Document 4a8RL1mQ1n6rpJjDnr8ZK6aLV

the fist: E ....: 1 ........ 2 ........ 3 ..... 4 * ^ ........ 6 ........ 7 ....... 8 ........ 9 ........ 10 ........ II ........ 12 ........ 13 ........ 14 ........ 15 ..... 10 ..... 17 ........ 18 ........ 19 ........ 20 ........ 21 ........ 22 ........ 23 ........ 24 ........ 25 ........ 26 ........ 27 ... x28 J29 ..... 30 ........ 31 ........ 32 ........ 33 ........ 34 MBERS 1 or more Each $0.17 23 2S 58 copies), nd 31. 11, ILL. 52--WHP PULP AND PAPER wmm. INDUSTRY As presetted it the Sessions of the Ptlp end Paper Seeiiet at the 1951 Natioeal Safety Cotgreiu Fundamentals of an Effective Safety Program...................... 3 Quality Production With Safety............................................. 4 Techniques of Accident Investigation and Effective Use of the Results......................................................................... 9 Paper Machine Fires.................................................................. 12 Operation Safety.................................................. 17 Sulphite Pulp Manufacturing (A Round Table Discussion) 20 Sulphate Pulp Manufacturing (A Round Table Discussion) 22 Current Safety .Work in Sweden................... ........................24 Paper Manufacturing (A Round Table Discussion)............. 27 Pulpwood Logging (A Round Table Discussion).................... 29 Insulation Manufacturing (A Round Table. Discussion)... 31 ' Volume 26 Transactions 39tk Notional Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 No. Michigan Aveut Chicago II. HI. :fsl| O' * - *.-.! v.-s-.-rff-'-M;: *JS\> liil ff?H / ' t W: Each j-ear, at the National Safety Congress, die ideas and experiences of manor of the nation's top safety men are presented in the various sessions. Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Congress session, later become generally accepted within their fields. In order to present this information conveniently and at small cost, the Congress Transactions are published in volumes, one for each Section or Division, along with a General Sessions and Detailed Index to all volumes. The 34 volumes of die 1951 Congress Trans actions are listed on the last page of tins volume. Safety directors everywhere have found the Congress Transactions a useful aid in their accident prevention programs, hi industry, for example, their judicious distribution to key personnel in management. and supervision has proved to he of invaluable service. In preparing these Transactions, die proceedings of die Congress have been condensed and edited for reference purposes. Complete original manuscripts, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are available in National Safety Council files. Views expressed at die Congress or in this record are those of die Congress participants and are not necessarily those of the National Safety Council. TIE PILE Ml PAPER SECTIOI Tins volume is a record of the sessions held at the 1951 National Safety Congress hy the Pulp and Paper Section. The conduct of these Congress sessions each year is only one of the many coopera tive activities which the Pulp and Paper Section carries cm in behalf of its members, and for the benefit of accident prevention work in die pulp and paper industry generally. The Section gives guidance in the preparation of a great variety of technical and educational material useful in the day-to-day safety programs of pulp and paper plants. The activities of the Section are under the direction of its Executive Committee, the members of which are listed at the dose of this volume. Y< most Cam must romj gran fund lists I. man even pear been non. this Z in / and 3. duct don' foot tion 4. in ti deni prod 5. dowi little to lx 6. qnat 7. safei too, who of ] safe) Be get < safe! you great Hi belie othei leadi ; By E. J. GAYNER Brunswick Pulp ft PaperCo^Brimswick; Ga. Yoa gentlemen gathered here, today are safety and happiness--and when yon have most surely cogniant ofthe fact that cer- succeeded .in Vieafibing die threshold, give tain, base fundamentals are an absolute your people a big push that will keep diem must for a plant if. it expects a well- forever on their way to. safety and hap rounded, effective and efficient safety pro piness; ' . . -. gram that gives results: Some of these fundamentals, and by no means are they listed in the order of their importance, are: Use .common sense. And make others use it also--including top management And what is common sense? It has been very 1. A sincere management interest A. aptly termed .the knack of seeing things as management interested.in the day by day theyare, and doing things as they should events and not the one dot annually ap be done. Briefly.if is just plain, good old pears on die scene to wave the victory common horse sense. It isn't bought or sold flag--or in the case where the record has and. everyone can have, Hot acquire it! been poor, to wave die "flag of coademnanon." And by die way, it's your job to get ring wmugwiiHit interest. Be. inquisitive--learn die answer. And he observant. - And teach supervisors to be also.' It may be the look in George's eyes or 2. Place and keep plaht and equipment die way he mutters "Good Morning;** but in' A-l. condition and operate them safely you know it isn't like him, something wrong: and efficiently. Be inquisitive---learn die answer. Nine 3.^ Place safety in die triangle with pro-, times ont of ten a.litde .chat will bring back dnedon and quality and, for heaven's sake, the twinkle hi his eye and die enthusiasm in don't shorten the safety leg. Give it equal his: voice., and immediately he will be a footing with the other two items--produc- . happy.safe George. don and qualify. Goidethem to safety--and be proud of H! 4. Supervision capable of and interested There, are various kinds of pride. Yours in training and directing people in the effi must be an electrifying one when day after cient and' effective production of quality day George leaves the plant happy and products--safely. .' safe, and your thoughts travel home with 5. Communication--send information, him and watch as he is greeted by die wife andthe kids. Pride has made America an down the line as well as np .the line-rthe immense , land of action, a nation of go- little man is doing a big job and deserves to be kept informed. ? getters. Andwhenyonhatye contributed so much to thesafety and hap^ness of George 6. Provide trained: personnel and ade and his family,; you haveevery reason to be, quate facilities for die medical program. proud of-it!' Your pride-will be contagious, 7. Provide capable leadership for. the too, and will seteverybody on fire'if yon safety ^program: There are more things - use It right' too, but now a message to you gentlemen . . Be . enthusiastic.... Theenthusiast provides who are shouldered'with-the respdnsibility; die desired leadership because he is sure of of providing capable leadership, for. die. . himself his .efforts and his ideals! Your safely program in your respective plants: plants1 Successful safety program can he . Be men of afction. T)6n't sit in'ah office, attributed to the enthusiasm you inspired get out-in the plant Employees' and tlieir id its people--a sparkling enthusiasm to be safety attitude generally test the mettle of happy and safe. you safety people. Your opportunity 'is Bdieve that every day is a . golden op- greater than ever before! Go to Hr ' portunity: Accidents happen in an instant Have the will to succeed. If jnpu don't Don'tput off nndl tomorrow that which believe it can be done-how can ytminspire : should be done today. Lost time is never others to believe it? The will to succeed in found? again--neither die day we lose by leading your .people to the threshold of . `dallying nor the injury lost day as a result il , i'lfif iii-lf is. iti V\ r*'Si *0- %t., j > i # |$g jffsw'.gs Pulp and Paper Industry suit of delay. Get moving! Get action! Be confident. Nothing could be more disastrous to your efforts in a safety pro gram than a lade of self-confidence. Selfconfidence is a must if any undertaking is to be successful. Talk, act and think safety with self-confidence and failure is out on its ear. Have faith. It has been said that faith doubles ones normal powers, gives unending confidence and inspires every worthwhile activity. Certainly I can think of nothing more worthwhile than active people, happy people. And I am sure that nothing will give us. happier people quicker than a supreme faith in the almighty God--Faith in our selves and our destiny--both of these to be followed up with earnest, confident actum. Set your sights high! It has been said that only fools say it can't be done! If it's a perfect safety program you want; fix that aim vividly in your mind. Then keep ever lastingly at it! Permit nothing to dis courage or deter you! Live it! Sleep it! Dream it! Yes, if necessary, even eat it! Continue on and on and the satisfaction of seeing a completely safe and happy group of employees will be yours! You can have the kind of record you want if you work for it Be cheerful Stay in a good humor! Be cool, courteous and collected in every situ ation and influence your pople as you see fit A bit of cheerfulness at the proper time will do more towards the removal of tension than ary other single item. Boost your people into the safety way, never try knocking them there. Look for opportunities. You don't have to iook very nara realty. Opportunity is staring each of you in the face this very minute. How many of your managements are satisfied and content to let the progress in safety become stagnant and lie peacefully where it is today, yes, even recognizing the fact that your record for 1950 may be far and away outshine the. industry's national average of 11.80. You know how manage ment is; they always want it better; if the record is poor, management wants it good; if it's good, management wants It better, and if it's perfect, well. I'd be will ing to guess that the management has Webster working on some expression that would express the thought of something better than perfection so that opportunity would stare cadi of you in die face. Success is beckoning, and Tm sure you will heed die call! The road is-wide and open!-And many of the men who traveled this road and achieved the heights of success began with no other assets than alertness, willingness, and a strong determination to reach that apex in the road where their momentum and continued efforts would cany diem on-and-on-and-on. You gentlemen, are on the road! You are in a great field, it is a happy field to be in, for it helps large members of people --your friends and associates and fellow workers to attain a new level of happiness -by working safety. Nothing in die world can give you a greater feeling of personal pride and happiness than to know that through your enthusiastic confident, guid ance and leadership all people--rich or poor --white or blade--young or old within reach of your influence have been made happier people because they are safe people. Quality Production With Safety By F. O. SOUGHTON Service and Safety Supvr, Longlac Palp & Paper Co, Ltd, Terrace Bay, Out* Canada At the outset I should like to place spe cial emphasis on certain factors which were fundamental in die development of die safety program at Terrace Bay. L Our parent organization, KimberlyClark Corporation, has been active in the safety business longer than most of ns can recall and, therefore; was able to relate much valuable "know how." . 2. During the' design and construction days, safety was literally buflt into the Ter race Bay project Quality Production, With Safety 5 unity s-- hisvery i p prt0-<iss tactfully izing the f be far national manageiter; if mutts it wants it be wiQ. ent has ion that northing i trinity a sure you id many oad and put with Imgness, ach that nncntom ry diem d! Yon field to tf people I fellow appiness ie--vld ow ^ it, guid; or poor I within 9 made e people. f ns can to relate istruction the Ter- top management which insisted open safety not separate from, but as a part of actual operations. termmed that accident prevention would he a function of the line organization, stem ming from the mill manager through the And two important pre-start-up activities paid real dividends. 1. An intensive two month building-bybirilding safety inspection netted some 286 mechanical hazards which were (bait with promptly. 2. Mill employees who were to handle operating jobs were hired well in advance of start-up and carefully trained in operat ing procedures. This training included the use of individual job write-ups which in corporated die safety measures related to each job. Confronting us in the early days of 1949 (our first calendar year of operation) were facts, which to say. the least; were some what foreboding: 1. Estimates of from three to seven years were given by experts in the safety business as to tiie amount of time which would be required to develop an effective safety pro gram in a new mill. 2. New sulphate pulp mills which bad gone into operation in Ontario prior to our start-up had suffered disabling injuries at the rate of one every four or five days during the first two or time years of opera tion. with frequency rates well above 50. Such negative prospects were a challenge to our ingenuity. The thought of having a LongLac employee suffering a disabling injury every four or five days haunted us and spurred us to action. There was no time to experiment except on .one point Statistics indicated that up to 90 per cent of all industrial accidents were due to "human" not "mechanical" hazards. That being so, we firmly resolved to expend the bulk of our time and effort in this direction since it. seemed logical to assume that our accident prevention pro gram ought be immediately successful if we could deal effectively with those "human" failures. superintendents and foremen in the same manner as any other management function. And let me here inject a thought for any one responsible for a safety program. If top management in your mill is not sold on safety, if top management backing leaves something to be desired, it is my considered opinion that it is your, duty and responsi bility to do a sound selling job in this direc tion. I am convinced that top management wants to do the right thing and will if properly informed. In order to deal effectively with the var ied "human" failures that cause so many of our industrial accidents we must also influence the minds of those who are our working force: And while-toms applied in this field may carry such labels as creating safety consciousness or safety awareness, tiie techniques which have paid off with us are directly related to sound advertising principles. But let me also state that the same dy namic effort must be incorporated in selling safety as is used in successfully selling any product. Simple reminders aren't sufficient A tingle small sign at the mill entrance just won't do the trick. Something more spectacular is what people are used to in modem day advertising. Call it tinsel if you will, we did at Terrace Bay, but it was -decided early the first year that we did not have enough of it An increase in the amount used brought almost immediate re sults. Before continuing with details`of our present safety program it is but fitting that you should know about the results which were achieved. -Throughout 1949, the first calendar year of operations, we experienced 18 disabling injuries (an average of one every 20 days) for a frequency rate of 13.76, believed to be the safest pulp null start-up on record To do this we needed a basic philosophy 011 t*1*s continent which could be sold to everyone--to super- The second year we-operated, 1950^ saw visor and workman alike. Since the theme, a sharp reduction in our accident experience "Safety First," did not appear to have these -> Disabling injuries were cut to 8 (an aver- qnalifications, "Production with Safety" was age of one every 45 days) and the frequency adqptod (the word "Quality" was added rate dropped to 5.91. Work days lost were later). reduced to 67 from the 656 of the previous 6 Pulp and Paper Industry yfflr White man hnnrR 1.350,000 from 138.000. ITKT^SCq tO At the same time production increased and the quality of our product improved. The basic theme of our operations, "Quality Production with Safety" had become "A Proven Reality." During the first 9 months of 1951, to October 1st, man hours worked have exceeded a million with a disabling injury frequency rate of 1.84. It is not enough, however, to talk only about a base philosophy and then ate re sults achieved. Specific factors which have become a part of our safety program should be noted. Let's take a look at some of the "tinsel" we spoke about, used to create that safety awareness so all important in combatting those human hazards which cause so many of our on-the-job accidents. We contend, for example, that it's very important to make some impressions on every LongLac employee at the start of each day or shift To accomplish this we have the following: 1. A Jumbo Billboard--18 ft x 32 ft This billboard uses the 10 ft x 12 ft jumbo posters published monthly by the National Safety Council. It also proclaims our "Quality Production with Safety" theme and has interchangeable space for "Yester day's Production" and "Safe Days" since the last accident 2. A Safely Contest Scoreboard---7 ft x 15 ft Tins huge scoreboard shows the rela tive positions of 11 pulp and paper mills in an area safety contest A 2 ft x 3 ft interchangeable panel on this sign gives us room for any special announcements. 3. A Dog House. This is a full size 3 dimensional dog-house with a cut-out dog, all perched atop a 6 foot pole. It is re served for any LongLac Unit (there are 20 of them) which has less than 100 safe days to its credit and there is room bn the side for the names of any such units. 4. Safety Slogan Contest Board--6 ft x 7 ft On this board each week is posted on a 22 in. x 28 in. card the safety slogan for the week. The board also states the amount of the current Jade Pot Each week, $5-00 is added to the Jack Pot and an em ployee's name is drawn from the Personnel Department Kardex Records. If the slogan is missed, die Jack Pot grows by $5.00 per week. Keen interest has been maintained in this simple contest for 2)4 years with the Jack Pot reaching as high as $35.00. 5. Frequency Rate Comparisons--Out yearly experience since start-up is set forth on a 4 ft x 6 ft panel with a brief de scription of what constitutes a frequency rate. 6. "Production with Safety? Panel--6 ft x 8 ft The "Quality Production with Safety" theme is repeated with "production" and "safe day" totals changed daily. 7. The impact of what has been noted so far is made before an employee punches lus time card. The Tone Card itself has im printed on it in red, a safety slogan. (These slogans change with each change of time cards.) 8. Safe Man Hour Thermometer--& ft high. Across the top of the thermometer is the challenge "Let's Make it a Million Safe Man Hotrrs." ' (A previous objective' of a half-million safe man hours was achieved during the spring and summer of 1951 when the project completed 728,000 consecutive safe man hours before a disabling injury' broke a run of 192 safe days.) 9. Unit Scoreboard--3 ft x 9 ft keeps the score of disabling injuries during the current year of all 20 units into which the project is divided. 10. Individual Unit Scoreboards--2 ft x 3 ft These scoreboards have a green cross lor safety at the top which contains the "Production with Safety" theme. Each board is supplied with interchangeable num bers and there is room on the board for the best previous safe day record and the current safe day total. A small blackboard section 10 in. x 20 in. provides space for any brief message, safety or otherwise, and an 11 in. x 14 in. soft board panel projects at the bottom on which a single safety poster or minutes of safety meetings can be posted. ' 11. Giant Safety Slogan Panels--3 ft x 12 ft Six of these double sided safety slo gan panels, made up of light framing and sign cotton are routed through six strategic locations in the mill at monthly intervals. Each month a new panel is started through the circuit and the panel used for six months in all six locations is retired. 12. Bulletin Boards--A regular bulletin board service, under glass, is maintained in six mill and office locations and National th the L J if deuency -6 ft with ction" ted so es his s imThese time -B ft ter is > Safe of a sieved when cutivc injury keeps g the :h the ft x cross ois the d for id the hoard * for e, and ojects safety 3 can ft x y slog and ategic ervals. trough >r six ulletin ned in ational Quality Production With Safety 7 Safety Council and other safety posters are copy what someone else b doing.--How- utilized in the safety sections of these ever, where a- sound principle works well boards. in someone's safety program, it will prob Quite apart from signs and posters we also make use of the following: 1. Daily Letter contains quality and pro duction information, special announcements and a safety message. This is one of the most important factors in the program since it is a daily reminder to each man in the line organization that safety is very much on the agenda. And this daily letter pro vides a regular communication channel for important items which would otherwise re ably do as good a job if given a chance elsewhere. As a principle which you would do well to copy, may I simply state that I don't believe you can overdo the variety of appeals which you use to sell safety, so long as those appeals are geared to the basic philosophy underlying your program. In other words, speaking of appeals, the more the merrier. As for committees in our safety program we have three types. quire special memos. It takes time to get 1. Terrace Bay Accident Prevention Com out this daily letter but it is time well spent mittee. - This. committee b responsible di 2. *Quality Production with Safety sheet, distributed weekly to all employees. This single in. x 14 in. sheet was orig-- inated by the accident prevention committee. It is devoted to production and safety mat ters and is enlivened By two or three good jokes. Focusingattention on the basic theme of operation which b printed in three colors across the top of the sheet thb means of communicating with every employee creates many valuable impressions. rectly to the mill manager who acts as its general chairman. The committee is also made up of all mill superintendents (who may invite to the meetings a foreman of their choice); focal.,union. offidab (presi dent; vice-president and secretary); the chairman of each departmental safety com mittee (who may be either salary or hourly rated men); the plant nurse and the safety supervisor who acts as secretary. .This committee oversees all safety activi 3. Terrace Bay News, a weekly mimeo graphed newspaper distributed to all Terrace Bay residents. Thb medium b utilized to cany safety messages along with regular news items. ties, reviews statistical reports, determines null wide safe practices when necessary*, in stitutes stunts and contest and considers matters referred to it by the various de partmental safety committees. 4. Co-operation, a bi-monthly publication of our parent organization, Kimberly-Clark Corp., distributed to all corporation em-. ployees. From a safety standpoint we make particular use of thb publication in re cording the achievements regbtered by our safety efforts. Much of thb record b kept pictorially as this is our only medium, at 2. Departmental Safety Committees. Each department has a departmental safety com mittee which b responsible to the superin tendent of that department These committees, whose composition is determined by the superintendent concerned, conduct regular inspections of their respec tive departments, consider items of safety present for obtaining a wide distribution of brought to committee members by employees pictures of safety activities and accomplish of the department, help to plan general meet ments. ings of all members of the department and By elaborating as I have on the various factors of our program covered to. thb point I have one purpose in mind; to illus trate the extent to which we go, apart from in many instances deride subjects for such meetings. 3. Special Committees or Sub-committees. These committees may be set up by the our accident prevention committees, indoc trination practices and other aspects of our program to sell safety in a general way to accident prevention committee or arty de partmental safety committee and they may cover such items as: special events, contests, everybody and keep them sold by repeated good housekeeping inspections, or they may reminders. What works specifically in one be set up to study a particular safety prob safety program does not necessarily prove lem. equally effective in another situation and so It b important that I should emphasize I would caution against any attempt to just that all committees which are in any way 8 Pulp and Paper Industry a part of our accident prevention program are responsible to either a superintendent or the mill manager. This keeps the responsi bility for safety in the hands of the line organization and therefore eliminates any possibility of divided authority. Certain other measures also have an im portant bearing on our accident prevention program. Accident and Hazard Investigations. All accidents involving disabling injuries, many accidents involving minor injuries and'par ticular hazards which cannot be readily eliminated are all subject to formal inves tigation. Statistics. Statistics "with meat on them" prove of real value as a "measuring stick" in checking on progress and can be made interesting if some thought is given to the subject. First Aid. Speaking from experience we know that: 1. A plant nurse with the "right attitude" can be of invaluable assistance in promoting health and safety quite apart from rendering important first aid service. 2. Employees trained in recognized first aid courses are also a real asset to a safety program. Safety Contests. While the merits of safety contests may be seriously debated, we believe they serve a very useful purpose. People like competitions, that is why sports are so popular. For this reason, we operate two mill-wide contests: 1. A slogan contest, referred to pre viously; and 2. A contest wherein each of our 20 null units competes against its own ability to work safely for 50 day periods at the end of which the unit receives prize money (if earned) on a per capita basis, which may be disposed of in any manner decided by members of the unit; except-in dividual distribution of the cash. A contest operated in this manner eliminates, fairly well, the criticism often heard when inter department contests are run that some null units are more hazardous than others. (A copy of rules governing this type of contest will be glady sent to anyone on request) We also compete in the following con tests: 1. A two-mill contest with Spruce Falls Power and Paper Co., Kapuskasing, On tario. 2. An eleven-mill contest involving all pulp and paper mills in Northwestern On tario. 3. An Ontario-wide contest involving 22 Class "A" pulp and paper mills. 4. The "Safest Mill in Canada" contest for pulp and paper mills. 5. The National Safety Council Paper Industry Contest Maintenance Shutdown Meetings. When ever a major maintenance shutdown is scheduled, it is immediately preceded by a mass meeting of everyone who trill be doing shutdown work. Apart from .dealing with particular hazards, these meetings place a great deal of emphasis on the elimination of "chance taking" and "hurry." We'feel that such meetings payoff in better workman ship as well as fewer mishaps to machinery, tools, and most important of all; men. Good Housekepingp Much effort b ex pended* by inspection committees on a millwide and departmental basis in maintaining a high level of good housekeeping through out the entire operation. A low injury fre quency rate and good housekeeping go hand in hand. But I would caution against any attempt to merely inspect safety into a mill.. Safety' can no more be inspected into a null than can quality'. Just as controlled conditions are necessary in producing a quality product so-also are controls necessary to insure safety. Inspections simply point out where controls have faltered or failed. If tins fact is dearly recognized when inspections are conducted, they will prove of real value for we then deal with "causes" and not just note the "effects." Safety Organisations. I would urge safety supervisors to get into safety organizations with a will to help in every possible way, bearing in mind that if what yon have in stock and trade doesn't meet the competition at the outset, you'll soon find a way to see that it does if you are really interested in doing your job. As you find more of the answers, your own null will benefit directly and your contribution to the safety move ment will be just that much more effective. And don't be afraid to step In and do a job where you see a need. . Public Relations. If you have a public relations department at your mill, use it If you are on your own, get next to the editors iff Z2 test Paper Wienm is by a doing with ice a on of t that mum mery, L > exnul!amng smghr fre hand tempt iafety than itkns oduct nr' "\ <J s fact s are e for : just afety itions way, ve in tition o see ed in f die rectly novextive. a job public it If Stars Techniques of Accident Investigation and Effective Use of the Results 9 and magazines. Any reference to your safety efforts will add prestige .to your program and create favorable impressions on your employees as well as the general public At Terrace Bay, we are very grateful for the support given our safety program by a num ber of newspapers and magazines. Reference to one very important phase of our safety program has been purposely left to the last It is the personal approach to the employee from the time he joins our ranks. At .the very outset, as soon as he is on the payroll and before commencing work; .the subject of accident prevention is personally covered with him by the Safety Super visor. -Time consumed by this phase of our indoctrination program varies from 13 to 4Q minutes""depending upon whether an in dividual or a group of up to 8 men is in volved. The employee is told the story of LongLac's accident prevention program and the success which has been achieved. Ref erence is made to the Union Agreement booklet, a copy of which is given to each employee This booklet contains all the mill rules governing every phase of our opera tion and penalties for violations of these rules are clearly stated. Rules related to safety are included. For example, violating "Do not Start Tag" regulations is listed as "a reason considered sufficient for immedi ate discharge" Some may disagree with the principle of penalties tied to compulsory rules. We are convinced, however, that dean cut rules set forth in writing; with penalties that are fair to all concerned serve a very useful pur pose in keeping that small minority in line who would probably never stay within the law even though exposed to all the appeals to which normal people respond. In other words; we apply the same principles which effective in every day law enforcement In addition to general information which also indudes reference to the first aid room,, necessity for reporting all injuries promptly, safety shoe program, prescription goggle program, smoking areas, prompt action nec essary if in contact with chemicals and the extent to which the company has gone to provide a safe place to work; specific ref erence is made to the department where the new employee is scheduled to work. If there are general hazards in that depart ment they are noted; but sperific job in structions are left up to the foreman and the new employee is so informed. We also try to get across the thought that we have some idea of "that strange feeling" which even the most seasoned work man has when he starts a new job. And in parting, we stress the fact at LongLac "SafestJs, Everybody's Business" and that our safety program will only continue to be successful as each person takes a personal responsibility for his own safety and the safety of his fellow workmen. As has been indicated, individual job in struction is the responsibility of the fore man, and to maintain uniformity and assure that nothing will be overlooked, indi vidual job write-ups are used during this training process. These job write-ups, which contain safety measures related to the job, are reviewed yearly by- foremen and. the workmen concerned and changes made; subject to management approval, often relate to accident prevention. Where it is not possible to use the job write-up ap proach, a foreman is expected to take the time to assure "himself that the men work ing for him know the score. Sound advice in this regard is very ably set forth in a little booklet, "How to Sell Safety" pub lished by The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc, Washington, D. C Techniques of Accident Investigation and Effective Use of the Results By ROBERT W. GRAY Safety Director, Union Bag ft Paper Corp., Savannah, Ga. % : . , > It is my purpose to present briefly a sim- results of accident investigation to the super- pie^ technique which we have used in the .-visors whose responsibility it is to take the Union Bag ft Paper Corp. to present the indicated corrective action. It has been our \ 10 Pulp and Paper Industry in possession of full facts, they can and will correct any unsatisfactory condition relative to production including that essential part of production, the conservation of the most indispensable tools they have, which is their man power. We have been using this tech nique for a number of years and believe it is the most effective means of presenting full facts to the supervisors. The technique is simple and inexpensive. I want to empha size the fact in the beginning that it can be effectively carried out by any good safety man or men, and as you will see, profes sional photographers, etc, are not necessary. The pictures which I am going to show you were made by a member of our safety staff, and a professional photographer is used only in the preparation of the glass slides. I think it will add to the effectiveness of the presentation if you gentlemen will now consider yourselves as operating super visors attending a meeting conducted by your division head. I will ask you to step out of the character at a point or two during the presentation. Slide Mo. /. This picture is typical of many in our accident files dealing with an accident caused by a dangerous practice. The accident occurred at the winder of a triplex machine in our paper processing department The injured man is a winder helper and is shown holding a linoleum knife in the slit between two rolls of paper being wound up on the winder. The rolls are slit as they go through the winder. Occasionally, the sheet will slightly lap after it is slit resulting in rolls bring hard to separate. As you see, he was holding the knife with his right hand and supporting it underneath with his left hand with the bade of the knife blade rest ing at the first joint of his index finger. The knife apparently cut through the lapped paper and became wedged. The paper roll turns clockwise and the roller under his hand turns counter clockwise with the result that his knife was immediately jammed against the bottom and the end of his finger was cut off by the back of the knife blade. Fortunatriy, his hand did not enter the nip between the rollers. Slide No. II. This man received a severe crushing laceration of his right thumb, ex tensive damage to skin and tissues between first finger and thumb. He lost 14 days from work. His accident happened this way. He is attempting to adjust the position of the reel on the stand by using the ratchet wrench in the manner illustrated. The reel is turning counter clockwise. The ratchet was known to be defective. He is attempting to mesh the cogs on the defective ratchet with pressure from his left hand. As. he applies force with his right hand the cogs slip and his right hand is. .caught between the end of the ratchet and the revolving roil. The key points here are the admitted fact that this worker and others on different shifts knew- this tool was defective and it was not reported. Slide No. III. This is a particularly good picture, however, you will please remember that I told you in the beginning that we are not professional photographers and we are using an inexpensive camera. This bull dozer operator was pushing bark off a rail road track leading into the wood yard. This stick of wood became wedged between the caterpillar tread and the frame of the bull dozer.. The operator, leaving the machine in gear with the clutch disengaged, of course, left his seat and stepped out on the cater pillar tread to remove the piece of wood as shown. As nearly* as we can determine, vibration of the motor caused the clutch to engage and as the machine started forward, his foot and leg were caught between the caterpillar tread and the arm which supports the bulldozer blade. The result was a crush ing injury to his left knee and foot with three bones fractured in his foot He lost 53 days from work. Slide No. IV. Here is a spout man clean ing ashes out of a clogged hopper on the back side of a recovery unit using a high pressure water hose to dissolve the accumu lation of ashes and smelt and punching the accumulation in the hopper with a steel rod. He is using the hose because the pump which operates this water line is out of order. While he was performing the operation as shown, there was a smelt explosion in the hopper. He was painfully burned about the face and neck and lost 22 days from work. Proper goggles saved his eyesight The key points here are these two things: 1. The wash out water line is below the access door. 2. The access door is at face level which add up to unsafe working conditions. Now, to correct this, the following things were done. A portable platform was pro vided on which the operator could stand with the access door about level with his knees. The water line was moved to a position atchet e red atchet \s. he l cogs :tween g roll. 1 fact fferent and it good ember re are re are bulla rail. This ai the : bulliine in curse, cater>od as rmine, tch to ward, 31 the pports crush: with e lost in the t high cumuig the d rod. which order, ion as in the ut the work, le key . The i door, which things 5 prod with knees. Dsidon Techniques of Accident Investigation and Effective Use of the Results 11 above the access door, and an observation door was installed in the hopper above the access door; All as shown in die next slide. But in spite of these corrective measures it happened again. Slide No. V. As I told you, the wash out line has been changed from its position in the previous picture bdow the access door to this position above the access door: Six months later in spite of these changed con ditions it happened again. The worker ig nored the access door and used the obser vation door duplicating the conditions which prevailed- in the first- accident Now, gen tlemen, forget for a moment your role, as supervisors and let me point out to you that it was embarrassing to the supervisor when this second accident occurred and this pic ture was projected for the second time. Slide No. VI. The problem of getting guards on exposed moving equipment that "can't be guarded" is highlighted in this and the following slide. Briefly--an adjuster lost four fingers on his right hand when it was caught under the ironing rolls while he was snatching bags out of the machine as it was bring started up. On this type bag ma chine, the tube comes over the drum and a gripper catches the end of the bag and pulls it up under the ironing rolls. Because the gripper does not do this operation per fectly at slow speeds, the operating depart ment had always contended it was impossible to guard this section of the machine as this would make it impossible for the operator to remove these bags by hand, and the bags would then wrap the drum jamming the machine. The man's hand was carried up under the draw rolls, under the bar which holds the forming brass, and into the creaser blade which cut off the four fingers. The seriousness of this accident and the presen tation of this picture graphically illustrating the danger resulted in having these ma chines guarded is illustrated in die next slide. Slide No. VII. Here you see the danger area fully guarded and the arrow in this case points to a switch which is integrated with the guard and operates so as to stop the machine if the guard is raised as much as V" Slide No. VIII. This picture shows the reenactment of an accident that happenril in the tabulating room. A 6', 190 lb., robust, young man stooped over to pick up two trays of tabulating cards off the floor, but he never completdy straightened up. He experienced severe pain, was removed on a stretcher, and the diagnosis .was "hernia.'' Slide No. IX. This picture was posed by the injured man himself. Inside the circle, you will note a rag in his right hand and a little white patch. The little white patch is a bandage on the end of his index finger at a point where the first joint was cut off when the rag was caught between the gears and his finger mashed between a gear and the frame of the machine. This man was a foreman and was demonstrating good housekeeping techniques by sliding lack the guards which are suspended on the pipe shown across the man's back and cleaning the machine while it was in operation. Slide No. X. The error of assuming com mon sense on the part of our workers and an example of the extent such workers need detailed safety, instructions is highlighted in this picture of this truck operator about to be "guillotined." There were two people concerned in this accident and because both of them are elec tric truck operators, it will be necessary, in the interest of clarity, to identify them by name Rushing is the name of the man shown in this picture. Masters is the name of a worker at the bottom level of the ele vator shaft Rushing had loaded the elevator with two skids of paper, had backed his truck pff the elevator and stopped it just dear of the gate He came around to the gate and pulled it down with a rope tied to the gate for this purpose. Masters was waiting for the elevator on the first floor. 'When Rushing dosed the gate, the devator descended a distance of about 12-14 inches and stopped. Masters was controlling the elevator with the bot tom control switch on the first floor. The elevator, as you know, is equipped with con tacts on the gates which break the circuit when gates are not in dosed position and make the elevator inoperative. Masters called to Rushing to close the top gate, thinking this was the cause of the elevator stopping. Rushing stood on the platform of the truck, placed his hands on the top of-the gate and leaned his head over the top of the gate to shove it down and to call down the shaftway to Masters that his gate was dosed. The elevator started down and the top of the cab caught the back' of Rushing's head. 12 Pulp and Paper Industry mashing it against the top of the gate on which his neck rested. Rushing called to Masters to stop the elevator. Rushing's calls brought his foreman to the elevator and he found Rushing with his neck mashed be tween the gate and the cab roof with his feet dangling in the air above the platform of the truck. The somewhat flexible gate had been strained to the point where the contacts between the gate and the electrical circuit (interlocks) were not making proper fit and it is not definitely known whether die cir cuit was broken in this maimer or whether Masters released the "down" button to stop the elevator. Rushing was released from the trap, taken to the first aid hospital, and immediately to the doctor who diagnosed hi% injury as "con tusion of the neck and damage to the larynx." Fortunately, no vertebrae were broken and a very sore neck and a hoarse tone of voice which lasted for a week were the most serious affects of the accident Comments: You will remember that six months ago the safety department made an inspection of all elevators which showed shaftway gate protection to be standard at the level at which the accident occurred. A mnspection of the shaftway gate protection made immediately after the accident shows that this protection is still adequate. The Cause: As determined by the -inves tigating group it was extreme carelessness and complete disregard for safety devices. Since all equipment involved in this accident meets the requirements of the safety code, no recommendation was made regarding physical hazards. Since the existence of standard protective devices appears not to be sufficient protec tion against accident to extremely cardess individuals, the investigating committee rec ommends that supervision caution all per sonnel regarding this unsafe act Injured was severely reprimanded by die department superintendent and returned to work on probation. Paper Machine Fires By G. W. BRAHMST Eng., Factory Mutual Engineering Div., Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Early this year a fire originated in a paper machine in a midwestera paper plant The fire spread rapidly over the machine, into the unsprinklered hood and ventilating stacks above. All combustible material on the en tire drying section of the machine, including the felts, was burned. Two hundred bear ings were damaged and had to be repoured. Heat cracked the cement asbestos board hood and damaged ventilating stacks. Auxiliary equipment such as motors, wiring etc. were also damaged. Fifty-seven sprinkler heads at the roof level opened due to the heat of the fire This fire is believed to have been caused by a hot bearing, probably due to the lack of lubrication, which ignited the paper dust and fibers and oil around the bearing. The estimated amount of damage including loss of use of the machine was $50,000 and this was considered on the low side. Perhaps many of you are wondering if you could have such a loss in your plants, some maybe wondering how fires in paper machines can be prevented and, if they do occur, how the damage and down time can be kept at a minimum. Sometime ago, at another conference, one of the speakers said. In referring to statis tics, that they are more efficient than any sleeping pills. I heartily agree with that statement Statistics are quite essential and the basis for determining preventative meas ures. The following are from Factory Mu tual records covering about 200 properties having paper machines. From 1928 to 1949 there hare been 395 losses from fires involving paper machines in Factory Mutual Insured plants. The total amount of loss resulting from these fires was $843,000 including loss of production which was approximately $270,000. The amount of loss of production would no doubt have been much higher had all of the plants six LA Sion rows tvesmess ices. ident sod-e--, cove oteccless recper- r die d to pcr y do ; can , one tatis- any that I and ncasMusrties t 395 tes in total fires iction The ioubt tlants Paper Machine Fires 13 carried Use and Occupancy insurance. This The electrical fires, second in number, are form of insurance was not carried by many caused by failure to maintain the electrical plants prior to about 10 years ago. equipment, partidularly the motors, in good During 1950 there were 33 losses involving paper machines, hi the nine months of 1951 the record is much better as far as the number of fires are concerned, for there have been only ten machine fires with an estimated loss of approximately 18,000 property damage and $12,000 Use & Occu pancy but the amount of loss for these ten repair. Motor bearings, like many others, are frequentiy over-lubricated resulting in oil getting on the windings and power wires. This breaks down the insulation, and also helps dust and fibers to accumulate in the motor. If not removed periodically over heating occurs, followed by failure of the insulation or a short circuit, and then a fire. fires about equals that for the 33 fires.Jn Heat generated by friction of paper chokes 1950. This is due partly to the higher labor between rolls, at belts, gears, clutches and and material costs, and to the fact that for moving parts other than bearings caused the several of the fires the amount of loss has third largest number of losses. been estimated. As a rule estimates are Cutting and welding operations while mak higher than the actual loss. ing repairs or alterations to equipment has In these days of astronomical figures, these losses mayseem small but to the individual plant operator any loss is of importance; The amount of property damage; even in creased by Use & Occupancy, as paid in dollars does not always show the true pic ture. Let us see what causes these losses. Again we find from our records after a study of 352 fires, that the following were re ported by our fiddmen to be causes of these, fires. Fire Causes Hot bearings.................. 39% Electrical........................................... 18% Friction ............................................. 17% Cutting and welding............................ 7% been the fourth major cause of fires. Most of such fires are the result of carelessness on the part of both the machine operator and the welders and are due principally to not taking the necessary precautions to clean up the machine and remove or protect all combustible material in the vicinity of the welding or cutting operations or, better yet, where posable to move the parts to be welded to a safe location. Now that we have some idea of the cause of.these fires maybe a few actual fire losses ought give a better picture of how the fires occur and the damage is done. We have already cited one example of a hot bearing fire at the start of this paper. Here are a few others. Miscellaneous sparks.........................4% At one plant a hot bearing in the ma Static sparks ......................................3% chine room basement caused a fire which Hot steam pipes..................................2% spread through the belt and other openings Smoking...............................................1% into the first story. Here the fire flashed Unknown............................................. 7% over the dust and fiber deposits, oily gears Hot bearings cause four out of every ten fires and occur principally on die older type of paper machine having grease or oil lub ricated plain type bearings. Because, of the inaccessibility of the bearings on the back side while the machine is operating, most of the fires occur on this side of the machine; The presence of grease or oil-covered open gears and oily fibers, paper dust, pieces of paper, rags and-rope add fuel and cause a hot fire once ignition occurs. and the paper on the machine. Sprinklers in the vicinity of the origin of the fire were found, after the fire to be obstructed with scale; pebbles and silt The water supply was poor permitting the spread of the fire which eventually destroyed the entire ma chine room and adjacent beater building. At another plant two fires originated at hot bearings, cm the back side of the ma chine. An employee observed one of the fires start but before he could obtain ex tinguishers it had spread over the machine. We have tio record of a fire originating The hood over the machine was nnsprin- from a hot bearing in die newer, type ma klered. One fire damaged the lower felt chines having enclosed gears, anti-friction and the other damaged the upper felt The type bearings and with oil supplied from a machine was shut down for 14 hours fol central lubricating system. lowing the fire and most of you realize what 14 Pulp and Paper Industry a shut down of such duration can do to vour production schedule. Early this year an employee noticed a hot bearing on a paper machine and tried to cool it by discharging a carbon tetrachloride extinguisher on it He then proceeded to 011 the bearing. When the oil touched the hot bearing it burst into flames which spread over the machine and into the economizer. The fire damaged the building roof and nvo machine felts. Fire started at a hot bearing on a news print machine; spread over the machine and into an unsprinklered non-combustible hood and economizers. It damaged three or four economizers and the heat exchanger units. The following are examples of fires from oflier causes. A steel shaft on a felt tightener roll broke causing sparks which ignited paper dUSfand fibers on the machine. The resulting fire was extinguished by sprinklers and hand ex tinguishers. While employees were changing a felt an unprotected light bulb broke and the hot filaments ignited the dust and fibers on the machine. The fire flashed over the front of the machine and was extinguished by two sprinklers, small hose and band equipment A little later a smoldering fire was found at the back side of the machine and was quickly extinguished. To protect a bearing in the basement from water leaking from above, a piece of felt 12 x 16 x in. had been laid over the bearing. This piece of felt apparently was drawn into the machine and became lodged between a roll hub and the bearing. The friction created ignited the felt and fire spread to the loose broke and the*paper in the dryer and on up into the first story. After the fire pieces of the felt were found tightly wedged is place. An examination of the bearing gave no indication of im proper lubrication. An operator in one plant lighted a match to look into the hand hole of a cylinder. The flame ignited the dust and fibers on the machine and fire flashed over the side of the machine, into the hood and economizer. Ten sprinklers opened over the bearings, two in the economizer and 28 at the building roof. The damage was confined to the economizer house floor, which was torn up to fight the fire; electric wiring, paint on the machine, two asbestos felts, the carrier rope and as bestos board hood. Repairs were bring made to a paper ma chine room and some steel beams were bring installed with the aid of portable cut ting and welding equipment A spark is believed to have been drawn in a nearby fan intake and it ignited the deposit of fibers and dust on the interior of the duct There were no clean out openings in the duct and following the fire an inspection revealed a one-half inch thick oily dust and fiber de posit on the interior of the duct The dam age was confined principally to the paper stock. At another plant making paper board a fire caused by the ignition of dust and fibers by a welding spark spread to an unsprin klered plenum chamber of a hot air recov ery system and damaged the copper tubes of the heater and steel deck roof. Precau tions had been taken to plug existing cracks and to* station workmen with extinguishers nearby, but in spite of the precautions a spark ignited dust and fibers on a building column and spread across the roof into the plenum chamber. At a tnidwestem plant employees were cleaning the hood over a paper machine and had stopped work for lunch. On returning they discovered the entire hood on fire. Flames had spread to the machine, (facts, blower and economizer. The fire, apparently started by a spark made by the brushes on a portable vacuum cleaner, smoldered and finally burst into flames. Forty sprinkler heads opened in the first stoiy and ten in the basement Several fires have started at calenders and flashed bade to the machines. One such fire started following a break w*hi!e paper was bring fed by hand into the first calender stack which had just been cleaned with kero sene: The fire started on the machine side of the stock and spread to the machine and the broke in the pit beneath the machine Nine sprinklers at the roof opened and beat down the fire which was extinguished by means of three small hose lines. A good example of poor housekeeping and over oiling is shown in a fire that originated in the basement and flashed up the side of the machine and into the hood. The fieldman investigating the fire-reported as fol lows: Housekeeping is substandard with ex cessive oil and grease spillages and run over (access luoncation) on tne side ot mactunes, cate can be as bad as to under lubricate. f na under floor slab, and on pipes, motors, shaft It is wasteful, costly and in electrical equip ing, etc in the basement Numerous oil ment excess oil has a disintegrating effect on ere soaked wiping cloths are spread about and most electrical insulation resulting in short lit broke accumulation on pipes, etc. becomes circuits or fires. Over lubrication causes an is oil soaked. oil film to form on the machine frame where fan The fire was believed to have been caused it collects fibers and dust which can eventu ers ere by the oil soaked broke in contact with a ally dog oil passages, cause overheating and 150 lb. steam line. by capillary attraction drain the oil away and I have tried to show you that fires occur from the bearing. I a in machines from many causes most of Next to good maintenance is good house de- which can be prevented. These are actual keeping. This involves keeping everything un- case fires with no spectacular additions for in its proper place and keeping the build per the benefit of this paper. Maybe some of ings and machinery dean. Housekeeping is them occurred in the plants of some of you one of those necessary overhead items which i a sitting here. can easily be seen on the cost accounting 1-l'x ers What can be done to prevent these fires books but from which the benefits are hard rin- and to reduce the amount of damage done to determine in dollars and cents. It does ov- by them? First let us consider what can be show up however in the quality of the bes .done to prevent fires. Without question product and in employee morale. It is quite au- prevention of paper machine fires is largely unlikdy that one will find a dirty, poorly ds ers a matter of maintenance and good house kept plant turning out a top quality product keeping. To maintain good housekeeping it is nec m a a Most plants today have a good mainte essary to shut down the machine periodically ing nance program which if carried out as in for deaning and inspection. When the pro the tended would greatly reduce the possibility duction schedules are heavy and the sales ere of a fire. However, shortage of help due department is calling for more and more to the desire on management's part to cut paper many plants skip the maintenance Jl1 and down operating expenses and file difficulty shutdown until it is necessary to shut down ing ire. of getting reliable, interested help has re the machine because of trouble, a breakdown duced the effectiveness of such a program. or a fire. It would be much better to shut m Cts, ltly _ Nevertheless good maintenance is essen tial and machines must not be permitted to the machine down at regular specified pe riods for cleaning and servicing. c' wear to the point where they can create a In tiie past fires in economizers were an. hazard such as in one plant where sufficient quite common'because of the rapid build-up der end play was permitted to develop in tbe of dust and filters and the difficulty of dean the bearings to permit the drums to strike the ing tiie units. Doe to improvements in de frame and cause sparks which ignited the sign and the fact that most present day and dust and fibers on the machine. paper nulls do not have economizers, there Mlfire Good maintenance requires checking all have beat few fires in this equipment aas bearings on the machine, drive units and Paper machine fires can be prevented or der auxiliaries such as pumps and fans, checking reduced in number and the extent of damage ico the drums, rollers and felts for alignment. hdd to a minimum by the following pre nic It means the adopting of a lubricating pro cautions: and gram under the direction of a qualified su 1. Install automatic sprinklers in hoods, m.i pervisor. Those of you who purchase your ducts, economizers, where used, and over the ='#3 wat by lubrication supplies from one of die large drive gears of tiie older type machines. oil companies should, if you have not already Records show that most paper machine fires m done so, have one of the oil company's originate-at the back side of the machine and lubrication engineers familiar with paper where oil or grease soaked paper dust and ited mill operations make a study of your needs fibers accumulate and cannot be removed of and give you a list of the recommended when the machine is operating. Sparks from dd- lubricants' for each machine.- You shotdd ' a machine fire usually are carried into the fol- properly train your mechanics as to the right hood, ducts and economizer where they ig ex- type and amount of lubricant to use. nite the dust or fibers present Sprinklers rver As you have often heard, to over lubri in these areas extinguish the fire or control 16 Pulp and Paper Industry its spread. The water discharged from the sprinkler heads keeps the ducts, fans etc. cool, thus preventing structural damage. 2. To supplement sprinkler protection, ample small hose connections should be in stalled in the vicinity of the machine. Suf Fires in machines under hoods equipped ficient 1} in. diameter cotton rubber lined with sprinklers cause less damage Had in bose in not over 50 foot lengths and equipped volve a shorter shut down period. The with a shot off type combination spray and average loss per fire where sprinklers are solid stream nozzle should be provided at lacking or are incomplete amounts to $4,380 each connection so that all parts of the ma and where sprinklers are complete it amounts chine room can be reached by one or more to $357. Some operators fear that the streams. sprinklers may open prematurely or that they will cause condensate to drip on the paper. Leakages reported over paper ma chines have been less than two a year. The machine felts suffered the greatest damage in these leakages. 3. Provide adequate portable type extin guishers in readily accessible locations so that in the event of a fire the employees can quickly obtain equipment for combatting it Portable extinguishers should be of the proper type for the hazard. Where good Condensation on sprinkler piping under pressure is available garden type hose and hoods has been given by many machine op nozzle have proved to be effective. It is erators as an objection to the installation of easily bandied fay one man and therefore can sprinklers. These claims are made without be quickly brought into action by an oper any foundationas an investigation of rids at ator or attendant when a fire is first dis a number of plants having sprinklers showed covered. that no condensation took place. They are apparently based on experiences with piping having water flowing through it whereas a sprinkler system has no circulation and fre quently the branch fine piping contains only entrapped air. Where there is a fear of condensation the piping can be insulated or located outside the hood with only the heads projecting through to the inside. 4' If not already in use; institute a reg ularly scheduled program servicing and dean up period for each mac'ine. The time in terval between periods .vill vary with the type of paper or pulp bong ran in the ma chine. Where short fiber material is bring ran or a soft paper is bring made frequent cleaning will be necessary. Some believe that the hot metal surfaces such as dryer drums and particularly the Yankee dryers having the large diameter, heavy-wall roll will be damaged by 'the dis charge from sprinklers. For fighting fires in such dryers we recommend the installa tion of sprinklers and the use of hose lmw equipped with spray type nozzles. We do 5. Where posable modern lubricating sys tems should be installed on the machine bearings. Where manual lubrication is used the employee lubricating the machine should be instructed as to the correct type cnl to use and the amount to supply to each bear ing. The effect of over oiling should be pointed out not recommend using a solid hose stream 6. Train all employees in the machine on the hot dryer rolls. To date,on regular .room as a fire fighting crew. Assign to paper machines we have no record of any each certain duties to perform in case of damage bring done to a hot dryer roll by fire so that all efforts can be utilized to the water discharged by a sprinkler head. utmost to keep the fire from spreading and Several years ago the National Safety Council made a study of this Subject and published their finds in Engineering Study Pulp and Paper No. 3 "Report on the Use of Sprinklers under Dryer Hood." No doubt most of you present are familiar with that to quickly extinguish it All employees should be hilly trained in the use of first aid extinguishing methods as effective appli cation can, as has been frequently shown, quickly extinguish a fire with little or no damage. report The tentative conclusions in the re Frequently in plants ,we find that the first port were that the likelihood of dryer rolls and second shifts are so trained but that the fracturing, at least immediately upon opera third shift has had tittle or no training tion of sprinklers appeared to be remote but and is without supervision comparable to that there was a possibility of damage and . that cm the other shifts. Therefore this subsequent failure. shift is not capable to handle such an emer- d S equipped way and vided at the maor more ie extmtioos so nployees mhatting ea regad dean time inwith die the ma ss being frequent tingsysmachinr. l is dh beartonld be machine ssign to case of d to the Eng and nployees of first re appli shown, e or no the first that the training table to ore this in enaer- Operation Safety. 17 ild be taken when outside contractors 7. Establish a permit system for any weld .are performing theWork. ing operations to be. dime in the plant . The In doting I have tried to,point out the work to be welded should be inspected by major causes.of paper machine fires based the foreman or delegated responsible person on actual experience records. May I sug to determine if it can be taken to a safe gest that when you return to your plant you location and if not; the area'should be in do with the thought in mind that you will spected and combustible material removed make an actual inspection of your machine or protected and all paper dust and fibers rooms and machines to eliminate any posa removed before the permit is issued. While ble sources of fire which you may have over die work is bong done and for at least one looked. As you well know a shut down of a boor after the work has hem completed the machine means a loss of production which area should be patrolled. Particular care a plant operating atcapadty cannot make up. Operation Safety By HOYT H. WHEELAND Sapt, No. 2 Hm, The Mead Corp, Chillicothe, Ohio An analysis of the lost time injuries suf fered in our plant in two years (1949 & 1950), revealed that only two could possibly be construed as resulting from unsafe con ditions and the rest of them were the result of unsafe practices. It is not neces sary to establish a theory. Here we have factual information that the man on the job mid his immediate supervisor hold the lay to the success of any safety program. These people must contribute their skills if we are to succeed. As an operating group, we do not profess to have the knowledge necessary to set up a broad and efficient accident prevention program. However, we have,had the benefit of certain experi ences and these experiences have con tributed to the development of an operating philosophy of safety. I would like to outline this philosophy. First, we believe that every man is a safety director. He should direct himself and his co-workers to recognize, hazards and devise safe working conditions and safe practices. Why then, do are need an official safety director? We need* him because he is a specialist who can proride a very special service in helping ns toward the solution of our problem in safety. We like to think of the safety department as a service^ or human engineering department, capable of supplying technical assistance to the operat ing groups. We don't believe a safety' di-' rector can functionJo our advantage if he has to be an enforcement officer. He is en titled to a certain professional status. Secondly, there is the matter of re sponsibility. Who is going to take the responsibility for an injury if the .plant is over-run with safety men? We believe that job safety is a moral responsibility. This is the simple approach. You can't divide a moral responsibility. It starts at the top and goes down. The plant manager, the plant safety director, the superintendent, the assistant superintendent, the foreman, the man on the job, the man who is in jured, all are morally responsible. This covers a lot of territory. Bat we do know that when an injury occurs, there are a lot of people asking questions such as: "Why didn't I see that before? "Why did I fail to caution that man?" "What can / do to prevolt a repetition?" Thirdly, we favor the positive approach. It's fairly simple to be negative.. Nearly anyone can tell us -how not to do a job safely. The word "don't" is certainly over worked in most-safety rules! It takes a lot of .thinking about a job to .tell another person the right way, to show him the right way, the safe way. This can best be illus trated by examining some of the safe prac tices which have been developed and sub mitted by the man oh the job. These are only examples and we' will limit than to a few from the beaters and paper machines m m II 'I r V 18 Pulp and Paper Industry and their related operations. They do not appear in organized form because they were selected at random. Please note that there is not one angle negative statement in the lot, that safety can be given a positive aspect! Beaters: Keep an orderly work place. Be sure no one is working on beater before starting. When greasing agitators or wip ing up, stop motors and tag switches. Check with machine tender before starting stock pump. Wait until ready to furnish before cutting wires on bales. Beater drive must be stopped and tagged before climbing on beater to make repair or cleanup. When lifting, have enough help. Paper Machines: Stay dear of suspended loads, keep both hands on crane controls. Inspect roll wagons everyday for loose nuts or missing cotter keys. Inspect rings, pins and chain on winder for excessive wear. Goggles must bemused when handling add. Stay dear of Tolls being unloaded from winder. Nip guard must be in place and all hands clear before starting winder. Keep hose dear of screen cylinders when washing up. Check bade side before starting dryers, then "inch" at start .Hold hose at least 6" from nip when blowing water out of smoothing press. Stop dryers to remove blades or holders. Close fist, with thumb in, when threading calender. Post a guard at starting control when dryers are stopped to dean wrap off fdt roll. Tag starring control when working on a section that has been stopped. Please bear in mind that these practices are only typical. We certainly recognize there is no such thing as a complete analy sis of all hazards, that hazards- are ever present and to effectively cope with diem it is necessary to devdop a very special state of mind in the people on the job. By way of illustrating this point, I would like to cover the high spots of an injury that occurred in 1949. The man involved had been employed for nine years and worked as a beater dropper for four of these years and was, by all known stand ards, a safe worker. He was an excellent workman, always on top of the job, alert, and had a good safety record. He con tributed much to the efficient operation of the department The situation was this: Time:. F-arly part nf night shift; almost lunch time. Place: Beater Room. Action: As a part of his routine, this man was wiping off pulper equipment and all but a small area had been corned. He was making a concerted effort to complete the assignment before lunch time. The washer was in operation at this time, but in another five minutes it could be stopped and raised. It would then remain idle for a minimum of forty-five minutes. In some unexplainable manner, the wiping rag became entangled in the driving gear of the washer, drawing the man's right hand into the gear nip. His hand was badly mangled and he suffered the loss of three fingers and one joint of the thumb. Now this is only a typical example of how, in few seconds of rime; a man with an excellent record must bear the pain of injury, face many days of treatment and recovery and the problems of rehabilitation and adparion to a physical handicap. The obvious cause of this injury can be classified as a failure to observe an ac cepted safe practice; i-e, stopping the motor and tagging before wiping up. The man had been instructed and was considered a safe worker. But let us take a second look. Gould it be that in tins case there were other influences or pressures at work on his mental state? I dr.,not pretend to any knowledge of psychology; we can leave that to the experts; but we can ask the question, "Was there; at this time; room in the mind of this man for any thought of caution?" Is not this the real problem? Of what value are safe practices if our men are not continuously alert to them? With all our contests and committees, machine guards and safety rules, publica tions and speeches, with all the devices with in onr reach, our efforts will avail little unless we develop within the man on die job a state of mind wherein there is always room for thought of caution and the "safe way." Here Is the tie-in with our moral responsibility. Here is where we failed to discharge our responsibility because we failed to establish in this man an everlast ing consciousness for the "safe way." Here is a challenge to every man in the plant, regardless of position. It isn't going to be easy, but we think we can do it We almost is uid ail d. He implete s. The tie, but topped in idle tes- In wiping S gear i right td was loss of tbnmb. pie of a with win of at and litation can be an acmotor e man ered a d look. : were >rk on to any e mind itioor : what ire not ahtees, ublica5 with1 little on die always : "safe moral iled to se we 'erlast' Here plant, ing to t We Operation Safety 19 know that as progress is made, the results will be reflected in a continual betterment of our safety record. Because I have been talking principally about the man on the job and safe work practices, it is not to be construed as indi cating that we can play down the part that management has to do with the operation of a safe paper milL On the contrary, we are well aware that the broad, general features of any safety program must come from the very top. This is basic. The man at the top must throw the switch that sets the program in motion. Once in motion, it requires the varied skills of every man to keep it going. Only by contributing our skills, without limitations, can we expect it to gain the momentum necessary* to carry us to our objectives. How can these skills be oontributed ? The engineering department follows cer tain safe practices. New machine designs and equipment lay-outs are studied from the standpoint of operating hazards. Blue prints are distributed to the operating groups for their study and appraisal. If necessary, a scale model is constructed. Prints are not submitted to a machine builder or the construction force with the final "go-ahead" until they have been ap proved by the men who will operate the equipment. There was a recent case where prints for a new machine were returned three times to the builder because in each new design there appeared a possibility for reducing the operating hazard. It is standard engineering practice to equip all new installations with heavy duty line safety switches for locking open cir cuits to drives mi agitators, stock pumps, vacuum pumps, and other equipment which is periodically stopped for cleaning, adjust ment or repair. The maintenance department, including electrical, also contribute their full share. They have set up a system for periodic inspection and report on cranes, hoists, and winder unloading devices. U-drain covers, elevator gates and cables, steam joints and piping come in for their share of attention on a routine basis. The personnel department must be con sidered. Careful medical examination, rigid standards of physical condition where neces- sary, and preliminary preparation m safety fundamentals are contributed by personnel. The importance of employee selection must not be underestimated. The new employee today is the man on the job tomorrow. This is the raw material for the program. We are agreed that you cannot make a good product unless you start with the right material. Now we come to supervision. A part of the group here this afternoon is well ac quainted with the job that supervision has to do in the business of making paper. You are faced with new problems every day. In general terms, they may be production, quality, or reduction of waste: Specifically, they may be a new machine start-up, new employees, transfer or promotion of older employees, excessive maintenance costs, eta, eta, eta These problems make the job. It is reasonable to believe our companies would not need supervisors or foremen if these problems didn't exist. The value of supervision to any organization is directly proportional to the assistance supervision is able to give in meeting and solving these problems. Top management has declared that the prevention of industrial accidents is foremost among these problems. There fore, the safety phase of plant operation cannot be compromised with production or quality.or any other responsibility. A new man comes on the job. He has been indoctrinated in general safety by the safety director. The supervisor conducts an introductory interview and explains the job to be dona the importance of job safety and safe work practices and the emphasis that can be expected on this subject. The supervisor then personally instructs and demonstrates the accepted safe practices related to the job.'This is done before the man starts to work on the job. Not to morrow or next week. Not by someone else. But now, and by the supervisor. The same principles involved In "on the job" training for developing skills are applied to safety instruction. The hour-to-hour and day-today follow-up provide the opportunity for positive action, for repeating, checking, showing. This is the supervisor's first and best opening for developing a "very special state of mind." There are quite a few first line safetyjobs for the supervisor. A typical day will include an inspection of the pulp stock pile 20 Pulp and Paper Industry in the beater room and die height and weight of loads being handled. He sees that adequate protective clothing is avail able and used. This might include asbestos gloves for handling hot doctor blades or hot broke from dryer jams, add goggles, and rubber coats. He organizes a satisfactory system for maintaining good housekeeping in the department He encourages his men in the use of safety shoes and safety gog gles. He is alert to any sign, of weakness in safety attitude and corrects the situation before serious damage is done. There is no paternalism here. He does these things be cause he has a deep and sincere sense of respect for the men with whom he works and loyalty to the organization he represents. He knows, and accepts, his moral responsi bility. We should look for proof of this accept ance. On a routine Monday start-up, the sheet follows the bottom felt on the last dryer section and wraps the stretch rolL This is a fairly fast machine and it doesn't take long to build up a heavy wrap. The stretch roll is located so that it is neces sary to crawl in on the felt to reach the wrap. If the drvers were to start with a man in this position, he would be drawn into the nip between felt -and rolL Ob viously, the dutch must be thrown out, tagged and a guard posted at the control lever before permitting anyone on the felt This could be done, die wrap cleaned off the felt roll and have paper on the red in seven or eight minutes. Now here you have a typical situation. The foreman in charge is, as always, under considerable pressure for production. But he also knows that dutches are not infallible. That they some time grab and stick even though thrown out The machine is line shaft driven and the drive is comparatively new and in good condition. There is no reason to believe it will not perform properly. Nevertheless, he orders the stock to be taken off; die ma chine shut down, the line shaft stopped. He calculates the risk and comes up with the obvious answer. The time taken to be safe can be expended a hundredfold if it will prevent a single instance of human suffering. Contrary to usual form, I am not going to summarize this report You may draw your own conclusions as you wilL Sulphite Pulp Manufacturing (A Bound Table Discussion) Presiding: A. E. Mixes, Safely Supervisor, The Out Minn. Pulp and Paper Co, Ltd, Kenora, Ont, Canada. Conference Recorder: Faunas H. Wagxes, Director of Safety, The Mead Gorpu, Chillicothe, Ohio. 1. How can you prevent SO; gas from coming from vomit stacks into buildings and open low areas? Majority suggested stack should be raised and if necessary showers placed inside stack. It was thought by several that this condition was an inconvenience rather than a danger. Also that the physical condition of the employees in the area should be checked very carefully. One company reported that an employee was overcome by small concentrations over a long period of time. Others in the same department were not affected. 2. Is die present permissible rating SOt gas still too much for the good health of the employees? The Defariet Division, St Regis Paper Company, has been ordered by the State of New York to eUmhatc'SOt gas In die digester' room. Again the majority reviewed tins as a nuisance rather than a dangerous con dition under normal operations. Older employees, heart and asthmatic victims should not be permitted to work in tins area. Emergency gas masks should be provided each employee. 3. How are Sodium Sulphide drums opened? This solidities and expands in the drum. They weigh about 750 pounds draw lealth Regis id by sSQ, ds in Kinds Sulphite Pulp Manufacturing (A Round Table Discussion) 21 and the manufacturer i the dmm open with an axe. This proved to be too dangerous and the employees are using an air hammer to cut the drum apart. Employees are provided with the necessary personal protective equipment It was recommended that die company again consult the manufacturer and ask that they attempt to work out a pro cedure which will soften up this mate rial and allow the drum to be opened up rather than cut open. Any new procedure should be passed along to the Section through die News letter. 4. What provisions are made for the safety of an employee on an elevator in. case of^a power failure and a gas break occurring simultaneously? *_ One company-has provided an auxil iary beU and light on each door to show where the elevator is located at all times. An escape hatch in the top of the elevator has been provided, which is tied into the switch and will not permit the elevator to be moved with die escape hatch open. 5. What methods are used to fill Rock Towers? A. Wheelbarrow loads are hoisted and dumped by employee at top door leveL B. Concrete boggy is raised to top door level by elevator. C Boggy car on trade is raised by ele vator with turntable at top door level for moving car to dumping lo cation. D. lift trade scoop dumps into hopper which contains bucket conveyors. 6. Electrical switches. Condensation and jars were reported to have caused con veyor and other switches to engage. The group agreed that the only safe method for repairing equipment of this type is to tag out; peril switch and lock out Square D safety switch. 7. Unloading snlphur into pit or conveyor. Agreed that men most wear goggles. One company reported an explosion in this area causing sulphur to become imbedded in employees' skin. Julius Draper recommended steam jet explosions and that stainless steel will prevent packing against walls. 8. Electrical cords. One company reported an explosion of an electric light exten sion cord in the sulphur pit It was suggested that explosion-proof low voltage extension cord be used in ail tanks and pits. . 9. Burns. It was suggested that Dr. Stark, our Section Medical Advisor, be asked to give us an opinion on the qualifies of the new "Rich Burn OIL" 10. What is procedure for cleaning out sul phur burner after shut down? Employees should not be permitted to go into burner less than 48 hoars after shutdown to prevent burns. . Vacuum is not to be used.by anyone present 11. How are add samples taken at di gesters? Add samples are taken through a $4 to inch cooling coil into a lead pot 12. How are chips gotten out of chip bin when they jam? A. Steam jets loosen chips from sides of bin. B. Steam lance is used by cook or cook's helper to loosen chips. C Employee equipped with life line goes into chip bin to loosen chips. An employee is placed at top of chip bin as an observer and helper in case of an emergency. 13. Man lifts. Two plants were using man lifts and in both the employees riding the lift face the belt . 14. What type of ladders are best to use to get into blow pit? It was reported that the! side rail broke on an aluminum ladder fastened in a blow pit Recommended that a stainless steel ladder, in 6-foot sections be bolted to gether and fastened into pit perma nently, In a wood lined cement tank. 13. Ammonia process--West Coast No brass or copper can be used safely. Use cast iron or stainless steeL Recomr mend manually controlled sprinkler sys- V :: r-.H m-i IM 4 HFS te -3 * i i ;. n > ,'- `. `i !U ;?;? - 1 *. n; 22 Pu/p and Paper Industry pressure sprinkler system turned on au tomatically because of hot fumes. Sys tem can be manually controlled 500 feet away. 16. Are visitors permitted in the Bleach Plant or Digester Room? None except technical men and they must be escorted. One company has a system where a bell rings and a sign flashes on and off during the first five minutes of the blow* time. No visitors are allowed during blow time and all repair men must report to the digester cook before starting a job in the di gester building and report when the job is completed. 17. What precautions are taken in handling chlorine tanks? All electric hoists are equipped with limit switches. Ventilating fans are located near large chlorine tanks and in case of a leak or break an employee can hit die START button and run for the Scott which is located ne 18. Fire Brigades. Volunteer fire crew are trained in the use of the Scott Air Pak and the M. S. C Chemox masks. Evacuation plans have been completed and the supervisors are held responsi ble for carrying out these plans, if _ needed. 19. Visitors in the milL Open house con stitutes certain hazards; however, the most dangerous locations are not shown (digesters). Children over 14 with teachers are taken on tour through tnilL Employees may take their families into restricted areas of min. Open house tours have improved pro duction and housekeeping. 20. Low voltage extension cords. These should be a MUST wherever an extension cord is used around a metal tank, digesters, stock tank or water. fell [7 in Sulphate Pulp Manufacturing (Summary of a Round Table Discussion) Presiding: D. V. Hm, Safety Director, The Mead Corporation, Kingsport, Tennessee. Conference Recorder: F. O. Sovchtos, Services and Safety Supervisor, LongLac Pulp and Paper Company Limited, Terrace Bay, Ontario. The first problem was the possible pres ence of gas in cottrell precipitators during performance of maintenance work. A num ber of delegates commented on this problem which appeared to be somewhat general. It was emphasized that every effort should be made to eliminate the possibility of human failure due to the fact that hydrogen sul phide and other gases were sometimes pres ent. Specific suggestions included: a. Testing for gas by technicians; b. Use of all purpose respirators by workmen in volved; c. Adequate cross-ventilation; and d. Posting of guard outride precipitator when workmen are inride on any' sort of work. There were a number of instances dted wherein workmen had been overcome while working in caustic tanks, manholes, evapo rators and near evaporator hotwells. Some cases were not serious but others were, as men passed out completely and required arti ficial respiration. In one case, the eyes of five out of seven men were affected during the retubing of an evaporator. Lade of proper precautionary measures has resulted in fatalities. Specific suggestions included: A. All tanks or chests should be thor oughly purged, washes, cross ventilated and tested for fumes before workmen are per mitted to enter. B. Individual tag lines should always be used on men entering tanks and chests. C When men are working inside tanks and chests, a guard should be posted outride to assist in case an emergency develops. D. Respirators should always be worn by nearly. unpleted esponsiilans, if ise con fer, the t shown icrs are families red pro- rberever round a tank or at' \Ip / . Po>. Some were, as red artieits of i during Lade of resulted, luded: be thorited and are per- ways be sts. ie tanks I outride lops, worn by Sulphate Pulp Manufacturing (A Round Table Discussion) 23 the slightest chance of'gas bring present or developing.. E.An adequate supply of low pressure fresh air should be blown in to chests, tanks or confined areas. This was recommended in preference to the wearing of ventilated suits wherever possible. The hazard of lime burns in the industry is apparently widespread judging by the comments of delegates from widely scat tered geographical locations. Obviously the problem is accentuated by heat winch causes those involved to perspire more freely, there by increasing the slaking of any lime dust on the body. Resulting burns are often deep seated. Mills in the wanner climates, there fore, have experienced the greatest difficulty in dealing with tfie problem. One such mill basTried all suggestions noted below without success. Specific precautions which have worked well in many mills are listed, never theless. in order of their apparent effective ness. A. The liberal use of vaseline on all ex posed areas accompanied by immediate use of up to five per cent acetic acid the moment the slightest irritation is noted. In some mills individual employees are provided with a supply of both vaseline and acetic add. B. Use of protective creams formulated for the purpose by manufacturers of this type of product C The liberal use of com starch or tal cum powder, both of which will readily absorb perspiration and reduce or eliminate slaking action. D. The use of gauze; wrapped around parts of the body which might be rubbed by clothing impregnated with lime dust is also effective when used in conjunction with the aforementioned. Other pertinent points related' to the dis cussion were: A. The need for lots of publicity regard ing the hazards involved in lime handling with specific instructions related to neces sary precautions. B. Rotation of men if prolonged contact with lime is necessary-. ' C Early elimination from contact with lime of any employee found to be sensitive to it determine the possibility of an allergy in borderline cases. The next problem was that of opening sticking doors of railroad box cars contain ing pulpwood. Delegates commenting re ported that thrir mills used mechanical types of door openers for the most part One in particular, known as the "Come Along," was well rated. A caution was issued that some types of door openers were, in themselves, hazards and had been the cause of accidents. Employees using door openers of any type should be carefully trained in the use of the device as well as related hazards. The question of what precautions are necessary when cleaning inside a recovery" power boiler was raised by a delegate from a mill which had an unfortunate accident wherein an employee working inside a re covery boiler was struck by a piece of fall ing material which dislodged from the side of the"boiler after all precautions had appar ently been taken. Specific recommendations resulting from the discussion of this problem included: the use of hard hats when there is any danger whatsoever from falling material; use of the type of clothing which will give workmen the maximum protection; and construction of a temporary overhead scaffold with some "catchall" arrangement which would give protection from falling material. (One mill uses a driver belt over a scaffold for this purpose.) The next problem was that of unloading 5 foot lengths of wood. Delegates commenting on this subject came up with a number of suggestions which had proved effective in thrir respective mills. One mill (whose employees use pulp hooks in the unloading operation) refuses any em ployee the right to use a pulp hook if he has a disabling injury involving a hook which results in more than a week of lost time. Some mills insist on the wearing of leggings. Others work on the .theory that it is more important to train men to respect the hazard and they, therefore, hold regular.- safety meetings with -the men stressing the impor tance of caution when performing work with pulp hooks. Such efforts apparently pay real dividends. The important role of super visors in not easing up on the carrying out of specific job instructions (which include 24 Pulp and Paper Industry th* safe practices to he followed) was also--agement of each mill, the opinion prevailed that die key to the prriMem was supervision. One delegate referred to a special pulp Examples of this principle died were hoojv design which had worked very effec A. If a man is loaned to another .depart tively in his mill. (For information write to ment and his activities are bring supervised Sam Blackwell, Brown Paper Mill Company, by that department, any mishap which occurs Monroe, Louisiana.) daring such an arrangement is charged The next question was: Where should an against the department to which he is loaned. accident be charged when an employee of B. If (as in the case of maintenance men) one department is hurt while working in. a man is injured in a wood room, lor ex another department? ample, while under die. supervision, of a While it was agreed that the answer to maintenance foreman, the mauitenancc de such a matter rests entirely with the man- partment would be charged with die accident Current Safety Work in Sweden By GUNNAR HULTMAN Managing Dir., Swedish Palp Employers Federation, Stockholm, Sweden The two main industrial organizations in Sweden, die Swedish Employers' Federation and the Confederation of Swedish Trade Unions, are at present characterized by Sta bility mid strength, but this has not always been so. In the past extensive labor con flicts were the means by which the two parties sought to protect their respective interests under collective agreements. In die early days of die organizations these conflicts were very hitter. Later on, a con scientious effort was made to preserve labor peace, but this certainly does not mean that open conflict has ceased to serve as a means of pressure in the Swedish labor market Freedom to resort to such means of pres sure on vital issues continues to be of great importance, especially in so far-as the con sciousness of this freedom has a valuable stabilizing effect in the negotiation of peace ful settlements. This freedom has been care fully conserved by both workers and employ ers. Their common effort has also been to keep the state authorities aloof from deci sions by the organizations involved, con cerning the regulation of wages. Negotiations were opened in May, 1936, when delegates of both parties met and called themselves the Labor Market Committee. A general stock was first taken of joint prob lems, whereupon special detailed investiga tions were made., lie work was accelerated, and by Scptembei: 12, 1938, the committee's discussions had resulted in an unanimously adopted proposal for a baric agreement be tween the two parent organizations. The agreement was signed by the parties on December 20,-1938. By this basic agreement; capital and labor have endeavored to safeguard freedom in the labor market, and have aimed at abandoning, in industrial negotiations, methods that irri tate without bring of essential value to -either party. They have likewise demon strated that they are able to discuss, and, in rrmfitat understanding solve, them selves, current social and economic problems of primary importance. In the antnmn of 1939 the question of industrial safety was' taken up for discussion by the Labor Market Committee. . In May, 1942; when the employers' Feder ation and the Confederation of Trade Unions adopted regulations^ tbty used the form of a recommendation, with the exception , of die so-called reprisal danse which was made the subject of binding collective agreement By these regulations the institution of safety representatives which already masted and has not perhaps come to be employed to tiie extent desired, will become generally obligatory, and a certain minimum number of represaitatives is prescribed in relation to the number of workers employed by .each undertaking. Special roles exist for the purpose of securing for die safety representa- five hind A cow sent repi the safe to f of ! rave etc. visa com rank rule post C lean one the Thu cooj N orgs higf risk one only com T men wfae and asse T has font nal 511SJ has coot attil T cam who cone don to f In 1 dam T plac nine pres Current Safety- Work' in Sweden 25 irevailcj M tivcs the right to perform their duty without gressivelvr especially inthe major industries. Ervlsl0n- | hindrance by the employer oranyone rise. on. general principles which had been laid Against this there are certain requirements fofe- : pervised h occurs charged ; loaned, ce men) for exii- of a ince deicridenL rimouslv { sent be ts. The rties on nd labor in in the adoring, [ hat inialoe to | demon-, t JriroMems I idem of I sensrion I Feder: Unions I rm of a of the iade the | erit tioh of ] masted , toyed to I enerallv ationto by .each I the.purresenta-I conouiuB^. the qnalifirarions of die repre- - The .'number of reported accidents " sentatives. The rights and. duties of the mounted more than the number of workers, representatives are .regulated.'in regard to The major rises have coincided with in' the manner in which criticism- concerning' creases in the rates .of rick pay. saf^r and hcdth derices inay be submitted if f1^^<anpkyetS. asisthe presence of safety representatives at inspectionsand investigations, compensation for wages: lost, etc. FhHfly,4he reflations also coritainpro- risioos concerning safety committees. .These committres bavebeen made, obfigafc^^m undertakings of ai certain size; and certain rales have been laid down as to their cotnpotitioa and duties. Cooperation is. an art - that has' to be learned. If people.succeed in cooperating on one point, they are ready to believe that theJfidd ::of cooperation can be hroadaied. This leads naturally to the need for further cooperation. Nobody win dispute the fact that the organisation of industrial safety .providesta highly suitable fieldfor collaboration mid mutual understanding. Being free.from the risk of polrigl complications, the field is one In which intensive efforts' hem$t. not only both' parties, but production'and the community generally. ... There is angle room for voluntaryachiever meat. and^ rmrtnal uhderstanding.at a time when social legislation is being intensified and industrial democracy- is beginning to assert itself successfully. ' The cooperation on safety measures that has developed in Sweden constitutes the very foundation for the intensification of mdSvid' ual initiative on both.sides. Without bringsuspccted of ulterior, motives,, the englcyer Yet-the inridriice of deaths and senous accidents ^ fallen. concur- rently with a rise, in tbe. number.1 of less serious accidents. Wehave in Sweden an up-to-date workmen's protection act, framed inigreat detail.withrespect to legal wording and: motivation; randibor rate of compensa tion implies in the mam tint a. worker absent due. to an accident at work will re ceive benefit equal to Ins earnings. In consequence of tins high compensation, there has been a substantial rise m the num ber of accidents, involving less tban one week's absoce fnan work. It is needless to print out the serious effectsthat such a sit uation has on production. The new feature of the intensified indus trial safety measures in Sweden -consists in the fact that the work is not bring pursued by one party alone, bat jointly by those who in some way or other are affected-by these problems. Tins primarily means, of course, employers and labor, though it embraces too foremen,' doctors, safety inspectors, and the government inspection bodies. .Even though 'cooperation of this land is neither new nor anything but quite' natural, the Swedish pattern perhaps differs from others in that it has been'made particularly firm. The workmen's jjrotectioo act in Swe- . den today includes detailed provisions oh cooperation. These provirions are not le gally enfenable; they are morally Knifing. has the posribility of exercising thorough " Behind the new legislation lies the volnn- control of 'the . employee with respect to his tary agreement between employers and labor, attitude to safety at work which is designed to emphasize the necessity There are'certain matters, however, that of* bringing about or strengthening the co cannot'under any circumstances be settled operation, between employers and workers in wildly on a cooperative basis, and these the field.. Through such cooperation the concern the drawing np.of- safety regida- safety work can gain more general recog tions for each place of work,the instructions, nition and thus lead to a substantially more to foremen, and the question of medical care.'. favorable result than has been achieved In these respects the main work'must be before..; ' ' . done by the employer. . Voluntary' agreements offer definite ad The safety measures pursued j at work vantages, as they facilitate the practical places in Sweden therefore assumed, in the application of desirable regulations in this nineteen-forties, qmte a.dBfferentformthan. fidd;and particularly because thejj are apt previously. This new form developed pro- to mlake the parties concerned jointly inter- M. Ml 26 Pulp and Paper Industry ested in the safety problems and to foster ------ tlieir own initiative and sense of respon- sibility. This voluntariness brings about a bene ficial release from the old fallacies about social rights, more private liberties and irrational lack of interest. Although no objections in principle would be raised in this respect, Swedish employers have not been inclined to give the agreement a collective form; they have felt that the legal responsibility and legal protection af forded by a collective agreement is of less importance than the moral responsibility inherent in a voluntary agreement. The employers contend, moreover, that it would not be beneficial to introduce in this field, where the respective parties have in terests that are fully in common, the compul sion which the collective agreement entails and the negotiation procedure laid down therein. This, of course, is only one ride of the matter; it can also be viewed from the standpoint that a collective agreement places labor under very special obligations and lends a specific sanction and emphasis that would benefit the safety measures. The use of the collective agreement in this field would perhaps serve also to stimu late the interest of labor in productivity. And since this is a question of organized cooperation for the common good, it might also be of considerable benefit to subject cooperation to sanction by means of a col lective agreement, and not leave it in the air. Safety measures can never be really effec tive unless discipline is maintained at the place of work, and in point of fact the cooperation in this field enables the workers themselves to demand discipline among their own ranks. Representatives of labor have often pointed out that the machinery of production cannot function until full dis cipline exists. At the moment our primary aim, which is being pursued, consists in the establish ment of a campaign for joint voluntary safety work, in which will be incorporated foremen and doctors in particular. Today, 30,000 safety representatives are at work in Sweden (roughly 5,000 in the nineteen-thirties). In 1949 a campaign was launched throughout the country, bring con centrated to a period of six weeks, the substantial costs of which were partly cov ered by the government In conjunction therewith, meetings in which all parties co operated were held at virtually all places of work. This year many hundreds of such meet ings have been held, particularly among fore men, and hare been partly financed by the government; but the whole campaign has been organized by the joint council. At one safety meeting in Stockholm two thousand foremen had assembled and speeches 'were delivered by leaders of both the principal organizations. Although the rate of compensation was raised substantially in 1948, this voluntary work has enabled us to stem the rising incidence of accidents. The following is illustrative of the attitude of labor to cooperation. The situation had arisen in which virtu ally the--entire contents of the voluntary agreement were incorporated in the new act Employers then started to advocate the ces sation of cooperation in this field. To the committee that was set tip to examine the possibilities of continued cooperation, labor had nominated three high officials of the Confederation of Swedish Trade Unions. These representatives conveyed to the com mittee the workers earnest appeal to the Swedish Employers' Federation not only to maintain the cooperation but to amplify it Their statement ran roughly as follows: "We could not give our workers any ex planation of why cooperation has ceased in this field They now have cooperation in the blood They would miss this coopera tion, which has unquestionably bad repercus sions in other fields, enhancing as it has unity and productivity.'' As regards the attitude of the top men to safety wrork pure and simple, the ideal state of affairs has yet to be reached in Sweden. In mariy quarters' the old view'still prevails that such measures can be pursued sporadi cally and without the unity and attention that characterizes productive work. Measures are apt to be riidved for the time being, and persons originally appointed to supervise the safety work in a company, or whose principal assignment it is, usually accumulate a burden of other work such as time studies, leadership of home guard units, the carrying through of instructional schemes, etc It the whe of trol and in 1 side plo; foil sho tha E dev Pn 1< Cot 3 Cot phi tioi 3 in ach the nil ges adc we thi: I tha not me str> pre Ion cat 1 the tioi sub ad km Pic Co t unction tics co- rintipat on was tluntan' rising attitude i virtu>1tintary tew act. lie cesTo the tine the t, labor of the Unions, ic comto the only to ilifv it ire: in-' xK> ooperapercusit has men to al state iweden. prevails poradion that for the pointed usually such as guard ictional Paper Manufacturing (A Round Table Discussion) 27 It is nevertheless dear that in cases where the safety work is conducted by a person whose sole task it is, and where the places of work are thus subject to systematic con trol, it leads to safer working conditions and therefore encourages employees to stay in their jobs--an exceedingly important con sideration in Sweden today, where the unem ployment of the nineteen-thirties has been followed by full employment and an acute shortage of labor, with all the repercussions that this entails. But when, some day, the men at the top develop the same sense of responsibility in States, we shall undoubtedly go far in our safety work, notwithstanding the very high rate of compensation. We shall then have satisfied'die final, and perhaps the most essential, requisite for the ideal state of affairs, in which the place of work will be the safest place, and cooperation between employers and workers, together with fore men and doctors, will serve to bring the incidence of accidents down to a minimum; after which the next step will be the real ization of preventive medical care and gen eral sickness insurance. Paper Manufacturing . ~ (Summary of a Round Table Discussion) Presiding: Hakold S. Wilson*, Safety Eng, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, New Or leans, La. Conference Recorder: Lambesx Louy, Safety Dir, Container Corp. of America, Chicago. Mr. Gold of the Howard Smith Paper on rewinders on paper machines, and what Company nosed the question; How is sul has anyone been able to do about it? phuric add handled and what safety precau Mr. Bob Gell of Kodak Park submitted tions are taken? a drawing of a guard that they are using. Mr. Gibson of Alton Boxboard stated that Many of the participants in the meeting in their company they had rubber carboys, requested copies. Mr. Wagers of Champion add wagons, and enforced the rule that their employees must wear rubber gloves and rubber aprons. Mr. Schwartz of Hopewell, Virginia, sug gested that their employees are also, in addition to the other equipment, forced to wear goggles and rubber boots in handling this material. Mr. Lampton of St Regis raised the point that this material if handled slowly, will not splash, and if the proper type of equip ment is used in order to direct a small stream that cannot splash and,.along, with made the statement that the roll must be felt for wrinkles, etc. A long discussion ensued on this point--is it really necessary to fed the roll and, if so, what can be accomplished by feeling the roll? Mr. Jus tice of Corndl Paper Products was of the opinion that this was more a mental problem than one of necessity." Mr. Wagner of Meade suggested that em ployees not be allowed to fed a roll until it is at least 18 indies in diameter. This, of course, suggests better training, better de scription of job duties, and better disdpline of employees. proper training of employees we can go a Mr. Lampton of St Regis stated that long way toward eliminating any accidents .in his experience with the rewinder it was caused by the splash of adds. the practice that before the rewinder oper Mr. Miller of Gladfelder also emphasized ator started bis machine he counted the the slow pouring of the streams. He men- , employees in bis crew to be sure that they tioned that they have found a satisfactory were all well in the dear before the ma substitute for sulphuric as well as muriatic chine started, and gave definite orders to add. There is a new product on the market them not to get dose enough to be caught known as RX Defoamer distributed by the in the nip. Pioneer'Salt Company of Philadelphia. The overall discussion on rewinders Mr. Julius Draper of Consolidated Paper seemed to indicate that nearly everyone was Corporation raised the question of aeddents of the opinion that this problem still re- ,sM-< -- * . . :-.5.' ,Vi- ;*' * . ' 'V;K: if.' f:-: ?;& It XC Pulp and Paper Industry juires much morestudy. The most practical answer given was the drawing submitted by Mr. GdL Mr. Dutcher of Flint Kote raised their problem of feeding extra heavy board into calenders as the next question. No apparent answer was forthcoming on that Mr. Louy of Container Corporation stated that they do have a calender'feeder which works well with liner board and lighter boards. The drawings of this calender stack feeder have been submitted to die National Safety Council and are available on re quest As to Mr. Dutcher's question on feed ing extra heavy boards, there seems to be no apparent answer, and certainly tins will require further study. Mr. Hartwig of Crown raised the next question, which is causing them somewhat of a problem; that of high-pitched noises coming from couch rolls. Mr. Draper of Consolidated suggested the use of a Lee Supersonic Hearing Protector. This hearing protector does cut out the high-pitched noises yet men can engage in normal conversation. They recommend its use because it is good, but they have diffi culty in getting their men to wear them. Mr. Wagner raised the next question-- "What is a safe distance between the spread roll and the smoother roll of the coating machines? Mr. Wagers of Champion said they had encountered this problem and had increased the distance between these two rolls to about six inches and that they had had no accidents on this equipment since that time and they feel that the six inches is a safe distance. Mr. Wagers asked the next question-- "What has been done by companies having two vertical stack reels wherein the possi bility exists of a man bring pulled between the two stack reds when the amount of paper of either reel has been allowed to build up large enough to cause a- nip print?" The general consensus of opinion was that it required a better training program for the employees and more discipline to try to eliminate an engineering problem that is due to old fashioned equipment Gradually this type of equipment is passing out of existence, but as long as these are some of these vertical reels bring used we will have to watch our employees closer and see to it that they stay away from this posable rip point A somewhat general discussion followed, wherein several participants asked the ques tion--If it were not possible to get more information through our "News Letter," that is, more specific information on engineering problems and the tike. The Chairman said be would contact Mr. Allen and see if he had any suggestions along this line. The paramount question here deals with drawings of ideas that are used in one null that could well be .used to improve safety in other mills. Mr. McCauley of the Anglo-Canadian Paper Company asked the question "What are other companies doing with regard to dust from various paper dies?" Mr. Gell of Kodak Park stated that they use an air mask which they buy from Mine Safety Appliance Company, and as an added precaution the employees are urged to wash down with plenty of clear water immediately following their work with dies. Mr. Lum of Peckett Paper Company asked the progress of die Paper Mill Code. The only answer that could be given was that it is in process and we expect it to be completed sometime in the near future. The discussion continued on safety glasses and training and some of the other major problems encountered by the safety men and nearly everyone in the room participated in this overall discussion. The final note of the meeting was a sug gestion that it takes constant hammering, punch, and push to see that our safety pro gram is working successfully. Jtjpr* 29 flgram for e to |iy to m yt (>. .dally ins out of re some of s win have and see to is posable i followed, 1 the ques- et more etter," that mjpneering innaa said see if be line. The b drawings that could r in other Canadian ion "What regard to j that thev from Mine s an added id to wash nmediately Company tf 'Tode. gi_/was ct it to be iture. sty glasses her major y men and idpated in ras a sugammering, afety pro- Pulpwood Logging (Summary of a Round Table Discussion) Presiding: John Currie, Woodlands Div., Great Lakes Paper Co., Ltd, Fort Williams, Ont, Canaria. Conference Expert: John C Made*, Safety Eng., Employers* Mutual Liability Insurance Cb. of Wisconsin, Ironwood, Mich. Mr. Currie opened the meeting with a . Paper Section to send more men from tins short talk on the safety efforts in his com division to the Congress, therefore, build pany, discussing the fact that the mill oper ing-up representation. He said this would ations seem .to have had the concentration more or less awaken the companies to of safety work in the past and that not the fact that we do have such discussions too great an effort has been extended in at the Congress and he advised more pub the woods but that tins is being done now.. licity along that line. He also explained that the accident in Mr. Chant suggested that we make a spe crease was perhaps due to the introduction cific request that the pulpwood logging ses of new people into the industry. He did sion be moved forward in the week even agree, however, that this was no excuse for if it were necessary that we move from the having the accidents and he said that we - general pulp and paper sessions in the do not do enough and that we must do Stevens Hotel to another hotel for tins more in the way of education to stop round table discussion. accidents. The subjects to be discussed today are what we can do as pulpwood loggers to decrease the accident frequency of the in dustry and also what can we do to increase the logging representations at the National Safety Congress. The general conclusions along this line are that the program should be changed to facilitate those, people coming down for one or two days so they can take in our discus sions and. that we increase the publicity among members to have more representa tion from the woodlands divisions. The discussion was opened by John Schlueler of the Consolidated Water Power and Paper Company, Rhinelander, Wiscon sin. Mr. Schlueler made the statement that perhaps the reason why we don't get good representation at the Congress is the fact that our pulpwood logging and round table discussion is being held on the wrong day. He said he thinks it*s too late in the pro gram and suggests that we move the round The next subject for discussion was op ened by Mr. Fred Morrish who wanted to know--are. more people patting head protection cm the lumberjacks in the woods. Mr. John Schlueler asked Russell Ham mond, Safety Engineer for the MichiganWisconsin Council of Safety, to describe the milestone that we have passed in this respect table discussion up to Tuesday or earlier Mr. Hammond explained that they have during the Congress. Mr. D.D. Chant had two lumberjacks come into different of the Ontario Pulp and Papertnakers As logging camps looking for jobs and that sociation, Toronto, Canada, added that he they had their own hard hats and this is thought the Council setup for logging was really a milestone as far as getting head wrong. As it is at the present time, we protection on the men in die woods. He have logging under the Wood Products also explained how to go about getting the Section and the pulpwood logging under the hard hats put on the lumberjacks; that it Pulp and Paper Section and there are some is strictly, an educational program,, explain who would like to see some action along ing to them the benefits of wearing them this line to bring the two together. and the disadvantages in not wearing them. Mr. Howard E. Lilly, Safety and Em ployment, Ontario Paper Company,'Huron Bay, Ontario, suggested that we make more effort to get the woodland division of the companies represented in the Pulp and Mr. John Schlueler explained that the Safety Council setup has one purpose; to promote safety in the-woods. They try to take on one project a. year such as safety shoes and lord hats. The question was 1 !-;.* II :( I I;;.-!' ?|ij ! V ftr.'tTi.'si mi j?l Ilf.; m -t/t'c i Wi 30 Pulp and Paper Industry asked--who buys the hard hats, the op----- of the work being done in Sweden along erator or the lumberjack? this line. There was a lot of discussion on John Mader, Safety Engineer for Em ployers Mutuals, explained that in some operations the operator and the lumberjack share the cost on a 50-50 basis and in other operations the lumberjacks are charged with the cost of the hat the fact that we do not seem to have a selection of films dealing with the logging industry and that perhaps the film director, Mr. Griffin, of the National Safety Council, could make up such a logging film if. the conditions were right and the companies would underwrite the expense involved. Mr. Chant asked if they could be worn in winter and it was explained they have a winter liner sufficient for use in our severe winters in the north. The several people from Canada indicated they had safety films available from their different associations and it was agreed that these people would write to the News Mr. H. J. Bennett Safety' Supervisor for letter editor advising him of the films they the Ontario-Minnesota Pulp and Paper have and where they can be obtained. One Company', asked where are the foot inju film in particular was mentioned and this ries? Are they on the toes or more of was called "Trees" which was put out by them on the side of the foot? He explained the United States Forestry Service and it that most of his injuries were at the side was agreed that it is a good film for our of the foot near the ankle. Mr. Chant division. explained that this problem was being worked on by the safety shoe companies in Canada in order to give a protection in the upper part of the boot to deflect the axe or stop some of the force of the axe but he thought this w-ould not work due to the fact that it would add too much weight to the boot and make it impractical in the woods. Mr. R- \V. Croudier, Safety Officer for the M & O Paper Company at International Falls, Minnesota, said that he didn't agree with that type of protection at all on the lumberjack's foot or leg but that he did agree with the safety toe in the boot. He said it is much more important to teach the men die proper use of the axe to prevent cuts rather dian to use such a protective device as this. The meeting then went to the general discussion on how companies get safety' to the men in the woods. Some advised the use of safety meetings and films. The gen eral conclusion was that we must not let the safety' educational training die. John Mader asked a question as to the impor tance of the length of the handle of the axe and it was generally agreed on that for the len,,Ji of pulp the short-handled axe was best because of the degree of con trol and that a 2l/2 or pound axe was perhaps the best Mr. Alley told of the publications of the pulpwood logging posters made up by the American Pulpwood Association and we were advised that these posters arc being published and will be available to the companies for about twenty' cents apiece. The next subject for discussion was brought up by Mr. Currie and this was the matter of safety competition. What are we doing along this line? Mr. Mader explained the Timber Pro ducers Association contests run in the Up per Peninsula and Wisconsin and Mr. Currie explained the contest which Mara thon Corporation is starting this year in their- Canada operations which is based on a definite frequency rate. Mr. Cook, Manager of the Quebec Pulp and Paper Association explained that they run a contest on a merit system and as this was quite lengthy he did not go into it too deeply. These different ideas will be written to Harold Alley in an effort to produce a contest for the Pulp and Logging Divisions which is satisfactory to all mem bers. There was quite a lengthy discussion on the use of the job training series set up by the U. S. Government in training em ployees in the woods along the contest lines. It was concluded by all members there that they would write their ideas to the National Safely Council for discussion Mr. Harold Alley, the staff representa with the contest committee of the Pulp and tive of the National Safety Council, men Paper Section and come up with some idea tioned that we have some Swedish posters as to how a contest for the loggers could that were to be distributed to us as a show be run. den along mission on to.''" <-e a e\ Jtfng i director, y Council, ihn if. the companies olved. : indicated rom their is agreed he Newsfilms they hed. One and this ut out by ice and it i for our ations of de tip by idon and sters arc aiiable to its apiece, sion was s was the at are we tber Prot the Up* and Ur. eh *^ara- J in bksea on :bec Pulp that they i and as t go into is will be effort to - lagging all memdiscussion ies set up ning cm; contest members ideas to lisctission Pulp and ome idea srs could Insulation Manufacturing (A Round Table Discussion) 31 The Pulp and Paper Associations in Canada are quite active and the statement was made that they are saving the member firms millions of dollars through their safety efforts. To spread this information about a bit it was suggested that a special sup plement to the Newsletter be made up and at the Quebec Association, especially, write to Mr. Alley giving him the facts so these safety ideas which they are put ting into effect can be spread out to the whole membership. Insulation Manufacturing (Summary of a Round Table Discussion) Presiding: A. S. Keen, Safety Director, Armstrong Cork Company, Lancaster, Pa- Chairman G. E Allen, Personnel Man ager of the Wood Conversion Company, Cloquet, Minnesota, opened the round table conference by explaining briefly the history of the.insulation manufacturing committee. He pointed offt there were, at present, eleven companies reporting monthly accident frequency rates to the National Safety CounciL He stated it was difficult at first to obtain reclassification of several of the companies when the break down was made for the 19S1 contest period. He also pointed out that following the general pulp and paper execu tive committee meeting a session was held with members of the group to determine what future activities for the year 1952 should be undertaken. It was stated that the group felt the development of general papers on the industry would be best to start with from which specific subjects could be stud ied. No assignments as yet had been pade but it was felt that the work on the papers should be started relatively soon. T. J. Reed (Johns-Manville, Natchez, Miss.): Who are the participating plants in the insulation manufacturing safety contest? G. E Allen read the list of companies who were asked to participate in the insula tion contest and explained that the Council, as yet, had not furnished us with a list of the participating companies. M. F. Mattson (Insulite Divufcm, Inter national Falls, Minn.) z.Are the firgk aid men paid to take first aid training, or are they trained on their own time? (Most of the companies present paid the employees to take' first aid training.) T. J. Reed: First aid training should Be considered as a part of production and con sequently the employees should be paid to take this training. W. A. Koski (Insulite Division, Interna tional Falls, Minn.): Our first aid men are trained on their own time and consequently there is a shortage of first aid men on cer tain shifts. B. J. Lee: Our first aid men are trained on company time mid we havetwo men, plus the'shift foreman, trained m first aid on each shift We have a first aid station in each production department which is kept locked to prevent the first aid supplies from becoming unsterile and to prevent employees from administering first aid to themselves. W. A. Koski: We tried locks on our first aid cabinets, but they did not prove to be satisfactory. G E Allen: Before we locked our cab inets the first aid supplies were always scat tered around and left in unsterile condition. R. Blum (The Flintkote Company, Me ridian, Miss.): Is there a chance of em ployees not reporting their injuries when the first aid cabinets are locked? W. A. Koski: We find that there is more of a chance of employees not reporting their injuries when the first aid cabinets are left open, because they give themselves first aid and forget to mark it down on the first aid record. ^____ , B. J. Lee: When the cabinets are locked Se men can't give themselves first aid, erefore they have to report to the first aid man and he makes a report of the injury. T. J. Reed: What is the penalty if a man does not report for first aid? B. J. Lee: We have a penalty rule for unsafe acts which would be used if an employee did not report for first aid. M. F. Mattson: We have first aid menon the night shifts and a full time nurse in 1 li 1 ip :v'! 32 Pulp and Paper Industry during the day shift who follows up all first aid cases. R. Nicely: How large an area is a nurse supposed to cover? W. A. Koski: In large plants there are several first aid stations with a nurse in charge of each station. M. F. Mattson: In case of a serious accident the nurse is taken to the injured by ambulance. T. J. Reed: I believe we should all at tempt to sell management on the need for nurses in die plant. Also, at the present time, unions are asking for nurse service. One case of serious infection would pay for a nurse for a long period of time. B. J. Lee: I believe that by taking minor first aid cases out of the hands of the first aid men we would be detracting from the safety program. W. A. Koski: We believe that the men have more faith in a nurse than in a first aid man, therefore a confident person is a more efficient worker. F. A. Schulze (Ruberiod Company, Joliet, I1L): Nurses are definitely needed in plants because many cases are sent to doc tors outride of the plant when a nurse could handle them just as well in the plant, and thus save a great deal of lost produc tion and also reduce the cost of medical treatment H. B. Dobson (Celotex Corporation, Chi cago, 111.): It is evident from the discussion that there are two types of first aid services predominant in our plants: 1. First aid men and cabinets located throughout the plant; and 2. A detailed medical service including doctors and nurses. These two types.of serv ices can not be available in the same plant because doctors will not take the responsi bility for novices administering first aid. F. A. Schulze: Do more infections oc cur in plants where there are first 'aid men or where there are nurses? R. W. Cboucher (Minnesota & Ontario Paper Company, International Falls, Minn.): We have both types of service in our com pany and we do not find any difference in the number of infection cases. A. S. Kef-N- The availability nf first aid facilities plays an important part in die number of cases reported.- T. J. Reed: Are we reporting our acci dents to the National Safety Council? If so, do we have any hazards in common? Can we exchange information on accidents? G. E. Allen : We have an accident analy sis report that we would be glad to send to the different companies. T. J. Reed: In some locations we have wet smooth concrete floors. What can be done to eliminate the slipping hazard? R. Nicely: We have etched our smooth concrete floors wherever we have a wet condition. B. J. Lee: There are several anti-slip paints on the market which will considerably reduce this slipping hazard. W. A. Koski: We have many injuries resulting from "hooks slipping out of the pulpwood in the wood yard during the win ter months. B. J. Lee: We use a different print on the hooks during die winter months and have considerably reduced our accidents while handling pulpwood. We will be glad to show you the hook point that we use. H. B. Dobson: Let us conclude the dis cussion and arrive at -some conclusion about the exchange of accident information. T. J. Reed: How about sending each other reports on unusual accidents? H. B. Dobson: Wouldn't it be desirable for us, when we get bade to our plants, to write down our common problems and send them to some central point where a form could be drawn up that would give us the information we desire. It was agreed that members of the insulat ing manufacturing group would submit de scriptions of all accidents, cansing disability injuries, to the committee chairman for gen-, rial distribution to 'the membership. If ad ditional information was desired in regard to any of the reports, members themselves would contact the safety director who sub mitted the report. It was agreed that the chairman would send each member of the committee a mailing list for the entire in sulation manufacturing group. st aid a the si ) i? If anon? lents? inalyaid to have an be ? nooth i wet ti-dip irably jnries f the win- nt on ; and idents glad SC. : disabout Mftl send form s the sulatt de bility genf adftd to idves subt the f the e in- Officers of the PULP AND PAPER SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1951-52 General Chairman--H. 6. GOODRICH, Maintenance & Safety. Engineer, Strathmore Paper Company, West Springfield, Mass. Vice-Chairman & Program Chairman--A. E. MINOR, Safety Supervisor, The OntarioMinnesota Pulp and Paper Company, Ltd., Kenora, Ontario, Can. News Letter Editor--ARTHUR CARLE, Safety Director, The Northwest Paper Com pany, Cloquet, Minn. Secretary & Membership Chairman--DALLAS E. HENRY, Safety Coordinator,' Southern Advance Bag and Paper Company, Hodge, La. Regional Membership Representatives--H. P. HUEBNER (East), Insurance Manager, The Flintkote Company, New York; N. Y.; C. C. MacPIKE (South), Safety Di rector, St. Regis Paper Company, Pensacola, Fla.; E. V. JOHNSON (Great Lakes), Safety Supervisor, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.; ERNEST DUTCHER (West), Safety Engineer, Pioneer Division, The Flintkote Company, Los Angeles, Calif.; *DOUGLAS B. CHANT (Canada), Secretary-Engineer, The Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Association, Toronto, Ontario, Can. Medical Advisor--DR. JAMES D. STARK, Medical Director, Hammemull Paper Com pany, Erie, Pa. Statistical Committee--GORDON LEMKE (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Employers' Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Wausau, Wis.; *R. W. CROUCHER, Safety Officer, Minnesota & Ontario Paper Company, International Falls, Minn.; LAMBERT LOUY, Safety Director, Container Corporation of America, Chicago, 111.; GEORGE MERRIMAN, Co-ordisator of Personnel, International Paper Company, Mobile Ala.; W. H. McLAUGHLIN, Director of Safety and Sanitation, Lily-Tulip Cup Corpora tion, College Point, L. L, N. Y. Contest'Committee--A SCOTT DOWD (Chairman), President, Fritz Publications, Inc, Chicago, 111.; *]. FRED BERRY, Personnel Manager, Alton Box Board Company, Alton, I1L; W. R. CAHILL,'Director, Personnel Administration Department, NekoosaEdwards Paper Company, Port Edwards, Wis! Pulpwood Logging Dxvisum--FRED T. MORRISH (Divirion Chairman), Safety Super visor, The Ontario-Minnesota Pulp & Paper-Company, Ltd, Fort Frances, Ontario, Can. .Publications Committee--SETH JACKSON- (Chairman), Safety .Officer, U. S. Forest Service; Washington, D. C.; LELAND W.. HOOKER, Timber Technologist, Forest Products Research Division, Michigan College of Mining & Technology, Houghton, Mich.; JOHN E SCHUELER, Executive Secretary, Forest Products Safety Council of Michigan and Wisconsin, Rhinelander, Wis.; JOHN MADER, Safety Engineer, Employers' Mutual Liability Insurance Company of Wisconsin, Ironwood, Mich. Visual Aids Committee--HARRY H. JEFFERSON (Chairman), Training Officer, Amer ican Pulpwood Association, New York; N. Y.; JOHN CURIE, Safety Office, Great -: 33 -/ " . Lakes Paper Company, Ft William, Ontario, Canada; J. C RODGERSON, Safely Director, Brown Company, Berlin, N. H. Pulp Manufacturing Division--JULIUS A. DRAPER (Division Chairman), Director of Safety, Consolidated Paper Corporation, Ltd., Grand'Mere, P.Q., Can_ Publications Committee--D. V. HILL (Chairman), Safety Director, The Mead Corpora tion, Kingsport, Tenn.; R. CHAPMAN, Chairman, Mill Accident Prevention Com mittee, Howard Smith Paper Mills, Ltd, Cornwall, Ontario, Can.; A. S. COOK, Manager, Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Association, Quebec, P.Q., Can.; F. O. SOUGHTON, Service and Safety Supervisor, LongLac Pulp and Paper Company, Ltd, Ter race Bay, Ontario, Canada. Visual Aids Committee--MARION L. HODGES (Chairman), Safety Director, West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, North Charleston, South Carolina; GEORGE S. NELSON, Claims & Safety Manager, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Company, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis.; E. J. MARQUARDT, Safety Director, National Container Corporation, Tomahawk, Wis.; GEORGE PEARCE, Safety Officer, Bathurst Power & Paper Company, Ltd., Bathurst, New Brunswick, Can.; CYRIL D. McCAN, As sistant Safety Engineer, Crossett Paper Mills, Crossett, Ark. Paper Manufacturing Division--E. B. LAMBTON (Division Chairman), Safety Engi neer, St. Regis Paper Company, New York, N. Y. Publications Committee--FRANCIS IL WAGNER (Chairman), Director of Safety, The Mead Corporation, Chillicothe, Ohio; ROBERT K. MEREDITH, Safety Director, West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Tyrone, Pa.; L. J.-CRICHTON, Safety Director, Camp Manufacturing Company, Franklin, Va.; OTTO SHERMAN, Safety Supervisor, Mill Division, Gaylord Container Corporation, Bogalusa, La.; C R. JOHN STON, Personnel Director, Cornell Paperboard Products Company, Cornell, Wis. Visual Aids Committee--JAMES N. CONAWAY (Chairman), Safety Director, Scott Paper Company, Chester, Pa.; HOWARD H. DYKE, Safety' and Personnel, Inter national Paper Company, Glens Falls, N. Y.; ROBERT J. GELL, Staff Assistant, Paper Mill, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y.; G. RUSSELL LEONHARD, Director of Safety, Peterson Parchment Paper Company, Bristol, Pa. Paper Converting Divirion--ROBERT W. GRAY (Division Chairman), Safety Di rector, Union Bag and Paper Corporation, Savannah, Ga. Bag Manufacturing Committee--R. G. BELKNAP (Chairman), Safety Inspector, Bemis Brothers Bag Company, St Louis, Mo.; MARTIN MANEY, Dir. of Training, St Regis Paper Company, Pensacola, Fla. JBox Manufacturing Committee--A. O. VRANEK (Chairman), Safety Director, Con tainer Corporation of America, Chicago, I1L; G. J. BIENVENU, General Superin tendent --. Container ` Divis" --ion,-----G--1----a----y'lo*rd .Co'ntainer Corporation, Bogalusa, La. ** Roofing Manufacturing Committee--HUGH JACKSON (Chairman), Manager of Safety and Training, The Johns-Manville Corporation, New York, N. Y.; PAUL B. Mc- INERNEY, Insurance and Safety Manager, Lloyd A. Fry Roofing Company, Sum mit HI*; FREDERICK A. SCHULZE, Director of Industrial Relations, The Ruberoid Company, Joliet 111.; CARL L. EDDINS, Assistant Insurance Manager, The Flint- kote Company, New York, N. Y. Insulation Manufacturing Committee--GORDON ALLEN (Chairman), Personnel Van, ager. Wood Conversion Company, Cloquet Minn.; W. E. BLACKLEDGE, Safety Supervisor, Masonite Corporation, Laurel, Miss.; AMOS S. KEEN, Safety Director, Armstrong Cork Company, Lancaster, Pa. 34 - * i \) Specialties Manufacturing Committee--VINCENT P.. COULON (Chairman), Safety Director, The Sealright Company, Int, Fulton, N.'Y.; A. J. HOMBLETTE, Safety Supervisor, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.; W, L- LAUER, Safety Chairman, Dixie Cup Company, Easton, Pa.--------------------------- ;----------------------------------- Past General Chairmen--GEORGE J. ADAMS (1936-38), International Paper Company, Glens Falls, N. Y.; ROBERT M. ALTMAN (1919-20), Marathon Corporation, Rothschild, Wis.; J. FRED BERRY (1943-44), Alton Box Board Company, Alton, IJL; CLAYTON O. BRAATZ (1941-42), L. Bamburger & Company, Newark, N. J.; D. B. CHANT (1939-41), Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers Safety Association, Toronto, Ontario, Can.; R. W. CROUCHER (1948-49), Minnesota & Ontario Paper Com pany, International Falls, Minn.; CLR. DOUGHERTY (1950-51), Assistant Man ager, Industrial Relations, Union Bag & Paper Corporation, Savannah, Ga.; KEN NETH L. FAIST (1928-29), The Champion Paper & Fibre Company, Hamilton, Ohio; WALTER A. GLEASON (1921-22). HamraermiU Paper Company, Erie, Pa.; E. E. GRANT (1935-36), The Crystal Tissue Company, Middletown, Ohio; GEORGE W. HARPER (1949-50), University of Illinois, Urbana, I1L; H. P. HEUBNER (1947-48), The Flintkote Company, New York, N. Y.; M. G. HOYMAN (1924-25), Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.; E. A. PAGE (1946-47), Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.; G. W. PHILLIPS (1923-24), The Champion Paper & Fibre Comply, Cantor, N. C; J. J. PLZAK (1931-33), Consolidated Water Power " & Paper Company, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis.; SAMUEL PRUYN (1929-30), Finch, Pniyn & Company, Inc, Glens Falls, N. Y.; ROLAND W. RICHARDSON (1942-43), The Gardner Board and Carton Company, Loddand, Ohio; S. F. SHATTUCK 1915-16); L. R. SIMPSON (1944-46); GEORGE E. WILLIAMSON (1916-18, 1920-21), Strathmore Paper Company, West Springfield, Mass. Staff Representative--HAROLD R. ALLEY, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. 'Past General Chairman 35 X. Other Volumes in this Series Users of this volume will find much value in its companion volumes. Here is the list: TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volumes......................................................1.. 1 Aeronautical Industries............................ ............................................................................... 2 Air Transport Industry............................................................................................................. 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries..........-.................................................................... Cement and Quarry Industries.................................................................................................. Chemical Industries ................ Coal Mining Industry .......................................... ;............................................. ................... 4 5 6 7 Construction Industry ........... .'........................................................................................... . 8 Electrical Equipment Industry..................................................... ;.................................. .... 9 Farm Safety'................................. ;.............. ............................................................................. 10 Food Industry (Including Proceedings of Refrigeration Safety Meetings.).....................11 Glass and Ceramics Industry'......................................................................................................12 Home Safety ............................................................................................................................... 13 Industrial Nursing ...................................................................................................... -............ 14 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)............................ .......................... . 15 Maritime Industries (Marine Section)...^...................................................................... -.. 16 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries........................................................... .... 17 Metals Industry'..............................................................\........................................................ 18 Mining Industry...................... 19 Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial VehicleSection)...............................................20 Petroleum Industry ............ 21 Power Press and Forging Operations........................................................................ 1.......... 22 Printing and Publishing Industry.............................................................................................. 23 Public Employment (Public Employees SafetyCommittee).................................................24 Public Utilities Industries...........................................................................................................25 Pulp and Paper Industry'............................................................................................................. 26 Railroad Industry........................................................................................................................27 Rubber Industry ........................................................ 28 School and College Safety........................ 7.......................... ................................................ 29 Textile Industry ..........................................................................................................................30 Traffic Safety ..........................................................................................................................-. 31 Transit Industry .............................................. ....................-................................................. 32Wood Products Industries................................................................................................... 33 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Communication(Early Morning Sessions).......... . 34 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME 1 to 9 copies SIZE Each Less than 24 pages-- 029 24 to 48 pages-- .35 49 to % pages-- .46 Over 96 pages-- .69 10 to 99 copies Each $023 ' 29 . .40 .63 100 to 999 copies Each $0.17 23 25 .58 1000 or more Each $0.17 23 25 258 Complete set of Transactions (34 vols.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 copies), 620 (10 to 99 copies), 5.70 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 10, 13, 29 and 31. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO 11. ILL. MMt l> B.I.*. 36 1700--252--WHP