method existed. Obser- *'ration of the process, however, indicated several points at whieh precautions should be taken wbeu acrylonitrile ji'used; % (a) Leaks or breaks in pipe lines carrying acryloni trile would be serious hazards. Personnel should leave the affected area immediately, and those who return to tioae valves and remove the residue-should be equipped >rith gas masks approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines /or protection against organic vapors. Spilled nitrile should be washed down drains with copious amounts of water. Contact with the liquid should be prevented by use of rubber footwear and glovee, as it may be ab sorbed through the akin. r (b) Cleaning of reaction vessels after each batch $ermtion is a severe potential hazard. Before a man enters the vessels, it should be purged by ventilation duct extending to the bottom of the vessel. D( le of air purged should be at least twenty tim^- . yi of the container. In addition, the man enter ing the reactor should be equipped with a life-line manipulated by another person outside the tank, and robber footwear and gloves to prevent skin contact with the sludge and loose material in the tank. T(c) Under normal operating conditions, some vapor Pfpoeure was possible in operations from the coagula- % to the final press baling. To expedite inspection of the material, part of the top or inspection openings of 'he coagulator were usually left open. The vat should jo equipped with sufficient suction ventilation to create m. inward draft of about 100 f.p.m. through such mailings to prevent escape of unreacted vapors. ^Dcwktenng and washing operations at the separator atty produce vapor exposure. Either enclosure of 3Hen or adequate local exhaust should be provided, -eatrifuges, particularly, may produce considerable nent of air and vapor into the surrounding and adequate exhaust ventilation should rided at the periphery of'the basket. Additional 1 ventflation,inay be required also, fentilation .of enclosed conveyor driers is essentia] Ttbe removal of water vapor and other residues ited from the stock. To prevent escape of these into the workroom, ventilation should be st to provide an inward air velocity of 100 f.p.m. openings of the drier. far as is now known, the dried product pre- v further hazard, and the final baling opera- innocuous. However, if baling or milling is Undried product, as noted in one plant, _ J vapor may be evolved from heat of compression. .*uch case, local exhaust ventilation should be pro- *" to remove contaminants from the mill or press. fusion f^cesAsi no use of synthetic rubber mav intensify the tions now performed with petroleum fractions may re quire aromatic solvents, or others of equal toxicity. Such changes must be considered as introducing indus trial hygiene problems, whose solution should be made an integral part of the planning program so that pro duction will not be hampered at a later date by illness or psychological disturbances among the operators. The authors are grateful for the assistance through out the survey of PR. a. d. BRANDT, P. A. Sanitary Engineer, and to DR. P. a. Neal, Surgeon, both of the U. S. Public Health Service. References 1. *M L A: Synthetic SilWi: A Rrl*w of Thrit Con,poetticnc, pTopirtia. tad Vu*. U. a Buruu of SUndvd, Ctrculnr Hg, CUT. Wuhlnsto*. eeimnnl Mantis* 0ce ilUll, 29 pp. a Dour, H. C~ and Nui, I. A. i Toxkoloey cl ArerfenJUll* ItNdI eranidc), I. A Stodp of the Acute Toxicity. J. hid. Mff. a TncpC 14: 27Je tonao, 1941. A Cau. t. A: The Determination of lie Cencantntlao at Beaune and Totncne la Air hr SpccLiuropIc Method. J. Optic. St. 4a, II: IOI-4, Mar, 1*41. ._ _ ,, 4. man, H. B.. Horn, A L ud FUun. J. .< The Detartalaa- boa of Atmaepheric GontaaelnaaU. 1- Orsanlc Halncen Coaepmda. A hi. Hyn. A TmcL. l: 414-lSS. November. ISM. i, Vlira, r, |.i Held Determination of Corbon XMnttdo be Air. J. ini. B*. * TtiflA, Hi ISf-kSt, Mir, ISM. A BcKb, It- W.: A Onendtatim Mlcuchenilral Coirrimetrtc Deter, ulnatlaa at Carbon DlauMde In Air. Water and Blolenica! Hilda. J. Ini. Bee. A TmuL. S: lSl-lil. April. UlL T. BklMI. A D.: Ventilation of Matin* Taikn Bmlina. ftpme A Air CendMhnfiia Ms 4M-4M. Jib, MM. _ ,, a DVSLrr. X. C. Mm, T. tL, aad Miixea. S. W.s Tezlmdetr ** Acrjlonluilc (-Imrl ennide). U. Stodlea of ESccU o( Dally rnhalethm. J. tnd. ffrp. A TedccL. 24: 2U-US. November, 14X. Minimum Requirements for Safety and Industrial Health in Contract Shipyards The u. s. navy Department and the U. S. Maritime Commission have collaborated on the development of minimum requirements for safety and industrial health in contract shipyards. A manual of tentative standards waa developed following & survey of the greater number of shipyards throughout the United states by experts in safety and in industrial health assigned to the U. S. Maritime Commission. These tentative standards were discussed in detail at a na tional conference conducted under the auspices of the Navy and the Maritime Commission held in Chicago December 7 and 8,1942. The tentative standards with . recommended changes were unanimously agreed upon st this Conference and have now been published by the Government Printing Office. - The regulations having to do with industrial health are given below. In the development of these standards it has been recognized that it is vitally important to conserve man power and promote the physical welfare; health and safety of what shortly will amount to one million work ers in shipyards. . In carrying out the requirements of these minimum standards, John bocbe ia serving as Chief Safety Con sultant and PHrur drinker as Health Consultant Mr. Roche has a staff of four full-time men, one in each regional district, and Prof. Drinker baa two industrial hygienists and a doctor on the Atlantic and west coasts, and an industrial hygienist in the Gulf and Great Lakes - area. The fact that the majority of these shipyards are built on made-land may introduce hazards which are difficult to avoid. Most of the yards include only a minute percentage of experienced workers, which also adds appreciably to the difficulty of the safety and health problems. The introductory message to these requirements addressed to all contractors constructing ships for the Navy and the Maritime Commission, as signed by Frank Knox. Secretary of the Naw ami R. fi. Y-and. "EACh contractor is hereby given notice that the Navy Department and the Maritime Commission will expect full and complete compliance with the minimum stand* arda which bear the approval of the Navy Department and the Maritime Commission, and each ia requested to give full cooperation to the consultants on health and safety who will be charged with the coordination and supervision of the safety and health programs of the two agencies. The cumulative restriction of man power makes speedy attention and comprehensive ac tion in respect to the subject matter hereof of vital importance." . SandH-1. Introduction 1.1 The standards for industrial health and safety as presented in this manual cover only minimum requirements. It is hot to be assumed that compliance with these minimum standards is insurance of the development of good health and safety records, 12 It is recognized that in many shipyards, standards for health and safety are already in effect which go beyond the requirements of those listed here. The Maritime Com mission and Navy urge that any standards of higher level be continued and that where substandard conditions of health and safety exist, they immediately be brought to the required standard or better. L3 In all Cases the use of the words thaB or mutt indi cates that compliance with that section of the minimum requirements is mandatory. Where the words thould or may Are used the section may be considered desirable but not necessarily mandatory under certain circumstance* which the contractor in his discretion may determine. Minimum Requirements for Industrial Health H-2. Medical Facilities 2.1 Ptrsenuul,--Yards employing up to 5,000 men should have two full-time physicians, and one additional physician for each additional 5,000 men. Ymrdi with lasa than 2,000 to 3,000 men will not need full-time physicians. 22 Specialists in the various branches of the medical profession available in the area should be consulted as indicated. 22 Yards employing up to 9,000 men should have in the main dispensary six full-time nurses and three additional nurses for each additional 5,000. Additional nurses will be required for first aid stations. 2.4 There should be at least three clerks employed In the medical department for end) 5,000 employees. 2.5 One ambulance driver should be available per am bulance per shift H-3. Physical Facilities 3.1 The medical department should he provided with: a. A waiting room with suitable registration facilities. 5. A general treatment room. e. An eye treatment room. d. A minor surgery room. *. A ward with three beds for the first 5,000 employees, and one bed for each additional 10,000. /, Doctors' offices and private examining rooms. g. A nurses' office and dressing room. A. X-ray room for yards employing 5,000 men and above. i A physiotherapy room. /. Toilet facilities for doctor*, nurses, and patients. k. A storeroom for general medical stores. L X-ray files and viewing room. 3.2 First-aid treatment rooms, manned by nurses, should be provided wherever there is overcrowding at the main dispensary and loss of time due to distance from shipways Tid shops. These sub-stations may be located under building ways or near locations where the number of men working is large so that the distance a man need travel to a sub station will not exceed approximately 400 yards. H-4. Equipment At The following equipment should be provided: o. One ambulance for each 15,000 employees, or reason able fraction thereof, with an ordinary passenger car always in reserve. 5. In some yards a station wagon la Used SltUficWj* inside the yard and an ambulance used only fortS outside. . An x-ray unit for wards employing about 5,000 ^ and above, " d. Medical and surgical stores required for minor *.' gery, eye injuries and physiotherapy. H-3. Records and Forms 5.1 The following records and forms are recomme^^'.. Note.--In an emergency no form need be filled out. a. A form authorizing the workman to report ta il, medical department for examination or treatment lmad by a foreman or landing man or other supervisor. T& shall show time .of issue, arrival at dispensary, dlsebtm from dispensary* and return to work. \ b. Appointment font for revisits and retreebuist/ issued by the physicians and nurses. c_. A disposition form issued by physicians and Burin Indicating return to Work, hospitalization, to home; or oO* disposition. ` d. A complete and accurate permanent filing system ra cording personal data, nature and causa of injury, <*,t nosis, treatment, disposition, and results, e. The necessary state and insurance company forma /. Daily report to tie safety department showing all at eases for the day, together with the nature and cause d injury, and the diagnooit. ff. The adoption of the standard nomenclature when mrit available by the Council on Industrial Health of the Aav ican Medical Association, Chicago. H-6. Examinations 6.1 Physical examinations to insure propar jtli nrrm Of employees shall be given. 5.2 Periodic cheek examinations shall be given OKB working in occupations potentially hazardous to themstom or others,' as for example to erano operators, locomotor and hoisting and portable engineers. Periodic check exam inations should be given men la jobs in which thsre uiy be health hazard, as for example to sand blasters, radian and x-ray workers, and paint sprayers. 6.3 Special examinations such as X-ray, seriologie tM urinalyses shall be given in the individual case as indi cated and in accordance with local Deeds. H-7. Air Raid Precaution* 7.1 The medical department shall locate, equip, ui maintain such emergency first aid dressing stations as may be deemed necessary to handle air raid casualties. 7.2 A certain number of yard employees shall be txahxd in first aid procedures to render assistance to the medial deportment in handling air raid victim*. 7.3 Close cooperation should be maintained with the load civilian defense officials in order that evacuation and cart of air raid victim* may be carried out to the best *4vantage. 7.4 In keeping with local army and navy regulations, steps should be taken to provide protection of dispensaries by sandbags, or otherwise, from-fragments and concustisa of bombs. H-8. Responsibilities of the Medical Services 8.1 Frequent Inspection of the yard by the medical stiff shall be required in order that physicians may become familiar with shipyard jobs and thus help intelligently In preventing accidents and occupational disease. 32 Gose collaboration shall t maintained with the safety department especially in regard to records of acci dents and absenteeism. 8.3 It shall be the joint responsibility of the medical sad safety departments through the supplies department to know the composition of paints, thinnen, paint removal, and other chemicals used in the yard, and to see that ti* workers exposed are protected by the best safety practices. 8.4 As in the general practice of medicine the confiden tial relations of doctor and patient shall be maintained. 8.5 It is certain that1 in the near future women in Ian* numbers are to be employed in the mechanical trades. It is necessary in shipyards to make special provisions far this class of patients. This will necessitate the establishment of separate waiting, treatment, and examining rooms. I" Aria where the number of employees Is large, it msy be logical to establish n separate dispensary for the handling' for outdoor jobs in winter. Air quality and temperature shall be tested by the Safety Department and shall meet of women patients. H-9. Sanitary Inspections the suggestions of the American Standard Safaty Code for air-supplied respirators (sec. 10.3a). 9.1 Caf*t*ria* and canlccna.--It shall be the duty of the H-12. Sterilization of Respirator* ise'' department to adapt from Army and Navy stand- 12.1 Each worker who needs a respirator should be w' ascnable conformity with the local health depart- assigned his own respirator. Where this is not done, it is pi. .ta, an inspection scheme to include pre-employ- important that the respirator be sterilized in addition to aytenfo,,oedx, agmeinneartaiol ncleoafnfloinoedsshaannddlecrso,mqfourat,litsycraenedninqgu,adnistihty- bbye--ing changed. Adequate sterilization may be accomplished I rashing, garbage and waste disposal. These inspections . Washing the rubber and metal parts with soap, a ifcall be made at unscheduled times and never less than brush and warm water, after which the respirator is ster ace e*ch week. 9.2 Water supply, sewerage, and waste disposal.--In co ilized by Immersion for 10 minutes in a solution of forma lin made by placing one part of <0% formaldehyde solution operation with Maritime and Navy engineers the medical iepartment shall inspect and report upon the above as into nine parts of water. . Wishing the rubber and metal parta with soap and iften as seems advisable, but not less than twice yearly. JJ Salt tablets.--Salt tablets shall be made available warm water, after which the respirator is sterilized by dipping in 3fb solution of carbolic acid, a 25b solution of to all employees and Shall be kept in covered dispensers lysol, or a 10JI solution of denatured alCohoL pprcrimstcly located. c. Subjecting the respirator to sterilization by a moist H-10. Respiratory Protective Equipment for Shipyards atmosphere of antiseptic gas, preferably formaldehyde, for a period of ten minutes at room temperature. Tbe U. S. Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Street, Pitts- d. After following any one of the outlined procedures, argh, Pcnna., maintains a laboratory which tests and .ppreeee for Use in Induitiy respiratory protective eqnipsent of all Muds. The Maritime Commission and Navy the respirator should be rinsed with water and hung up to dry. The respirator should not be used Until it has been dried thoroughly. rill require the use of approved equipment throughout all t- The filter*, felt screens, and elastic headbands should aids. The safety dquttnat ahall be responsible for in- be removed, if detachable, before washing or sterilization tzucting men in the proper use of such equipment and of the respirator, unless it is evident that washing and tr the maintenance of ample supplies. sterilization will not harm these parts. 10.1 Details of Bureau of Mines respirators with names f manufacturers, prices, and description* can be obtained 12.2 The National Safety Council has issued an Indus trial Data Sheet No. D-Gen. 16, "Cleaning and Sterilizing rom the Bureau or'from the Maritime Commission. Goggles and Respiratory Equipment-" IQJt The safety department shall be responsible to the lansgement for cleaning end sterQiring all such equip- teat as often as may be agreed upon with tike medical epartment. (A method for such sterilization is included i these standards; see section H-12.0.) rf*Qnmf reqtdrementa far reapiratori.-- tate protection as defined by American Standard for the Protection of Heads, Byes, and Bespi- <tor>. organs. Handbook H-24, Nov. 1, 1938. Superin. ndeut at Documents, Washington, D. G; price 15c. K Comfort (light weight and not obstructive to vision). H-13. A Guide for Prevention of Industrial Disease ISA Eight common types of disease and methods for their prevention are given in the following sections. Hdp In applying these methods will be given by tbe local Safety Department end by safety end medical consultants of the Navy Department and the Maritime Commission, 13.2 Flathhumi and foreign bodiet in tX* eye.-- . Effects on workers: "Flash" is surface eye bnm resulting from even momentary unprotected exposure .to the welding ere. In this condition the eye is painful and -11. Jobs Requiring Respiratory Equipment 11.1 Lht*U-- sensitive, especially to light An eye flash shall he treated only by the doctor or by methods he has prescribed. . Foreign bodies in the eye shall be removed only under ' W Su4 Doftt (m (ft Mi talMt-/a) ibnafribkit^ii Wbml tact O): Dm (m h hfnf pilot).., Cl) Air Uai mpbiMf, <1) Lni itl mptihlan bfttai (k*th ovnibi pipe*)--. - O) itpbaiH^iwr, \(2) Dutnapbrnfior. U.2 Metal fume* and make*. tbe doctor's orders or by methods be has prescribed. like flashbums, they are preventable. *. For safe practice: All workers: 2, Whenever near welding areas wear antiflaeh gog gles which have been approved by the Safety De partment. u4 xb ddi Iram i StiUaft, 11A Solvent sopor*.- 'VWaht,lltnSmMfwHMI4 m miliRalnW. CO hm rapbatur Ter lead. CJ) Diut Rolnw for iIk uA nonenva MVicsa (]) aniie*rwplr*4>r. It) Omnical wuMse respirator. 2. Wear safety goggles when grinding, chipping, buf fing, scratch-brushing, or forging. Welders: 3.' Wear approved antiflash goggles even when helmet is being worn. 4. Use portable screens to protect the eyes of fellow worker*. 13.0 Lead polioning.-- a. Sources: In general, any job in which dust, fume, or 11.4 Add poses and mute.- smoke from any substance containing lead Is breathed daily. 8. For example: *#* (bdoen)................ **t*e Mm)................ Mu (Mm*............ ii-5 Alkali muta,-- MM 10> Mkt nwpCntar9) Cbalal anrldlr reaplretor. runorn acricxt ieUrOaSeenA...................................... l(U lfb*r*nintor. ,mm>............................... / t*J Conical caruidta reaplretor. JOs: Welding Cutting Burning Shrinking Grinding Buffing WKEtf MATERIAL is: Meta], coated with paint containing lead lead Lead pigments yriating atmoaphetr*.-- IMUCim WYtO, (t) Kmm*. B) OoiwkMtUBf DlllL Spray painting Mixing paint pigments e. Job Can be done safely with: 1. (a) Special ventilation: Use a local exhaust hood 1L7 Air supply for air-tin* masks of all kind*.--Air at eoafortahle temperature and free from odors and ezsive moisture sometimes is difficult to furnish, especially approximstely 3 inches from the job and drawing at least 200 c. f. m. into the hood with filtration of the discharge, or discharge, to a place where the contaminated air will ic; wesringof supplied air respirator. 2. Periodic medical examination which includes blood and urinalyses. 13.4 Seine! vapor!.--- a. Sources: In general, any job {n vrbich solvent vapors ire breathed. For example: Spray painting. Painting. Using paint remover. Applying cements. Paint brush and spray gun cleaning, i. Job can be safely done with: 1. Segregation of such work, and 2. (a) Special ventilation as may be required. (b) Provision of spray booths with exhaust system. (c) Wearing of special respirators: (1) For spray painting: Supplied air respira tors or air line hoods. (2) For other jobs: Chemical cartridge res pirators. (See H-10 on respiratory protective equipment.) 13.5 Zinc fume fever (rise ehiUs or shakes).-- a. Sources; In general, any job in which the fumes from heated sine are breathed. For example: job: whew material is: Welding Galvanized metal Cutting Zinc Shrinking Zinc alloy Pouring line alloys Brass b. Job can be safely dene with: 1. Special ventilation: Local exhaust hoses or hoods located dose enough to operation at all times to re move smoke completely. 2. Wearing of special respirators. Norn--There are no known cumulative effects from zinc chills. 18.8 Ftberghu.-- a- Effects on workers: Men working with Fiberglas may develop a dermatitis or conjunctivitis which arc skin and eye conditions. It is best to transfer to another job those who continue to be sensitive. L Both experimental and practical evidence show conclusively that the inhalation with Fiberglas causes no lung damage. 2.The cement used with Fiberglas may contain a toxic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride (CCIO which can cause severe illness or even death if the cement is need Indoors with inadequate ventilation, b. For safe practice: 1. Clothing: Supply loose coveralls with collars and sleeves buttoned over cheesecloth. 2. Goggles: Should be worn. 3. Shower: Should be taken rather than hath, at end - of shift. Respirators are usually not necessary, but if a cement containing a toxic solvent is used, proper protection either by ventilation or by s respirator must be supplied and used. 13.7 Acbctictit.~~ a. Sources: In general, any job in which asbestos dust is breathed. For example: JO*: WHEN MATERIAL 13: Handling Asbestos Sawing Asbestos mixtures Cutting Molding Welding rod salvage b. Job esn be done safely with: 1. Segregation of dusty work and, 2. (a) Special ventilation: Hoods enclosing the work ing process and having linear air velocities at alt opening* Of 100 feet per minute, or (b) Wearing of special respirators. 3. Periodic medical examination. 13.8 Sittcotisr-- a. Sources: In general, any job In which tbs dust of free silica (sand) is breathed daily. For example: JOB: Sand-blasting Sand packing of pipes Shot blasting of castings 1. Isolation of dusty process and, in addition, : 2. Special ventilation: In the case of tand.ble.tfa. the work should be done in the standard type* 1 sand blast roam, cabinet, or machine. 3. Special respirator for dust-containing free si]fa < 4. Periodic examination by doctor. ; 13,9 Dermatitis.-- j a. Sonrci: Excessive or improper ate of cleaning aHad J such as gasoline. It ia not at all uncommon to find fa, j mititia caused by excessive dm of Common soaps sock u ] those used in laundering. Cutting oils, certain greases, eg, -c tain insulating materials used on eleetric cables and am 2 duits can c*U4& Jcrmatitls. J b. Job can be done safely with: . a 1. Precautions against excessive use of the eaussths j agent 2. Advice of tha medical department in the um g protective salvea and cream*. H-14. Ventilation Standards 14. The maintenance of proper working conditions th4 be the responsibility of the safety department, whose stag : shall work In dose cooperation with the voiding, prist, I and electrical departments. Air analyse* and tests ah*] . be made by the safety and medical consultants of tie : Navy Department and the Maritime Commission as oar be needed. 14.1 Ventilation ia required to control temperature sad '. to remove air impurities, as from welding and paint ipny. : ing. 14.3 Personnel of Department-- a. Nuubert L The size of the ventilation crew will vat? with the l type of ship, equipment available, etc. The hod : of the eafety department will be responsible lot the organization of the safety department er division. 2. There shall be a ventilation supervisor on each shift responsible to the head of tile safety depart ment Under the supervisor there shall he a nfl- cient crew to inspect and maintain good worb's* conditions. 9. An EC-2 slop shall have at least on* ventiliBm man aboard. Larger ships, or ships like carrion with considerable galvanized welding, shall ban at least two ventilation men. 4. The number of ventilation mm on the night shift* - shall be in proportion to the construction crews., 5. The ventilation, crew must have available a main, tenance and repair crew of sufficient size to luep equipment on the job and operating efficiently. Long writ* during which equipment is idle must be avoided, 0. Training; 1. The ventilation supervisor (that is, the safety engineer) shall he trained to handle the entire ventilation program in tha yard. Local educa tional institutions, State Industrial Hygiene Units, Maritime Commission engineers, am) other sources are available to give thisdraining. 2. The ventilation supervisor shall organize class**, demonstrations, and short talks on standard pro cedures for ventilating specific spaces on the ships. 14.4 Type of equipment needed*--In ship eonatrectioa, two types of ventilation are used--local exhaust as ir , removal of welding fumes at the point of origin, and genera] ventilation to supply fresh air to confined working spaces. , a. Local exhaust: 1, A common length for a local exhaust hose is fort) feet. In ordering exhaust fans for use with local exhaust hose*, the following specifications should be met: Capable of drawing a minimum of 200 C. f. m. through each of 3-inch (or 4-ineh) diameter flexible hose. Fans should have provisions for at taching throe or more local exhaust hoses per unit 2. In tile interests of power economy, it ii undesirable to move much more than '200 c. t m. through each local exhaust hose, b. General ventilation: 1. It 1$ frequently desirable to introduce lr into VOU I2. NO. 4 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Page 263 large working spaces such as deep tanks, fare, or after-peaks. This is done in many yards by using a flexible fabric duet, with metal elbows, and a fan of about 5,000 e. f. m. capacity. Tt is desirable sometimes to supply a quantity of fresh air into the double bottom. Here a 2,000 e. f. m_ unit may be used. 3. These two examples represent the two extremes of this type of wotIc, and therefore are the two ex tremes in fan sizes. Fan static pressures in each case should veeed four inches of water. 4. For general ventilation of a ship engineroom dur ing construction, a 10,000 c. f. m. blower is recom mended. On the other hand, operations in confined quarters where heat is generated (plate shrinking, for example) may use a small portable fan to cir culate the air. For this purpose, small blowers of from 800 to 1,500 c. f. . shall be provided. c- Ventilating procedures: 1. Local exhaust shall be used whenever a welding operation is being conducted in a confined space, or whenever galvanized metal is being welded. Local exhaust is always a suction process. Never blow a stream of air upon a welding are. 2. Many welders think that it Is enough to hold the end of the suction hose in the same compartment with the welding operation. This is not so. In order to capture the welding fumes, the end of the hoee must be within six or eight Inches of the are, assuming a 200 e. f. m. volume per hose. Beyond this distance, the suction hose is ineffective. 3. The air supply to a general ventilation fan must be fresh outside air. Recirculation of air already con taminated shall not he permitted. A minimum of 400 c. f. m. per welder shall be applied to i given working space such as a deep tank when general ventilation is used aione. warm weather, air movements or drafts are help ed, while in cold weather a minimum of air move ment is desired and local exhsust will serve best. In temperate weather, it is most satisfactory to use a combination of local trhaust and general ventila tion. 14.5 Coordination of department ioifi construction program.-- o. The Ventilation supervisor shall keep abreast of con struction, and thus anticipate the ventilation needs- 4. The construction foremen shall inform the ventilation department of ventilation needs before the needs occur. e. Blackboards, boxes, signal lights, or similar devices shall be installed on board and used to inform the ventila tion department of immediate needs. 14.8 Suppfcsioifary rrniifafmp procedures.-- a. Ventilating confined spaces, such as the fore- or after peaks and deep tanks, is greatly simplified by the tem porary removal or cutting through of certain plates. b. For example, the fore-peak of t Liberty ship can best be ventilated by cutting a combination access and ventila tion hole through the watertight bulkhead near the ship's bottom. c. The tank top can he left off of the midship deep tanks until all welding has been completed in this space. d. A side plate can be left or cut out of the engineroom at the bottom deck level. 5-9. Welding--Arc 9.1 All welders shall be made familiar with the hazards of their work and instructed in safe methods of performing the various types Of jobs to which they are assigned. 9.2 Personal protection equipment used by welders shall indude: 9.21 Welders' protective hood provided with the proper shade of filter typo lens for protection against the harmful rays of the arc and a clear cover glass to protect the filter lens. (a) The shades or their equivalent recom mended are: Up to 30 amperes--No. 6-7 Shade. 30 to 75 amperes--No. 8 Shade. 75 to 200 amperes--No. 10 Shade. 200 to 400 amperes--No- 12 Shade. Over 400 amperes--No. 14 Shade. (b) Shades may also be selected from the following table: Jtod iltmrttr Waldhc sU Mo4tNa. 1/11 .............................................................................................. IS S/St ................................................................. le */ ..................................................................................... U s/s* ................................................. io s/i* ...................................................................... u . ini ...................................................................... u 1/4 u S/1 ........................................................ 14 S/S ................................................................................................ 14 (c) The welder's hood should he inspected at least weekly to detect possible light leaks, cracked protective glass, or badly fooled or missing cover glasses. Any defects discovered shall he corrected at once. American Industrial Hygiene Association News of Local Sections ^Metropolitan New York Section i.'T'HE regular meetings of the Metro Js,~ polltan New York Section have in % number of subjects of gen JTM interest presented by men witl gnpeh specific information eoncernini In discussing the subject "Han< tUemsen," tut A o. crancb, Directoi a?* Industrial Toxicology Depart P*u^ Union Carbide & Carbon, point 1,01out that the hand cleansers re XjjiNd depended upon the nature of Ejbe (riling material. Solvents, mineral atbrtnvea and strong alkaline solution! jj'We "Meclionable materials for hand t- Limited used of solvents, ^abrasives like corn men], non- soaps made from higher fat._** *id* are among the more desirable S,?*l*riala to be used. Adequate wash."*8* With cleansers and protective JjriTaratibna decrease industrial derIt is important to note that r1, "y totalled cases of industrial der- dnstria! Accidents'* was the subject presented at the January meeting by dr. barky xjnb, Assistant Professor of Physiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons. The February meeting took the form of a round-table discussion concerning industrial hygiene hazards introduced by the production of war materials. The principal sub-topics discussed wera solvents, synthetic products, anti- oxidaiits. lubricants, catalysts and in secticides. This round-table discussion was led by roy 3. bonsib, Chairman of the Section, and an active part was taken by r. w. cumaer. c. E. rVRCUSON, h. seaurave, dr. r. r. sim and dr. a g. cranch. The subject of the proper labeling of solvents received partic ular attention. The March 31 meeting was ad dressed by LIEUT. COMDK. G. E. TWIN ING, USN, Safety Engineer, United States Navy Yard, Brooklyn. N. Y.. on the subject of Ventilation of Weld- New Yorl. Section are ROY s. Bonsib. Chairman, - A. G. CRANCH, ViceChairman MORRIS R. JACOBS, rxjr. Secretary - Treasurer, T. J. FATTY and william J. buricb. Councilors. J. wm. rgRNEL; W. R. STEWART, C. X. nWSUSON and w. R, brauley were appointed to the Program Committee, and r. a. fatty and $. Mosxowm to the Enter tainment Committee. Michigan Section The Michigan Industrial Hygiene Society has introduced a mimeo graphed news letter for its members, the first issue of which has appeared and is full of interest At the February meeting, the Michi gan Section was addressed on the sub ject "Women in Industry" by Mas. MARGARET T. METTERT, Women's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor and miss iva wajt, A. C. Spark Plug Division, General Motors Corporation at East Lansing, Michigan On March 10. W. p. YANT. Mina Safety Appli ances Company, discussed "New World-Wide Industrial Hygiene Prob lems" following his recent survey of iwil in Tfifflpn/I 1 i -1