Document 4agdoZGnkkqE6BEpEEEvNMG4p

2005 IB:01. TDI LIRRARY SERVICES aiutfbwtn ui AXH POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION 17 fi,K.s Kg'The fume stream entering the catalj'tic :r cent Iprarea must be above the minimum .crease i-j(.teniperature for the oxidation to oc- .pher'''v*<v'cr> there must be sufficient catalytic No ' Vvsurfaee. area available to permit com- j ti'_ gggpletion of the reaction and there must . there i||;b sufficient oxygeit available to meet result- oxidation demand of the material tected converted. : after R. Dudley, Humble Oil & feefining' Co., Baytown, described another plant for the recovery of hy drogen snlfide for use in a refinery. W. E. Burns, Phillips Chemical Co., Bartlesville, Oklahoma, pointed nut that an ammonia manufacturing plant must save all ammonia produced. The present practices at Bartlesville make it possible to recover 450 tons of ammonia -each year that have a value of $15,000. Virgil Lehmberg, Shell Oil Co., Houston, gave in some detail the re sults of experiments on the losses from storage tanks painted in differ ent colors. It was found that the tank jainted a dark color may lose as much as 2.4 times as much material as one that has been painted white, There were numerous exhibitions of equipment and these attracted the attention ;of the.350 registrants at the-, meeting. ..1 ' - Sit poxieltf Considerations mil Pollution Control k- eGxAhniiebit iLSla - -V ' .AI |tjyrHEN A NEW product is to be manufactured it behooves the _ manufacturing plant to determine the --aJeffect, if any, of the waste products on Ke receiving stream, The determinaHtCfions should answer the following questions: Will the effluent, as discharged, adversely affect human life? by JACK T. GARRETT ': Mr, Garrett is industrial hygienist and advisor'on;./. stream pollution control for the Monsanto Chemical Company, St. louis, Missouri. sf 5.2.'V Will the effluent, as discharged, ajiyerseiy affect aquatic life? In dis cussing any effect on human life it is 1 that no manufacturing plant pould wilfully discharge. sufficient quantity of any material to cause the receiving stream to become acutely (tqxic to> human life. The effects re ferred to here are pf a more insidious feature. HWHat, for example, would lie the ng term effects on human life of Kinking water containing X concenjation of a certain compound over a period of many years? The answer to question is not available in many gases, _and is .not reaLduiiliyy uoubtidaiinndaubilee.. fjK effects ot some waste materials wastes, industry, however, cannot take ice (USPHS) on some aspects of the full credit for this record. The major problem. Mr. E. J. Cleary, Executive?' credit should be given to the biological Director and Chief Engineer of the life in the stream itself. Most of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation'; wet process wastes discharged from Commission (ORSANCO) in a' pa- ' industry today are in the form of bio per presented at the 26th (1953). An-' logically oxidizable organic compounds mial Meeting of the Federation', of and the stream biota utilizes this ma Sewage and Industrial Wastes Asso 1 terial for food. Even in the case of ciation asked this very cogent ques-T : I'A'rjSsji highly toxic substances such as the tion, "What toxic effects to man and ' organic nitriles, the stream bacteria animals rimy result from continued will degrade these compounds if given consumption of water contaminated time to adjust their enzymatic sys- with industrial wastes?"1 This state-'. ;.4&| terns. It is the standard practice today ment represents a clear challenge to o{ at least one major com_ industr/ 6 ."H* Jfcre'; known. Soluble fluoride salts in pertain concentrations are knawn to gluse adverse effects on the bony structure and the teeth in humans and Wanifnals if ingested in drinking water sIpTf extended periods of time. There ||rb;a few other such examples but for &t)ie vast majority of compounds the jflong term human effects of minute ier6 |||I(luanfifies in drinking water are not are RbSknown. pany to determine the ultimate fate of any toxic substance in the receiv ing stream. It would be to the credit of industry in general if more com panies followed this practice. The problem of the possible dele terious effects of industrial wastes in drinking water on humans or animals is not one of recent origin. Public health officials have discussed the problem for years, and have conducted m Chronic Toxicity Data . .-. The situation is not by any means all bad because chronic toxicity data, . obtained in long term animal feeding studies, are available on many com- ' pounds. These data are sometimes available in the literature, but all too often, they have not been published. They are frequently available from Data Available limited research in the field, Recent companies that manufacture or market' emphasis on pollution problems have the particular product. This type of non spk<! f the fact tbs' precious highlighted this very complex ques information should be obtained when (llat prjittle data are available on this subject tion. Research is now underway at the available and used in studying effluent jlplerefor 'lavc been no majr catastrophes Taft Sanitary Engineering Center of problems. tfeom discharge of industrial the United Slates Public Health Sew- The most serious toxicity problem Industrial Wastes, JANUAiiY-FuuiiUAiiY, 1957 WATER DEC-02-2006 18:03 TDI LIBRARY SERVICES 3102GB0701 P. 0.4 TABLE 1 Toxic Leveli: of Acrylonitrile and Other Waste Components (7) levels to be used as guides in waste treatment design. Of course,- much more extensive work can be done J> Aluminum chloride. H< |!. the University could not Jp project and get the resu - ^ound Max, P.P.M. al which no dealhi occurred Min. P.P.M. al which deaths occurred 24 hr. Median Tolerance Limits . Min. P.P.M. Tola] Deaths which would develop a more qomplete (if be of use to the plant ir story of the toxic effect on the biolog pf?l goals for abatement rest ical life in the receiving streanji. These Tpfcourse of the discussion: Hydrogen Cyanide .^LactonitrUe i. Acrylonitrile - V-Cyanb-l, 3- 0.050 0.100 20.000 0.075 0.250 30.000 . 0.069 0.215 24.500 0.100 0.500 30.000 more academic studies. cost more money and take considerably more time. In any* case, the work should be done because industry today, cannot Ingested that the Director < ^.laboratory of the Texas Ipand Fish Commission be TMfhis views on the subject. 'Butadiene' ' >. 50.000 - - 60.000 71.500 70.000 afford to bq wrong. ' I.to.ry; which is operated b r*. A'ceta IdeHyde . " ' 60.000: ' 70.000 .70,000 -------- There are many methods of per forming biological tests on. suspected ^completely equipped, and Ifeadity. available' source ' " .. . 1 , . ` ... ft?- .V p facing the manufacturing plant in'pro-- ^yidingl for7 waste discharges is con- ;?;f: carried with the effects on aquatic life. 0I|his'`doeS riot, mean; that the effects on i:jj-human life are of nd:c6hseqtiehce, It Tttsimply' means that the discharged sub pollutants.. Industry is generally inter ested in methods that are both simple series . of literature reviews, on, this . and require little time.-There are some subject. The. .United States Depart- .' methods' in the literature for' these ment of Health, Education, and Wel tests. 2 s. *.5 Most tests of this type are fare, Public Health Service publishes based on toxicity of a specific material a series of bibliographies on public to fish 'themselves. There have been ' health subjects. Some of these bibliog many acceptable tests perfected in sPmeh;!After extensive dis Mtfief Marine:: Laboratory iwasfdecideii that the wi ^gffqrmed". by/ plant per gtta.ritie,;;.riaboratory wit and assistance of the Lai sT-fie results of this wor! ^published' in the Texa. . "r stances are normally in such low con- Ujcentrations that no effects on human life would be ocpccted. On the other iO hand, these ' concentrations do affect '^aquatic life because they are being dis- ViCcharged into the medium in which this exists...-TU . ' AL-;'Data are necessary on the effects of TV'pollutarits oiraquatic life for several Up reasons,1 the.' principal reason being |i^that the.appearance of dead fish in the Ml-receiving stream has long'been confS'sidered the ultimate evidence of bad (Afridustrial practice. In addition to this "in, damage to aquatic life is a vio- of many state fish and game s. A third reason is the offense to the aesthetic senses. The smell of dead fish: is one that is seldom tolerated with any degree of appreciate by the public.. V Effects of Chemicals A'tremendous amount of data on pp. the effects of chemical materials on TT aquatic organisms are available in the -literature. There are at present some .'A;'..very- excellent compendiums of these .... data. Probably the finest such work , published'in recent years are the two '.' books published by the State Water """ Pollution Control Board of California. ' These are Water Quality Criteria : published in 1952 and Water Quality raphies are on the subject of the ef fects of industrial wastes oh aquatic and marine organisms. Two examples of these publications are Public Health Bibliography No. 10 on. "Industrial Wastes Relating to Fish and Oysters" and No. 13 relating to "Undesirable Effects Upon Aquatic Life by Algicides, Insecticides, Weedicides," In addition to the specific sources indi cated here, there are many journal sources such as the .industrial waste journals, ichthyological journals, and journals-'of fishery biology. Many journals published by State or re gional AAAS (American Association ior the Advancement of Science) groups contain valuable references in this field. If specific information can not be found in the available litera ture a query to the Biological Section of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engi neering 'Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, may be rewarding because at this lab oratory a very fine, bibliographical file On the subject has been developed. Available Toxicological Information If after 'critically examining the 'lit erature, the manufacturer finds that data on the material in question are not available, it would be prudent to initiate action to obtain them. There are several ways in which this can be which other forms of aquatic life have `Science? are shown in ' been used. For example, diatomes, ||i(Thei data developed microcrustacea, and aquatic insect lar vae. Most of these latter tests require the services of a trained biologist and rather extensive equipment and time.. ,fwefer used as guides in fwaste'; treatment faciliti Tuitirriately constructed : liSityv Plant. In addition Probably the reason why most indus trial work is done on fish is because of ease of handling tuhne. s^puecuimieCun,)rfceulautiivvec Susef these dqta were', and jdcjS'evaluate' the effectiv i^iawwaassttee; treatment. Thhee e ease m recording effects, and ooff tthhee pnssvypchhnomlocgriicraall vvaalluutae itnr>. because actually Mfivd was set' KfiZgpViow-urs .m....edi,an atot l,,eo_rn_.ae_n---cteen using fish. This latter reason should , *|fffextremely .restrictive not be overlooked because, to the gen- f eral public, work of this natureon fish would seem a natural thing, whereas Meg.the: circumstances it mg; greater limit was just pfiat.. there have never b work on smaller aquatic animals would xfilties encountered in fii seem highly academic. - : pi-healthy fish and other spite life in and aro.und jfaljsi'attests to-'the soui Acrylonitrile ifSecision. ' fe?.' It is appropriate to'conclude this 7 discussion with a case history. Several-- HjiSome time after the H|as completed it was dei years'ago Monsanto, Chemical. Corn- : pany decided to construct, facilities at its Texas City Plant to manufacture it acrylonitrile. In studying .the effluent ij amine', the toxic limits ol gnaied : compounds. This jejecG' necessary because jivetjsy'available in the ' ^lalilquantities of the: problem at this site several significant facts were uncovered. ; The effluent would outfall into a section of Galves ton Bay where fishing and boating :.:| !%efe in the effluent stres was- again performed a torap'ui'Fjaaisbshto'r-rCCaootommrymmiiossssf iioothnne wwTiittehhx were popular. In addition, the purheu- fl^ulIvV:ice of the laboratory lar section of the bay in question was restricted in tidal fiush-out by the . Te.xa,s py^. and was commonly :M|p.erch' as Test Fish called the Texas City Pocket. It was ilpjhy -" Criteria---Addendum No, 1 published done. The most common method of also discovered by examining the lit- .liKfc year had elapsed lx in 1954. On.e of the very excellent old obtaining toxicological information is erature that there was no data avail- .-I^fpjects and during tl references for data of this kind comes to have it performed by either univer able on the effects of acrylonitrile, hy- jjpyinter a very serious from the U. S. Department of Com sity or private consulting laboratories. drogen cyanide, or any of the known incurred along the Gulf ( merce, Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin No. 22, Detection and Measurement of Stream Pollution, by M. M. Ellis. This latter volume was published in 1937, however, and much of the mate ' rial is out of date. There are available through the "Critical Review of Lit erature" which appears annually in vage and Industrial Wastes, a fine If the manufacturer has the equipment and laboratory space he can do the job himself if he desires. If the latter course is followed, the services of a biologist should be obtained to consult on the methods used and the interpre tation of the data developed. The cost of this research is small it the goal ol the research is to obtain simple toxic waste components on, marine organisms. It was found, however, that fjiSf|?flfv{sshiiddiceerrh-aa-.b-abl-lfyy-f.e.-c-TT-te-hh-dee--th-sseppeeficcsihhmnrf some years before the University ol ppeerrcehl or L" agodon rhon Houston had determined the effects o! <J~ttihoott. inearly so ,prevale.n.. aluminum chloride isins for the plant.6 on marine organ- Ipjthat were trapped- for u g&tardy as were those u: The problem was discussed with, tts^yious work. For this r- the University of Houston professor Ssi^re not nearly as signi who had supervised the work on ^a(obtained in the c- yanide industrial, Wastes, Januaky-Februaiiy TOWOLDMON0046417 WATER_PCB-00037394 PEC*-02-2005 18:04 TDI LIBRARY SERVICES^ yiu^bauYUi t-'.uo TOXICITY CONSIDERATIONS 19 f'Alumimtm chloride. He stated that ?'the University could not undertake the TABLE 2 |project and get the results in time to Toxicity Levels of Some Chlorinated Solvents Tolerance be of use to the plant in establishing goals for abatement research. In the .^course of the discussions it was sugfeasted that the Director of the Marine laboratory of the Texas State Game *and Fish Commission be contacted for his views on the subject. This labora Compound lets than ________________________________ % deaths_____________ ), 2-dichloroerhane ......................... .................. 1, 1 -dichioroethane .................................... ....... 1; 1, 2-trlchloroethane -......................... 1.____ 1, \, ) -trichloroethane ______________ ______ 150 ppm 250 ppm 150* ppm 75 ppm . More than Va deaths 175 ppm 275 ppm ; 175, ppm k 100 .ppnp.A tory, which is operated by the.state, is ^completely equipped and is close to a ^readily available source of test speci'jnen. After extensive discussions with tK. Marine Laboratory Director it %s. decided that the work would be Je'Hormed by plant personnel at the jMarine Laboratory with the advice Tnd assistance of the Laboratory staff, fhe results of this work which were published in the Texas Journal of Science,'1 are shown in Table 1. . SThe data developed in this study fiyere used as guides in planning the ' treatment facilities that were fuitimately constructed at the Texas Js-wg!ify- -.,Plant,' I. n addition. to the above ^IthlS!.dalWC!:it"LS^Lar!'xU?^ foyevaluate the effectiveness of the also the reason that the work has. the variety of life that can be suppprtr;^^ never been published. These data ap- . ed it is impossible to take! advantagd%J p~ear in Table 2. The experiments in which these data of this w' a..steful cha i n -of' pr'-e^d-aMtiSyn*$*&**V* were obtained were carried on for a Lack of Comprehensive Data period of 48 hours. It was originally intended that 48 hour median toler ance limits would be calculated. How ever, due to the difficulties .encoun tered- with the specimen these calcula tions were never made. Because it was felt that these fig ures only represented the genera! range of toxicity, one-tenth of the les- ser figure in each case was used as the effluent objective. .. - This entire dissertation p6irit^iip';|!;^ the lack of comprehensive data' on! _ effects of - industrial wastes .on liyirigj^||p] organisms. It also indicates that inahy-;??:'^^' scientific disciplines are . required,:, to properly evaluate and abate -,waterL?|||Sj pollution. The-chemical industry! has$|is| long attempted to handle their.vi&sfff%5;3pa problems with chemists and engineers alone, perhaps the addition of perstl>qvi;S;||| nel trained in the life sciences and.'the pyfaste treatment. The effluent objec- There are certain limitations that medical sciences would make the abate i-jtive was set at one-tenth of -the 24 must be considered in toxicity studies ment team more complete, _ ||hours median tolerance limit. This is on aquatic or marine fish. One of these |an'extremely restrictive limit but un- limitations is that of possible syner ^der the circumstances it was felt that gism, The interaction of non-toxic Ro.'eroneei ' m pii greater limit was justified, The fact concentrations of many individual ^that there have never,been any diffi compounds may lead to a toxic effect. 1 Cleary, E. J,, "Determining Risks of ,vS S culties encountered in finding all types This, of course, can be determined by Toxic Substances In Water." Sewage atid'-^ of-healthy fish and other forms of ma testing the effects of the combined Industrial Wastes, 26, 203-210 (1954). . V f; ine life in and around the plant out waste on appropriate aquatic or ma 2 Anderson, A- W., "Proposed Toxicity ; afalls, attests to the soundness of this rine organisms. However, it is seldom Test For Industrial-Wastes." Sewage and'.-'' -jpjclecision, . possible to accurately determine be- Industrial Wastes, 25, 1450-1451 (1953). V.\' ff Some time after the cyanide work for.ehani1 concentrations of indi- 3 Daugherty, F. M., Jr., "A Proposed .J ns Ifej&vyaass ccoonm,Dplieetteedd iitt wwaass ddeecciiddeedd ttoo ddeetteerr-- K;.i! prmne the toxic limits of' some chlori- ii- gfenate:! compounds. Tliis was considat Sered necessary because no such data re [pSWere available in the literature and nt jUfSmall quantities of these compounds nt Jg.wure in the effluent streams, The work nt l|g|>va.s again performed at the Marine s- l||fLaboratory of the Texas Game and 'g gKiFish Commission with the help and u- ^Sadvjce of the laboratory's staff. as ie pji'sK Jy ik-Fmperch as Test Fish as JF* t- ^ -1 A year had elapsed between the two Vldlml waste ^P^ents. The other major fault with fish tox icity studies per se is the fact that they do not take into consideration the ef fect on the predatory cycle at work in the receiving stream. In short, fish toxicity studies do not give any indi cation of the effects of the compound being tested on the lesser forms of aquatic or marine life. To quote Dr. Charles E. Renn of John Hopkins University on the subject, "Living things are essentially devices for col lecting and dissipating energy. When organic wastes are added to water, energy is added, and the bacteria, pro Test For Industrial Wastes To Be- Dis-A charged to Marine Waters." Savage- and ' Industrial Wastes, 23, il029-I031 (1951)', ' ^. : T 4 Duodoroff, B, G. Anderson, G;- Ev? Burdick, P. S. -ualtsoff, W., B. Hart,:" R...u- Patrick, E. R. Strong, E. W. Surber/and'' ` W. M, Van Horn, "Recommended Bioassay Methods For the Evaluation of Acute Tox- .. icity of Industrial Wastes to Fish" (Mimeo- *; graphed). ` * "'T* 5.Hart, W. B,, Peter Duodoroff, and Johri`-_ Greenback, The Evaluation of The Toxic- : ity of Industrial Wastes, Chemicals and /: Other Substances To Fresh-Water Fishes. 317 page book published as limited edition ' by the Waste ^ Control Laboratory of the Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1945). ." 1- rp: projects and during the intervening Y- L fwinter a very serious freeze had oc01 'Incurred along the Gulf Coast of Texas l If#which affected the fish population con- tozoa, and an ascending predatory hierarchy, of animals tie the carbon, hydrog_en, and nitrogen and sulfur in the waste to oxygen. It is desired to 6 Pulley, T. E., "The Effect of Aluminum Chloride in Small Concentrations on Vari ous Marine Organisms." Texas /. Science, 2, 405-411 (1950). at P iderabiy. The specimen used (Pin- burn as much carbon to carbon diox- 7 Garrett, J. T., and F. M. Daugherty, Jr,, of of iSr.perch or Lagodon rhomeboides) were r^not nearly so prevalent. Even those ide as possible with as little living resi due as possible. This is best done by "Toxicity Levels of Hydrocyanic Acid and Some Industrial By-Products," Texas J. Science, 3, 391-396 (1951). L- that were trapped for use were not as having one animal prey on another, te';. hardy as were those used in the prerS-Yvious work. For this reason the data the predator fed to another, and so on. With each conversion there is a loss s Renn, Charles E., "The Place of Aquat ic Biology in the Field of Stream Pollution." Paper presented before the St. Louis Meet St?'are not nearly as significant as those of energy as carbon dioxide. If a sys ing of The American Institute of Chemical Ip-obtained in the cyanide work. This is tem is loaded with materials that limit Engineers, December, 1953. Industrial Wastes, January-February, 1957 TOTLL P.05. towoldmoncw WATER_PCB-l