Document 4amB84RekzB1Dymw85d02m0ve

United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey A Survey of Asbestos-related Disease in PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT UC-36M X-*. p.-vrr: /4.S T./M. S/.c .v( I n Ju ^ > J ?rf*V fr f i 5 TpZ3~i S' f - / o rvi to C j> to J * Is* i* e d re 1 a s if c <3\ v C~W r- ^ < /l I 7-to -- V l-C v'n d SP r ^ This report Is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U. S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. 1982 UCC 008648 ABSTRACT: A review which is based on thirty six published epidemiological studies is given of the disease patterns that have developed aanng industrial workers, miners, and millers who were exposed to dusts of one or more of the commercial asbestos minerals or to dusts from minerals perceived to be asbestos-like. Health data is also reviewed for those who were exposed to asbestos dusts in a non-occupational setting. From the published reports it is clear that there are very significant differences in the health effects of the several asbestos or asbestos-like minerals. Of the commercial asbestos utilized in the United States about 95$ has been chrysotile or "white" asbestos, about 2% amosite or "brown" asbestos, and about 2% crocldolite or "blue" asbestos. The common white asbestos has had the least effect on those occupationally exposed whereas blue asbestos has had the most effect. Despite the wide dissemination of white asbestos in our environment; in schools, homes, public buildings, brake lining emissions, etc., there is no evidence that the very frequent nonoccupational exposures to this form of asbestos has caused any harm. On the other hand, nonoccupational exposure to blue asbestos has been conclusively proven to have caused significant mortality. The different health effects of the various forms of asbestos require different regulatory responses and remedial actions. UCC 008649 INTRODUCTION The Problem The widespread use of amphibole and serpentine asbestosl/ by Industrial society for such Items as service In brake and clutch facings, electrical and heat Insulation, fireproofing materials, cement water pipe, tiles, filters, packings, and construction materials, has contributed greatly to human safety and convenience. Yet, while our society was accruing these very tangible benefits, many asbestos workers were dying of asbes tosl s, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. The hazards of certain forms of asbestos under certain conditions have been so great that several countries have taken extraordinary actions to greatly reduce or even ban their use. Recent experiments with animals demonstrate that the commercial asbes.os minerals as well as other fibrous materials can cause tumors to form when the fibrous particles are implanted within the pleura. These experiments have convinced some health specialists that asbestos-related diseases can be caused by many types of elongate particles; the mineral type according to these health specialists. Is not the important factor in the etiology of disease, but rather the size and shape of the particles which enter the human body. The question now before the World's health and regulatory establishments Is whether the hazards of asbestos outweigh the benefits. Should the asbestos minerals and perhaps other asbestos-like minerals be banned from use? Minerals belonging to the amphibole group are particularly Important in this regard for they are ubiquitous and commonly have cry*talllne habits which are considered by some to be asbestos-like. The Dlleirma The concern for human health, tie great usefulness of many asbestcs products, the appearance of asbestos minerals or asbestos-like minerals In the natural background and In many kinds of mining operations, and the un certainty of the exact health effect? of different kinds of minerals, different mineral particle sizes, and different mineral dust concentrations combine to present a formidable problem to minerals scientists, the 1/At present, the most widely used definition of asbestos in the Unite< States, is from the not ce of propos'd rule-making for "Occupational posure to Asbestos" published 'n the Federal Register (Oct. 9, 1975, p. 4765', 47660) by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administr tion (OSHA1. In this notice, the naturally occurring amphibole minerals moslte, crocldollte, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actlnollte and tie serpenti ie mineral chrysotlle are classified as asbestos If the Individual crysta lites or crystal fragments have the following dimensions: length greater thin 5 micrometers, maximum diameter less than 5 micrometers, and a length-'odlameter ratio of 3 or greater. Any iroduct containing any of these minerals in this size range is also diflned as asbestos. 1 UCC 008650 920 9rfd dzuM .afenofazsloiq ridT69ri bne rep9f bn6 29Fid2ubnF 2r6i9nFm gnFnFednoo zdeub anfm ff6 d2uM ?b9qqod2 96 20d29d26 rsFoiammoo ff6 lo moil 29J2BW bne 2F9V9f 9fdf269l J29wof 9flJ od bslfoidruu ad 2af3fdi6q riouz bne Tf6 pnfbnuonuz moil b9d6fo2r 2urtd bne oFxod baiabrznoo ad 29nrm 920rid too ,i9d6w pnMnfnb iuo moil b9d6nFmFf9 9d eoJ29d26 dzuM ?i9dBW 9>l6id nF aoJ29d2s 9zu od 92693 9w d2iM fzpnFbfFud oFFduq iuo bp6 , aToorbz woT P9V9 dzuM T2f6Fi9d6cn pnFbfrud reiudouide bflt ,9qrq I9d6* Jn9m93 ,2pnfnFF zfah9iem 9>IFf-2od29d26 io zodzadee cd 9iu2oqxa FenoFdBquaoo-non 2f9v9f ?d203 yie de bsbrove 9d 229'ibbe ^fdn9pfFTadnt od 20 9fd6n9 FFFw dtrid drfpFznF ob nfsddo od i9bio nl ,Y.mono39 bTiow 9rid nF zodzadze lo s foi 9rtd w9fvsi FFFw I 2noFd29up 929rid 29d6inFJ29 avFp , 2od29d26 feFaiaiwnoo 1c 293091^0330 F6oFpofo9p dnedioqmF 9f1d bofi ,J26q J09391 arid nF 29d6d3 badFnO arid of Y.dFF6dlOm b9d6F91-20d29d26 lo .znoFdrquooo 29beid srtd nF 92692Fb b9d6l9i-20d29d2fi lo 93n9bF30F arid dnamooob b92oqx9 YFrenoFdequsso-non azorid nr br6 ,2noFdequooo pnFFFFm bne pnFnFm 9rtd 2od29d26 Xf2 arid ,992 ffFw 9W 2A .2f6190Fni 9* F f-20d29d26 10 20d29d26 Od ,9iud30id2 f6d2^i3 iFarid oF F63Fdr9bF don 9ie 93iamm03 nF bazu zfeianFm dneiallrb 9rid ob ion 19309110330 3FpoFo9{ bn6 .aonebnudB .noFdrzoqmoo FeoFmerto pnrd69id lo bBsdenl .ridfear) n6muri ro doeqmF 9ms2 9rid 9veri zdzub zoizsdib pnrFFeveiq 9rtd Y,fdnai6qq6) znaponFoieo dr9doq ^FF6up9 26 zfeianFm zodZ9d2e FFb rtwo zdF no b9ntmsx9 ad bFuoriz fei9r Fm rt069 (29ded2 badFnU arid nF noFnFqo TBFdnadoq 2dF bn6 *d9Fao2 od 229nful92u ?JF od biepai rid rw zdFiamsb bne zdfi9in .92692Fb 92U63 Od UCC 008651 ASBESTOS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY Early Beginnings Whereas the general use of asbestos In international commerce dates only to the late 19th century, its utility In human culture goes back to at least 2500 B.C. Archeological studies (Europaeus-Syrapaa, 1930) show that the inhabitants of the Lake Juojarvi region of East Finland knew how to strengthen earthenware pots and cooking utensils with anthophyllite asbestos. This asbestos probably came from the same areas where it has bet-n commercially exploited in recent times. Until recently, however, most other uses of asbestos were trivial; such as Its fabrication Into such curiosities as cremation cloth, tablecloths, lamp wicks, and purses. Even well Inlo the last century, asbestos could not be regarded as a product of commerce unless one Included such endeavors as the small Industry developed In Russia during the rule of Peter the Great where chrysotlle asbestos from the Urals was used for a short period of time In the production of textile?. In the 1860*$ and 1870's, the market for asbestos products rapidly changed - probably for three reasons; the need for insulation for the new steam technology, the formation of an international trading company of Italian and English entrepreneurs, and the reopening of the chrysotlle asbestos deposits of northern Italy and simultaneous exploitation of the vast chrysotlle resources In Quebec. The supply for the first time was ample, the market was ready. The Modern Industry The reopening of the asbestos deposits of northern Italy, depositwhich had been worked as far back as Roman times, marked the beginning of the modern asbestos industry. By 1890, the asbestos Industry was full blown, with hundreds of applications being Introduced (Jones, 1890); by the turn of the century the large South African crocidolite deposits had been opened up and the Russian deposits In the Urals were once again producing In large quantity. Within a few years, the amosite deposits of the Transvaal would be exploited. From the time of the first recorded use of asbestos by Stone Age man to 1900 the total world production of all types of fiber was probably about 200.000 metric tonnes, certainly no more than 300,000 tonnes. Of this 150.000 tonnes came from Quebec. By 1980 more than 100 million tonnes of asbestos had been mined throughout the World; of this more than 90 percent was chrysotlle and more than 5 percent crocidolite and amosite. Nearly 40 million tonnes of this total World production was chryso'lie mined in Quebec Province near the towns of Thetford Mines and Asbesti s. Total production of anthophyllite asbestos to date is probably no more than 400.000 tonnes; 350,000 tonnes being produced by Finland alune. Production of tremolite asbestos has been sporadic and it has been mined In various parts of the World for short periods of time. Total production to date for this form of asbestos is probably no more than a few thousand tonnes. Commercial exploitation of actlnollte asbestos Is practically unknown. 1 UCC 008652 The World asbestos production for 1978 is given in Table 1. Russia leads with 46.1 percent and Canada is second with 28.9 percent of the world output. Both countries mine only chrysotile asbestos and most of the fiber comes from the Urals and Quebec. The third leading asbestos producer is the Republic of South Africa (7.1 percent); the asbestos ore consists of amosite, crocldollte, and chrysotile. These three countries furnished 82.1 percent of the World's asbestos In 1978. The other countries listed In Table 1 produce mostly chrysotile. COMMERCIAL ASBESTOS The Asbestos Minerals Standard references published over the past 50 years usually list six forms of commercial asbestos; the amphibole varieties are amosite, crocidollte, anthophyllite, tremollte, and actlnolite, the serpentine variety Is chrysotile. A detailed understanding of the chemistry and crystal structures of these asbestos minerals postdate their discoveries; thus some of the older literature can be confusing with regard to mineral identifications. Chrysotile, Mg3Si25f0H)4, one of the three common polymorphs of serpentine Is generally fibrous although non fibrous varieties are known. About 90 percent of the past and about 95 pe cent of the present World production of asbestos was or Is the chrysot le form. Amosite is the very rare asbestiform va iety of grunerite amphibole, (Fe,Mg)7$1fl0??{0H)?; this varietal name Is d rived from the word Amosa an acronym for the company "Asbestos lines o South Africa" (Hall , 1918, p. 13-14), This valuable commercial isbesto is mined only In the Transvaal Province of South Africa. Crocldolite Is the asbestiform variety if rlebeckite amphibole, Ideally NagfFe .MgUFe^SigC^fOH^, and ha. been mined in only four localities; In the Transvaal and Cape Povlnces of South Africa, In the Hammers!ey Range area of Western Australia, and In the Cochabamba area of Bolivia. Only the South African mines are still active. The only other form of amphibole asbestos that has been mined commer cially on a significant scale Is anthophyllite, (Mg .Fe^SigO^fOHjg, from the Paakklla area of East Finland. With the Finnish mines now closed there is now very little anthophyllite asbestos production anywhere In the World. There are numerous reports of minor occurrences of tremolite asbestos, Ca2Mg5Sig022(0H)2, end relatively few reports of occurrences of actlnolite asoestos, Ca2(Fe,Mg)5S1|j022(0H)2* Tramoiitc and actlnolite asbestos are now, as they have been in the past, of little economic Importance. The Important Geological Occurrences )f Commercial Asbestos Many minerals, including the amp ii boles and some serpentines, are described variously as fibrous, asbestlform, aclcular, filiform, prismatic; these terms suggest an elongate habit. Althmgh such minerals are extremely 4A UCC 008653 (eter .noilrfO) 8^(?f nf nofiouboiq zoizatizt bhoW .f 9Td6T no'rJouboi8 Yo 2bnBZvortt nr) 3 oh*9m osar e r oo r rs sar S82S Of ors srr 8$ r ors kz rs s s r or 88 wea ors \\ YJrf6ooJ i9dn 9rrJ02Yid3 6:>h9mA liinoH 6b6n60 29*632 beifnU 65h9mA d*uo2 BnrJn9pnA f tS6-i8 9qcnu3 ehegfuB Yf6*I 8.2.2.U 6 fv6feoguY 65 MIA 9Wd6dmrS 65fi4A rt*uo2 bn&f rsfiw2 T9d*0 sreA Bn'rriO aunqyD & rbnl n6q&C 6910)1 newrsT Y9XnuT 6 rn69oO 6 r f6i*2uA ; feJoJ 9f'r*o2Yirt5 bfioW) 9*rfobtooiD sohYA rf*uo2 9ifzomA 6ofi>A i14uo2 au UCC 008654 common. In only relatively few places do they have physical and chemical properties settable to be valuable as commercial asbestos. Locally, amphlbole minerals may show an asbestlform habit, for example In vein fillings and In areas of secondary alteration, but usually they do not appear In sufficient quantity to be profitably exploited. Deposits of commercial asbestos are found in four types of rocks: (I) - alpine-type ultramaflc rocks Including ophlolltes *(chrysot11e, anthophyllite, and tremolite), (II) - stratiform ultramaflc intrusions (chrysotile and tremolite), (III) - serpentinlzed limestone (chrysotlle), and (IV) - banded ironstones (amoslte and crocidolite). Type 1 deposits are by far the most Important and probably account for more than 85 percent of the asbestos ever mined. The most important Type I deposits are those of Quebec and the Urals. Type II deposits are found mostly in South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. These furnish mostly chrysotile asbestos. Type III deposits are small ; the most notable of these are located In Globe, Arizona and in the Carolina area of the Transvaal Province of South Africa. Type IV deposits are found only In the Precambrian banded Ironstones of the Transvaal and Cape Provinces of South Africa anl of Western Australia. Only the South African deposits are still In production. A complete review of the geological occurrences of commercial asbestos Is given by Ross (1981). HEALTH HAZARDS OF ASBESTOS Diseases Related to Asbestos Exposure Three principal diseases are related to exposure to one or more of the commercial asbestos minerals. These are: (1) lung cancer which includes cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lung proper; (2) mesothelioma, a cancer of the pleural and peritoneal membranes which invest the lung and abdominal cavities, respectively; anc (3) asbestosls, a diffuse Interstitial fibrosis of the lung tissue often lecdlng after long exposure to severe loss of lung function and respirator} failure. The occurrence of lung cancer in asbestos workers is also complicated by the association with cigarette smoking which leads to considerable difficulty in assigning relative risks of asbestos exposure to smokers. Mesothelioma, a disease which is usually fatal In one to two years after diagnosis, is rare, accounting for less than 300 deaths per year in the United States and Canada. Some epidemiological studies suggest that asbestos workers may suffer excess cancer of the digestive tract (Selikoff and Lee, 1978); other studies do not support this conclusion (McDonald and McDonald, 1980; Meurman et al., 1974; Rublno et al., 1979; Nicholson et al., 1979). Some question still exists then as to the role played by asbestos in the etiology of digestive tract cancers. Becklake (1976). Selikoff and Lee (1978), and Simpson (1979) give a complete review of the subject of asbestos and disease. Particle size and shape appear to be the factors controlling whether mineral particles enter and remain in the lung or are removed from the lung after entering. Particles such as asbestos fibers which have diameters 5 UCC 008655 ,2Y6wil6 fsldonoid 9dl 19309 300063 mj 3 ,(f936mfxoiqq6 06(13 is369ip OBtlJ 229 r 219l9m6lb pofved 29131316^ .Ob 21939(116 fb 19fr*M pfl1v6d 920(11 19ff6m2 9d} 03 936l3909q 063 ^9(11 id 2U019p06b ^fl6fU3l}l6q 916 mu ?. f 29f3l3l6q 320M . 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Crocldollte was apparently first used In the United States in 1912 when 9 tonnes were Imported, but It was not until World War I that its use for high temperature Insulation became established - particularly In the ship building Industry. By 1930, 35,000 tonnes of crude crocl dollte fiber had been imported Into the United States. Import statistics for crude crocldollte asbestos from South Africa into the United States are given in Tables 2a and 2b. Large amounts of manufactured goods containing crocldo llte were also Imported but tonnage estimates cannot be made. Not until the mid 1930's did amosite asbestos gain a market in North America when it began to replace crocldollte for high temperature insulation. Crocldollte was milled In Bound Brook, New Jersey In 1920 and in 1924 the operation moved to larger faculties In Millington, New Jersey. The many advertisements in the trade journal Asbestos from 1920 to 1945 indicate that crocldolite was used in many products and particularly for Insulation of steam boilers, locomotives, and pipes. As an example, a product contain ing crocldollte asbestos and called "85t Magnesian Sectional Pipe Covering" was advertised monthly in Asbestos from 1920 to 1945 (see also, McCullagh, 1980). Amosite, crocldollte, and chrysotile were almost universally used aboard ship during World War II; amosite for high temperature boilers and pipes, crocldollte for packings exposed to acids or salt water, and chryso tile for low temperature and electric Insulation. The use of asbestos in Europe paralleled that In North America, with one notable exception - the extensive use of crocidollte asbestos as a sprayed-on coating to fireproof ships JJ railroad cars, buildings, etc. Sprayed-on coatings were also used In the United States aftir World War II but the coatings contained, with few exceptions, chrysotile rather than crocidollte. Sprayed-on asbestos coatings were not used on U.S. ships; the principal use being to fireproof steel building girders and as acoustical coatings in schools and offices. Asbestos trades workers. A very significant increased ncldence relative to the general male population, of lung cancer, asbestosls and mesothelioma is found In men who were employed In the "asbe.tos trades" insulation of steam locomotives, boilers, ships, buildings; fabrication and Installation of asbestos-containing textiles, roofing mater als, cement products, tiles, wall boards, brake linings, clutch facings, filters, packings, gaskets, etc. Those in the "trades" generally us d several types of asbestos minerals during their working careers; most comnonly these were chrysotile, crocldollte and amosite, rarely anthophyllite. Significant exposures by any group i f workers, at least for the past 40 years, to tremollte or actlnolite asbestos dusts has probably not occ> rred. 1/Mesothelioma Is prevalent In the shipyard workers of Europe; at Walcheren, Wllhelmshaven, Plymouth. Trieste, Hamburg, Nantes, Rotterdan, Malmfl (McDonald and McDonald, 1977). The extensive use of crocidollte aboard European ships prior to and during Wbrld War II Is suggested to be an important factor in the etiology of this disease. 7A UCC 008657 eoJ29d2$ 9}ffob'f:>tm 9bmo to aJnoqmF to 29Jemiiza mumrnrM . eS 9FdeT *, (PSPF-TOPF) zeJeJE bsJfnU artJ oJnF sor-ttA rlJuoG mont ***.{^er-9Apr) ,**(2A0f-0Apr) eno) tioriz) obino 9JrFobroooD (zJibsY snon ^fdedonq eJeb on 9 fjj f r G F eJeb on 9non ^Fdedonq A8rf F80S \E8 aaof GTGS mu A8ar OAOS Y2AF ana E*8A vftaa S2PP 800F-X0P F orof-eoef f re r SFGF EFGF MGF a re r a re r WPF srer ere r oser rsef SSGF ESGF WGT 2SGF 3SGF rSGT 8S6F GSGF snoJ Jnortz 020,2 (GSGr-UOPF) feJoT flors arcs EFSA 808A aw 00 FE oeor fAGF SAG F EAGF AAPF 8AGr znoj Jnoriz F2r,0S (2AP F-OAG f) FeJoT znoJ diode 8Gr,dAE erer-aAGF 9Ff3oe'iTlD to 2Jnuom6 Fr6m2 .bnefpn3 rfpuonriJ b9qqrrtz 9n9w zJnoqmr 9rtJ to 9mo2* Y.n6 9biFonF Jon ob zenupH .gJFzome on Jud zenupFt JioqmF nt b9buTonr 9d ^em ,.voift 9q6) riJuo2 9rtj moit 9meo 9JrFobFoono JaoM .eJoubonq 2oJ29ri2e b9"ujjD6tun6m b9JFnU 9ft t to 293nuoz9fl f6i9nFH :9onuo2 . FeevanenT srtJ mont 91000 overt \f>m 9mo2 .3.0 ,fioJpnrH26W , \t9viu2 l6oFeoFo93 . 2.U (PSP F).. ,(^0P F) 29J6J2 9riJ oJnf zJioqmf aoJzsdze 9bino neoMtA riJuo2 ortJ to W.Pf b92oqmoo 9JFfobFooiO** eew 2noJ 000,0ft novo ,2noJ Jnorte GEO.rOF boTeJoJ rioFrtw - boh9q 2rrtJ gnMub .2.1) to 069nu8 .2.U ,(2AGT)...(OAPf) doodneeY 2Fen9nfH :29onuo2 .20J29dae 9jf20me ,F-f .oft .zsfns?. F6fJn9bFtnoJ t29iofl~9b6iT finsnfM .0.0 ,noJpnfrt26W ,29/uM .(0MF-OAPF) .0.0 .noJpnFrtzeW .norneJnt .Jq90 .2.U ,29nFM to U69*iu8 .2.U .0.0 tnoJgnFri26W ,29nFM to ue9*tuft .2.0 (ArPF)....(aAGF) )loodT69Y 2fB09nFM* 8S UCC 008658 Table 2b. Imports of all crude asbestos from South Africa (1930-1939) Year(s) 1930 1931 1932-33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Asbestos Crude (short tons) 3635 2290 1370 4269 2529 9 3025 4248 6422 Total 27,788 short tons** `Import statistics do not differentiate between various formr of asbestos. Little chrysotfle was Imported from South Africa thus the figures are for mostly amosite plus crocldolite. Import data for crocldolite during World War II suggests that at least 20* of the 1930-39 imports were crocldolite. The amosite market was just developing In the II.S. in the 1930's. Most of the crocldolite was from the Cape Province. "Assuming a ratio of 4:1 of amosite: crocidolite based on UWII fmport figures, at least 5558 short tons of crocldolite was imported into the U.S. from 1930 to 1939. Sources: Mineral Resources of the United States (1930)(1931 . U.S. Geological Survey, WasiTngton, 1).C~." 'Mineral s Yearbook (' 932) (1939). U.S. Rureau of Minos, Washington, O.C. 7C UCC 008659 Statistical data for 21 mortality studies of defined cohorts of asbestos trades workew (mostly male) are presented in Tables 3a and 3b. Of those that are continuing prospective studies, the most recent update Is given. Twelve of the studies are of asbestos factory workers, eight are of asbestos insulation workers, and one Is of asbestos construction workers. In all , 50,143 individuals were followed (1,517 were female); of the 7,166 listed deaths 1 ,198 (16.7 percent) were reported as due to lung cancer and 402 (5.61 percent) were reported as due to mesothelioma. In the 21 studies, the lung cancer mortality accounted for 6.1 to 26.6 percent of all deaths; mesothelioma mortality accounted for 0 to 16.1 percent of all deaths (Tables 3a, 3b, Fig. 1). The workers involved in study No. VI worked only with chrysotile, those involved in Studies X and XXI worked mostly with crocldolite, and those In the remaining studies probably worked with more than one form of asbestos. Estimates of expected cancer mortality are very difficult to predict, for cancer rates are modified by the individual's "lifestyle" as well as by occupation. The "lifestyle" contribution to lung cancer Is cigarette use. To better assess the significance of these health studies It Is necessary to examine the cancer-mortal 1 ty patterns of cigarette smokers who were not exposed to asbestos dusts. Unless prevalence of smoking within the study group Is carefully evaluated It Is Impossible to predict accurately the health effects of occupational exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos, radon gas, and arsenic. Unfortunately, In few of the studies listed in Tables 3a and 3b have adequate assessments been made of the proportion of workers who smoke cigarettes. The contribution of cigarette smoking to the Increased Incidence of disease has been evaluated in several studies and has lead to a consensus that this habit produces a very significant increase in risk of dying of lung cancer as well as of the various cardiovascular diseases. The largest study of cigarette smokers i9k that of E. Cuyler Hammond and colleagues under the auspices of the American Cancer Society. This study is based on questionnaires and mortality follow-u) accomplished In the United States between July 1960 and June 1971 for approximately 51 ,000 men (Hammond et al., 1978). The proportional mortality of lung cancer (percent lung cancer deaths relative to deaths by a'1 causes), based on the Hammond study. Is shown graphically in Figure 2. For a group of men who all smoke cigarettes (cohort of 100 percent smo-ers), lung cancer mortality is approximately 7 percent at age 45, re ches a maximum of approximately 10 percent at age 70, then decreases sll'htly at older ages. For a cohort of male non-sofcrs, lung cancer mortall'y is 2 percent at age 45 and then decreases continuously to approximate y 1 percent at age 95. Smoking Is most prevalent In blue-collar occupations relative to pro fessional and managerial occupations (Sterling and Welnkam, 1978). This prevalence also holds true for the asbestos trades, mining, and milling occupations. In a group of 13,722 asbestos insulation workers, whose smoking habits were recorded, 70 percent had a history of cigarette smoking (Seiikoff and Hammond, 1975; Saraccl, 1977). In a group of 1,015 chrysotile asbestos miners and millers 85 percent were smokers (McDonald et al., 1974). Oata given In Figure 2 predicts that > he lung cancer mortality for a cohort fA UCC 008660 i hMk<| !**< 1*11* !** rm |)|K< (t*.* i**j *) hn( v*e* ! 'V l l l"S 1 J* 3 7 i.|d 2 5|i IS i 7 l PS u S 3 Zz "i ? 55 38-*SIdSft 1J1i,;1 |l.5 m 2j?- a;! . lla5 iEi-S,#Src-fi, *_22ss * Xw m sm m to a* " its l r is i s* HI! 5 ?! in . I is i : i * ill a i 1 l=i= -t*o7-7 5wlir .ss5m-l s: d15? -t2. 1- s51: ,,r =2> 52 -. Sji.t _ SSISSI 73 XS ! S to b. x ft I s? ; :: w 1' w s .* - -r IS S ! *.S ?=| 5 i<C M U 42 5 i:s I 5stt i 2 i lit . -- 5*1 s .5 ! s* i r 1: D * toC * ** s x &( s S i m m Hi 5 4 fit* I 1 Is -* 5 1 i 5 i j: i ! j l ; .* < 1 Ur 2 lil a ! 5 Ut fto ttoo to 5 --X Cr to -5*- 24 s s f ? 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I 2* *! n 1 5 ' 0o r -1 b* i 2 I i ; i E^ i| :i ttoo Iai ti ! * i * ~ ft ft 'i & w i * I*5s 5s t>o to b im I : ; i s to 2 s 5.! *; * i * /" ; r > a 5v, "& i > ^0 S'S- *% w $9/*r fi- 7 5 * j? i i tii :& l-2i:2 MW tI*d : l : i ; i s 8 5 if *= .=fi :!*.!{! i 11 nii 4 $ 11 _inHs-bi:iscsi si in =*ii| iilli i It! Hi 52 I 2IIIIh L-Xt:to-:S|-*-.s3*-S-;J _ >* S.?f 3c3i *i1t i Jii ! -- -- i-t ij --> ff |l i1i li *&.{,-! ]*>!* j> c0***-' mtfijirt (*<.</ 5 88 -'.v UCC 008661 jM Mltirt |Mttl4). tnt rn( ifilt* fO frnml't *t41rl Ul-Ul rt 1*A(H79.IW), iit S*1kofi m t 41., 1 71 - * = ** 5| 3 2 * - S 1 - <o i i? i r_-. 4 If l! o* < *i io i !_ i ? ] sL? t i- t j' tl} i .| \ ! | : ! si i 1 "! i Z SC |s ` i~. j s 52 f:i It i 1 J . IB ? : :Sj its! s b5 1 ! ; : J = %!>z' /< B r: J- y * 2 i i ? e e * wo_ si 1^ -- o' w_ : ar s H : to* " 2 f**S */* ;;8 * tio *w i-- ^c c--. ? toji t?o ^2 ** V m fsi * - * fi ---*--- 3V 'M to | s, 2 to 1 5 s 5 5- 1----------------------- 15 5 t iB L 3e s 1 2 I S t-: t c c l Se V j-* -S f, to1 H 1*i ;% ^ ^to fC I 5 11 E 1 ttoo Z6 11 o <# 1 * ,, 1? te 5: -l.\t * - sf cl i;i sss 3I I III tit- - 1,, 3 ? f~ lZ . ! t*sii. 2 ^ *3s ? ! f1 is5 " pH r i * -- * s * - _c h2* B : fl - =5 ' *;\. |i ?ii 5 S i! : 3 . 7 S 5 * : 9 !. si it sc?V :k It 31 5 - 1 ?l : 5 b 5B B kil e` c * | BB B ItotoII to * ito ito ito III : ? f.. _ Sl f I hz -- Sakto 1 i If! ^*2*5si tis. . it--^. 1 s l|l i 14 III Z8i A*5Xt 5*5 t:; /pMtl *'l* V* IA1 Is s I s'ill X 7 to si ys *: *;. = A tol !* s - f* i e |r2 c 5- j. t rs . 5tto,lo.5i58 't<Zo'e2SCv 2^Z *tZo~li ^C -C tfoJ^ ttotot $i$--i-S--S^*to i.i * lc 3 1 -^ -Bill 7& | j- ' ; * s *. l Zr- -- L * <--1 i_ !x 2 2 s i i i ft! u:- * K if*. .5 I; : ; l ? i S : i 5d i Am *ft*m i 4 SV* ?*--w- W? z i Its l to "i - ? - : ^to 1tol< kto f tSioiT*/. iw..s!' - 1 1C 1e i t I* *9 t w n Z ii'5 <* r 2 ? ** 6 Z 6 1 2 l - ?r *L W* III!i Tizm**,} 3 ic1 511 si 2 ^ -- 2i !f r Isj> T ifj i 2 2 ! *" 5 15>I 4 ** j if 6 i I 1. +. ~- a X A to S*to> ?oi t- illll i:^ * IIIt Itt5 t ti= 1 ||, . sf ; ?21 ':1 II IfcIBI I?I" i-:!i || js I^lnf 8C UCC 008662 MESOTHELIOMA MORTALITY % LUNG CANCER MORTALITY UCC 008663 Figure 2. Percent of lung cancer rie.ths in males relative to deaths 'y all causes (proportional mortality - lung cancer) plotted with respect to age for four groups (cohorts) having different cigarette- smoking characteristics and for a cohort of non-smokers. For example, for a cohort of 70-year old males which is composed of 75 percent cigarette smokers, 7.8 percent of all deaths at age 70 are predicted to he from lung cancer. Graphical presentation based on data from Hammond et al. (1878). 8E UCC 008664 composed of 75 percent smokers would be at least 6 to 7.5 percent, regardless of occupation. In Tables 3a and 3b we see that the lung cancer mortality for the total of 21 cohorts of asbestos "trades" workers was 16.7 percent approximately three times that expected if mortality predictions were based only on the apparent smoking habits. The risk of lung cancer due to asbestos exposure Is lower In non-smokers than In smokers (Saraccl , 1977, J. C. McDonald, l98Db). There appears to be no relationship between smoking habits and the Incidence of mesothelioma, the disease Is equally prevalent In smokers and non-smokers alike. Of the studies listed in Tables 3a and 3b, only Study No. VI of chrysotlle factory workers shows a lung cancer mortality that would be expected from the smoking habits alone. Asbestos miners and millers. Men working In the mining and milling of asbestos ore are generally exposed to only one form of fiber. A few exceptions occur In the ninlng regions of South Africa where some workers have been employed In crocldolite, amoslte, and chrysotlle mines. Anthophylllte and tremollte asbestos miners may have been exposed to some ihrysotlle asbestos, for these minerals can coexist In metamorphosed uUramaflc rocks, for example, those of Paakklla, Finland. Epidemiological studies of asbestos miners and millers who were exposed to only one form of asbestos are useful to understand how the different asbestos minerals affect human health. Table 4 gives the mortality data for the five major epidemiological studies of asbestos nlners and millers. In addition three studies are given of miners exposed to cummlngtonite and grunerite amphlbole dusts and one study of tunnel worker; exposed to hornblende amphlbole dust. Some classify these amphiboles as asbestos even though they do not possess the physical properties requisite to be valuable commercially. Such a classification has been made In the ca;e of taconite mining by the courts (United States District Court for Minne sota, 380 F. Supp. 11) and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Reserve Mlnlig vs. EPA, U.S. Court of Appeals Eighth Clrcult, March 14 , 1975); the 1 at ter has sued to prevent the Reserve Mining Company from dumping taconite tailings Into lake Superior because of the perception that these tailings contain "amoslte asbestos" and thus constitute a threat to public health. For a complete review of the case see 514 Federal Reporter, 2d Series, 492-5^2, 1975; 256 North Western Reporter, 2nd Series, 808-852, 1977. Of interest regarding this suit are the health studies of the Reserve Iron ore miners exposed to cummlngtonlte and grunerite in the taconite rock (Table 4, Study B) and on the Homestake gold miners exposed to cummlngtonlte in 9A UCC 008665 ,^OA^ bU*(MK>ci)u|0 i | i U09i.q KSCotgi y n * ( k * jj( ) ip o * Donw>coujo(j o ; * i 6q fib s ' H ip s ifO il i i< | |C0 -ttp M fO (i" tug | u r ; HI*-. .............................. (p i, U K f J j P L l <|U il< 9014 UUft <IMiqJ9>(lU9J C9LCIU099 ( n u il) 6 C I i is q ) ` fOOfUOfS s \ |U ft> f lufu,1f)<ui) c j l lic f(0 u Cnn*|Ud(O Uj(B ` dt-nust.) (*9uq l IM** * ** BfM pon,pj4u<| (2fftqt>2 * c` (IC fl' [U)'8 ) w l P quu*| 99 ,, lip f 0 2 . |U i|*2 * k t q t i l j g e lfljifio w nr /> fry VO mO1 *0 3 3 m a* m a Of ,.2 ?; w to w 2 a* 3 *. o* 09 O * -- v3 *O *a 9-- uX, -* -4 O <0 V --* -- * 9a w -- 3* C it) 9 --o -- a 7 5, *<V O'* wM -V> l -< a. j 9> v'i-J z 7 --M wo . a-A *wv 3u 3 & j a. a 3 3* *v \J9c IV --O* w3 <v O r< aJ * aU W. -av A* 14 o * 3 - 9 O .i&t <3 <r 4Q, j a a* iM> m O5cO i* 3 tt O* -W- .a--14 O*v 4* o aw * << aj S3- JS 3 ja 5S ^j <* Ci; *-- 2& .w ! ?" 39 *V w O M 31 0 VaO* -- a 9 9* O V* 05 a SiViVO -- *9 *v 9 3 <9 "*' ru a $ a# 0 w 9 v Di V T* << 0 r--. c- 9 Oi *V b ?rr3 iy> --. hi - 3 -|Q* rv a-a a r* Is X 0 a -a 9 01 *0933 obb ^ <v HI V V* 1-* an HI -t 3 21 V* ri wH *0 IQ *i "_ o 9u -- fv -- a9 a# j S -- # i4 O Q Ou v Ow Wfm Oa N W *V w ft* 9 IV CO Qll. g-*i 3&Ov 2o 9a 3 a > uw --m. OX TC3 m \Jj JO --a. v _ cc 9 Sf 0*9* 9 -- 9-- a :% -9ux *U ? 9g vQ M-0**30 -* a -- dl oCOaGu *w* 1 2*3 3 hi a 1* fCl wu Owwo -- 09 W * 9o 9-41---. O -- *3 w -* ?D3 i OwJ* -a3-*>. --5*9 cos 9 9u w * -*0 aU 9* ~I w Cu w3*r4 ow WO a * i X.3T O ec(* i O' -- >* iw O | 9 Ck w) 1 ^ 9i <i*Mn Olv V V? iQ <n *v 3 I'W - --*/) rt-> -- !rV*i a aa a* "* *ua a * a* -3m --- O31 at) 3 9 fw O Of f1*> 1k J. v < Co-f v* o- I* a--** --4 3 rt| Hi Ql 3 9>U1 ru -.>9 01 z m3 1 1 --w -HU1 - -- cr a. M 1- 3 O avt aV 1 --. --. 4 <V 51 Us a I* j3 O# 5*3 12 -* -4 o 31 -m. -- sa M V *O Ow-- 93 --->9 O On-w* -aa* aaw.*-w* j aa i Is *3 -- 95 *N3V -r aw -o3* * wa 3 < a sa 0--B o *** A) a . o O 3 * w O ^ -**93 * 1j c ---0 2 W -- o WW -**o * _i a w tt ~ j a3 OC OJ ?C O *3 U <s -- ^ *v < oWpaO *O< a0 "a wa | 19 w -> --o 3 o3 w9-1 -* -- o S Wo . <v 4 l a C 3-- * O w< -* * o- O 3 w0 3 M 0jO**awa .w*#a wjoj c s a 0 9 % w 2 M. w 1* --. at O jo 3X-- KW -- U-1 J WW ~> c a 00 u 9w 5 ev * Ji " 5T *2. w* 1 IV e a "" v a(W* a w O -- <v mw a 0 H A* a 0 3 N -si 35 j OO O 52-5 '--WO <z *9 O O at 0 * v 9* 3a ^ -w O O -* a* "* .h-4 -- O* ** iOy? w >4* 3* n .9 .v^ -t O <fi * wa l. M --V % jS /* u v a <Mu91 <90 y9 -- v ^ 2.7% *w M V O a ' 0 9 O ia *ni w3 is --1 J - *'tJ w*V OJ 0 an* > --a* aa O11* O O*\* V3I w10 iWv 3 CliS 3 IV -* m *a 1--0 ratfuf --. 0i/ tt/>i si u* 10 *Vf rvtj 3O w OAi a hi "" a 9a aKtt</)B) 21 a WH9i fyt-t Hi wa -- 3 3 --0 I| 10 > -1 3 ai *1 0 mOf x-j we f\ ft* w 1O0* 8 *4 4* aw is MWl V --V M Ul ^ % *4 y sr Ul W is 8 2.8 O 4* J a3 II - ii a* >-- aJ <Wa*3 ^ Wa 9C -O *W <* J V -St 1 rJ j j <0-* 3V O-- 3--.a v 3 LI M --t)M4*l e i fer. 0-- Iss I3ssc 3 u H H o-- e "o- Jw 3S I! -4 a9 UCC 008666 the gold-bearing schists (Table 4, Study 0, 1)1/. Studies B and E show no evidence of asbestos-related diseases appearing in the study groups. MortalIty comparisons, trades vs. mines. The cancer mortality pattern for those In the asbestos traces and mining occupations is graphically presented in Figure 1 where percent lung cancer mortality is plotted with respect to percent mortality due to mesothelioma. The studies of the <sbestos trades workers (Tables 3a. 3b; Fig. 1 , open stars) show a very significant excess of mortality due to mesothelioma relative to that found In the miners (Table 4, Fig. 1 , solid squares) - with one exception, the crocidollte miners of Western Australia (Study F). In regard to high mesothelioma mortality. It is Important to note two health studies of specialized factory workers who, during World War II, were employed at the task of manufacturing asbestos-bearing filter pads and of placing them Into gas mask canisters. One study (McDonald and McDonald, 1978) was of Canadian workers who, at three factories, were Involved with the manufacture or handling of crocldollte-bearlng filter pads. The maximum duration of exposure during the period 1939-1941 was no more than two and a half years. The cohort studied was composed of 93 men and 83 women (Study X, Table 3a). Of the 56 now dead, 8 died of 1 jng cancer (14.3%) and 9 of mesothelioma (16.1% . The second study (Jones et al., 1976, 980a) was of a cohort of 9 >1 women who worked either at a factory in Not Ingham, England or at a fa tory In Birmingham, England. The Nottingham gro ip worked for only five mon'.hs in the years 1939-1940 assembling "civilian filter pads" that contained chrysotlle asbestos. The Birmingham group corked for up to four and half years during the period 1940-1944 assembling "military filter pads" that contained crocidollte asbestos. The croclddlte was thought to have come from Wlttenoom, Western Australia. The mortality data is given In Table 5. None of those exposed only to chrysotlle died of lung cancer or mesothelioma whereas there were 11 lung canter deaths and 16 mesothell >ma deaths among those who worked only with crotidolite. None of the womei in either factory, as far as Is known, was exposed to asbestos occupationally apart from their wartime work. Dust levels, as with the Canadian gas nask workers, was considered to be very light to moderate. 2/$tudy E (McDonald et al., 1978) discredits Study D (Gillam et al., 1)76). Study D was made on a sub-cohort of the Study E cohort. The latter study is much more complete; satlstlcally It Is based on 631 deaths whereas Study D is based on 71 deaths. In addition. Study D presents an Implausible mortality pattern: (1) No deaths due to silicosis, tuberculosis, or sillcotuberculosis were reported despite the fact that the mining company has been coping with a quartz dust problem for a century and (2) a 14*1 percent respiratory cancer mortality (Incorrectly Included as respiratory cancer were a sinus and a mediastinal carcinoma) was attributed to "cummlngtonite asbestos" yet no mortality due to asbestosls was reported. The cummingtonlte found in the quartz-cummlngtonite schist host rock is not asbestos; but rather, garden-variety rock-forming amphibole. 10 UCC 008667 *09mcH rae to iiortoO b lot (e080f ,. fs i9 29nol) 6i6(l vlffBJioM .a 9Fd6T of abi4 i9ifH pnH69fl-aoia9daA b9Fdm9aa6 orfw (b936iJ 8tS) (AAOt-8SoF) Z9noi36-F rtarlpn? 91U20qx3 20J29d2A gffioa't'ido bns 9inobfooiD --Yirfo&mJi--oM b9V192dO 5rTT----- f1l69G to 92UB0 2921)63 ((A 0.3 or 193063 .1.3 r. rs 3E 193(163 19(tJ0 Yfno eifTobtooiD s.or ar 6motf9f1i029M 9rfi02^Td3 b06 9itrobt30l3 r 6motf9f1t029M Yfno 93 t obtooiO s.* rr 193063 pouJ 9ftioaYid3 bns oitrobtooiO________________________ r _i93063 gm)J \rno oi (bBib Of) SOT t9itfobf30i3 Yfno i b920qx9 919W (b69b eEf) VSV* (bfi9b S) ES bie ,9ftioaYido au fq 9irfobf30io oi (begb af) eo 9ftioaYido __________ .9iuzoqx9 nwondnu riifw ^iM63ioin !ri! 9ntm6X9 oi fut9au ?r it 2noati6qn>03 i9(1iiut 95t6m oT 3 9fd6T nl . ano'i6fuqoq fenotien nt 6rotf9rfioa9nT bn6 193063 gnuf oi i39q29i 2noti6n not 9p6 "1o 2169V. ' 9vo n9m nt yitreiiom 193063 .3 9ldet ------------------------- ---p^T tb:f6oofl3H bos bFs7T5g5WT 6mof f9(lio?9M *(*) 30.0) jar MJ.O) > b9iioq9i : on (eo.o) oes (eo.o) as 193063 gOUj *(*).0 (e.8) srew (f.\) 38ar {t.6) S38fr (r.e fBAoa (E.a) SfEA {l69Y) 2di690 r fA ooti6H 0m) U3.8TS over) see,ss (o^cf) je^.sTs (030f) 0S3.880 (oxer) seo,s8 29f6W-bn6fpn3 boetoH YfBil .A. ?.U 6b6063 feo.ffT^---------- {T.i) 03(0-------------------- STfT^rr------------- -------- FTiioT (Yitfsiion f6notiioqoiq) 2rii69b ffe to in93i9q* S 19vo 29fem ff6 to 'tiff6iiom 6mor 9(1io29m bne 193063 pouf grti 09vfp 916 gW .f 9iu iH nr bgiiofq 916 6i6` 929f1T .anotiBn 9vft nt 9g6 to 2169Y -Bfuqoq r6nofi>n 9vrt 929rii to rf6 10m i9on6o gnuT 99619V6 9rii ierii bntt -TBiiom 9g6i9V6 ingoisq V.a 9di oi f6itin9bf 9iuptt 6 ,in93isq ^.a at anoti . (2i9ntm 9itrobr3:i3 gntbufoxs , A 9fd6T 2i9>tiow fennui bn6 ai*ntm 9rti to yjr insaieq EO.O ar anotieruqoq fBootien t vtt 9rti to Y^f^om unot f9(1io29m 9(1T 9rii (I) :to 9 ;u639d b9iioq9ii9bno ^linsotttnp ta Yfd6doiq 2t bne (3 sfdBT) bf6no<JoM) yeq '^ub i9ite 09V9 ,92692;b 2trti pnraongetb nt Y^fjo^tb i69ip ,piurtO bn6 nr9i'i9nn6 ;080f ,09206H t n6 b9i2fi,9V ;080f , HOf ,bf6noOoM bne bne Y^^9qo^q nr pntah6 aootieotFqinoo (S) boe (^^Of ,6ippuM b06 6rig9j ;080r ,rev9rii9i notiermolor igi6: ioI 926tatb atrii pntboo Y^n9^2^n03 aoi29d26 pnomB 6motr9dio29m 9i6<imo3 oi ruipntn69m 9iom 9d Y^fn il 6 nt Y^ffi^om 9di ditw ,b9i6qtotio6 at 92b9atb atdi moriw nt ,ai9otm bn6 ai9)liow 6 no b9asd 9i6 rli69b To 29au6j 9di to anotientim9i9b 9di 9i9riw nori6ruqoq W91V9i A .f6mrntm at 9iuaoqx9 aoiaod. 6 9i9rtw bn6 29t2qoiu6 to i9dmun 9pier r UCC 008668 has been made by RQttner (1978) of the deaths in the ZOrich area of Switzerland where there are no asbestos mines, mills, or industries and where the cause of death is often determined by autopsy. Among the 28,110 male deaths (all autopsied) from 1961 to 1976, 51 deaths were due to meso thelioma (0.18 percent) and 2466 were due to lung cancer (8.8 percent). Among women (22,583 deaths) 23 were caused by mesothelioma (0.10 percent) and 368 caused by lung cancer (1.6 percent). The proportional mesothelioma mortality for hard-rock miners, tunnel workers, and asbestos miners (other than crocldollte) Is 0.17 to 0.20 percent (Table 4). The asbestos trades workers, by contrast, have an average mesothelioma mortality of 5.6 percent (Table 3). Among the asbestos miners and millers there Is no question that those exposed to heavy concentrations of chrysotile and anthophylllte dust over long periods of time have suffered a significant excess mortality due to lung cancer and asbestosl s - but not to mesothelioma (Studies A, H, Table 4). The most detailed health study of asbestos miners to date Is that of the chrysotile asbestos miners of Quebec (Table 4, Study J). Here, McDonald et al. (1980) have carefully documented the relationship between lung cancer Incidence and cumulative lust exposure. The average dust concentrations that the miners and millers experienced during the working day were divided Into four categories depending on the work tasks performed during their careers In the mines. These are: low level 2.5 to 4.2 mpcfl/, medium level 4.3 to 9.4, high level 11.4 to 23.6, and very high level 46.8 to 82.6 mpcf. The mean within tiese four categories in terms of chrysotile fibers per cm3 is: low 10 ibers/cm3, medium 21 fibers/cm3, high 95 fibers/cm3, and very high 194 fibers/cm3. For the men exposed for over 20 years (see Table 17, colunn A) in the low and medium dust categories (averaging 6.6 mpcf or app-oxlmately 20 fibers/cm3) total mortality was less than expected (SMR = 0.94). For these m^n there was a slight risk of excess lung cancer (SMi 1.15) and resplratiry tuberculosis (SMR * 1.14). As exposures of 20 f1b?rs/cm3 are an order oT magnitude higher than that experienced now (dust levels for the past :ew years have been maintained at less than 2 fibers/cm3), miners working t lifetime under the present dust-levels are not expected to present a iy significant health problems relative to those In other mining Industrie; (Liddell , 1981). McDonald et al. (1980) have also studied the health stitistics of a cohort of 440 women who also worked in the Quebec chrysotll ? asbestos mines and mills. Of the 84 who have died there was one death due to lung cancer and one due to mesothelioma. i/mpc f * millions of particles of roc-, dust per cubic foot. Conversions of this figure into asbestos fibers per .ublc centimeter, the isual measure ment for Industrial hygiene monltorlni, is difficult but an approximate and conservatively small figure is: 1 mpcf = 3 fibers/cm3 (McD>nald et al., 1980, p. 21 , 23; see also McDonald and Becklake 1976). 12 UCC 008669 fb9^9v-iu2 Yb69if6 *06m ,6JBb 9vf26u2i9q 9ifi 9i9rtT ,9iu20tjx9 sJTJobfooiD ,9rfio2\(.nto nsdJ 2uobi6S6rt 9iom doom z\ 2oJ29d26 9TFTtfl5r3oi7^fifflfrl?o32 rtofrlw ^fno ,bhow 9riJ lo 2nofJ6fuqoq gnfnfm 9(13 10 ,9Jf2om6 bn* ,93ffrYrtqortJn6 63MIA riJuo3 lo 93nfvoi8 sqeD 9(13 lo 26916 gnfnfm gjffobfooio 9(13 nf 92ortj Jn63f1fngf2 6 9V6d 6fT6ij2uA H19J29W ,9gioD noon9JJrW 16 bn6 9V6(1 2(1J69b 6mor r9rtl029ffl 02 TA . 60(0 f f9f1J029in 03 9Ub ^Jff6llOm nf 9269130 f of b9\tofqm9 Jon 916 oriw 26916 929(13 lo 2Jn9bf29i 9(13 gnom6 bsJioq9i n99d rtJuo2 9(13 J6riJ zJioqgi (8ter) i9Jzd9W ,9fqm6x9 nol .zfffm io 290 fm 9(13 no 6mof f9rfJ029m lo 29263 STT b936rq [9069 930919198 lUOffluT 20l29d2A 063 MIA 929(13 10 .338f 93nf2 29263 OWOO^ 9flJ f Fb bgbubnf (lo fflw ,19J2fg91 9(13 . <`9263 OSA 10l b9rt2rfd6J29 26W bniJOip>i06d [630901(101 fv09 b06 [600fj6qU030 eigw OSr fbrriw 1o 29263 OSA 9rtJ 1o ef io1 b9Jnuo336 9iu2oqx9 gnfnfm f6oJ3A gJrfobfooio f66v206iT rtJfw owJ bn6 gnfnfm 9Jfrobfooio 9q6D rtJfw nofJoonnoo nr djrw b9j6b0226 920(13 nf 29263 600 f [9(1302901 It/ol ^.fno 919W 919f1T .gnfnfm 26 9jffobfooio 9q6D oJ b92oqx9 099d bed 929(13 1o owJ bn6 gnfnfm 9Jf2om6 i9nrm 6 - 9263 900 ^Tno 26w 9i9r1j ^Uaubnr gnfnfm sffJoe^irlo 9rtj nl .ff9w ^06 of b9Y0fqire Jon 920(13) 29263 [6309(0001 fW9 OP f 9(1 J 10 ,6f29bodS moil 9 J f IObf3013 9q60 oJ b920qX9 099d b6(1 ZQ (b92U 2f 20j29d26 919rtw 00fj6qu330 .9Jf20(D6 OJ ^fdfzzoq 900 b06 ,9jffobf3013 F66V2061T OJ OWJ ,.f6 J9 JngfeT) 9onfvoi9 9qsO 9rtJ of 29fbuJz 9309f6V9iq f6nofJfbbA b9Jn929iq bfirf odw 9fq09q of 60K>f [9(1302901 lo 29263 9vfJ36 33 b919V032fb (080 f owJ of b9169qq6 29263 929dJ lO 099J1f1 .00fj60fm6X9 f63fb90l 10l 29Vf92m9dJ 9f1J of b9Y0fqm9 9300 919W ortw , afsubfvfbnf FAC bo6 33t gnfi9dmun .aquoig b9i69qq6 29263 6morfgriJo29m Jrlg'o ^MfriJ l6nofJfbbb nA .29nfm 9Jffobrjoi3 , ntimnuX of feJfqzoH 2'f96rt3fM .J3 9riJ J6 2Jo9fJsq nfeJi93 lo ^9\mi2 6 nr 'peno-nfuq b9J39qzu2 io1 J09mJ69iJ oJ gnfbnoqegi Jon 9i9w ortw ,93nfvoi9 gqeD 9Vf(1 03 IIWOO* 919W 2j09fJ6q 6110 f fed302901 929(13 lo 099J1U01 . 2 f 20 fuJ19du J nr bgi69qq6 29260 33 art J lo Sf ,^fJ26.l .29nrm 20J29d26 9Jffobf30io 9rtJ of bgjhow ,20j29d26 3J f Tob f3013 b9dd03-b06d ,J'6q 9(<J of Ortw 29 F 60191 3 lo \9 V1U2 f63fb9m 2fdj , 9 30 f V0l8 9q&0 9rtJ Of 6100f fsrtj0291TI lo 9309f6V9iq 9rtJ OJ J261J003 ol 2f 9jf20fll6 2'bfiow 9dJ lo f Ft 919riw r66V206lT 9t1J nf 9161 Y.19V 2f 92692 fb lo yi9V032fb f6fJfnf if9(1J oJ bi6g9i of ,(03ef) . ?6 J9 i9og6W .b9nrm (P3S.q) 9J6J2 , 6IT)0ff9l1J029IIi rljfw 20j29d26 9J f f0bf0013 lo no f J6 f30226 9rtJ nf 919riW92T9 b919Jnu0309 ^ {6(00 f f9f1J029m OJ pofl19l9l) lUOmi/J 9dJ" Jn929iq 9riJ lo nofJq93X9 9rtJ riJfw ,2169^ 9vf1 J26q art j gofiuO . 63 MIA (1Juo2 b92ong6fb n99d 26(1 9iuJ60 2frlj lo m26fq090 on , (eonfvoi^ 9q60 nf) 29h92 , 9iod29nn6rio(, nf u69iu8 zfzofnooomuan'l 9(1J J6 b9nfmsx9 2gouf 000,0r Jzgnoms TeofboM io1 9JuJfJ2nl 063 Ml A rtJuo3 9dJ lo Jn9inJi6q90 YeofodJaq 9rtJ nf no ".(13169298 rtofrtw 6 ,(6f29bodfl) 9wd6dmfX nf 6moff9(1Jo29m lo 93n9bfonf ertT 2r ,2oJ29d26 lo imol 19(130 on 29nfm Jud 9ffJo2YidJ lo isouboiq iol6(t 6 2f Y16J9139? 9(1 J .(QFGT) 29tJnf9H bn6 J19J20M oJ nofJ63rnummoo 6 nl .wof ^iev 6m0f f9(1J029rn lo 29263 00 JBlIJ b9j6J< bl608 2 f20 f0030mu9n9 6f29bo(1fl 9(1 J lo ami J6(1J 9Jon oJ JaoisJof lo 2f JI .^iJzubnf pnrnrm 9(1J of b9Jioq9i 9i9w 6 t^U2ubnr YBwffsi o6f29bo(18 9f1 J f r b9Jioq9i 9isw emoff9rtj029m lo 29263 (1J fw b9j6fu2nr 919W 29VfJom030f 9(1T .060191032 6 bn6 199nfgn9 9vfj0(Tt030f b06 JigJZOM) b920qx9 919VI 0910 OV J 929(13 (tofrlw 03 20J29d26 9Jff0bf30U 6(II0f f9dj029(n lo 29263 ST Jl0q91 (8F8T) ^9J2d9W bn6 9061(1303 ,{^pr ,29tJnf9M 063MIA rlJuoS 9(13 lo aqorl2)liow 9vfJomo3ol 9(13 nf 2ioJ6fu2nf 26 b9YoFqm9 n9m nf . 2'i6Wff6fl cr UCC 008670 The prevalence of mesothelioma among the miners of Wlttenoon Gorge has been discussed (Table 4, Study F). The town of Wlttenoon, the center of crocldollte mining In Western Australia, reached a peak population of about 1 ,000 in the 1960's. At present the population Is down to about 200 and the West Australian State Government has suggested the closing of the town and evacuation of the residents because of continuing risks of airborne asbestos dust (Chemical Week, December 8 , 1978, p. 26). The risk of mesothelioma among the residents of the town who were not employed by mines is demonstrated by the case of a 27-year-old woman who had an environmental childhood exposure to crocldollte (Langlois et al., 1978). Effects of Non-occupational Exposure to Asbestos It Is difficult to assess the health effects of non-occupatlonal exposure to asbestos, for cohorts are hard to define, exposure levels are usually low, and any excess of lung cancer is disguised by the strong association of this disease with cigarette smoking. To study the nonoccupationally exposed, epidemiologists are thus constrained to look far increased Incidence of asbestosis and particularly mesothelioma in two types of cohorts; those who live In neighborhoods surrounding asbestos factories, mills, or mines and those who live within the household of in asbestos worker who presumably carried asbestos dust back to the home in his or her clothing. Background incidence of mesothelioma. There appears to be a definite "background*1 mortality due to mesothelioma that Is not related to asbestos exposure. Mcflonald and McDonald (1977), reviewed 4539 fatal mesothelioma cases reported from 22 countries between 1959 and 1976. They found that for 923 of the 2453 cases where a history had been recorded a definite or probable exposure to asbestos could not be shown. More recently, Jones and Silver (1979) report eight cases with no environmental exposure, Brenner et al. (1981a) report of 25 patients entering Memorial Hospital , N.Y. since 1950 with no exposure history, Brenner et al. (1981b) report of seven children dying of mesothelioma who had no exposure history to asbestos, and Griffiths et al. (1980) report on 10 mesothelioma patients with no history of exposure to asbestos who entered Austin Hospital , Melbourne, Australia. A possible genetic basis for som? mesothelioma Incidence is suggeited by Risberg et al. (1980) In their report of five deaths due to mesothe ioma within a single family; the father, 3 sons, and a daughter. Four of the five had worked in the building Industry where random exposure to asbestos containing products could have occurred. They lived In a town of 100,000 Inhabitants which had no asbestos Industry In the vicinity. An estimate of mesothelioma mortality not related to exposure to asbestos can be obtained from the data given by McDonald and McDonald (1980). Ascertainment, through 7,400 pathologists, of all fatal malignant mesothelioma tumors in Canada (1960-1975) and in the U.S.A. (1972) was made. The pathology review panel accepted 73 and 65 percent of the U.3. and Canadian cases, respectively. Occupational histories indicate thai. 50 percent of the male and five percent of the female deaths could be attributed 4 UCC 008671 y 0AS 919W 9i9dl ,S\PI nf 291610 b9JrnU 9dl nf ,2urtT -9iu2oqxs 2ol29d26 ol OAF ,929(11 To bn6 (9 fens T 30 ,9fern 98f) bsl'ioqen 6mo 1 F*fl029m To 29?&3 pnilioqsiisbnu In93i9q 0 6 pnrmu22A -b9lq9036 9i6 29269 9fjjjwT PC bn6 &f&m 2f .2.U 9dl nf 9oo9bonf STPf 9rtl ,(3S&f .q ,08pr ,bfenoOaH bn6 bfenofloM) bn6 9f6m OOf luod6 ,929ril TO .2fll69b 9 FerreT 08 bn6 afem OOS ^f9l6mfxoiqq6 9dl ;91U20qX9 20l29d26 Ol b9}udflll6 gd n6D 2(1169b 6rn0f f9ril029m 9f6msT c 916 29-IUpfT 929(1} TI .bnuOip)l3Bd 10 292U63 19(110 0} 2(1}69b 0 f gflfflffinOI ol sub ^ffsliom f6noflioqoiq 6moff9rilo29m 9(1} n9(1} ,1391103 ((fd6no269i 9(IT .(AAP.C3P,F To luo 2(1}69b 2T) ln93isq 800-0 26W STPf nf "bnuoip)l36d" T.O 9d OJ b9l6 fU3 f63 2 f STPf nf bnuoipioed o} 9ub 9l61 ri}69b 6(I ff9(1}029m bTenoOsM bne bTenoOsM To \bula sdT .nofleFuqoq . 0.U noMffm i9q 2(1}69b fmoff9(1}029m n6fb6n&0 9(1} }6(1} 9lt3fbnf (P^Pf ,bF6no0oM ozf6 992 .OOPT) .Z.U 9(1} nf 920(1} 0} 16friTir2 ^19V 916 29}61 (1}69b 26916 To 2}n9bf291 9(17 .26916 fsf}n9bf291 nf 92692 fb b9}6f91-20l29d2A -20}29d26 13611003 Y.6(d 2 f f f(D 10 290 fm , 29 MoIobT 20l29d26 916 919(11 919(1w 20l29d26 9(11 nf b9y,orqm9 Y.FF6U136 }0n 916 *9dl (Ipuortl 0SV9 292692 fb bs}6f91 9(1} To 2}09bf29i pnome 6mofr9(t}029m To 93n9T6V9iq rtpfrt 9rfT .Ynlzubnf X,b69i f6 26(1 6ofiTA (1}uo2 To gonfvoiq 9q60 9(1} To 26916 pnfnfm 9}ffobfooio 920(1} pnoms 2(1}69b 6(00 f f9(1l029*n CP To 9306169qq6 9(IT . b922U32 fb n99d o} }26ilnoo 9(0911*9 nf 2f 9lffobfooi3 sq60 ol b92oqxs fsnot}6qu330-non f66V2n6lT 9(1} To 2nofp91 pnfnfm SlfZOlie 9(1} nf 92692 fb 2 fril To y.lfl61 9(11 . (8VP f ,19l2d9W) b9lnoq91 n99d 26(1 9263 9fdf220q 900 X.fn0 919(1w 930 f V0l9 2f 26916 pnfnfm 9rfl02y.irl3 To 2lnsbf29i pnom6 92692fb b9l6f9i-20l29d2A Brnoff9(1l029m pnfwoffoT 9(11 lioq9i (8TPF) 2fo8-bn6i3 bne 1 fubfisrlT ,9i6i ,S b9V192do) 2nofp91 pnf3Ub0iq-20l29d26 ( f) :93nfV0l8 39d9uO nf X.^ff6ll0m -2do) 2nofp91 pnfouboiq 20l29d26 9(1} pnfb0U011U2 26916 (S) ,(C. f b9l39qx9 (6) ,(A.S .qx9 , SF -2do) 39d9uP To 2nofp9i fbiui isdlo (C) , (B.A .qx9 ,0 .qxs , SA -2do) fssilnoM To y,lf3 (0) bne (T.A .qx9 ,2do) 39d9up To Y.lf3 .(A.AS O' 29263 6morf9(11o29m f6l6T nwond lf6 bswsfv9i 2 6(1 (608Pf) bfenoOoM 29263 A0S To felol 9(1} TO .8TPf-0dPf bofisq 9(1} noT sonfvoiq 39d9up f6f}09bf291 bn6 f6nofl6qu330 ,29f6(tl9T ^ ,29f6m919W fBF ,b919l2fp91 }i odA .n9iitow 9(1} To J38 bnt n9m 9(11 To JJfP moiT b9nf6ldo 919W 29fiol2f(1 Ol b9ludflll6 919W 29263 9f6m9T 9(1} To *A. 0 bn6 29263 9f6m 9(11 To JfOA 919W 29263 900 Y*n9V(T -20l29d26 To (ItloT 91(102 Ol 91U20qx9 f6nofl6qU330 tnfnfm 9rf}02^irf3 9(11 nf b9V>fqtn9 n99d b6(1 9mfl 9mo2 16 odw 2f6ubfvfbnf sJrfobfooio ol b92oqx9 n99d bed fS 929(11 To 0 !u8 .'(.ilaubnf pnffffm bne b92oqx9 \(fdt22oq 9iom S bn6 2)(26m 26p noT 2b6q i9lffT pnfwJoeTunem sffdw b9229ooiq 2169Y, owl luod6 ioT dofriw ,2fffm 9dl To 9no nf *}ffobf30io ol fS 929dl ol noflfbbs nl .219}! fT 3(2cm eep 9dl ioT i9dfT 9lffobf30i3 2i9fffm io 2ignfm sfUoz^irio To 2no2 owl bns 2i9ldpu6b iuoT 9iw 9i9dl 29260 elioq9i (608PF) bTenofloM 29263 929d} moiT }i6qA .6moff9rilo29m To ffb odw To 29 f fm OS nfriliw bovff odw 92692fb 2fdl To bsib odw 2no2iaq owl \.Fno To -39d9uP To 2f f fm bn6 29nfm 9Fil02^id3 9dl 39d9Up 9dl To 2ni9}}eq \iffbliom 9ril no b9lioq9i (08PT) nof6qmfeq (OOO.OS ^r9l6mfxoiqq6 nofl6ruqoq) 2nnfM bioTlsdT To 2nwol pnfnfm 2ol29d26 sdl !>nom6 Y^fftliom 19306D .(OOP,OF v,F9l6mfxoiqq6 nof!6fuqoq) 20l29d2A bne wsT y,i9v 9inf2 9vfl6mioTnf ^Ftsfuofl 'sq 2f 2nwol 929dl To 2ln9bt29i 9f6m9T 9VO 9vf9391 bft ^9d} , 19V9W0H .'l}2ubnf 20l29d26 9dl nf b9\tOfqm9 919W 0r UCC 008672 much of their lifetime very heavy non-occupatlonal exposures to chrysotile asbestos contained In the rock dusts emitted from the operation of the nearby mines and mills*!/ The mortality data for the female residents of Asbestos and Thetford Mines Is given in Table 7 (see also Tables 8 and 9). Table 7. Mortality Data for Women Living In Quebec Asbestos Hlnlng Towns for the Period Y966 to i/7 (Pampaion, 1979). Cause of death Observed Expected Excess (Deficiency) all causes al1 cancer lung cancer G.I. cancer resp. disease 1225 292 23 97 35 1356 321 23 91 58 (131) ( 29) 0 6 ( 23) Another cancer mortality survey of various regions in Quebec was made by Graham (1981). His data, summarized in Table 8, show the rates for various cancers that may be associated with exposure to asbestos dusts for five regions; asbestos mining counties, counties surrounding the asbestos counties, other rural counties, and the cities of Quebec and Montreal. The rates for the asbestos mining counties, which contain the large seml1ndustrlalIzed towns of Thetford Mines and Asbestos, are intermediate between the rural counties ("other rural" and "peripheral") and the cities of Quebec and Montreal. This Is to be expected for cancer rates are highly correlated with the interrelated factors, (1) degree of urbanization, (2) socioeconomic class, and (3) "lifestyle" (Doll and Peto, 1981; Goldsmith, 1980; Wgglnson and Muir, 1979; Hlgginson, 1980; Weisberger, 1978; Gori , 1979; lender, 1980). Graham (1981) states that the rates for cancers of 1/Even In 1974 and 1975, when rock dust levels at the Quebec asbestos mines and mills had been much reduced from levels as high as 200 million particles per cubic foot (ppcf) in the early 1950's to less than 7 million ppcf in the mid-1970's (McDonald and Becklake, 1976), the rock dust in the ambient air over the town of Thetford mines averaged 80,000 ng/m3 when the mines and mills were in operation and 40,000 ng/m3 when the mining operations were shut down during the strike of April to September, 1 975 (Brulotte, 1 976). I4ien the mines were operating, the average weight of dust falling daily over the town was 377 kg/km2. Recent measurements by Gibbs, Rowlands, and Brjlotte (Air Pollution Control Assoc., 1980) of dust in the ambient air if the towi s of Thetford Mines and Black Lake show a chrysotile asbestos co itent of HO to 11 ,000 ng/m3 - a considerable environmental exposure even i i these better times. In this regard. It is pertinent to cite the work of Nicholson et al . (1980) who analyzed the chrysotile fiber content in the air In houses located In two chrysotile mining districts (Copperopol1s, Cilifornla and Baie Verte, Newfoundland). The 13 air samples taken In hom?s of crysotile miners and millers show the following chrysotile content: a (50-100 ng/m3), 4 (100-200 ng/m3), 2 (200-500 ng/m3), 2 (500-1000 ng/m3), aid 1 (2000-5000 ng/m3). Three samples taken in houses of non-miners in Bai ? Verte gave concentrations of 32, 45, and 65 ng/m3. |6A UCC 008673 (eespaiD* jd 8 j) * ' ' Qrtepec b^0Ajuc6 guq tou flbbee ne toejc ^pgpe* vuungj gAeegae toe ppe b6e^oq Jded J d i3 19pj6 g* c9UC6i- w oepgjjp* egpee (qegppa bee JUO UOO eeajqeopa) toe Agejon2 d6odegbpjc jo c g j^ p je z b^o^uce -- m r J QflSpSC nbbSt HA HcmpeS?]L 9 0n6p6cJ V'q i( \ J conupiTii. f 1 V2pG2p02-IBjmua fa6Lj bpGL9J in i9 ] -Qppee 7 \ 0 UJ * jrg o z s c g u c--e e z icuomu po pe _ g_2 2_o q g f e q M jp g G_ x_c6_22 u io e f g jj_p * _ ju g a p 6_ 2 j:o 2p e g q 62 oe|C6 e2 g e e j J 2 $ e q ` _ <0 < *f t0/>0--, -C*O1 .*1 ft) mOr-o** 13/5 o i/5 -- t/5 -- o ru => 10 rO co ro < Aru---0^V<D o-1 n----*Ofn--^ ^4o f-nt* 1/5 00 * r -- -.-,05-iDq/ ^ 1/5 --g *p ru m --, cu-qo o f Ol/)D-,^lQOCD t/> VQ/yiQ/OmC^I U00)r0u OOO/fOtj-C,*0n8 x> oonio-oow ro 00 o ---tp1/5oom--o. ooorou rCuO 0/'0fn05 0i0/ ^-** 0--0 D fli--o o......................................... .O ^< CO Ui 1/5 ru ro *000--.1/50*3-^1 a; -- -- 1/5 c o n u fj62 ' tC0O^05O^ 00--l*00^-103*fr -C-O1 oruom^oajoconorvv^inowo --/i, 1/5 a* o m o 1--/5* o o lrOo conu(jG2 &g57ou oao> c/ui cno -3t* tn* rmu mro s O CO O --, ro O v C>Ooru^--t*i/3>0a*crCl/5fruo -i ru -1/50/0--m --1 CO 3Cuui2d0t Mt3-*r1a_o0)t ~(*a3U----\->t*.**t-<eLtO*oaQ\>*U> a3UtL O1 ru 1COJ03u3(-00.* C1J--VJ6*)g <UC3Q 4> 3ecUi2d+0 rii-otd_3t r--m3<3----u-***. JrCou(~maOUj. uaa3> u (u3Coe0-+ U_-O>) CiOJd' .O <1cuU-- 86f UCC 008674 the pleural./, peritoneum!/, lip, tongue, salivery gland and small intestine!/ In males and of the pleura^/, 11 p5./, kidney, salivery gland and melanoma in females, are In excess!/ In the asbestos mining counties. Graham (1981, p. 40) further states that cancer of the colon, stomach, and lung were "at a level so low as to be unimpressive." These are cancers known to be e<cess in many cohorts of asbestos trades workers (Table 3a, 3b). The low c?icer rates found In the asbestos mining localities are not surprising for McDonald et al. (1980, p. 12) report that during the five decades, 1926-1975, 4350 male Quebec asbestos miners and millers died compared to 4107 expected on the basis of Quebec age-and-year specific death rates, giving a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 1.06. It should also be noted that the residents of Thetford Mines and Asbestos, Quebec used drinking water that contained very high concentrations of chrysotile asbestos, ranging from 172 million to 1.3 billion fibers per liter (Wlgle, 1977). No evidence of excess cancer mortality could be attributed to asbestos in the drinking water of these towns (Wlgle, 1977).!/ Toft et al. (1931) expanded on the study of Wlgle (1977) by comparing mortality data from 71 municipalities to the amount of asbestos In the drinking water. Particularly Informative are the death rates of the female residents of Thetford Mines relative to the rates found in women who lived in 52 other localities that had very little asbestos In the drinking water. Most of the women of Thetford Mines did not work In the asbestos industry, but they did receive heavy non-occupatlonal exposure to chrysotile asbestos carried In the air and water. Death-rate comparisons (Table 9) Indicate that the women of Thetford Mtnes have not been effected by exposure to chrysotile asbestos. 1/A total of 1 to 3 deaths for these cancers were reported for the five year period 1969-1973. The statistical significance of such small numbers Is questioned. !/ln regard to Ingestion of asbestos and cancer Incidence, a number of animal studies are now complete (Donham et a'., 1980); Hallenbeck et al., 1981; Hlldlng et al., 1981; Smith et al., M80; DHHS, 1981a; OHMS, 1981b). None of these studies show any evidence that ingestion of asbestos causes tumors in animals. Hallenbeck et al. (1981, p. 349) state, "the results of this study (a baboon gavaged with ccxnmerclal asbestos) indicate that asbestos fibers do not penetrate the gastrointestinal tract of the baboon and migrate to various tissue." 17 UCC 008675 ioJ (eJn9bf29# 000, OOF i9q) 29J6fl *JFF6JioM b9Jautb6-9pA .0 9fd6T ------- ------------------ .([8Pn .tt is JJoT ,(^-3S~9W?9T6mll \1z9HK630J noahegmoO S8 M.290FM bioJJoriT rtJsoO to 92ub3 SEA sa r A.Ef 8. TA e.a f OSA 8EF 8.8 S.SA e.8 292063 Ffe 193063 rre 193063 pouf 193063 J361J .1.3 \m9j2*2 *10J6lfq291 ,i9JFF i9q 2i9dft 9fFJo2*irto noHfi-ni Oef-Off fi9Jew b9j69iT\f .i9d$w Jo i9JM i9q 2i9dtt noFffhn 8 06riJ 229f banfeJnoo 29rJFf63of frA\i 3fJ2Bfq09n-non\j^ 9rtJ ioJ aorJaFJeJa *JFf6Jiom nevtg 9V6rt (9^Gf) . fB J9 bnommeH no2i9JJ6q 9rtj abnuonua rtorrtw 9bfai9vFfl Jo boortiodripfgo 9rij of 2Jo9bf29i 9rfj TO 93n9h9qX9 *JFf6JlOm 9f1T .*10J36J 20j29d2S 9jF20fB6 *92191 W9I1 *JfF6Jiom 9riT .XIX *buJ8 , d 9Td6T nF rovfg af *ioJ36J aFrtj nr aiaXiow 9f1J Jo J6dJ moiJ 9fd6ri2FupnFJ2Fbnr *ffeorJaFJeJa aF 9bF2i9vffl Jo 6J6b 9il2om6 9riJ moil 29 Hm f6i9V92 b9JeuJF2 , .l.K <6woJoI Jo ^rnumroo FoiJnoo ddPf nF 9bfai9vFfl nr b9iiu330 rtJ69b 6moff9rtJ029m 9n0 .(Of 9fd6T) *ioJ36J .930 f2 snon Jud 10J *92190 W9M , 6WOJ0T bn6 9bF219Vf3 IOJ 6j60 *Jrf6Jl0M 193063 .0T 9fdeT --------------------------- (Wf ,. fs~?i~~5nonwi6H) KSr-SMr bohTT9fff V^ewoJoT *J r FbJiW S .OM \1.9bFai9vrfl yjfibJioM > .oM rij690 Jo 92U60 00.001 8E. OS 88.8 YS.A YS. f P8.0 ecu C8E 88 A^ SS SF OO.OOf 08. OS as.e SO.E ei. r fc.O 08^ 292U63 f r6 E8I 193063 ff6 FA i93n63 pnuf AS 193063 f6l391-00f03 P 193063 fl36mOJ2 A 193063 fS9p6rtq029 *10J36l 20j29d26 9jf, m6 1690 boortiodrtpF9^U boortiodrtpFgn foiJoo^ 919f1T .219X10VK 20d29d26 Jo abfodsguod of 292692Fb b9i6 f91-20l29d2A ,ortw 2F$ub rvFbnr oTpnKiuooo enoFrsrijoasm Jo 2Jioq9i Jo i9dmun 6 916 rbFrtw 2bfori9 uori of bevFf , zoiisfei oJ b92oqx9 *F FBnoFJequooo Jon rtpuortj AF 29sfi6rmn.2 (dS .q ,088F) . Fe Ja i9fq3 .i9)how 2oJ29d26 06 b9bufonf r9f1J of bnuoJ 91 >m luoJ auTq 29263 6fno F r9rtJ029m fiouz EA Jo 2Jioq9i b9d2rfduq (8VGF) 09109 bos sontFV bn6 9iom E noFJn9m (088F) ,.f6 J9 nemJnA .*buJ2 owo b9*ofqm9 2i9f JsJ io 2bn6d2urt rtJFw b9vFF ortw <>Jn9FJ6q 9f6fngJ Of oo Jioqoi oJ ,9fdr22oqmr .q6rti9q , JfiofJJFb ar JI .anoFJeqiooo enfsFFfJu-2oJ29d26 of 6mofr9rtJ029m 9fiJ pnF2U63 26W 20j29d26 Jo 2bnF>l J6rtw * F9 vF J39qaoi J91 90rJ9b 8F UCC 008676 In these household contacts, but It Is most probable that the workers handled more than one kind of asbestos. The report of Newhouse (1981 , see also Newhouse and Thompson, 1965) may enlighten us on this subject. She reports that 11 individuals who died of mesothelioma and had neither worked with asbestos nor had a relative who worked with asbestos all had lived In the Immediate vicinity of a factory that was a heavy user of crocldolite asbestos. ESTIMATES OF MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES OUE TO EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS Previous Estimates On September 1 1 , 1978, Joseph A. Califano, then Secretiry of the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, gave a major soeech at the AFLCIO National Conference on Occupational Safety and Health 1i which he described how the Federal Government was assisting in discovering and preventing occupational disease. One of his statements was that 17 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States each year for the next 30 to 35 years will be associated with previous exposure to asbestos. This translated into 67,000 cancer deaths per year due to asbestos (NCI, NIEHS Press Release, Oraft Summary, Sept. 11, 1978). The Califano speech was based upon an unpublished document (Bridbord et al., 1978) prepared by several medical scientists at three of the National Institutes of Health (NCI, NIOSH, NIEHS). Doll and Peto (1981) have reviewed this document and state (p. 1240) "However, these estimates of total risk were so grossly in error that no arguments based even loosely on them should be taken seriously;" see also, Doll and Peto (1981 , p. 1241 , 1305-1308). On January 15, 1980, Dr. Irving Selikoff of the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, stated at a press conference In conjunction with the annual AMA meeting In Chicago, that 20,000 U.S. asbestos workers will die each year for the next 40 years of "excess disease" (see J. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. 243, p. 211, Jan. 18, 1980). On September 27, 1981, through a press release to Robert Locke (Associated Press Wire Service), Dr. Selikoff stated that 10,000 American workers are dying each year because of asbestos exposure. Dr. Selikoff doe', not state upon what data he bases these two estimates. Hogan and Hoel (1981) estimate (p. 74) that future exctss cancer deaths among U.S. workers exposed to asbestos could constitute as nuch as 3.0 percent (range 1.4-4.41) of an estimated annual cancer death toll of 400,000 persons - or 12,000 asbestos-related cancer deaths per year. These authors based their estimates on an analysis of the number of people possibly exposed to asbestos, possible exposure levels, and estimate- exposureassociated cancer risk. In the above paragraphs, future mortality projections of 67,000, 20,000, 10,000 and 12,000 deaths per year due to asbestos exposure are quoted. Are any of these predictions correct? In the following, a method is proposed of estimating past asbestos-related mortality which can be used to predict future mortal ity. 19 UCC 008677 9jn9bbnl 2l2Q}29d2A no b9268 3263 eafigtieJZ f6}1V 9(1} nr b9}ioq9i 2l20}29d26 o3 9ub 2ri}69b To *dimjn 9riT nsmuH bn6 rtjfiigH 1o .}qgO .6.U .xJl'f^ioM - II . fov) 293632 baJlnU erll 1o io1 noIi6P 9 Tort* 9(1} io1 (2o1}2t}6}Z rl^rssH nol i9}n90 UnofibH ,29o(vi96 ,(A)e3gr ,(es)83gr (zrf^seb d)WCf :z\ WeT-Vagr bohsq i69x rf 9(1} (m) 3\er .(eA^er ,(5)Aser (s^)s^er .{sajsvpf .(eejrwr ,{as)or 9(1} lol 169X 19q 2(1}69b 2f20}29d26 1o 19dmun 9p619V6 9(1T .(66) \^6 f bn6 OVPf nl 3S It- wo I b bne S\ef nl 86 lo rtgfrt rf}fw fA zt r-^36 f boh9q ft}o} 9(1} rt9(1: 169X rto69 z f20}?9dZ6 moil 9fb ^,n6m wort nwonjl 2l }f }I feolgorofmoblqi iot6m moil b9}6m1}29 9d 060 2rt}69b b9}6l9i-20}29d26 \tfi69y. 9(1} To 2f 2` fbu3l d0U2 }29{mf 9(1} 10 9flO . 219>llOW 20}29d26 lO 29fbu}2 ztrtT .(bPVP ,.f6 }9 11o>lff96) 2i9)how noUBTugnl nBohsmA (1}ioK 008, H xd b9}D9ll9 X,9rt9V92 }20t(T 9(1} lO 9fl0 2 1 b69b WOfl 916 ITSS dolrlw ^0 ,qUOip 0} eub (f}69b 290*9" lo 29}60ll}29 bn6 6}6b Y.J'f 9ftT ,2}2Ub 20}29d26 .(', IVX xb(J}2 ,d 9fdtT oafe 992) IT 9ld6T n(- nsvlg z\ eo}29d26 (sPVgf ..Is }9 3iO)1H92) 2i9)hoW noI}6fu2n! 008,U gnomA xJfrfaJrtoM .If 9fdeT 2290X3 *(38)b9vi92dO b9}09qx3 (1}9b lo 921)60 sra r^ss G63 r 292060 f rS 6s:& 668 0S 190(160 f f 6 eu avf - 6)00 1 r 9(1}029(0 08 38A do r 190P60 gnuf OA eg ee 190(160 . 1.0 08 6S ae r 190060 19(1}0 831 83 r - 2(20}29d2A 6 r srs ee 2uof}o93n1-noH 926921b X"tO}611q29fl 9}6((l1}23 }298-38* b9}l0q9119bnu 916 20l}2r}6}g fs}1V 9(1} nr ngvfp 21}69b 2f20}29d26 9(1} II }290 ,0f .q . g\g T) .16 }9 ^0511196 X<* b9V192do 26 }ftU0m6 9(1162 9(1} Xd To i9dmun 9gei9V6 9(1} ,(6f.S = (8T) 9}6oH(}i90 rt}690\(83f) 9}6mf}23 .88 10 Sf.SxfA 2( \^gf 0} VSCf boIi9q 9(1} gnliub isex do69 2(1}*9b 2lao}29d26 ,190060 2290X9\2 I20}29d26) ff 9fdel (BOTl 09)16} 201}61 *2692 1b gn tall b9}6f91-20}29d26 f6Unn6 9gfi19V6 9(1} , (926921b X"'0}61(q291 2M0X9\2 i 20}29d26 0} b9}6m1}29 2 f ugf 0} ^8ef b0ll9q srt} 10^ 293b3Z b9}1nU 9(1} nf . (sr 9fd6T) 2(1}69b 190060 A6f tnrbufonf ,2rtj69b SS5 ed OS UCC 008678 Table 12. Average Yearly Mortality due to Asbestos (1967-1977) Based on U.$. Recorded Asbestosls ffeaths Mesothelioma Lung cancer G.I. cancer Other cancer Asbestosls Non-lnfectlous resp. disease 92 199 21 42 88 80 Total asbestos-related deaths per year 522 Past Mortality Based on the 1972 Mesothelioma Incidence It Is not possible to obtain accurate mortality data for mesothelioma from the Vital Statistics of the United States for this disease is coded (ICO.8) with a number oT other neoplasms under the headings: malignant neoplasms of peritoneum and retroperitoneal tissue (158.0, 158.9) and malignant neoplasms ot other and unspecified respiratory organs; pleura (163.0), mediastinum (163.1), and site unspecified (163.9). Also, as pointed out previously, mesothelioma Is a difficult disease to diagnose. These difficulties In coding and diagnosis make it necessar/ that national mortality estimates be made on decisions of mesothelioma re/lew panels such as those described by McDonald (1979), Kannerstein et 1 . (1979), McDonald and McDonald (1980), and Jones et al . (1980b). The mesothelioma study of McDonald and McDonald (1980} can be used to estimate the excess asbestos-related mortality. Their cita, as described above. Indicates that approximately 103 mesothelioma deaths in the United States In 1972 can be attributed to exposure to asbestos. Igain, using the mortality data of Sellkoff et al. (1979a) listed In Table 11 to calculate disease ratios (mesothelioma/excess other cancers, mesothelioma/ asbestosls, mesothelioma/excess respiratory disease), the n imber of asbestosrelated deaths In the United States in 1972 Is estimated to be 587 of which 398 are due to cancer (Table 13). Table 13. Mortality due to Asbestos in 1972 Based on Estimated Mesothelioma deaths of McDonald and McDonald, 1980 Mesothelioma Lung cancer G.I. cancer Other cancer Asbestosls Non-Infectious resp. disease 103 224 24 47 99 90 Total asbestos-related deaths in 19?2 587 21 UCC 008679 9T6qmoo oi ful92u er if ,9vfi09q2Tsq lo 92092 6 nfeido oi T9bno nl bnB SS2) 92692 fb b9i6f91-20J29d26 TO^ 9V0d6 b9nf6id0 29i6Stti29 di69b 9(1i ,2i2ub f6hi2ubnf 1o 29qx,i T9rtio moil ^iffeiTom oi {169* isq 2rti69b ^82 il0q9T . 2.U 9ftj lO 2jfi2fi6ig fBifV 9flT . FfiOO b06 60frf2 ^0 920di 2B f1oi2 2 f 20 ruOT9duiOO f f f2 SP b06 (0.2 rs .ft.ODI) 2fli69b 2 f ZOO f f f2 2f$ 9T9W 9T9f1i iBfli oi 9ub ^iff6ino<n i6rti b9mu226 2f 3) II .3^6r nf (OfO ,8.031) 2rti69b lo noio6l 6 y,d b9iToq9n9bnu ^rf6up9 9T6 2f2oi29d26 bn6 2f2oofff2 2f20offf2 1o ofi6T 9rti isrti bne (COf .q ,ee^ef ,. Fb i9 Ho^ff92) clf.S 9di 26 9RIB2 9(1i 2f ^iffeiTOlII 92692 fb ^T0i6Tfq29T 2U0 fi09^n f-non 2290X9 oi n9rti ,92692 fb ^T0i6Tfq29T 2U0fi09ln f-non 2290X9 oi 2f20i29d26 fo 0 fiBl b9i6mfi29 2 f 3Yef nf 29i6i2 b9ifnll 9fli to! 'tifr&i-iom b9iB f9i-&of l rz 9rti .(M 9fd6T) 2riiB9b ffiioi oi i2uQ sofffZ oi 9ub 3Uf nf ^iff6iioM b9i6mfi23 .M 9fdBT SdA 2f200fFf2 S9 2f20fuoT9duioofFf2 FSA 92B92fb ,q29n 2uofioeinf-noH b9i6f9n-60fr f2 f6ioT e\e d'fef nf 2di69b 2f20of rf2oo6iriin6 oi 90b 2f1i69b b9inoq9n 9i9w 9i9rfi , d^GF nl T9riio bn6 pnfiToq9TT9bnll .(-2-U 9rij io 2ofi2fi6i2 F6ifV . f.gfg ,8.001) 9v6fl ortw 2T9nhn f60o nf b9"nuooo 02^6 9vb(T ^6in 92692fb" '(iSoi6Tfq29'i 2290x9 . 292692 fb "pouf jfOBfd" 9f1i b9T9i1u2 iBrti 9i6ofbnr ^iff6iTom b9i$f9T-. oizadzs izsq io 29i6mfi29 929riT -20i29d2A .9iuiul 9di nf T69y, isq 2rti'9b OOO.OF tb90 9T9riwon 9d fffw 9T9rti i9i^6 2n69>t OA oi 5E , 28(?F bne 08? F 99wi9d >l69q bfuorte ^if ftiTom b9i6f9T 1o 2f2\Tens nof229Tg9T i690fj .in9mY'fqm9 bT6y.qfri2 II tbW bfnoW 9pT6f 9rti 29r6m ,S.2f2) 2f2oi29d26 oi 9ub (.2.U 9rt 1o 2ofi2fi6i2 reifv) y.iff6iTom i26q (V'tCT-8&6f ,\l29f6m ,0.6df) M2m26rqo90 r6TU9fq" bn6 {U?r-^3?f ,29f6m9i bne ,9ntfi riifw 2di69b ^0 nodmun 9rti nf 926nonf n6 nsgd 26ri 9T9rti i6rii 2i29ppu2 9on6 n6v 9rtT .2f 9fd6T nf n9vfg 2f 2 <69^ 2uoFtbv to^ ^ifF6inom boiefooreD f6TU9Fq" TOl fC.O bnB 2f20i29d26 TO' CA.O 2 F 9nff nof229Tg9T 9rii io (^t) ,29unfinoo bne f69T 2f y,iff6iTom nf 9 69nonf in9TBqq6 2frti ^1 ".2m26rqo9n iBrti 2iofb9Tq 5f 9fdeT nr 09vfp 2f2oi29i26 Toi ^iffeinom bei6fuof6o 9rii n9rti fi6ruoF6o) OOOS 069^ sdi nr tuooo FTf* art.t69b b9i6Is^-zoizsdzt lf feioi 6 2f Y-iff^iom b9iBF9T-20i29d26 ,y,Ffu^9qoH ,(^f2uofv9Tq n9vfp borii9m 9rii \d .9nffo9b noo2 fffw bn6 pnf^69q won 9d ^Td&doTc fffw 29260 6mofT9rlio29m 9F6m T9dmun inBoHfnpfz A\i io9 H 9T \.6m ^iffeiTom ? frii nf bn9oi 6 zurti (O.Edf) 9boo 2frti T9bnu b9inoq9T .^ifTBiTom b9i6F9T-20i29d26 Teioi nf bnoii 6 SS UCC 008680 Table 15. Calculated mortality based on linear regression analysis &f past reported mortality - asbestos!s (males + females,1967-1977) and hpleural neoplasms* (males, 1968-1477) - Vital Statistics o71he IJ'.?.',~I957-I377.------ ----------- -------------------------------- year Asbestosls (males A females) "Pleural Neoplasms'*(males) 1967 1977 1982 2000 27 deaths 52 64 105 184 deaths 222 241 308 In regard to mesothelioma incidence, it is pertinent to note the number of deaths from this disease in the four hospitals of the New York University Medical Center. The reported deaths for the period 1967 to 1976 are (Demopoulos, 1980a): 1967(3 deaths), 1968(2), 1969(3), 1970(4), 1971(1), 1972(2), 1973(1), 1974(3), 1975(4), and 1976(3). No significant trend with time is noted (r2 = 0.01). Sprayed-on chrysotile asbestos was extensively used in building construction In New York City until recently. Also, chrysotile asbestos emissions from brake linings give measurable fiber counts in the ambient air of the New York City streets. For example, Nicholson et al. (1980) report that 43 of the 89 air samples collected in New York City exceeded 50 ng of chrysotile asbestos per Samples taken In New York City public schools ranged from 9 to 1950 ng/nw with 15 out of 27 samples exceeding 100 ng of chrysotile per Despite the long presence of chrysotile asbestos in the New York City air, Demopoulos (1980b) found no evidence of an increase in the number of mesothelioma deaths in this city over the past 12 years (1967-1978). Vianna et al . (1981) in a study of malignant mesothelioma in New York State (excluding New York City) found that there was no increase in the incidence of disease from 1973 through 1978. 23 UCC 008681 t YflAMMUa notjjtitxnq zodzedzA doBorYfngfz Yn6 Y b9zu n99d 9V6ri nuol *fno 2odZ9dze To zrnnoY xfz 9rid 10 bne 9df ffYdqorldns .gdffobfoono .gdfzoms 9n6 9Z9riT .goneinmoo nr dn9dxe rfdnu Ion 26w df nsm 9pA gnod2 b9zu Z6w 2od29d26 rtpuoridfA .9rfJo2^d3 9rid nf 92u b69nqz9bfw odnf 91W3 df dsrtd ^luJnaD ridGI add Yo d06q n9ddef grid ngdle bntfgnB bns \,r6dl nf n6p9d ^d2ubnf nn9bcm 9rtT .bhow b9xr fAfndzubnf ,088 T y.8 .n9df1 9bino 9rid Yo ngffqquz nf6m 9rtd pnted 39d9up ddfw , 088f riofriw Yo 9bfwbho* b9nfm n99d btri 20dzgdzB Yo Z9nnod no f T f fm 00f ncrtd 9nom noffffm Y.S duode ,y*9H6v 9ffdozYTrio aril Z6w Z9nnod nofUfm 00 n6rid gnom ,Yd9hev 9df2om6 9dd 29nnod noffffm S.S duod& ,^d9h6v odffobfoono 9rid zannod vf9d6mfxonqqA .yY9H6v 9dfff^riqortdns 9rid 29nnod noHfbm A.O duodfc bne ` ffdo2\.ido 99irld dzut moil smoo Z6rt b9nfm 19V9 zodZ9dZ6 ffe Yo dnsongq 9rtd Yo 2f6nl) m9flduoe bns fendn93 9rtd bns 6b6nfi0 ,39deup ,Z9fdff6oor pnfnfm 9on6dnoqmf Yo n9bno nf zahdnuoo gnfoubonq-9ffdozYnrts gril .nofnU d9fvo2 nofdoubonq zod29dz6 fedod z'bhow 9rid Yo dn9on9q f.dA) nofnU d9fvo2 9dd :9T6 , (JTG.S) xbdl , (X8.C) enfrtD , (3T8.8) swdsdmfX ,(*e.8S) BbsneO ,(8TGf nf .(yo.r) BfrvidauA bne ,(jpv.r) ,a.2.u .(f8. r) rfxens ,(*r.s) bomya ddooa YPofofni9bfq3 9vfd6n6qroo3 9T:Z0qX9 Z0dZ9dZ6 Od b9d6T9T 9T6 riofrfw 292692 fb ffiqfonhq 99Tf1d 9f1T 29nndm9m f6gnodn9q bn6 T6no9fq srtd Yo n93n&3 (S) n9on63 gnuf (f) :ei6 9Uf2'rd gnuf 9fld riofriw nf nofdfbnoo 6 ,2f20d29d26 () bn6 , (6moff9rtdo29m) ,?`2692fb 929f<T .nofdam/Y od ^dfffde zdf 2920f zurtd bns zuondfl Z9m039d Zn9)hOV 20d29d26 YO ZqUOng ZUOhfcV 9rfd nf dn9f6V9nq <tf T6UP9 don 9T6 , 19v9wori 9fld no 2bngq9b 92692 fb Yo 3q^d bn6 dnuom6 9rtd ;b9fbud2 P99d 9V6rt dfcrid grid nt 'tfn6fuofdT6q bn6 ,9nu2oq>9 Yo Y,df2ngdnf grid no ,9nu2oqx9 Yo nofd6iub .dosdnoo nf 26w feubfvfbnf 9rid rtofriw od 2od29d26 Yo 29q^d no gq^d bsmaYgn 29mfd9ino2 , 2od29d26 9ffdO2Yid0 .zodzadzs H9dfriw" no 9ffd02YnriJ 9rtd nf b92u ^ff6u2u 2f d6rtd nnoY nrid zf ,20d29d26 "9dfr1w" 26 9b6nd 9dd nf od .od9 ,nofd6ru2nf 9qfq 26 .zgnfnrf 9)(6nd nf .zpnfdeoo ffew 26 - 29d6d2 bgdfnll ^d9fn6v 9ffdozYTrio 9rtd zf .2.U grid nf 906fq nf zod29d26 grid Yo dn9on9q 3G duodA r6orgorofrgbfq3 .39d9up nf b9fffm bne banfm 26w zfrtd Yo 9g6dn9on9q 9gn6f 6 bn6 Yd n9)(6dn9bnu D9d9o0 Yo 2n9fffm bne 2n9nfm 20d29d26 9rfdo2Yirt3 grid Yo 2efbud2 2n69Y OS n6rtd snom noY b92oqx9 n9m noY derid woriz ebensO nf zn9rtDn69Z9n f6ofb9m ntrid z?af Z6w Y^fbdnom T6dod arid ^mo\zn9dfY OS gnfg6nav6 dzub ffdozY*irio od n93f'63 gnuf od >lzffl .(zrid69b b9d39qx9 G5d , zrid69b bgvngzd-OSd) b9d39qx9 ,^f 9rd6T) b9dogqx9 2rid69b SA ,b9vn9zdo zrid69b 8A ;b9Z69n3rtf Ybrigffz zew n6rtd n9d69ng 9budfnp6m Yo n9bno 06 9n6 ^mo\2n9dfY OS od Z9nuzoqx3 .(A ranuroo 9^fdo^Y^riD zitrid ;(tmo\2n9dfY S n6rtd Z29f Yfbngngg) won b9onafn9qx9 9zorid -X9 9f don blood. zf9v9f dzub dn9Z9nq 9?9rid nsbnu 9mfd9Yff 6 gnf^now 2n9nfm anudoiq YY^ednon n6ffmfz A ,n9on63 ZZ93X9 9fd6nuZ69m Yn* nsYYoz od b9d39q .(A ard6T ,3 y!,uY2) zn9fffm bn6 zn9ntm 9ffdozY'>do n6fT6dI noY b9dnoq9n zf Z9b6nd Yo dnoi 03 e Yo Ybudz fBDfgolofiiebfqg gno Yffo Yo zdfuZ9n 9riT b9rizffduq n; 9d zodz9dz6 effdozYirio od y^o b9Zoqx9 9d od nwonjl 2ng>how on due zfzod29dzi od 9ub zrid69b S zdnoq9n Ybodz zfrtT .{& 9fdET , IV \.bu313) .b9d39d9b Z6W 193063 Yf>6 YO ZZ93X9 AS UCC 008682 Mesothellom* Incidence among those working only with chrysotile asbestos Is very low. Thus far, about 16 deaths due to this disease have been reported among chrysotile asbestos miners and millers and none among chrysotile trades workers^/ In addition, 6 deaths among sons and daughters of chrysotile miners and millers and two among others living In chrysotile asbestos mining localities have been reported as being due to mesothelioma. Four epidemiological studies of the female residents of the Quebec chrysotile mining localities show no statistically significant evidence that their life-long exposure to asbestos dust from the nearby mines and mills has caused excess disease. Crocldollte or "blue" asbestos. Crocldollte, usually referred to in the trade as "blue" asbestos, was first Imported Into the United States in 1911 or 1912. By 1930, 35,000 short tons of crude blue fiber had entered the country and by 1946 an additional 21 ,000 tons were Imported. In addition to these Imports, much crocldollte came Into the United States as manufactured products such as yarns, tapes, and pipe coverings. Almost all of the imported crocldollte came from South Africa. Epidemiological studies of groups who worked only with crocldollte asbestos show that rather short periods of exposure, or even relatively light exposure, causes a large excess of mortality due to lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestos!s. This is evident not only in those exposed to crocldollte during gas mask fabrication and building construction but in those employed In the crocldollte mines. There are only two mining regions in the world where mesothelioma is a statistically significant cause of death. These are the crocldollte mining districts of the Cape Province, South Africa and at Wittenoom, Western Australia. Prevalence studies In the Cape Province report that at least 278 people have died of mesothelioma as a result of exposure to crocldollte; 161 of these people worked In the mines and mills and 117 others lived in the vicinity of the mines. Thirty-one men who worked in the croctdolite industry at Wittenoom, Western Australia have died of mesothelioma. Of these, 13 had worked for less than 12 months and 9 had light to medium exposure to blue asbestos. Sixty miners and millers at Wittenoom have died of lung cancer; 34 of these men had worked In the industry for less than 12 months and 19 had light to medium exposure to the crocldollte dust. In addition to this occupationally related mortality, 6 others who lived near but did not work in the mires or mills have died of mesothelioma. Amoslte or "brown" asbestos. All amoslte asbestos comes from the Transvaal Province of South Africa where between 1917 and 1979 approximately iL/Acheson et al. (1981 , p. 1405) cite two new studies (in press) of asbestos trades workers thought to have been exposed to only chrysotfle which confirm the rarity of mesothelioma associated with chrysotile. 25 UCC 008683 .2.11 9(1} oinl 9}t2om6 to no1}6}ooqml .banlm n99d 9Vfi(1 29nnoi nolffrm S.S .z'OtCf nt b9ii6}e o} y.rnf6m b92oqx9 209>how 29b$o} to ^bu}2 fBotgofolnebtqe 9}9lqino3 9nO b9}6 l30226-20}29d26 to 9309bl3nt 9(IT ,b9fl2lfduq 099<J 26(1 20}29(126 9}l20(16 fno2i9}}fiq nl x">}3et 6 }6 b9Y0fqm9 y.h9itno} 09m to quoog 21(1} nl 926921b 6 , (29263 Od) 093063 gnil 1 XV.6f 6 gn l9d 909(1} ;9Vl2293X9 26W ,G.d 8f) xm6}00m 2 l20}29d26 XP.5 6 bn6 ,(29263 frT) ^}ir6}00B) 6(n0ff9(1}029(n Id.fr quoog 6 no 2}ooq90 ,b9(l2ffduq xff6l}06q ^Tno , xbu}2 feno1}1bb6 nA .(29263 ,y.oo}36l bosod nor}6fu2nf nobnoj 6 nr 9}l2om6 0} ^fdzom b92oqx9 209)how to XfnO . (fee r ,.f6 }9 noeertsA) 6mo1 r9ri}029m to bslb ost aurit 9V6(1 n9m 2 909H 9V6(1 0WT .209rffm b06 209(11m 9} 120(116 to 9b6m 099d 9 V6(1 29 (bl>}2 9309 f6 V90q n99d 26(1 }oto}2tb gnlnlm 9}l2om6 n6 to }09br290 9nO . 6morf9(1to29in To b9lb .926921b 21(1} To b9lb gntV6(1 26 b9}00q90 rblrtw , 9}fno}gnftnmu3 bn6 9}h9nuog 2f609n1m 9rod1riqm6 gntmoot-jboo 9(1T (y.f}390003nf) b909bl2003 906 ,9}l20m6 0} 06fiml2 Y.F f&3 frm9f<3 b(16 f60U}3U0}202l 906 (l3ldw 2900 pnMoOW 209(11m to 291bU}2 (iJ f69H .20}29d26 to 2imot 9d 0} 9(1102 ^d -2( }29d26 To no1}63lbn1 \.6 W0(l2 }0(l Ob 9Ugn$g 26 2f609n1lTI 929(1} nl6}n03 .{fr 9fd6T ,3,8 291bu}2) ^}irs}oo(n b9}ef90 Xf T63lb6ocq2 ban 1m n99d 26(1 2o}29d26 to moot 2lrfT .20}29d26 9} 1 f fx(1qo(1}nA bnaToM bTIxIMee*! }6 26w no Itoubooq ootfrm xfno 9*1} tud 29l}1i630( xn&rc cl 9rtT .8VPf bne 8fer 99w}9d ban 1m 26w 29nno} 000,038 xf9Jfrn>1xo,'qq9 909rtw 9}1ffXriqor1}n6 0} x^nenlmobsoq b92oqx9 afeublvlbnl to x&u}2 rltfesrl xfoo quoog 2frfT .(fr efdeT ,A xbutZ) **9ntm 6fM)l66q 9(1} to }6(1} 2l 20t29d26 2120 fll309du} 0} 9ub Xm6t00fll 9g06l 6 b(16 093n63 gnu f to 2293X9 XVd 6 b9W0(l2 bn6 26w 9}rf rxdqor1}n6 92U6398 .6flioir9rt}029m to be 1b enod .2l20}29d26 bn6 9ldl220q 069qq6 29lbut2 (t} rB9li f6no1}fbb6 on 9009mmOD Pi 9f}}ir 02 b92U ?1 ,209n1m 6f1^6&q 9(1} to qu-woffot oot }q93xe .20}29d26 wood bns ,9ufd .etrrtw 1 o 2t39tt9 d}f69(1 to noehEqmoO ortw 920(1} gnome 6mon9rt}029m to eoneblonT 9(ft nl }26o}noo egosl 6 2f 909(1T -2f609n1m 20}29d 6 b92U X^OKimOO 990(1} 9(1} to fflOQt 900 Vfnp o} b920qx9 909W 9(1} gnro6qmo3 xd 9}bo}2nom9b at 2(01 .9}l2om6 bn6 , 9} nob f 3003 .sfftoaxodj nf b9}ooq9o 2(1} .9b emol 19(1 }o29m to 09dmun 9(1} 0} no'rtsubooq 20}29d26 f6tot 20}29d26 00t6li OUOt to 2}n9bt290 b06 , 209mm , 20901m OOt 90llt609} 1 f 9(1} 930909tt1b 9rtT .df 9Td6T nl n9v1g 906 6}6b }nen1}09q 9riT .29f}1f63or gnlnfm }oh}2lb gnfnri 9f1}02X*irt3 9(1} nl b9}ooq9o x^Hfr^om 6mo1f9(1}029m ne9w}9d 9d x6(n 2}o1o}>1b gnlnlm 9}l2om6 bnb 9}1fobl3003 9(1} nl beiooqso }eri} bne b9}6 f90-20}29d2 5 92U639d 21 21(1T .df 9Td6T nl b9}E3lbn1 n(Mt} 19}690g 09V9 (1}uo2 bne sif60}2uA no9}?9W nr b9}ooq9009bnu rioum xfdedooq 2l 906 x'^m 909f1w 2io1}6ruqoq gnlnlm 9(1} to 90u}en }n9lzn6o} 9(1} o.t 9ub eohtA bn. gnlnlm 9fl6}2 x^v e 26(1 .bnert o9(l}o art} no , o9d9up .W9lv moot }aof . }09 f Fs 1X9 n99d 261 rtol/V to 9306 f f 19V0U? f63 1b9m 9(1} ,no1}Efuqoq f6(}n9bl290 dS UCC 008684 Table 16. Huothel 1 oraa Mortality]./In Four Asbestos Mining Districts Relative toAsbestos production Asbestos type Tonnes mined Years mined No. deaths (mesothelioma) deaths/100,000 tonnes mined Quebec Canada chrysotlle 40,000,000 1878-Pres. 2?1/ 0.06 Western Australia crocldollte 155,000 1938-1966 37 23.9 Cape Province South Africa crocldol1te 2,700,000 1893-Pres. 278 10.3 Transvaal Prov. South Africa amosite 2,200.000 1917-Pres. 31/ 0.14 1/Reported In the scientific literature up to 1979 for miners, millers and other residents of the mining districts yExcludes 7 mesothelioma cases that were exposed to crocldollte. l/Excludes 4 mesothelioma cases that were exposed to crocldolite. Several studies (Jones et al., 1980a, 1980b; McDonald, 1980b; Mclonald, 1980c) have been made on the types and amounts of asbestos fiber in tte lung tissue of asbestos workers who died of mesothelioma and In "controls'1 who died of other diseases and who were not occupationally exposed to asbestos. For example, Jones et al. (1980b) found that chrysotlle was present no more frequently nor In greater amounts. In the mesothelioma cases than In the control cases. They further state (p. 197) that "this study therefore provides no evidence to indict chrysotlle in the etiology of mesothelioma." Similar findings are reported by McDonald (1980b) and McDonald (1980c). The above cited studies also show that amphibole fibers (crocidollte and amoslte) were more prevalent in the lung tissues of the mesothelioma cases than In the controls. The constrast in mortality holds also for lung cancer and asbestosis. All three forms cause significant excess of these two diseases in those exposed for long periods of time to high dust levels. However, short term exposure to moderate levels of crocldollte dust appears to be more dangerous than long term exposure to high levels of chrysotlle dust. This can be seen by comparing the mortality data for the Quebec chrysotlle asbestos miners and millers who were exposed to high to very high di st levels for 20 or more years (Table 17, column B) to the data for the Can.dlan gas mask assemblers who were exposed to moderate levels of crocldolite dust for no more than 2.5 years (Table 17, column C). For further comfarlson, mortality data Is given for Quebec miners and millers who were expos<J to low to medium dust levels (column A). 27 UCC 008685 aigfFFM bn& 2i9nFM 9fF3o2y.i(1Q 39d9uO ioT 63&Q y.3ff63ioM .\r 9FdsT nBfbsneJ ioT bn6 93Fvi92 2159^ 3iom io Os riiFw (H,A enmufooT .[3 nmufoo) 2i9fdm922A teeM zb5 \jb Ma MA 936i9boM (jjip\.T Aef-2g)(1pF(1.V-f1pFH (Sj(i3\.T fS0f)murb9in-woJ 9io2oqx3 OOF r. 0 .Af ^.2 8.E r.^ r.df . 2dO 82 es 8 e s * e \!x oof 8.^S T.FF Ke S.2 2.3 qx3 ^.\3 8.S8 CS 3.S *.0 .8f .2dO 8 sc r 32 2A 2S re _ \x OOF ^.S 8.1 i.b .qx3 8.823 3.02 f 3. N* T.82 T.O .t . 2d0 0S3 ur 8P u rr 8s - f13B9b To 92UB0 292063 F FA i93nfio FFA 193063 gnuJ 193063 .1.3 2Fao329d2A .qzsfl 19(130 6in0 F F9ft3029M .(bY srdtT ,08er) . Fb 39 bfBnoOoM moiT 63bG\ 8.S n6rt3 910m on 10T 3eub 93FfobF30io To 2f9V9f 936i9bom o3 b92oqx3\i .66 9fd6T ,X 'tbuJS oeffi 992 .(8TPf ,bF6no03M bn6 bfsnoGsM) 2169Y ,2rt369b b9vn92do FFb To 3n9oi98\. 23iorto3 gnFffFm-pnFnFm nF y3FF63ioin 193050 n99w3od 326i3no3 9ffT F 91U|?H nf 0992 Y.fT69f3 2F (d, 6E 9ffi6l) 23l0(l03 29b5lJ 9(13 bnB (b 9[d6T) 3o9q29i (13 Fw b933oFq aF 193060 gnu f 03 9Ub f6noF3ioqoiq 9(13 9i9riw 8 9(13 ioT y.JFf63lom 90619V6 9(1T .^ffBjiom ffinor3ioqoiq BmoFr9fl3o29P> o3 (A 9FdfiT ,3 '(buJE ,2i9nFm 93FfobFooi3 9(13 pnFbufoxg) 23ior103 gnfrFFm-gnFnFm ,zdiortoo 29b6iJ fS 9(13 io3 .(JT.2) 193060 gnuf , (JfS.Q) 6moFf9ri3o29m :er 9dT .{XY.3F) i93nB3 pnuf ,(*3.2) 6rnoFf9(13029Hi :2f '(3Ff63iom 9g6i9V6 9(13 iBFFmFa ^i9v 2f 3iorio3 gnrnFm 93rFobfooi3 9(13 To ni9336q x3Ff63iom i93080 6moff9d3o29m To b9Fb gnrvBri quoip arrtt To *. ;23iorloo 29b6i3 9(13 To 36(13 o3 .193063 gnuf To *3.ff bnB 93rFobfooi3 o3 b92oqx9 Y,fd6doiq 9i9w 23io(loo 29bBi3 9d3 nF 09m 9(13 To ^nsM Y.fd6doiq 9i9w 02 f6 ^riT .199160 gnUnow iF9(13 gnFiub 9mF3 91002 3b 20329d26 xFitfuoFJiBq 32ub 2o329d26 To 2noF36iJn93003 dptrl 03 beaoqxe 09JT0 gnFJ69fl 2B r<302 293Bq2 b92ofo nF ?0329d26 To f6vom9i io noFJBrradanf gnFiub .339 , 23n9<nJi6qm03 qFria ,23rubnoo 9fF302Yido 36(13 329ppu2 (S89 f) . Tb 39 0398 bm (089 F .8^9 F) 0398 292Bd o398 ,^3FfB3iom 6moFF9(13029m o3 >tF3n63(T fng r2 293udFi3noo 20329d26 nr ^io3obT 9fr3x93 2o329das ns nF 2i9>how To '(.but? e> no anofaufonoo arrl ^.fnFBm 26W 9iu2oqx3 .(08PF 0398 ,8^9f o3g9 ;^JF , . Fb 39 0398) )!U ert3 ^io3obT 2Fri3 nr b9229ooiq 26W i9dFT 93FfobFooi3 3ud ao329d26 9fF3o2y.irt3 03 9fF3 93fo 3on 290b 0398 .(X8P .q 8^Pf ,0398) Et>f 9onFa 29roF3 auoFifiv 36 26p 9f(3 no (8^8f) bffcnoOjM bnB bf6no03M bn6 (608PF) . f6 39 aenol To ^iow ; 219>Fiow noF33Ui32noo no (F8PF) . It 39 3fFH To 5how 9rt3 ion ,2i9Fdm922B )l26m T9rid ^fnO .93FFobrooi3 To 9tn9i3x9 9ri3 woria ^Fi69r3 dorrlw 29rbo32 36(13 03 IBFFfflFa '(ISV ni933Bq 92692Fb 6 qu 392 063 93 F FobFooio 03 91U20qx9 8S UCC 008686 found In trades workers heavily exposed to asbestos for many years. From this we can conclude that mortality studies of asbestos workers who are exposed to crocldollte, even for short periods of time, are not valid In predicting the health effects of other forms of asbestos. Estimates of Asbestos-related Mortality In the United States In various press releases and scientific publications, It has been suggested that asbestos exposure In the United States will cause from 10,000 to 67,000 deaths per year for the next 20 to 30 years. These estimates do not appear to be valid when compared to estimates of past mortality that are based on reported asbestos-related death due to mesothelioma or asbestosls. For example: (1) utilizing the mortality pattern of excess disease In 17,800 North American asbestos Insulation workers and the incidence of mesothelioma In 1972 given by a pathology review panel, it Is estimated that 587 individuals died In that year because of exposure to asbestos; or (2) taking the reported number of asbestosls deaths as given In the Vital Statistics of the United States and again utilizing the mortality data of the North American Insulation workers, It Is estimated that the average yearly asbestos-related mortality In the United States durlnj the period 1967-1977 was 522 deaths. There Is some suggestion from the mortality data given In the Vital Statistics that the Incidence of asbestos-related disease has Increased somewhat during this same period. 29 UCC 008687 YWTH3MM0D a tenontM aoJa9daA 9riJ Jo abi**iH 9vtJ6F9# ertT notJoubonJnt grij nr b9>la6 anorJaeup 9rt^t Jo 9no J69q9n oJ JnsntJn9q at II Sb9qqoJa 9d aoJa9das F6toi9fNnoo Ffe Jo oau 9riJ JauM :w9tvsn atrtJ Jo .woTsd b9Jn929nq anofJsotYtf6up riJtw Jud - on orJ6riqm9 ns at nswant grit 9btw aJt 9jtqaob ,aoiasdat srtJoaYnrto oJ 9nuaoqx9 f6notJBquooo-noM nworia n99d asri blnow 9riJ JuortpuoiriJ aJn9mnonrvne n&dnu nr notjBn'riraaarb .n9V9oaJ6riw sonBorJtngra rijreert on Jo 9d oJ asrbuJa F60fgoForm9brq9 ^d not FT tm OS nevo 9n9riw ,osd9up ,aontH bnoYJ9riT Jo n9mow 9riJ ,9n9w Jr YI -aoJaedas Jo gnt\b ed bfuow ,b9ntm i99d a6ri aoJa9da6 sFtJoaYnrio Jo a9nnoJ nt b9rtaffqmoooB astbuJa riJfB9(1 9riT .Jon 9ne y.9rtT ,a9269atb b9Jfif9i JbiIJ 19Jbw dntnb bnB nt6 rlj69id ^l9Jfia nBO anotJefuqoq JfcflJ worta BbfinBO woria oafs asrbuJa 9a9rtT ,i9dtJ gftJoatirto Jo aJnuomB Jn60tJfngta ntfiJnoo wof9d 9iuaoqx9 aoJasdas srtJoaYirta noY 9uFbv '*bforta9nriJ" b at 9i9riJ JbiIJ .iinoo fftw JoJJ9 riJrBsri 9fd#iua69m on riotrlw noY b9Vi9ado aqtrianotJef9n 9anoqa9i aaeeatb-saob i9dtJ 9m6a 9riT a9tbuJa rtJfB9H ,aoJ29da6 9Jffobtoono noJ bfori Jon ob aoJasda6 sftJoanYrio auobi6S6rl 910m down 9d oJ Jt worta 9JfFobtoono Ytno oJ b9aoqx9 9aoriJ Jo aontJ OOS oJ OOF aqsrineq 6motf9rtJoa9m oJ J09qa9n riJtw ;9ftJoax,irio nsriJ 9bBm JBrtJ oJ 9Fd6n&qmoo b9Jnoq9n n99d esti YbuJa oM .auobiBSBri 9iom sJtfobtoono oJ 9iuaoqx9 Jo f9V9f 9Jb3 b J6rfw 9j6orbnt riotriw 9ftJoatnrio noY Yd bextasriqira YfiBFuotJiBq at Jaub 9JtFobtoono Jo iggn6b sriT .9d bfuow 9riJ Jo aJnsbra9i 9rlJ pnoms entnnuooo arij69b BmotF9riJoa9m Ynwn 9riJ 9aoriw sotnYA riJuo? ,9ontvonS 9q6P 9f1J Jo aJotnJatb pntn'rm sJFFobtoono at YJtr6Jio*n riou2 .pntJJoa f6notJ6quooo-non b nt asw 9iuaoqx9 y.Fno astJtfBOof pnrn'rm 9FrJoaYnrto srlJ Jo aJn9bta9n gnome nwon^lnu Yff60fJ06iq bn6 a9ntm srfj nt YfT&fuotJnBq .Jaub 9Jtrobroono Jo FonJnoD ,09d9uP Jo Jb af9v9f Jaub J6riJ nt nt9rdoiq pntn99ntgn9 9Fd6i9b'ranoo b aJn989iq ,aFftm b9V9trios 9d nso ^mo\ai9dtJ S.O Jo bnsbnBJZ rlatJtna <?86f 9(1J wofsd no ,{t>\ .q ,^^er ,noaqmt2) 9T9riwYnB YfbiBrt 9rtT .229006 oJ JTuOtJJtb 910IH 9TB 20j29d26 9jraOmB JO 2bl6S6f1 9rfT YJaob i9bnu b9^iow oriw ..l.tl noansJJB^ Jo a99Y0fqm9 y^o^Y 9Jt2om6 2290X9 FB9b J69ig b b909ti9qx9 9V6d ,11 ibW bhoVI gntiub anotJrbnoo JaBiJnoo nl .Bmorf9riJ029m bns ,2t2oJ29das ,neon60 gnuF oJ 9ub YJrfsJiom bn6Q91 riJtw Ja69f Jb ,2i9Fftm bns aoenrm 9Jtaofri6 ,2i9J<iow y^oJobJ 929dJ oJ JbiIJ aJaeggua 2rrIT .^ati rioum Jb 9d oJ i69qq6 Jon ob ,Motf9rtJoa9m oJ 9on9iiuooo 9riJ Jn9V9iq no 90ub9i rioum n6o riotrtw 9fdtaaoq i* afoiJnoo Jaub .aie^iow 9Jt2om6 nt 292692tb b9JBf9i-aoJ29d26 Jo nfio i9drJ 9no" 26 rioua 2Jn9m9J6J2 b9bn6rt yvboiI y^ b9auso n&9J 9riT -2oJ29da6 Jo JnuomB 9riJ Jo anotJotbonq b9J6i900BX9 rioum 9riJ Yd bnB "uoy f F tot Jb910 b9J6i9n90 26ri 2169Y 0 io OS Jxan sriJ nr b9J09qx9 Ydf^Jiom bsJBfsi YFJB910 oJ bn6 Jn9mnoirvn9 nuo moiJ aoJaedas 9vom9n oJ oiuaaenq F6orJrfoq JioJJ9 b9Ji9onoo 9riJ ar 2rriJ Jo 9Fqmex9 nA .ozu 2Ji qoJa nsva no 90ubsn 9vom9n oJ agJBJ2 beJrnU 9rtJ gntbuFont anotJ6n FfifiJaubnt F619V92 nr .0J9 ,a9on6trqq6 .aqtria ,a9mori .agntbFtud otfduq .afoorioa monJ zoiistizt 9riJ Jo at .2.U 9rtJ nt aoJaedas J2om rigiiorij n9ve ,9nob gnted at atriT otfduq .aFoorto. nt aF9V9F Jaub aoJa9daB rtguorij nsvs bn6 ,YJ9tn6v 9ftJoaYnrio 0 UCC 008688 buildings and city streets Is much lower than found In chrysotile asbestos mining coamwmttles where no asbestos-related disease appears In the nonoccupatlonatly exposed residents. The Impetus for these costly removals and appliance recalls (hair dryers, for example) apparently comes from propagandizing the "one fiber can kill you" concept. Not only Is this program costly - It could be dangerous if the removal of blue asbestos Is not accomplished with great care. In most cases, asbestos coatings and Insulation, where necessary, can be repaired at no risk and at a fraction of the cost of complete removal. Substitutes for Asbestos If all use of asbestos were to be discontinued, substitutes would have to be developed to meet many diverse requirements such as non flammability, high strength, flexibility, reasonable cost, and safety. With respect to safety, the substitutes must not Induce disease In those exposed to them and also must not endanger lives In other ways because of Inferior strength and durability. Increased flammability, etc. A high cost for a good substitute must not force Instead the use of an Inadequate replacement. Possible problems with substitutes may occur, for example, with the replacement of chrysotile asbestos In drum brake linings. The chance of Increased automobile accidents due to a possibly Inferior substitute material must be weighed against the probability of anyone being harmed by the small amounts of chrysotile asbestos that are emitted from drum brakes. Also, the health effects of emissions from substitute brake linings must be considered. The requirements of strength and flexibility necessitate that asbestos substitutes be fibrous. Generally, the thinner and longer the fibers, the stronger, more flexible, and useful they are. However, fibers longer than 4 microns and less than 1.5 microns in diameter are capable of producing malignant neoplasms when Implanted Into the pleura of rats (Stanton et al., 1981). The test fibers In these studies Included aluminum oxide, fiber glass, wollastonlte (CaSiO3), silicon carbide, dawsonlte (NaA1C0;j0H), and potassium octatltanate. Lee et al. (1981a, 1981b) studied the effects on rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs of Inhalation of different concentrations of "Fybex", a commercially made potassium octatltanate fiber used to strengthen materials They found that In addition to the development of pulmonary ^Ibrosis In many animal?! 3 hamsters developed pleural mesothelioma, a rfre disease In the control animals. In the report of the Advisory Committee on Asbestos, Health and Safety Commission of Great Britain, the following statement is made In regard to substitutes for asbestos (Simpson, 1979, vol, 1, p. 69). "As a general principle we take the view that control of any useful but hazardous material is preferable to the ultimate sanction of prohibition. It Is very easy to say that a dangerous substance or process should be banned and to hope that that will solve the problem. In our view this Is a gross 31 UCC 008689 -i93nr to nol36up9 x9fqmoo 6 to nol363lt1 Fqml2-i9vo 36(13 *31ridlzzoq 9(13 29ionpl 31 ,2io336t bainIf *F3osi1b *6m 9on63zdu2 I6fu3f3i6q & to nol3fdUknq , znlzh *39t62 no rt3r69ri nl 92991301 06 of 3fi28i 36rf3 to 9zu 9(13 (blrtw ,9ilt moit 9fqm6X9 lot 02f6 31 .293Ub91 10 23n9V9iq *F30911U3 930632dl>2 gnt3iotn9 *F1io3u3632 to 2nol3B3lFqm1 9rt3 zsiongl it riottint zaontizduz io 2f6li936m *d oo13u3!32dU2 I9dtr 6 it *6m 3ud 9rdedru2 9d o3 i69qqs 3n29iq 9riT .(13f69ri o3 )U1i 6 s3u3132003 o3 bnuot 9d 936b 9fdF220q 9(13 to 29309Up92003 31(1)00039 b06 f6t302 io rsfi9dBm fentplio 9(13 gnlzu 29ho3o6t to siuzofs ".inuooot oint nsitti 9d oi b99n 22930iq *i<>2lvbA 9(13 9)(Bm gvods b931s 920(13 26 ri302 2Jn9mMsqx9 zFBmfns 309391 9riT .Jutgnln69m *Fi6fu3l3i6q Jn9m9J6?2 2'99dJtmmo3 9(13 o3 9306dioqmF I6fu3l3i6q to 2l 293u3l3zdu2 zoizadet to 3203 srtT }09b09q9b *isv 916 29fmoi039 gn1qol9V9b 92oriw 29hdouo3 "bfioW bilrlT'1 2f6fi9t6m bsouboiq *FF63r329mob ,q69(l3 to 92u mumlxem 9(13 pnMem noqu 9pi6f b06 (6tl9J6m 6 (<3U2 Zt 3n9l?IS3 20329d2A ,9(dF220q 19V9919riW .znolten 929(13 to nol36srf6ti32ubn1 9(13 o3 f631v 916 31 to 29l3l3n6up I93fiw F639m b06 Dl326fq ,9fqm6X9 iot ,zai\i3tizd\iz 9fdf22oq to nol363ioqmI V>6m iot 9Dlort3 3tmono:>9 ns 3on zt ,2F6li936m nol33ui32no3 boe sqlq pnl'b06qX9 \J369ig 916 29ll3UJ03 F619V92 36(13 3063lt1ngl2 zt 31 .2001360 9wdedmlS ..fl.r.E.U 9ri3 ;2(0136i9qo pntfUm bos pnlnlm 9ri302*irt3 il9(13 .(S8PF *16Un60 ,-d .fov ,20329d2A) 6lv6f20puY ,03lX9H ,939918 y.31'ro*t Yio36rup9?l bo6 (131E9H 9iu3ut b06 2f6i9n1M zuoidH 2uo3lup1dU 9rtT 300 Ob ^1d6doiq 200l229toiq 930913209P bos pnlnlm 9(13 9bl23uO 920(1T n1&3n03 2901m nisei bi6(1 320^ .916 2f6i9nlm zuoidrt nommoo wort s36(39iqq6 -20329d26 10 20329d< 6 9d 03 9(110? *d b919bl2003 916 3&H3 2f6190lm 9Up06p 9m02 bnuot 931no3poiinmu3 f6i9nfm gnlimot-Jboi nommos 9(13 ,9fqm6X9 io^ .9)111 tio1i9qu2 9>l6j 1690 23(2oq9b 910 noil 2'*o6q<no3 gnlncM 9vi929fl 9(13 nl nof3393oiS f&3o9mnoi1vn3 ,2.U 9(13 *d 2o329dz& 9d o3 b9i9b1zno3 21 63029nnrM bluow ortw 32lpofosp on to wonnl 1 (1puort3f6 t63029nnlM to 23iuoD 9(13 bn6 *309qA 931no3pn1mmu3 tt ,*6m 31 <6 31 9d ,19V9WoH .zo329d26 f6i90lm 2tri3 1(63 zszoqiuq \ii03trup9i lot zoizfizt 9d o3 bsi9bl2no3 916 29fod1riqm6 isrido bos 20329d26 b919bf2003 9d )2f6 f( 1w 200l3619q0 pnlnlm ic0* *69ip 6 09(13 ,3ft3 ,913 noir bn6 bfop to pnlfflm bn6 pntolm 9riT .2nol36i9qo pnlnlm 20329d26 *d b9339tt9 n9` 1 *b69lf6 9V6(1 90032 bsrtZUlO bfl6 ,93tfu3lim9V .200136fupsi ,23l2oq9b e io 2toi9muo or t luot zfeisnlm auoidlt eri3 o3 nol3lbb6 nl nl ,23n9(n b92 bn6 zfloz rr t29Hqqu2 1936W \t06m of bouot ozfB 916 ^9(13 ,3n9m9D bn.13ioq nl ,2bum pnlffhb nl ,23f2oq9b I9v6ip boe bn62 nlBdiso bljoriE .(126 dneofov y.d nl6fi9vo 26916 9pi6f nl bns ,2fBli936m 3lm$i93 nl Y,ldl22oq n63 2 i9dlt (6i9nlm 9t9rt3 to 2920b wof 09V9 36(13 b1o3 9d otfduq 9(13 9(13 03 b936 fup91 9d 219d1t 929(13 03 siuzoqxs 06murt bfuortZ J193063 92U63 pnlvom 26 13U2 09)163 9d 29lb269(1) 9jn9l3X9 bfU0(12 ?31m1f 9ldl269t 329W0f nol336 rioiZ Tolmsbns 916 2f6i9n1m zuoidlt 9i9riw znolpsi to 3uo 9fqo9q sc UCC 008690 was proposed by P, C. Elroes. Director of the MRC Pneumoconiosis Unit, Llandough Hospital, Penarth, Wales. He writes (Elmes, 1980, p. 529), "Populations living on soils contaminated with the fibers under dry climatic conditions need to be moved." In regard to his proposal, it Is noted that fibrous zeolite minerals occur In many areas of the southwestern United States and that fibrous clay minerals are common In the coastal plane sediments of the eastern United States. One does not have to consider the above questions very long before coming to realize that If answered In the affirmative they would present a regulatory, legal, and economic nightmare. Instead of overreacting to every perceived health risk (this seems to occur particularly In regard to suspected carcinogens) we must allocate our scientific and economic resources to our environmental health problems In proportion to their seriousness. Billions of dollars have been spent directly and indirectly. In understanding anc mitigating asbestos-related cancers. Many billions more may be awarded to those filing claims against asbestos companies. In contrast, relatively little has been spent on understanding and mitigating the more serlou; non-neoplastlc lung diseases such as the pneumoconioses caused by Inhalation of crystalline silica and coal dusts. A great deal has been accomplished In urderstandlng the relationships between the Intensity of exposure to the several forms of commercial asbestos and the Incidence of the asbestos-rtlated diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that modern dust control nethods now In effect can prevent most morbidity and mortality related to exposure to chrysotile asbestos. Similar studies should be completed In order to set dust levels to protect the anthophyl1ite and amoslte asbestos workers (In this regard see the Simpson Report, Simpson, 1979). 33 UCC 008691 293n919l9fl Bmof f9<1io29M (f8Gf) .0.9 ,i93n1W bns .3 , 339nn98 ,.G.K ,I9nbi60 ,.(1.3 , no29(1oA , dS\e f 390 ,39306J ,20329d26 9(1302^1(13 bos 93120(116 pnf2u xr>o336l 6 nr .90M-OAF bn6 .T.A ,nh682 ,.0 w9bi9woF3 .2.G ,I9pi9dn99i3 ,.H.9 ,tnuF8 ..H.X ,n6ffl3nA 6moH9flJ029m 3n6nprF6m id ffibomfifuM (086T) .9.3 t2Off3n60 .S9-92 ,89 .b9K . G .mA . rrl F6iu36n.1o ybu32 b no beaed :2(16piO 19(130 bnfi pnuF 9(13 lo 2926921b b9 !6f91-20329d2A (9^81) .8 ,M , 9>l6f)b98 .V98 .mA .9o13o&iq fBolnMo io1 2nor363irqm1 bne *poFo1ireb1q9 il9(1T .^SS-T8I ,MI ,9269210 .q298 nf Brno 1 f9(11o29(n Jnenpr (bM (6f88f) .8.3 .If peM bne ,. 9.9 , of frbioZ , .G , ienn9i8 ,b9M .9iu361931f 9(13 lo W91V91 bn6 .9263 09V92 lo 3ioq9fl :n9lb(1rt3 .,9 ,.(oonO .iJfilbgq JnBnplfBM (d T86 T) ,.8.8 , ^9dfo3 bns ,.8.3 , IffpBM ,.q.q toFF1bio2 ,.G ,I9nn9i8 .ZfZ-FfZ ,9G ,. Foi93n90i3263 . G .mA .6moIf9rt3029(n F69no3h9q , .M.8 ,19vooH , .3.0 , f9oH , .iG ,. 3. G . 1n9mu6i3 ,. q , 9 RUO390 , .> ,biodbliS (8\8f) .O.A tno3qU bns ,.A.M , nfiaroblfinrloZ ,.U , 133o11l62 ,.q.0 , f (b8 03 b936T9i 293bJ8 b93rn(J 9(13 nl neori&o lo nol336i1 9(13 lo 2938ml323 bnt> ,H23IH ,IOM 9(13 moil 3n9mu30b bdile t fduqnU .2io336l f6nor36quo30 .q 9fi ,8Wf , a r .3qg2 , H 201H 29nW biol39(1T 9d3 nl nottufToq 3h*rt2qmo36 lo vbu32 (9^ef) .8 ,933o(tn8 . no 13U f (pq 3 h9(1q20m3A ,^l32ubnr 2< 329d26 2'39d9Up lo 9fb6U ,6916 ,9116098 .H.H ,S\6f Y6M ,goneil ,2li69 ,.poFFoO (6nor36m93nI ri3S( .joiq .paA-UA,.b3 9898 pnom6 93n9b1onr 193063 ((86 f) .< ,n92n9G-mhpf6i(1 bn s ,.G ,0929rnn9f3 Y,po(o3fxo3o33 .9T8F rtpuoi(13 APF moil tgwofrd zi9>how 3n9((i93-2o329d26 .S-2 f .9 , *3e1fi2 .vn3 U69iu8 .2 .L) ,29f11oiq y3fbomno3 F6i9nfm 93M .2o329d2A (8^PJ) .A .8 ,no33rfD .qq 91 ,6^6f ^FuG ,29nlM lo 20329d26 o3 nof36f9i nr Bmorf9r13029M ((API) .1 ,i9J2d9W bnc .3 .G ,9n6irl3o3 , A8 ,.G ,b9H n63ll1A . 2 .29263 f6ll92 OT To W91V91 6 - 91U2#q*9 9ld11 .X8S-8VS .quooO .nnA .2i9d11 F6i9n1m lo 2339119 fBolpoFord grtT (f86T) .3 .M ,G ,2(vb0 .AtS-'JSS ,AS ,.pyH .nof363lnuromo3 (60002198 (b08PF) .fl.M ,.8.H f2ofuoqorn90 3n9mnoirvn9 lo 9022! 9(13 no 3nfoqw9lv 2 ' 32 (3n9 (32 A (d08Pf) .8.H ,2ofuoqom9fl .G-f ,A , 39d9uQ uG 93n6(mA'n 29nrM 29b .3022A'J ,nr39flu8 .(13f69(1 bn& H UCC 008692 DHHS (1981a) Carcinogenesis bioassay of amoslte asbestos In Syrian Golden Hamsters. DHHS pub. no. (N1H) 81- ,23 June 1981 , NT?-81-58. Public Health Service, Dept, of Health and Human Services, pp. 1-87. DHHS (1981b) Carcinogenesis bioassay of chrysotile asbestos in Syrian Golden Hamsters. DHHS pub. no. (NIH) 81- , 23 June 1981, NTP-81-51. Public Health Service, Dept, of Health and Human Services, pp. 1-191. Ool1 , R. and Peto, R. (1981) The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 66, 1193-1308. Donham, K.J., Berg, J.W., Will, I.A., and Leinlnger, J.R. (1980) The effects of long-term Ingestion of asbestos on the colon of F344 rats. Cancer, 45, 1073-1084. Elmes, P. C. (1980) Fibrous minerals and health. J. Geol. Soc. London, 137, 525-535. Elmes, P.C. and Simpson, J.C. (1977) Insulation workers In Belfast. A further study of mortality due to asbestos exposure (1940-75). Brit. J. Ind. Med., 34, 174-180. Elwood, P. C. and Cochrane, A. L. (1964) A follow-up of workers from an asbestos factory. 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Griffiths, M.H., Riddell, R.J., and XI pell, J.M. (1980) Malignant mesothelioma A review of 35 cases with diagnosis and prognosis. Pathology, 12, 591603. 35 UCC 008693 ,SI .on .m9M .eohYA liiuoZ 1o nofnU 9fld nt 2od29d2A (siei) . J .A , ffeH qq~5T , eofiTA riduo2 to <^nuZ . TosO ,9U22td Yo 292^F6nA (F8C F) .3.0 ,n6fo0 bne , <{9>lieM ,.H.W 4>l06dn9fr6H bn6 9ffd02^irto ridh* b9geveg flooded 6 moil 29fqm62 9nhu bne , boofd .OdE-eAE ,2S 4.29fl . vn3 .2od29d26 9dffobf:>oi3 9vi'd39f92 .^drvsgnoj (8Y9I) .A .3 ,W9J bne .J , feilnHieS ,.3 .3 bnonwn6H .2f29n9ponfoieo feohn9fb od nofdef9i nt 2*2 h 9vfdfd9qmoo bne .^dKediom .EU-E21 10i t.29fl .vn3 (9T0f) ,L.W 4no2fortofH bne ,.l.I , ff92 ,.J , f9Xnni63 ,.3.3 .bnommeH 20J29d26 ne Yo booriiodflgten 9rtd nf 2dn9bf29i Yo 9on9h9qx9 ^dUedioM SSA-TfA ,0EE ,.ro2 .b6oA YM ,2fennA .Yiodo6l ziodoeY :9,uj2oqx9 2od29d2A {9^Qf) .3.9 4snKi9dn3 bne .J.V 4no2i9bn9H ,2fennA .Ydffediom 92692 fb ^iod6i rq29i bne i9oneo 2290x9 rtdfw b9def00225 .dSr-Uf ,0EC ,. b2 .beoA YH .^neqmoO pnfnfM 9Vi929fl 9rid Yo 299^ofqm9 Yo ibuiz ^dKedioM (189/) .1 ,2nfpgfH , .0 ,M .anfpgfH .T ,T n6l moil ,1891 ,Si *6M , nordeornumnoo f6no2i99 Yo Ydf2i9vfnU 9(IT .ildTeaH orrdud Yo foorio2 ty,goform9bfq3 d6 1022910*19 .negMoYM bne 2ni9ddeq *i9oneo nr b9vfovnf 2iodoeY Yo ^dfoKqijfuM (089C) .0 4no2n?gprH .eSl-Eir ,E ..fooYxoT .foride9 . vn3 .1 .2bn9id 2nofdq9onoo2tM :2f29P9ponroi6o f6dn9mnoiYvn3 {0T0f) .2.3 , ifuM bn6 .G 4no2nfppYH .89Sf-[0Sf ,E3 4.d?nl i9one3 .deW .L .foidnoo i9on6o od znordedfmrf bne (reef) .3.A ,9bY9rii9bYuA bn6 4no2i6j , ,A.O .pnYbfYH ,.3.A ,pnfbffH 42gnfffed 9drnooed ,2od29d2e 9dY2ome b9d29gnr Yo 2dosYY9 feofgofofa .rtdfegH . vn3 .rtoiA ,2dei nY i9dew iofi9qu2 sole J bne rtdi69 2u09oemod6rb .E0E-89S ,3E e nr i9oneo Yo 9on9iiuoo0 (T8Gf) .2 .biepneJ bn6 ,.b ,gigdn92ofl ,.8 4dfrH ,T .ridfeeH . vn3 )hoW .1 .bne2 .2i9ohow b92oqx9-2od29d26 Yo diorioo rfem2 .eer-ae r .3 .0 ,i9bf3 bne .W .A ,^2uM ,.8 ,Y.rtqiuM ,.2 ,bi6WbooW , .T .2 .M , 2ddoH ^lodeifqaai i9rtdo bn6 6mof f9rtd029m , 2 f2o Ynooomionq Yo 9on9bYonY srtT (0891) med29W nr 9dY(obYooio gnrffYm bne gnYnYm nr bepepno nsw nt 190060 t.b3 , i9np6W .3 .1 ,S .fov ,29idr3 fei9nrM Yo 2do9l13 f6orpofoY8 .effeideuA .3^0-216 , nov.J ,0E .oH ridfw b9defoo226 ><2n ison60 b9deni}d23 (f89f) .3.0 , f90H bne .G.M , n6poH ,d^-\d ,f ,2r2'tfenA )l2f9 .9iU2oqx9 eod29d26 f6nofdequooo ,08 , <ti9giu2 . 2emoH9rtdo29m Fe9nodri99 (9T0f) .0 ,i9v[r? bn6 .3.0.3 , 29noL .002-322 dE UCC 008694 Jones, J.S.P., Pooley, F.D., Clark, N.J., Owen, W.G., Roberts, G.H., Smith, P.G., Walter, J.C., Berry, G. and Pollock, D.J. 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Sc., 330, 441-454. 37 UCC 008695 2d39dd3 [63 Edo rota .39d9up nf 6mof F9rid029(n dn6ngfF6M (&O80F) .O.A tbr6noGoM ,0t . oVt . dul .n2 38AI .no'tJ , ,b3 ,n9np8W .3.1 ,$ .fov , 29idfTt*i9nFM do ---------------.uss-m ;2iuomud smoff9rido29m nf gmrf do dn9dnoa 9idFd FsienrM (3080F) .O.A .bfenoOoM ,3.0 , S .fov ,29idH fBi9nFM jo 2d09dd3 f63fpofoF8 .dioq9n Yi6nhnFf9nq .883-F83 ,0 .oM .dud Td 3AA] , no^-i , .b3 ,i9ngeW 9jrFobf3ono nadde 6moff9rtdo29M (8Y0I) .3 .0 .bfsnoOoM bn6 .0 .A ,bf6no03M 3AE-0AE , VI ,.298 . vn3 .9nudD6dun6m J)26m 26p gnFiub 9iuaoqx9 fldnoM nf Bmorf9dJo29m dnengFfeM (0801) .3 .0 .bftnoCbM bne .0 .A tbf6noOoM .3331-0331 ,3A , 193063 . 6oFn9mA ,w&Fv9T rB3Fgofofm9bfq9 nA :92692fb b9def9T-20d29d2A (dO80f) .3.0 .brsnofloM no^J ,.b3 ti9np6W .3.0 , S .fov ,29idf3 F6i9nfM do 2d39dd3 f6afpofoF8 -------- rfoiTTsr.nr .oKv^rrfsfMAi nf 92692Fb b9.?6f9n-20d29d2A (3T0I) .8 .M ,9^6f^D90 bne ,.3 .0 .bfsnoOoM -ri32Ff1of9m9J2b-rt32du90 ,S ,3SI , 9bninl f fgrlf f6dnU .s 9ddgH .6bsn63 ,nffi98 , ge Fn9V-T9gnFnq2 ,3^01 nFhsS nf pnug6drf6dnU 9(1o2 f9S f9wrio2 .383-IS3 ,n9df2208 bne .0 .A tbf6no0oM ,.W .3 ,2ddf3 ,.8 ,M ,9)l6f)(o98 ,.3 .0 .br&nofloM do 2n9>how fffm bn6 9nFm 20d29d26 gfFdo2^ifb do (1JTesri 9rtT (M0I) .3 .3 .83-13 ,8S rtdf698 .vn3 .rionA .09d9up (8\ei) .0 .A ,bfenoGoM bn6 .X .0 ,3 , rFgbbFj ,.W .3 ,addt3 ,.3.0 ,bf6no0oM .q29fl . V90 .mA .9dFi9noig-9dFnoJgnFromuo od 9iu2oqx9 gnof T9dd6 ydff6d"ioM .US-HS ,811 ,92692 FO , bfsnoOoM bne .3.3,0922*3 , .W .3 ,2ddi3 , .X .0.3 ,ff9bbrj ,. 3 .0 ,bfenodoM .2Y-OI0I .pnfnrm 9ffdo2yi(1:> nr ^drfednor' bn6 9iU20qx9 dauQ (08ei) .0 .A .AS-II ,d ,.b9H .bnl .0 ,dn8 mond 6ntor F9rtdo29m do ^goTo FmebrqB (U0I .0 .A ,br6noOoM bns .3 .0 fbF6no0oM .3AA-3SA ,3 ..bsM vrdnsvgid .9on9branr F>9d6<nFd29 ydFbfd'iom bn6 ^drf6dnoM (F>d0I) .M ,6m6>6H bns .8 .odouffvfX ,.0 .J , n6(mu9M ,bn6fnF3 nF 2T9nfm 20d29d26 9drffty1qorfdn6 Fo noFdefuqoq gnFXiow 9fld gnon>6 .Sif-301 , ! ,.beM .bn! .0 .dh8 6F29bort8 grid no 6mof f9rtd029m bn6 2od29daA (0^01) .8 , 29i,JnfsM bne .3 ,di9d20M M-SV ,3S ,.beM .0 n6ofndA F6ndn93 .2yswFF6T . 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Med., 36, 187-194. 39 UCC 008697 lo 2pnfb99J0T , .b3 .09fa .H .H nl .aJnsmmoO (83PI) ,.fl .0 i9n33ijfl , VVPT ,\-E I9do3o0 .83 hi A rt3uo2 ,piud29nn6rioO .mufzoqwvg zoJz9<teA 7?8-oft .q ,6ori3A . 5 ,29nrn to . iq90 -ofnebfqs 9ri3 3o efa^fsnfi nA :i9on6o gnuf bn6 zoieedzA (UPi) .8 , foo6i62 ,190063 .1 .3nJ .nofl36i9jnf pnr>loin2-2o329d26 sdi no 9on9bfv9 feofpof .iee-ese . os .3 nl .ebnuoqmoo Boffra 3o f6fJneJoq ofn9gonbi63 (8\PI) .0 .1 ,33o)lff92 b9d6f9fl bne nooffr2 3o \p32fm9rtoof8 ,.ab3 , SarupbnU .1 bns xbn98 .2E8-1IF , ,qio3 .du8 munue f8 ,girofdoi8 -noifvro nf 2io3ob3 ><2h sfqfdfuM (2YPi) .0 .3 .bnommfiH bn6 .1 .1 ,33o;(H92 -6oA ,.b3 fn9mu6i3 . 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X .H .0 ,99j bn6 .0 .1 ,33o;lrf92 .q PA8 ,.V .H , 22918 nr 92692fb 20i29dzA (dPtPf) .G.W .noaforiohl bne ,.8 ,2ffU ,33o)lfr92 .ff-8PS , 0 , .o2 ,b6oA YH cf6nnA .2bi6\tqfrt2 293b32 b93rnU 2309339 ^iffBJioM (d08PI) .3 .3 ,bnorm6H bn6 .H tn6mbf92 ,.L .1 ,33o><ff92 . 3bH . t, 1219j(lOW '(IoJDBY 20329d26 93 20m6 pnomB pnfjiOme 933916pfo 3o .Sld-SOa ,?a ,.32nl i9on&3 ;99J3fmmoo ^i02fvbe 9rt3 3o 3ioq9i fsnH :I . fov tzoizs6zk (P^PI) .W , noaqmrZ -moi ^39362 bne rUTesH .9933fmmoo 9ft3 b9nof22rronoo 2i9q68 :S^ . fov .qq`EOS ,nf6}'rifl Seal'S .nofaiTm (080 F) .3.T ti9f3i9oQ bne .T.3 , 219398 , .1 .H , redo2 , .0.(1 , 3i9doH , .3.W ,d3'rm2 93f2om6 3uorf3fw bn6 ri3fw isSbw pnfjfnfif 2f6mfnB fB3n9mfi9qx9 3o d3f69H .OOE-YVS , ..foofxoT . fori368 . vn3 .1 ,29foi3i6q fBi9nfin 19830 bnB 2o329d26 bn6 ,.3 ,06pioH ,.H ,y.bM ,.3 ,i9fffH ,2fisp9T ,.M , biB^eJ ,.3.M ,no3nB32 nf Y3f3fn9ponfoi6o 03 nof209frfb 9fof3i6q 3o nor36f98 ( F80T) .A ,r(3fm2 ,Td ,.3201 i9onB3 .3bH .1 .efeisnfn 2uoidf3 i9ri3o bn& 2o329d26 9fodfriqm6 .STP-eaP OA UCC 008698 Sterling, T. 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