Document 4YMnKXXn2anGZzM02M3OvqdG

GENERAL ELECTRICS ASSORTED BATES # s SEE SHEET IN S ID E FOR L IS T OF # s BATES # s 803510 - & 3& y a Jo T CL April 4, 1950 Mr. W.H. Cooney Secretary of Factory Committee on Pyranol I am enclosing with this letter copi es of the proposed text for instruction leaflet GET -28006 concerning No. 1467 Pyranol. It is to be one of a group of instruction leaflets that are ir.tended to replace instruction book GEH 58 when they are completed. The material in this leaflet -was obt ained primarily from GEH-1093A with a few additions and changes made to emphasize the important points. The leaflet has received preliminary approval from the Engineering; & Commercial sections. I am sending these to you with the thought in mind that you may wish to submit them to the Iyranol Committee for any further comments or su g g estions. If so, please return any suggestions to me as so on as possible. TM:md cc: L.P. Burgess / T. McDade INSTRUCTION BOCK SECTION 10-2A, Phone 2555 GENP 014879 803510 APPARATUS DEPARTMENT GENERAL m ELECTRIC su b je c t LOCATION No. 1 4 6 7 pyranol In stru ctio n Leaflet, G E I-28006 REFERENCE May 11, 1950 1 Mr L W e th e r ill 1 6 ....................... 340 L is te d below a re some s u g g e s te d changes* page 2 - verb is "are" Page 2 bottom - in s e r t - R ecognition should be taken o f th e fa c t th a t some o f th e D50P18 component may be removed by such f iltr a tio n , p a rtic u la rly i f activ ate d earth i s employed Upon co m p letio n o f th e p u r i f i c a t i o n , a laboratory t e s t w ill in d icate the necessary amount o f D50P18 compound which must be added to th e P y ran o l i f any Page 5 (3 K7 p e r second rise ) Page 4 #4 once Page 6 in s e rt Under no co n d itio n s s h a ll th e te s t cup O be cold er than th e Pyranol being tested Page 6 Page 6 P y ra n o l t e s t i n g lo w er th a n 25 K7 sh o u ld be filtered I f th e Pyranol should f a i l to respond to p ersisten t filtra tio n , the nearest D istric t O ffice should be contacted for instructions Add a s ix th ite m - m o is tu re content With th e above changes, th e in s tru c tio n appears to be satisfacto ry G E N P 014880 EAKS PLAINTIFFS a mEXHIBIT Insulatdehfkeeearch Section Transform er and A llied Products L aboratory Bldg 8-4-2 ' T e l. 2-275 803511 "t H O . 1 4 6 7 FYHAIOL For Uae in Transfoimers, Regulators and Pyranol Immersed Current Limiting Reactors GEI -28006 IHTRODUCTI ON TTo. 1467 Pyranol* is a cooling and insulating liquid which is noninflammable, chemically stable, and nonsludging. As applied for use in transformers and regulators it is strayv' yellow in color and has a Saybolt viscosity of about 5^ seconds at Materials that are unaffected by Pyranol have been selected for use in constructing Pyranol apparatus. Ho materials should be used in contact with Pyranol except those approved by the General Electric Company. Impurities in Pyranol tend to lower the dielectric strength and decrease its noninflammable properties. Subsequent instructions describe precautions that should be taken to exclude these impurities and obtain extended service from the Pyranol. HATOLIHG F2RAH0L Pyranol m a y be handled in the same manner as mineral oil. However continued exposure may produce local sJdijjLrritatlons. Cleanliness b y workmen handling Pyranol consiiltutes an adequate safeguard a g S ^ s t such effects. Ordinary medicinal washes will remove any irritation caused b y Pyranol coming in contact with an open cut or skin abrasion. A drop of castor oil will neutralize any irritation cased by contact of liquid Pyranol with the eyes. As with most volatile materials, exposure to concentrated Pyranol vapors in an unventilated room should 1 avoided. Registered trade-mark for G-E askarel Q tri 803512 O 00 GO .. 2 - GZI-28006 Pyranol must be handled In containers, pipes, all metal hose, e` that are flee from oil, grease, pitch, or other foreign materials. I is desirable that all such equipment used in storing or transporting Pyranol be maintained for exclusive use with Pyranol, as it i 3 extremely difficult to remove all traces of oil or other Pyranol contaminants from equipment of this type. Also, mineral oil is completely miscible in Pyranol and it is practically impossible to separate the two liquids after they have been mixed. All metal hose must be used in handling Pyranol since rubber am rubber-lined hoses are dissolved b y Pyranol. This is also true of * most synthetic rubber hoses. Use naptha or benzine to remove all traces of Pyranol that is spilled or dripped on the outside of the transformer tank during the filling procedure. This precaution must he taken since Pyranol has a tendency to soften the paint. PERIODIC HTSPECTIQH After the first few days of operation of the apparatus, test the top and bottom Pyranol for dielectric strength. Sample every 6 months for the first year nrf yearly thereafter unless experience shows less frequent sampling is required. The recommended time between inspections and tests depends on local climatic conditions and also upon the Importance of minimizing Interruptions -7 ^Accurate records kept. If, at any time, the Pyranol tests below 1 a -7 __ 25 Kv at room temperature, use a filter press or Pyranol purifier to restore the dielectric strength to 30 kv or more. 803513 g O )-4^ CO Co 3 GEI 2o006 Maintain the level of Pyranol up to, or above, the lovrer sampli valve or to the normal level mark on the liquid-level gage. The condition of the transformer external surfaces should be ;1 examined at regular intervals. If it i3 found that weathering is ta I place,' thoroughly clean the surface and repaint vfith a good grade of (durable paint recommended by the General Electric Company# SAMPLING AMD TESTHIG F7RAN0L Follow the procedure outlined herewith to obtain consistent res from samples taken for either field or laboratory tests. sampjlhig-f r o m a p p a r a t u s 1- Take samples preferably when the temperature of the apparat* is near 25 C. Take samples from outdoor apparatus on a clear d a y on and guard against contamination by wind-blown dust, etc. 2.* Use small-neck glass bottles as sample containers. A one- O /vrvW '-'' quart^j bottle will hold sufficient Pyranol for complete tests. Sampl containers filled with new 1467 Pyranol are available from Pittsfiel (See the section on "Pyranol Testing Service"). Empty the container into the apparatus, allow it to drain thoroughly and then Immediately refill it with the liquid to bo tested. Cleaning the containers, as described beloY^nay be disregard when they are received filled with new 1467 Pyranol. However, the subsequent steps should be followed to insure obtaining a sample representative of the original Pyranol. 3* To clean the bottles, rinse with non-leaded, oil-free gasoline; then wash with strong soapsuds, rinse thoroughly with wate and dry in an oven 105 C to 110 C for at least eight hours. After drying the bottles, seal tightly with a glass stopper or a clean " Q tn 2 803514 cc 4 GEI 28006 cork. 1 Protect the cork by wrapping with clean metal foil. 4. Impurities tending to affect the dielectric strength of Pyranol will, in general, be-at the top of the liquid. Therefore, take the sample from the top through the small valve or plug, and allow enough Pyrancl to run out so that any moisture or foreign material which may have collected in the drainpipe, valve, or plug will he removed. 5. Draw a sample into the bottle, leaving sufficient air space to allow for possible expansion of the Pyranol. Carefully seal the cont*aine*r to prevent any exoosure of the Pyranol to the atmosphere using the stopper removed from the bottle. 6 . After taking the sample, reseal the apparatus; then establi the internal pressure of the apparatus at the proper value according to Table I, using dry air or nitrogen. TABLE I If the sample is taken when the temperature is lower than 25 C, reseal the apparatus at atmospheric pressure. However, when the temperature reaches 25 C, vent the apparatus to atmospheric pressure to avoid excessive internal pressure at higher temperatures. Q 803515 O oo oo SAMPLING FROM DRUMS - 5- GEI--2S0.0S - Take samples from drums after the Fyrsnol has remained u n disturbed for at least elght'hours, and when the Pyranol is at least as warm as th aurroudning air. If the drums are outdoors, take samples on a clear day only and guard against wind-blown dust etc. Take a sample from the top of the drum by means of a cherically clear thief. Observe the sampling precautions previously outlined. 2 . Clean the glass thieves used for taking the samples, in the same manner as the bottles, and dry, preferably at a temperature not leap than 37*8 C (100 F ) . TESTING FOR DIELECTRIC STRENGTH' The technique as specified by the American Society for Testing Materials ip. the test method ntitled nThe Standard Method of Testix Electrical Insulating Oilslr is recommended for the testing of Pyranc The following precautions modifications must be observed: 1* Set the spacing of the two 1-inch disk electrodes at 0.100 Inch. 2 . Wipe the test cup and electrodes clean with dry, calenderec tissues or clean, dry chamois and rinse thoroughly with clean, non- leaded, oil-free gasoline. 3- Fill the cup with dry gasoline and make a breakdown test ui standard conditions of voltage application (3 kv per second riae). the dielectric strength is not leas than 25 kv, the cup is consider* suitable for testing purposes. The usual precautions in handling gasoline should be observed. 4. Immediately after the final rinsing with gasoline, rinse test oup with the Pyranol under investigation proceed with the teat at oned. w Q M 2 803516 O CO 5. The temperature of the Pyranol, when tested, should be the same as that of the room, which should be between 20 C and 30 C (68 F and 86 F ) . 6. After filling the test cup, allow the Pyranol to stand for three minutes before testing, to allow entrained air bubbles to escape. 7- Make one test per filling, fill at least five times and average the results. - ^ Pyranol testing lower than 25 kv should be filtered or replaced. Instructions (GEH-1031) for filtering are available upon request at the nearest apparatus sales office of the General Electric Compahy. . PYRANOL TESTING SERVICE For convenience in sampling and testing Pyanol, the General Electric Company will, upon receipt of order at an Apparatus Sales Office, furnish one-quart sample containers filled with clean, dry Pyranol to replace the Pyranol which is removed for samples. The samples may be sent to the Field Service Engineer, Power Transformer Engineering Div., General Electric Company, Pittsfield, Mass, for testing. Recommendations for continued use or treatment will be f a m i s h e d , in addition to a complete report covering the following tests: 1. Dielectric strength 3* Acidity 2. Color 4. Condition;. S '* LG<< i Reliable tests are dependent on the sample as it reaches the laboratory being exactly the same a 3 Pyranol in the apparatus from which it was taken. Therefore, in obtaining and handling the sample follow the technique outlined under "Sampling from Apparatus". ^ 803517 oy 1 CO CO as * -7 To assist in furnishing the most useful comments on the results of-the tests, requestsfor this infonnation should: 1. State why the tests are considered desirable. 1 2 . Give the serial number and rating of the apparatus. 3. State whether or not the sample represents the Pyranol originally furnished with the apparatus. If not, when was the Pyranol replaced. 4. State the date, temperature and weather conditions at the time the ..sample was taken and also whether the apparatus is located t indoors or outdoor. 5- Give any other information that might have a bearing on the condition of Pyranol. * | 6 . State to idiom the report should be sent. AVAILABLE TEST AHD FILTERING DEVICES The General Electric Company manufactures a 35#000-volt, 2 -leva test set, Catalog He 79 X 336 for testing the dielectric strength o f Pyranol. A Pyranol purifier, Catalog Ho. 79 X 7^9# Is available for filtering and drying Pyranol. Information concerning these devices m a y be obtained from the nearest apparatus sales office of the General Electric Company. These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations In equipment nor to provide for every possible contingency to be met in. connection with installation, operation or maintenance. Should further infonnation be desired or should particular problems arise which are not covered sufficiently for the purchaser's purposes,, the m atter should be referred to the General Electric Company. GEI-28006 Bo. 1467 Pyranol Ho. 1467 Pyranol GEI-28006 1234567S 4-50 ( ) Litho. In U.S.A. GENP 014887 803518 .atf. SEPTEMBER, 'I OF SULFUR Evolution Method % Sulfur 0.002 (a) To increase the sulfur sample was ^jn aids in the V i ted. and alloys. Pur- rsis of high sullur n t contains no exloride is of some mall percentage of : evolution method 0 g. samples may m of sulfur in tin-olves these alloys. ie "copper cleaning ition of sulfur in Lead chloride will point. Metallic beratory furnace. Copper, lead, tin, oxides and inter.c metals, leaving issolved in nitric 11 another sample Ifur and possible VOL. 36. NO. 2 THE CHEM IST ANALYST SEPTEM BER. 1947 Sum m ary Ferric chloride reagent is compared with cupric potassium chloride as a gravimetric reagent for sulfur. The advantages of ferric chloride are noted in the case of bronze and metallic copper. Possible use in the determination of the composition of non-ferrous furnace metals is mentioned. X-ray diffraction patterns of the ferric chloride and the cupric potassium chloride residues show that sulfur remains as cuprous sulfide and elementary sulfur. _ * The procedure described has been in use for approximately one year and has given satisfactory results. LITERATURE CITED (1) American Society for Testing Materials, "X-Rav DitTraction Dut.i fur Chemical Analysis, Supplement.'' (2) Holler, A. C..'antl Yeager, J. l \ t Jud.Eiig. Chevi., .1>iai. Ed., If*. .~4'i ( 1*144j. (3) Lundell, G. E. F., and Hoffman, J. J., "Outlines of Mulhuds ul Cltenucal Analysis," p. 213, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1933. (4} Cumenge, E., and Wimnier, R., Dinners Polytcch. J., 250, 35 (13S5J. (5} Silverman, Louis, Ind.Ettf. Chem., AnaLEd., 10. 433 (1933). (0) Weiser, H. B.. Milligan, \V. O., and Marshall, J. M., J. Pkys. Chen:., 47, 490 (1943). On the Toxicity of the "Arochlors" - ROBERT M. BROWN, Chief, Industrial Hygiene Section, Division of Health, Department n; Public Welfare, G ty of St. Louis, Missouri A recently published article (/) has recommended the substitution of one of the "Arochlors" as the melting-point-, bath liquid in preference to the cus tomary sulfuric acid. As stated in that article, the "Arochlors" are a group of chlorinated diphenyls produced by the Monsanto Chemical Company. There is need, therefore, to give a warning. For the toxicity of these compounds has been repeatedly demonstrated, both from the standpoint of their absorption from the inspired air as well as from their effect in producing a serious and disfiguring dermatitis when allowed to remain in contact with the skin. Since these effects have been repeatedly observed, industrial hygienists have taken great pains to see that proper controls have been estab lished wherever these products are used. For example, the maximum allowable concentration of chlorinated diphenyl for an S-hour working day is I milligram per cubic meter oE air. It is probable that nothing like an uncontrolled industrial exposure will occur in the laboratory. However, whether an individual is subjected to a possible acute exposure to chlorinated diphenyl and its serious consequences will depend upon the size of the melting-point bath, the caution with which it is used and the temperature to which it may be heated. Likewise, with PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT I 3l* 0 3 Paie Thirty-three 803519 ! 2VOL. 36, NO. THE CHEMIST ANALYST SEPTEMBER. 1947 careless handling of the material and the resulting contamination of the skin, clothing, laboratory towels, work table surfaces, etc., the wajr if left open, for the producing of dermatitis. Scrupulous cleanliness must be insisted upon wherever this material is handled. The foregoing remarks have been prompted by the belief that, in recom mending iho ms* of a material with which is associated a potential hazard from the health standpoint. it is very important that the possible consequence presented together with recommendations for correct handling. ------------------- LITERATURE LTifcU ' (1) Maglio, M. Martin, Chemist Analyst, 35, 94 (1946). Short Cut in Routine Water Analysis MAXEY BROOKE Jefferson Lake Sulphur Company, Inc., Brazoria, Texas The usual procedure in making routine water analyses, particularly of boiler salines, is to titrate a sample with sulfuric acid to the phenolphthalein end point. The titration is then continued to the methyl orange end point. These measurements of the phenolphthalein and methyl orange alkalinities are generally expressed in grains of CaCOa per gallon. To measure the salinity, a fresh sample of the water is first titrated with sulfuric acid to the phenolphthalein end point. Then a few-drops*of a -5% solution of potassium chromate are added and the sam plers titrated with silver nitrate. The salinity is expressed as grains of NaCl per gallon. . When a large number of samples are to be analyzed, it would save time if all three determinations could be run on the same sample. Since the chromate acts as an indicator only through a narrow pH range, some means must be used to increase the pH of the sample which has been acidified to the methyl orange end point. To accomplish this, the potassium chromate is dissolved in a 0.1 N sodium bicarbonate solution instead of the usual distilled water. Five drops of this indicator solution are sufficient to bring the pH of the sample within the desired range. Duplicate tests were run with the buffered and unbuffered indicator. The results, expressed in grains per gallon, were as follows: Sample ^ Methyl Orange Alkalinity CaC03 Neutral 0.390 .V NaCl Boiler saline Tap water 0.0 23.1 55.0 Salinity NaCl Unbuffered 1336 ' 267 72 Salinity NaCl Buffered 1336 267 72 Thus it will be seen that the short cut is fully as accurate as the standard method of analysis. Pago T h irty -Ava Handbook of Dangerous Materials ,,0 By V N'/lRVlNG SAX n Tbxico/og/jf, Genera/ Electric Co. Scfienec/ady, N. Y. Assisted by M . J . O 'H E R IN Fungicide Laboratory General Electric Co., Schenectady, N . T. and W`W. SCHULTZ General Engineering Laboratory General Electric Co.. Schenectady, X . T. BOOK DIVISION REINHOLD PU BLISH IN G CORPORATION 330 West Forty-Second St.f New York 18, U.S.A. 1951 II 4> K i '`CHLORCOSANE** 92 GENERAL CHEMICALS Shipping Regulations: t Oxidizing material 155,163* Yellow label 100 lbs. (max. lot) "Chlprcotanc" A proprietary product composed] of a chlorinated paraffin with a combined chlorine content of 27-30%. For information concerning the pos sible toxic or hazardous properties of this mix ture, see components as listed. Chlordase Hazardous Propertits: An insecticide (16) derived from indane and has somewhat greater toxicity than DDT. Formula: C10H 4CI 3 . P.: 175*C M. It'/..- 409.75 Density: 1.57-1.67 @60/60*F Description: Colorless, odorless, viscous liquid Shipping Regulations: f None. Cbloroethyl Benzene Hazardous Properties: Can cause iritis and corneal necrosis (experimental) (6). Treatmerti and Antidotes: Removal from exposure will generally d e a r up the symptoms. Storage and Handling: Personnel who must be ex posed to this material should wear personal pro tective equipment. Chemical safety goggles are recommended. dentally ingested by a child are as follows: it is a central nervous poison, causing unconscious ness lasting for 3 hours, cyanosis, loss of reflexes, and twitching of the facial muscles, followed by, gradual recovery. Paradichlorobenzene has a physiological response similar to that of monochlorobenzene and orthodichlorobenzcne. Treatment and Antidotes: For first aid, if breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration; if pas sible, give oxygen. If the indications are that exposure has been severe, call a physician. In case of ingestion, call a physician at once. Storage and Handling: Personnel exposed to high or unknown concentrations of these materials should wear adequate safety equipment. Rec ommended are protective clothing to avoid skin contact, a respirator to avoid excessive inhala tion of the material, and gas-tight chemical safety goggles for protection of the eyes. When these materials are in general use, good ventila tion should be provided. Since their vapors are heavy, down-draft ventilation is needed too. At room temperature, these materials are fairly safe to use, but at elevated temperatures they must be handled with caution. Store in a cool, ventilated area, away from powerful oxidizing agents, and acute fire hazards. Store out of doors, if possible, in a separate building. Chloric Ether Hazardous Properties: A dangerous fire hazard. Storage and Handling: Store in a cool place away from acute fire hazards. Should be plainly labelled. Description: A solution of 60 ce chloroform and 940 cc alcohol Shipping Regulations: f R ed label (1). Chloride of Lime See Calcium H ypochlorite. Chlorinated Benzenes Maximum Allowable Concentrations in Air:* SO to 75 parts per million. Hazardous Properties: These materials can cause ex treme dilation of the pupil of the eyes, and dermatitis, and are generally toxic. Often injury is complicated by the fact that other chforo derivatives, such as ortho and paradichlorobenzol, are present. They are approxi mately as toxic as benzol. The lethal dose for cats for a 7 hour exposure is 3,700 ppm. The maximum tolerated for 1 hour was 220 to 660 ppm. Orthodichlorobenzene, which is used as a fumigant, degreazer, and to remove sulphur from illuminating gas, is similar in toxicity to monochlorobenzene. The lethal concentration is about 2.5 times that of carbon tetrachloride, while it is less toxic than tetrachloroethane. Symptoms of intoxication, according to what happened when a small amount was acci- Chlorinated Campheac Hazardous Properties: Believed to be somewhat more toxic than DDT. Formula: Cl0H iaQ a M. Wt.; 413.86 Chlorinated Diphenyls Maximum Allowable Concentration in Ar:* 1 mg/cu. meter. Hazardous Properties: These materials can give rise to dermatitis. Systemic poisoning usually fol lows the inhalation of fumes rather than the handling of the dry hydrocarbon waxes. This damage is severe and occasionally fatal. Acute yellow atrophy of the liver is generally associated with serious exposure to such material. How ever, this is not invariably a sign of intoxication. The toxicity of the chlorinated diphenyls in creases with increasing degree of chlorination. Treatment and Antidotes: If severe exposure is sus pected, a physician should be consulted. Usually, first aid treatm ent is not required after exposure. Storage and Handling: Personnel who must be ex posed to these materials should wear protective equipment. If the concentration is high enough, protective clothing to avoid skin contact is im portant. Furthermore, chemical safety goggles are advised. An approved type of respirator is recommended to prevent inhalation. All per sonnel should work under medical supervision. Constant checks of atmospheric contamination are another safeguard. * See lilt of abbreviations and symbols, page vii. f Section 5 gives complete ICC Shipping Regulations. Plumbers in parentheses refer to literature citations, page et. GENERAL CHEMIN Chlorinated Hydro Hazardous Properties: dangerous to the by their, delauir may also cause a. is primarily upo: the secondary cf kidneys. They sc rhe heart as w ell: in the cardiac rh is one of attestlie and injury chief! daily the liver, : ethane, the kidn be blood poison of ortho and par. they have a mark because they an heart depressant; lion. Tile relativ materials has n probably as a n by which they w Treatment and Antith is suspected, call Storage and Handlin posed to this mu and the recoin If the conceit irtt unknown and li tective cquiptne general vctuilat quent checks of important. Chlorinated Naph Maximum Alloivai mg/cu. meter naphthalene. 5 trichloronaphth. Hazardous Praperi. It has been note form skin erupt juries caused by the liver, with ti The toxicity of increasing degrt skin can be cau: other than the to a fatal exter. where acute ve upon cirrhosis c Chlorinated pregnants in ti symptoms of in skin, dennatiti: cirrhosis of the cable rash, anc have noted ede The time elaps * See list of abbre 803522 ME R A L ^T HHEEM^IC/A LS ;d arc as follows: ft fj causing unconscious, -nosis, loss of reflexes, '/Jes, followed by / .benzene has a liar to thaC of mono* ' ichlorobenzcnc. nrst aid, if breathing ;! respiration; if pos* indications are that . call a physician. In .ysician a t once, id exposed to high or of these materials reCy equipm ent. Recclothing to avoid skin void excessive inhala* d gas-tight chemical on of the eyes. When cral use, good vemila>ince their vapors are don is needed too. At materials are fairly :d temperatures they '.tion. Store in a cool, a powerful oxidizing tzards, Store out of arate building. 1 to be somewhat more Wt.: 413.86 i *sw . A ir:m"l mg/cu. materials can give rise xjisoning usually fol* imes rather than the rocarbon waxes. This asionally fatal. Acute is generally associated such material. How* a sign of intoxication, rinated. diphenyls in:cgree of chlorination, cvere exposure is sus* be consulted. Usually, cquired after exposure. ;nel who must be exhould wear protective `.ration is high enough, dd skin contact is imicmical safety goggles d type of respirator is ' inhalation. All per* medical supervision, jheric contamination `ripping Regulations. g e n e r a l c h e m ic a l s 93 CHLORINE C h lo rin a te d H yd ro carb o n s Hazardous- Properties: Chlorinated hydrocarbons are dangerous to the eyes, and may cause dermatitis by their defatting action on the skin. They may also cause allergic dermatitis. Their action, is primarily upon the central nervous system, the secondary effect being upon the liver and kidneys. They seem to have some action upon the heart as well and are likely to cause a change in die cardiac rhythm. The physiological effect is one of anesthesia and narcosis, with damage and injury chiefly to the visceral organs, espe cially the liver, and in the case of tccrachlorocthane, the kidneys. These materials may also be blood poisons, as illustrated by the effect of ortho and paranitrochlorobcnzcne. As a class they have a marked effect on the nervous system because they are lipoid solvents. They act as heart depressants, and some cause heart fibrilla tion. The relative order of the toxicity of these materials has not been completely clarified, probably as a result of the different standards ^ by which they were judged individually. Treatment and Antidotes: If exposure to this material is suspected, call a physician. Storage and Handling: Personnel who must be ex posed to this material should protect their eyes, and the recommended method is ECE'K.* If the concentration in the air is either high or unknown and likely to be high, personal pro tective equipment is recommended, although general ventilation should be provided. Fre quent checks of the concentration in the air are important. Chlorinated Naphthalenes Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air:* 0.5 m g/cu. meter calculated as pcntachloronaphthalene. 5 m g/cu. meter calculated as trichloro n aphthalene. Hazardous Properties: Characteristic dermatitis. It has been noted that workers develop an acne farm skin eruption. There arc also internal in juries caused by these compounds. They affect the liver, with the production of yellow atrophy. The toxicity of these compounds increases with increasing degree of chlorination. Lesions of the skin can be caused, and in rare instances organs other than the liver may be affected, but not to a fatal extent. At least oqe case is reported where acute yellow atrophy was superimposed upon cirrhosis of the liver. Chlorinated naphthalenes are used as im prgnants in the manufacture of cables. The symptoms of intoxication include lesions of the skin, dermatitis, yellow atrophy of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, what is referred to as acne, cable rash, and blackhead itch. Some workers have noted edema as being a typical symptom. The time elapsed before the systemic evidence of toxicity presents itself varies from a few weeks to many months. Treatment and Antidotes: Removal from exposure as soon as any of these symptoms is noted among workers who are exposed, and consequent con sultation with a physician. Storage and Handling: Personnel who must be ex posed to these materials should take precau tionary measures. Good general ventilation is the starting point. If the maximum concentra tion is above that noted, personal protective equipment should be used. Clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact with the dust of this material and respirators should be used to avoid inhalation. Chlorinated Triphenyls Hazardous Properties: Chlorinated triphenyls are powerful liver poisons, even more toxic than hexachloronaphthalene, according to animal studies, although these materials have been used for similar purposes, and are known by the same trade name " Arochlors." Treatment and Antidotes: Cessation of exposure upon the first symptoms and consultation with the medical department is recommended. Storage and Handling: Personnel who must be ex posed to these materials, in addition to good ventilation, should have good personal protec tive equipment, such as clothing to keep them from contact with the skin, and rubber gloves and respirators to prevent inhalation of the dust. Chlorine Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air:* 0.35 to 2 parts per million. Hazardous Properties: Liquid chlorine is very dan gerous to the eyes, as is chlorine gas. It can cause lachrymation, varying degrees of conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis and palpebral eczema. High concentrations can cause pneumonitis and edema of the lungs. In concentrations of 1,000 ppm it is invariably and rapidly fataL Therefore, Lung irritation is one of the most serious effects of chlorine. The practice of using low concentra tions of chlorine for the reduction of incidence of respiratory infection was very short-lived. It seems more probable now that low concentra tions of this or other irritant gases will promote rather than prevent low-grade respiratory ailments. The least concentration with detect able odor is 3.5 ppm. The least concentration necessary to cause throat irritation is 15.1 ppm and to cause coughing is 30.2 ppm. Therefore, the strong odor of chlorine acts as a warning mechanism and there are fewer fatalities due to chlorine poisoning in industry, where it is widely used, than to nitrogen dioxide, which is more subtle. Further symptoms due to the inhalation of chlorine are respiratory reflexes, causing coughing, smarting of the eyes, and *See list of abbreviations and symbols, page vii. f Section 5 gives complete ICC Shipping Regulations. lumbers in parentheses refer to literature citations, page ri. -1 here's how to GET MORE PERFORMANCE and SAVE MONEY when specifying transformers Monsanto 803536 GENP 014817 th e s i 'elt P rred l askarel fire-resistant transformers offer LOWER OPERATING COSTS due to lower power losses HIGH IMPULSE STRENGTH giving a margin of safety against transformer failure LOW MAINTENANCE COSTS install them and leave 'em alone LOW INSTALLATION COSTS place them where YOU want them placed FIRE-RESISTANCE askarel provides safety from fire QUIETNESS naturally designed to be quieter than open dry types RELIABILITY more than 30 years of trouble-free operation 803537 GENP 01481 1 *3 specifiers who want to save money now and for years to come. . . For over 37 years askarel transformers have served the commercial, industrial and utility fields faith fully with safety, economy and reliability. They are built to exact specifications by all major electrical equipment manufacturers.* M ineral oil transformers can catch fire. When used in confined or populated areas, they require fire walls, vaults, and sprinkling systems; or they must be located at a more remote point requiring long expensive low-voltage lines. Open dry type transformers are limited in flexi bility of location. Supplemental installation costs usually run much higher than with askarel units, especially if sound-deadening or enclosing from atmospheric contamination and moisture is re quired. They are less dependable than askarel units because they are affected by corrosive atmos pheric conditions. Due to the nature of open dry type units, they can require a great deal of main tenance; have a high noise level, are expensive to operate, and have lower impulse strength and overload capacities. 5f Monsanto has manufactured. <md applied askarel fluids since the askarel type transformer was first introduced. The askarel fluid insulation is supplied under carious trademarks such as " P Y R A N O L " General Electrics; "/XERTEEN" iiriVi'inp/iOiisei,* CHLOREXTOL" lAllisChaimers i; "XO FLAM O L" Electric). Many othc manufacturers such as !~T'E use the generic Miiii'i . askarel. fn all cases, M '-:janto makes the askc-ii jluid for these Iran *formers. 803538 GENP 014819 asks/si fire-rssisiani transformers operate less expensively than other types due to iorjer cora and coil losses TYPICAL EXAMPLE 1.000 KVA, 3 phase, 6Q cycle, 13,800 to 480 Y volts. Transformer first cost assumed about $8,500. UNIT CORE LOSS (Watts) COIL LOSS (at 100% Load) (W a tts) Open Dry Type 4,200 18.500 Askarel Unit 2.300 12.500 Askarel units deliver a steady power flow year after year, offering lower operating and mainte nance costs, quietness and dependability. They are fire-resistant and allow you to place them where YOU want them placed, right at the point of use if you choose. Think of the savings in installation alone! Askarel will not oxidize or sludge; remains chem ically stable when subjected to elevated tempera tures and will not corrode metals. {A} Based an a 75% load factor, coil losses are approximately as follows: Open Dry Type..............................18,500 x (,75)2 = 10,400 watts Askarel Type.................................12,500 x (.75)2 = 7,000 watts i ! Coil Loss Difference.. .3,400 watts Total Care and Coil Loss Difference in favor of Askarel........................................................... ! I i1 IT 'S J U S T L IK E G E T T IN G A F R E E T R A N S F O R M E R IN A B O U T 10 Y E A R S ! Incorporate your own figures in the following example and prove this point to yourself. The figures shown assume the same first cost of an askarel transformer and an open dry type unit. (Askarel transformers are now quoted a t the same price as 150C. open dry types.) 2 Based an an 8,700 hour year operation: 4,700 x 8,700 = 41,000 KWHR (Approx.) Assuming power cost is $0.15 per KWHR: the savings each year is $615.00 . . . or the Askarel Transformer first cost is paid for in about 10 years.' 'This annual savings compounded at 6% per year. 803539 O 0 2! i o * oo bo o And this is just one of the many advantages Askarel Transformers offer over open dry types. askarei fire-resistant transformers offer higher im pulse levels and greater \ overload capacities than open dry types ASKAREL GIVES YOU AN ADDED MARGIN OF SAFETY AGAINST POWER FAILURE! D on't settle for anything less than a transformer th a t will handle the full basic impulse level of the system. A liquid transformer gives you greater overvoltage protection and just naturally has more overload capacity because of a built-in heat sink. Askarel is your answer to the overload and power surge problem. LOW MAINTENANCE MEANS GREATER SAVINGS IN TIME AND MONEY! Askarel transformers are easiest to maintain. Proper sealing of modern askarel transformers has banished the threat of water contamination, the arch enemy of all transformers. No need to peri odically shut down the system for cleaning . . . the askarel fluid is sealed against moisture and atmos pheric contamination. Other than an occasional fluid test, you install them and leave 'em alone. 803540 askarel fire-resistant transform ers offer easy maintenance y ij . S' Ct'R'N'P 014R91 *% askarel fire-resistant transform ers can give yon low er installation costs PLACE THE ASKAREL TRANSFORMER WHERE AND WHEN YOU WANT IT'PLACED! Because of the unique features of askarel trans formers, you can place them where and when YOU want them placed . . . right at the point of power usage if you desire. You do not have to wait until other phases of construction are completed. No added expenses are necessary to protect it from contamination, subdue the sound level or run expensive lines from distant locations. You place it where your system dictates, not where the transformer dictates. The start-up costs for askarel transformers are almost nil. Because they are sealed, there is no expensive clean-up and drying out required prior to starting. Just bring it in, hook it up and start operating. This alone offers a big savings. askarel transform ers offer fire safety. . . ASKAREL FLUIDS ARE FIRE-RESISTANT! The fluid is fire-resistant and does not support ^ combustion. Ju st as im portant, the fluid will not carry or add burning oil hazards to fires which may start from other causes. The liquid does not deteriorate when exposed to heat or hot metal; it does not decompose over long periods of time. The gases formed by arcing will not support combus tion, eliminating the possibility of fire. Municipal codes also tend to favor askarel transformer in stallations over other types. 4 803541 GENF 014822 % CHECK THE STANDARDS Open dry types produce a higher noise level, re quiring expensive sound-suppressing additions or \ location far from the point of power usage. Wherever the sound level is a factor, askarei n transformers rate quieter than comparable open dry type units . . . 3 to 6 decibels is a major reduc tion in discernible sound level. askarei fire-resistant transformers are reliable. . . THERE ARE MANY EXAMPLES OF OVER 30 YEARS OF TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION! A properly designed and installed askarei trans former will give long years of trouble-free service .... many in operation for over 30 years. This fact has been proven in installations throughout the world. Even longer life can now be expected due to more modem design practices in sealing out moisture and eliminating leaks. LET'S GET ALL THE FACTS ON THE TABLE Askarei fluids have been manufactured, handled and used safely for 37 years. Transformer makers, utilities and specifiers handle askarei fluids under standard normal good housekeeping and personal precautions used with other industrial materials. askarei fire-resistant transform ers are quieter! 803542 GENF 014823 ARCING IN ASKAREL DOES NOT PRODUC Should you encounter this misconception, d o n 't you believe it! Five independent series of research from three different countries, both theoretically and in practice, prove th a t it is impossible to de rive Phosgene or Chlorine from the arcing of askarel. Under strong conditions of arcing, HCL gas can be evolved. Where appropriate or neces sary, standard techniques or devices for venting are available from transformer makers. The most significant and reliable measurement of transformer askarel electrical performance is its dielectric strength. Askarel will m aintain its high dielectric strength unless there is a significant amount of moisture contamination or breakdown of the fluid from an unusually severe electrical discharge. Askarel fluids are manufactured by M onsanto and shipped to transformer makers all over the world. They are manufactured and quality checked for consistency and properly packaged for shipment. 803543 GENP 014824 <*. '.f A PHOSGENE OR CHLORINE GASES!! J Operating with askarel fire-resistant transformers is the safest, easiest and often the least expensive way to distribute electrical power. Your trans former supplier can give you the complete story on his askarel transformers. Be sure to check with him soon . . . specifying askarel transformers is your best bet when your plans call for transformer equipment in . . . Industrial Unit Substations, Load Centers, Power Centers . . . in factory areas where maximum safety from fire is required and where atmospheric contamination may exist. Utility Networks . . . where safety and space is a consideration. Institutions and Office Buildings . . . schools, hosj pitals, hotels, shopping centers, apartments, etc. | where maximum safety, low noise levels and space : is a prime factor. In any electrical system . . . where you are charged with the responsibility of giving your client the r best installation available at the lowest overall installation and operational cost. 803544 GENP 014825 : * .v SPECIFY ASKAREL FOR YOUR NEXT JOB Monsanto will be happy to supply you with a copy of "The Care and Grooming of Askarel Trans former Fluid" or "Monsanto Askarel Inspection i' and Maintenance Guide." Ask your supplier to get your copy for you, or simply return the coupon below. Monsanto Company Functional Fluids Dept. 323 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63166 Please send the literature checked The Care & Grooming of Askarel Transformer Fluid Monsanto Askarel Inspection St Maintenance Guide Name/Titla Company Address City/Stata/Zip 8 - 803545 GENP 014826 I Monsanto Company 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63166 Monsanto 803547 GENP 014828 UTHO IN U.S.A.