Document 44Jg3q4zXMqXE76KaV7ejX8eQ

lam 027426 ernmemai Industrial Dn to re. Requests iecretary- 50?i 40? 30? 15? separate jIH under scientific ; sources mentation response er. For a 1 that the ling used. es of the i directed PREFACE THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR 1970 Threshold limit values refer to airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is be lieved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effect. Because of wide varia tion in individual susceptibility, however, a small percentage of workers may experience discomfort from some substances at concentrations at or below the threshold limit, a smaller percentage may be affected more seriously by aggravation of a pre-existing condition or by development of an occupa tional illness. Simple tests are now available (J. Occup. Med. 9, 537, 1967; Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 151 Art. 2, p. 968, 1968) that may be used to detect those individuals hypersusceptible to a variety of industrial chemicals (respiratory irritants, hemolytic chemicals, organic isocyanates, carbon disul fide). These tests may be used to screen out by appropriate job placement the hyperreactive worker and thus in effect improve this "coverage" of the TLVs. Threshold limit values refer to time-weighted concentra tions for a 7 or 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek. They should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be used as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. (Exceptions are the substances listed in Appendices A and E and those substances designated with a "C" or Ceiling value, Appendix C.) Time-weighted averages permit excursions above th.e limit provided they are compensated by equivalent excur sions below the limit during the workday. In some instances it may be permissible to calculate the average concentration for a workweek rather than for a workday. The degree of permissible excursion is related to the magnitude of the threshold limit value of a particular substance as given in Appendix C. The relationship between threshold limit and permissible excursion is a rule of thumb and in certain cases may not apply. The amount by which threshold limits may be exceeded for short periods without injury to health depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations - even for short periods - produce acute poisoning, whether the ef fects are cumulative, the frequency with which high con centrations occur, and the duration of such periods. All factors must be taken into consideration in arriving at de cision as to whether a hazardous condition exists. Threshold limits are based on the best available informa tion from industrial experience, from experimental human and animal studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the three. The basis on which the values are established may differ from substance to substance; protection against impairment of health may be a guiding factor for some, where as reasonable freedom from irritation, narcosis, nuisance or other forms of stress may form the basis for others. The committee holds to the opinion that limits based on physical irritation should be considered no less binding than those based on physical impairment. There is increasing evidence that physical irritation may initiate, promote or accelerate physical impairment through interaction with other chemical or biologic agents. In spite of the fact that serious injury is not believed likely as a result of exposure to the threshold limit concen trations, the best practice is to maintain concentrations of all atmospheric contaminants as low as is practical. These limits are intended for use in the practice of in dustrial hygiene and should be interpreted and applied only by a person trained in this discipline. They are not intended for use, or for modification for use, (1) as a relative index of hazard or toxicity, (2) in the evaluation or control of community air pollution or air pollution nuisances, (3) in estimating the toxic potential of continuous uninterrupted exposures, (4) as proof or disproof of an existing disease or physical conditions, or (5) for adoption by countries whose working conditions -differ from those in the United States of America arid where substances and processes differ. Ceiling vs Time-Weighted Average Limits. Although the time-weighted average concentration provides the most satisfactory, practical way of monitoring airborne agents for compliance with the limits, there are certain substances for which it is inappropriate. In the latter group are sub stances which are predominantly fast acting and whose threshold limit is more appropriately based on this particu lar response. Substances with this type of response are best controlled by a ceiling "C" limit that should not be exceeded. It is implicit in these definitions that the manner of sampling to determine compliance with the limits for each group must differ; a single brief sample, that is applicable to a "C" limit, is not appropriate to the time-weighted limit; here, a sufficient number of samples are needed to permit a time-weighted average concentration throughout a complete cycle of operations or throughout the work shift. LAM 027428 ABS-009272 Whereas the ceiling limit places a definite boundary which concentrations should not be permitted to exceed, the timeweighted average limit requires an explicit limit to the ex cursions that are permissible above the listed values. The magnitude of these excursions may be pegged to the magni tude of the threshold limit by an appropriate factor shown in Appendix C. It should be noted that the same factors are used by the Committee in making a judgment whether to include or exclude a substance for a "C" listing. "Skin" Notation. Listed substances followed by the de signation "Skin" refer to the potential contribution to the over-all exposure by the cutaneous route including mucous membranes and eye, either by airborne, or more particu larly, by direct contact with the substance. Vehicles can alter skin absorption. This attention-calling designation is intended to suggest appropriate measures for the preven tion of cutaneous absorption so that the threshold limit is not invalidated. Mixtures. Special consideration should be given also to the application of the TLVs in assessing the health hazards which may be associated with exposure to mixtures of two or more substances. A brief discussion of basic considerations involved in developing threshold limit values for mixtures, and methods for their development, amplified by specific examples are given in Appendix B. Nuisance Dusts. In' contrast to fibrogenic dusts which cause scar tissue^to be formed in lungs when inhaled in ex cessive amounts, so-called "nuisance" dusts have a long history of little adverse effect on lungs and do not produce significant organic disease or toxic effect when exposures are kept under reasonable control. The nuisance dusts have also been called (biologically) "inert" dusts, but the latter term is inappropriate to the extent that there is no dust which does not evoke some cellular response in the lung when inhaled in sufficient amounts However, the lung-tissue re action caused by inhalation of nuisance dusts has the follow ing characteristics: 1) The architecture of the air spaces remains intact. 2) Collagen (scar tissue) is not formed to a significant extent. 3) The tissue reaction is potentially re versible. Excessive concentrations of nuisance dusts in the work room air may seriously reduce visibility (iron oxide), may cause unpleasant deposits in the eyes, ears and nasal pass ages (Portland Cement dust), or cause injury to the skin or mucous membranes by chemical or mechanical action per se or by the rigorous skin cleansing procedures necessary for their removal. A threshold limit of 10mg/M3, or 30 mppcf, of total dust < 1% SiC>2, whichever is less, is recommended for sub stances in these categories and for which no specific thres hold limits have been assigned. This limit, for a normal workday, does not apply to brief exposures at higher concen trations. Neither does it apply to those substances which may cause physiologic impairment at lower concentrations but for which a threshold limit has not yet been adopted. Some "inert" particulates are given in Appendix D. Simple Asphyxiants - "Inert" Gases or Vapors. A number of gases and vapors, when present in high concentrations in air, act primarily as simple asphyxiants without other signi ficant physiologic effects. A TLV may not be recommended for each simple asphyxiant because the limiting factor is the available oxygen. The minimal oxygen content should be 18 percent by volume under normal atmospheric pressure (equivalent to a partial pressure, p02 of 135 mm Hg). Atmos pheres deficient in 02 do not provide adequate warning and most simple asphyxiants are ordorless. Several simple asphyxiants present an explosion hazard. Account should be taken of this factor in limiting the concentration of the asphyxiant. Specific examples are listed in Appendix E. Physical Factors. It is recognized that such physical factors as heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, humidity, abnormal pressure (altitude) and the like may place added stress on the body so that the effects from exposure at a threshold limit may be altered. Most of these stresses act adversely to increase the toxic response of a substance. Although most threshold limits have built-in safety factors to guard against adverse effects to moderate deviations from normal environments, the safety factors of most substances are not of such a magnitude as to take care of gross devia tions. For example, continuous work at temperatures above 90F or over-time extending the workweek more than 25%, might be considered gross deviations. In such instances judgment must be exercised in the proper adjustments of the threshold limit values. "Notice of Intent." At the beginning of each year, proposed actions of the Committee for the forthcoming year are issued in the form of a "Notice of Intent." This Notice provides not only an opportunity for comment, but solicits suggestions of substances to be added to the list. The suggestions should be accompanied by substantiating evidence. The list of Intended Changes follows the Adopted Values in the TLV booklet. As Legislative Code. The Conference recognizes that the TLVs may be adopted in legislative codes and regulations. If so used, the intent of the concepts contained in the Preface U/W 027430 4 ABS-009274 should be maintained and provisions should be made to keep the list current. These values are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for revision or additions, as further information becomes available. Reprint Permission. This publication may be reprinted provided that written permission is obtained from the Secre tary-Treasurer of the Conference and that it be published in its entirety. 5 Substance ADOPTED VALUES (In Alphabetical Order) ppma) mg/M3 b* Abate ..................................................... Acetaldehyde ........................................ Acetic acid........................................... Acetic anhydride.................................. Acetone ................................................. Acetonitrile ......................... ................ Acetylene............................................... Acetylene dichloride, see 1, 2- Dichloroethylene.............................. Acetylene tetrabromide....................... Acrolein ............................................... Acrylamide-Skin .................................. Acrylonitrile-Skin................................ Aldrin-Skin........................................... Allyl aicohol-Skin................................ Allyl chloride........................................ ' Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE)................... Allyl propyl disulfide ......................... Alundum (AI2O3) .................................. 2-Aminoethanol, see Ethanolamine ... 2-Aminopyridine.................................. 1 Ammonia...........................;.................. Ammonium sulfamate (Ammate).......... n-Amyl acetate .................................... sec-Amyl acetate ................................ Aniline-Skin.......................................... Anisidine (0, p-isomers)-Skln............. Antimony & compounds (as Sb)........... ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea).......... Argon ................................................... Arsenic & Compounds (as As)............. Arsine ................................................... Azinphos-methy1-Skin.......................... Barium (soluble compounds)............... Benzene (benzol)-Skin ......................... Benzidine-Skin...................................... p-Benzoquinone, see Quinone............. Benzoyl peroxide.................................. Benzyl chloride.................................... Beryllium ............................................. Biphenyl, see Diphenyl ....................... Bisphenol A, see Digiycidyl ether .... Boron oxide ......................................... Boron tribromide ................................ Boron trifluoride ................................ Bromine................................................. Bromine pentafluoride ....................... Bromoform-Skin.................................. Butadiene (1, 3-butadiene)................... Butanethiol, see Butyl mercaptan .... 2-Butanone........................................... 2-Butoxy ethanol (Butyl Cellosolve) - Skin ................................................... Butyl acetate (n-butyl acetate)......... 200 10 5 1,000 40 E -- 1 0.1 -- 20 -- 2 1 10 2 -- -- 0.5 50 -- 100 125 5 --- -- E -- 0.05 -- -- 25 -- --- 1 -- -- -- -- 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1,000 -200 50 150 15 360 25 20 2,400 70 -- -- 14 0.25 0.3 45 0.25 5 3 45 12 D _ 2 35 15 525 650 19 0.5 0.5 0.3 -- 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 80 Al -- 5 5 0. 002 -- -- 15 10 3 0.7 0.7 5 2,200 -590 240 710 a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25C and 760 mm. Hg pressure. b) Approximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. * See Notice of Intended Changes Capital letters refer to Appendices. 6 ABS-009276 LAM 027432 Substance sec-Butyl acetate ................................ tert-Butyl acetate ................................ Butvl alcohol ........................................ sec-Butyl alcohol ................................ tert-Butyl alcohol................................ C Butylamine-Skin .................................. C tert-Butyl chromate (as CrC>3) - Skin . n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE)............... * Butyl mercaptan .................................. p-tert-Butyltoluene.............................. Cadmium (Metal dust and soluble salts) *C Cadmium oxide fume (as Cd) .............. Calcium carbonate ............................... Calcium arsenate ................................ Calcium oxide ...................................... ** Camphor (Synthetic) ............................. Carbary 1 (Sevin ) ............................. Carbon black ........................................ Carbon dioxide...................................... Carbon disulfide-Skin........................... Carbon monoxide.................................. Carbon tetrachloride-Skin................... Cellulose (paper fiber)......................... Chlordane-Skin ..................................... Chlorinated camphene-Skin................. Chlorinated diphenyl oxide ................. * Chlorine ................................................ Chlorine dioxide .............................. C Chlorine trifluoride ............................. C Chloroacetaldehyde ............................. x-Chloroacetophenone (phenacyl- chloride) ............................................ Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene) .. 0-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (OCBM)........v..-................................ Chlorobromomethane........................... 2-Chloro-l, 3-butadiene, see Chloroprene ...................................... Chlorodiphenyl (42% Chlorine) - Skin . Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) - Sikin . 1- Chloro, 2, 3-epoxypropane, see Epichlorhydrin............... ................. 2-Chloroethanol, see Ethylene chlorohydrin .................................... Chloroethylene, see Vinyl ehoride ... C Chloroform (trichloromethane) ...... 1 -Chloro-1-nitropropane..................... Chloropicrin ........................................ Chloroprene (2-chloro-l, 3-butadiene) -Skin ................................................. Chromic acid and chromates (as Cr03) Chromium, sol. chromic, chromous salts as Cr........................................ Metal & insol. salts......................... Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction) anthracene, BaP, phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, pyrene) ............................................. 1970 Addition See Notice of Intended Changes ppm1* 200 200 100 150 100 5 ^0 0.5 10 _ -- __ __ 2 .. -- .000 20 SQ 10 -- .. 1 0.1 0.1 1 0.05 75 0.05 200 -- __ 50 20 0.1 25 -- _ mg/M3 b> 950 950 300 450 300 15 0.1 270 1.5 60 0.2 0.1 D 1 5 -5 3.5 9,000 60 55 65 D 0.5 0.5 0.5 '3 0.3 0.4 3 0.3 350 0.4 1,050 1 0.5 240 100 0.7 90 0.1 0.5 1 0.2 Substance ppma) mg/M^ **) Cobalt, metal fume & dust ................. -- Copper fume.......................................... -- Dusts and Mists................................ -- Corundum (AI2O3)................................ -- Cotton dust (raw).................................. -- Crag herbicide ................................ -- Cresol (all isomers) - Skin................. Crotonaldehyde .................................... 5 2 Cumene-Skin ........................................ 50 Cyanide (as CN)-Skin........................ -- * Cyanogen................................................ Cyclohexane.......................................... Cyclohexanol ........................................ 10 300 50 Cyclohexanone ...................................... 50 Cyclohexene .......................................... 300 Cyclopentadiene.................................... 75 2, 4-D................................................... -- DDT-Skin .............................................. -- DDVP, see Dichlorvos......................... Decaborane-Skin.................................. 0,05 Demeton -Skin ................................ -- Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy4-methyl-2-pentanone)..................... 1, 2-Diaminoethane, see Ethylene- 50 diamine .............................................. Diazomethane ........................................... 0.2 Diborane..................................................... 0.1 C 1, 2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)-Skin .............................. 25 Dibutyl phosphate ................................ 1 Dibutylphthalate .................................. -- *C Dichloroacetylene...................................... 0.1 C o-Dichlorobenzene .............................. 50 p-Dichlorobenzene .............................. 75 Dichlorodifluoromethane..................... 1,000 1, 3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin -- 1, 1-Dichloroethane............................. 100 1, 2-Dichloroethane............................ 50 1, 2-Dichloroethylene ......................... 200 C Dichloroethyl ether-Skin..................... 15 Dichloromethane, see Methylene- chloride ............................................ Dichloromonofluoromethane............... 1,000 Cl, 1-Dichloro-l-nitroethane............. 10 1, 2-Dichloropropane, see Pro- pylenedichloride .............................. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane................... 1,000 Dichlorvos (DDVP)-Skin ..................... -- Dieldrin-Skin........................................ -- Diethylamine ........................................ Diethylamino ethanol-Skin................... 25 10 **C Diethylene triamine-Skin..................... 10 Diethylether, see Ethyl ether............. Difluorodibromomethane..................... 100 C Diglycidyl ether(DGE)................................. 0.5 Dihydroxybenzene, see Hydroquinone . Diisobutyl ketone.................................. 50 Dlisopropylamine-Skin......................... 5 0.1 0.1 1 D 1 15 22 6 245 5 1,050 200 200 1,015 200 10 1 ' 0.3 0.1 240 0.4 0.1 190 5 5 0.4 300 450 4,950 0.2 400 200 790 90 4,200 60 7,000 1 0.25 75 50 42 860 2.8 290 20 1970 Addition See Notice of Intended Changes LAM 027434 8 ABS-009278 mg/M3 b' 0.1 0.1 1 D 1 15 22 6 245 5 1,050 200 200 1,015 200 10 1 0.3 0.1 240 0.4 0.1 190 5 5 0.4 300 450 4,950 0.2 400 200 790 90 4,200 60 ,000 1 0.25 75 50 42 860 2.8 290 20 Substance Dimethoxymethane, see Methylal ..., Dimethyl acetamide-Skin..................... Dimethylamine...................................... Dimethylaminobenzene, see Xylidene . Dimethylaniline (N-dimethylaniline)- Skin ................................................... Dimethylbenzene, see Xylene............. Dimethyl 1, 2-dibromo-2, 2-dl- chloroethyl phosphate, (Dibrora) ... Dimethylforraamide-Skin ................... 2, 6-Dimethylheptanone, see Diisobutyl ketone ............................. 1, 1-Dimethylhydrazine-Skin............. Dimethylphthalate................................ Dimethylsulfate-Skin ........................... Dinitrobenzene (all isomers)-Skin .... Dinitro-o-cresol-Skin ......................... Dinitrotoluene-Skin ............................. Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide)-Skin .... Diphenyl ..................... ............... Diphenyl amine .................................... Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (see Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) ................................................. Dipropylene glycol methyl ether-Skin . Di-sec, octyl phthalate (Di-2- ethylhexylphthalate)........................... Emery ................................................... ' Endosulfan (Thiodan )-Skin ............ Endr in-Skin .......................................... Epichlorhydrin-Skin ............................ EPN-Skin .............................................. 1, 2-Epoxypropane, see Propylene- oxide ........................................... 2, 3-Epoxy-l-propanol, see Glycidol . . Ethane ............................................. TWaneWMl, see kmyimercapian . Ethanolamine ................................ 2-Ethoxyethanol-Skin................... 2-Ethoxyethylacetate (Cellosolve acetate)-Skin ............................ Ethyl acetate ................................ Ethyl acrylate-Skin Ethvl alcohol (ethanol) ....................... Ethylamine.......................................... Ethyl sec-amyl ketone (5-methyl- 3-heptanone) .................................. . Ethyl benzene .................................... Ethyl bromide .................................... . Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone) .... Ethyl chloride .................................... . Ethvl ether......................................... Ethyl formate .................................... . Ethyl mercaptan ................................ Ethyl silicate ...................................... Ethvlene ............................................. Ethylene chlorohydrin-Skin............... . ppm 10 10 10 0.5 100 0.2 100 3 200 100 400 25 1. ooo------- 10 25 100 200 50 1,000 400 100 0.5 100 E 5 mg/M 3 b) 35 18 25 3 30 1 5 5 1 0.2 1.5 360 1 10 600 5 D 0.1 0.1 19 0.5 6 r40 540 1,400 100 i tmfl_ 18 130 435 890 230 2,600 1. 200 300 1 850 16 * 1970 Addition See Notice of Intended Changes /fT-- 9 Substance ppma^ mg/M^ **) 0-Methylcyclohexanone-Skin............... Methyl elhyl ketone (MEK), see 2-Butanone........................................ Methyl formate .................................... Methyl iodide - Skin............................. Methyl isobutyl carbinol-Skin ............ Methyl isobutyl ketone, seeHexone... Methyl isocyanate - Skin..................... * Methyl mercaptan................................ Methyl methacrylate............................. Methyl propyl ketone, see 2-Pentanone C Methyl silicate...................................... C a Methyl styrene.................................. C Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI). Methylene chloride (dichloromethane). Molybdenum (soluble compounds)........ (insolublecompounds) ... Monomethyl aniline-Skin..................... C Monomethyl hydrazine-Skin................. Morpholine-Skin.................................... Naphtha (coal tar) ................................ Naphthalene............................................ 3 -Naphthylamine ................................ Neon....................................................... Nickel carbonyl............. ..................... Nickel, metal and soluble cmpds, as Ni Nicotine-Skin........................................ Nitric acid............................................. Nitric oxide........................................... p-Nitroaniline-Skin.............................. Nitrobenzene-Skin................................ p-Nitrochlorobenzene-Skin ............... Nitroethane............................................ Nitrogen................................................. Nitrogen dioxide.................................... Nitrogen trifluoride ............................ Nitroglycerin-Skin................................ Nitromethane........................................ 1-Nitropropane...................................... 2-Nitropropane...................................... N-Nitrosodimethylamine (dimethyl- nitrosoamine)-Skin.......................... Nitrotoluene-Skin.................................. Nitrotrichloromethane, see Chloropicrin...................................... Nitrous oxide ........................................ Octachloronaphthalene-Skin ............... * Octane..................................................... * Oil mist, particulate............................ * Oil mist, vapor.................................... Osmium tetroxide................................ Oxalic acid........................................... Oxygen dlfluoride.................................. Ozone..................................................... Paraquat-Skin........................................ 100 100 5 25 0.02 0.5 100 5 100 0.02 500 -- -- 2 0.2 20 100 10 -- E 0.001 -- -- 2 25 1 1 -- 100 E 5 10 0.2 100 25 25 -- 5 E -- 400 -- 0 A^ -- -- 0.05 0.1 -- 460 250 28 100 0.05 1 410 30 480 0.2 1,740 5 15 9 0.35 70 400 50 A^ 0.007 1 0.5 5 30 6 5 1 310 9 29 2 250 90 90 A1 30 0.1 1,900 5*1 0.002 1 0.1 0.2 0.5 h) As sampled by method that does not collect vapor. i) According to analytically determined composition. * 1970 Addition * See Notice of Intended Changes LAM 027436 ABS'009280 12 ppm4) 100 mg/M3 b> 460 100 250 5 28 25 100 0. 02 0.05 0.5 1 100 e 410 5 30 100 480 0.02 0.2 500 1,740 ___ 5 -- 15 29 0.2 0.35 20 70 100 400 10 50 -- Al E -- 0.001 Ni -- -- 2 25 1 1 -- 100 E 5 10 0.2 100 25 25 0.007 1 0.5 5 30 6 5 1 310 -- 9 29 2 250 90 90 ___ Al 5 30 E -- 4_00 ;i A3 --- 0.05 0.1 -- apor. ition. -- 0.1 1,900 5h ___ 0.002 1 0.1 0.2 0.5 Substance Parathion-Skin...................................... Pentaborane .......................................... Pentachloronaphthalene-Skin .............. Pentachlorophenol-Skin....................... Pentaerythritol...................................... * Pentane .................................................. 2-Pentanone .......................................... Perchloroethylene................................. Perchloromethyl mercaptan............... Perchloryl fluoride............................... * Petroleum Distillates (naphtha) .......... Phenol-Skin............................................ p-Phenylene diamine-Skin................... Phenyl ether (vapor)............................. Phenyl ether-Biphenyl mixture (vapor) Phenylethylene, see Styrene............... Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) ............... Phenylhydrazine-Skin........................... Phosdrin (Mevinphos )-Skin.............. Phosgene (carbonyl chloride).............. Phosphine................................................ Phosphoric acid.................................... Phosphorus (yellow) ............................. Phosphorus pentachloride................... Phosphorus pentasuliide ..................... Phosphorus trichloride ....................... Phthalic anhydride ............................... Picric acid-Skin ................................... Pival(2-Pivalyl-1, 3-indandione) ... Plaster of Paris .................................. Platinum (Soluble Salts) as Pt.............. Polytetrafluoroethylene decomposition products.............................................. Propane .................................................. (3 Propiolactone.................................... Propargyl alcohol-Skin ....................... n-Propyl acetate................................... Propyl alcohol...................................... n-Propyl nitrate ................................... Propylene dichloride ........................... Propylene imine-Skin........................... Propylene oxide.................................... Propyne, see Methylacetylene............ Pyrethrum ............................................ Pyridine ................................................ Quinone ..................... ........................... RDX-Skin .............................................. Rhodium, Metal fume and dusts, as Rh Soluble salts...................................... Ronnel ................................................... Rotenone (commercial) ....................... Rouge ..................................................... Selenium compounds (as Se)................ Selenium hexafluoride ......................... Silicon carbide...................................... ppma> _ 0.005 -- -- _ 500 200 100 0.1 3 i) A3 5 -- 1 1 10 5 _ 0.1 0.3 -- -- -- -- 0.5 2 -- -- _ -- _ E -- 1 200 200 25 75 2 100 __ 5 0.1 _ _ -- _ _ 0. 05 -- i) According to analytically determined composition. Capital letters refer to Appendices. * 1970 Addition See Notice of Intended Changes mg/M3b> 0.1 0.01 0.5 0.5 D 1,500 700 670 0.8 13.5 -- 19 0.1 7 7 60 22 0.1 0.4 0.4 1 0.1 1 1 3 12 0.1 0.1 D 0.002 A3 _ Al -- 840 500 110 350 5 240 5 15 0.4 1.5 0.1 0.001 10 5 D 0.2 0.4 D LAM 027437 13 ABS-009281 Substance ppraa) Silver, metal and soluble compounds . Sodium fluoroacetate (1080)-Skin........ Sodium hydroxide ................................ Stibine................. ................................. 0.1 Starch ................................................... * Stoddard solvent .................................. 200 Strychnine.............................................. **C Styrene monomer (phenylethylene) ... 100 Sucrose ................................................. Sulfur dioxide .......................... 5 Sulfur hexafluoride .............................. 1, C)00 Sulfuric acid.......................................... Sulfur monochloride............................ 1 Sulfur pentafluoride ............................ 0.025 Sulfuryl fluoride .................................. 5 Systox, see Demeton ....................... 2, 4, 5 T ............................................... Tantalum............................................... TE DP-Skin............................................ Teflon decomposition products........ Tellurium............................................. Tellurium hexafluoride ....................... 0.02 TEPP-Skin........................................... C Terphenyls ........................................... 1 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloro-2, 2-di- fluoroethane...................................... 500 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloro-l, 2-di- fluoroethane...................................... 500 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane-Skin ... 5 Tetrachloroethylene, see Per- chloroethylene .................................. Tetrachloromethane, see Carbon tetrachloride .................................... Tetrachloronaphthalene-Skin ............. Tetraethyl lead (as Pb)-Skin............... Tetrahydrofuran .................................. 200 Tetramethyl lead (as Pb)-Skin ......... Tetramethyl succinonitrile-Skin ........ 0.5 Tetranitromethane .............................. 1 Tetryl (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl- methylnitramine)-Skin ................... Thallium (soluble compounds)-Skin as T1 Thiram ................................................. Tin (inorganic cmpds, except S11H4 and Sn02) .......................................... Tin (organic cmpds)............................ Tin oxide ............................................. Titanium dioxide.................................. Toluene (toluol)........................ . 200 C Toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate ................. 0. 02 o-Toluidine-Skin.................................. 5 Toxaphene, see Chlorinated camphene Tributyl phosphate .............................. 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane, see Methyl chloroform........................................ 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane-Skin ............ 10 mg/M^ **) 0.01 0.05 2 0.5 D 1,150 0.15 420 D 13 TOTT 1 6 0.25 20 10 5 0.2 A2 0.1 0.2 0.05 9 4,170 4,170 35 0.100 i) 590 0.150 i) 3 S 1.5 0.1 5 2 0.1 D D 750 0.14 22 5 45 j) For control of general room air, biologic monitoring is essential for personnel control. 1970 Addition ** See Notice of Intended Changes ABS-009282 14 LAM 027438 Trichloroethylene ................................. Trichloromethane, .see Chloroform Trichloronaphthalene-Skin ........... 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane................... 1, 1, 2-Trichloro 1, 2, 2-trifluoroethane...................................... Triethylamine ...................................... Trifluoromonobromomethane............. * Trimethyl benzene ............................... 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol, see Picric acid 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, see Tetryl.......................................... Trinitrotoluene-Skin ............................ Triorthocresyl phosphate ................... Triphenyl phosphate................. Tungsten & compounds, as W Soluble................................................ Insoluble............................................ Turpentine .............. Uranium (natural) sol. & insol. compounds as U................................ C Vanadium (V205 dust) ......................... (V2O5 fume) ....................... Vinyl benzene, see Styrene................. *C Vinyl chloride ...................................... Vinylcyanide, see Acrylonitrile.......... Vinyl toluene ........................................ Warfarin ................................................ Xylene (xylol).................................. Xylidine-Skin............. '......................... Yttrium.............. .'................................. Zinc chloride fume............................... Zinc oxide fume.............................. . Zirconium compounds (as Zr) ............ 100 50 1,000 25 1,000 25 100 500 100 100 5 Radioactivity: For permissible concentrations of radioisotopes in air, see U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 69, "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure," June 5, 1959. Also, see U.S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 59, "Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation," September 24, 1954, and addendum of April 15, 1958. ' 1970 Addition 1 See Notice of Intended Changes Substance MINERAL DUSTS m.p.p.c.f. <) SILICA Crystalline ** Quartz, Threshold Limit calculated from the formula .................................. . 250 %S102+ 5 ** Crlstobalite " " " Amorphous, including natural diatomaceous earth .............................. 20 SILICATES (less than 1% crystalline silica) ** Asbestos, all types .......................................... Mica..................................... Portland Cement............... ;....'............. Soapstone ................................................. Talc (non-asbestiform)............................. Talc (fibrous), use asbestos limit.......... Tremolite, see asbestos......................... 5 20 50 20 20 Graphite (natural) .................................................. 15 * "Inert" or Nuisance Particulates 50 (or 15 mg/M'3 whichever is the see Appendix D smaller) of total dust < 1% Si02 Conversion factors mppcf x 35.3 = million particles per cubic meter = particles per c.c. lam 027440 e) Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on impinger samples counted by light-field technics. f) The percentage of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount determined from airborne samples, except in those instances in which other methods have been shown to be applicable.* * See Notice of Intended Changes for Mineral Dusts. 16 ABS-009284 St 3 counted Jtermined hods have NOTICE OF INTENDED CHANGES (for 1970) These substances, with their corresponding values, com prise those for which either a limit has been proposed for the first time, or for which a change in the "Adopted" listing has been proposed. In both cases, the proposed limits should be considered trial limits that will remain in the listing for a period of at least two years. During this time, the previously Adopted Limit will remain in effect. If, after two years no evidence comes to light that questions the appropriateness of the values herein, the values will be placed in the "Adopted" list. Documentation is available for each of these substances. MERCURY (all form* except alkyl)........... 0.05 mg/M& Substance ppm 2-Acetylaminofluorene-Skin.............. + Allyl glycidyl ether............................ 4- Aminodiphenyl-Sldn......................... + Ammonia............................................ + Ammonium chloride fume .................. Asphalt (petroleum) fumes.................. + Butyl lactate....................................... + Camphor (synthetic)............................ + Diazinon-Skin ..................................... + 2-N Dibutylamino ethanol-Skin........... Dichlorobenzidine-Skin....................... + Diethylene triamine-Skin................... 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene.............. Fibrous glass ..................................... + C Formaldehyde..................................... + Iron pentacarbonyl.............................. + Mercury (Alkyl compounds) - Skin---+ Methyl chloride................................... Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate....................... + Methylcylopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (as Mn)......................... Methyl demeton-Skin........................... Methyl parathion-Skin......................... Phenothiazine-Sktn.............................. + Rosin Core Solder, pyrolysis products 5 25 1 2 2 1 g) -- 2 0.01 100 2 0.1 Styrene................................. :............ 100 + C Subtilisins (Proteolytic enzymes)....... + Vanadium (V2O5 Fume) as V Vinyl acetate....................................... + Vinyl chloride..................................... + Wood dust (non allergenic) 10 200 mg/M3 A1 22 A 1 18 10 5 5 12 0.1 4 Al D 3 0.08 0.01 210 8 0.2 0.5 0.2 5 0.1 (as alde hyde) 420 0.0003 (as 100% pure crystal line en zyme) 0.05 30 770 5 * 1970 Revision or Addition Capital letters refer to Appendices g) < 5-7 u Diameter. No TLV for coarse fibrous glass has yet been set. NOTICE OF INTENDED CHANGES (Cont'd) MINERAL DUSTS SUBSTANCE TLV + Asbestos (All types) + Coal dust (bituminous) Cristobalite + 'Inert1 or Nuisance Parti culates + Quartz * Silica, fused Tridymite 5 fibers/ml > 5 fi in length'1) 2 mg/m3 (respirable dustjm) Use one-half the value calculated from the count or mass formulae for quartz. 10 mg/M3 or 30 mppcf (whichever is the smaller) of total dust < 1% Si2n) 300 TLV in mppcf: ^ %SiO2+10 TLV for respirable dust in mg/m^: 10 mg/M^ % Respirable quartz + 2 TLV for "total dust", respirable and nonrespirable: 30 mg/M3 % quartz + 3 Use quartz formulae Use one-half the value calculated from formulae for quartz. + 1970 Revision or Addition k) As determined by the membrane filter method at 430 X magnification phase contrast illumination. Concentrations > S fibers/ml, but not to exceed 10, may be permitted for 15-minute periods each hour up to five times daily. m) "Respirable" dust as defined by the British Medical Research Council Criteria U) and as sampled by a device producing equivalent results (2). (1) Hatch, T.E. and Gross, P., Pulmonary Deposition and Rentention of Inhaled Aerosols, p. 149. Academic Press, New York, New York, 1964. (2) Interim Guide for Respirable Mass Sampling, A1HA Aerosol Techno logy Committee, AIHA J. 31, 2, 1970, p. 133. n) This automatically reduces all particulate substances in Adopted list with TLV of 15 mg/M3`to 10 mg/M^. p) Both concentration and per cent quartz for the application of this limit are to be determined from the fraction passing a size-selector with the following char acteristics: Aerodynamic Diameter (A (unit density sphere) :2 2.5 3.5 5.0 10 % passing selector 90 75 50 25 0 lam 027442 ABS-009286 APPENDIX A A1 Because of the high incidence of cancer, either in man or in animals, no exposure or contact by any route, respiratory, oral or skin should be permitted for the compounds: 2-Acetylaminofluorene 4 -Aminodipheny1 Benzidine & its salts Dichlorobenzidine 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene beta-Naphthylamine 4-Nitrodiphenyl N-Nitrosodimethylamine beta-Propiolactone Because of the extremely high incidence of bladder tumors in workers handling beta-naphthylamine and the potential carcinogenic activity of the other compounds, the State of Pennsylvania prohibits the manufacture, use and- other activities that involve human exposure without express approval by the Department of Health, A2 Polytetrafluoroethylene* decomposition products. Thermal decomposition of the fluorocarbon chain in air leads to the formation of oxidized products containing carbon, fluorine and oxygen. Because these products decompose in part by hydrolysis in alkaline solution, they can be quantitatively determined in air as fluoride to provide an index of exposure. No TLV is recom mended pending determination of the toxicity of the products, but air concentrations should be minimal. A3 Gasoline and/or Petroleum Distillates. The composi tion of these materials varies greatly and thus a single TLV for all types of these materials is no longer applicable. In general, the aromatic hydrocarbon con tent will determine what TLV applies. Consequently the content of benzene, other aromatics and additives should be determined to arrive at the appropriate TLV (Elkins, et al. A.I.H.A. J. 24, 99, 1963). Trade Names: AlgoftOn, Fluon, Halon, Teflon, Tetran APPENDIX B B.1 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES When two or more hazardous substances are present, their combined effect, rather than that of either individually, should be given primary consideration. In the absence of information to the contrary, the effects of the different hazards should be considered as additive. That is, if the sum of the following fractions, Cl c2 ------ +------- + Tl T2 exceeds unity, then the threshold limit of the mixture should be considered as being exceeded. Ci indicates the observed atmospheric concentration, and Ti the corresponding thres hold limit, (See Example lA.a.). Exceptions to the above rule may be made when there is good reason to believe that the chief effects of the different harmful substances are not in fact additive, but independent as when purely local effects on different organs of the body are produced by the various components of the mixture. In such cases the threshold limit ordinarily is exceeded only when at least one member of the series itself has a value exceeding unity, (See Example lA.b.). Antagonistic action or potentiation may occur with some combinations of atmospheric contaminants. Such cases at present must be determined individually. Potentiating or antagonistic agents are not necessarily harmful by them selves. Potentiating effects of exposure to such agents by routes other than that of inhalation is also possible, e.g. imbibed alcohol and inhaled narcotic (trichloroethylene). Potentiation is characteristically exhibited at high con centrations, less probably at low. When a given operation or process characteristically emits a number of harmful dusts, fumes, vapors or gases, it will frequently be only feasible to attempt to evaluate the hazard by measurement of a single substance. In such cases, the threshold limit used for this substance should be reduced by a suitable factor, the magnitude of which will depend on the number, toxicity and relative quantity of the other contaminants ordinarily present. Examples of processes which are typically associated with two or more harmful atmospheric contaminants are welding, automobile repair, blasting, painting, lacquering, certain foundry operations, diesel exhausts, etc., (Example 2.) ABS-009288 20 LAM 027444 lifferent the sum e should observed lg thres- i there is different lependent the body mixture, exceeded C2 etc.\. le lA.b.). nth some cases at fating or by themagents by sible, e.g. ethylene), high con- aristically or gases, o evaluate e. In such ice should ; of which quantity of associated inants are acquering, , (Example THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES EXAMPLES 1A. General case, where air is analyzed for each component a. Additive effects, (note; It is essential that the atmosphere be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively for each component present, in order to evaluate compliance or noncompliance with this calculated TLV.) Cl Ti =1 Example No. 1: Air contains 5 ppm of carbon tetrachloride (TLV =10 ppm) 20 ppm of ethylene dich loride (TLV = 50 ppm) and 10 ppm of ethylene dibromide (TLV = 25 ppm) Atmospheric concentration of mixture = 5 + 20 + 10 = 35 ppm of mixture 5 20 10 25 + 20 + 20 10 +50+ 25 = 50 " 1,3 Threshold Limit is exceeded. Furthermore, the TLV of this mixture may be calculated by reducing the total fraction to 1.0; i.e. TLV of mixture = y35 = 27 ppm Example No. 2: Air contains 200 ppm of hexane (TLV = 500 ppm) 100 ppm of methylene chloride (TLV = 500 ppm) and 20 ppm of perchlorethylene (TLV = 100 ppm) Atmospheric concentration of mixture = 200 + 100 + 20 = 320 ppm of mixture 200 100 20 200 + 100 + 100 400 ,, ,, 500 + 500 + 100 = 500 " 500 - 0-8 Threshold Limit is not exceeded. The TLV of this mixture 320 = O'= 400 ppm IB. Special case when the source of contaminant is a liquid mixture and the atmospheric composition is assumed to be similar to that of the original material; e.g. on a time weighted average exposure basis, all of the liquid (solvent) mixture eventually evaporates. a. Additive effects (approximate solution) 1. The percent composition (by weight) of the liquid mixture is known, the TLVs of the constituents must be listed in mg/M^. (NOTE: In order to evaluate compliance with this TLV, field sampling instruments should be calibrated, in the laboratory, for response to this specific quantitative and qualitative air-vapor mixture, and also to fractional con~centrations of this mixture; e.g,, 1/2 the TLV; 1/10 the TLV; 2 X the TLV; 10 X the TLV; etc.) TLV of mixture = ____________ 1__________ fa fb fc TLVa + TLVb + TLVC + TLVn Example No. 1: Liquid solvent contains (by weight) 50% heptane (TLV = 2000 mg/M3) 30% methylene chloride (TLV = 1740 mg/M^) 20% perchlorethylene (TLV = 670 mg/M^) TLV of mixture 11 0.5 0.3 0.2 " .00025+. 00017+. 0003 2000+1740+670 1 = 1390 mg/M3 .00072 LAM 027446 Of this mixture: 50% or 695 mg/M^ is heptane, 30% or 417 mg/M^ is methylene chloride and 20% or 278 mg/M^ is perchlorethylene These values can be converted to ppm as follows: heptane: 2000 mg/M^ = 500 ppm 1 mg/M3 = 0.25 ppm 695 mg/m3 = 174 ppm methylene chloride: 1740 mg/M3 = 500 ppm 1 mg/M3 = 0.287 ppm 417 mg/M3 = 119 ppm 22 ABS-009290 ontaminant is a composition is riginal material; osure basis, all ally evaporates. ion) weight) of the 3 TLVs of the ng/M3. liance with this nents should be y, for response and qualitative 3 fractional con; e.g., 1/2 the i TLV; 10 X the ........ TLVn by weight) 50% 3) 30% methylene /M3) 20% perig/M3) 1 5+. 00017+. 0003 eptane, 30% or e chloride and lerchlorethylene ows: m pm perchlorethylene: 670 mg/M^ = 100 ppm 1 mg/M3 = 0.15 ppm 278 mg/M3 = 42 ppm The TLV of this mixture = 174 + 119 + 42 = 335 ppm. lB.b. General Exact Solution for Mixtures of N Components With Additive Effects and Different Vapor Pressures. (DClQ, Ti + T2 ......... Cn .. Tn (2) Cl + C2 +......... + Cn = T; (2.1) Cpli + Cpi2 + . T Cpni _ ,--1. By the Law of Partial Pressures, (3) Ci = ap1( and by Raoult's Law, (4) Pl = FlPl. Combine (3) and (4) to obtain (5) Cx = aFlPl. Combining (1), (2,1) and (5), we obtain (6) FlPl . F2P2 . . FnPn pi + pi + * + p"* FlPl f2P2 FnPn Tl + T2 +......... + Tn and solving for T, (6.1) FlPl +f2P2 +............. + FnPn T= FlPlo F2p2o FnPno Ti + T2 +........ + Tn or n FiPi (6.2) i=1 1 i=n i1 = 1i Tl 23 LAM 027447 I ABS-009291 lam 027448 T = Threshold Limit Value in ppm. C = Vapor concentration in ppm. p = Vapor pressure of component in solution. p = Vapor pressure of pure component. F = Mol fraction of component in solution, a = A constant of proportionality. Subscripts 1, 2, ... n relate the above quantities to components 1, 2, ... n, respectively. Subscript i refers to an arbitrary component from 1 to n. Absence of subscript relates the quantity to the mix ture. IB. c. Solution to be applied when there is a reservoir of the solvent mixture whose composition does not change appreciably by evaporation. Exact Arithmetic Solution of Specific Mixture Mol. Density TLV pat wt. 25C Mol fraction in half-andhalf solution by volume Trichloro ethylene (1) 131.4 1.46g/ml 100 73mm Hg 0.527 Methylchloroform (2) 133.42 1.33g/ml 350 125mmHg F^!0 = (0.527) (73) = 38.2 F2p2 = (0.473) (125) = 59.2 0.473 TTV 38.2 + 59.2 38.2 59.2 100 + 350 (97,4) (350) (97.4) (350) m 133.8 + 59.2 ~ 193.0 TLV = 177 ppm (Note difference in TLV when account is taken of vapor pressure and mol fraction in comparison with above sample where such account is not taken.) 2. A mixture of one part of (1) parathion (TLV, 0.1) and two parts of (2) EPN (TLV, 0.5). 0.1 C2 = 2Cj 24 ABS-009292 olution. t. tion. /e quantities to Dmponent from tity to the mix- a reservoir of does not change Mixture Mol fraction in half-andhalf solution by volume rig 0.527 tig 0.473 >7.4) (350) . 177 193.0 when account is . and mol fraction 'e sample where .) ,'LV, o.i) and two Cm = 3CX Ci 2Ci 3Ci 07T+ 0.5 = Tm 7Ci 3Ci 0X= Tm Tm = = 0.21 mg/M3 1C. TLV for Mixtures of Mineral Dusts. For mixtures of biologically active mineral dusts the general formula for mixtures may be used. For a mixture containing 80% talc and 20% quartz, the TLV for 100% of the mixture is given by: TLV =--------i-------- =8.4 mppcf 0.8 0.2 20 + 2.5 Essentially the same result will be obtained if the limit of the more (most) toxic component is used provided the effects are additive. In the above example the limit for 20% quartz is 10 mppcf. For another mixture of 25% quartz, 25% amorphous silica and 50% talc: TLV = ---------------i--------------- = 7.3 mppcf 0.25 0.25 0.5 2.5 + 20 + 20 The limit for 25% quartz approximates 8 mppcf. 25 APPENDIX C PERMISSIBLE EXCURSIONS FOR TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA) LIMITS The Excursion TLV Factor in the Table automatically de fines the magnitude of the permissible excursion above the limit for those substances not given a "C" designation; i.e., the TWA limits. Examples in the Table show that nitroben zene, the TLV for which is 1 ppm, should never be allowed to exceed 3 ppm. Similarly, carbon tetrachloride, TLV 10 ppm, should never be allowed to exceed 20 ppm. By contrast, those substances with a "C" designation are not subject to the excursion factor and must be kept below the TLV. These limiting excursions are to be considered to provide a 'rule-of-thumb' guidance for listed substances generally, and may not provide the most appropriate excursion for a particular substance. Efforts are being made to develop such specific excursions, when indicated to be significantly dif ferent from that recommended by the present excursion fac tors. Substance TLV Excursion Factor Max. Cone. Permitted for short time Nitrobenzene Carbon tetrachloride Carbon monoxide Acetone Boron trifluoride Butylamine Styrene monomer 1 ppm 10 ppm 50 ppm 1000 ppm C 1 ppm C 5 ppm C 100 ppm 3 2 1.5 1.25 - - 3 ppm 20 ppm 75 ppm 1250 ppm 1 ppm 5 ppm 100 ppm For all substances: TLV = 0-1 (ppm or mg/m^), Excursion Factor = 3 TLV = 1-10 " " "= 2 TLV = 10-100 " " " =1.5 TLV = 100 - 1000 " " " =1.25 BASIS FOR ASSIGNING LIMITING "C" VALUES By definition in the Preface, a listed value bearing a "C" designation refers to a 'ceiling' value that should not be exceeded; all values should fluctuate below the listed value. This, in effect, makes the "C" designation a maximal allow able concentration (MAC). In general, the bases for assign- LAM 027450 26 ABS-009294 E-WEIGHTED automatically dexcursion above the ' designation; i.e., how that nitrobend never be allowed ichloride, TLV 10 ppm. By contrast, are not subject to t below the TLV. .sidered to provide stances generally, te excursion for a de to develop such significantly difent excursion fac- rsion tor Max. Cone. Permitted for short time" 3 ppm 20 ppm 3 75 ppm 25 1250 ppm 1 ppm 5 ppm 100 ppm Factor " " " =3 =2 = 1.5 = 1.25 "C" VALUES alue bearing a "C" that should not be ow the listed value, n a maximal allow- e bases for assign- ing or not assigning a "C" value rest on whether excursions of concentration above a proposed limit for periods up to 15 minutes may result in a) intolerable irritation, b) chronic, or irreversible tissue change, or c) narcosis of sufficient degree to increase accident proneness, impair self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency. APPENDIX D Some "Inert*' or Nuisance Particulates Alundum (AI2O3) Calcium carbonate Cellulose (paper fiber) Portland Cement Corundum (AI2O3) Emery Glycerine Mist Graphite (synthetic) Gypsum Vegetable oil mists (except castor, cashew nut, or similar irritant oils) Kaolin Limestone Magnesite Marble Pentaerythritol Plaster of Paris Rouge Silicon Carbide Starch Sucrose Tin Oxide Titanium Dioxide q) When toxic impurities are not present, e. g. quartz < 1%. APPENDIX E Some Simple Asphyxiants - "Inert" Gases and Vapors Acetylene Argon FthonP _ Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Nitrous 7}xide Propane 1970 TLV COMMITTEE MEMBERS Paul E. Caplan Hervey B. Elkins, Ph. D. W. G. Fredrick, Sc. D. Bernard Grabois, P. E. Paul Gross, M. D. Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., M. D. John W. Knauber Harold N. MacFarland, Ph. D. Frederick T. McDermott E. Mastromatteo, M. D. Col. Walter W. Melvin, Jr., M.D. Ralph G. Smith, Ph. D. Mitchell R. Zavon, M. D. Herbert E. Stokinger, Ph. D., Chairman William D. Wagner, Recording Sec'y SM-32 (REV. 5-78) Shell Oil Company Interolfice Memorandum SEPTEMBER 30, 1936 )Z^'rYS \,c List |. . (Z. Return Document to File V Record Coov in File Irrormction Ccdv Record Copy in GA Copy: AfJfiAwji/ &7 ll/fait Circ ulate: FROM: SR. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIST, HEALTH & SAFETY, MFG. & TECH. TO: SEE ATTACHED DISTRIBUTION LIST SUBJECT: SUPPLEMENTAL ASBESTOS COMPLIANCE INFORMATION The attached information was copied from a 1985 EPA document on managing asbestos abatement projects. You may find it of value in addressing the contractor selection issue for major asbestos projects. i-j2---P. J. Snyder PJS :bjd Attachment. cc: A. D. Ditmar G. L. Greene J. L. Rivard BT8627304 LAM 027452 ABS-009296 DISTRIBUTION LIST ANACORTES REFINERY MANAGER, HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT DEER PARK MANUFACTURING COMPLEX SUPERINTENDENT, HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGER, HEALTH AND SAFETY GEISMAR PLANT MANAGER, HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MARIETTA PLANT MANAGER, HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MARTINEZ MANUFACTURING COMPLEX MANAGER, HEALTH AND SAFETY NORCO MANUFACTURING COMPLEX MANAGER, HEALTH, SAFETY AND MEDICAL ODESSA REFINERY MANAGER, HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL TAFT PLANT SAFETY AND TRAINING REPRESENTATIVE WILMINGTON MANUFACTURING COMPLEX MANAGER, HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL WOODBURY PLANT MANAGER, HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT WOOD RIVER MANUFACTURING COMPLEX MANAGER, SAFETY AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE BT8627304 LAM 027*53 ABS-009297 GUIDANCE FOR CONTROLLING ASBESTOS-CONTAINING MATERIALS IN BUILDINGS 1985 EDITION Exposure Evaluation Division Office of Toxic Substances Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 LAM 027454 ABS-009298 Appendix K. Checklist for Determining Contractor Qualifications a. Contractors shall demonstrate reliability in performance of general contracting activities through the submission of a list of references of persons who can attest to the quality of work performed by the contractor. b. Contractors must demonstrate ability to perform asbestos abatement activities by submitting evidence of the successful completion of training courses covering asbestos abatement. At a minimum, the contractor shall furnish proof that employees have had instruction on the dangers of asbestos ex posure, on respirator use, decontamination, and OSHA regulations. c. Contractors must be able to demonstrate prior experience in performing previous abatement projects through the submission of a list of prior contracts, including: the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of building owners for whom the projects were performed. In rare circumstances inexperienced contractors may be qualified if they can demonstrate exceptional qualifications in the other contrac tor standards. d. Additional evidence of successful completion of prior abatement projects should be demonstrated by contractors through the submission of air monitoring data, if any, taken during and after comple tion of previous projects in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1001 (e). e. Contractors must possess written standard operating procedures and employee protection plans which include specific reference to OSHA medical monitoring and respirator training programs. In addition, the contractor must be prepared to make available for viewing at the job site a copy of OSHA regula tions at 29 CFR 1910.1001 governing asbestos controls, and Environmental Protection Agency regula tions at 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M, (NESHAPS) governing asbestos stripping work practices, and disposal of asbestos waste. f. . In those States which have contractor certification programs, contractors must possess State cer tifications for the performance of asbestos abatement projects. g. Contractors must be able to provide a description of any asbestos abatement projects which have been prematurely terminated, including the circumstances surrounding the termination. h. Contractors must provide a list of any contractual penalties which the contractor has paid for breach or noncompliance with contract specifications, such as overruns of completion time or liquidated damages. i. Any citations levied against the contractor by any Federal, State, or local government agencies for violations related to asbestos abatement, shall be identified by contractors, including the name or location of the project, the date(s), and how the allegations were resolved. j. Contractors must submit a description detailing all legal proceedings, lawsuits or claims which have been Filed or levied against the contractor or any of his past or present employees for asbestos-related activities. k. Contractors must supply a list of equipment that they have available for asbestos work. This should include negative air machines, type "C" supplied air systems, scaffolding, decontamination facilities, disposable clothing, etc. LAM 027455 K-1 ABS-009299 ' *'i i i* 'i' i A *>ii l ' In most cases, the in-house maintenance staff will not have enough time to master asbestos abatement methods for surfacing materials--removal, enclosure, and encapsulation. However, some school districts with many buildings containing surfacing ACM have formed asbestos abatement teams whose sole respon sibility is control of ACM. These in-house teams can thoroughly learn the requirements and methods of asbestos abatement. With this training and knowledge of the buildings, an in-house team may be the most effective. More typically, however, an outside contractor specializing in asbestos abatement is hired for specific abatement projects. Building maintenance workers accustomed to repairing equipment with insulation are frequently trained to undertake abatement actions involving pipe and boiler insulation. However, outside contractors are typically hired to remove extensive amounts of insulation or to remove both pipe and insulation. 6.2 Selecting a Contractor Selecting a competent contractor is the first step toward successful abatement. EPA's experience with asbestos abatement and comments from technical advisors suggest that many contractors cannot proper ly conduct abatement projects. Several contractors, awarded jobs based on responsive and reasonable cost bids, proved unable or unwilling to follow contract specifications. Suggestions to help building owners avoid these situations are as follows: Assign the technical advisor who will monitor the abatement work to assist in writing job specifica tions and selecting the contractor. The advisor should not be employed by an abatement contractor. Require evidence of prospective contractors' experience and/or training in asbestos abatement. Check references, including other building owners for whom contractors have worked. (See Ap pendix K for an example checklist of contractor qualifications.) Ask for detailed written descriptions of how bidders will satisfy the project specifications. Interview bidders regarding their work, worker protection, and site containment plans. A state ment that the contractor will comply with all EPA, OSHA, and state regulations is not sufficient. Ask bidders for copies of their standard operating procedures and employee protection plans, specifically their OSHA medical monitoring and respirator training program. The interview is invaluable for evaluating each contractor's capabilities and understanding of the problem. Obtain documentation of each contractor's fiscal qualifications, including financial performance, assets, liabilities, legal judgments, and insurance. Be sure that the contractor selected has adequate liability insurance. Some forms of insurance may not provide enough long-term protection against inadequate abatement work. The building owner's attorney and insurance advisor should determine if coverage is adequate. Be specific about what constitutes successful job completion. A thorough visual inspection to insure adequate cleaning is an absolute necessity. Air monitoring is also recommended (see Section 6.4). The person carrying out the air monitoring should not be employed by the abate ment contractor. Require evidence of worker certification or have the contractor conduct an on-site training pro gram for workers. ABS-009300 6-2 LAM 027456  Encourage bidding competition, since prices can vary greatly. Multiple bids are desired, but too many can confuse the selection process. Remember that successful abatement, not cost minimization, is the goal. If possible, avoid contracting for abatement work during the summer. Many school projects are conducted during that season, taxing the limited number of competent contractors. Appendix L contains a list of organizations that have prepared model contract specifications for asbestos removal. Together with the above suggestions, these models can serve as the basis for writing specifica tions tailored to individual projects. Remember that EPA's RAC can provide additional information and suggestions. 6.3 Managing the Work As in all construction jobs, the program manager or the manager's representative (frequently the technical advisor) should visit the abatement work site often (no less than four times per day) to insure that all plans and procedures are properly implemented. The work site monitor should: Be sure the workers follow specifications; Confirm compliance with worker protection requirements; and Assure that the containment barriers around the work site are properly constructed and maintained. By carefully monitoring the abatement work, the asbestos program manager can correct errors quickly. Work site inspections are most effective if the manager can refer to a detailed workplan containing specific work practices. Where work does not follow specifications, the project should be stopped immediately. The abatement contractor, the asbestos program manager, and the work site monitor (if different from the pro gram manager) should then identify the problems and take steps to correct them. The need for worker protection (protective clothing, respirators, and change facilities) was discussed in Section 5.1. Although contractors are responsible for their employees, a building owner's concern for the safety of everyone in the building extends to the abatement workers. Work area containment is essential for all types of abatement and for both surfacing material and pipe and boiler insulation. Once abatement begins, all persons not directly involved in the work should be bar red from the area. The work site monitor should make sure plastic barriers are in place (see Section 5.1) and that warning signs are posted at least 20 ft. in front of the work site entrance. If abatement activity is limited to repair or minor removal of pipe and boiler insulation, containment bags will probably be used (see Section 5.2). The monitor should inspect the construction and use of the bags. Warning signs should be posted outside the work site. The monitor should also check the air lock at the entrance to the work site. If a negative pressure system is not used, the air lock (and the entire containment system) should be airtight. If a negative pressure system is used (as recommended), the air lock must allow air from the building to enter the work site to replace the contaminated air that is filtered and exhausted outside. When inspecting the work in progress, the monitor's specific checklist will depend on the type of abatement. Abatement inspection for surfacing materials and pipe and boiler insulation should be based on guidelines and precautions described in Chapter 5 (Sections 5.1 and 5.2, respectively). Work site inspections greatly increase an abatement project's likelihood of success. The importance of doing the job right the first time cannot be over-emphasized. Tests must be performed when the work is 6-3 LAM 027457 ABS-009301 Appendix L. Guide Specifications for Abatement Projects The following organizations have developed contract specifications that can be used as a guide for abate ment projects: Association of the Wall/Ceiling Industries--International, Inc. Guide Specifications for the Abatement of Asbestos Release from Spray- or Trowel-Applied Materials in Buildings and Other Structures. December 1981. The Foundation of the Wall and Ceiling Industry, 25 K Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20002 USA. Maryland State Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Recommended Contract Specifications for Asbestos Abatement Projects. Federal Construction Guide Specifications (FCGS): 02085. Asbestos Abatement Procedures. GSA Guide Specifications PBS (PCD): 02085. Asbestos Abatement Procedures. LAM 027458 L-1 ABS-009302