Document 4amo1K38DMNw8aj4mDjzrd4qp

............ - - - >..,. LI A15679 ' - |-l-^-. -.riaS. J-l, ` 1 IMPORTANCE AND USES OF LEAD* litrfL Xtsg/stf Lead is lUfdtni la oar iadustrial ltd every day Ufe. It oaa be sefuiy mM dot, evea dough li ia aot tbe largeat of tbe non-ferrous natal a la productios tad usage, it ia tbe broadeat ia iu applicatioai. It atana oar cars, keeps tbe knock oat of tbair ae gises, aad make* tbe car bodiea aleak aad smooth. It la ia tbe paial oo oar boaaao and bridfea, la da glares oa diet aad da porcelain aaaaala oa slumlaum; it ia la da Beat cryata] aad optical glaea. it abiaida again! aadear radiatioo. It mshas da Relate ia caal-iioa pipe aad ia ia da type natal iron which we prist. It does a tboaaaad aad oaa diags (or aa ovary day. Bat aafertaaataly it ia aot always eaay to recognise. Aboat a tbiid of ita aaa U ia chemical conpoaada dat bear no reaeablaace to tbe metal itself. Oftea it ia ia alloy* aid other metala or ia only a biddet coaqwoeat of aone device me mauansly anploy. At da other extreme. lead sometimes plays da pan of tbe little aaa who waea't dor*. The leads of lead pescils, (or example, are aot lead at all. Maay paints eoeuda load, bat maay do aoC Than it is aot possible to generalise aboat lead aor to jamp to coedasioaa aboat where it is ased or where it isn't. To aaderstaad lead'a asage, ita importance la Udastry aad ita signiGcasce to de average person ia or oat of the lead iodratry, soma kaowlsdge of lead's bockgroaad ia essaatial. Lead Mining. Smelting aad Refiaiag Betore proceedag to a diaosssioa of tbe iadasuies that ase lead, aone word aboat its prodactio* is ia order Tbe producing ead of tbe industry is dvided iato tn pans mining. aad smelting aad refiaiag. Today Australia ban napereeded da Deltad States as de free world's largest lead niaer, with Canada, Mexico, tbe Halted States, Pent, Southwest Africa, aad others also as important ninera. Russia aad Yugoslavia are also important producer*. Ia tbe U. S. tbe largest mine production comas bom Missouri, with Idaho, Utah aad other wester* *tatea also Importaat factor*. Lead ia generally produced from underground mists, gale*s or lead salpkida beiag tbe principal miners] ia the ore. Tbe carbonste aad sulphate are of m*cb U** importssev. Is de western wines lead mi seraIs are often associated with the miaerals of other metals like xiac mod silver, which are also recovered. Prvseeted at the Lead Symposium, at the Kettering Laboratory, Cincinnati It, Ohio, by Robert L. Zisgfsld, Executive Tics IVssldsmt, Lead Industries Association, Inc., 192 Kadison Avanus, New Tcrk 17, W.T. v t .j I j j : r ;, ; LIA15680 ......--"............ -" ' -v. -------------- - - ----* - - --- - -a . .......- .-- h the Uallad Stats* tbs lead cosiest of or** aiaad t* iMtndlf low boa 2 to 7 or 8 percent but abroad tbe lead contest la freqeoatly exch bi(bar. 1Va* otoa of* tbao eooceatrated to a lead ooalael of 60 lo 80 parcaat or aore befor* baiag aaal lo A* aaxltars. Tbc process of coaceatratioa la aasally that of flolatioa, a process ia which ftaely (roaad ora U Kited with water aad apodal cbaaicala which caaa* tbo heavy load partida* to rlaa to the aurfac* ia a froth aad overflow, or by (rarity ia watar where A* heavier lead aiaka to the hottow. Tbe lead awelti** aad raftaiag iadaatry itaalf ia alao divided iato two part* priaary aad aacoadary aaxluag aad refiaiag. Tbe torwar produces pig lead eeeeadaUy bom orea aad ooaceotretea with a asall athemare of acrap; tbe lattar iwdabaa the lead bom acrap. axialy old batteries cable aheatb, solder, babbitt aad the Ilka. Tbe ores aad concentrates are produced axialy at Kira* ia this coaatry, bat a aitable ponioo la intoned. Last year ahoat 240,000 too* of priaary load waa peorfacad bom doaestic ores aad 140,000 toea boa iaported material. Secondary aaxltera are alao of (rest iaportaoce aad ia 1962 prodacad pig load, aatiaoaial lead aad other lead alloys estimated at aboat 440,000 teas. Tbc real of lb* leed aeed ia tbe United States is baported aa pig lead prodacad at faitip k b eltore aad refineries. It I* obvious that aoeltmg aad teTiaiag it * big iodaetry. Priaary smelters are relstively few ia esaber aad geaerally large. Secoedery smelter* are large ia OKabar aad raage ia cite frooi very *k *1I, prodadag only a few baadred toaa a year, to gaite aabataatial operetioas. Smdtiag geaerally issolves tbe ese of blsst or revetberstory furssees, altboogb aoae s k s II secoadsnes merely swell aad reaove dross. Refiaiag is accomplished by fir* ia tbit country except at oae pleat which aaes tbe electrolytic process. Consuaptioa of Leed More thsa 1 075.000 tons of lead were seed ia the United States la 1962. U fad, tbe consumption of leed ie tbe United State* ha* averaged little less thsa 1,100,000 toes per ynnr far tbe pest tea years. Obviously ibis is a eiteable footage of o Betel that bo w sells for $200 a toe aad has sold considerably higher Kont of to* tinx sisea Rorid War U. It iadicates tbe aagnitude of tbe industrial appliesUoan of load. Tbe interesting thing however in tbe variety of industries aad variety of prod* act* iato which this tonnage of lead eater*, la tbe first place over 40 percaat of all tbe leed ased lset yesI want into chemical compounds lihs whit* lead, red load. litharge. D-t i ? E t |IJLi>Jll,'Lllllll.#ililll|l.jpWWWPPPiPWWWiWWgP|W^Wi^ -* i-iiiigiyiTarlrrMri^^ 'rf***'-*^ lAtf-JW U-Jlil P1 LIA15681 y wn. i i p u pp i j Uadi otldai. lead ailiceiea Irad dnailM. aad tetraethyl load, to aana naif Af j TW* ocher 60 par caal of ike lead coerea*d ia larpeiy ia netalllc fora either aa pair lead or aa ailoya Anaap the atore Inponaal prodacta ia tbit proop art etrrtpr battery arid* eaUa abnelkiap aranaaiuoa. pipe. Aeet aoldar, babbitt, type natal calkiap lead aad May other* I tblah bar* a htaakdowa of lb* coaMmptioa of load ia 1962, ia Sanaa of tha *aaltaat prodacla nay be eeliphtaeiap Tbia la pivaa la Aa folioviap SaUa Lead Coaiairlioa Br Prodact* l%2 I Eat ) (la Short Toaai Tetraethyl load Litbarpa Back Oude (eat) Rad lead bite load Lead chroauie* Lead araeaala Miacetlaaeoaa lead tonporrada 172000 87 000 150 000 23 000 11 000 2D 000 2500 6000 Total lead ronpoaad* AaUnoaial lead prodacta Cable abeatbiap Solder Cellump lead Hrareaaitin* Pipe aad extruded prodacta Rolled prodKtt Type netal Beenap netala Miacallaaaooa 190,000 56 000 63 000 73 000 <7 000 20 000 30.000 27,000 17 000 82 500 Total ateuJIic prodacta TOTAL 605 500 1,077.000 Aaotbar way to break doa tbaaa coaaaaiptioa Spare* la by iadaatiiaa ratbar tb* by prodacta. While it ia difTicali la naka a dear-cat aaparatioa ia dda reap act, it ia probably a aura iateroatiaf aad valaebl* breakdoa fro* naay atmdpoiata. Her* ia tack aa apptoaiaMta aaalyai*: , j .i.u*jjyupww..i-1jiiujuiiiji.iii.iiuji.iwijJiyini jP '* n-2 j m im n i iip i umi.i. p a i .miimnijiii ill I I, WLIIJUJiPPipwpiWIPlBWIlBpiWIlBliaip^ '. . . LIA15 682 - - `a i i j fwarr-^'-ihr^,'-~i>',`a-iriiiirnnfif ,, -air mrftr 4 f I f- i i 5 r Lead Coawptiw by UAmn 1962 (I* Swn To m) Storage batteries Oxl Refuting nnd gasoline . Cable Coasowctioo Pniat and vandab Kaaaaihna Brass BanalaCtBliog Printing Cersauca Colors Caa aaBbctariti AateaioUles (other tbaa battarieo) Railroads Insecticides Steel aad wire Foil Collapsible tabes Robber aad boas Coauagt Unclassified 387,000 175,000 55.300 123.000 29,000 <7,000 21,000 27.000 17.000 20,000 7.000 12.000 7,000 2.500 4.000 4.000 12.000 3,500 l.SOO 122.000 r f' Told L077,000 E i It it dear that the foregoing is ao( strictly oa as industry bssia because of lb* 4 difficulty sod eves iaqx>taib>lity of tracing tbe altiatta disposition of smbar of load prodactn. Yet ia aoil cases it tadicates dearly tbe iadnuy is which tbe lead ia fab ricated It cenaialy Bast be clear free dus Inhalation that there are b h ; iadsatriaa which, to a greater or leaser degree, drpead voa lead or its predacta. Yet I thiak tbol it Bay be of beoefit to go beyoad aay aadl genera] ataaBa/y aa I bare preaeated oad 10 oaaBiao i exactly ia wist torsi aad ia what Baaaer these iadastliea aaploy load. Storage Battery lodastry Tbe electric storage battery isdustnr ia tbe largest aaer of load ia tbe Uaited States. At die aaBt time. worn-out storage battsriae provide tbe aecoadery aoeltiag aad reftaiag industry srttb its largest aoarce of raw awtarial. About 80 per coot of tbe lead that goes into bettenea coses beck as scrap, after a cycle of 3 or 4 years, which rsdeces tbe set coeauaptioa of lead by tbit leduatry sobatestially. n-4 pwpip^jpbktw jiPij-gJ.^rBtwpg^aii.jiwpytx.itjaiBi iiiio) .t.iaoBaewiBpi^ppopgppi -gir -- nil v ihgB toiMaamijtotoade LIA15 66 3 htTr irtft TWrt are several types of ilontr Uturiei wliitl in of industrial aijplfteaaco. The Boot iaportaat are lead-add. nickel-imn-elkaline, aicke]-cadmium aad ailver-xinc. The Brat of these baa many tiaea tbe industrial aignlficaace of all tbe otknrs combined, dace ll la tbe lead-add battery tbit la aaed for automobile starting aod lighting It i tbe only oae which will deliver tbe high correal densities, over abort periods of time, at low coat, required Cor auloatotiwe engine cranking Tbe other three types Bee tioaed art far aon rupeelive. Nickel-iron Lotteries fiad aoei aae ia iadeatrial appUcatioaa bet lead-add iadeatrial battariea have pet tbeaaelvos ia a amch better com petitive poaitioe ia receel yearn through improved design aad performance Nickelcadauaa battery epplicatioaa are lieu ted by high coat aad reatrictad applies of codetta aad elchel. Silver-dac batteries are ao expensive aa to ralegnla them to de field of apodal aad exotic applications. Then fare, by far tbe bulk of tbe storage battery basinets falta to the lead add type of battery, aiace it ia used for practically all aatotootive batteries thereby scnoeatiag far 75 per cent or eon of tbe total battery buaieeaa, ae well aa for aaay other batteries. Batteries far new care looker 6,000,000 or 7.000,000 per year at car nal rates of prodactioa. Eveo Bore iaportaat i> the replacsBcot aotoBOtive battery beaiaeaa, because tbe average life of aa automobile battery ia aboet 26 ooalbe Thao, ia 1962, aore tbaa 28,000,000 replacenteal batteries were predated. Tbe balance of lead storage battery prodactioa pace into a variety of iadostriao. They are aaed aa stand-by batteries by power companies, aad ia hospitals aad places of peblic atsemUy, where power failures Bight have tragic coasequences They are aaed ia tbe telephone ayatea. for railway car lighting, far iadeatrial tracks far rail * way ead aircraft signals, far airplanes, for auae locomotive*. aod far Baay other perpoeee. Growing narheta appear assured ia |plf carta aod personnel camera ia short bail delivery trucks, aad power tools. The lead ia storage batteries is ia two fanas Beta!lie lead to stake ap the grids aod lags, and lead oxide, which ia tbe active material pasted on tbe platae. The grids are made of a lead-antimony alloy esatainiag between 4 aod 8 per coat of aabBoay, depending upon the preference of tbe individual asasfsctsrer. These are mads from metallic ingots of antiaronial lead by Beitlag aad casting. Latest devalopmoata teed to reduce the antimony content and add small amoanta of artsole aad silver Tbe oxides oa the other hand are made froa pure metallic lead The exldaa aaed ere litharge (PbO), red lead (PbjO*), aod black oxide (PbjO). n-t ' in '.iiiiipi.aiuwj.M'.jjiL-i 'UI.IIJ..U' 'i-.j iii.i wot.mitf-u-' iiwwu^i umi r'araHwsaMiaeatfbidMdliia^ilidHllu^ WwaWiiiiriWni L Ia15664 iTgtlttwi.imiam n'iiiaHi>tiigaua*rabbhllsi Bettery manufacturers generally bay lb eetimonle] load ingots used ID --he the gnds. from either primary or eecoedery lead refineriee. A few betlary Compaqlot, bow* ever, elto operate eecoedery eaeltere wherein they produce their owe eeliaoeiel lead fme ecrap bettehee. The editing ead casting of the gride ie geeerally line* la the bettery plant although e aunber of very eaall bettery manufacturers buy the gride Bi rredy ceet fro* larger battery companies. A few of the large battery makers produce their own oxidee, while Boat bettery coapeniee buy their euppliee of oxidee fro leed maaefecturars. In assembling betteriee, leed welding ie employed ie the bettery finale to ooaaect the pleiee and battery coeeectore. About 60 to 70 par ceil of the weight of e battery if lead and due leed ie about equally divided between metallic nelimoeinj leed eed lead oxide. About 80 per ceet of all the leed need ie etorage betteriee ie recovered at eeooodary lead ameltero, end thie forme the beeie of the large eecoedery leed aeraltiaf tadeetry which produced about 450,000 lose of eecoedery leed ead leed alloya la the year 1962. Thee the etorage battery indaetry ie elaoet eatirely dependent apoa lead, eed then aeeme little likelihood at thie time of any important aabetitutioa taking place la that taduetry. Beceuae of the automotive iaduetry'e dependence upon the atoraga battery taduetry. it likewiee. et leant indirectly, ie heavily dependent apoa lead, la fact there are probably more pound* of lead need per car, if betteriee are included, thee aay other now-farrow! mein] or alloy. A car wouldn't be much good to aa today without e battery bee ante the number of electrirn] gndgetn in a cor it amltiplied each year aad there in ao crank or even a place to inner! a crank except bekiad tha altering wheel. Petroleum Indnetry The next taduetry we may contider ie the petroleum indnetry, which ie recent yeeie hen leaped into aecood place at a coeturner of lead. Actually thie industry naan muchmore lend than atatiaticn show, became it employs large quantities of sheet lead and lend pipe in the coestncttoa of corroeion-retisteet equipment. Since it in impossible to segregate that tonnage from other sheet end pipe seed for similar purpose# la other industries, the leed used by tbe petroleum industry for construction porpoise is deseed ra the category of conetroclioa discussed later. Therefore, we ere now considering oely the chemical compounds of leed which eater wio the refining process or become e pen of tbe gasoline itself. These aloes totaled n-e dbehufr. * mm mmmmmmmpmt mrmmm LIA15685 ittijufriill attiiiiiyiiihriltiikaiilfM iiritrr wtriirii H E ! i i i r L r -i * over 170.000 toes of lead ia 1961 la oil refining, litharge la Med ia the ao-ealled "doctor aoUtioes" which coetribeIt to removal of aadeairablr selphar oompoiiada boa certain products. TW litharge ia dis solved ia caaatic aoda end, when added to the petrolm prodecta, loocta with the aalpkur compounds ead ia removed aa lead aoiphide, thaa taking the wadi aired selphar with 1L Lena thaa 5,000 toaa of lead aa litharge ia thaa consumed today. Oace thia aae waa meek larger, bat cheapen ia leTtatag methods have radacad the need far litharge. Moat aeaaetioael of leada relatively recent developments haa been tetraethyl lead aad other lead alkyla aaed aa aoti-kaoch iagrediaota ia motor fade. Only <0 yean ago thia aae of lead waa eakaowa. Laal year it coeaeaed 172.000 looa of lead. I think thia typifies ooe important thing shoal lead, namely that its iadaatrial sig nificance ia not depeedeet apoa only a few attriheles, bat rather oa a wide variety of both chemical aad pbyaieol properties. We all Itaow that rhaagea ia oar iadaatrial economy frequently oatmode certain eaea of any material. Becaaae lead is ao versatile, aa old aaea becoate oetaroded new oses aeeai almost inevitably to crop Aa aa example, ia a few momeata the chaagiag patten of the esc of lead ia the paint iadestry will be discaased, whereia the volume of lead eaed haa dediaed over the last 40 yean. Dating that same period, however, the see of lead ia tetraethyl lead aad other lead alkyls hat shows a correapoediag increase These two applications are both depewdeal apoa cheaical properties of lead, bat each gns different cheaaical prop erties. Lead alkyls aa a data are aaroag the few liqaid ooeipoaeda of lewd of coeartrial eigaificaace. They are colorless liquids, the aoat iaporuat of which, tetraethyl lead has the formala (PUCjH|). Three of foer domestic maaafectaren treat a leed-aodiam alloy with the corresponding orgaaic chloride. After completioa of the rooctioo. the prodwet is distilled with stess to recover the lead alkyls. The anti-knock fluid is t mi stare of lead alkyl with halogeeated hydrocarbons, chiefly ethylene di bromide aad ethylene dichloride, together with a dye. the latter to distinguish it from Don-leaded gasoline. While there are refiaieg methods to increase the aeti-kaock rating of gasoline, that ntiag can always be iacressad by the addition of lead alkyl. Despite the temporary tread to smaller ead lower powered can a year or two ago, thia trend haa been reversed. This year the avenge amoeat of teed alkyls per felloe of gasoline has increased over last year. Tire permissible limit of tetraethyl or iu e^rivaleat ia other alkyls per gnltoa of aatomobile gasoline has bees istressed to- n-7 .ml Jt.ipomart;^ia9aimaimaoMfpqmin^ppm^gaaarvmepp eaptir Mfiftaii.. w easily frow 3 to 4 ml. par gelloa. Aeotber development is tbe lui coaple of years kii bees tbe growing asa of load alkyls other tkn tetraethyl lead ia gasoline. Load alkyls are sow produced by loar cea*>aaies to tbe Hailed Stttea, oae ia Cassia, oae ia tbe Dai tad Kiapdota, oae ia Frmace, aad Area ia Italy; aaother plaat ia aader coastroctioa is Mexico. As tbe iataraal wiauiie oafiaa coatiaaea to istrove aad tbe thirst (or astostotive power with acoaoaty laoeasas, tbe coabseed powtk of tbe aae of lead anti-knock coatpoaada appears aasered. - Cable ladaatry Tbe power aad coaiaaicatioaa isdaatriea are also heavily dapeadeat apoa lead. Haro it ia used to sheathe the traaaaiaaioa cable which traaaports the energy froa the soorca at which it la feaerated to tbe poiit at which it ia roe tawed. Obviously geeeratot a aad taiepboaes or telegraphs are aadeaa ealeas tbe power or totsaagsa caa be safely delivered la tbe proper place. Tbe purpose of sheathing oa cable ia to protect tbe wires aad iasulatioa with a covering abaoiately i*q>errio* to aoiatara asd oae which will witbataad tbe corrosive attacks of soil aad atwosphere fer waay yean. At tbe sswe tiae this sheath Mat be aeffidewtly fleaible to peraiit coiling aad stcoiling of tbe cable sod iastailalios through wsoholes, to provide lor preaad woveneat, it asst also be capable of ecoaotaical applicatioa to tbe cable. Lead answer* all of these requirement* adairmbly, aad, a* the fipuraa shows earlier iodic ale, it ia very external vely ssed. However, there baa bees istnaive research (or awbsLisles to relieve the cable iedustry of its satire depesdeace os lead, la ocwaiaaicatiowa cable, cowbisatioa sheaths of alaaisuai, terse plate, aad polyethyleae have bees devslopsd asd are sow probably as widely seed as lead, particularly for overhead cables awd those sot buried directly la tbe grouad. la power cable, lead ha* bees displacad to a large exteat ia the very low voltage ssd vary high voltage field, but is still stud Cor tbe big balk of power cakle which is ia the 6 to 66 kv. nape. Experiaroatal work is beiag dose oa alaaiaaw sheath*, but there are still *aay dilficslties is tbs way of its ate, each sa (oiaiag probleau, beading, oorroaioa, aad wassfactara itself. Despite these attempt* at aehwtitatioa the asa of laud (or cable sheath rawsisa large because the iadastriae aaiag it have grows ao greatly. For coomaaicadoaa cable, aa alloy of lead with 1 par cast aadaoay ia Boat popular. For power cable, there la preference for as slloy of the nature of 0.15 par cast arsenic, 0 10 da, 0 10 bismuth, sad the balance lead. It is appliad to tbs cabin is aa sxtrwsioa n- ggqipjwpqtjwg|jwigjwgpto5W!PE , t1. |WP-| qwjjiiw^fji!i i i e . "Wm i >Ml . Il lWIWW. P H HH iW i. 1111 II mnHn *i*|Pl?SSWPP*PPP^ - iTriifbtf b .i, f iMiton'm..,wtMiaaiaJiaa^^ LIA 15687 i l ! 1 P"*- Tba pip of lead or load alloy u imMIi i kettle adjacent to the prs*n, oftaa b mdadng atmosphere to prevent oxidation, and the no1tea Betel allowed to flow lata the cylinder of tke praaa, erhera It solidifies. Tka aaskeatked cabla it fad ialo tka cjiladar through aa opaaiaf at oee aide aaar tke boltoa tad paaaaa oat through a At ia tka oppoaita aide. Tka cakla fanes tka core of tke die aad tka die kaa a disrater aqaal to tka oataide disaster of tke cabla akaatk. Aa hydraalie pressure ia applied to tka load b tke cylinder, tka cable ia fad through tka die aad load ia aqeeeaed oat aroaad H b tka apace between tka cabla aad tke a. Thus, a coatiaaoea, seamless akaatk of load ia baaed aroaad tka cable. Soae 55.000 to 60,000 toa< of lead were aed b tkio way ia 1962. TVia iedsatry b to a vary large extent depeadeat apoa lead for protection of ita traaaalsaioa llaaa It appear* tket tka tread toward aabatitatioa for lead kaa aboat poe ita Uadi b bo cable ahestkiag industry. la Earepe sack mart depcadetco oa lead kaa beta Baielaiaed. Ewaa kere tke leading telepkooe coapany appear* to be swinging back to giaatei dependence oa lead, while otkcr talapkoac ooapaaies ba*a aeear map away boa lead to tke aaate exteat. Lead reaaias tke aatcrial oa arkick power aad oaanicatioaa coapeaies depead aader tke Boat aerate aerrice conditions. A tew Betkod of productioa wbick resalu ia Bore Bailors aad Bore ocoaoBlcal lead akeadtiag ia alto becoaiag aa important factor, b tke preaa, molten lead ia fad bio oae end, aolidifie* aa it paaaea tkrough a screw feed, aad eaergea aa aolid akaatk tkroagk a die aroaad tke cable at tke other aad. Soae of tkeee coatiaaoaa preaaea have bees perfected to e poial where they caa beadle all coauaoa abeatkiag alloy* aad ataay are being iaalalled ia cable Basefeciarteg plaata. Tke power aad coaBeaicatioaa iaduatries, to a aech leaner extent, depead apoa a bad-tin alloy. Bolder, to Bake tke jo>at* ia their lead-akeatked cable. Yet it is tke eese witk which each joist* can be eiede aad the depended lity of those joints tket give leed akeatkiag ooe of ita distiact advantage* orar other type*. Comtractloo Industry Tka sett ladoetry la order of importance aa a user of laed ia tka ooaatractioa In dustry. Brcauaa of tke difTictilty of Baking aa accurate separation, tke tara "coeatractioa industry" ia here used to include not oaly ordinary building cooitructioa sock aa !. apartment*, office building* aad the like, but also aoae of tke stilitiM wkidl ** ** tkeae buildings, as water distribntioe ayateaa, end cbeBical equipment eapioyed la industrial building*. Lumped together, the construction industries naod naariy r* W WWRBiB, U1 m tnpf n- -> Lusaka site LIA15688 iiiMfaibtiiifiB^^ .. ... . ^ - . ........ --^..- ...J^^iluiju..-u^. -------- 125,000 toaaoflsed la 1962. Hire* principal lead products sr* used it eoestructioe. They era pip*. *b**t end calk ing lead. la ordinary construction, pip* i* **d i* lb* ploabiag systaa to handle plsaUag waste* aad ia lb* water distribution system to coeduct water fioa the *tr**t sail lato fa* bouse. It ia rarely aa*d for lk* dietributioa of water witkia tk* boss*. la industrial cap stractioe, it U alao aaed extensively to cnedact corrosive cbeaicals aack aa aalpkalic add, aad to kaadle corrosive industrial weatas. Lead pipe ia a*de ia ack tk* aaaa way aa eakl* sheathing. Tk* lead ia awlted aad flowed into tk* cylinder of aa extraaio* pr*aa, wker* it aoli(fi*a. At tk* top of tk* praaa ia a circular di* through tk* caater of wkick *zt*ada a core or aaodrel wkidl alao *taada dowa through tk* lewd aad ia fixed to tk* botloa of tk* cylinder. Tk* cor* kaa aa oatatda diameter equal to tk* iaaide diaa*t*r of tk* pip* to b* aad*, aad tk* di* kaa aa iaaad* disaster equal to tk* outaide diaacter of tk* pip*. Ikw pr**aar* ia applied, lead la farced ot through tke apace katna core aad di* aa a ooatiaao** iraaltaa pip*. It aray be iatereatiag to aote kcre tkat tke aaasfacta* of lead pip* ia aa I unaalj eld iaduatry detiag back more tk*a 2,000 year*. A* yo* kaow, oar aodcra pluaber takes kia aaae froa tke Latia word far lead, "plushue.*' ia tke days of tk* Roaaa Empire, lead pipe aaaufactare waa well established, pipe beiaf aade ia tea-foot leagtka aad 15 ataadaid site*. Tkat pipe, however. waa auck cruder aad waa *o< aeaalesa. Tke lead waa Brat cast ia a akeet. tkea beat up iato tke akap* of a pipe aad tke loegitadiaal |oist crudely welded. Tke ape of tkea* old pipea, aaay aaaplaa of wkick still exist, ia aaaily iatwaiaed because tke aaae of tke eayeror mltag at tke tiaa of aaaufactui* ia cast oa sack leaftk. Skeet lead is aaed only to a limited exteat ia beildiag construction, asually being coa* futed to roofing, flashing. putters aad tke like oa tke ante aoeuaealal typos of ksildiafs or industrial or olker buildings wk*re special oonoaioa problems art involved. This ia because of iu relatively high coat aad great durability. It ia alao widely aaed aa a watarproofiag far shower stalls aad for X-ray looa shielding, la industrial constructioa, however, large tooaages of skeet lead are employed to construct storage tasks, react!o* vassal* aad other equipment tor tk* asnufnctur* and storage of corrosive ckeaicsl*. Sheet lead is made by casting large slabs of lead **veral inches thick aad w*igkiag several toes, Wien solidified, tkea* slab* *r* placed oa tke rolling mill aad cold rolled to tke desired thickness. 1 n-io *V `Jli`****m***^ll* 1^*l*m**k*~i*.~*u* ^ i* ^ L * * tm * t^ '; W i|ili|PJP#RRPPpPlllRi LIA15689 ' .gfifewfer9r-^.' ------ I * 4 m ia ordinary beiltfisg eoaatnctioa work, both laad pipe aad sheet are usually joined by aolderiag with coeveatioea) lead-tia solder. la chemical eoaatnctioa, howewer, lead welding (commonly called lead "boning") la employed mote freqeeetly berwaae corrosive cheeilcala gaeerally attach aolier. la welded equipment, no metal hat lead la exposed to the conoaive chemical. Laad welding la a tree homogeeecaa waling opeiatioa, bat it ia coadacted at leech lower temperatare than weldiag of meal other mauls, aotabiy eteel. Ia feet, care mast be tahea aot to overbeet the laad aad bare a hole throegh it, aiece lead melu at oaly 621*F. Calluag laad, the other importaal lead product aeed ia coaptnctioa, ia aimply eofl metallic load cither ia large pip or aall iagota or cakaa. Its maia aae ia to moke foists ia cast iroa water or soil pipe of the bell aad spigot variety. The pip or iagota of calkiag laad are aiaply melted. aaaally at the aite of eoaatnctioa, aad are poured by lade iato the pipe joiaU iato which atraada of oakem kave already beea calked to partly fill the joists. After the leed kaa solidified ia the joist, it is calked to make a tight joist end take ap coatnetioa of the load cm solidifiestioa aad cooling. Paiat ladeetry The petal iedustry, with aome 30,000 teas of leed coasumptioe a year, ia still aa uaponant user of lead products, bat is sowhere sear the consumer it was 40 yean ap. la ibis iadustry, it is esed is s variety of forme, it is aa iaponaat pipeat ia hoeae paiata. For that purpose it ia employed aa basic carbonate (white lead), basic laad sulphate, leaded xiac oxide, aed ccrtaia lead silicates. Basic carboosla was oace the backbone of outside bouse paiata, but over the last 40 years its use kaa gradually con tracted, because it costs the paiat atsaufacterer more to put it iato bis paiat thea aay other white pigment, ia that highly competitive industry, aoaie of the qualities that white leed imparled to paiat have beea sacrificed. However, most paist mauafacUrera still agree that a certain amount of leed pigoeat is seeded ia oelside paiata aad Boat of them formulate their paiata on that basis. The basic carbonate was formerly awde almost exclusively by the faunas "Old Datch Process*' which required three or four months to convert the laad to the basic carbonit* is stacks through action of acetic add, moisture aad apeat tanbarb, la re cent yean tbs treed has beea toward quicker processes involving electrolysis, chemical predpilatioa aad other methods to reduce cost so that the last "Old Datch Process" stacks ia this constry weal out of existeece ia 1949, aad that pipceas ia ro longer oaad. n-n WJWW Wuta. iiu. U..;i>Hii til. I" W.,^jjyiU!hlJUWhLW'4M v m rr jWMpppWjjpppwpWWp^^ -- .ai^hsmaiBt^wsaiSgteasyiii^^ LI*15690 . ^./..^a, ^ . *-r-- . ^r --- r ...........,.,, . . t r - -- - -i-*----------" There are several quick processes. Ia ea, metallic lead if Belted and blow* with air or ateas to a fine powder. It la placed la large muting wooden drama, lato wUdi t"tHtr add and water am periodical!jr aprialded. Heated air and carbon dioxide pane coetlaeoealy through tie drum. The reaction* art tie asm* an ia tie "Old Oatci Proceaa" bat, dee la tie finely divided form of tie lead, tie coevemioa requite* leaa dun two weaita. la oae of tie cieaical processes, lead ia diaaotved ia acetic add to fora beaic load aceute, and lie beaic carboaate ia precipitated by paaaiaf oarboe (Solid* through tie aolatioe. White baaic lead sulphate, alao eaed exteaaively ia paiau, ia aad* aitber by a fearing or chewleal precipiutiae procee*. Leaded zinc oxide ia generally a pandect of fusing, while tie newer ailicatea are prodeced cbeaically. All eater into tie auanfactare of oatdoor paint a. Noae of tie white lead pigments ia today employed ia tie waeafnctert of iadaor paiata. Red lead (PbjO) ia atill tie world's atandard pipaeat for Beta) protective paiata. It U successfully meeting tie comped doe of newer pigments, aad U aaod eltier by iteelf witi liaaeed oil or other euitabie vehicle*, or mixed with other pigmeau, aaeally ia aaallar amounts, ia tie proper vehicles. Red lead is aade by farther oxidation of litharge at care fully ooetrolled ternpentarea. Another lead pigseat. "blve" baaic lead salpbate, ia alio eaed ia Bela] protective paiata. It ia Bade directly from lead concentrate* by faming, and ia a mixtare of beaic lead aalphate, lead aolpiite, lead sulphide, xinc oxide and a very amalt aaouat of carbon. Cooaideraile reaearch ia caneatly being cooducted cm lend pigment* to be aaod with water aolnble vebidea both for hoaae paint* and for fiaiahea on metal such an aetoaobUe bodien. Renulu to date not only indicate that nose of tie known lead plateau will do a good job bet also tint a whole new series of lead pipnenla Bay be developed. For eevaral years now a line of pigatesU hiving a silica core aad active Iced pigment, aech as chromate, oa tie sarface, have been on tie marie! aad finding ooaaerdnl acceptance. Recant tw eearch alao indicate* that certain organo-lead compound* may Rod application la aati-foeliag paiata. Lead compound* are alao seed a* drier* ia paints but they am included In exceedingly small quantities per galloa of palaL Colon Closely allied to the aae of lead ia tbe paint industry ia iu employment to Bake certain colored pijpaeota, notably tie lead chromate*. This Industry conauaed about 20,000 loan of n-u we. I'.lllipp .Win .. ILU1TJJ! 'mm m mm m i>tahraincer.miMaAui*wt^ * i LIA15 691 i i : lead lot year. Moat of tbe yellowa, pii end red* arc load chroaaates, cither alome or prodpi Uted with other pigment*. These aro Bede by chemical precipitatioa, atarilag generally with litharge as tbe raw material. They art alao aaed a* colon la pfiatU| iaka, and tbe yellow* er* rapidly growing aa traffic stalking peista. Corned c ladaatry The aaa of lead la thia ladaatry kaa lecraaeed aabataatially la da laat few yaara aad ao coaeeaea bo o m 2S.OOO to X.OOO toaa of lead per year, Boatly la the font of oxidea aad ailicatee, aoae of which are imported aad do aot abow la the coaaaatplloa autiatics. TWe fiaeat (Iaaa tableware aad optical glass, aa wall aa Boat glass lac electrical peipoaea, coatmia large aanaala of lead. daces for china aad many atractaral clay producta alao coatala lead. Applicatioaa of tbe latter are poariaff fat architecture with (taxed brick aad light-weight aggregate aiaoag tbe prodacta raceiwiag Back acceptance. Tbe aae of lead la porcelain ceaatele for alaaiaaa la growiag aad tke tread to lower firiag teaperatarea for enamelled ateel iadicatea that tbe aaa of lead will grow aabataatially here. Lead"a floe flexing ability aad foolproofaeaa raa tkioagk all tbeae ceramic applicatioaa. Bat tbe aae of lead ia electronic applies tioaa it alao becoming aa important factor, cock aa lead sircoaate-titaoate aa a pieaoelectric product in altra-aoaic cleaner* and other devices, aad lead tallaride la thermoelectric materials. Ammuaitioe Indottiy The ammunition iadaatry ia ae old ataod-by in tbe lead pictare, aaiag aroaad 47.000 toaa ia a peacetime year. Bullets for email ami are made of lead alloyed with ap to aboat 2-1/2 per cest of entimooy. They ore molded fra eectioee cel bom extruded rod. Shot for abotgan sheila, which in Bore laportnat tkao ballet! ia peacotiae, in annnlly Bade of lead alloyed with amall aBoeau of natiaoey nod eraseic. It ia aelted nod poered through n eieve at tbe top of nhot tower. It bran into nphetoo aa it deaceoda aad ia caught ia water at tbe bottom. Large shot ia caat ia aplit ring Bold*. Printing ladaatry The printing ladaatry aaed about 27,000 loan of lead laat year la tbe font of me loan alloy* with antimony, tia and eometiama a little copper. The exact coBpoaitiea depends upon tbe application, that is, whether It ia for linotype, monotype, stereotype or electrotype BMtal. Melting, casting, and resetting aad droaaiag are the principal n-13 mm mm mem LIA 15 692 operations iitolnd. Typi aeiil it awd onr nd otr ud ilio anlilti Ud forth between the printer and die manufacturer, the Utter denning It ap aad adding saw Betel to bring it back to proper composition after frequent see. JUilroedJechistlj^ Tbe railroads of tbe country ooeaaoed aose 7,000 toaa of lead U 1962, mate ia bear ings. la tom* cates, tie railroad* sake tbeiro*a hearing Betela, bat arore oftea they bay tbea froa bearing aietal manufacturers. laddeetally, la a (real aaay typee of bririayi the lead cooteal i* aacb higher tbaa before tbe war. Tbis caae aboat froa tba aeceaaity of aubtiituuag lead tor scarce tie during tbe war, with tbe resell that lira higher lead comteat bearings were found to do tbe job well aad at less coat. Automobile Industry Tbe automobile industry employs aboat 12,000 toes a year U uses other tbaa that of storage battenea. These are mostly ss solder aad bearing metal. Tbe solder ia largely used for tbe radiator, which ia soldered by a dipping operation, aad for body adder to smooth oat yoiets and other irregularities ia tbe body surface. It it sometime* called fillet aetal witch aptly describe* it AuUasobile body repair shops are large asera of body solder to help heal tbe wounds incurred ia modem traffic, bat ia tepair work, variowa plaaucs rather thus solder are oftea employed today. Miacelleoeoes Uses Tbt Unset i* a seer of lead ss an insecticide. Aboat 2,500 loos were seed last year, end this f.gute has been Bach higher. Lead arsesle ia the compooad employed. Bade by chemical reactios oa litharge. The tie caa industry use* 7.000 urns of lead ia a year jatl for sol denag seams md closure! U addition it uses an inseparable aawsat, deseed under coalings, ia the fen* of terse plate to Bake certain types of css* for aoe-feod items. Terse piste ia sheet steal coated with aa alloy of lead and tin, the lead content of tbe coaling nasally running be tween 00 aad 90 per cent. Terse plele ia alio seed for various fabricated metal products such a* automobile gas taaka and radio chassis, aad for roofing. A growing use of lead ia aa a atabiliter ia plastics. For this purpose a variety of lead compound* art employed, some inorganic aad some organic. While tbe lend coolest i* usually small, aaiounting to only a few per cent, tbe total aae for tbis purpose Minolta to several thousand tons par year. Tbe principal us* it ia vinyl plnatics for electrical cable taauUuoo, but it ia also used ia tbia type of plastic for many other purposes, aacb n-i4 e mnpww>iap.W.aa ww(? M.'LW U. IUI mJJJlWWffW-JI M-.4U -JJJAPr U' I s i . r I \t- i =t ..... ' . LI A1569 3 as floor eovariapa, hoae, pipe aod ahooC Collapsible tabes of lead arc amaafectared by impact ettnrioa horn dlaco Oil oat of sheets of load alloy. The alloy aaualty coaiaiaa arouad 2 per cool of aadaoey. Wbao tba uboa ora to coetaia a aabetaece that might coaceivably ba coelamia*ted by cootoel with toad, tba laod abacta from which they ora made ora roilad with da oa oao or both aidoa. Alao >u liaara are oftao aaod la load or tia-ooatad load toboa. Tba lroa aad atari iodaatry aaaa load la several ways. Tana piala coetiapa baaa baaa aatioacd, bat boat treetrap batba are oftea woltaa load. Load ia tba bia of (hot ia added to mol tea atari to prodaea fna machiaiap atari aad, ahUe small, tbia aao la poaria* Load ia alao aaad la braaa aad braaaa, either tor tba propertiaa It imparts to brooaa (or beeriapa, (or eraayla, or (or fna marhiaability la braaa. Radiatioa Shieldiag Load baa loop beea laoopaitad aa a ataadard abirid agaisst X-raya, ritboapb ao reliable Rparea are available to measare tbe exteat of tbia aaa. It ia safe to aay, howavar, that if all X-ray eqeipanat vara adequately abirided amch sore lead eorid ba employed (or tbia paipoaa. A whole ae* abiridiap field baa beea opcaed by tbe developoaat of tbe aodear ladaatry, wkereie lead lorai a ataadard abield apaiaat peseta radiatioa. Lead la tba most effieieet coaisoaly available, lowcoat material tor tbe perpoae, ritboapb other stten ala like coecrete aad traa or ateel caa be employed Geaerally apeakiap. lead ia tbe choice (or aadear abiridiap where apace, weight aaviag aad portability an at a premiam. For example, laboratory abiridiap. abippiap coateieera, abip abiridiap aad tba like are aaaally lead. From 200 to over 1,000 toaa of lead abiridiap may ba aaad oa a aubmariee or larger veaael. Viewiap wiodowt are plaee of very kipk lead-coateat. Doora an aearily laad filled. Speciri leed-coateioiap ceweata arv ased. Lead May ba atad la varioaa forma aa abeeta, caetiepa, abot, wool, leaded plaatica or other prodveto. It io difTicall to eatisate tbe toeaape of lead cnneatly iavolved, bat It la probably aafe to aay that it ia at leaat ia five fipurea per year. Noiae and Vibratioa Coatfri Than is aotblap aaaeatirily aew it tbe aae of lead to ooatiol aoiao aad vibratioa. Lead-aabettoe pade eader baildap foeadstioas, to prereat treeami eeioe of vibrotiao from nilioada ialo bvildiapa, kava beea employed ia a limited way (or over forty years. For over thirty years, particulariy ia Earope, aacb devices have beea aaad to preveal n-is s 'HBVrifc" rife WHOM L IA15694 ' treameeioe of vibratioa fit* erhlaery to buildup* ia which ecbiaery ii boated. ' Ow the aaate period, lead Unix** have beea teed to coafiee obfectioaable Mia* ia laboratoriea. b mu c atadioa sad bcoedcaatiag facilitiee. WhatjiH* ia the tfeaeadovely iacreeaed iatrmt ia tbeae propenjae of lead ia the last lew yean. aad ia aoae of tb* aew lead products developed ia ikia field. Prob ably accouatng lor thix ia the trooeodoea ialsreal ia aoiae aad vibratioa ooaUol beiag akowa today both ia iaduetry aad every day liviag. Mack reaeerck ia beiag coedotted to develop eorr detailed aad act*rale eagiaeeriag ialonaatioe oa tke ability of lead to ' todece traaaaiaaioo of aooad aad vibratioa. aad to daaip thva at tke aoarce. Alao Back work ia brtag caadocted oa tke devalopawal of prodecte iavolviag lead, far tkeae peepoaea. Aaoog lead prodecta tkat are beiag aaed are abaci lead aad a variety of pieetica aack aa viayla, epoaieo, aretkaaea aod others. which are loaded with lead or galeoa Po-dar. i Coadaaioa i Fow tke feregoiag it ia obvious that tke iadaatrial aijuficaerc of lead ia Immmm aad aartkiag bat aiaple. So likewiae ia ita bygieaic aigaificaace. Merely to kaow tkat a aa werka ia a lead pleat or evea worka with lead ia ao iadicatiaa tkat be baa eaelaiaed occapatioeal exposure to lead. Becaaae a child kaa beea exposed to paiel doea aot eoceaaenly aeaa that it kaa beea expoeed to lead petal, aay atore tbaa exposure to a lead peacil awaaa exposure to lead. It aeeaa obnova that assy people workiag with or expoeed to lead atay have ao daageroaa expoaare, aod it aeeaa equally obviooa tkat if tke expoaare ia aaderstood, it caa be cootaolled. It ia aot wy tateaiioa to aiaiaixe tke baportaace of effective kygieoe ia tke lead iedaatnea. Tke Lead ladaatriea AsaocixUoa kaa beea fally cogaixaat of the problem ever atact ua orgeaixatioa ia 1928, kaa Bade auaerous ooetary graeta far atedical research over tke yean, aod kaa a health aad aafety director to cope with tkeae ptohieas. Oar plea ia far tke cootiaaatioa aad exteoaioa of tkoeovgb laveatigetioa of tka hygiaee profa last relative to lead, aad tke broad dieaeaiaatiaa of aoaad iafonastioa ataoag all who have reeaoa to be coocened. n-ie JiUUIjn.toPtoWnu.il l lift......... ^riqi ,-t! .................... WID--JULJLJIP .ttUka