Document 4JKXRr8ZG6YKdBXK7o950azZ1

UNITED STATES DEPARTME HAROLD L. ICK.ES, BUREAU OF M JOHN W. FINCH, D MINERALS YE 1939 Compiled under the su H. HERBERT H Economics and Statist UNITED STAT GOVERNMENT PRINTI WASHINGTON j u v, For sals by the Superintendent of Documents, Was N49764 LEAD' By E. W. Pe h r s o n a n d H. M. Me y SUMMARY OUTLINE Pago General summary................................... Sallont statistics......................................................... Trade agrcoinonts with tho Unltod Kingdom and Canada.............................................................. Domostic production................................................... Total production........................................................ Primary lead................................................................ Refinery production............................................. Sourco of primary load....................................... Anthnonial load..................................................... Secondary load............................................................ Lead plgmonts............................................................ Mine production........................................................ Stoolcs.................................................................................. 126 120 127 127 128 128 128 128 120 12l> 130 130 132 Domestic consumpti Now supply............. Consumption by u Prices............................... Foreign trado............... Imports...................... Exports....................... Technology................... World aspects of load International coop World production.. World consumptio Review by countrie The lead industry in the United States was a 1938 by the decline in industrial activity at hom toward overproduction in the foreign market. D of refined primary lead decreased 25 percent and 27 percent from 1937. Production from foreign o more than doubled. Imports of crude materials an lead products also increased. During the first 5 duction exceeded demand, and stocks rose steadil second half of the year curtailment of domestic o ment in demand caused a sharp reduction in p refined metal to the lowest year-end inventory dropped from 4.75 cents per pound at New Yo a low of 4.00 cents in May and June, rose to 5.10 to November, and declined to 4.85 cents at the clo average was 4.74 cents compared with G.01 cents quotations exceeded London prices by 1.41 cen cent in 1937. During tho lattor half of 1938 wea market retarded price improvement in the United 1 This report doals primarily with the smoltlng, roflnlng, and consuming p details of mining operations see soparate reports Issued for the various Stat 126 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 w LEAD Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United States, 10SB-S0 {average) and .j 1984-38, in short tons Outside the United States smelter producti again attained new peaks and continued the ste 1926 251 (iivcrnee) 1934 1935 10:i0 1937 persisted since 1932. Recovery abroad thus h in the United States. Foreign production in 1 cent compared with 1929, whereas that of the Un Production of refined primary lend: From domestic ores.... --. -... - - -. From foreign ores and baso bullion. GOO,525 123, 104 783,029 290,841 11,395 3)1,230 310,505 14,055 324, 500 387,008 11,458 390, 150 443. 142 24,175 407,317 331,054 61,705 383,660 48 percent. Similarly foreign consumption in whereas domestic demand declined 45 percent. tant foreign producers except Mexico, Belgium, <lcc Recovery of secondary lend: As pig lead.......................... In alloys................................ 120,000 153.400 280,000 124,500 83.000 208, 400 150, 800 113,000 270, 400 137,600 12,>,400 202, 900 154,500 J20, 000 275, 100 110, 400 105.600 Total production of pig lead (primary and secondary).......................................................... 910, 221) Imports:1 , ltI Lead in baso bullion. Lead In ore........... Exports of refined nig lead..................... 95, 747 40, 090 98, 048 Refined primary lead available for con sumption................... ......... .............................; Estimated consumption of primary and secondary lead.................................................. 000,010 000,250 Prices: Now York: Averago for year cents per pound.. 7.47 * Quotation at cud of year.. . do... G. 25 London average................ . -... - - do... 5. 87 Mine production of recoverable lead......... 001. 230 World smelter production of lead................ l, 850,000 (', 7:10, 2, 450 10,011 5, 901) 305,010 488,000 3. 80 3. 70 2.40 287,339 1,405, 000 4K|,300 2.092 20,025 0, 082 318,000 538, 000 4.00 4.50 3. 12 331, 103 1,523,000 530,050 021,817 312 20,713 18. 313 1, 800 34,103 20,001 383. 433 1 440.404 033,550 . G78.700 4.71 0. 03 3. 91 372,910 1,028,000 0.01 4.75 6. 15 4G4,892 1,858,000 603,009 15,296 46,370 46,806 330,708 640,000 4.74 4.85 3.33 369,728 ; 1,701,000 their smelter outputs in 1938 over 1937. Howe a substantial riso in mine production. Apparen United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy was hig 1937, but that in France, Japan, Belgium, and U. An event of unusual significance was tho fo Producers Association in September 1938. The most of tho important producers outside tho U announced purpose is to balance production wit action was prompted by the depressed prices on which reached extremely low levels in June. E 1938, a 10-pcrcent reduction in output was agre curtailment if the market failed to improve. Trade agreements with the United Kingdom and in Minerals Yearbook, 1938, the official announ tary of State declared that the following lead . Dtttn Include lend Imported Tor Immediate consumption plus mntcrinl cntcrl.iB the country under bond. | * Revised figures. considered in negotiating a trade agreement with Litharge, rod lead, suboxide of lead, lead-bea mattes of all kinds, and miscellaneous commoditi Figure 1 shows trends in the domestic lead industry since 1900. discussions lead ores, etc., as well as lead bullion o pigs and bars, lead dross, reclaimed lead, scrap combinations of lead "not specially provided f sidered. At public hearings begun early in 19 filed briefs protesting any reductions in its pro final treaties were signed on November 17, 1938. No concessions were made in either treaty on bearing ores, scrap, etc. However, in the agree Kingdom the import duty on litharge was reduc h 1939, from 2.50 to 2.25 oonts por pound, that y;to 2.25 cents per pound, and that on load pig i; provided for" (except suboxide of lead) from 30 p 20 percent. Other reductions were made on bo tubes, and lead manufactures n. s. p. f. The reciprocal-trade-treaty program thus far i port duty on several lead products, but no chango |in the lead industry's basic tariff protection on o ^producers, however, have not fared so well. In tAgreement the import duty on zinc ores and slab gipercent. An analysis of this cut is presented in r / /*\ ........-- London price -------------- ! te--\^ . DOMESTIC PRODUCTIO Refined pig lead produced in the United States 35 13 |moin sources--domestic ore, foreign ore and ba Fio u r e 1.--Trends In . bullion, pig lead, and scrap; oxports i londary materials. Tho following table lists the |of these sources from 1934 to 1938: boneflt of draw-back. 128 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 Total pig lead produced in the United States, 1934-38, in short LEAD Refined primary lead produced in the United Stales, 1934-3 'V , Year 1934. 1035. 1030................................................ 1037. 1938. From do mestic ores and bnse bullion From for eign ores and bajio bulllob From secondary materials 209,841 310,605 387.608 443, 142 331,904 11,305 14,055 11,458 24, 176 51,705 124.500 166,800 137,600 164, 600 110,400 ml < 436, 73<D 481,360 630,666 021,817 603,069 PRIMARY LEAD Refinery production.--Production of refined primary load in 1938 decreased 18 percent and was only 49 percent of the 1925-29 average. Production from domestic ores decreased 25 percent in 1938, whereas that from foreign ores and base bullion increased 114 percent. Production from foreign materials was the largest since 1931 but repre- sented only 51 percent of the 1929 output. ' Refined primary lead produced in the United Stales, 1934-38 ; . ; .1 j? 1934.. 1935.. 1036.. 1937.. 1038.. Production by-- Classes (short tons) Sources (short tons) Value Desilver ized lead * * Soft lead * Desil UDdosil- verized verized Total produc tion 1 From domestic ores and baso bul lion From foreign ores From foreign base bullion Aver age per pound Total 186,468 102. 644 239.044 272,051 243,891 22, 744 35,233 47,402 55.317 31,980 102, 024 00,783 111,750 139,940 107,792 3)1,230 324,5G0 309,156 407,317 383,660 200,841 310,506 387,698 443, 142 331,904 10,241 13,069 11,401 23.393 32,862 1,154 390 57 782 18,843 $0.037 .040 .040 .059 .046 $23,031,000 25.905.000 36, 722,000 65.143.000 36.298.000 Source 1034 1035 Domestic oro................... . . Foreign oro: Australia............................ ...... ...........Canada............................................ Eurono........................ Mexico................... South America...................... Other foreign............... ................ * Foreign base bullion: Mexico..................... South Amorlca____ ... Other foreign_______________ .. .... Total foreign............................... Grand total......................... . 200, 841 116 2,514 45 J. 011 4,028 2, 628 10,241 703 461 J, 164 11,306 3(1, 236 1,030 5.809 2,872 2. 863 13,05Q 390 300 14,055 324,600 Antimonial had.--Antimonial or hard lead i product of the refining of base bullion, but the q this source is only a small part of the country's The major part is obtained from the smelting of a and some is produced by mixing metallic antimo lead. Several lead-smelting plants operate on scrap m Production data from such plants are summarize this volume on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. hard lead scrap also is treated at primary sme and the production of antimonial lead at these pl table that follows: Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refine i The lead content of antlmonlal lead la excluded. * Dosllverlr.ed soft lead Is excluded. >Includes lead derived from Missouri ores and other nonargontlfcrous ores. Source of primary lead.--Of tho total refined lead produced in 1938( 87 percent was derived from domestic ores and 13 percent from foreign ores and base bullion. Production from foreign ores increased 40 percent in 1938 and was the highest since 1930. Refining of foreign ; bullion was resumed on a largo scale in 1938, chiefly because of the1, closing of one of the Mexican refineries during tho latter part of thej year, which diverted bullion to domestic plants. Details of the sources^ of lead from domestic ores are given in the section on Mine Production,! Year ProduotioQ (short tons) ADtlnjooy content Lead con t Short tons From Percent domestic ore 1034................................................... 1036................................................... .............. 1030.............. ................. ................ 1037 ....................................................' ' 1038 .................................................... ' 16,007 16,384 23,230 27, 624 24,123 l',729 2, 679 2,809 5' car i' 0.4 7,833 ' SECONDARY LEAD ' Recovery of secondary lead decreased 18 perce of battery scrap for smelting and refining declined at scrap-consuming plants were considerably high year than at tho beginning. As the output of d inary lead dropped 25 percent, the ratio of second 130 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 production increased from 62 to 68 percent. Additional details on production of secondary lead in 1938 arc given in tins chapter in this volume on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. Secondary lead recovered in Ike United Stales, 1034-38 {Compiled hy J. 1\ Dunlop) Year Pig lend (short tons) At pri mary plants At sec ondary plants Total Load in alloys (short tons) Tn tal recovered lend Short tons Voluo Ratio to domostlc rellncd pri mary lead (percent) 1934....................................... 1935....................................... 1936........................................ 1937....................................... 1938........................................ 33,657 44, 748 34.550 29.986 24.800 00.943 112.052 102. 044 124,514 94.600 124,600 160. 800 137,500 154,600 119,400 83.000 113,000 125,400 120,000 105,600 208,400 270, 400 202.000 276, 100 224,900 $16,421,000 21,032,000 24, 186,800 32, 401,800 20,090,800 70 87 08 62 68 LEAD PIGMENTS Lead pigments manufactured in 1938 contained 174,863 tons of lead, a decreaso of 21 percent from 1037. Of this total, 162,828 tons were derived from refined pig lead; white lead comprised 46 percent, litharge 37 percent, red lead 16 percent, and sublimed lead and orange mineral 1 percent. Sublimed lead and leaded zinc oxido are the principal pigments in which the load content is derived from ores. Lead in pigments,1 1034-38, by sources, in short tons Year Lead In pigments from - Domestic ore * Metal Scrap Total Year Lead in pigments from-- Domestic ore * Metal Scrap Total 1934................. 1935................. 1930................. 7,638 12,109 16, 0G2 157,204 185, 151 201.007 370 105, 211 144 107,404 3/ 220, 090 1037................. 1938................. 17,303 12, 026 201,901 162,828 127 222, 461 174,853 i Iocludes also lead recovered la zinc oxido and leaded zinc oxido. 1 No pigments from foreign ore. MINE PRODUCTION Production of lead from domestic mines in 1938 decreased 21 percent from 1937, returning to the 1936 level. All three major producing regions shared the lower rate, with pcrccn tage declines as follows: South eastern Missouri 22 percent, Coeur d'Alene 15, and Utah 27. Output in the Bingham district fell only 9 percent, but that in the Joplin region was 22 percent lower than in 1937. The closing of the Silver Xing Coalition and Park Utah Consolidated mines early in 1938 was mainly responsible for the fall in output of the Park City region which, in turn, was chiefly responsible for Utah's lower production. The Butte (Mont.) district produced only 204 tons of lead in 1938 com pared with 5,780 tons in 1937-and more than 10,000 tons each in 1936 and 1935. Output in the Warm Springs (Idaho), San Juan Moun tains (Colo.), and Metalino (Wash.) districts reversed Iho general downward trend and increased 84, 18, and 52 percent, respectively. Further details of production by mines, districts, and States can be found in the various State reports. l ead Mine production of recoverable lead in i/f? United State 1934-88, in short tons Slalo Western States and Aluska: Alaska..................................... Arizona................................... . California............................. . Colorado................................. Idaho..................... ................. Montana................................ Nevada................................... New Mexico......................... Oregon.................................... South Dokotu.................. Texas.................................... Utah......................................... Washington.......................... Wyoming............................... Central States: Arkansas... Illinois........... Kansas......... Kentucky.. Missouri___ Oklahoma.. Wisconsin.. Eastern States: New York........... Tennessee............ Virginia................ North Carolina. 1925-29 avorngo 1034 1935 OS 2 0, 713 2.070 30,112 M18l,, 807110 II, 807 0. 0,730 21 213 140,600 1.323 747 3, 430 412 4, 218 71.321 1JO0,. 000016 0, 305 21 300 68, 077 I201 070 7, 783 507 5, 073 70. 020 ] 6, 680 12, 070 7, 280 30 4 622 03, 510 103 3 103. 430 38 552 20,121 135 202, 240 f>8, 306 J, 745 280.137 6,805 104 00. 403 10. 747 231 ] 14, 403 38 430 10. 802 132 07. 403 23, 405 280 132,082 | 3.C 4,000 4, 082 4. QUO (104, 230 Mine production of recoverable lead in the principal lead United Stales, 1934-38, in short to District State 1034 Southeastern Missouri region__ Missouri........................................ Coeur d'Alene region...................... Idaho................................ Bingham.............................................. Utah.......... ................................. Joplin region............ .......................... Kansas, Missouri, Okla homa. 'riotic..................................................... Utah............................................... Warm Springs................................... Idaho...................................... Park City region.............................. Utah................................................ San Juan Mountains...................... Colorhdo........................................ Rush Valloy........................................ Utah................................................ Eagle...................................................... Montana........................................ Willow Creek................................. New Mexico................................ Oro Blanco.......................................... Arizona.......................................... Metaline............................................... Washington................................. Wallapat............................................... Arizona.......................................... Ploche.................................................... Nevada......................................... Ophlr................................... Utah................................................ Old Hat................................................. Arizona........................................... Cataract................................................ Montana........................................ Ladville............................................... Colorado........................................ Hog Iloaven............... ,,...................... Montana........................................ Smelter.................................................. ___ do ...........................................1 Central.................................................. Now Moxlco....... ........................ Upper Mississippi Valloy............. Iowa,northern Illinois,Wis Tombstone.............. consin. Arizona........................................... Banner.............................. Dutte................................. . Montana.. Flint Creok..................... ........ do......... Blsbee (Warren)............ Tybo...................... . Arizona... Nevada... Austlnvlllo..................... Virginia... Bt. Lawrouco County * Now York 89, 580 70. 331 32. 420 24.406 5,715 8 12, 300 1,051 5, 504 2, 500 0. 143 1, 076 237 0 4, 044 1,349 05 250 624 1 070 2,840 234 1, 200 77 6, 391 400 04 4.286 ?! 9 7 3 3 1 > Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. 1 Not list 132 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 STOCKS Lead stocks, as reported by the American Bureau of Metal Statis tics, aro shown in the following table. Stocks of: refined and a.ntimonial lead include metal held by all primary refiners and by most refiners of secondary material who produce common lead. Foreign lead refined in the United States and entered for domestic consumption is included. Lead stocks at end of year at smelters and refineries in the United States, 1034-38, in short tons 1034 1935 1030 1937 1938 Antimonial lead........................................................................... 223,603 10,437 234,030 Lead Id base bullion: Lead Id ore and matte and In process at smelters-- 6,045 1,628 71,607 10,140 00,009 313,609 216,695 0,711 222,300 16,072 1,800 10,233 33,105 68, 602 314,033 106,169 0,097 171,850 9,187 1,070 14,100 24,357 50,098 240,311 119,837 9.294 120,131 10,059 2,219 14,413 27,501 62,081 208,803 102,489 13,413 li5,002 18,693 2,330 10. GOO 37,722 60,332 209,966 The upward trend in stocks evident in the last quarter of 1937 con tinued in the first half of 1938, as production continued to exceed shipments to consumers. During the latter half of the yoar the trond was reversed following improvement in demand and curtailment of production. Inventories of refined and antimonial load at refineries reached a peak of 164,600 tons at the end of May, declined to 115,100 tons on December 1, and rose slightly during the last month of the year. The year-end stock of refined and antimonial lead was tho lowest since 1930. The decline in the quantity of refined products on hand was offset partly by increases in stocks of base bullion and ore and matte in process. Published data on the status of foreign lead stocks are not available, but the weak London markot during 1938 and tho organization of a firoducer's cartel to balanco production and consumption suggests that arge stocks of metal are held abroad. DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION New supply.--The following table shows the refined primary lead available for consumption from 1934 to 1938, inclusive. The figures do not take into account variations in producers' stocks, and as these have changed considerably during the past 5 years the quantities stated do not indicato the truo trend in the actual consumption of new load. Tho supply available for consumption in 1938 was 24 percent less than in 1937 and was equivalent to only 49 percent of tho 1925-29 average. Tho total consumption of lead, as indicated by the second table following, fell only 20 percent. LEAD Refined primary pig lead available for consumption i in short Ions Supply: Imports................................................. Withdrawn: 1034 1 i 283 311,230 311,610 1 32 32 6, 000 306,010 31 1 Includes small quantities of old, reclaimed, and scrap lead. * Includes small quantities of foreign lead reexported. ' Includes a small quantity, not separable, of "sheets.'' < Revised figures. Consumption by uses.--Owing to tho retu secondary lead in discarded and obsolete art consuming industries, the total consumpti exceeds the supply of new lead available. T the American Bureau of Metal Statistics es sumption of lead by industries, 1934-38. Lead consumed in the United Stales,1 1934 Purpose . 1034 1 White lead....................................................................................... Red lead and litharge............................. 8torage batteries......................................... Cable covering........................................................................... Building............................................................................................ Automobllos......................................................... . Railway equipment .... Shipbuilding............................................... Ammunition............................................... . Temeplate...................................................... Bearing motal....... ....................................... Solder...................................... . Type metal.................................................... Oalklng............................................................ Castings........................................................ , Other uses.................;................................... 04, 600 42,000 103, 000 35, 200 30, COO 7, 300 1, 100 200 34,800 2,600 10, 200 12,100 Id, 000 13,000 10, 000 6, 000 36,000 ' * 488,000 8 4 17 3 3 1 20 4 1 1 20 16 12 6 40 638 1 American Bureau of Mota) Statistics. These estimates nro/or the Of whether its origin is primary or secondary. Antimonial lead Is inc Lead consumption in the United States in 19 1937 and 44 percent below the record estab batteries require more lead than any other in used in 1938 representing 31 percent of th fared better than most other important loa both in relation to 1937 and 1929; the declines respectively, from those 2 years. Although large requirements of lead for the manufactu lead withdrawn for this use returns quickly to of scrap and there compotes with primary m 134 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 stated, lead so used is more in the nature of a loan. The quantity of lead consumed in foil was 1 percent higher in 1938 than in 1937 but 45 percent lower than in 1929, while that usoii for icd lead ai litharge, exclusive of tiio quantities of these pigments consumed in storage batteries, was 25 percent below 1937 but 43 percent abovo 1929g As has been stated in recent chapters of this series, the prin cipal'difficulties of the lead industry from the standpoint of-consumption aro duo to tho failure of the utility industry to purchase its pioportionate share of the total and the low requirements of tho binding industry. Quantities used by both of tlieso industries rose in 1937, but they declined again in 1938 and represented only 27 and 38 peiccnt, respectively, of the totals for 1929. White lead is a most important outlet for lead, not only because of tiie Joxge^niingo involved but particularly because metal so consumed is dissipated Daily in 1J3J tho Lead Industries Association, with tins in mind, announced a 3-year promotion campaign designed to increase the use of white-lead Paint PRICES The two major markets for lead in the United States are New York and St. Louis; much of the lead produced m the ynitedStatesissold at prices based on quotations in these markets. The New York quotations are influenced to some extent by the lower prices usually prevailing on the London market, so that the New- York irrice seh om exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freight diflciential, which normally is 0.35 cent a pound. . ,,, The Now York quotation for common lead averaged 4.74 cents a pound in 1938, a decrease of 21 percent from 1937,,but slightly above the 4 71 cents recorded for 1936. The price was 4 75 cents as the year bogan, following a decline from 6.50 cents in September 1937 It increased slightly in January but resumed its downwan trond ttt the end of the month, reaching 4 cents at the end of May, the lowest quotation of the year. During this period sliipmcaito were continu ously below production, and refinery stocks advanced from 90,742 tons at the end of September 1937 to 164,636 at the end M 117 1938. A virtual balance between output and shipments was attained n June, and stocks declined from then until December Heavy huymg of lead took place in June and July and the price advanced^075 cent in June to 4.75 cents and continued upward to 5.12/2 cents in Septem ber During July and August weakness 111 the London position deterred price improvement in New York. In September 1mporta.11 foreign producers met and decided on a ] 0-pcrcont reduction in output. This action improved sentiment abroad and reacted favorably on the New York market. Sales wore at a high level in the last quarter except for about 4 weeks beginning the middle of November. Sales jumped following a reduction in price to 4.7o cents in December. They were 16,287 tons m 1 week, and tho price was laised to 4.85 cents, at which level it closed the .year. L15AD Average monthly and yearly quoted prices lead at St. L London, 1936-38, in cents per poun Month January........... February____ March............. . April................. May................... June................. July................... August_______ September___ October............ November___ December____ Average 1030 1037 fit. New Louis York Lon<lon fit- New Louis York Lon <lo 4.36 4.3? 4. 46 4. 46 4.45 4.45 4. 45 4.45 4.46 4.49 4. 00 6.40 4.00 4. 60 4. 62 4.00 4.00 4.60 4.00 4. 00 4.00 4. GO 4.06 5. 14 0. 67 4.71 3.4! a. 08 3. <10 3. 66 3.45 3.40 3. 55 3.70 4. 05 4.03 4. 74 6. 00 *3-91 6.85 0. O'.) 7. 06 0. 03 5.86 0.85 5. 85 0.30 0.23 .6. 60 4.88 4. 72 5.80 0. 03 0. 20 7. 20 0. 18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 40 G. 39 6. 71 6. 03 4.80 0.01 6. 7. 6. 6. 5.0 6. 5. 4.0 4.0 3. 3. 1 5. mcntTromWertmCr'Can Mtal Mark<it' dally issue3' P|S ' Sn York (ou I/sluo011 quoUt,ons lD pounds sterling per long ton, ns follows: 16.2607. 1030. 17 ,,nJbe London quotation ranged from a high month r09tScentein Junemtbasis).iri Ja tn o.. , . It advanced to 3.44 cents in Oc nrir3p'ii, H SATfl I)GCG?lber- TThe differential be m fc-le YTrk an^ London markets wa bAiimwt n 7737' < \t "n ln Mftrch (0-94 rn August (1.77 cents). I ho difference m prico av for the year compared with 0.86 cent in 1937 and 0. FOREIGN TRADE2 imI?6|frfelgn tnH of,tbe United States in lead c imports of oro and base bullion, which are smoltcd an and the export of this lead either as pig lead or products. ?PL- , ,, i , ; -------- , .i"t> br; ,,,,t7d7o(;achGd a P?aJc ni 1927 but amall proportions in 1933." Smce'then, however,7h stantial improvement. Imports of lead . refined and scrap lead totaled 161,389 tons in 192?', 7 and 63,901 tons in 1938 ; exports of refined lead decrea -tons in 1-927 to- 5,9--0--9--in 1934 and uaduvnaunictceud 1to,0 "4id5,8, In the same years exports of lead in manufacture ^raw-back were 12,004, 7,472 and 9,061 tons, respe `JfP0TiSv ,Ltal miports of lead in ore and matte, i Si Ia ^rPtT nnd cnt,ries f0r vvarcbou percent in 1938 owing chiefly to larger shipmen ustralia, and Chile. Imports of base bullion from CSSiS by M- J`- Pri"' 1604 :h --;j o -----io 136 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 increased substantially, but the quantity of refined lead and scrap received from abroad declined. Most of tho refined lead imported in 1938 came from Peru. Total imports of lead in all the above forms increased 57 percent over 1937. . Total lead imported into the United States, 1034-38, by classes, in short tons Year Lead In ore nnd matte Lead In baso bul lion Pigs, bars, shoots, and old Total lead content 1934___ ................................................................................................... 1936.......................................................................................................... 1036.......................................................................................................... 1937.......................................................................................................... 1938.......................................................................................................... 10,611 20,025 20,713 34,103 46, 370 2,450 2,692 312 1,800 15,200 283 1,322 2, 500 4,003 3, 235 13,344 24,039 23,615 40.806 63,001 Data Include lead Imported for immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond. Total lead imported into the United Stales, in ore, base bullion, and refined, 1934-38, by countries, in short tons 1 Canada Mexico New found land South America Europe Othor countries 1D34.. 1035. 1030., 1937.. 1938. 1,100 230 i.092 fi, 749 3,174 3. 270 0, 7H0 10,501 17,008 38,407 3.357 0, 837 3,955 6,455 0,043 0,801 13, 220 13,420 07 35 13,344 612 25 24,039 341 206 23,015 635 4, 225 40,800 080 8, 164 03,901 > Data include lead importod for Immodlato consumption plus matorlul on taring tho country under bond. Total lead imported into the United Slates in ore, matte, and base bullion, 1934-38, by countries, in short tons 1 Country In ore and matte; Chile......................................................................................... In baso bullion: Poru.......................................................................................... 1034 002 1,443 1,283 3, 3.57 3,546 81 10,011 1,087 403 2, 450 1036 68 1.102 7, 980 0,818 3,710 345 20,025 1,740 784 102 2, 092 1930 1,419 674 10,402 3,065 4,007 296 20,713 30 62 221 312 1937 6,211 474 16, 070 10,132 2,310 34, 103 1,007 230 404 1,800 1938 3,173 2,107 24,023 9,317 6,750 45,370 14,444 ltt 664 16,296 i Data include load importod for iiumodinto consumption plus material entering the country under bond, '> Lead remaining in warehouses in (he United States, Dec. 31, 1934-38, in short tons' IStntod in tho form in which tho material wasontorod fur warehouse) 1034 1935. 1930. Year Load In oro and matte Load In baso bul lion * 2125,,7M0W1) 33,401 000 2, 173 1,930 1037. 1038.. 1 Pigs, bars, sheets, and old load included with baselmlllon. Land In oro anil rnntlo Load la1 baso bul*. ilon > r>7. r>9 70, 2H7 2,69 11,634 LEAD Uad' imPorted for consumption i; ^ lhe<!nit^ Sl 1934 1936. 1930. 1937. 1938. lows, 342 tons, $23,634 7In-1S03S6; 3!4i*91t0d..nsf.teo.gfo in.?037; Ind W9 tons^M , Miscellaneous products containing lead imported for States, 1934-38 c B|fnnRdlUo0tatdh18tac1o, rSa0Jb?ineor'llwnh8lt6comnteatian]-, Your T JJff ^ rcS0ofSthfeSeas^'in^usSn^d During the past 3 yeara aublntl i f68 as mu Mexico This lead was base bullion ^ returned to Mexico for refining. ed from Lead exported from the United States 193 Year Pigs, bars, nnd old Short tons Value Foreign lead exported in manufactures , with benefit of draw-back 1 (short tons) 5,000 $305,004 , 0,082 472,017 18,313 . 1,390,454 1 Includes, Contains a^a-*tsssE"- 138 MINERALS YRAKBOOIt, 19 39 LEAD Destination 1034 1935 ` 1030 1037 1038 of Mines 11 The mill of the Ilecln Mining been modernized and tho capacity increased lP'oTw!^ According to Oldriglit advanc Countries:. 1^ (>) 475 21 XW 46 38 (152 10 110 600 Sire T!lfU,le< ,t0 fur(tller 1development o practice. I lie tondoncy toward adoption of Qormany....................................................................... 4,45-1 5,321 8,029 7,320 30i 203 314 FWnhur0 ^ r-.InerinCf?aS r Ul0t CaPacl>y of bl , h!TM k ciillod attention to the fact that 11,403 bar,e, y^jdmg a slaK containing 20 perce Kill 217 223 609 1,037 United Kingdom.......................................................... 30 221 8 112 508 701 444 010 treated daily m a standard-size blast furnace a roaIlyfd r01u-y wllon U` zi Continents: . 5,009 107 1,076 40 4,684 2 6,982 18,313 157 bti8 212 5,045 (*) . - 8, 282 12 29,091 8,337 l' 089 ' 32 45,866 12,002 S oi,7S)." been p WORLD ASPECTS OF LEAD IN i Includes smnll quantities ol foreign load rocsportod. Loss than I tou. t ec hno l o g y Minina --Oro pillars in the Southeast Missouri district are being mined and replaced with concrete. Preliminary attempts on some Tthe smdlcrVars have ftmooarr iommriinnpiirnnoggbleliaamriggseeirnvbololvvcekds, iosf^thoereddeeletteeftrrmmfoiinnr aftrttoiiooonnf 0osftuptthhpeeorlltoo, aaddOccnaaerrrriioeefdd buy,fj the pillar in order that the volume of concrete used may be kept aUl minimum 'compatible with safety. In this connection the Bureau o | Mines method3 of ascertaining rock pressures by measuring thd velocity of sound is being investigated as a practical means of measuM 10robert^'aud Park^Mmve summarized progress in mining tecbmqu| during 1938, and articles by Schmitt and Behro roviw recea| developments in mining geology. Drilling practice m the rn-Staf| rnp'inn 1\j is been described by Nicoison. . .. * gMillinq --According to Fngelmann, Minerec A is now being use in about 80 percent of the western load-zinc mills, wlieie it has partli or completely replaced xantlmte in the lead circuits. The new sloping sWo Fagcrgren flotation machine has found favor with eacf-zurf operators' Fahrcnwald ' reports substantial improvement m or dressing practice and equipment during 1938. A method of heatu lead-zinc-fluorspar ores by flotation lias been developed by the Burejjj ' . Obort-ll^'t.l. Moa.suroinont ol Pressure ou Hock Pillars lu Underground Mines: Bureau of W~ Practice: Eng. and Mtn. Jour., vol. HO, No. 2, Fata. ** Un{^Th0WaMC0TTa<ion-~Unsatisfactor.V c Drincmn!Ufnr^'tl<3 h 1" pal? ofT 1938 culminat P ? ?a frelgn producers in London on Se Load Iroducers Association was formed. Th ^Uthl In i16 mefetmg ?ave few detaiIs but in of the cartel was to restrict output to balanc consumption and thus improvo prices. Acco membership included producers in Australia, B Canada, as well as the American Smelting & R wtensive ead-mming interests in Mexico, Au land. This group represents fiO to 75 percent duction, and it is planned to invito other prod ^e scheme. Effective November 1 a 10-per th* S, I1*?! agreed upon with further curtailm lo control* v to,lmPrve- ,Th*s was the firs I,,Cj prrn! the lea.d market since the Intern &nr^mtUC01'S *,ool'*aPscd m 1932 as a result o n ead lr} .tbo United Kingdom. Sar.C/f- erated^n changing statistics narr ^tP)r0fUcilin'7~^i^ d smelfcer productio percent below the total for 1937 and was equi _e record output in 1929. The relatively good ttoiied riighdv exclmr0UHUt abr<?ad WflS at warned, slightly exceeding tho previous record .uotion m the United States declined 22 perce MR 6rS aijf tbo Percentage of the total outpu ,,^r ;,Unl ed Stat?f 20' Australia 15, M jrmany 11, Belgium 5 Burma 5. the U. S. S. R. ^ ^fSAtnfe,lmp0rtYn^ ead'Smelfclng countries, ase of 1 percent, Germany G, Burma 3, the U prance 12. ihere was very little change in ^L: M,,t,, vo, 20, No. 36d, J& 199taFirenwaW. A. W,, Older Oro Pressing Practices Kcsludled: Ems- ami Alin. Juur vol. 140,2 February 1030, pp. 73-70. HP"o'/ fnvostlRMfon^Sl JdngM, O. L,, Load Smalllag Praelleo Advoucos: Eng. and Min. Jo tad, E. r,, Metallurgy al Load: Mlu. oud Mot., vol. 20, No. 385, 170 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 for brass, 29,000 tons for oxide, 20,000 tons for rolled products, 12,000 tons for die casting, and 4,000 tons for miscellaneous uses. Approxi mately 30 percent of tho slab zinc used was supplied by domestic smelters operating largely on imported ores and 70 percent by imported motal. Imports of ore totaled 158,000 tons in 1933, of which nearly 110,000 tons carao from Australia and over 4.5,000 tons from New foundland; 151,000 tons of ore were imported in 1937. Imports of slab zinc fell from 177,000 to 105,000 tons. Tho larger part of the metal likewise is obtained from other British countries. Shipments from Belgium declined from 57,000 to 37,000 tons. Stocks of zinc in official warehouses were 20,200 tons at tho beginning and 25,400 at the close of the year. Mine production increased only slightly and amounted to approximately 6,000 tons of recoverable zinc. Agitation for increased tariff protection for tho domestic smelting industry continued during 1938. The present import duty on non- British zinc is 12s. 6d. per ton or IQ percent ad valorem, whichever is less. Early in 1939 it was proposed to raise the import duty to 30s. with a corresponding rise in the premium on Empire zinc. Of the 17s. 6d. increase in premium on Empire zinc, 10s. would he paid to Imperial Smelting Corporation as a direct subsidy and 5s. would go into a rebate pool from which zinc manufacturers would be paid draw-back on exported goods. It was reported that consumers objected to this scheme. Yugoslavia.--Tropca Mines, Ltd., treated 655,892 metric tons of ore from its own mines in the year ended September 30, 1938, compared with 638,729 tons in the previous year. Despito tho larger tonnage of ore treated the quantity of zinc concentrates produced increased only from 69,863 to 70,120 tons. In addition 101,608 tons were milled for Kopaonik Mines, Ltd., from October 1, 1937, to June 10, 1938, at which tiino production at tho Vojotin mine of the company was dis continued because of low prices. In August 1938, tho properties of : the Kopaonik, Zletovo, and Novo Brdo companies were absorbed j by Trepca Mines, Ltd. An agreement has been made with tho Govern- j ment whereby Trepca will construct an electrolytic zinc plant at Sobac 1 with an annual capacity of 10,000 tons of metal. In the fiscal year $ 1938 Trepca slfipped 8,000 tons of concentrates to local smcltersand | exported 62,000 tons, chiefly to Belgium and France. J l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s a n d z in By 11. M. Me y e h a n d A. W. Mit c h e l Oooornl Fiiininnry Sftlleotsf.flU.stje3.............. Production... ........... Lead pigments'.'.'.'"",*' c%Zioc plgmeobtsJra,nodd\uso^]'t$" Bjwic lead sulfate!.'!........ Orange mineral................. Zinc oxide.......... ! " SUMMARY OUTLINE Pago 171 171 172 LHnopooe m173 Zinc sulfide......................... 174 174 Zinc chloride .................... ZincsuJ/nte. .................... Jim1777Qa6 I 170 I r rices... . .......... Foreign trade!!!!.'!!."......... Lead pigmeeits amfsaicY Zluc pigments and salts satisfactory IjrtchZ ^ afJeCted A inents-manufacturers of painf automol tha storage batteries. On the whAik aVtombdes, pneum Salient statistics of the lead T7meZ<ea,ea) of pr,ndPa< "hlto lend (dry nD(j jn UtUnreo Contone Bed leBd. .!;!"....... ft- Zincoxide. ....... -- *'l*G 0*Me!!!do"'' L/tbopone............... !.do *" Value of products: it! Pigments__ . All zinc pigments___ !'! ' Total.... iZrs' t0n "'''<* by pro- WLlieaau (dry,................. ZBIoqdc loexaidd.e... Leaded zln0 oz'lYd wtfiopone..... `ten trade: r load pigments: , ^alueof exports.. 7in Va.^ueof imports.. Zinc pigments: Value of oxports. Voiuo ofirnporw.. *port balanco............ * ** 00,831 , 70, 930 28, 776 00,097 20,970 159,480 i I 50, 240 34,890 120,80a / | ^0,512 158.319 $35 28 02, Q08,000 03 172 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 Apparently Japanese restrictions on imports of zinc metal and resi dues have seriously curtailed zinc oxide trade in that country. Ac cording to tlio Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commorco1 the annual production of zinc oxide in Japan was estimated at 30,000 tons, requiring about 35 percent of tlio total zinc imports into the country. The report also stated that most of the zinc oxide produced is con sumed domestically, about 40 percent going to the paint and varnish trades and 30 percent to rubber manufacturers. A later report stated that the restrictions noted wero forcing substitution of titanium pigments and lithopone for zinc oxide. Tym articles 2 published in 1938 may be of interest to the pigments industries. Although zinc pigments fell 22 percent in total quantity compared with only 9 percent for lead pigments, they actually fared better than the latter, for they declined only 17 percent in total value compared with 21 percent. Of the principal pigments sold the average values received by producers ranged from 11 to 15 percent lower for lead pigments compared with gains in average values for zinc pigments of 1 to 14 percent. Zinc pigments made a better showing in relation to , 1925-29 averages also, the total value of zinc pigments in 1938 being 1 56 percent of the average for 1925-29 compared with 47 percent for lead pigments. The continuing trend toward loaded grades of zinc ; oxide is shown in the decline of only 5 percent in pigments of this class from the high record tonnages for 1937 and 1936 compared with J a decline of 31 percent from 1937 in lead-free zinc oxide. The quoted | prices for lead pigments in general followed those for pig load, receding '! to the low point of 1938 in midyear and rising in the third quarter. I Zinc pigments were unresponsive to price changes for the metal, j Prices for some were unchanged from quotations for 1937 and for : others were established throughout the year at the best levels attained | in 1937. \ Titanium pigments again absorbed a larger share of the market for} white pigments than inprevious years. 1 PRODUCTION 1 In this report sales are used as being more significant than produc-s tion, for no account is taken of stocks on hand at the beginning andS end of the year. The quantities consumed by the producers in manufacturing products at their ownplants are included under sales. Production figures are used only in calculating the metal content of pigments and salts in the section of this report on Raw* Materials Used in the Manufacture of Lead and Zinc Pigments and* Zinc Salts. S The total value of lead and zinc pigments dropped from $63,714,OOP in 1937 to $51,505,000 in 1938--only about one-half of the average annual total for 1925-29. The decline is explained by smaller total salet of all important pigments' except white lead and by lower sales valuefl of the lead pigment group. The liigher average values received for zintl pigments in a small measure offset the drop in tonnage for this groutifl > Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, World Trade Notes on Chemicals aDd Allied Prod Vol. 12, No. 23, June 4, 1038, p. 400. . 1 Robertson, D. W., and Iloback, W. U., Survey of Houso Paint Prlmor Technology: Palut, Oil, Chem. Rev., vol. 100, No. 3, Feb. 3,1038, up, 1,10. 18, and 38. OU, Paint, and Drug Reporter, While PlgmouU In Enamel Tints: Vol. 134, No. 18, Oct. 31,1938, y. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND the 7-pcrccnt increase in ,Si of S e b? explain a 1-percent increase in tJli i . safes were 11 percent low^r Zi sulfate 18 percent and 33 percent lower ^e for basic lead sulfate do not reDresent o ir,, of tthhies pmigimnuenfat cco^nesuom"edkAas th<JwnHnmxidoi "6" sulfate lias expanded sharply i^ recenf vn 7,000 tons was so consumed Litharge ma ptrLr,hi9fvZ.i,, errTS5 fV `r Ld (dry end in^hlSIi ---- Leadjpigmenta sold by domestic manufacturers in th 1037 Pigmont Short tons Valuo (at plant, e clusive of cootaluor Total Avorag Basic lead sulfate or subllmod lead: White.................. Blue Red load.I............................................ - ... '.514 ri'o?? SiiKfcd:........:::::::::::::::::::::U m fe::::::::::::::............................... |gg $073,214 147, 208 6, 420,182 49, 350 12,033, 949 4, 570, 337 . 12, 406, 390 I $13 13 10 24 14 1 WeIght of whlto load only but valuo of paste. W Yoar White load Dry In oil Basic lead sulfat or aublimod Icod Whito Blue .......................................................| ........................................ ' JlMj"..................................................... I ......................................................... I ................................ 1 22,600 27,072 34, 776 32,001 28, 683 50,165 68,869 83,032 66, 562 70, 400 6,300 7, 672 7,631 7, 514 6,030 66 72 80 1,10 77 &ely, from 1937. Contrary to the trend Wge values received by producers for pie increased in 1938 am^were resDonsihln f >tal value for zinc 1 ?=& 174 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 3 9 Large amounts of basic lead sulfate are now used in making leaded zinc oxide. Such quantities are included as part of the leaded zinc oxide total and, to avoid duplication, aro not shown as basic lead Complete data covering the production of zinc chloride in recent years arc not available owing to the refusal of one largo producer to supply an accurate report. ', Sales of zinc sulfate declined 26 percent from the high record established in 1937. Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1937-38 1037 1038 Pigment or salt Short tons Vnluo (at plant, ex clusive o( coutalucr) Total AvcroRO Short tons Value (at p ant. oxelusive of co ntalncr) 'ratal A verago Zinc oxido................... Leaded zinc oxido 1.. Lithopono........... .......... Zinc chlorldo, 60 B.. Zlno sulfate................... 111,052 40, :u:i 161.771 m 10. 521 $11.777.131 1. 100,052 12. (WO, 700 () 580,017 $103 101 78 (*> 60 70. 120 38.210 126.710 (') 7,767 $0,263,312 4, 072, 422 0,075,012 (> 430,170 $117 107 70 (') 67 Zinc oxide containing C percent or more lead Is classed as loadod zinc oxide. * Data not available. Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 1934-38, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Leaded zinc oxido Llthopooc Zinc chlo rldo (50 B.) Zinc sul fate i Kcvlsr.tl figures, i Data not available. 87,088 00,(507 J20. 800 114,062 79,120 20, 600 20,070 40,612 40, 343 145,665 150,480 158,310 126.74G 10,014 <> 0) i 7,379 -- CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRIES White lead.--Sales of white lead (dry and in oil) withstood unsatis-factory marketing conditions in 1938 better than other lead and zinc? pigments. The total increased 1 percent compared with declines of* 5 to 31 percent in the other principal pigments. About 95 percent of, the white lead made is used in the manufacture of paint. Iho quan-v tity consumed for this purpose in 1938 was relatively unchanged from 1937 but amounted to only 09 percent of the tonnage so used m 1929. Early in 1939 the Lead Industries Association announced a 3-yoar promotion campaign designed to increase the use of white lead paint. The campaign will include identification of white lead as the mos durable." Increased consumption of white lead paint would benefit the lead industry more than increases in almost any other use, for metal so used is dissipated, whereas that used in storage batteries cable coverings, building, and for similar purposes returns to the market as scrap. l.l'.Al) AW) ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZI Distribution of while lead (dry and in oil) sales, J934-S8, Paint............ Ceramics... . Industry 1034 1035 '' 75,008 1,434 2, 202 78, 734 01,207 1.834 3, 700 00, 831 Basic lead sulfate.-- The outstanding use of b he manufacture of paint, and 87 percent of the 1938 was sold for that purpose. Increasing quan are being used annually in making leaded zinc ox used are included in the totals for leaded zinc oxi tne totals for basic lead sulfate to avoid duplica of lead tonnages. In 1938, 7,000 tons of basic lea making leaded zinc oxide compared with 5,500 t Distribution of basic lead sulfate sales, 1934-38, by ind Industry Paints............. Rubber.................... Storage batteries.. Other........................ .. *' ' " 1034 0,011 03 130 224 7, 007 1035 7, 770 165 374 8, 200 Litharge. Although total sales of litharge fel the quantity sold for use in the manufacture of s principal use of this pigment--was maintained a UTes excePt linoleum showed more than th 1937. Less lead oxide was used in making ba the output of black oxido or suboxide of lead by ba eCinood frTM te peak 0UtPut of 42,000 tons in m 1938. I he figures on black oxide are not inc ;Mines totals for litharge. Since 1931 insectic second most important use of litharge. In 1938 s declined 3G percent from the high record establis mation received in 1939 made it necessary to revise .distribution of sales of litharge by uses for 1934- Jrorn a comparison of tho following table and t ;on page 159 of Minerals Yearbook, 1938. Sales o `Chrome pigments for that period have been overs famish and paints have been understated. Distribution of litharge sales, 1934-38, by industrie bntterlos-. miindidnegs...................... ap.i.g.m..e.n..t.s.. Industry figures. 1034 30, 021 12,271 7.014 0, 000 1 5, 084 >1,402 2, 400 i gH ' 2, 008 68, 733 ' 1935 30,007 14,005 7,800 6, 751 1 0,017 1 1. 610 3, 171 i 220 1 2. 000 79,030 176 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 Bed lead.--The principal use of red lead is in the manufacture of storage batteries, and the quantity employed for that purpose declined only 6 percent in 1938 compared with a drop of 11 percent m total red lead sales. A now process for the manufacture of this product was reported in a lecture at Birmingham, England, and is described briefly in the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.* The process consists of direct vaporization of pure lead in an electric arc furnace and pass ing of the lead vapor into a precipitating chamber where it mixes with pure oxygen and, with temperature, pressure, and feeds under control, produces the new-type red lead. Higher corrosion-resisting properties and almost twico tho covering qualities of standard red lead are claimed for the new commodity. A plant that will uso this process was erected at Beoston, England. Distribution oj red lead sales, 1011/,-38, by industries, in short tons Industry 1934 is, m 8,7im 61)5 1,305 20,743 1036 17,657 8,721 807 1,531 28,770 1030 20, 323 11,780 8U/ 34,800 1037 20, 275 2,302 33,031 1038 10,057 8,600 30,183 Orange mineral.--Sales of orange mineral fell 38 percent m 1938. The principal use sliifted back to color pigments again after ink manu facture had ranked first for the 1 year 1937. Distribution of orange mineral sales, 193/,-38, by industries, in short tons Industry 1034 24 68 142 234 1035 85 125 42 252 1030 71 77 100 248 1037 70 51 200 1038 30 ITT Zinc oxide.--The principal use of zinc oxide is in the manufacture] of rubber, and sales for that purpose declined in tho same proportion as; total sales--31 percent. Sales for use in paints fell only 25 percents but those for floor coverings and textiles, which gained against the! trend in 1937, had the sharpest drop of all--66 percent. Ceranuce, withstood the downtrend well, declining only 6 percent. Of the pro4 duction for 1938, 62 percent was made by the American process and 38 percent by the French process compared with 69 and 31 percent respectively, in 1937. The ratio of American to French process zin oxide in 1937 is believed to have been unduly high, owing to tho tighfi situation regarding supplies of metal during part of that year, and thi. ratio in 1938 continues above that for other recont years. The propoij tion of French-process oxide made from scrap zinc increased agairil rising from 25 percent in 1937 to 32 percont in 1938. A large amount, of zinc oxido is usod in tho manufacture of loaded zinc oxide, lhij tonnag is includod in the totals for loaded zinc oxido and is excLudwj Oil, Ftnt, end Drug'.Ueportov, New-Trocosa Red Beall: Vol. 133, No. 24, Juno 13, 1938, (>. 01. 1 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A from zinc oxide totals to avoid duplicati tonnages. Amc oxide uses in paint were d Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 103/,-38, b Industry Robber........ .. . Paints......................... Ceramics................. Floor covorloKS nod toxtiles Other......................... .................................. .............. ................. 1034 50, 145 23,741 2,903 4.781 6,458 87,088 Leaded, zinc oxide.-- I ho manufacture of leaded zinc oxido mado, 98 or moro porcon tor this purpose. This pigment has beco recent years, and soles thereof were at a re 1937. In 1938 sales declined 5 percent, indicated for any other pigment except whi includes about 7,000 tons of basic load s lead content of tins product; this tonnage sulfate totals to avoid duplication in reporti zinc oxide was discussed by Did and Dep Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales, 1931,-38 Pilots.. Rubber. Other.. Industry 1934 20, 370 28 . 102 20,500 in for?350 miT~Salesofiithoponein 1938 dro in 1937. The percentage of the total used i has increased m recent years; it was 73 pe 1 Vn^ 1938. Latliopone statistics are rnlar lithopone content of high-streng bopone sold as such Prior to 1936 the f standard-strength plus high-strength pro creased use of high-strength lithopone a tpopone by the floor coverings and textil dustries fell considerably more in proportio s ib of somewhat incomplete information, """.7, following table for floor cover . t 10,800 tons were for linoleum and felt e remainder for coated fabrics anndd'ttooxxti Sc. ial leather,- ef*tc0-.))-. ""OOtthheerr uusseess"" iinn for paper and 477 tons for printing ink ' $?' Jarl6y A" ZlU0 0xlda Usos ln Palnl: 011> Palnt' Bnd D "rd;,?." DSPSW1 Harla!> A. Leaded Zinc Oxldcs-Tho 1 Drugs, oils and Pain la, vol. 64, No, 4, April 1030. pp, 110-1 jyg MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 Distribution of lithopone sales, 1934-38, by industries, in short Lons Industry - Floor coverings and textiles.................................................... Rubbor--............................................ .................... -.................. 1031 114,472 14,811 4, 506 11,680 145,565 1035 1036 124,015 10,440 4,435 10,000 122,401 23, 085 4,008 7, 805 . 150, 480 158,310 1037 122,015 20,104 4,383 7,270 154,771 1038 101,924 15,400 3,148 5,274 125,746 . The use of ordinary-strength lithopone in the manufacture of titan- ated lithopone, which usually contains about 15 percent 1102, has increased sharply since the output of this product began. There was a drop in 1938, however, when 17,000 tons wcro used for this purpose compared with 19,400 tons in 1937. ., , , , Zinc sulfide.--Production of zinc sulfide was reported by four p ants in 1938; but owing to the ftfct that one producer represents such a large part of the total, the Bureau of Mines cannot publish representative statistics. Most of the zinc sulfide is mixed with regular lithopone to make high-strength lithopone. ,, . Zinc chloride.--The Bureau of Mines cannot report zinc chloride production because of the refusal of one of the large producers to SUC?mpfetel data on sales of zinc chloride arc not available, but re turns from producers representing two-thirds or more of the output: indicate the following distribution of sales by uses in 1938. Percent Pemld Soldering flux-----------------Wood preserving............................. Dry-cell batteries------ -------- Vulcanized fiber--.......... -......... . 40 Oil refining " Others___ j' it Zinc sulfate.--The trend of sales of zinc sulfate was upward from] 1932 to 1937, and a new high record rate was established in !9o. id . 1938 sales fell 26 percent from those in 1937 Efforts to obtain figures! covering tho distribution of sales of zinc sulfate were more successfulj in 1938 than in previous years. Of tho total sales (7,7o7 tons), 2,851| tons"wore reported as sold to tho rayon industry, 1,604 tons for agn-J cultural purposes, 947 tons for chemicals, 656 tons to paint and varnishi manufacturers, 285 tons for glue manufacture 284 Ions to electrojl galvanizers, and 59 tons to printers and dyers of textiles; 948 tons were! undistributed. RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD ANDj ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured fron a variety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and such miscellft neous secondary materials as scrap,and waste from various mdustru processes. In 1938, 93 percent of the lead m lead pigments wa, derived from pig lead and 7 percent from ore. The proportions its zinc pigments in 1938 were 07 percent from ore, 15 percent from ala zinc, and 18 percent from secondary materials. LEAD AND ZING PIGMENTS A Meta.1 content of lead and zinc pigments produced b ______ 38, by sources, in short Source MDoemtftel.s.ti.c..o.r.o......................" Secondary material Lead pigmen 17, 204,0 222,4 Revised flgures. " ZJncasbes, skJmmlngs, drosses, and old metal. The following tables give the source of th facture of each pigment and salt. Pig lea either directly or indirectly, m the manufac uLf if *nd o/ange mineral, as well ns in lead sulfate. Zinc oxide is the only pigm slab zinc is user . Ore is employed in tho leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulfate, substantial proportion of the zinc m lithopo m tne United btates is derived from secon been a decided increase in the quantity of m the manufacture of zinc oxide since displaced slab zinc m the manufacture of Fr Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by d by sources, in short ton 1037 Pigment White lead... jUdlead................" Litharge................. Orange mineral.. -olead sulfato.. ded *Ino oxido.. Lead Ja pigments pro duced from-- Domes Second tic ore Pig lead ary ma terial Total load (o pig ments ........ "6,'555* 11,808 00, 791 32, 080 70,704 237 077 206 ................. 127 00,701 32,080 79,704 237 0,532 12,201 17,363 204, 961 127 222. 45] tnc content of zinc pigments and sails produced by do ' by sources, in short tons Pigment or salt Zinc in pigments and salts produced from-- oxide................... -^ictnine.e..o.x.i.d.e., ttJfide........ ohlorldo___ loUato........... , Domes tic ore 70, 007 20. 660 1 10. 244 8 1,105 Slab zinc 24,052 542 c) Second ary ma terial 8, 228 258 13. 040 (') (') 1,735 Total zinc In Pig ments and salts 102, 887 21, 406 l 32, 284 8 2,840 Z D ti 1 1 Revised figures. * Data 180 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 111 IS;' PRODUCERS AND PLANTS The following companies sold or used lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts of their own production in 1938: ' White lead: ,, The Eagle-Picher Lead Co............................ Cincinnati, Ohio. Euston Lead Co.................................. ........... W. P. Fuller & Co........ ....... ...................... International Smelting and Refining Co. Scranton, Pa. South San Francisco, East Chicago, Ind. Calif. (electrolytic process). John T. Lewis & Bros. Co.......... .............. Philadelphia, Pa. National Lead Co-----------------------------------Do. (2 plants)......................................... Melrose, Calif. Chicago, 111. Do......................................... ......... . Do---------- -------------------------- -............. Do................................ -.......................... Do___________________ _______ -......... The Sherwin-Williams Co------------------------- St. Louis, Mo. Perth Amboy, N. J. Brooklyn, N. Y. Port Richmond, N. Y. Chicago, HI. Basio lead sulfate, or sublimed lead: The Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co----- Galena, Kans. National Lead Co------------ ............................ St. Louis, Mo. Red lead, orange mineral, and litharge: The Andrews Lead Co., Inc..-. ..................- Long Islanrl City, N. Y. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co........... . The Eagle-Picher Lead Co------ ------- --------- Do............................... :------- ------------The Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co -- East Chicago, ind. Joplin, Mo. Newark, N. J. Galena, Kans. W. P. Fuller & Co-------------- ------------- -- - South San Francisco, Calif. Hammond Lead Products, Inc------------------ Hammond, Ind. Morris P. Kirk & Son------------------------------ Los Angeles, Calif. John T. Lewis & Bros. Co.......... - --......... Metals Refining Division of the Gidden Co. Philadelphia, Pa. Hammond, Ind. National Lead Co------------------------------------ Do...............-........... ............................ Do.................. ....................................... Do............. ............... ............................ .. Do The Sherwin-Williams Co------------------------- Melrose, Calif. Chicago, HI. St. Louis, Mo. Brooklyn, N. Y. Charleston, W. Va. Chicago, 111. United Color & Pigment Co---------- ------- Newark, N. J. Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide: American Zinc Co. of Illinois......................... Hillsboro, 111. American Zinc Oxide Co-------------------- -----The Eagle-Picher Lead Co--------- ---------- International Smelting and Refining Co. Columbus, Ohio. Hillsboro, 111. East Chicago, Ind. (French process). Do................ -.................... .................... Morris P. Kirk & Son--------------- -------------- Akron, Ohio. Los Angeles, Calif. Monsanto Chemical Co--------------:---------- - The New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania). St. Louis, Mo. Palmerton, Pa. Do. (French process)-------------- -- The Ozark Smelting & Mining Division of Frcemansburg, I'a. Cofleyvillc, Kans. The Sherwin-Williams Co. Rohm & Haas Co----------------------------------St. Joseph Lead Co. of Pennsylvania---------- Bristol, Pa. Monaca, Pa. Superior Zinc Corp........................................- Bristol, Pa. Lithopone: The Chemical & Pigment Co......................- Oakland, Calif. Do Do.--..............-........................... ......... E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.......... -- Do........................ .................................... Collinsville, 111. St. Helena, Md. Newport, Del. Newark, N. J. l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s a n Lithopone--Continued. The Eagle-Picher Lead Co Argo, 111. Mineral Point Zinc Division of The New Jersey Zinc Co------------------------------------The New Jersey Zino Co. (of Pennsylvania). The Ozark Smelting & Mining Division of The Sherwin-Williams Co------ --------------The Sherwin-Williams Co.______ _________ United Color & Pigment Co____________ Zinc sulfide: American Zinc Oxide Co................... ............. Mineral Point Zinc Division of The New Jersey Zinc Co............. .............................. The New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania). The Ozark Smelting & Mining Division of The Sherwin-Williams Co Coffeyville, Kan Zinc salts: American Smelting and Refining CoSel Do------------------------------------------- ------- F Do--------------------------------------------------Do----------------------------------------- --------- P ... ------------ ----------------- - -- -- P The Chemical & Pigment CoOakla Charles Coopor <fc Co., Ino............................. N E. I. du Pont do Noinours and Co East Chica Do--------------------------------------------------- ,, v f -............ ....... ............... General Chemical Co...................................... C Great Western Electro-Chemical Co' Pittsbur Jordan Co ....................... ........... C Morris P. ICirk & Son....------------------------- L Mallinckrodt Chemical Works^St MeCror.imac Divisionof Monsanto Chemical E The Ozark Smelting & Mining Division of The Sherwin-WilliamsCo Coffeyville, Kans. Pacific Smelting Inc., Ltd------------------------- T Rohm & Haas Co---------------------------...-------Br Phe Ruby Chemical Co---------------------------- C Virginia Smelting Co-------------------------------- W PRICES The total values reported by producers fo and zinc salts are given in the tables in the ,The average values received for importan from 11 to 15 percent, while those for zinc Stationary or increased up to 14 percent. T tations, as reported by the Oil, Paint, and in the following table. The prices for lead lowed that for pig lead, declining to the low middle of the year and rising in the third for lithopone, zinc chloride, and zinc sul changed from those for 1937, while prices ained throughout the year at the best le i j 182 MJ-NKUADS VKAUUOOK, 1 I) I! Ranoe of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts at New York /z ,, iL. 17- -A 4 n -nor Tinunffl Product 1036 ; 1030 1037 Basic lead sulfato, or sublimed lead, less than car* lots, borrols...................................- -- -----.............. WhJto lead, or basic lead carbonate, dry, cnrlots, barrels.................................... v-'V'C--;........................ Litharge, commercial, powdored, barrels............. --- Bed lead, dry, 05 percent or less, less than carlots, barrels.............................................. -------------------- ;.............. Orange mineral, American, small low, barrois. Ex-whlto lead.......................................................................... ExTCd lead.,.......................................................................... Zinc oxide; . .. American process, lead-free, bags, cnrlots...------ - American process, 6 to 36 percent lead, barrels, carlots............................ -.................... .. ............... French process, red seal, bags, carlots............ French process, green seal, bags, carlots------ French process, whlto seal, barrels, carlots.. Llthopono, domestic, 6-ton lots, bags--------Zinc sulfide, less than carlots, bags, barrels... . . Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks........................................................... Fused, drums..................... -..................................... Zinc sulfato, crystals, barrels.................................. 0. 25 0.60 0.00- 7.00 7.00-8.00 0. co-n.oo 0.00-10. 50 6.0CH 0. 60 6.13- 6. 50 5. 60- 8. 38 0. 00- 9.38 0. 50-10. 03 4. 60 10.60-11.76 2. 00 4.60- 6.75 2. 06- 2. 80 6. 25- 6. 75 0. 50- 8. 76 0. 60- 7. 25 6.00- 8. 60 0. 75- 0. 00 0. 25-10.00 7.60- 0. 50 7. 75-11.00 10. 60-11. 25 ]10. 25-13.60 '0. 60-11.26 6.00- 5. 25 6.25- 7. GO 5. 13- 5 38 5. 60- 5,75 G. 0O- C. 25 0. 60- 0.76 4.25- 4.60 0.25-11.75 5. 38- 0. 88 5. 75- 7. 50 0. 25- 8. 00 7.00- 8.76 4.25- 4.03 1). 26- 0. 60 2.00 4. 25- 5. 76 2. 05- 3.05 2. 00- 2. 25 4.25- 6.76 2.80- 4.06 fl. 00- 7.00 6.60- 7.60 0. 26- 7. M 6.90- 0.38 7.60 8.00 8.76 4.38- 4.63 8. 03- 9.60 2.25 4.26- 6.76 2.06- 4.06 FOREIGN TRADE" Imports of lead and zinc pigments decreased 32 percent and ex ports 29 percent in value in 1938. The excess value of exports over imports amounted to $554,000; it was only slightly more than one-; fifth of the annual average for 1925-29. The value of imports of ^ lead and zinc salts was less than one-half that m 1937, wliilo the value'; of exports of lead arsenate, the only salt separately recorded increased, j The following table shows the values of various pigments and salts: imported and exported in 1937 and 1938. Value of foreign trade of the United Stales in lead and zinc pigments and sails, 1 J 1037-38i * * 1937 1938 Imports Exports Imparts Exports Lead pigments: white Jc8d..................... Red lead......................... Litharge.......................... Orance mineral............ Other lead pigments. $0,077 285 31 028 9,400 17, 327 $207,391 168.023 220,134 (> (>) 680, m. $3,070 70 123 271 5. 533 9, 085 tIOO.W 115, Ml 203,514 WS 0) 3 609,70. Zinc pigments: Zinc oxide.. Llthopono.. Zinc sulfldo. 97,030 302,417 13.850 413, 959 378,332 231,022 0) 000. 054 73,487 207, 115 4,708 285, 400 185,841 i 339,418 Load arid rlncsalts: Lend arsenato................... Othor lead compouuds. Zinc chloride..................... Zinc sulfate........................ Grand total. 30, 015 44,191 20,900 110, 814 642,100 0) <0 0) 91,377 1,287,700 12,050 19.718 10,321 48.098 344,083 96,1* (0 1 S' 1 cl 4 99,14 944.U i Data not available. ". Figure,'oo"tmporU and export., compiled by M. B. Price, ol the Bureau o( Mines, from records of II Bureau of Foreign aDd Domestic Coinmerco. J,KAI> AND /,I NO PKIMUNTS AN ft . Lead pigments and salts.--Imports of thes I 1Cu- U . The most important item is the g | winch include lead acetate, lead nitrate, a | these compounds fell from 213 tons in 193 |: of suboxide of lead fell from 28 tons in 1937 Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in short tons 1934.................. 1936.................. 1936.................. 1937.................. 1938....................... Basio carbonate whlto lead Red load Lllhargo 16 ___ __ 0 (0 > Less tban 1 ton. $ jgiP^'u^lraedIeLae^d?(Kt>Pais?imo5eu?l,fta31teP) $i9-(--1p-6----D-t-"o---u5--n4.7d.8.s.)(,4a,n40d5spuobuonxiddse);o c?2a^daP n ^"io'aQn^/S'iM*8 ^00 Pounds), sublimed load (baslo $ ?ISd; S: 1:S;!!? ESfrim: Loa<1 plKmont3'n-s- r.'j The principal exports are white lead and [items increased in 1938, although not sign ? ead and lead arsenate declined in 1938. E Head, and litharge comprised less than 2 gauction of these pigments. 1m 1(rftd was exported principally to ^Netherlands, and Canada, while red lead an "qainly to Canada, the Philippines, and Net (.Lead pigments and salts exported from the United '! Year ............................................. .............................. .................................. !MT.................................. .................................. White lead 1 501 flfO 1 OOfl 1^77? I7NT1 Red lead 745 ^iU lead, red lead, and litharge exported from the destinations, in short ton Destination 1036 White lead 1936 1037 193 Dtlna..,........................ ____ ria........................... Netherlands................. 3.1 Netherland West Indies Smtna_____ ____ BJUpplne islands....... (Tatted Kingdom............... 98 66 827 3 206 190 03 806 2,337 120 74 387 3 463 170 13 030 1,802 80 120 83 6 200 272 23 432 1,230 2 '2 1 3 3 1,4 441 1,242 286 764 218 707 174 9 0) 479 4 170 2 232 2 330 4 18 l C) 184 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 3 9 Zinc pigments and salts.--Imports of all items shown under this heading declined in 1938. Lithopone ranks as the most important zinc pigment imported, although imports of this commodity repre sented only 3 percent of domestic sales in 1938. Imports of . oxide (dry and in oil) totaled 645 tons, a decline from 775 tons in 1937. Zinc pigments and. salts imported for consumption in the United Stales, 1,934-38, in short tons ' Yonr ........................................ Zinc rijilo Dry In nil lAthn- [10110 s7ulIfnldco 7,Inc chloride Zinc SlllffttO 1.204 1,932 594 080 ^79 54 3.027 f.fl 95 44,.070R31 0n5o 3. 032 12 382 rr?^*nT ^7? -- ------- 140 Tvaoltuael' $460084,,24978$ 426.401 488,111 321,43$ Exports of zinc oxide mnde a notable gain in 1937 but in 1938| returned to 13 percent below the 1936 level. Shipments of hthopon| abroad dcclinecf sharply in 1938 and were the smallest recorded sino 1933 As usual, Canada was the principal destination of exports ol| zinc oxide and lithopone, 514 and 1,219 tons respectively, of thej totals of 1,163 and 1,734 tons going to that country in 1938. 1 Zinc pigments and salts 1 exported from the United Slates, 1934-38, m short twi Year 1934 1035 1030 Zinc oxide Llthopono Total value 1,155 1.140 1,330 2. 401 2, 372 2, MB $305,189 302. 308 410,087 1037.. 1038.. Zinc o k l(lo LUhopono Total ! valu*,,| 2.953 1, 153 2, 871 1,734 339,<11J i Zinc sails not separately recorded. Zinc oxide and lithopone exported from the United Slates, 1935-38, by desltnalur, in short tons ' Destination 1035 Zinc oxide 1030 1937 1038 1935 Lithophono 1036 1037 im Countries: Continents: 35 55 48 453 704 1, 683 115 80 207 15 13 111 50 80 29 4G6 398 075 80 74 514 1, 052 48 . 108 40 25 138 440 308 1. HO 1,330 2, 053 1, 103 =7==s=: - ~ = --------= 2, 372 --" 724 882 1,072 669 1,000 78 130 140 117 118 04 09 148 85 140 132 62 457 150 16 6 6 57 3 3 107 151 100 140 120 35 1,812 303 03 1, 740 258 . 4lin0 tg .`rlw va 2. 638 2, 671 ----------- 2,104 67 218 2,184 <1 4 i* GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, AND " (MINE REPORT) By Ch a s . W. He n d e SUMMARY OUTL 8ummftry....................................... Calculation o( value o( metal production. Vago 185 Markets a 185 lloview b Alaska mines yielded gold, silver, coppe ;in mCt?7Vemi mefca S aft p6>527>3l5 in 1938 ,w,,i?37, a doF cas of !pss than 0.5 percen gross production in 1938 comparablo w 'S5:.t0 a ^Percent mcrease in value o 2 1 mir0m i0de ?f?es remained virt ium . VaLUe of-the C0PPer output *S,?T1I>S to exhaustion of the ore bodie producers and to the lower average price f 4aSril"r` " t the foHowing^rices.Pr0^UCt*011h _______ Prices of gold, silver, copper, lead, a Year Gold * Silver Per fine ounce $34.00 36.00 36.00 35. 00 35.00 Per fine ounce < $0.540 .718 .774 .7735 4.040 10861 cnln680 va,u6 oi *id Wl f:nTwly mYned sllvir106 nW'y mlned 3llTCr; ,0^ SiJJms SmY86 welEhted Prlco ot a" Stados of primary metal so At?bI.0S skoY the mm0 prod ftSka U1 1,934~38. aud 1880 lead frm amalgamation and c j"2Lm 2utmn equipment) in 1938, -JjmnouHfh at ?1 f 19 w' ^y types , f es is not at liberty to publish separately .traight concentration mills and that shi >8 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1939 iger life to current-carrying or heat-carrying members of electrical ichmory. .Besides its high electric and thermal-conductivity, this w alloy is unusually resistant, to corrosion by a wi^Jo varioty of sos and liquids, according to Business Week (December 24, 1938, At tho closo of 1938 sodium uranatc, Na2U04, was quoted at $1.75 $1.80 per pound for either the yellow or orange variety; uranium ido, 96 percent U2O0, in 100-pound lots at $.2.65 to $2.75 a pound for '} black and $1.75 to $1,80 for the yellow or orange product. RARE EARTHS I he rare earths continue to command the attention of numerous earch workers, although commercial developments aro impeded by nr high puce. Paradoxically, the rare-earth metals are not i emery rare m nature. But they are difficult to separate, and ny of their potential uses can be satisfied by cheaper elements. 3 oxides of cerium are used in ceramics and special glasses. A good ume of tho use of rare earths in tho glass industry was published 21 mtly, and another paper 22 calls attention to the availability of i.hanum as a byproduct of recovering thoria and ceria from inona! and its potential applications in the ceramic and glass industries weighting silk, as a catalyst, and as a constituent of alloys. Ceric le is one of the best opacifiers23 for enamels, yet it is seldom used n m Europo. ieodymium and praseodymium 24 occur in all cerium minerals in a 0 of at least two parts neodymium to one part praseodymium, ently neodymium (which stains glass violet) has been applied essfully as a physical decolorizer for glass. Didymium, a mixture ieodymium and praseodymium, gives a neutral-gray glass. 9 an illustration of the wide distribution of the rare earths, tho eau of Chemistry and Soils in cooperation with tho National eau of Standards has recently identified substantial traces of rareli metals in the ashes of many plants. The rare-earth concentrate 1 hickory leaves grown in a pegmatito vein amountod to 0.2 perof tho dry weight of tho leaf. :'e Glass Industry (January 1939 issue) quoted cerium hydrate pound drums and 600-pound barrels) at GO cents a pound ymium oxalate (50-pound drums) at $3.50 a pound, and "rarei hydrate" at 30 cents (325-pound barrels) to 35 cents (100-pound is) a pound. SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM ore and more selenium is being recovered from copper refiningas the use of selenium in glass no longer seems to be increasing" `ineli for new uses has been resumed. The demand for tellurium d much less (Jinn that for selenium and only a fraction of tho Uty that could be recovered if byproduct sources were fully ed. Tellurium is used to increase the toughness and resistance fC ! . l!l"m p Industry: Skl"rsk0 Roihledy. vol. 15, 1938, 1rlp,on,"nce,o! Lmitlinnum ns a Haw Material: Angcw. Cbcm., vol r,i . 403-451, Jour. Soo. Cbom. Ind., Loudon, vol. 57. No. 0, September 1038; British Chem Abs.', ]|| nljMOM Ipp1770-77?1"lar E,omcnl3 ln Coratnlc Pigments: I ml. and Enc. Clioin., ln<l. Ed., vol. 30, ntwalla.B. D., Rare Metals and Minerals: MlD.and Met., vol. 20, No. 385, January 1839, p. u. MINOR. METALS to abrasion of rubber hose and cable coverings. Incr of tellurium leatl aro being markotod, hut this outlet is o as it takos only a fow hundredths of 1 porcont of tollu toughon, andincrcaso the corrosion resistanco of ordina ing to a report of the International Tin Research an Council (Tub. 81) tollurium also improves romark hardening properties and creep strength of tin; in qua porcont it impvovos somewhat tho tonsile strength Industrial hazards from selenium and its toxicity are recent Government roport.26 Further research indicat effects of selenium in soils have been greatjy exagge some plants seem to be stimulated by selenium, and ally need it to thrive.27 Prices of selenium (black, powdered, 99.5 percent) ally unchanged in 1938 at $1.75 to $1.85 a pound in rose slightly to 7s. 3d. in London. Barium selen quoted in domestic glass-trade journals at $1.40 to while tho quotation for the "commercial" grade (25 mains at 85 conts. Sodium solonito, Na2Se03, which glassmaking, is quoted at $1.50 to $1.65 a pound in 19 quotations of $2 a pound for tellurium havo remaine several years, and London trade journals continue to at 7s. Production, sales, and imports of selenium and production and s the United Stales, 1934-38 Selenium ' Year Production Sales > (pounds) (pounds) Imports Pounds Value 264,394 244,710 352,480 436,821 226,674 319,838 232,831 226,402 282, 608 166.404 17,710 179,331 122,806 - 02, 623 101,034 $24,691 322,332 215, 835 101,382 163, 508 i Burcnu of Mines Dot at liberty to publish value. TITANIUM Because of their great whitening and obliterating pigments continue to be employed widely in paint, r leather, plastics, soap, printing inks, paper, textile ln addition to the well-known white pigments an yollow pigment has recently been developed that co and antimony as well as titanium dioxide. Ilmenite making titanium pigments and to a smaller extent f alloys, is produced in the United States in Virginia California, but the main supply is imported from B far the world's largest producer. Rutile is produced both for domestic consumption and for export and Dudley, H. C., Selenium as a Potential Industrial Ilozard: U. 8. Public H nni neb t M,ftkln, n. W., Williams, K. T.,and Dyers, H. Q., "Nontoxlo" SeleoUerous B ^V' ^sieMel's^rn^aQd'nelo^M?! Selenium as a Stimulating and Possibly Ess Plants: Science, vol. 87, No. 2247, 1038, pp. 70-71. inn.ns- ..no------- so 760 MINK,HALS YHAHP.OOK, 19:19 from Brazil and Australia. Deposits are being opened op in various other countries. The principal uses of rutile are in welding-rod eonl,ings and commies; the former recently lias become the most important outlot, consuming ns much as 1,200 to 2,,r>00 tons n. year.28 Tho Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish figures of domestic production of ilmonito ami rutile. Imports of rutile declined to 130 short tons valued at $20,533 in 1938 compared with 065 tons and a value of $07,043 in 1937. Those of ilmenite continued their phe nomenal expansion, reaching 201,545 long tons valued at $1,018,430 compared with tho provious record of 153,993 tons valued at $770,757 in 1937. The rapid growth of the titanium industry and the increasing .variety of uses for the element in its sundry products have been reviewed in previous volumes of Minerals Yearbook and arc not re peated in this chapter. During 1938 ilmenite was discovered in Natal, payable quantities being reported in sand dredged from Durban Bay. In southern Egypt the Hamata Mining Co., already engaged in mining manganese, installed equipment for producing ilmenite. Rutile, which has been mined sporadically in French Camoroons in Africa, may be mined more systematically following the gradual acqui sition of mining rights in the numerous areas. Rutile has been pro duced extensively in Australia from beach sands at Byron Bay and elsewhero in New South Wales where it-occurs with zircon. Deposits of this mineral in South Australia were visited in 1937 by the Gov ernment Inspector of Mines, who cautioned against premature expansion of the existing pilot plant which can treat a maximum of 2 tons of crushed ore, equivalent to about 180 pounds of 80 percent concentrate, daily.29 In South Africa the property in Omaruru that produced over 10 tons of rutile from a high-grade deposit (4 to 20 per cent Ti02) was idle in 1938, having been optioned to an oversoas firm according to a Government report. The Dominion Bureau of Sta tistics (Ottawa) reveals a sharp increase in production of titanium ore in Canada to 4,229 short tons valued at $26,432 in 1937, with a drop to 207 tons worth $1, 449 in 1938. The entire output was shipped from St. Urbain, Quebec, to ferro-alloy manufacturers. In France titanium, as well as vanadium and zircon, may be recoverable from "red mud" from bauxite refining. A new titanium mineral, FeTiO3.Fe3O4.TiO2, is reported 30 from Nellorc, India. Engineering and Mining Journal quotations for titanium ore in 1938 were: Ilmenite, 45 to 55 percent Ti02, f. o. b. Atlantic seaboard, $10 to $12 per gross ton according to grade and impurities; rutile, guaranteed minimum 94 percent concentrate, 10 cents per pound (nominal); 88 to 90 porcent, $55 per ton, c. i. f. New York; ferrocarbon-titanium, $142.50 per short ton f. o. b. producer's plant. Tho price of titanium dioxide was reduced 1 cent at the end of the year to 14 and 14% cents a pound (carloads). Plithalate-treated pig ment was quoted at 22 to 22% cents per pound with extras for smaller quantities. ** Saklatwalla, R. D., Hare Metals ami Mlnornls: Min. ami Mol.., vol. 20, No. 185, Jnnunry 1039, p. 12. *' Imperial Institute (Tendon), Smith Australian Rutile; Hull., vn|. 30, January-Mareli I03R, p. 78. 10 Joyaramnn, N., and Krlshnaswnml, K. R., Ohomlc.ul end Mlnomloulcul Htidy a New Titanium Mineral from Nollore: Proc. Indian Set. Cong.. 25th Co iir ., J038, nt. 3, p. H7; (Jjriwn. Ahs,, vol. 17, No. 7, July 1038, p. 2fll. MINOR METALS ZIRCONIUM Australia, .India, and Brazil still supply th zircon, and Brazil is tho only source of badd present in concentrates and black sands from mining. It was rooovorod in commercial qua in 1937 in the sluice boxes of tho lvaulield Lincoln, Placer County, Calif. Exact figures this appears to be the first domestic production tions at Pablo Beach, Fla., ceased. The rise to importance of zirconium durin century and the many uses of the metal and it have been discussed in previous volumes of M aro covorcd more fully in recent papors p Mineral Co.31 An oven more comprehensive foreign trade journal.32 According to Saklatwalla 33 copper conta zirconium metal yields an alloy comparable now alloy, Rilvaz,'containing 0 to 6.5 percent veloped as a stool refiner. It also contains aluminum and vanadium and about 40 percen This alloy is claimed to produce better resul separate additions of the respective alloys, and Izod impact ductility. One new use fo manufacture of molds for cast steel, and anot electric heating devices. , Zirconium metal is used in radio tubes (wi cups (sheet). Zirconium-silicon and zirco are used in steel making, whereas the powdere light mixtures and ammunition primers. Ev requirements for such purposes are small, an in the form of compounds for use in ceramics a The main consumption is in enamel and glaze only zirconium oxide but also zircon and sodi Engineering and Mining Journal quotat nominal: Zircon oro, 55 percent Zr02, f. o. b. A lots, $55; 5-ton lots, $60 per short ton; cru f. o. b. Suspension Bridge, New York, milled, >i Meyer, H. C,, Economics of Some of the Less Familiar Elements 3Fast', L^D.VzaMnfumf^oote-Prlnts, vol. 10, Philadelphia Decem Preston, F.., Zlrconln In Glass: Foote-Prints, vol. II, Philadelphia 11 Esinc, A., Zirconium Compounds and their Application in the Arctic. No. 178, 1938, pp. 11-16; No. 179, pp. 21-23; No. 181, pp. 18-23. '"usaklmwnlln. H. D,, Hare Metals and Mlncrnls: Min. and Met.,