Document 4amO9wEV21vE9RDY1yQK0R1oQ
Ap226- [0SS
THE OCCURENCE OF PERFLUOROOCTANOATE IN ENVIRONMENTAL, DIETARY AND HUMAN SAMPLES
1 on
PREPARED BY:
"
THE ASSOCIATION OF PLASTIC MANUFACTURERS IN EUROPE (APME) AD HOC APFO TOXICOLOGY WORKING GROUP
VERSION 1: JANUARY, 11 2002
a.
CONTAIN NO CRI
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Several studies have been undertaken under the sponsorship of 3M to understand the
distribution of perfluorooctanate (PFOA) in the environment. This document
summarizes results from several of these studies that have been placed on EPA Docket
Number AR-226. The general conclusion that can be drawn from this summary is that
PFOA is not broadly dispersed in detectable, typically oceurs at low (<
the environment, and, in those cases where 1 ng/g (ppb) or < | ug/L (ppb) concentrations.
it It
is is
not possible from the results of these studies to draw conclusions as to the source of
PFOA in those instances where PFOA has been detected in the environment.
Summary oaf Survey of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Wildlife
Five studies conducted by JP. Giesy and K. Kannan of the Michigan State University
determined the worldwide occurrence and accumulation of perfluorooctanoic acid
(PFOA) and several other perfluoro compounds in aquatic wildlife and fish-cating water
birds. PFOA did not seem to be widely distributed and was not present at concentrations
above which
the limit of quantitation (LOQ) levels in many of the PFOA was detected above the LOQ levels are listed in
species studied. Table 1. Various
Species species
in in
which PFOA was below the LOQ are listed species), 4 (marine and mammal species), 5
in Tables 2 (fish-cating
(mink water
and river otier), 3 (fish birds) and 6 (American
oyster species).
PfrFoOmA18w.a4stofo1u0n8d nign/g1,8/d3r1y mwitnwkitlhivearms efarnomfoMrastsheacphoussiettivtes s(a3m0)plaetscoofnc3e1n9t.r7atnigo/ngs,rdarnygiwni.g PFOA was below the LOQ in the mink liver samples from Louisiana (7), South Carolina (9) and Illinois (30). PFOA concentrations in $ river otter livers from Washington and Oregon were less than the LOQof 36 ng/g, wet wt.
In fish, various
PFOA species
was found to be above LOQ levels only obtained from the Scheldiz River Estuary
in in
muscle tissue Belgium with
obtained from a range of 7.5
46 lakes
nglg, wet wt of Michigan
(mean as well
= as
17). Muscle tissuesof freshwater fish from several inland marine fish from the Baltic Sea, and the North Pacific and
Antarctic oceans did not contain detectable concentrations of PFOA.
aLinvderAlaansdk/anorcbolaosotadlsawmatpelress. otfhemanroirntehemranmmBaalltisc wSeerae, ctohlelecMteedditferrormanFclaornidSac,aC,alainfdorntihae
Arctic. Ringed
PFOA was found in seal samples (Baltic
1/6 California sea lions, Sea) and in 3/8 Caspian
1/26 seals
grey seals (Baltic Sea), 6/109 (Russia). Examples of marine
and polar mammals with tissues that do not contain PFOA (at levels above the LOQ)
include polar bears, Baikal seal (Russia), and striped dolphins (Mediterrancan).
MwaetaesrurbeirmdesntinsothfepUenriftleudorSotactoems pionuclnuddsinign allibvaert,roksisdenseyf,robmloSoadndorIselgagndy,oMlkidowfafyisAh-tcoaltlinign
-2-
the central North Pacific Ocean were performed. Similarly, issues of birds collected from the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas and from the Japanese and Korean coasts were also analysed. PFOA was detected in all 12 cormorant (Mediterranean) livers and was also detected in the following birds: Stenella clymene (Gulf of Mexico). Layasan albatross (Sand Island, Midway Atoll), double crested cormorant (Lake Winnipeg and St. Martin Island, Great Lakes. black billed gull (Sulphur Island, Great Lakes) and sea cagles (Japan). With the exception of the Japanese sea gull (two out of six blood samples contained 4.5 and 6.2 ng/mL PFOA), PFOA was rarely found in Japanese and Korean birds. Oysters were collected from 77 locations in the Gulf of Mexico and Chesapeake Bay of the US coast. PFOA was not found in quantifiable concentrations. In conclusion, PFOA is not widely distributed in aquati (freshwater and marine) life and in mammals and birds that feed on fish. Summary of Survey of PFOA in Municipalities Samples were taken from six cities and included samples of publicly owned treatment works (POTW) effluent, POTW sludge, drinking water intake, treated drinking water, tap water, landfill leachate, surface water, sediment and quiet (standing) water. In all 101 sets of duplicate samples were analyzed. A summaryofthese findings occurs as Table 7. In 35 instances both duplicate samples had no detectable PFOA. In 14 instances, at least one replicate sample had detectable but non-quaniifiable (< LOQ of 0.025 pg/L (ppb) PFOA. Of those samples with quantifiable PFOA, eight had concentrations > 1 pg/L, 6 had concentrations < 1 ug/L and > 0.1 pg/L. and 18 had concentrations < 0.1 pg/L. All POTW effluent samples contained PFOA. All but one POTW sludge samples contained PFOA, and the highest PFOA concentrations in the study were found in sludge samples dfrrionmkiDnegc-awtautre,r-Arlelaabtaemdas(a2m4p4leusg/cLon(tpapibn)e.d nWoint-hdettheecetxacbelpetiPoFnOoAfC.oluTmhebudsr,inGkeionrgg-iwaa,taelrl related samples from Columbus, Georgia all contained non-quantifiable PFOA or PFOA concentrations just above the limit of quantitation. PFOA was detected at quanifiable levels in landfill leachate from Decatur, Alabama, Columbus, Georgia, and Port St. Lucie, Florida. Surface waters from Mobil, Alabama and Columbus, Georgia contained low, but quantifiable levels of PFOA. Only the 1999 sediment samples from Port St. Lucie, Florida contained quantifiable concentrations of PFOA. PFOA was not present in sediment from Port St. Lucie in 2000. PFOA was quantifiable in quiet water samples from Decatur, Alabama, Mobil, Alabama and Port St. Lucie, Florida. In summary, with the exception of POTW effluent and sludge from the six cities studied, and iandfill leachate from Decatur, Alabama, PFOA is either not detectable or occurs at concentrations generally Tess than | ug/L. (ppb) Market Basket Study Summary In over 230 samples of foodstuffs, PFOA was quantitated in only six samples above a `quantitation limit of 0.5 ng/g (ppb). PFOA was found in two samplesofground beef
3.
(1.09 and 0.504 ng/g), one sampleofbread (0.524 ng/g), two samplesofapples (1.13 and 235 ng/g), and a sample of green beans (0.543 ng/g). An appropriate conclusion from this study is that PFOA is not distributed widely in foodstuffs. Human Populations `Table 8 summarizes results from studies of the presence of PFOA in the sera of human adult and pediatric populations. Among 652 adult Red Cross blood donors, PFOA serum concentration ranged from< the lower limit of quantitation to 57.3 ng/mL (ppb). The geometric mean PFOA concentration in adults was 4.6 ng/ml, and the cumulative 95th percentile concentration was 12.9 ng/mL. Among 599 children aged 2-12 years, serum PFOA concentration ranged from< the lower limit of quantitation to 56.1 ng/mL. The geometric mean PFOA concentration was 4.9 ng/mL and the cumulative 95th percentile concentration was 10.2 ng/mL. In both cases the standard mean concentration was 5.6 ng/mL. From this data, there do not appear to be significant differences between the adults and children with respect to PFOA serum concentration.
oe
TPaFbOlAe|Levels in Some of the Species Studied by Giesy and Kannan
. " a | senP)ior
TE
Lmo oun | y5w%
SpFeoc
B
wT
TTR
TE 1
VariouFsasnpecies SH
TT
wTerr)
wor
Various species | lakes
0 | 3 beeen | 280G1 |
iin 38 Sa Speci
quantified
o1 |.
iCl lima Sea I io MlI I
oa |
CTotE ten FlanConst Blood
J Ey
TnDgolepdhSinel | Bakes | Bieod
7
7
T=
|
SeLiuvemr
23 s"ahmiesn oisns |
[CoSpneal ndSbemaelre|CapGruolfnorSeMa eRcoa||BUlonoed ||31|1 370m% [s7e5v]|
| Toi rsha | oSel n WTvler
Er EENiL dvayC Ati a
T + or iid
Tor
|
Smarin sand. | Blood | 2 | 1 ws
0s
1 a GGrreeatLLaakkeess
Tr ET
ware
[[oSeeb [= ww T [Wee hre [ rTTr T3 Ra7 esieE ror aTi w
aGuFnede
T ancniicf.icndor Nersed
Gy7 SE Sl Os 20 pS rE ot Eo (Ie oa aT
ae
Table 2 Species in Which PFOA Was not Detected Above the Limit ofQuantitation (LOQ)
[oe i
1
ee Jl
ero [oSoienugosn
ate T|E7 T a5in
te | 3 [TMEio 7]
-e
TFiasbhlS3peecies in Which PFOA Was not Detected Above the LimitofQuantitation
LoQ)
TChinaovSamoes t GreNsiWgas e Tae |-- ve e : m Ts
EG CNEiTn s| aTchee | 6$
3593
|
Eras 2
[oTr ro
Muscle | 5
S GTeTe AT T| NTher Ta eiw0 5u5o9
|
Vig | sBinege || iao
35is
Ser
Sel
Thor
[To Wesemmet r |h Tha |
<;
5
E3E
FemaBtSloemirunfs Tpoewnn_--|| ro
AainCeoass AAmaarrti
| |7 WWMWoohhooekdee63 7 ] r35 7 --e----]--]
VarTiosoSpecies
od
Wisc | 378
3
Fo
wT
SMavaiedre
|
\ ir
T52s5o
| VariousSpecies |
oF
SEAT
Toew
5 | 3mn
I
a.
Tabl4e
Marine & Mammal Species in Which PFOA Was not Detected Above the Limit of Quantitation (LOQ)
[[aE tosreSeal |
Cao Cov[ erT [T 3s opini] ons |
CallforaCoast Liver[3350
[|TorbeSnoFnoerSel_|| Cal"fCfromCioaCnotst| iBTvoaaer|1: ] 3E55H59------]
NoamFor Se Polar
Akar Coat pm
I Kjirdney I 5
Ine TT
T35y9 1
Tiis
[ |GaSBnagleSaslDSoepTahlin| 1 | A TTavkeern BGaanagleCsRooisnsdiaa| |hLLioovneedrr 2 [|1220
35 59] i 71% ----]
[SDI eoTdngfed Sger iiBna_nd|. C---- arsM-- |edThv-- oeiord e-- |r4 =n5 e7 ang 5SiTEe]a
[r| "eTirstaops rrncatss || PalmCaaSSnodlionBrir:atFyleori| da BLliTvoievorrd
|
AnGnualPtVeoifsMreacwseeusn
|
LLiivvee lve
TRopweb
AVetnie nOes
Liver
Seno redanens w"nAnMoarsiaRSioveurnd TLiieerr
172 i
[ao7s n]1 7s
35
77ss
1
2s
T|
i77ss |
|
7s
Oe Pspol Ewas Fr|eRAm | MLueswe
3
ns
| ses]
se
Table
Fish-Eating Water Birds in Which PFOA Was not Detected Above the Limit of
QuanStpeictiaetsion (LOQ) (1) To oe Creses TE Chay hed Gr | Blood
agi wHeotowsaisor mL.
aii SivTaaLknaes. Gren | Blood 2
0s |
LSaekreLCSreeorcr.ahnCriTsmhssikesr||| pBBloaonoodd | 43i
256955
|
Com
CGulil srBnaCdyoGenoty|| tTohaerd Nome a. Cn ti
. | i
2719
|
SopmerevnsC,lFfoimsa Lihnee :5
1w8o7
Unknown
Lier ,
|TBRroFwonoPdelAicbanas |_SFanPdasHciangdowiiaRiyverMNasl|| LCiiverr17
17 11880
iy
in
Te Tern gol
||
ST TE Cry
Taayr ToaT|[| RihSSaemms
|
6
299
55
VCitSnoenr.rCuCromeu,nyLCaANksC Lriovedr :\ 1 77
Great BlHaeckr-obnacked Gall | CarteretJaCpoaunnty. NCI | LEivTer{7
1T8EE7
jf SCoamGmiut TT [a=
aopnan oa:
|wiTtvheBeres ri[1'
TTiEs
Cree lsHok(k3aBNideao.spJ)apaMn a| BLiovedr | a
wr
NuVoonn Lloions. | Liver 3
wr
TWohWivocofridceSeiadoko.N s| | SSSoaD wcwhaClaireoyl.iCCmAAa
tTLiihneeerr T|T T |ey 1&] 7]1
[Sow Egre [Franklinsgull
1" Fonda |Te |v7 |"RedRockLakesMonana| Liver | 4[187
|
[WhkkePelican [BrownPelican
| 3California. |Montana| |"MustangIsland.Texas|
Liver Liver
| 4| |1 |
T&7 187
| |
[Northern Gane 1CarteretCounty.NC_|__Tiver |11
TS
-- T 7 = --r----7--
~.
Table 5
Fish-Eating Water Birds in Which PFOA Was not Detected Above Limit of
Quantitation (LOQ) (2)
[= Caper T Fo: rds T o o Theorr ToT
t0m 0
57
e Red Throwed Toon | =CivrNCOcanCrioolol iung I LTLiiivvveeerrr A
118877
IL
1
ET
Anarcic
Heenr T1
aTE
Sa
Kidcnoegsy i|
en
Tver
4188 | TE
SpBoolrdedFDauek |GratewsaNn gee|TwTaerTT_[_--ToBYs
| SoAusCmaraina
Oregon
PPlaassmaa 25
Liver 2
p6e2
187 |
{
DSuaavann.ahC,allifnoomiisa | LLiivveerr 1|
Michigan
Liver .
115877 | 158
| MMiicchhiiggaann Michigan
KiMdusncelye 6: Gallbladder| 1
53744 34 i
MNiicchhigan
TOevsatreys !1
144
GrAedraeeeTloPSmweeanldgluoOiwnn| | | MMAiicnchhaiigigmasnn |ComGpoestee |5 30|18 mises--%|
I j--rie EMichS igan
fee TS
3]
[HeringGul| Wichgm
Ean | 3 7
iss 115588
eonFege [eFe ord
Tver TI% T a 507
| MBaetremscaa.nGe.rmaanlyy| Medicranean ily
BLilvoetr | sai
Serum
i
31302 | 53
++OnTewoasae mpwelorteosst dsureingextrsapilcl toutiofouben).
10-
Oyster Species in Which PFOA Was not Detected Above Limit of Quantitation
(LOQ)
Pe
Location
ogg wet wi.
i
TMaUbeCrty Study Dat rom Table 4ofExceutiveSumanry
A |
ROR A"
COR |eoT
|RR | --samome
|
| Fpoirnsde e ro
|i|
FOroTneWtaSattde, or, 244 TI [TN wo Te: TESA TN
ri es,ga|WWR NE--]oosomm |b
or
|
ilwloagoSnartar|
"|
T | e|sr
we ww
Ei
w om -- eur sa ara
SENT | NDR SE |News
oa|oosms
fw]
sma-- |s6------s--|--
Sb |
{oars wx
a
Nw oes
w
fn
inve
NR we
~ sam
a
xo
NL D =Noe tdeecef;mNQt=NotguwieNCs =NoecwolloesctemdNA=Not|a|nd --w-- {m Ree er
i
THaubmlaens Serum Concentrations of PFOA
iR"aambenorfoeifSs~saompValles Gsri Nican
i~h_ )|TAdG <uLlLiOr RQe$d C7ros5sBlood se
Donors(ng/mL)|| LgChiyoldrgengAgeede 2r-12 (ne g/L)
Si
=
1
Median
47
_
_
Si
_
CGeoometmricuM9eSann Peercen_t {1a6 ~
~
~ {4j9 g _
| aise
16
SOURCE Tsuhbemiitntfeodrmbayti3onMcCoontmapiannedyitnotthhise dUo.cSu.mEennvtirhoansmbeenetnalexPtrroatcetcetdiofnroAmgennucmyerionuJsunsteuodifes 2001, and available on the AR-226 public docket.
re