Document 4DZZ9xKDoZzLVg7ng6xzxGgN

* 1 THE GRAYS FERRY WHITE LEAD. COLOR AND CHEMICAL WORKS, ' ' PHILADIiLF'HIA. HARRISON BROTHERS Sc CO., Pr o p v iTO*S. YICWCD non Til* lOVTII-KAHT. lMC 0070501 U: \ hj{ rS-S&3p; 4Ssfcfc ' '' ^^SHB^HBSlSJp^y'.OP' Pa in j b s , :i . ; ': :.-:-.:-.;.^i-v 'i'.`.'" `V* AS SJCHIBrrBDTO THB MASTKRiPAIHI^HS'rAsSOCIATIOM DUR ;s.IN<|iA>TQU-ABi.f''T*H'R, O! X. J^l|vni5:VGRA-y 3<--^FH' ',lttY,,CliKUICAI, * ''^.WTlTOj^ RKfl'^i^^^IJpij^BROT--Hi iJmtHRhSw &0> /C^OniMsiPsaAlNsYir, ;. ` 'i'-^T-'tV i PHIUkbaijpiAj'-Jo l y V^.. 1886. ` . * * ' v. ` '* * f '# PIGMENTS and material used in tlie manufadure of paints ar l so essentially chemical. pio^U&ts that their consideration i involved in that ormanufa<^urinj| cfjeniistry ;/andos tnamifa ing chemistry so largely depepd^pn sulphuric acid, it is well t have some information as to themanufafture of this article anl it relation, through (he many intermediate processes, to tlie manu ka111* of paints..:^- .. . ft. . " -x:tk v ' With that .thought we start ortf'giicsts'at the Itcgiuiimg o chemical processes, showing the pile of brimstone, which is the . crude article 49 received from {Sicily, smelted then:.in ft mule way from the brimstone-hearing rock. This is crude brimstone ami it is procured by a crude procettl hut by selcdlion 11 wonder fully pure article con be hnd.jfTbnt which you see in the pile marked 'No. 1 hr, known lp.'-commerce, tus "llest llnutixcd Thirds," and In this Instance hason sdlual purity of 997 In every thousand parts; in other words, 'looopotuulq of this will yield 1m 3 jKMiuds af extraneous matter,:.. . ; mrutm suRKBKs. v We next see it burnt in the furnaces wronged for its combus tion, known os sulphur burners (marked No. a), lliirncd in (his way, llm fumes are similar to those given from n sulphur match, and >/0.'- ' vv ** 1 - rl w LMC 0070502 I oxidizing moterial-gcnerajly provided In the form of nitrate of nitrous products; in tills .`tower the- sulphuric acid -Is mingled viV.; Witii the oxidizing'material, aitd.. thence carried .into tliC largo ' leaden chambers to whlch^we will presently Come.,'.- ` 1 . - : 'y ] V*-; - i* ' . . . STORAGE J<t6<>ns Ffikl*ilNT MATNRIAL* ^ t ' , On ottr wily to'thcsij^chnm^utiswe pass through 'twe. stomgc i \ 4 ' floors; under them, 'wlncV flre.Htlsfedvfor the storage of earth . c paints and for materials t&cd in paint manufacture. These floors . ^-`I'd1* -(Noo. 4 and e) give storage to many hundred ton^of material, . , /' * ` "jb 'i&ibasiVm:'-**8' ` walk between them- td,'j5mtinue`bur investigation of the. pro _ XZ'`M-U.-K cess-V-In thesechambets.;thereij,Aa.`continual.commingling of Uie . I'l- h " sulphurous fumes, the iitroiis g^^hd<stean;!d^o n>orer less>\ < ia'w air, which aflo*.w..s* in. thUrroAu.igrrhti ftlhi^e<styi1lpnhhuitrrKhffiimmeprrajidfliuiHrinnfgf ttlhipeccnommhbtuiss--. : tionof the bbrriinniisstbne.f Wetnn hardjyiay "air," becauseit is largeM-6*-k*' -. ly nitrogen,i, or devitalized.tur--thitds, air witty itsoxygen extrmfl- \ r v ^ * * . e. dj , ath*.e- o__x_ygen having gpti| to the Sulphur in' the process of com-. We now reach tlie ciid of tlid idiipibfcrs aiid moke our exit from -. . }. . 6 ` the building opposite a tower marked'No. 6. Thip is known as ' :a "GaysLussac" tower&frOm tliehameof its fainOusInveiitor, and . ' ' .ja intended to remove aii#ynluafei$constitucnts remaining in the . - \ - ' ilm 1/ Vv v1 ' . <' * Jir f-v- ' ; IS t!\ ' lil / (3) . gases which have passed tlirough the chambets, and which deposited in the liquid acid. In the process of rcmoral a of odd is employed, as in the Glover tower, tlie objedt, h being to take from;* instead of to give to, the gases..'-`T 1 flowing continually over proper material, presents a la face to theasccndlng gnscs and dissolves but the valua tions. Finally, the exit is tlirough the high pipe marke and when the chambera arc working well, the escaping ga mainly made up of steam and nitrogen. .. ... COAL CONflUMKD. ,. *- ,We now pass through the cellar of; this chambe ing, under tlie chambera themselves, and bya large coal-pil consumption of coal in these works is about 20,000 tons an : a l u m-c l a y g r in d in g . * ;. We arrive in tlie'clay-grindhig room (marked No, 8); t , " knowii as bauxite', and the best deposits are found in. th of Ftaace. It Li vy-rich in the material known u a ' This ciay, after first having been thoroughly calcined, is . ` very finely in the mills you see, which are kept continually r ; tcytJriiid the large quantity daily used. When this clay is 'j-Wtib sulphuric ncid.' tiie alumina is extracted, tuid finally ' as alum..: - ` ' V-/ c l ay st o r ar k. ' ; . : Wc now pass hut of the day-grinding room; turn to die and on the opposite side of the street down which ve a passing find other bufldings connected with tlie. nianufac alum, and aLso q slied (marked No. 9) containing some ^000 this valuable earth.';' ` -* ' ' ' "a l u min o u s c a k s . ' '' 'r. . We. pass into the alum-cake deportment (marked No The aluminous cake is the crudest form of alum, and consis ply ofa treatment of white clay--mostly English--with acid ed down to hardness and ground up to a powder. * : - .. ti a t t a c k in g d h p a k t k r n t . ,, ' From this room-we cuter what is known as'iui ^attac ;4.` - ;' :* . 'i # : . t* . ' '-1 .*i' ' LHC 0070 'I1 P' ' :' ' .. H* ((6) '' r<- If department (marked No. u). You will here see the large vats for the treatment of the alum clay with sulphuric acid, which extrails the valuable constituent, leaving all the insoluble and useless material. ' LARGE BOILER-HOUSE TOR THE ALUM DEPARTMENT.. Ik 12 s.v $ te . We now again go out on the street, walk up on th< westside, passing the clay stores (marked No. 9) agajn, and by the boiler- house, at the head of the street (marked No.' 12).' -The boilers in this house are intended solely for the use of the aluiu-tuaking de^ partinent. There are nine of them, with Ca"capacity of between 600 and 700 horse-power. ' ; 4,.' %' ; ` ATTACK HOUSK.'^' X ; J.'-a!>* '-"Cr/ f?:- '<; :).:>V 13 |>-i' .14 '$'V V` .-! We now enter another building, also ^khown as an " attack ', building, but really used for the separation of tlie extraneous mate rial from thealumina solution.also for the partial purification ofthe same. In the cellar of this building we notice engines and mills (marked No. 13) for the grinding of some of the material used in the purification processes; and on the second floor we find a number of filters (marked No. 14), which', ore used for-tak*. iug out-the remaining light insoluble matter, which. VfiU. not - readily settle. . . We leave this "attack*1 building by a passageway over the' roof of a building containing tanks for purification processes, and 15' pass into the main alum building (marked No.-is), which on May 34 was nearly destroyed by fire, but is, as you see, now`rebuilt and again in working order. We pass more filters and set 16 tling Ix j x c s , and see the alum boiled down (marked No.-16) to a thick mass, which is fluid when hot, but becomes solid when f-j> i-'i -,ir- cold, somewhat resembling a clear sugar-candy. This is perfect ly pure sulphate of alumina, or concentrated alum., . ' " p u r e s t a l u m. We continue through this building, passing stacks'of.-alum' ready for shipment. Alum bears a very important part .in the' manufacture of colors, and it is very necessary that it be pure. The purest made is that known a* "Turkey-Red " alum (sample : ' iV . "' - * . - " * , -1 - :r f: rt ':,. -i%. i- - '. - ,**, /* ' -.<-> t- I * St v- if. ,-t---.Ia'}.- vt 'j '< #T . &; v. ... . - at No.. 17), and is intended for turkey-red dyers; it pure or free from other substances.that one pound of matter could.not be found ja -ioo,009 pounds of the al .- . ALUM^ED IfyCOLORS. - Alum is interesting. (o.th'c;pain Jman as giving th carmine hnd pearly all lake cplprs, add is used also iu g lows,.Prussian blues, aji4Co^ier paints.: The produc works is about 300 bariela'dqily. :^he alum used iu ... .. Wepassoutof this JmH.4isV'cn?ss"0,1`:'of the railroa . and go^up .stairs into' the'jiaWrBto^Jmtldiug (marke . where; In (jiie'of the bcst-appQjhted and largest labora ncctcd yrith anyestablishmensome half-dozen chemis tinually at workexamming the crude material that c . the factory pud testing, the finished products. Besides ists cipploypdili the laboi^torj^ ipach department is supe ' chemist'who has his own] mindf laboratory or testing all the processes of this :establishment tests must lie c ... made to determine that the professes are being properl ed-'J /The /secrets" of the business of this finn arc th men't of able talent and^ close attention (o chemical p hacked up by a liberal expenditure for experiment. ANOTHER ACID-CHAMBER bu x i.d in g . - * * "*W * ^ Prom the laboratory building--ou tlie top of which wutcr-tanks, and under whlchtre'stored, on the fust flo nml In the cellar brimstone--we'poss to another large containing Chambers 1 and a. ;jt will.be noticed that buildings are of substantial stofie and brick. At No, 19'are the boilers giyjug the steam which mu tinually supplied to the pcidfljambers; they are four her,- of`about 200 horse-power.*?)?,' tp; . ," . , ACID 5UTOXK*S. ; . .* . *- Walking beneath the chambers, through the ` coal c see <}il of vitriol stored iu'earboys, and come to the ... :.,-T v. . w.. ' ; 1%' ,fH > ,*i.. V<7t LMC 0  ' -."V, Ss.- (8) . ' h , -C- . CONCENTRATING APPARATUS. ' ' . The acid from the chambers fa first passed mto leaden pans 'i 2 (marked No. 20), supported o iron framework enclosed in brick,- in which the first concentration fa made. From these it passes. t 2! into the platinum stills (marked No. *i), ofwhich there are two sets constantly at work. These stills are very costly apparatus, al*.. though externally they do not impress atiy one as being,very ' . valuable. They consist of a number of platinum dishes enclosed in lead; each dish has on adtual money-value of some $jcco. . " .'.The entire plant represents about $15,000,. though. the spaep.. `j'V ) ; \ . *.. '*} *- .'V1 jv 1.1. : i,.* . . >, `' 4-**.tV. vA't'1* v'c'. occupied by it fa small.. ` I:: .' * * ' , . | \ 1 . TBS THBORV OP CONCENTRATION. ,, - Sulphuric acid fa very eager for water^-io eager that if a .sau-.- cerful of oil of vitriol be exposed it will draw the atmospheric moist- ure to it and soou run over'the sides of the dish, increasing-its. bulk and weakening itself accordingly. Concentration simply consists of depriving the acid of its water by means of heat. Immense quantities of water are necessary to surround the ap paratus to cool the acid after concentration, its temperature being from 600 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit when it leaves the platinum apparatus. ' . , . -'`"A. At No. 23 fa a large tank for storing oil, of vitriol in bulk; ` this tank will hold about 800 carlwyit, ' ' '. At No. 23 is the apparatus for movingoil ofvltriol. It consists of large receivers made of iron, lined with lead, into which the acid flows; when filled,' the supply fa cut oftj and air, under heavy pressure, fa forced on top, driving the neid out from the bottom by a suitable outlet. As add fa almost twice ns heavy ns water, tl will lake tilsmt twice the. pressure to lift it to any height; consequently, the air-pressure required fa somelimcs very great, the acid frequently being lifted to a height of sixtyfeet. It is furred by this system to the different portions of the work*. Its uses in the pniut dcpartnicot arc numerous. - ' >, ` .. Sulphuric acid lias already been referred to ns a sort of prime motor of chemical maiutfadluring processes; it might al most be compared with tlie engine that moves the machinery of a p- 1 * b -ia - m. % fki t .f'jl r r$* $01 factory.,It tyould be" diffipul^ to Blithe a paiut-- thing conneded^with-pajqt^in which this imp . cannot be found as a consjitueiit or diredly enter nedted with, its preparation- r!lt fa a large ingredie . that great bugbear iqf: the.paintuig. frateniity, "b is a compound of bariumfamjr sulphuric acid. I . in all chrome yellows wlt% a^f paler than a neutr / cven-in this it is a eppstitueatipfsome of the salts manufacture..^:, It will foun'd^n -soqiie form tu the /eqrth pajnts.j.qlt is employe^, fhe/rekning and b -' 1. In'these wdrkrftbere are'fofir setsofsulphur bur haveseeti, eaghburningdailyfripn5000 to 6000 poun stone, or a total of21,000 to 23,000pounds. ) The fur linuously, dayjaiid nigK^ee^days' phd Sundays when necessary to repair ;the fchambers.The da about 1 io .o o o pounds of^chamber addequal to of concentrate^ sulphuric add'or oil of vitriol. ` l >`a-` ` ' * oxxpna o p .u u d . r From the sulphuric acid.deportment we gq i department,-passing a- lar^c; stack qf.pig lead re froni the carson the adjoiningsidingj into the furna fa found a number of retorU ^marked. No. 24). . T placed in these, and when melted, ihVretorts are m thereby constantly exposing a.fresh -surface of me atmosphere and effediittg a rapid oxidation. This mitcli a combustion asin the case of the brimstone. ciple of the atmosphere, oxygen, coniblnw with the combination.or when lliesinollestqimnlity is taken, g nr the yellow oxide, also known as imqssicot; a liu red lend, or red oxide, also known hs mimuin. I lien ted very hot, still more oxygen fa taken up, mid fa formed whicli is pf no injerest hi jhtten; in fac muy inamifnetq'ry.Hueli audxidj.wouljl Jxs known os. OKINDINO AND LRVI0AT1ON Oi* OXllnt Wc rapidly pass through this building, by the No. 35) In which the litharge from the retorts fa .Lt li'J 'I 007  > ` ' , .V ..; # * *r t.**` . (io) ' f-5-- .' A water to separate the unoxidizcd portions, by the pan? (markqd-i- ,} ' ^26 No. 26) bit which the separated fine lithargeis dried, and by.thq;- 27- uiills fniarked No. 27} in which tlie dry product is ground up 1 riady for packing. - .1. ./: ' *' : . . THE RETORT SYSTEM. j. | I '"W. controlled by patents in the United States byHarrison Bros. & Co?,- y.. V- 5/ K . for making red lead and litharge, as shown here, gives a very pur|;/ /-If- ~ * * '4 product; the lead is entirely guarded From contact with the flame; ( r/-,' Ife thereby preventing cinders and other dirt from the furnace beeom-v- i ing mixedwith it, as in the ordinary apparatus, in which the flame ft passes over it. A large part of tlie product' made here is used.,. *. V by flint-glass makers, and as they.can use only the very purest qf jvi ' material, it follows that forall fine purposes in otherlines of niahh|>;V.'". fiuflure where these oxides are required the' prpdudt of this partment should be used, i,.V Iy-i,,'< " . OXIDES FOR VARNISH MAKERS^ ' f- 1 V;> ' v ! --vi*- The next in importance to glass makers is the varnish hade; . the "Harrison" oxides are well known'among.the more,par* ticular varnish manufacturers, going to alt parts of the couii\ . .rii,., try,-the Western manufacturers especially regarding them-as, standard goods. The same litharge that is used by glass tnaJeers >'4.. ami varnish manufacturers is employed in this .JsuSory in color . 'M. f.:-. . making, and is dcliveml direct, without any charge for packing j or haudling, to tlie color-making department, .into which tye shall shortly enter. ` These retorts, thirteen in number, require 45 tons of lead week*-',;,-: ly to keep them in operation. ' \' mu r ia t ic a n d n it r ic a c id s . 28 V., As we are leaving this building wc see to the left (marked > '< No. 2H) the muriatic and nitric acid plants, which depend diredtlytipon the sulphuric acid department. The one is.made by; j*.V treating common salt, or any other muriate, with sulphuric add, ;-v which takes the place of the murmticacid, the latter being driven.' offas a gas and collected in the necessary receivers; and for nitric; >' acid the same process is used, nitrate of soda or any other nitrate _' being employed. Nitrate of soda, being a dangerous substance . .. f.o iilfii \? -1- :y w;. a -r 4.v V (?*) ' S, r ,, . vault, which may (ip seen,'aj N^T?9- Store . ... - - STORKHOliSKS, ST^BI^Eg.ANip'cboPBR S ' . - Beyond. on the left, are storage houses, stable ; ;;.o etc., which w^ can see in tjje distance ^ we pass .';I (mariced.Np. jbj supplyin^'steara forpump* whi fpralab waterfor prdipa^yjD^ and ifttase of fi t->`' trty ?f. water dpily iised at'thewVorM 14 from 400 gallon^ /There are three ^jjlefp,?pf a total capac ' ; power,.two'large pumps,' 'seyemf.WlI ones'and a pressor;in tj/is departmcnt^f^W/ 'MS-.ij:. [ V' -We'noivsce\the:`C-j.M^MjiHf.; `Sw*- S" :-:S : - ... cm the left (marked No,-gt^wh^re large quantitie f nartshorp, are daily Hiade^This ari^ful artic I.' us^ lrlJtI,cm STORES ^4.3J-hlay. b<;; se^n''pros,es. of.ammonia a 14 ; ' 1' Tu'e employed thei^uta'; i ma . by the dry. distillation of/wotf: Up, * ,>rod , pf-obarroal, ijnow^Jn its;fjrude fonn and , the charcoal works,' whlc^are^riudpdjly J,, tIlc kuown^s *,^l**bundantt ; is nii^ed with lim known ps acetate ofiimfr-- very aromatic sabstauc , nary impure state.. ;,A sample of acetate of lime at (. nicanijpfsulphuric and mujiaUc/icids thi acetic aci ^.ffoai tlic ace^ate of lime, apdj b^-dlstilhitipu collecte fe^uffiefent?'^%?^Ufn`,eroi,Srio'i,PuHficalio i^ tofhcientiy pnrifie4 from the empyreumatic matte cause of ,ts source of productionfjlccaMrilv ' ' Vi?.-' v.- 4i LMC tfVWt- '"-V r, , ' ` A ' ''V:,- . :;V r r^t ^' :lSn cl3- ' '3 i : i > <T* ?? The acetic acid made in-this way is-precisely the same as that ;; ,;-:, V. made from alcohol in the fermentation of ciderand other alcoholic ' , .1 >- of color makipgare cafnedo^^pn the jirst floor on. the l .get a hasty glimpse of a 1^5 ^||'' '^ l'' material. The quantity of acetic acid made daily in these works ; \, i.; * is |6,ooo pounds, which would be equal to the acid in 450 barplj^,1;. of table vinegar.- Acetic apid plays a've*y,impoftmt|rtmqql^:j:^*- iV`.` making, forming, when mixed with litharge, acetateof lead, or the; * . -1 i-Vti. ; *(marked;lf6,`37j|re^en%j^ifwWfepdrinientally on Mi;d^yI-ya-appplielied'q;/pprriihhcciippllMes,'.*'.wwllIIeerreeWW:'ttihieWtodppeentattiioohhddf drying is. 'i: well-known sugar of lead--probably more used.in color making. , * than any other salt " ' ' ..'- ' . A chart is shown which gives-a very clear idea of howthe ' . **. f '* . / expedited. ' 'Tq*hhe*. next'.floor above.is pimply/devoted to stora_ge a .. . holding large.vaU which oper^onto theJhird floor. At tlie Grays Ferry Chemical Works produce the fiues^painters' colors^; -j iff from the crudest material./,; . ' . ';c-\ : TWe leave the acetic-acid building, passing by the special lab- ! 1, .'.' of the stairs.;^n'the third(g^^tthe-.fqlor/inaker'A labo (marked NQ. -'38}.^,The coIqrjTpjW^' is ;|a/;chffaist trained ;.'; general labori)toryrof the wor^sirand he;,has for his ass 35: oratory for this department (marked No. 35), stroll up the street; ,t-. 3-:h leading to the wharf on the Schylkill River--at which the largest. I . . doss of sea-going vessels can discharge--and now dircift our steps ; . practical color makers who hayq had experience in Europ ,1 America; so. that this departtneqt.- is well equipped with ' nMeAc/uekesesaa>tytf ItnallAeinti.t ^Whi"le'*/l -i***4^f- - f>.**' . ;i:.. to the departments which will more closely interest our. friends...*-'; ' J F/ V -V cQLQ^i'M^rNG'.IlP' As we turn into one of the cross streets we; pass at the cor/.-. /' I *'t . . V .r'l,' . .. . -`f ?-r ' nerthe. . < 36 . . : OIL-TREATING HOUSE, '' - '" - in which are seen a number of large kettles in which tlie oil is be:. *; ing treated to remove all impurities and give it much greater durar/v'.'iy; :L*>' ,\P ; bility.' It may be unnecessary to state that it requires a pigment ' ,.;,// and a vehicle such as oil or varnish to make a paint. ' Both ore1 ' *. I* * essential, but on the oil the more deixaids; mid It is the great obi-- .'involves what might he .called toaiiy :V,itile:<>f-thumb,> o tions, yet every'one of these^ so-calledrule-of-thumb*' . tices, when'.yipwed from a scientific ^standpoint, is capa being' resolved aj^d aqtplified^htoircrVq^fe' practices. A deal of mystpjy-^ throvvnr. grjundrthiq.-,b'usiness, but, afte success depends qpou'education guided;by't practical experi Many of the most valuably cfiejuical theories have been ev ject in the paint works of this establishment not only to bring * the oil itself to tlic most desirable condition, but to combine it lit-1"', the best manner with the pigments used. The handling,of this/; from fadts or results noticed Jand'Tcnowp'.for a long lim workinen{ and it hi only.when s^me'pne of;tliem iiujuircsyul .cause of certain effects Utat tly reasou^fCalieory is finally f oil is particularly worthy of notice. It is transmitted by means.' of air-pressure directly to the boilers from the cellar of a building. 1 .covcrctl and -more fuiry asund ^leiitlficaily.-ap.p. liwl. ' Whe. tlie color-mninakinigr idlenpnartmnimenrt.,-ijIUfl. AlausjscAci4rstnritn/ucdi itihisait fbMfrmowfn* s where It is stored In large iron tank*; litis edifice U about 350 feet .,. ' of lead--an impure salt an compared wlUf the liciiuUful w distant. After treatment' it is siphoned into q large receiver,-.' crystallized sugar .of lead--wiy make certain, colors which whence again it is delivered by this air-pressure into the nettling-'.- i M tanks in the different stories of the paint buildings, from whence'. white will not produce, we'sdouJlenrii Jthotjthe very im ties, which consist of pyroligpeqpf - matters,rhave a jicc It I* drown for use. . f - ' V' / monluiiting effect-which pravduUjUiL-'ren/tion of the res * We arc now entering the ... . \ ... . l-KINCIFAL COl-OM-MAKING IIUU.DWO, . ' ' ,. !>/> and we pass tire different floors where the-principal operations ' .. t 17*4. P O,' i*., . * :4 sails ou the newly-formed cotorU reactioa'thnl would take p if absolutely pure cllcmicaU wm used, without the pyroligne mordant or it* equivalent. -. . } . . -i . . ' "" # LMC 007050 ,. , ... ..(14) / . . 3*..; * VN .< ' The operations carried on on this floor 'are " those for1 the manufacture of the different * -y- . ': " . Vw o o d l a k e s , '. Florentine, chatamuc, etc.--also rose pink ^and Tuscon, red,. -which art properly classed with the lake colors. r The latter,ia ; a sort of connecting-link' between the lake colors and th^jrare > . -*H/ .- .mineral colors, being a combination, when properly made, of. a good wood lake with Indian red. .. 1.' ... j , . . . After a hasty glance here we pass up to the. S,i- ,y FLOOR, ' where we see the drying rooms, mills for grind|pg.vermiJiops^ajid \w the bins for storage for name. - ^ ' . Ou the .... FIFTH FLOOR. ' j .' ' ^ ; -V* i ' t. we again pass storage bins, packing tables pd.drying toottvs.; Here the drying rooms are thrown open for inspection.. They are . arranged with non-conducting material at the floor and filing . to prevent any fire spreading that may occur from spontaneous ; combustion due to the presence of the hot steam-pipes and dry ing frame*. The successful drying room must be provided with f a continual supply of dry air, which becomes,saturated with .the m.) moisture of the material to be dried, and is then exhausted by ; \ means of the nsual exhaust appliances. " 1 ' : ". We now pass from this building over a bridge, crossing its - lower control part and having quite a good view of the adjacent ,; city; also a sight of tho1,.. ' .. . -. DAVTIMQKU AHD OIIIO MH.HOAD. ; Inlet to Philadelphia, which is rapidly approaching' completion. ; beyond the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cut arc the Kalion Chemical Works, which have been construifted at the instance1 of J the owners of the Grays Ferry Chemical Works and Mr. Henry- ; Bower for the manufadlnte of bichromate of.potash,, one of {liemost important of color-making.salts. All of. the bichromate of ;;. potash used at the Grays Ferry Chemical Work* comes from the factory which we see before us, and is the purest made. By many ; >* A;vit*. fe; ,, V- i . t .: '.V' '-&K?uK- .? e-5 `. v7:' Zf' -' ; ri*'v:f ^ vf:*;J?>. ... . : who are unprejudiced i{ is preferred|'to, the Scotch make, w has always been coa6idered;yery pure.V . We now entet the .flftbvflcor of.the south end of the - Color-a*aleiar bpilding, pa# thj- ; < *tua:j :'i (marked No.'3$a^d No'40), thendojenthibugh Uiefourth which is devoted to the storage.of blues and greens, thenc . , Har..d .floor, :wZ h` er-re wk e see the'operatio,n fo. f'.-i . .... pwwfcttf .^Dfj^ipxtRtlWof prussiate of ,i. from pruttiat^pfj potash);an^%n irppirsalt, generally copp - . The subsequent operationsYponjjist pit oxidizing the precip to different degrees of oxidation, so 'as'ito produce light or ; blues those that wilt make skyiblue'tints or purple tints, t rV` 'w.'it.hWberonnpzye^r'tentaip! .*i|hto.. thi'e-'"jii'lln-CtrKaji'-ifttiilpiinr oi/f the building, w' . ^ may te'.nqted th? operations OfTOe 3'45 '-!` - : vi (marked No^4ijatfd yellowy (marki;No:. 4s).', The colon ; {ron* % Vkktyre prepared in the smaller v .. having thenfc^iy steam-'jiiiaiupply.pipqs; through the l ;. the material may^beffoorrcceeddIinnttoo|thhee ttuuhbes|.'tbyyjtlhiee eevveerr--porreesseenutt , 10,1 Compressed aif. |The *olutionji;of chemicals dilute ; proper density.are mu jointly idfo tlm large tiilai into which color.is,"struck," to use.the.cplor.pinked vcnwciJlar. T ^opero^nfokp^as u^^^.^ ., :; W?*'- It ia at this point that for lowgrade colon the adulterants 3U,C?eTfu^>r W5ed : Ule ,1,ain adujteraiit 'is that article which . robb?d many a'painter of mon^--haf-ylfes.. It is perhaps w FTP* * ^^^KionKBnw it serves the pitrp . of diluting a co]or, or. more p^perty*|peakiT.g, separating > Part,c*e* *nd pcosibly preventing reactions which might ta place more speedily if the color were perfectly pure. Barytes its precipitated.form, or f hlaac, fixe;-fa.an invaloble mate : iS*JL ,m LMC 00705 (16) 4 - *4 ,V ' - : when used as a base for(certain light lake, cohort, which could . 'y., hardly he collected but for such a base; so, when^au analysis of e'-V . y 1.9 - color shows tle presence of barytes it is necessary to go farther-- ' : ` mid the intelligent analyst knows how to go fartber-T-to discover whether this sulphate, of' baryta which he .fin^S is the crude,. native mineral simply ground to a fine powder'or .that prpciprj - ' '* ` : tated to impalpable fineness from solutions--;thlblanc fixe..xTh?ii proprietors of these works'stand alonein having' steadily'^pqfj ^.V !j liH . W sceoneof t 2!i?employed for:filteri4the witor Used in these work The clearest ofyi'aier niayaj^tainplcnierits destructive not only t thij.filferremovesf'- -- persistently for a long time past exposed to painters tlie frauds Vj* . ' practised on them ; yet they know that sulphate of baryta is lilpe : a great many other tilings in constant use--it.ripiy be used prop-,' . ' . . erly or it may be abused! , On general principles,'-however, it' Is '; safe to resolutely tnrti' from any color which.consists,.Iargefy, of. ^.v: barytes. Some colors !arfe wonderfully strong/and.-may still ` : apparently good colors,' when there is no standard for com- ' /: " parison by, and yet contain 95 per cent, or more of tbis adul-' -,`;V / terant. . .'' ,. : VJVtKVL ' .. .............. ?*-. V\ .-/ ' We now go down another flight of steps,-pass filters of all kinds, shapes and sizes from the ordinary box -frame and niqslin - i; style to tlie elaborate filter press, in whichf- the operation^of *?:' filtering and pressing are carried ou at once--we get a distant ,- view of the slowly filtering blues. Pure blue it to extremely fine ' ' and so nearly in a state of solution that it cannot readily be'fil- ' - tcr-prvsscd, the immense pressure driving it through almost.any ' fabric that will allow the passage of water.. -` . . ` '] ' ItNCUSIt AND AKTU'ICMI, VRttMl&TOtt. ' In nuotlier direction are seen machines for tlie manufacture . of Kiiglisli vennilion, and the red coloration shows tlie place of manufacture of artificial vennilion, this latter, when well made, ' ' ` lieing, for temporary painting, a lieantiful subalitute for tliQ Eng- ' , Iis,u ; - \ ' ' AMKHICAN VltKMtl.IOHi Jv . ' . " , lend one be . .. . . will meet the. ffeman^dffthe.J^entij'day,'must be p. ;, :... can lsppph?d from !cmtal ito? .. ' :'dview of th& Sw- , ,b0 h fr Wan` fr6P ie impossibility ofcon '. *"^"511 ?wge company through the mgny passagTs leading into the ddferent deportments. ^TWcan ** with on? X It . a time when ipgress and egfess tgii.comfortably be made through P^ageway;rft:^;rmpo4ible!to^slww the e>*boratesieving apparatus , and the deta^ ofother Operatioifofrolor making: : - / ' : ';c`'-':DRVj;P4INr- GSINDTMC'. . . .r- ; ' mcJan"^0 ^ making depart- - an ,,,[ir,10,>*!;in'wliich, operated l>y coforo^5" engine/ area number of mills for grinding dry - W1^ ** eitlier'iu process of grinding stmut. arotipd ground, or: ready: tQ be j^pund, blackse um!x>ni sicmm*. ochre, and other We now enter into another nsl dejiartiiient-T-'whereeverything ' is painted red, as it were; this is the American vennilion or imperial scarlet department. The artificial vennilion has largely token the- - * . boilers in this boti^. aggregating ^ hope-power. are five V- "-rJr - . . ' a . . - ... . ' .. ' -V LHC 0070509 (18) MACHINE SHOP. '/> ` Vising between the boiler-house end the principal mill . house, we enter the latter at the east end to have a view of the machine shop of the works, in which are constructed the paint- . . mills used in the establishment, and where repairs to machinery : 43 are made. is*. . . ' AIK COMPRESSORS. . " ' . V.. We see several large air compressors (marked No. 43) at ;y%44 work, have a view of the principal engine .{marked Noli 44) for the paint department, and then enter the white paint depart-. meat. ..7' .. ' 1 : r o t ar y utiuo cooMWKg^.-1".. ' V uY-'. 1 \.. * 45 A feature of the white paint grinding of this establishment is . that os it comes from the mill all the ground material is imme diately cooled by rotary coolers (marked No.:-4s) fed with a epn- tiuous supply of cold water. . . , ' . j ^ . ., ' . STANDS VOX AGEING ABAD. ' ' 1 " ' ' ' ' prom thro it fa conducted into large stand tasks (marked. 46 No. 46) holding- from 4000 to 8000 pounds each, where it is. allowed to season and to age. It is claimed that this gives the lead better working properties, and in substantiation of this claim many painters--especially in New York city-- . will use tlic Harrison lead and accord it the-same place in their estimation os they did the English lead, which at onp time was so extensively used in the seaboard cities. When lead is packed freshly ground from the mill, it is apt to be lumpy in the keg, and it will acquire bad color when the mills run very hot. Many painters have noticed that lead has been delivered to them ; fresh from the factory so hot that the. packages could;be 1 t\. handled only with discomfort. It Is claimed for incut that more attention is given to the .needs of this depaft7... the different * classes of lead consumers Ilian in that of any other lead worki.. The stiff, clicesy lead, auch as already mentioned, and preferred painters who have been accustomed to English lead, and Who > Ti ft . tv. y -r> .i ... $ -ft-1.- . r j .- *:L'. , a dp not mind t{ie labor of hreakfcg itup; a stiff ground not so stiff as the above, intended especially for inside fl a lead that cap be used' wjth' pcrfedl'-confidciice of goo free fpom spot*; a thinner ground lead,',intended for outs and rather Qily, kupwn.'M',:,ouUldc,';1Iettd; lead ground ly for oil-cloth:*jakerj le(ui''pecully: for shade-cloth ajid'for other, iradca--are. among, somp 'of .the specialties depaxtment'.'^omeof thejwst.fresco'work of tlii3 city li ;v: dowwlusiyely.with^^arritoq^lead^ Only the ~ 1 u* _^owri^ereJw tliq corroding is a;*;?. ,<* ** tbe-old works'-in the Kensington dutridl p'f this pity; th Ferry Works fieing corppamtiwly rierwiiiaving all been since i860,-after the place Kensington had become un the demandslof the Jjusjnf^'&f tbe^rm*. As the Ken &;/ U.*4*. work* are alpost excltt^el^'devotyd to the manufa white lead,,pad have.vptygrgd facilities for grinding an . iugfacilitiesr--wbich arj often'rdefident in other lead wor .product i*-one of unusual Whiieqessand fineness; so snowy; whiteness the "jKarrisp^* lead |annot be excelled visiting members of the qsrodmou* desiring to see the of-..white leai'manufactureriSrtll {be>! furnished with ' through the Kensington'^pfkah-.. ` **j? ' T We "W goto the upper story, noting on our way the "* tlic On the second we passjapidly by.'fbe pans (marked N for heating the material pn<* to grinding,'this hcatiug in ,fr5edo?t{ *rom Wel'^ce the mixers (m . No. 49) for.mixmg the whije Jiaint jrith the oil prepara gnndingi'.a^djhcntlakp'crn^rbpto tbyoug^ihe ' r'| Cowm;rA^xjN^nitPAj.TMKNT, ' MwhiitekrMe ithf.e.. ^ paifits li.n_ s. m' .ailfi *^can4V*!-a11 re.'lJa1vb^ e.l.led- mid. put up for shipment2 Each .pau^befdrp shipping is passed th -21T 4-'.t if*. i v `.u * uLt. f.: . Y*M.T'r* LMC 007051 (20) 'a steam testing machine, to determine any.'..leak, that to..this,'',-,., point, may have escaped notice. . . We now file past a long line of twenty iucly.' 'V cotOR mu a s . 50 (marked No. 50) devoted to' the grinding of the coarser kinds'of >" . painters' colors, and then have a view of the mill room (markedly' '51 No. 51) which is occupied to every Inch of available space'with :`t small (ten inch) stone mills in which fine painters] colors^are. :.'J ground. The business 'of this firm in painters' colors 'has';.' f grown to be almost eiclusively one line--their striiflly pure-iyiv . .* goods. It Is confidently believed by them that no other housed'*.*1 * ; ..is offering to the painters at ordinary prices a full lineOt absd|ute-.`\(;;' $% irpwccoiora-' .rv . >-. We ascend to the t.hird 'floor and have a v-iew of the'';:p;JtyvV-. S'- MEW Mtl.1. UOOM ;-52 (marked No. 52) for the grinding of painters'-.colors, in which* will to placed os rapidly as they can be finished about, aijp of .n,: ; ` these small mills.. _ : - . There is not an iron.mill in use in the entire establishment;v ii-,. : / t. all the grinding is done' between the best burr stones.;: fn'Jthis;^y;'.'.!< way the purity of the tone of the color is maintained,^ Iron milla' i-. f1? " will sj)oil a color, even as dark as burnt umber, when it is at- .f ] ' tempted to grind to extreme fineness. . ' V;v,.,~ #' . Tlie construction of this room for grinding- fine colors gives > ' the very lost of light and entire freedom from'dust. Harrisons' * T; painters' colors, such as umlors, siennas, Prussian blucs. ctc., nrc so finely ground, that the falling dust will fre<ttteiitly injure'", them enough to require their re-grinding^ :' We now crons the bridge to the upper floor of the . - . KKA1IY mXKII I'AINT iHtl'ATMItNT, . . ; ` ` Which U supplied with .while lead and zinc from the white paint department, and with coiora from the color-grinding department. T*\ The oil is delivered hy air-pressure from tlie oil-treating house to . the upper flour oftliis building, and mixed with the while lead ' ami zinc white in tlie . . .'. - V7...' ....'vv -MSMf.; %. ;. ; 1 ' v: && S. V -ur* .- *('na5ke4No^;;^), ,tba^;^:;ttV;seenj&tending their ' le ,. -through vthif-; several -"stories;!?EnchTpf:`Uese' mixers : 5 , mix 70a gallons at] bpepm^';. There an twelve of / -i; w,uc,> cfrarged/ddily^hat iSs'iiecessary; but it is "deredPTFfefpi*?* tomix forat least ^Thours. By this a t r -J i' p; ough^of piiy.ing ^ otjtiteei^rhidtltyVonld be impossib ''-Tf Biwpy rire-only used for mi tlie white leajl apd zinc bps&orfiip paijr^-the coloring is don " being dr > At-??aodtbeingcolcn ^'V in long lin ." ^' u' *ebac^?tanPnksf'ftbhee^peasitnotreJitanks'hoidavfro&mfi'fjofotor2s0a0leggaalllloonnss;; f ;e. ;- We,' probably,- should'notWer Iong|iii- this ddeecpartment . ^ many.painters am not fifaKttyMb,paihpf?mixcd ready for u wet tHIiifc, with great justice, that 'to introduce tl "l. si 'C g^1^17^?i^W^0`le 'rbaye?inalel>S popular demand --.I.WriW-C>O.\ivylb*}*c.h,noeeffoforrttooffththeejSpainintcterrhhimimsseelflfwwoouuldldeevveerrhhaa succeeded In ^^tiug. Ifjp^dy.fcixed'paihts have tempora ., turned some pqoj-,mechanic^.into.tpainty, the change at oc y patron h.as not lastedjong.w* think, bemmsp. the man who l : -' Pftii'Hi'gto do soou finds that- to haY^it' doue effiricntly -.^.h-efficent rnec!muic.rmt be employed.. ,Thi man who iTennh : ' " do bm own painting, b/ merihs of^these jmints otherw . would not have painted at >II>i'and':`price . his bnildings n f^.l'C1re' t "' l > co or' the Improvement ]is 10 great that ' l '. thinks,he-miwt-crmUnne t&.keip. tlicurjiu/goml npiH.`flratK , eventually to tl,c employmeutof tteexix-rieiKml painte ,V.. }Va.W,eVthat 1/the Influence ^ndy;mixerl paints upon t , r . business of practical painters b. cnre<uUy' examincd it w '. be found largely; to their advantage injmrauy indlreifl, if n . dirtjift.ways, or that the advantage* accruing Trota the intro . duclion of these goods have been^^greater,>y for than the disa >i.'% t- MX . . /- i-* V ` pit*-'-. i -J. : A-: -UP' * J^*r I #*' I*MC 0070 \ -\U. , iJf Sity. r;.|t yy'h .# ' ' v . ._ v '* vantages. The niuewgutnents thnt are used to-day agaiustready- .'r.. * ' mixed could with equal justice have been urged against co01lo01rs8 .'}' - ground in oil, which deprived many shops of the labor over Slab. :,- v H jy. Br ' -'-WW W\ 11 : .1 .- -. . : .4..* 3J .v and muller-- tabor someof ourolder visitors may yet remember.' 'V /' ' jt^c think it can hardly be recalled os a pleasurable labor. r.< \*:*j v(fj>Some fa<!ls- ihconnedlion with the paint'l business arts' ' . wortliy ofconsideration.'! Thereis, probably,'morecapitalinves*t<e*d* ;: ` j ' *.* ?.-cc m% ' > -0 in the manufacture of ready-mixed paints'than in any Mo,tthheerr - . ,, branch of the paint business, yet every division of the', paint; ; 'I* '.* ' business has iucreaserC' proportionately with the genera}, in-/;.' - ;'V- v.. Wt ' crcasc of manufactures, itt this country. J'They have evidently'-'-'; . i':' ^5Vt* . found a place for" themselves which canndt'-be ignored;.!^the11'':''-. 'i...S:' . . `.>M place were not vacant, then it was made, and!it has been made;-"' - S' '> we think, peruianently: Many thousands `of gallons of trash ' ^ V.- . have been made, portly through ignorance of the proper methods 'i'S |f#f '-- ... tp b - p > 'A.i t. i' wur__o . S*C . o , - Pt-, of mixing the paint so as to cause it to keep well for a long time,/. ' '-and perhaps more through the cupidity of the niaiiufadturer3'who\''" .y-ii-;' ''Sr- ^ !,fec jioi' $ ,?"' ^ .i..,wl-.a.a..'. .v*: . 'i o s d . < ` , could use will carry lime water, silicate water in indefinite oquf saondtaitieasn-dinottohearncoomil ppoauinndt:s' , wtohi.icchn .ho.v.;; , ;;: ^i.y-I4*4-t**!3&rHP<*-- *-< -..! ' the other hand, there are a number of manufacturers who ore ':' fS-fir " - honestly, striving to' give an article tliat.will meet the require-, '-.,!'.1 ys ' merits 'of the most critical, And that-is certainly the'aim pf.thfali.^ - ,-honse.' : t . ;" ' ?'$? ! : ; . V We pass through the cellar of this buildjhg, which gives :; : '-* ' . . usually fine, dry storage and a good light place-for packing.1''.-1: ,/ S .'i -V- We go to the second floor of the westend, of the building,1 1 -' through printers* sundries storage, across the bridge to thef . .. ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT, " ; ||ll:-. \| si .where the sample ;cards are prepared; thence' through^ the`p fy,-.; m- ` : i printing oflSce where all the labels used by the works are printed,' 7' " .4i:I.j j #v if , s -i a V<and where the numerous publications periodically issued /are ' ' prepared; thence throngh the circular room where the'sample.. ..._ . cards ore finished, down through the office of- the establishment!' s \ . -\J '.V r-. Ovk<SJ!. 'U`h'j 'j *o s g Jti Mt k f^i* - -'3.pi3O***1.O*1i" . . `' . . '', ' and thence to the banqueting tent where it-is-hoped there wil be a great"feast of reason and flow of soul,'* as well as whaf -is more gratifying to the grouser element of.human nature.-;. ' . t :.vi.r3'VK:-5J F*s-i-is Ji,fs: . i9f .K N ao -..-<ag5 ' --- Mi-M k, o S u .A y*<tj ; f. w. ' fit - V' * ` t - .*.v* m:?m!;i * : -r - - i *. j.+i > "V '' Sl'ZVi l i: - *Vi{w ^ * i'i .??*-*;- v-5*r-* ^ Z*. -v - - -v:. j CHART; i-.-y -.- . Illustrating the Manufacture of American 'Vermilion from the Crude Material, through the . Different Siaget, to the Finished Product. ; - Tan Bark, v> r V: - - -v^wg- Lead, 'f%.... It-'-/* <r^.|.vvv>v t ' ' * -If-.Vl'f' ", - /\::\/p -^r*-n-vTtruijo--di, i~i- ^; i'ypTroTloiglinreneO6nfSf*'AAxcaiad..' .TS-'-V - W..hite Lead; ft- rsi.-liA> ) -tr/ :r *.:' t-t-i&;>, . of Lime --............ .. ~ r--a X^imestooc, .... * * * l4t*, Acetic Add. -- v. * * . Crystallized - . Red Chrome, * Brimstone, * . . Mtniatic Oxygen, (air), . SulphuricAcid Acid _., and Sulphuric Add. V,'. or American . ;` Vermilion. ' Nitrate of Soda, ., SulphateofPotash.) '-.1' --'.I' .,?i*?$// -Muriate of Potash,'. '-"'V?} ) fTT rr ,4^pBi.iC'.h4r^oimMftfeteoofPf Poot-sc* 1 ' ' .**'* ' K'v;-V. . ; = li., < ; . ... . ~.V V* Chrome Ore, , , . ,. Chromate of Lime. - \A. *- C ; .Limestone,. , 'V.i.y.:.,. ` . -,.Vis-^ DUP150056219